d by | : ‘http://www.archive.org/d etails/cana THE CANADIAN e.N LOMOLOGIST. VOLUME XIX. EDITED BY: THE Reo. C. I. S. Rethune, M. A., D.C. *F., PORT HOPE, ONT, SS | Mea pd ig <3 t — a J. Fletcher, Ottawa ; E. B. Reed and J. M. Denton, London; G. Geddes, Toronto. Wondon : PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY 1887. esata ent ec ieSellace alli eas LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. NA Wi Eee OOo ok et Na pas bse Madera JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. POMEL SIGE SARS a ies sein cea sie see Raw Gas Ss CALIFORNIA. BMeLHUNE, REY. C.J. S.. Cree EDITOR.)... 0.00005. Port Hopr. SEP INR SOILED, rly eo te hays rein ag Cb 4 A velbe ec eb es LOWELL, Mass, MUS Aa ee eae nao vee kaw lays bis dee Cw cone MONTREAL. Mei). FOB. rie. 8k PUES a Apa ibe eat ae eae MONTREAL, rR ee ey a oe yee as ee New York. FOR Was WS ye ues os kbs cee Wee es AKRON, OHIO, MRT st le AEP oy oh ke ca cs Shop ae oa aee Los ANGELES, Cat MAES) OW. TD ieiien Meee Rawr sa Deva tare Woe es ee STATEN ISLAND, N. Y- Mer ENE PIPE Src ek ais, seo Tews eee enae New York. EDWARDS, W. H...... Hes) ek oe) na Dac . COALBURGH, West Va. Pum ALD, PROP. OH ..:: TiN i pe eb imne etre tees ~- AMHERST, Mass, PEC DA es a eas bene ee ea beeveian «OTTAWA, MINA AS SP RURRM SCRE 6 5 ca Ge sobs eek eked os Se eae’ CARBONDALE, IL. BOR e re, MO ig ts es owed Se eS . cs ba peee es ROUTH QUERRC. Sem es, GAP Dubie OC coe cs Se. eeeeaw ss wees + eee LORONTO, OY Cg gol g ENS tle cubis A Regie eR near PER ae AGRICULTURAL CoL., MicH. ‘ ME A Be a) ee a es fb as has Cen eee BREMEN, GERMANY, ME CAR BS Pe Pe A ae ee a ee slee CAMBRIDGE, Mass, PU i es. a ee Es Ra eo ee eae nl BRowNFIELD, MAINE. REE EEN Paths ad OFLA Pe vis Sao PORE D Cok eke ALLEGHENY, PA. PARMLOGLUN OV. AGUS. 6. poss 1 ass os «+s» OTTAWA, PRE NOTA DAM U Mis My ss cies cei es tarsi w eee s Boston. SANDS RIV OW. Seite seas Weel as Gee co PITTSBURGH, Pa. WR RON das Aes Ss Oe ee ON OE Whe eis eee eek Des Mornzs, Iowa. RRR EA UE 3 cin s Dae Wea es ees FEL a alte) ee MONTREAL. ee es, JEROME... cee re ee a ees ie e@ROUINE, ILL. MIP eAT, a. ALSTON, os scueree age ns is cn da eon HAMILTON, Cnr SACKEN, BARON... 3g ay fas ee ws HEIDELBERG, GERMANY. BAU NUERS; 41.8.0 6.5 08 eee EA we dowaoe LONDON. Penrith, PROP. Woo 0. ioc ere Baek cee as ved ss OTTAWA. PRAM TAP Gas, SES Sa, ss eo ee Ce eh vy sere es CAMBRIDGE, MAss. ARORA Vs i Bias o's ss Sua Oe Pees ta 6 ts Gb GREENSBURG, IND SPER CSRs ORDER DE Ths ce cele os os > + oy HEP ce eee SS WASHINGTON, D. C, Oe ARe Col es Pe 6 as is bs SSR ag es eens Burrato, N. Y. ik eA ON PRON. SO Wives ks cceeete elas ok New Haven, Conn. ee ‘ = Che Canadian Entomologist. VOL. XIX. LONDON, JANUARY, 1887. ee Noy x AN EXPLANATION. BY WM. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONT. A protracted absence from home has prevented me from offering earlier to the readers of THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST an explanation of the circumstances which have led to my resignation of the post I have held so long as Editor of this journal. For thirteen years it has been my pleasure and privilege to be thus brought in contact with most of the active workers in the Entomological field, with many of whom I have held pleasant intercourse both by correspondence and in person, and it occasioned me much regret when I found it necessary to sever my con- nection with those editorial duties which had hitherto given me so much pleasure. Shortly after the proposal was made that the Government should establish a number of experimental farms in Canada, I was employed to collect such information as might aid in determining the best course to pursue. This enquiry resulted in my becoming greatly interested in the work, and subsequently in my accepting the position of Director of the same. The duties of this office are so weighty and constant as to make it necessary for me to give up all other engagements and devote to it my entire time and thought. Since Economic Entomology is one of the subjects which will claim attention at the principal or central farm, I hope still to be able, if not directly, at least indirectly, to aid in advancing this : important branch of Entomological study. I desire to tender my sincere * thanks to the many kind friends who have aided me in the past by sup- 4 plying useful matter for the journal, and would bespeak for my esteemed ' : and able successor a continuance of that confidence and support. Our readers may rest assured that my withdrawal from the editorial chair will ‘. - not in any way lessen the value and usefulness of THE CANADIAN ENTO- : MOLOGIST ; indeed, I have reason to believe that, under the skilful man- agement of the newly appointed Editor, the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, the future of our valued monthly will in many respects be an improvement on the past, e 74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTE ON THE EUROPEAN GRAPTA C ALBUM. _ BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, Wi VA, In the Entom. Mo. Mag., xxii, p. 186, Jan., 1887, is the statement by Mrs. Hutchinson, of Leominster, to this effect: that the writer caught a female C Album which was hovering about currant bushes,and obtained from her many eggs, laid between 27th April and 6th May. The eggs hatched between May 5th and 11th, and the larve were full grown from 17th to 23rd June. The first butterfly came from pupa 26th June, the last 3rd July. ‘“‘ Zwo of the insects paired on June 30th, and the female commenced laying on rst July, and continued doing so until the roth, when there were 120 ova in all.” (Neither one of this pair then could have more than four days out). From these eggs butterflies were obtained, from 17th to 27th August. ‘‘ Several pairs were put together, but no ova were obtained.” I do not know whether this last means that actual copu- lation took place or not, but should suppose not, as eggs could not have been formed in the ovaries, these butterflies being of the last brood of the year, and the one which hibernates. The interesting point in this narrative is that butterflies will pair in captivity. I myself have never known such an instance, but in Can. EnrT., xviii, p. 17, it is recorded that a pair of Satyrus A/ope paired when put under a net, as observed by Miss E. L. Morton. Some butterflies come from pupa with eggs mature. I have seen pairs of P. Ajax copu- lating, when the wings of the female were not yet dry. In case of Heli- conia Charitonia, the pairing often takes place before the female is clear of the pupa skin. Argynnis JZyrinva has been recorded as pairing almost immediately after both sexes left the pupz. And the eggs of P. Zharos are fully formed on coming from chrysalis. On the other hand, many species require 10 or 15 days at the least to mature their eggs, as our larger Argynnids, several Papilios and others. It is well worth while to experiment with different species in this direction. These observations of Mrs. Hutchinson settle the question as to C Album being single or double-brooded. Westwood, in Humphrey’s Brit, But., 1846, says the species is double-brooded. But Newman, Brit. But., 1871, p. 50, says that an idea seems prevalent that there are two broods in the year, but that he thinks it is a mistake, and never had satisfactory evidence of it. So that up to 1871, it seems not to have been a settled THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3 re 5g question. No book that I have gives any farther information. The “ Larve of British Butterflies,” by the late Wm. Buckler, recently pub- lished, says nothing on the point. There are three American species of Grapta, at least, which correspond to, and represent, C A/oum, namely, Comma, Satyrus and Faunus, and so high authorities as Dr. Staudinger and Mr. Méschler once pronounced all these to be C A/bum. But after figures of the larva of Comma were published, 1871, But. N. A., vol. 1, and descriptions of the larva of Satyrus by Messrs. H. Edwards and Pearson, it was everywhere conceded that these two were not C Album. ‘That was something gained. But many, especially European, authors still hold Faunus to be C Album. Faunus is remarkable for its lack of variability. Examples from all locali- ties are identical in coloration and markings. Whereas C Album, if all the phases in color, markings and size, which in Europe pass as C Adbum, be really but one species, a matter which I very much doubt, varies won- derfully, and takes in not only phases like the three American species mentioned, but of three or four others, and some not represented in America. And now comes proof that C A/bum is two-brooded, while it is certain that in no part of its territory is Hwunus more than single- brooded, although in a considerable part of such territory it flies in com- pany with Comma, and apparently the season is as favorable in these dis- tricts for two broods in Faunus asin Comma. Faunus is a sub-boreal species, flying from one ocean to the other, but to the southward it also occupies Canada and parts of New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and even to Georgia, in the mountainous sections. And being boreal and one-brooded, it is fair to presume that it came from the north ; that at the time, ages ago, when the two continents were united, the species occupied the northern parts of both. When the separation took place, the European branch split into numerous varieties, and became double-brooded, yet retained its identity as one species (that is, if the European lepidopterists of to-day are right in their views), and shows nowhere differences between any of its preparatory stages—one multiform species. And the other branch, on the western continent, threw off diverse forms, several of which have come to have very different caterpillars from the original type. These also came to be two to four-brooded, and two, at least, became seasonally dimorphic in coloration. But one form, Faunus, remains single-brooded, and shows no tendency to vary, and may 4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. be presumed to be nearer to the primeval type of the species than any of the forms that now compose the group. Of course, this one-brooded, non-varying form is to-day not the same thing as the two-brooded, very variable form found in Europe. They have come to be two distinct species. It is unfortunate that even now so little is known of the early stages of Faunus. It is a matter that the northern lepidopterists should have studied, and all stages from the egg might easily have been seen and described. There may be important differences between the larve and pupe of Haunus and C Album. ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF CANADIAN LEPIDOPTERA. BY J. ALSTON MOFFAT, HAMILTON, ONT. I give the following names in the Geometridz as new to the Canadian ~ List :— i . Caberodes majoraria, Guen. Endropia marginata, Minot. " textrinaria, Grote. Ephyra pendulinaria, Guen. . Arthena lucata, Guen. 1» albogilvaria, Morr. . Deilinia variolaria, Guen. Semiothisa minorata, Pack. 9. Phasiane mellistrigata, Grote. 10. Thamnonoma brunneata, Thun. 11. Cymatophora umbrosaria, Hub. 12. Heterophleps Harneiata, Pack. 13. Lobophora anguilineata, Grote. SIAM Rw DH 14. " montanata, Pack. 15. Petrophora prunata, Linn. 16, " lunigerata, Walk. All the common species that were easily obtained in this locality, have had names in my collection for many years, but owing to the changes that » were being made in the genera and synonymy of species, I was not in a ge = THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5 - ne) a GR a eo inter etn See position to follow them up, so that when Mr. Grote’s ‘“ New Check List” appeared, which I have followed in this, I found that several of my old names had disappeared altogether, and others had been rendered doubtful, : The Rev. Geo. D. Hulst, of Brooklyn, N. Y., opened communication * with me last fall, with a view to exchange ; he also at the same time kindly offered to name anything he could for me. Gladly availing myself of the services of so competent an authority, I sent to him all that I considered doubtful in my collection, as well as the new and unnamed material I had on hand. The result was the correction of several errors, as well as the addition of new species to my list. Nos. 1 and 2 are old specimens. No. 5, One specimen taken last summer. No. 6, quite common here. No. 8, one specimen, last summer’s capture. No. 11—my Cymatophoras were badly mixed, and I have some single specimens that yet want determining. No. 12, quite a common insect here, but which I had the pleasure of add- ing to Mr. Hulst’s collection, where it was wanting. No. 15, a single specimen ; 16 a single specimen I have had for years, and have not met with another, and have only seen one in any other collection. Mr. Hulst gives, it as Cidaria lunigerata, vir. dispunctaria Pack. Of the other numbers, I have received the names from different sources in recent years. Mr. Hulst also named some that are new to me, but already in the Canadian List. Last summer is generally acknowledged to have been poor in Lepidoptera, yet I was quite fortunate in obtaining new things in the Geometride, although so many of them were but single specimens of a kind. A NEW HOMOHADENA. : BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. Homohadena Elda, n. sp. Expanse 1.30 inches. Apex very slightly produced, the posterior angle rounded ; eyes naked ; palpi oblique, projecting beyond the head in their natural position about the width of the eyes ; tibiz unarmed ; abdo- men equalling the hind wings ; covering of thorax mostly scales. Color, warm gray, slightly wine tinted ; basal half line black, not very distinct, strongly angulated outward on the subcostal vein, a black basal dash crossing the lower end of this line, the space enclosed between the costa 6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. and these two lines sordid white; t. a..line black, double, the inner ‘por- tion sub-obsolete, general course nearly straight, but from the costa to median vein extending slightly inward, and from median to sub-median slightly arcuate outward, as also from sub-median to posterior margin ; median shade prominent, smoky black, straight, extending from costa to posterior margin, in width .o4 of an inch, a gray spot in the lower end of it, and bordered externally by the internal portion of the black annulus of the reniform, and below median venules by what seems to be a portion of the t. p. line; t. p. line obsolete save some black points between white — on the veins and the arcuate black portion before spoken of, bending out- ward round the reniform and inward below this ; sub-terminal line whit- ish, irregular, faintly sending gray streaks to the margin on the veins. Stigmata large ; orbicular elongate transversely to the wing, black annu- late with a white shading inside this; reniform kidney-shaped with the outer depression quite prominent, a prominent black border toward base of wing, but none or only slight on the outside, inside this a white bor- dering that extends round the spot. Outer margin a black line, fringe | concolorous with the wing. Hind wings pale smoky gray, nearly uniform, slight indication of a line through the middle, fringe whitish, Thorax gray with the shoulder tufts and posterior scales black tipped. As this covering had been slightly disturbed, could not tell whether these posterior scales formed a low tuft or not, but should think they did. Under side gray, with but faint indication of marks. Described from two females from Soda Springs, Sishyon Co., Cali- — fornia, one in the cabinet of James Behrens, and the other in the cabinet of G. H. French, captured in September, 1885. NORTH AMERICAN TACHINID:. GONIA, BY PROF. S. W. WILLISTON, NEW HAVEN, CT.. The genus Gonia is one easily recognized by reason of its peculiar structure of the head and antennz ; unfortunately the separation of species is a much less simple matter. As is so frequently the case, isolated speci- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, fs mens frequently furnish grounds for much more decided opinions than a richer material will sustain. I describe in the present paper five species that present characters sufficiently decisive to render their recognition not doubtful ; other species I forbear to name till my material is richer. It will be seen that I make little use of the structure of the arista, a character that has been relied upon much in the European species ; but I am satis- fied that it is a variable one in individuals of the same species, and is, moreover, distinctly sexual. There is a distinct variation in different species in the position of the anterior cross-vein, as regards the termination of the auxiliary ; of how much value the character is I am not yet decided. Generic characters.—Moderately large species, not very bristly. Head very large, inflated ; front very broad, only a little narrower in the male, with numerous, not very strong bristles ; face in profile nearly perpendicu- lar, the epistoma but slightly projecting ; the oral margin with a row of bristles, not ascending on the edges of the median facial depression. Cheeks broad ; bare, or with short bristles. Antenne elongate; third joint two or three times as long as the second in the female, from four to eight times in the male ; arista stout, composed of three joints, the second and third elongate, and joining each other at an angle, as though broken. Eyes bare. Palpi cylindrical. Scutellum with six strong bristles on its border. Abdomen broad oval or ovate ; first and second segments each with a pair of median posterior bristles and one extreme lateral posterior one ; third segment with a row on the posterior border. No spinule at tip of auxiliary vein; fourth vein: obtusely angulated, without stump of vein, terminating in the costa a considerable distance before the tip ; pos- terior cross-vein much nearer the angle than to the anterior cross-vein. Head yellow, except the occiput, palpi yellow ; thorax black, margins of dorsum and scutellum often yellowish ; legs black. Larvze, so far as known, parasitic on hymenoptera and lepidoptera. Table of Species. 1.—Abdomen wholly black, or at most only somewhat reddish on the sides of base ; claws and pulvilli of male small: . FRonTosa Say. Abdomen largely or wholly red or yellow. .......065 cccsessceesseceeeee ees 2 2.—Face and antenne golden yellow ; claws of male small. . sENILIS, n. sp. hoee and antenne not coldet Yenow. 1.550 ..0ck. .c.ds ccc edecse secsssece 3 3.—Sides of face, pleuree and femora with cath Laie claws and pulvilli Pe AIS SIMA chins. -4i fer sekeentaayss owas pees debe oets PORCA, TY Sp, 8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, £. Sides of face with black bristles; pleurz not with yellow hair... .. 4 4.—Abdomen reddish yellow, with or without small black spots; claws and pulvilli of male small..........c000:..0 APE DE 8 SEQUAX, N. Sp. Abdomen largely black ; claws and pulvilli of male large. . EXUL, n. sp. GoNIA FRONTOSA Say, J. Acad. Phil. vi., 175; Compl. Wr. ii,, 365. Gonia philadelphica Macquart, Dipt. Exot. il., 3, 51, 6. : ? Gonta albifrons Walker, List, etc., iv., 798. ¢. Length 9.5-10 mm. Face and front light yellow, with a silvery, or slightly golden sheen ; front a little translucent on the sides when seen from above ; face on the sides with short black bristles, and a number of longer ones near the sides of the median depression ; median depression in its greatest width about as wide as the least width of the sides of the face; cheeks with short black bristly hairs only. Antenne blackish brown, the second joint and base of third yellowish; second joint about one-third the length of the third; second joint of the arista not more than three-fifths the length of the third. Palpi yellow. Dorsum of thorax black ; the humeri, post-alar callosities, and scutellum in large part, luteous yellowish ; dorsum, when seen from behind, distinctly gray pollinose, leaving four slender stripes.. Bristles of scutellum long, reaching to base of third abdominal segment. Abdomen deep shining black ; the second segment with a very narrow, the third with a narrow, the fourth with a moderately broad, basal white-pollinose cross band. Wings nearly hyaline behind ; the costal, subcostal and first basal cells very distinctly tinged with brown. 3 g. Length 9-10m.m. Front distinctly narrower, and more project- ing below. Median facial depression deeper, larger, and longer, broader below than the sides of the face. Antenne larger and longer, the second joint shorter, not more than one-fifth or one-sixth as long as the third ; arista shorter than the joint, its second joint curved, three-fifths, or three- fourths as long as the third. Dorsum of the thorax a little more hairy. Abdomen more elongate or egg-shaped, the sides of the second and third . segments sometimes reddish. ‘Tarsal joints of front feet a little less disci- form, the claws a little longer. | This description is drawn from twelve females, mostly collected to- gether in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, by Mr. E. Keen, and eight males from Minnesota, collected together. They are all closely related, and their absolute identity seems certain, Among these specimens, however, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9 ‘there is no absolute uniformity in the length of the aristal joints, though not much discrepancy. All the rest of my specimens, from various localities throughout the . United States, are larger, reaching twelve and a half millimetres in length and none of them as small as the largest of the ones described. The pollinose bands of the abdomen are usualiy broader on the second and third segments, the wings in none so strongly infuscated proximally, and ‘in most the infuscation is more or less obsolete; the antenne vary from red to black, the second joint of the arista in the female varies from one- third to three-fourths as long as the third joint ; in the male from one-half as long to longer. The dorsal thoracic stripes vary from very slender ones in Colorado specimens, to broader and more distinct ones in New ‘England, North Carolina, and Southern Californian ones. Specimens from Carolina and New England have the basal part of the venter yellowish red, with moderately large spots on the sides of the basal segments aboves A specimen from Wyoming has the thoracic dorsum strongly pollinose, and the bands of the abdomen unusually broad. Two others from,California have the second joint of the arista very short, not a third of the length of the third, the wings scarcely at all infuscated in front, and, unlike all the Other specimens, the cheeks do not have black hairs, but yellow pile ; other specimens from California, however, are like the eastern ones in this respect. Yet another, rubbed (female) specimen, from Connecticut, differs in having the sides of the face distinctly narrower, considerably narrower than the median portion. The bristly hairs on the sides of the face vary not a little in size; those of the described specimens leave a more bare space below on the inner side, that is less, or not at all, apparent in the larger specimens. - The value of these various characters I confess myself unable to decide. Only this much seems certain, no, or little reliance can be placed upon the comparative lengths of the aristal joints; and the second joint is always longer and more bent in the male than in the female. : I think there can be little doubt but that this is Say’s species ; his “large, obsolete, reddish brown spot near the base” of the abdomen is not usually, though frequently, present. The synonymy of G. philadel- phica seems equally certain. The species must be closely allied to, pos- sibly identical with G. fasciata Meigen, of Europe, the larve of which have been found in nests of Bombus terrestris and Megilla retrusa, where the flies deposit their eggs. A specimen from the Boston Society of 10 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Natural History, somewhat teneral with red antennz, bears the label: ‘From Pyrrharctia isabella, Apr. 24.” Altogether, I have examined about seventy-five specimens, from New England, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Indiana, Minnesota, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, Northern and Southern California. GONIA SENILIS, n. sp. g. Length 1om.m. Front and face golden yellow, not very change- able, the vertex on either side sub-translucent when seen from above; sides of the face considerably narrower than the median depression, clothed with short black bristles. _Antennz wholly pure orange-yellow, the tip of arista brownish, second joint very short, third very long, six or eight times longer than the second ; second joint of the arista shorter than — the third. Thorax not densely pollinose, when seen from behind, with _four slender stripes, scutellum luteous at tip only. Abdomen black, the sides broadly red, forming a moderately broad lateral posterior margin to the first and reaching to about the middle of the third segment on the sides ; pollinose bands broad. Wings nearly hyaline, anterior cross-vein — nearly opposite the middle of the subcostal section of the costa. Claws and pulvilli small. One specimen, Western Kansas. Although I have but the single specimen, I venture to describe this species. The color of the antennz seems evidently normal; should it really be darker in other specimens, however, the other characters given will, I believe, render the species recognizable. GONIA PORCA,"n. Sp. ¢@. Length 13 mm. Face and front light yellow with a silvery sheen, the front, except in a very oblique light, oily translucent on the sides ; sides of the face without the usual short black bristles, except above ; the largest part, as also the cheeks,.is clothed with long fine hairs or pile; the usual row along the sides of the median depression, Median depression wider than the sides of the face below. Antennz black, the third joint five or six times longer than the second ; second joint of the arista shorter than the third. Dorsum of thorax thinly pol- linose, stripes not very distinct ; the sides more or less and the scutellum luteous yellow. Pleurz with long fine yellow hairs or pile. Abdomen yellowish red, shining ; pollinose bands narrow, that on the second very Sa a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11 ; narrow ; first segment, under the scutellum, the second with a median stripe, the third with a stripe more or less dilated behind, and the fourth chiefly, black. The anterior femora behind with long fine light yellow hair. Wings nearly hyaline, the costal cells scarcely infuscated. Two specimens, Mt. Hood, Or. The moderately abundant, long, light yellow fine hair on face, pleurz and four anterior femora is characteristic. GONIA EXUL, 0. sp. 2. Length 12,13m.m._ Front and face light yellow, with a semi- translucent appearance as though oiled ; when seen obliquely, with a sil- very sheen ; sides of the face with numerous, short, black bristles, on the inner part, near the sides of the median depression, with three or four moderately stout bristles ; median depression small and narrow, not as wide as the sides; cheeks without black bristles.. Antenne blackish brown, second joint and base of third yellow; second joint about one- third the length of the third; arista variable, third joint not twice the length of the second. Dorsum of thorax gray pollinose, when seen from behind leaving four moderately broad stripes, the margins more or less and the scutellum yellow. Abdomen yellowish red; first segment under the scutellum, the second with a broad median stripe, the third except the anterior angles, or, rather, with a large triangle reaching the whole width of the segment behind and touching in front more or less broadly, the dorsum of the fourth wholly black ; pollen of the whole abdomen variable in different reflections, but most conspicuous on. the base of the third and the whole of the fourth segments. Wings nearly hyaline, the veins yel- lowish, except posteriorly. Ten specimens, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York. a. Males from California, that I cannot distinguish, have the antenne wholly black, the third joint five or six times the length of the second, the face strongly silvery pollinose, and the claws and pulvilli very large, con- siderably longer than the terminal joint of the tarsi. In some, the black triangle on the third abdominal segment is much smaller. A female with them seems to agree in all respects with the Eastern specimens. 6. A female specimen from California, with the abdomen marked similarly, has the third joint of the antenne shorter, not more than twice the length of the second, the second joint of the sarista very short, and the bristles on the sides of the median depression not parallel with the edge, but divergent, whisker-like. 12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. c. Two female specimens from Arizona differ distinctly in having a’ broader and more projecting face, smaller eyes, whiter and more dense’ pollen on face, thorax and abdomen. Another specimen with these two, ’ however, though agreeing in the latter respects, has the face of the usual width. ; : d. A male specimen from North Park is of a distinct species, though — closest allied to the present. The sides of the face are unusually narrow, the front short, convex and almost horizontal, the abdomen marked more like that of G. sené/is, the size smaller (11 m.m,), the claws and pulvilli large. GONIA SEQUAX, 0. Sp. : @. Length 12-13 mm. Like the males of exu/, except that the abdomen is either wholly yellowish red, with a black spot under the scu- tellum, and a brownish hind margin to the third segment, or with a slender black stripe on the second, and a small triangle on the third and fourth segments. The claws and pulvilli are very much smaller, much shorter than the terminal joints of the tarsi. | | Three specimens, California. NOTES ON THE GENUS EXOPROSOPA. BY D. W. COQUILLETT, LOS ANGELES, CAL. In my paper on “ The North American Genera of Anthracina,” which appeared in the last volume of the Can. ENTOMOLOGIST (pp. 157-159), I proposed the name Ve/ocia for those species of Lxoprosopa which have four submarginal cells in each wing. ‘Through the kindness of Dr. Willis- ton, I have been put in possession of a paper by Prof. Camillo Rondani, entitled “ Dipterorum Species et Genera Aliqua Exotica,” published in 1863 in the Archivio per la Zoologia, vol. iii, and on pages 56 and 57 of this paper Prof. Rondani proposes the name //yfera/onia for the above group ; this name being the earlier, must supersede the one proposed by me. In the same paper Prof. Rondani proposes the name Argyrospil/a for those species of Lxoprosopa in which the third and fourth veins are joined together before the margin of the wing, instead of reaching the margin’ ee ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13 separately ; but I am firmly convinced that this character is too variable to be used for a generic separation. In a large series of Exoprosopa doris O. S, collected in Los Angeles County, Cal., every grade occurs, from the widely open first posterior cell to the contracted, closed in the imme- diate margin, or some distance before the margin of the wing. Those of the latter kind do not otherwise differ in any respect from the ones in which this cell is wide open, and as specimens of the latter kind were taken at the same time and place as the former, there seems to be no doubt of their-specific identity. I have discovered another form, closely related to Hxoprosopa, but differing from it and from all other Anthracina known to me, in that the first posterior cell is divided by a cross-vein into two cells ; following is a description of this new form: Lxoptata, n. gen.—Third antennal joint furnished with a distinct ter- minal style ; second vein issues from the third opposite or nearly opposite the small cross-vein; anterior branch of the third vein connected by a cross-vein with the second, forming three submarginal cells ; first posterior cell divided into two cells by a cross-vein placed some distance before tip of discal cell ; anterior branch of third vein and veins 2, 3 and 4 terminate in margin of wing; no pulvilli. Lxoptata divisa, n. sp.—Front obscure chestnut-brown, pale yellowish tomentose and black pilose ; face reddish-brown, pale yellowish tomentose ; hyperstoma much produced ; first two joints of antennze reddish-black, black pilose, third joint black, elongate-conical at base ; style about one- sixth as long as third antennal joint; proboscis projecting length of labella beyond the hyperstoma ; occiput black, yellowish-white tomentose. Thorax black, yellowish tomentose, the sides and collar yellowish pilose ; bristles above insertion of wings, black ; pleura yellowish pilose. Scutel- lum reddish-brown, yellowish sornentise: the margin beset with black bristles. . Abdomen - obscure reddish-brown, irregularly spotted with black ; first segment and base of the second pale yellow tomentose, apices of second and third segments black tomentose, base of the third white tomentose, fourth segment mixed black and yellow tomentose, fifth, sixth and seventh segments white and sparsely black tomentose ; sides of first segment and base of second yellowish pilose, sides of rest of abdomen black pilose ; venter obscure reddish-brown, third and fourth segments black tomentose except a white tomentose spot in centre of each; other segments white tomentose. Legs and tarsi wholly black, the tomentum, 14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pile and spines also black; front femora and tibiz destitute of stout bristles, claws of front tarsi scarcely visible. Wings blackish brown, the following parts hyaline; apices of marginal and first submarginal cells ; second and third submarginal cell wholly ; apical half of outer first pos- terior cell; second, third and fourth posterior cells except spot in base of each, that in second posterior cell extending into the third ; apices of third basal and axillary cells ; and middle third and apex of discal cell. Veins at bases of first submarginal, inner and outer first posterior, and of the third and fourth posterior cells, bordered with sub-hyaline. Halteres brown, the knob yellowish. Length eset m. m. Two specimens. Cal. ; Ariz. (Williston). ALETIA ARGILLACEA. BY A. R. GROTE, BREMEN, GERMANY. I have found in various collections in Europe, both public and private, specimens of the moth of our Cotton Worm determined after Hiibner as above. From a note from Dr. Staudinger, I gather that in his collection the moth is so determined and as proposed by me. Were I now to pro- pose to call this species by its synonym, /Voctwa xylina Say, I do not think any of the entomologists in Europe would agree thereto, or be governed by Dr. Hagen’s reasons for the change. Say was no Lepidopterist, and his posthumous description of the moth is not recognizable, only that he - tells us it is the moth so injurious to cotton. By this we translate his ~ description. But Hiibner’s figure and text are quite sufficient to identify the species, and he gives us the proper classification of these moths. I myself have shown how Adetia and Anomis are to be separated. The latter, with its orange colored and angulated wings, is a sort of tropical Xanthia. The tropical genera of /Voctuide are all less woolly than the temperate forms. In A/etia, the smooth, untufted body, the entire wings, the broad head, prepare us for the Catocaline moths, Poaphila and Agno- monia. It differs from Anomis erosa by the broader wings, with straight external margin, and, as I first pointed out to Prof. Riley, by the number of false feet in the larva. There is a second true species of Adetia in” Texas, hostia of Harvey, but this second cotton-feeder is also Southern and may have been described from Mexico or Central America previously. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 The generic group is tropical. A/e¢ia extends into the temperate regions, attracted by its food plant and urged by an inner impulse to migrate northwardly during our summer, helped on its wanderings by the winds from the Gulf. But the winter overtakes and extirpates it over a wide territory, fortunately for the planter. BOOK NOTICES. THE BUTTERFLIES OF INDIA. We believe we are doing the readers of the Canap1an ENTOMOLOGIST a Service in calling attention to a work on the Butterflies of India,* which has been in progress for five years, and of which two volumes are now finished. It was begun by Major Marshall and Mr. de Nicéville, of the Calcutta Museum, but at the conclusion of the first volume Major Mar- shall was obliged to withdraw from active participation in the work and leave its completion to his coadjutor, who has just given us the second volume. | The task will be appreciated when its extent is known, “India, the land of sunshine, is a land of Butterflies,” says the opening passage of the preface, and yet the empire includes within its limits “‘ every climate, from the eternal snows to the tropics.” The number of known forms is vast. - Following the order of Kirby’s Catalogue, the work has reached the _Lyceenide, and scarcely half is done; yet in these two volumes over six hundred species are already described from a region less than half as large as that embraced in Edwards’ Catalogue of our species. The generic and family descriptions are almost wholly copied from Doubleday and West- wood’s “Genera,” but the species are freshly described, and there are added keys to the genera of each family and to the species of every genus or minor group of species. Geographical distribution, habits and variation * The Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon. A descriptive handbook of all the known species of Rhopalocerous Lepidoptera inhabiting that region, with notices of allied species occurring in the neighboring countries along the border ; with numerous illustrations. By Major G. F. L. Marshall and Lionel de Nicéville, Calcutta, Vol. 1; 8 + 327 p., 18 pl., 1882-84. Vol. 2; 8.+ 332 p., 8 pl., 1886. 8°, 16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. are the principal topics treated in the non-descriptive matter, and this is reasonably full for such a work, and adds very decidedly to our knowledge. Undoubtedly when the insects come to be reared, many of the nominal species will be found to belong together, for De Nicéville has already dis- covered the probable existence of seasonal dimorphism in the Bombay Butterflies, ‘‘ there being in several species an ocellated form which occurs — only in the rains, the cold and dry seasoned being non-ocellated.” We regret, however, to say that the work adds practically nothing to our knowledge of the earlier stages. This will surely follow the publica- tion of this first and only handbook to the Butterflies of England’s great eastern empire, for, as the authors point out, such a work as the present is a sine gud non to an attempt at that co-operation through which alone any great advance can be made toward a general knowledge, either of the elements of the fauna or of the life-histories of its prevailing types. When we remember, however, that our knowledge of the transformations of eastern Butterflies has hardly advanced in fifty years as much as it ad- vanced at a bound a half century ago by the labors of Horsfield alone, we are glad to be assured that when this present preliminary task is done, Mr. de Nicéville will direct his energies and the grand opportunities his position at the Indian Museum afford him to this more telling work. We wish him then all speed in the completion of the present task. _ One word about the illustrations, which are wonderfully good. They are drawn by two native artists, Grish Chunder Chuckerbutty and Behagi Lall Dass—they must be natives—and mostly reproduced by ‘“autotype” in London; they are therefore monochromatic, but the results are far superior to nnyiNign we have seen in which photography has borne a part, The half tones are wonderfully caught, and their closest examination reveals the unusually skillful and delicate touch of the artist. There are twenty-six plates in the two volumes, including one good chromo-litho- graph, a plate of structural details, and one of caterpillars and Shrysals besides a dozen or more wood cuts in the text. The book will be completed in four or five octavo volumes of. fine type, and it is expected within three years. Each of the volumes com- pleted costs 14 rupees (about 25 shillings), and it is hoped that 60 rupees will cover the entire cost. Subscriptions can be sent to B. Quaritch, 15 Picadilly, London, Eng. | Sy Scuppe, oe ee eee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. re CaTALOGUE OF: CANADIAN PLants. Parr III: AprEraLa,' by John Macoun, M. A., F. L. S., F. R. S. C., Montreal. 1886. The last publication issued by the Geological and Natural History Survey forms the third part of Prof. Macoun’s Cataiogue of Canadian Plants. Part I., PoLypETAL#, and Part II., GAMoPETAL#, have already been noticed in these pages. Part III., ApETAL&, carries the work on to the end of the Exogens and completes Volume I. The value of this important work, which is quite indispensable to every student of Canadian Botany, is much enhanced by the Addendum and comprehensive Index of the whole volume, contained in the present Part. In the former we find corrections and additions to the information recorded under each species in Parts I. and IL, so as to bring our know- ledge of the whole of the plants mentioned down to date, and in the latter not only are the orders, genera and species given, but every synonym also appears. | In the publication of this work Prof. Macoun confers a lasting benefit upon the scientific world. No living Botanist has the knowledge of Can- adian plants which he has acquired. Possessed of a keen faculty of observation which almost amounts to an instinct, he has had the advan- tage of travelling extensively and of collecting and studying in their native habitats most of the plants which have been found growing spontaneously in Canada. Moreover, by generously assisting all who apply to him for information, he has secured the hearty co-operation in his work of all the active Botanists in Canada, so that the ‘‘ Catalogue of Canadian Plants ” is not only a record of his own vast experience, which extends over a period of more than 30 years of constant study, but also includes the work of all other collectors and Botanists who have investigated or written upon the Flora of the Dominion. | So closely are the studies of Botany and Entomology associated together that some knowledge of Botany is actually a necessity to the Entomologist ; particularly is this the case in the interesting work of in- vestigating the life-histories of insects. It frequently happens that a very slight knowledge of the affinities of a given plant may save from starvation valuable larvee which have been transmitted to a distance from the place where their proper food-plant occurs. Most larvz will subsist upon plants of the same genus or others closely allied to them. A good instance of this is presented in the numerous Codiades, all of 18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. which will flourish upon the Common White Clover ( Zrzfolium repens ), although in a state of nature they may, according to the species, feed upon plants belonging to a dozen different genera, all of which, however, will be found to be of the same Natural Order as the clover (Leguminose). The Argynnides, again, will all feed upon our common blue Violet ( V. cucullata), as will the Piertdes upon common and easily procured cruci- ferous plants. On the other hand, for a right understanding of the shapes and posi- tions of flowers, and for a full appreciation of the beautiful methods by which fertilization of the ovules is secured, a knowledge of the structure and habits of insects is of inestimable value. There is, too, an economic aspect of this case, for if insects will sur- vive upon plants which are only and perhaps distantly allied to their natural food, it is obviously necessary that the cultivator should take this into consideration when engaged in the constant strife which he has to wage against injurious insects, and we even find that some species will actually flourish better upon such cultivated plants, when grown in large numbers ; the Colorado Potato Beetle may be instanced in this connec- tion, which thrives so luxuriantly upon the cultivated potato, but which, when confined to its natural food, the Solanum rostratum, eked out but a precarious existence. Otherwise it is useless to abstain from the cultiva- tion of any crop which has been badly attacked, as a means of starving out its insect enemies, in a locality where there are numerous wild plants or weeds which are allied to the plant which it is desired to grow. This must be borne in mind with regard to the many pests affecting cereals which are able to find ample temporary lodgment in the various wild grasses. J. FLETCHER. NOTE. Livinc Pupa#.—The Rev. W. J Holland (5th Avenue, Oakland, Pitts- burgh, Pa.) has a large number of living pupe of Ze/ea Polpyphemus, Actias Luna, C. Promethea and Angularis, £. Imperialis and C. Regaiis, reared in the South, which he desires to dispose of at reasonable rates. His object is to assist and encourage a poor lad whom he has interested in Entomology. Application should be made to him at once. . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 CORRESPONDENCE. BRITISH COLUMBIAN HYMENOPTERA. _ Dear Sir,—I wish to acknowledge through the pages of THE CANA- DIAN Entomotocist the following type specimens of British Columbian Hymenoptera, which will form a valuable addition to the Society’s collec- tion, from the Rev. George W. Taylor, of Victoria, B. C.: Ichneumon Vancouveriensis, Prov., CAN. ENT., xvil., p. 114. Platysoma (nov. gen.) tibialis, Prov., " I15. Limneria compacta, Prov., " " 116. Mesoleptus fasciatus, Prov., " " 116. Phylax pacificus, Prov., " " 117. Phylax niger, Prov., " " 117. The types of JZesoleptus fasciatus and Phylax pacificus were unluckily injured in transmission, but the others are in good order. This donation was announced at the last annual meeting, but was omitted from the report of the meeting published in THE Can. Entromotocist. I take this opportunity of drawing the attention of our members to the import- ance of following Mr. Taylor’s example in presenting to the Society types of new species, or unique specimens, so that they may be placed in a position of safety, and at the same time may be accessible for examination by all. We have at present the finest collection of Canadian insects extant, and it is to the advantage of all of us to add to it and make it as perfect as possible. We have a commodious museum and good cabinets, so that all donations will be properly cared for and will be highly prized. JamMEs FLETCHER, President Ent. Soc. Ont. NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. Dear Sir,—In Mr. W. H. Edwards’ last catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico, is given, on pages 80-81, a list of species formerly credited to the North American fauna, but which he 20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. omits for want of authentication. Among the species so enumerated I find the following : Callidryas cipris, Fab. Gonepteryx merula, Fab. Terias elathea, Cram. Megistants acheronta, Fab. Aganisthos orion, Fab. Now I have specimens of all of these species which I purchased a few years ago from Mr. Herman Strecker, the locality in which they were taken being given by him as Texas. Now as it is of course inconceivable that an Entomologist of Mr. Strecker’s standing would attach a false lo- cality to a specimen in order to sell it, I trust that Mr. Edwards will in- clude these species in his next catalogue. H. H. Lyman, Montreal. LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA. Dear Sir,—In response to the very interesting communication on page 124 of volume xviii. of THe Canapian Enromotocist, I would Suggest to the two lady Entomologists that the larva is very probably that of the Birch Dagger (Apatela vulpinam.) It is certainly, I think, that of one of the Dagger Moths, and, if there is a variation in the color of the tufts from published descriptions by Mr. Thaxter, perhaps it is not enough to suspect a different species. I need not add that it gives me great pleasure to see the interest which our ladies take in the study of Ento- mology, nor how very much we owe to them already, as Mr. Edwards has recently shown in the story of the discovery of the Aphid-feeding larva of that interesting butterfly, Fenzseca Targuinius. In my earliest papers I referred to the important discoveries of women in a science which needs delicate powers of observation and handling. From Madam Merian to our own day, the list widens gloriously, and I often wish that the names and addresses of all the lady workers in America could be got together. When I come home again I mean to try and secure them for publication, and I hope (as every one must away from home) that the day will be soon. , A. R. Grote, Bremen, Germany. Che Canadran Entomologist. | VOL. XIX LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1887. No. 2 COLLECTING AT THE ELECTRIC LIGHT, 1886. BY HENRY S, SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONT. On the evening of Saturday, May 22nd, 1886, being the first warm evening after the electric light system was started in London, hundreds of “electric light bugs” (Camptobrochis grandis) and large green Calosomas ( Calosoma scrutator) came into the city, and from that time on through- ‘out the summer, and even as late as Nov. 2nd, the lights continued to attract hundreds of insects every warm evening. There are some general points I should like to mention hele giving the list in detail :—The lights around which all the collecting was done, were in store windows, or just outside of them, and these were in the centre of the city ; the insects were either on the glass, on the woodwork around it, or on the sidewalk, Moths were taken with a bottle as in sugaring ; beetles taken by hand and put into a separate bottle. Cyanide of potassium I found the best poison; a few drops of chloroform on cot- ton would quiet them more quickly, but was more troublesome, the chloroform having to be frequently renewed, occasionally as often as four or five times during the same evening, and sometimes even then the moths would be found alive the next morning. © My collecting was all done between 10 and 12 p.m. No lights were lit on Sundays, and I was out of the city from July 24 to Aug. 9. On very cold nights very few insects would come out ; on cool nights a few moths were always to be found, but seldom any beetles ; on warm nights both beetles and moths were plentiful. Beetles were very plentiful only on the warmest evenings. Often on wet evenings the Sphingidz would be plentiful: when there was scarcely anything else out. My record of dates is very incomplete, as I had no idea while collect- ing of publishing them in this way. There are about 35 Lepidoptera and 5 ee that I have not suc- 59 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ceeded in getting named; the Orthoptera, Hemiptera, etc., I scarcely collected at all; having but little time at my disposal, I thought it wiser to give attention mainly to those orders in which I was more particularly interested. I take this opportunity of eal Prof. C. H. Fernald, of Amherst, Mass., Mr. Jas. Fletcher, and Mr. W. H. Harrington, of Ottawa, for the kind assistance they have given me in naming specimens. LEPIDOPTERA. Nymphalidae. Vanessa antiopa, Zinz., June 21.* Sphingide. Deilephila chameenerii, Harr., June I-22. a lineata, Fadr., Sept. 4. Everyx myron, Cram., June 17 to July 15, constant. Very common. Ampelophaga versicolor, Harr., July 17. Smerinthus geminatus, Say, June rs. - Paonias excaecatus, 4. & \S., June 14, July 9. Common. Calasymbolus myops, 4. & S., July. Triptogon modesta, Harr., June 29, July 12. Cressonia juglandis, 4. & S., June 2-18, Ceratomia amyntor, Hubn. Daremma undulosa, Wa/dk., June 28, July 10. Common. Sphinx drupiferarum, 4d. & S., June 8 to 22. Common. ‘~~ s kalmiae, 4. & S., June 8. ‘“ eremitus, Hubn., May 31. Dilophonota ello, ZLzuu., Sept. 28-30.7 Aigeriade. Trochilium—— ? May 28-29, June 14, July 1-16. Very common. Eudryas unio, Hvbn., June 15-16, July 1, Aug. 9. Common. ‘grata, fabr., jue oa July 1, 7, 19. Common. Ctenucha virginica, Cha7p., June 19. Bombyeces. Nola ——? July 16. 7 Hypoprepia fucosa, Yudn., July 20. Euphanessamendica, Wa/k.,June2t. ‘Crocota treatii, Gr., July. Arctia virgo, Linn., var. parthenice, July 19. “« Saundersii, Gv., August 24. Pyrrharctia isabella, 4d. & S., June 5 to July 20, very common. Phragmatobia rubricosa, SHarr., July 15. Leucarctia acraea, Drury, June a2. August 19. Spilosoma virginica, Fabr. Very common from May 26th to Aug. 20; one taken Oct. 20. Hyphantria cunea, Drury, June 19, July 20. Euchaetes egle, Drury, June 28. Halisidota caryae, Harris. Very common from May 27 to June 25. de maculata, Harris, June 7-25. Common. * This butterfly I did not see in motion ; it was in rather a sleepy condition, and may possibly have flown there during daylight. f Eight specimens of this moth were taken in London about this time. f COUR og ee eee tere THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23 Orgyia leucostigma, 4. & S., July I4—20, Sept. 24, Oct. 22.* Euclea querceti, 7 S., June 16, July t. Ichthyura inclusa, Yudn., Aug. 11. = albosigma itch, May 27, June 15. Datana ministra, Drury, June 14, 16, 23, July 9. “« _ integerrima, G. & #., June _ 23, July 9.F Nadata gibbosa, 4. & S., July 3. Gluphisia trilineata, Pack. Seirodonta bilineata, Pack. Notodonta stragula, Gr. Ccelodasys unicornis, 4. & S. Heterocampa marthesia, Cram. i astarte, Doudl. of: cinerea, Pack. Cerura borealis, Bozsd., June 5-16. *¢ cinerea, Walk:, May 28, June 15. Actias luna, Zznuz., June 7. Telea polyphemus, Cram., June 2 28, 30, July 2. Common. Platysamia cecropia, Zinn. . Dryocampa rubicunda, Fadr., May 26 to July 1. Very common. Clisiocampa americana, Harris, July £8, Gastropacha -americana, Harris, June 16, July 22. Tolype laricis, Fitch, Aug. 13, 24. Prionoxystus robinizx, eck. Noctua. Raphia abrupta, Gr., (?) June 15. Habrosyne scripta, Gosse, July 23. Apatela occidentalis, G. & #., May 29, June 11. Common. “* -vinnula, Gr. apareis lepusculina, Guen. morula, G. & #&., June 24. «« innotata, Guen. ‘“¢ rubicoma, Guen.. ‘¢ americana, Harr., June 9, 18, July 1. Very common. “ — heesitata, Gr. ‘¢ brumosa, Gwen., June tr. ¢ dissecta, G. & R., July 6. “« oblinita, 4. & S., June 8, 15. Very common. Arsilonche albovenosa, G., May 27, June 9. Harrisimemna ttrisignata, Wa/., July. Microccelia diphteroides, Guen., June 14, 16. Agrotis C nigrum, Zzzz., June 19, @F. 24, ees. OF, 34; 26, 30. Very common. “« -haruspica, Gr., July 7. “ fennica, Zausch., Aug. to. “ subgothica, Haw., August 24, 30.1 ‘¢ ~ tricosa, Linty., Aug. 12, 13. « plecta, Zinn., May 29, June I, 19, 21, 23, 25, Aug. El, 123-16; 20,. 24, 26, Common. ‘‘ clandestina, Harris, June 28, 29. 3 scandens, Riley, June 15, 19. Common, “« mureenula, G. & R. “« tessellata, Harris, June 26, 29. Common. ‘‘ campestris var. decolor, Morr., July 2, 6. “ collaris, G. & R. ou vannexa,' 2e: (2). * None seen between July and September ; those taken in the fall were larger and darker than in the summer, + At the time of collecting I did not know the difference between these two species of Datana ; judging from the specimens taken they were probably both quite common. ~ August 24 was the first time I took this moth, and on that evening it was very common, 24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Agrotis volubilis, Havv., June 14. «« _ypsilon Ao#z., June 17, Sept. 5, Och. 22, Nev 2. Common. “« _ pressa Gr. Mamestra adjuncta, Bozsd., June 4, Aug. 13. % lubens, G». fF legitima, Gr., July 5, 19. Sg subjuncta, G. & RR. (?) trifolii, Rott, May 29, June 15, Aug. 20. Very common. : 4s renigera, Steph., Aug. 24, 30, Sept. 25. Common. Ar lorea, Guen., June 18, 21. Luceria passer, Gwen., June 23, July 3. Hadena devastatrix, Brace. “<") “arctica, Sorsd., June 17, July 21. Common. " sputatrix, Gr, Aug. 18. ‘és suffusca, AZorr. “¢ — mactata, Guen., July 9, 16. Perigea xanthioides, Guzen. Dipterygia scabriuscula, June 7. Hyppa xylinoides, Guen., Aug. 24. Valeria Grotei, JZorr., May 29. Homohadenabadistriga, Gr.,July ro. Brotolomia iris, Guen. Euplexia lucipara, Linn. Helotropha reniformis var. atra, Gr., July 3. Apamea sera, G. & 2&., July 18. “ nictitans, WZ. Gortyna cataphracta, Gr., Sept. 24. Achatodes zeae, Harris. Sphida obliquata, G. & FR. Heliophila pallens, Zzun., Aug. 21, 22. Not seen at any other time. 4 albilinea, Wuzbn.,Aug. to. 4 phragmitidicola, Guen., Aug. 10, 12, I9. Linn., Pyrophila tragopogonis, Zinn., July 12. Common. i pyramidoides, Aug. 10. Guen., Orthodes infirma, Guen. Orthosia ferrugineoides, Guen. a euroa, G. & R., July 16. Scoliopteryx libatrix, Zznz., Jun 29, July 7. _ Cucullia asteroides, Guen., Aug. 24. “« intermedia, Spey., May 28. Adipsophanes miscellus, Gv., July 9. Crambodes talidiformis, Guen., May 29, July 3. Nolaphana malana, Fitch., July 19. Marasmalus histrio, Gr., July 16. Abrostola urentis, Guwen., July. Plusia aerea, Hubn. “< aereoides, Gr. “ balluca, Gey., July 9. “ contexta, Gr. (?) Aug. 19. | ‘¢ Putnami, Gr. (?) June 16. ‘¢ mappa, G. & £&., July 19. ‘¢ precationis Guen., May 22, 28, 29, July 15, 21, Aug. 12, 26, Oct. ge). yew . common, «simplex, Guen., May 29, June 21, 25, July ro, 12. Common. | Chloridea rhexiae, 4d. & .S.,Oct.20. Rhodophora florida, Guez., July 8. Heliothis armiger, Hubn., sept. 24, Oct. 20. Pyrrhia (angulata, Gr. or experi- mens, Wad/k. ?), June 1, July 1. Tarache erastrioides, Guen., June 15, Aug. 11. s candefacta, Hudbn.,May go. Chamyris cerintha, Gwuen., June 19, 21. . Eustrotia albidula, Guen., June 14, 26. 4 muscosula, Gue., |e 26, July 21, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 Eustrotia carneola, Guen., May 29, 30, June 1, 19, 25, 28, 30). Payor: Very common. ch apicosa, Haw., June 15. Placodes cinereola, Guen.,June 9,16. Drasteria erechtea, Cram., July 15, $0, 20; 21, ANS. £0;. 11, 18520 Very common. Catocala | concumbens, Aug. 24. briseis, Zdw.,(?) Aug. 26. parta, Guen., Aug. 20. Parthenos nubilis, Hudn., July 9. Panopoda rufimargo, Hudn. Ypsia undularis, Drury, May 23, 29, June 4, 23. Homopyralis tactus, Gr., June 15. Walk., i. J 6é a 66 Rivula propinqualis, Guen., June 9, 14050 _ Phalenophana rurigena, Gv.,June 29. Capis curvata, Gr., July 5. Hypena baltimoralis, Guen., June oi Da Ee evanidalis, Rod.,July 9,14. “ scabra, Fabr., Aug. 15. Geometridae. Choerodes_ transversata, Drury, Aug. 12. Tetracis crocallata, Guen., May 29, June rt. $s lorata, Gr., June 1, 5, 7 Matanema quercivoraria, — July 9. es carnaria, Pack., Wily 29, June 12. Buenos alniaria, Zinn., Aug. 24. Very common. Eudalimia subsignaria, Hudn., July nay 20. Endropia obtusaria, Wbn., June 24, July 3. * bilinearia, Pack., July 19. Pseudaglossa lubricalis, Gey.,July 9. | Endropia armataria, /7. S., June 14. Very common. . hypochraria, #7. S., June 8, 14. Sieya macularia, Harris, July 3. Angerona crocataria, /ad., June 21, ‘23, 26, 29, Very common. Nematocampa filamentaria, Gwev., * May 20. Plagodis phlogosaria, Guen.,July 15. Hyperitis amicaria, 4. S., June 8. Aplodes Packardaria, Gr., Mav 23. Ephyra pendulinaria, Guen.,Aug. 22. Acidalia inductata, Guen., Aug. 11. ‘ quadrilineata, Pack., June . 16, 2%. ‘* enucleata, Guen.,July 8.15. Stegania pustularia, Guen., July 5. Deilinia variolaria, Guen., July 9. Semiothisa ocellinata, Guwen.,Aug.11. Phasiane trifasciata, Pack., Aug. 9. Lozogramma defluata, Walk, "June 19: Eufitchia ribearia, /7tch., July 3, 8 Haematopis grataria, /adr., Aug. 13. Hemerophila unitaria, /Z.S.,May 29. Cymatophora pampinaria, Gwer., July 21. Tephrosia anticaria, Wadk., July 7. Eubyja cognataria, Guven., June 11, July 9. ¢ “¢ quernaria, 4. & S.,May 29. Hybernia tiliaria, Harris, Oct. 22. Heterophleps harveiata, Pack., (‘). June rr. Ay triguttata, WS, June 16,28, July 16. Lobophora montanata, 7ack.,June 4. Triphosa indubitata, Gr, Oct. 22. Phibalapteryx latirupta, Wadk., (?) July 8. a intestinata, Guev., May 23. Rheumaptera ruficillata, Guez. ds lacustrata, Guen., May 23, 29. 26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ochyria ferrugaria, Zzun., Aug. 13. < designata, Hubn., May 29. Petrophora diversilineata, Hzbz., July 8. Hydriomena trifasciata, Borkh., July 3; 5+, Epirrita perlineata, Pack., July. Plemyria fluviata, Wubn., July 12. A multiferata, Wadk., June® te: Glaucopteryx cumatilis, G. & 2&.- June 15. Eupethecia miserulata, Grote, May 28, June 17, 19, 25, July 9. Common. Pyralide. Asopia farinalis, Zzzz., June 16, 29, July 1, 21. Very common. ** costalis, Fabr., June 28, 29, 30, July 12, 15, 21, 23,Aug. 9,12,24,26. Very common. “ olinalis, Guen., July 8, 9. Cordylopeza nigrinodis, Ze//., July. Dicymolomia decora, Ze//., June 21, July 5. Scoparia centuriella, S. V.* . libella, Gr., June 28, July 3, 15} 5. Botys badipennis, Gv., Aug. 11. marculenta, G. R. ‘* — gentilis, Che Aug. 13. ‘* venalis, Gr., July 5. ‘“* illibalis, Hudn.,June 15,July 7. * plectilisy GA. June ea. Nomophila noctuella, S. V., July 6, 9, 15. Common. Diathransta octomaculalis, Fern., MSS., July 3, June 15. Desmia ‘maculalis, Westw., June 24, July 16. Hydrocampa genuinalis, Zed., June 12, 15, 16, 18. “ ekthlipsis,Gv.,Juners. Cataclysta fulicalis, Clem., June 14, 15, (24; y angulatalis, Led.,May 29, Aug 11, Common. Homophysa (—— ?) July 15. Nephopteryx basilaris, Ze//., July. Salebria fusca, Yaw.,June 28, July 3. Anerastia haematica, Ze//., June 14, 15, 16. Euphestia ochrifrontella, Ze//., July. Argyria nivalis, Drury, July 15. Crambus leachellus, Zzmck., June 21, July 1, 3. “ agitatellus, CZem., June 21. v agitatellus var. alboclavel- lus, SchZ., July. ds albellus, Clem., June 28, July 3, 21. . bipunctellus, Ze//., July 16. Af topiarius,Ze//.,July 3, June 14, 23. exsiccatus, Ze//., May 29; this specimen much darker than the others. June 15, 19, July 3, 20. Very common. uy luteolellus, CZem., July 5. ze ruricollelus, Ze//., Aug. 11. Schoenobius longirostrellus, CZem., July 8. . © clemensellus, od., June. 15 jay = Common. | Tortricide. Caccecia rosaceana,//arris,June 19, 20, Aug. II. ¥ argyrospila, Wadk., July 7. Loxotaenia clemensiana, /ev7., June 14, 23. Ptycholoma melaleucana, Weadh., June 14, 28. Lophoderus quadrifasciana, Ferz., June 28, July 1, 3. * Very common on June 28, when I saw it for the first time this season; afterwards a few only were seen for a week or two, after which I did not see it again, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27 -Tortrix albicomana, C/em., July 1. © peritana, Clem., july 8, 0. — fumiferana, CZem., June 16. ; “ conflictana,. Wadk.* Cenopis pettitana, Rods., June. Dichelia sulfureana, Clem., June. Conchylis angulifasciana, Ze//., June 7. a Pecccsls exoleta, Zell; June 23. » Penthina frigidana, Pack., July 15. ee nimbatana, Clem., July 3. _ Sericoris constellatana,Ze//., June 14. Steganoptycha pinicolana, Z¢//., Pterophorus marginidactylus, Fitch., — July 19. June 24, 28, July 1. Common. COLEOPTERA. Carabide. Agonodorus lineola, Faé., June 14. Very common. Calosoma scrutator, #aé., May 22—- ‘ pallipes, Aad., May 22, : 29, June 29. June 14, July 5, 7, . " Wilcoxi, Zec., June 1. to. Very common. Nebria r Jime 14,15: Harpalus viridieneus, Seauv., Clivina americana, De/. June 14. Nomius pygmeus, Dey July 8, caliginosus, Faé., July June 14. Very common. 16, 25, Aug. 9. - Bembidium planum, Ha/d. July 7. as pennsylvanicus, DeG., 4 = patruele, De7., July 16. July 5, June 14, 15. _ Amara avida, Say, July 2, 10, 19. Aug. 6, 20 X1, L2; * obesa, Say, July 2, ro. 20, 24. Diplochila major, Zec., June 14,16. Anisodactylus. discoideus, De, -Badister pulchellus, oe Aug. 21. June 1, 14. Platynus metallescens, Lec.,June 15. 9 « placidus, Say, July = Dytiscide, June 15, Aug. ro. - Hydroporus signatus, JZann. . obsoletus, Say, June 27, Colymbetes sculptilis, Harr., June July 2. 4, 104.24. Very Lebia grandis, Hfentz., Sept. 24. common. | Brachynus cordicollis, De7.,June 15. “i ? July. Chlaenius sericeus, Forst., June 14, - biguttulus,Zec.,June 15, 15. Common. tricolor, De7., May 29, : June 14, July s. Carpocapsa pomonella, Zzzn., Aug. 12. Tineade. Hyponomenta multipunctella, Clem. July 3, 21. Coleophora corruscipennella, C/em., June 29, July 22. fterophorida. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, Fitch., July 1, 3, 5. (v. c.) 16, July 2, 3, 5. Very common. “ ? May 22,July 2,3. * Saw for the first time on June 28, when it was very common; a few only were to be seen the next three or four evenings, after which I did not see it again. 28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Dytiscus fasciventris, Say, May 22, June 16, July 3, 5, 12, 16, 10, Oct 225° Very common. RS cordieri, Aubé., July 1,3,5, 21. Common. *: Harrisii, Kzrdy, July 5, 19,21. Common. Gyrinide. Gyrinus ventralis, Azrdy, July 3, 5. Dineutes assimilis, Aubé, May 29, Sept 23. ; fly drophilide. Hydrophilus glaber, dst. Hydrocharis obtusatus, Say, July 3, 5, 10. Very common, Philhydrus diffusus, Zec., July 5. Hydrocombus lacustris,Zec.,July 16. Hydrobius fucipes, Zzmz., June 14, 15, 24, July 3, 10. Cercyonunipunctatum, Zzzz.,Aug.9. Silphide. Necrophorus americanus, O/iv.,May 29, June 16, 24, July to, 19. Very com- mon. orbicollis, Say, June 25, July 19. Silpha surinamensis, /ad., May 22, June 1,2, 8:25) jay. ty 20; 20; Aug. 23. Very common. Staphylinida. Bledius semiferrugineus, Zec., June 14, July 8, Aug. 9. Common. Coccinellide. Adalia bipunctata; Zzun., July 19. Mycetophagide. Typhcea fumata, Zinm., Aug. 9. ¢é Dermestide. Dermestes lardarius, Zinz., Oct. 22. Attagenus megatoma, /ad., July 6. Lathridiide. Corticaria pumila, Zec., (2?) July 16 to Aug. 20. Very common, Elateride. Alaus myops, /ad., June 14. Melanotus communis, Gyd/., June 9, 26, July. 1, 2, 10, Thy; mie eee common. , Athous cucullatus, Say. Asaphes memnonius, /Zds¢., July 1, 3, 10. Very common. Lampyride@. Pyropyga nigricans, Say, July 9. Photuris pennsylvanica, De G.,June 23, July:2. Podabrus basilaris, Say. a" modestus, Say, June 29. Ptinide. Trypopitys serviceus, Say, July 15. Bostrychus bicornis, Wed. Cupeside. Cupes capitata, /ad., Sept. 24. Lucanide. Lucanus dama, Ziunb., July to. a placidus, Say. Passalus cornutus, /aéd. Scarabaeidae. Copris anaglypticus, Say, June 14, 15. Common. | Aphodius granarius, Z7mu., June 14, May 209. Odontaeus cornigerus, JZe/sh. Trox porcatus, Say, June 14. “ gequalis, Say, June 14 (Vv. ¢.) “ striatus, JAZe/sh. Dichelonycha linearis, Schon., May 29. Achnostéras fusca, /roh., May 29, 22,31. Very common. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 29 Lachnosterna cognita, Burm. Pelidnota punctata, Zinzz., July 3. Cotalpa lanigera, Zznn., May 22, 29, 31, June 1. Common. Ligyrus relictus, Say, Aug. 9. Xyloryctes satyrus, /ad. Cerambycide. Criocephalus agrestis, Kzrdy, June 28, 27, July to. Very common. Pion garganicus, Fad., June 14. Xylotrechus colonus, Fab. July 5. Centrodera decolorata, Harr., June 14. Monohammus confusor, Kirby. Urographis fasciatus, De G.,June 14. Eupogonius vestitus, Say, July 16. Saperda calcarata, Say, July 3. oe ** > svestita, Say, June 14. “ tridentata, O/zv., June 14, I5, 16. Common. Chrysomelide. Diabrotica vittata, /ad., Sept. 24. Tenebrionide. Tenebrio molitor, Zzuz., June 14, July 2,5. Very common. Hoplocephala __bicornis, June 14. Oliv., Cistelide. Allecula nigrans, AZe/sh. Pythide. Salpingus virescens, Zec., July 5. Anthicide. Notoxus anchora, Henfz. Curculionide. Listronotus caudatus, Say, June 14. x appendiculatus, Bof., June 14. Pachylobius _ picivorus, June 14. Hylobius pales, Hds¢., June 15. Anthribide. Cratoparis lunatus, Fad., June 16. Germ., ORTHOPTERA. Platyphyllum concavum, July 16. HYMENOPTERA. Ophion bilineatus (?) May 29. Common. DIPTERA. Stomoxys calcitrans. Chrysops striatus (?) NEUROPTERA. Corydalis cornuta, June 26, 30, Jwy 5: ee Chauliodes pectinicornis, May 29, June 1, 16, 25, July 21, Aug. rr, Ig, 20, 24. Neuronia postica (?) May 29, June 14, July 1, 9. HEMIPTERA. Camptobrochis grandis, May 22, 31, June 1, 9. Very common ; afterwards _ a few seen occasionally through June, July and August. 30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTE ON HEMARIS UNIFORMIS AND ARCTIA SAUNDERSIL. BY A. R. GROTE, BREMEN, GERMANY. I have sufficiently shown in various places (and the enquiring student may consult the originals) that Kirby’s description of Ruficaudis contra- dicts that of Uniformis, in what we must regard as essential particulars in this genus. We have not here to do with a species; but, according to Mr. Hulst’s statements, with a dimorphic form of Zhysbe, in which the inner margin of the terminal band of primaries is even, not dentate, on the interspaces. Now this character is not at all alluded to by Kirby. He describes a Sesza allied to the European, and he says and knows nothing about Zhysbe or Pelasgus or Cimbiciformis. Kirby should not have described Uniformis without comparing it with its ally—its other well known form. Notwithstanding the probabilities of the case or the possi- bilities, it never can be proved from the books that Kirby did describe Uniformis as Ruficaudis. ‘This is a matter of scientific importance, because we are the first to point out that two distinct “forms” if not “¢ species” were passing as Zhysbe, the differences which constantly divide them being first pointed out by us, first used as the basis by which they can be correctly separated and named in collections. It is therefore no matter of simply restoring an older name. It is an attempt at construing an older name and one which does not really apply. The attempt is therefore to be deprecated as unscientific. The whole point lies in the separation of the forms passing current as “ Zhysbe.” In this lay the scientific value of the writings of Mr. Robinson and myself. This discovery, important or not important (real it certainly is), was made by us and is covered by the designation we apply to the plain form, and, according to all sense and the principles of scientific nomenclature, this name should henceforward apply. Clemens does not recognize Rujicaudis; Fernald mentions our insect as “‘ Uniformis,” I take it for granted that these or similar con- siderations have influenced his course. It is years and years ago since I studied Kirby in the original, at least fifteen years before Mr. Hulst’s time. It needed not that this industrious, but in his earlier studies some- what inconsiderate writer, should tell me of the probabilities of what Kirby’s might be. At the best they are probabilities. I take it, that to be correct, scientifically correct, the form of Zhysbe with even edge to the external band of primaries and of the same or similar size with the type, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. St should be called Uniformis G. & R., without any reasonable doubt. I will not enter here into the question of the even banded forms, Buffalo- ensis and Floridensis. The larva of the former is described by Professor Lintner. The latter has not been examined in sufficient quantity. I think now that both these forms are distinct, certainly sufficiently so as to merit a distinct title, if not of specific value. Fuscicaudis, Boisd., is, from the markings of the abdomen, certainly a distinct species. After myself ex- amining specimens I can come to no other conclusion. Quite similar arguments show that we are justified in calling the smallet of the two forms of Arctia, which have buff striped, black fore wings, and red, spotted secondaries, by the name Saundersii. I carefully considered Kirby’s description of Parthenice after my discovery that two species were passing as Arctia virgo in collections. The character which separates the two is the narrower ochre veining of Saundersiz. Again as with the Hemaris, Kirby fails to compare his species with Virgo Linn., which it was his business to know had he intended to describe as closely allied a species as Saundersii is. I pass by the probably correct surmise of Mr. Hy. Edwards that Kirby describes an unimportant variety of Virgo, assuming this author to be correct. But be this as it may, I am the first to scientifically separate the forms, to carefully describe them, to figure them side by side (at my own expense, which was a good deal in those days), to give the essential characters by which they may be known and named henceforth. This being so, it is inconsiderate, and, scientifi- cally speaking, an erroneous view which would overturn this real work and restore a name which can never be proved to be correctly applied. Always there must be a doubt hanging over the name Parthenice, from _Kirby’s own fault in ignoring Virgo. But there is no doubt about Virgo or Saundersiz. I cleared those doubts up years ago, and Mr. Hulst should have profited by my work rather than attempt to re-introduce the uncertainty which I had, I think properly, dissipated. | ELAPHIDION VILLOSUM, Farr. BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK. In support of the record relating to the periods of transformation of this beetle, and the probable cause of their pruning the branches of the Oak, which I had the pleasure to contribute to the XVII Vol. of this 32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. journal, I now add some further facts, resulting from a recent visit to Clermont, N. Y. On the 29th of October I gathered fron under a group of Quercus tinctoria, seven branches that had been pruned by this longicorn. The tunnels were from ten to fifteen inches long, in branches from one-half to three-quarters of an inch in thickness. The branches I carefully divided lengthwise, so that the parts could be replaced in position. Six of them contained the pupa, one the larva, which pupated November 4th. One of the pupe I preserved as a specimen. ‘The imagines appeared on the following days: Nov. 14th, 22nd, 26th, 29th, Dec. gth and 25th, all females. These transformations were rather hindered than advantaged by meteorological conditions, for they occurred in a room having a northern exposure, in which, during the period of the transformations, the ther- mometrical record differed but little from that in the shade without. — Had the branches remained upon the ground, the included insect would have received all the benefits resulting from the direct rays of our Indian Summer’s sun, as well as the moisture from the ground ; influences that ordinarily assist development. As the imagines appeared they were examined and replaced in their tunnels, where they now remain in a passive state, and not likely, I think, to exhibit their natural activity until next May or June, The object of the paper referred to, as well as this article, is to pre- sent facts that seemingly disprove certain theories relating to the habits and metamorphoses of this beetle, which have been formulated by dis- tinguished sires and accepted by their credulous sons. What Drs. Peck, Fitch and Harris have written upon this subject has been substantially repeated by almost every entomologist who has undertaken a history of this beetle. We are very apt to fall into line when we have an abiding confidence in a leader. While I am unwilling to deny the conclusions of these naturalists, I yet think that the facts related go to show that the insect matures at a period earlier than that named by them, and that the benefits supposed to result from the dismemberment of the branch, in so far as the changed environment is concerned, are wholly unnecessary to the development of the included insect, and that there is a plausibility i in the inference, if not a certainty as to fact, that the object of pruning the branch is to prevent the flow of sap. If the habits of this beetle as given by these doctors are to be regarded as ipso facto, then we must admit the wo a on Nai a a Sel ee i a le e+ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33 7 possession of a faculty in these lower organisms that towers above instinct and presents the feature of intelligent reason. This is a subject that cannot very well be discussed in these pages, yet it may not be out of place to say that able writers on the question very generally admit that the habits of insects follow a prescribed law, by some regarded, in a “materialistic sense, as mechanical ; and by others, spiritually considered, as in furtherance of a divine edict. This latter view is very cleverly presented by St. George Mivart, in Organic Nature’s Riddle: ‘ Our _ experience,” he writes, “is in favor of the existence of an intelligence which can implant in and elicit from unconscious bodies activities that are intelligent in appearance and result . . . . . . ‘Uncon-. sciously intelligent action,’ improperly called ‘intelligent,’ is that which is called intelligent only as to its results and not in the innermost principle of the creatures which perform such actions.” ‘ Instinct,” Todd says in his Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, “fis a special internal impulse urging animals to the performance of certain actions which are useful to them or to their kind, but the uses of which they do not them- selves perceive, and their performance of which is a necessary conse- quence of their being placed in certain circumstances.” If such definitions are accepted, how are they to be reconciled with the marvellous statement as given by Dr. Fitch? ‘That the larva should prune the branch to prevent the flow of sap would be a necessary conse- quence of its being placed in certain circumstances, but to do so that the branch may fall to the ground presents a course of reasdéning that relates to a condition foreign to the then existing environment. The habits of this beetle from the period of egg-hatching, as given by Dr. Fitch, dis- playing as it did to him extraordinary intelligence, impress me as present- ing the most natural instinctive qualities. The ova, he says, is deposited on a small green twig, the soft pulpy tissues of which nourish the infant larva, which when increased in size and strength, attacks the hard wood of the branch, transversely, in a circular direction, consuming it all, leaving the branch supported only by the bark. From these premises, without pursuing the subject further, it is evident that the infant larva requires sap-wood for its sustenance, which it derives from the twig, but so soon as its strength permits, it seeks for dead-wood by attacking the branch, which is found more and more free from sap as the work of severance progresses, The aim therefore from the start is to obtain the dead-wood, \ 34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. agen. <- SeNely pcre ei ee Se aE pene and when the branch is eaten through the larva continues its feeding in ~ forming a tunnel through that portion of the branch which is cut off from the supply of sap. e The instinct of insects is wonderful enough, and more accurate per- haps than a mental process, but while we justly ascribe to them all the attributes pertaining to their natural gift, we are not warranted in imput- ing to them an intelligence only to be arrived at through a course of reason. BOOK NOTICE. Tue BuTTeRFLIES oF New ENGLAND, with original Descriptions, accom- panied by eight lithographic Plates, in which are given at least two hand-colored Figures of each Species. By C. J. Maynard. Boston, Bradlee Whidden, 1886. The author of this work is a well-known taxidermist and ornithologist, who here endeavors “to present recognisable figures and intelligible _ descriptions of the Butterflies,” etc. The drawings and descriptions, he } says, are original, but he has been obliged to compile descriptions of the + larva and pupa from works of various authors, and is indebted to such : works for many notes upon habits, distribution, etc. He has coined a new set of names for the veins of the wings, and likewise a set of English names for the several species. No authority follows the specific names in the text, but those “who are curious to learn who first described any given species, can ascertain by referring to an Index,” etc. He sees no reason why polymorphic forms, which he calls “ phases of coloration,” should receive names, and in this connec- tion thinks that entomologists have overlooked the results of an important ® law, that of reversion. The classification adopted is that used in the arrangement of the collection of the Boston Soc. N. Hist., “ merely because of its simplicity,” and hence the series begins with the Satyride, and Papilio stands next the Hesperidz. By all which it will be seen that — the author has ideas of his own, but is not very well read in the recent literature of lepidopterology. The plates are described as hand-colored, and it seems to be implied that the coloring therefore is something superior. Whereas it is very bad indeed—could not well be worse, This is conspicuously so in Limenitis, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35 Vanessa, Grapta, Argynnis, and Euptoieta. Papilio Z7oz/us, plate 7, is simply atrocious. I doubt very much if any one not familiar with the butterflies could identify several of the species of Thecla from the figures, and I am sure they could not identify many of the Hesperians. And the drawing is of the roughest. In giving a title, the author should have respected the claim of Mr. Scudder, who, as all the world knows, has been engaged for years on “The Butterflies of N. E.,” and is about publishing the same. Whenever in this book larvze or habits are treated of, there are pretty sure to be errors, both of commission and omission, and this is inexcus- able, as in nearly or quite every instance, careful descriptions of the pre- paratory stages and habits were or could have been before the compiler. The result is such as to destroy largely any value the text might have. Thus : Under JV. Canthus, we are told that the larve are green. Now there are green larvee, but so far as has been observed, the larger number are buff. See Can. Enrt., xv., 64. Also it is said of this species that the larva moults three times in fall, then hibernates, and moults three times in spring. No butterfly larva moults six times, and those treated of vary in habit. Some moult twice and hibernate, then three times in spring, while other larve go to pupa in one season with but four moults. Of WV. Lurytris, we read: “ Larva not dissimilar to that of A/ofe, but smaller.” There is no near resemblance whatever between the larve of these two species in any stage, but a great and generic difference. Of D. Archippus, we read that the larve moult three times, whereas they moult four. See Psyche, ii, 53. Of Arg. Cybele: “‘ The earlier stages of this species are not very well known. ‘The larve have been kept in confinement by Mr. Edwards, and moulted five times, and during the winter went into the chrysalis state.” I gave full account of all stages of the larva, Can. ENT., xil., 141, and therefore the early stages are very well known, and a life history, vol. vi., p. 121; and the pupation took place, not in winter, but in May. L. Disippus: Larva described as having a horn on second ring, and on third, fifth, etc., a spiny process each, the eleventh with two short ‘spines. Now every ring mentioned here has a pair of processes instead of a single one. In the account of the habits of this species, not a word ‘is said of the case made by the larva for hibernating. On the contrary, ‘we have the incorrect statement that the larve remain in pupa all winter. 36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The most remarkable thing in the history of North Am. butterfly larvee is ’ the making these cases by all the species of Limenitis, and it would seem incredible that the merest collector should not have known that. How comes it then that no mention of such a habit should be found in a work professing to have been written for instruction of beginners? Nothing is said under Ursu/a of such cases, but under Arthemzs we are told that the larvee ‘‘ construct a case of leaves,” instead of a case from a single leaf. Moreover the larve of these three species of Limenitis are described as regards the processes on them as if they were radically different from each other, whereas they are all built on the same pattern, and where one has a process all have a similar one. Of Argynnis AZyrina, we read that the larve moult three times. Now the larvee of the early brood moult four times, and of the late brood, five. C. ENT., vii., 189. ‘ Under Mel. Phaeton, we read that these butterflies have restricted areas, living in peaty meadows, and that the larva make a web, but no mention is made of the food-plant, Chelone glabra, which grows in such meadows or in swamps, and is the reason for the presence of the butter- flies there. : Under Thecla /rus, we read that Mr. Edwards says the eggs are laid on wild plum, etc., ‘‘ very interesting,” etc. I said nothing of the kind. My account was of Z: Henrici, and I expressly said that I could not get Trus to lay on plum. aes Under Lyc. Pseudargiolus, Mr. Edwards is quoted as saying that hibernating larvee produce typical Pseudargio/us in spring. On the con- trary, the larve in no case hibernate, but the pupze do, some to oe a Violacea, some. Pseudargiolus. Of Fenesica Zarguinius, we read that the larve feed on wild currant, whereas they feed on aphides only. Of Anthocharis Genutia: ‘ There are two broods in the season, the first of which appears in July.” There is but one brood in the year, and the chrysalis hibernates. The early butterflies, from these chrysalids, appear at Newburgh, N. Y., early in May. Doubtless just as early in Conn., which is given as their N. England habitat. Of Papilio Zroi/us: ‘‘ The larve spin a little roof over the leaf, draw- ing the edges together.” That might do for Pyrameis Ata/anta, but not for Zroilus. ‘The larva, as soon as out of egg, cuts into the border of the leaf about one tenth inch and draws the part over, holding it down by a ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 37 few threads. The nearly mature larva turns over the side of the leaf, and loosely stitches down the edge, but there is at no time a roof spun, nor is there any roof except what the turned leaf makes. Such a list of blunders shows heedless and ignorant compiling. Another class shows want of knowledge of the butterflies. Thus, D. Portlandia is compared with JV. Canthus, “which it resembles quite closely.” It has but a very distant resemblance to Canthus, differing in size, Shape and markings. So fort/andia is compared with VV. Zurytris, just as erroneously as in the other case. As to polymorphism, the phenomena are ignored everywhere, and the names of the forms often, as per Preface, but sometimes the names are given. | It certainly is proper that such a remarkable peculiarity in the life history of a species should be recognised, and the different forms indicated by name. Indeed they are by lepidopterists. Often they are more dis- tinct from each other than are many allied species. ‘‘ Mr. Sprague informs me that the first brood of G. Comma is dark in color, while the next is lighter.” What Mr. Sprague means is this, that the brood proceeding from eggs of the hibernating butterflies (form Harriszz), is the dark or summer form (Dryas), and the late brood, from eggs of Dryas, is Har- visit. ‘I think however that specimens having the peculiar rusty under surface to the wings are confined to particular localities, hence, judge that perhaps different food plants produce varying color.” Now these rusty examples are the females of the form Dryas, this species being in the summer form sexually dimorphic, as well as seasonally. J have repeat- edly showed the distinction between the two principal forms of Comma, Can. ENT., vi., 157; X., 69; xiv., 189. Also in But. N.A., vol. 1, a plate is devoted to each form, and each sex is figured on both surfaces. The dimorphism of both sorts is universal wherever Comma is found, and food has nothing to do with it, more than has locality. Under the head of G. Znterrogationis, we are told that there are two broods, in June and September, and that ‘‘ Mr. Edwards states that he has raised both forms Fadriciz and Umbrosa from one brood of larve, but that Mr. Sprague, who has had a wide experience with our native species, informs me that he has invariably found the dark form is the early or sum- mer form, and the lighter the later. Consequently very early in the spring he has caught Fadriciz, this being the autumnal form which hibernates.”’ The dark form is Umbrosa, the name indicating the color, and is the pro- 38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, duct in New England as elsewhere of the form Fadricii. Our author proceeds : ‘¢‘ The reason for this variation” (that is, between the dimor- phic forms) “ is difficult to explain, as neither food nor atmospheric change appear to have anything to do with it, for we find that Mr. Edwards has produced both forms where the larve were found under precisely the same circumstances.” Both the forms spoken of are figured in But. N. A., vol. 1, and the life history at Coalburgh is given at length. Also in C. E., x, 73, and xiv., 201. ‘I gave the result of many years observations at Coal- burgh on this species, stating that all the hibernating butterflies had been Fabricii, except in a single instance ; that the eggs laid by females of this early Fabricii produced a mixed brood, the large majority of individuals being Umbrosa. And eggs of Umbrosa, of this mixed brood, again pro- duced a mixed brood, the large majority still being Umbrosa. But that eggs of these last Umbrosa had produced Faédricii only, late in the year, and these were hibernators. At the north, where there are two broods only, the dimorphism is complete, and this is the case with all seasonally- dimorphic species of butterflies, which are also only two-brooded. But at the south, or where the length of the warm season permits one or more additional broods to mature—and these seem to be inserted between the two original ones—the result in such additional broods is a mixture of the two forms. But in the case of /nterrogationis, there is a preponderating tendency towards the summer form, Umérosa, imperfectly counteracting the inherited tendency of the species to produce the winter form Fabricit, as it would in New England. These results are not only interesting but biologically very important, and the forms are not to be regarded as simple variations. Food has nothing to do with dimorphism, nor has atmospheric change, but climate has. Vide Weismann, vol. 1. In my paper referred to, Can. ENT., x., p. 73, I offered a conjecture that at the north, Aadriciz would be found to be the winter form and Umbdrosa the summer, and expressed a hope that some lepidopterist would examine into the matter and report. If Mr. Sprague has made the necessary observations, I hope he will publish them. Under Melitaea (Phyciodes) Zharos, we are told that the larvee of first brood give the “ butterflies known as Morpheus,” while the larve of the second hibernate, to produce ‘the butterfly known as A/yrina,” in June. That is a mistake for MZarcia. But here again the names of the forms had to be used to make the story intelligible. Satyrus A/ofe is given as one species, S. /Vephele as another, though — a a a, ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 39 both are but dimorphic forms of the same species, as I have set forth in C. E., xii., 21. In B. N. A, vol. 2, two plates are devoted to these forms and varieties, and the whole history is given. It is a very curious history too, and one not to be neglected in a work meant for instruction. A particularly objectionable feature of the work in hand is the manu- facture of English names for the species, one and all. The custom of applying such names will never become general in this country, and for- tunately. In Europe, before the binomial nomenclature was invented, it was natural that there should be local names for such striking objects as butterflies. A few, some half dozen, European species have become domesticated on this continent, and I have noticed that Americanized English collectors are fond of recalling the vernacular names they knew at home. But even these names have nowhere come to be used com- monly here. Some of our authors, however, have exerted themselves to fix such names on all the American butterflies, and the result is fantastic. The greatest sinner in this respect, I regret to have to say, is Mr. Scudder, but as he has lately announced, Science, No. 194, that he regards all names as necessary evils, it would seem to follow that a superfluity of names is an unnecessary evil; therefore I hope to see these appendages dropped in his forthcoming work. No one but the contrivers use them ; they do not stick to the insect. No better illustration of this could be offered than in Mr. Maynard’s book. What Mr. Scudder calls Blue-eyed Grayling, the other calls the Yellow-spotted Wood; what one calls Eyed Brown, the other Ten-spotted Quaker! what one calls The Viceroy, the other the Banded Red ; what one calls the Great Spangled Fritillary, the other the Yellow-banded Silver Wing. Now the butterfly last spoken of is known as Argynnis Cyde/e, the name a beautiful one, by the side of which the appellations above given are as tawdry as they are long-winded. So all through. It is best in Entomology, as in every other kind of learning, that beginners begin right, and as every species has its proper specific name, by which it is, universally known, and of which it can never be divested, no elementary work has a right to teach otherwise. The descriptions of the insects are well enough, except as to the nerves. of the wings. These organs have ages ago received names which have been accepted, and there is no reason whatever for changing them, espe- cially in a work of the character of this one. ‘ Middle” is no more simple than “‘ median,” and means the same thing ; “ upper vein ” instead 40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. *’ of ‘“‘sub-costal” is misleading, in fact wrong, because the uppermost vein is the costal. | i ne And the arrangement of families was adopted ‘ merely because of its simplicity,” but wherein that consists it would be hard to discover. It is not a natural arrangement ; if it was, the Satyridz would next precede the Hesperide. However there has been a fashion these last years for arti- ficial grouping of the butterflies, and our author is not without reputable company in his choice. In conclusion, the illustrations. in this work, poor as they are, will answer some purpose ; the text, so far as it is incorrect, is worse than nothing. ‘The field is still open for a well-illustrated book on the same butterflies, written by one who is acquainted with his subject. W. H. EpwarpDs. CORRESPONDENCE. ON THE GENUS QUADRINA. Dear Sir,—I notice the remarks of Mr. Smith, in “‘ Entomologica Americana” (vol. il., 1886, page 124), merely to state that in my original description I comment upon this singular genus and say that “it may be catalogued next to Gloveria.” I further regard its affinities to the Cerato- campide, and I intended to place it with this group in my catalogue. Bya mistake of the printer it was thrown into the preceding group. It is clear that I regarded the insect as allied to Citheronia, and Mr. Smith’s re- marks as to Heméleuca are uncalled for. I say distinctly, “altogether it is removed from Coloradia” (Papilio, I., 175). In fact, I regard Quadrina as the remains of an old type, synthetic, in that it embraces characters of existing sub-families of the Bombdycide. It is an example of what I have called attention to, viz., the existence in America of older types than else- where, such as the Padleohesperide of my classification.. I am decidedly opposed to the idea that Quadrina is a Cossid. I regard it as a type be- tween Gloveria and Citheronia. I classed it with the Ceratocampians. We know neither the male nor the larva. It is premature to be exact as to its location. It may well afford a new sub-family type. I feel con- fident that the larva will be an external not an internal feeder. It may point to the way in which the Ceratocampians and the internal feeders with similar habitus are phyllogenetically related. A. R. Grorr, Bremen, Germany. Che Canadian Entomologist. VOL. XIX. LONDON, MARCH, 1887. No. 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF COENONYMPHA AMPELOS, Epw. BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA. Ecc.—Conical, truncated, the top nearly flat, slightly depressed, cov- ered with a fine network of irregular six-sided meshes ; these form four rings about the central rosette, in middle of which is the micropyle ; the lower part and base rounded and thickly covered with shallow indenta- tions ; the sides ribbed, the number of ribs about 34, vertical, slightly sinuous, more so at lower end, narrow, with rounded spaces between, -which are crossed by many fine lines ; color yellow-green. Duration of this stage about 12 days. The egg is like that of Galactinus, but has fewer ribs. Younc Larva.—Length, at 24 hours from egg, .11 inch ; cylindrical ; thickest at 2 to 4, tapering on dorsum and sides to 13, ending in two short, conical tails, which meet at base ; color pale yellow-green ; a mid- dorsal reddish line, and three similar lines on the side, the upper one sub- dorsal, the lowest running with the spiracles, and the middle one nearer the lowest ; surface covered with fine white tubercles, which give appressed downy hairs ; among these are white clubbed processes, all bent back, except those on 2; these form three rows on each side, one sub-dorsal, a mid-lateral, with a demi-row on 2 to 4 between the long rows ; in all these one process to the segment ; the third row is at base, over feet and legs, two processes on each, from 5 to 11; one each on 3 and 4; on 2, 12, 13 two hairs to each, in place of processes; these lower processes are smaller, and turned down ; head one half broader than 2, rounded, nar- rowing toward top, a little depressed, granulated; over the face a few white tubercles with processes as on body, bent down ; color pink-brown. Duration of this stage about six days, The young larva is in all respects like agua except slight differ- ences in coloration. After First Moult.—Length, at 18 hours from moult, .2 inch ; nearly _ same shape; color yellow-green ; surface thickly beset with white tuber- cles, and downy ; a mid-dorsal green line, three similar ones on side, the two lower nearest together, the lowest being next over the basal ridge, 4? THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. which is light yellow ; ends of tails pink ; under side, feet and legs green ; head sub-globose, depressed at top, the surface much covered with white tubercles and hairs ; color green. Duration of this stage about 11 days. After Second Moult.—Length, at 24 hours, .3 inch ; shape as before ; color more green than yellow; dotted as before with white tubercles ; tails rough with tuberculations, reddish ; stripes as at last previous stage, the two lateral less distinct ; the basal ridge yellow ; head emerald, tuber- cles as before. To next moult 6 days. After Third Moult.—Length at 24 hours, .42 inch ; in six days, one larva of the brood was full grown. Mature Larva.—Length .7 inch ; cylindrical, a little thickest anter- iorly, dorsum and sides sloping very gradually, the former to ro and then rounding to 13, ending in two conical, short, stout tails, which meet at base, and are rough with tuberculations ; whole surface covered thickly with fine rounded white tubercles, each of which gives out a fine short hair, making a downy coating; these hairs are clubbed, or tapering, or cylindrical ; color dark green, the sides yellow-green ; the tails reddish ; a — mid-dorsal darker green stripe; on the sides traces of two stripes (the sub-dorsal having disappeared) ; the basal ridge light yellow ; under side, feet and legs green ; head broader than 2, sub-globose, a little depressed, beset with white tubercles and hairs, the surface finely granulated ; color yellow-green, the principal ocellus emerald in brown ring. From third moult to pupation ro days. After Fourth Moult, after hibernation. i Raniah .49 inch ; not differing in color or markings from third summer moult. CurysaLis.—Length .4 inch ; greatest breadth, at mesonotum, .12, at abdomen, .14 inch; shape of Gadactinus ; cylindrical, stout, the upper end truncated, the abdomen swollen, conical at extremity ; head case nar- row, ending in a sharp cross ridge which is a little arched, the sides exca- vated roundly ; mesonotum prominent, arched, the carina rounded trans- versely, the sides slightly convex, followed by a shallow depression ; color delicate green ; marked by nine black stripes placed as in Ga/actinus ; of these, one on dorsal edge of each wing case from base to inner angle of wing ; a curved stripe on middle of each wing reaching the hind margin; — a short stripe on same margin on ventral side of the curved one ; two short stripes on the antennae cases ; besides these, there is a black mark on either side of 13 ; top of head case whitish. Duration of this stage a a : a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 to days. Whole period from laying of egg to imago, in summer, 49 days, of which the egg was 12 to 13, larva 25 to 26, chrysalis ro. After the second and third moult, which took place last of June and early in July, all the larvae but the one which went to pupation 3oth June, became lethargic, and evidently would hibernate. I put four of these on ice, 26th July, and nine others, 4th August, to see if some weeks of that treatment would not serve for their resting period as well as the entire winter, with ordinary exposure. On 23rd August, I brought in one of the first lot, on ice four weeks. This had passed three moults. On 24th, it began to eat; on 26th, was .48 inch long; grew slowly and eat at long intervals. By zoth Nov., was .56 inch; and passed the fourth moult znd December. On 3oth Dec., pupated. The pupa I putin alcohol. Another larva passed 4th moult, 6th January. Another same, 17th February. This last pupated 23rd May, and gave imago 3rd June. So that the exposure on ice, though it more or less fully aroused the larve, does not seem to have shortened the hibernating period, except in case of the single one which pupated 30th December. _ The eggs of Ampelos were sent me by Mr. James Fletcher, then at Victoria, V. I., and were laid 22nd May, mailed 23rd, and reached me 3rd June. The first larva hatched 4th June. On 21st June, I received a second lot, or rather, young larvae just hatched, and two eggs. ‘These were laid on gth and roth June, and were mailed r1th. In both cases the females which laid the eggs were sent. There seems to be no dimorphism in this species. The butterflies which came from chrysalis with me did not differ from the parents, and examples sent, taken in May and in August, were of the one type. Mr. Fletcher informs me that this was his experience. This species is of the size of C. Ochracea (smaller than Gadlactinus), of a paler color; the under side of hind wings gray brown, sometimes paler beyond disk, some- times of one shade from base to margin ; with an interrupted, irregularly crenated band across disk ; with no other mark, no spot towards base, no ocelli or spots along hind margin (all these spots are characteristic of C. Ochracea), Mr. Fletcher writes: ‘“ I have never succeeded in finding an ocellus, and I am sure I have examined hundreds of examples.” He also adds that the species is extremely abundant at Victoria. Ampelos was described by me, 1871, in Tr. Am, Ent. Soc., from a pair received from Oregon. So that it probably is found at least from Oregon 44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. to Victoria, and also probably west of the Cascade Mountains. I have not seen it from California, or other region. The larve of this genus are exceedingly sluggish, in confinement rest- ing on the grass stems or leaves, and scarcely moving except when the ~ supply of food fails. They are easily bred. I am now feeding larve of C. Ochracea, and will in due time give report of it. I wish some one in the North-west, interested in these things, would send me eggs of C. /n- ornata, a dark brown, or brown-ochre species, with black-brown under side, found along the northern boundary of the U. S. in Dacotah, and in Brit. Am., on the prairies. Eggs can readily be had by confining females over grass in box or fruit can. Notre.—In my paper on the stages of C. Ga/actinus, vol. xvili., p. 201, | the measurement of the mature larva should read .84 inch (not 1.06 inch). ON THE GENUS RICHIA. BY A. R. GROTE, BREMEN, GERMANY. After examining the European Ammoconia caecimacula (in which the dq antennz are dentate and furnished with pencilled setae or hair; the form stout; the tibiae, of the middle and hind legs only, spinose ; the thorax and abdomen with slight dorsal tuftings), I find that my species are not congeneric, and I accordingly refer them to this genus named in memory of a Brooklyn Entomologist, Harvey J. Rich, who died while yet young, and whom I knew “before the war.” The type of Richa is Chortalis, and its probable dimorphic form Aratrix, though we do not know quite surely whether the two are so related or not ; they occur over the West and Southwest, to Texas. A second species is the Texan &. sculptilis of Harvey, a fine Noctuid. A third is my Decipiens, with its red form Parenta/lis, figured in my Essay. These differ by the untufted abdomen, spinose fore tibiae, the thorax having a ridge of hair (well shown in my figure, Plate 1, 13), as also by less robust form, agreeing with Agrotis. The genus, in fact, is not a Hadenoid form, and I refer to my paper on Agrotis, CAN. ENTOM., Xv., 54, for my views as to its position. I remember determining a fourth species from the West, and others doubtless will be found. At present I would thus arrange them : Genus Richia Grote. Chortalis Harvey. sculptilis Harvey. dim. var. aratrix Harv. decipiens Grote. var. parentalis Grote. Si ei a Ni ct a ii) i FN it s - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 45 LIMOCHORES PONTIAC AND ATRYTONE KUMSKAKA, BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. ‘In 1863, Mr. W. H. Edwards described a male Hesperian from ‘Michigan under the name of Hesperia Pontiac, closely resembling the species figured by Boisduval and LeConte, under the name of Arpa, as well as the larger Florida species Edwards subsequently described under the name of Pidatka. In the same paper in which Pontiac was described and immediately preceding it, he described, also from Michigan, a female under the name of Hfesperza conspicua. ‘These two forms were subsequently figured in the same volume (II.) of Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, and were recognized as the male and female of the same species, after Prof. H. W. Parker had re-described the male (Can. Ent., III, 51), referring it to HY. conspicua. In his since published lists, Mr. Edwards has classed them as one species under the preferred name of Pontiac. In connection herewith I have made two mistakes : First, in identify- ing in 1868 an Iowa species as conspficua and describing the proper male of the same as the then supposed unknown male of conspicua (Trans. Chicago Acad., I., 336) ; and second, the re-description, very briefly, of Fontiac under the name of Hedone Orono (Syst. Rev. Am. Butt., 58), being led astray by my supposition with regard to the Iowa butterfly. I have since given the Iowa butterfly, which belongs to At¢rytone, the name Kumskaka, in naming it for others ; but as this name has not been pub- lished, nor the species fully described, I append herewith a full descrip- tion of the same. : The two butterflies concerned belong to two different genera, one of which (Zzmochores, to which, and not to Hédone, Pontiac belongs,) has a sexual, velvety dash or stigma on the front wings of the male, wholly wanting in Atrytone, and they can thus be readily distinguished. ATRYTONE KUMSKAKA. Hesperia conspicua, Scudd. nec. Edw. : ; Head covered above with mingled greenish-yellow and blackish hairs, the former in excess; on the inner and outer side of the bases of the antenne a tuft of black hairs; encircling the hinder part of the eye a series of pale yellow scales ; palpi pale yellow, with a very slight greenish tint, shading into pale orange toward the tip and there interspersed with a 46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. few black scales, which on the upper surface supersede the others ; last joint black ; antennz black, annulated broadly below, narrowly above, at the base of each joint with glossy, pale lemon-yellow scales, which on the base of the stem are merged into a common bright patch; club, excepting as just stated, black; the crook dull castaneous to the very tip. Thorax covered above with mingled greenish-yellow and brownish hairs, the brighter ones more conspicuous on the prothorax and patagia than elsewhere ; beneath covered with pale yellowish hairs, mingled with dusky ones. Femora pale yellow, whitish above, the inside of the middle and hind pair dusky ; tibiz and tarsi dull orange, becoming dusky above, especially at the tips of the tarsal joints and increasingly so toward the tips of the legs; spurs pale orange, tipped minutely with testaceous ; spines testaceous ; spurs reddish ; pad dusky. Wings above tawny, exceedingly broadly bordered with dark brown, particularly in the female, where the tawny is reduced to a comparatively narrow interrupted band. Fore wings with the outer margin broadly bordered with dark brown, the interior margin of the border passing ‘from the tip of the costal nervure on the costal margin in a bent, slightly curved, pretty regular line to the middle of the outer two-thirds of the submedian nervure, and passing midway between the apex of the cell and the outer margin of the wing ; the inner margin is similarly bordered with dark brown as far as the submedian nervure ; the costal edge is blackish, and within these encompassing borders the veins are distinctly marked -with dark brown ; besides which the outer limit of the cell and the outer half or two-thirds of the upper limit are rather broadly bordered externally with blackish, which often reaches to the costal border ; besides, the basal third of the wing, and especially the part lying below the middle of the cell, is heavily begrimed with brownish scales, most conspicuously next the nervures ; and all these latter markings are so blended in the female that no tawny color whatever is left but a small quadrate spot (often obsolete) at the tip of the cell, and a transverse, nearly equal, strongly curving or bent band next the outer bordering, about as broad as the width of the cell ; this is indeed most frequently reduced to a series of 7 or 8 unequal longitudinal spots, forming a bent series lying — farther removed from the outer margin, the upper portion starting from the middle of the outer half of the costal margin and directed toward a 7 cote vy eer oe at 8 wt Oe IS eee ee ee - re ee er eae ee ee ee ee r ar 3 ele cre " eek ‘ ~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 47 point scarcely below the middle of the outer margin ; the other part of it is directed at right angles to the upper portion. Fringe dull brown, sometimes tinged with tawny, paling externally. Hind wings so broadly bordered as best to be described as dark brown, with the central parts tawny; in the male consisting of a roundish patch cut by the nervures delicately traced in brown, extending nearest to the outer border (a little more than an interspace distance from it) on the lower subcostal nervure, and occupying the space between this and the tip of the cell, and reaching from the lowest median nervure to the middle of the subcostal interspace ; within the cell is an obscure tawny patch, and the medio-submedian interspace is obscured by some tawny hairs. In the female the fulvous colors are reduced toa series of longitudinal streaks, separated by broadly marked nervures, occupying the same place as the large patch of the male, but reduced in breadth. Fringe pale dull fulvous, the basal half brownish. Beneath the markings are much the same, though scarcely so intense as above, and on the hind wings of the male very much obscured ; the tawny on both wings has become a dull lemon yellow, sometimes in the female rather pale, and the brown, excepting in the lower half of the fore wings, where it has turned to blackish fuliginous, has become obscure tawny brown, in the female tinged with fuliginous; in the brighter portions the nervures are rather narrowly marked — with tawny or brownish tawny, in the darker parts very faintly with yellowish or brownish yellow ; the tip of the cell in the fore wings of the male, and sometimes in those of the female, is marked with an oblique blackish streak, and at the tip of the cell of the hind wings of the male is a small obscure blackish spot next the nervure at either side. Fringe dusky, tipped with pale, more broadly below than above. Abdominal appendages Abdomen black, the sides, especially on apical of Atrytone Kumskaka, half, largely tinged with fulvous; beneath pale male, viewed laterally; yellowish, becoming tinged slightly with greenish the lower partial figure toward the tip. The appendages of the male are sala tio as seem shown on a side view in the accompanying re. sketch. ‘The upper organ is very strongly arched, 48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. almost bent in the middle, beyond which the heaviest part is found ; this is not large but gibbous, transversely convex, and directed downward, the hooks straight, with a scarcely perceptible separation, together con- tinuing the taper of the centrum, stout and very blunt and heavy at tip, where it is scarcely arched; lateral arms stout, curving upward and inward at tip, meeting just beyond the tip of the hooks. Clasps about — half as long again as broad ; the upper process broad and short, squarely docked, scarcely turned upward, but directed backward, a little incurved, the lower angle sharp, but the upper rounded ; above this the posterior — margin of the clasp retreats a little, and bears in the middle a broad and short truncate tooth, overhung by the upper process, the base of which is curved over so as to be horizontal, is similar to the lower process, but bears at its lower extremity a long, equal, slightly depressed, incurving finger, nearly half as long as the breadth of the clasp, its bluntly pointed © tip touching the extremity of the upper organ. | Length of fore-wing, male 15.75-16.25 m.m., female 17.-17.5 m.m.; of antennz, male 7.75-8.4 m.m., female 7.8-8.1 m.m.; of hind tibise and tarsi, male and female 7.75-8 m.m.; of fore tibice and tarsi, male 4.9—-5.1 5 m.m., female 5.25-5.3 m.m. | Described from two males and three females from the Western States. PREPARATORY STAGES OF APATELA FELINA, Grote. BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. Younc Larva.—Length .10 inch; body cylindrical ; head broader than the body, oblique. Color of the upper part and sides of joints 2, 4, 5, 7,8, 9, 12 and 13, reddish purple ; the rest of the upper part and sides and the venter dull whitish ; six rows of tubercles from which proceed small clusters of brown hairs, the four rows of dorsal clusters longer than the body ; head black ; feet purplish. Duration of this period, 4 days. After First Moult :—Length .22 inch ; shape about as before. The joints that were reddish purple during first stage are now black, the others white, the tubercles small, black ; head black ; hairs from the dorsal tubercles dark gray, the others white. Duration of this period, 3 days. — After Second Moult:—Length .35 inch. Color of the upper part THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 black and creamy white ; under part grayish brown, with two pretty well defined streaks of this color on the white part of the sides. The colors above are as follows: Joints 2 to 5 black, 6 white, 7 to ro black, 11 _ white, 12 black, and the terminus of 13 black ; a fine dorsal line of clear white ; the tubercles the same as before, each bearing a cluster of hairs of _ various lengths, the longest nearly as long as the body ; the two dorsal tufts on joints 5, 7 and 12 with small pencils of short black hairs ; a few black hairs from the tubercles on the other black joints; the hairs from the tubercles of the white joints clear white, with a few brown hairs inter- mingled in the dorsal pencils ; head and’ feet black. Duration of this period, 4 days. . _ After Third Moult :—Length .60 inch. On the dorsum are three stripes, a broad gray one in the middle, in the centre of which is a fine white line, and each side of this stripe a whitish stripe ; below this most of the side is pale yellow ; the whole strongly tinged with green. The tubercles bear thick clusters of short spreading hairs ; the dorsals on joints 5, 7, 8 and 12 black, with a few black ones in some of the others, but most of the rest of dorsal hairs white ; those from the white stripe, white ; those from the yellow stripe, yellow and mostly longer than the others ; a long fringe each side of the body, extending round the posterior extremity. Head and thoracic feet black. Duration of this period, 6 days. 3 After Fourth Moult :—Length 1 inch when at rest. Color of body yellowish green, with a gray dorsal stripe; under parts grayish brown ; the whole body covered with fine yellow hairs that spring from the gen- eral surface as well as from the tubercles ; the tubercles or piliferous spots scarcely distinguishable from the general surface save that from these the hairs are more in clusters ; a few black hairs in place of the former black pencils. Head black, the front with the usual pale inverted Y ; the sides mottled with black and pale brown. Duration of this period from 4 to 5 days. Mature Larva :—Length when crawling 1.60 inches; when at rest 1.40 inches. Characters the same as at the beginning of the period. Chrysalis :—Length .80 inch ; to end of wing cases .40, these extend- ing almost to the posterior part of joint 5; depth from .21 to .22 inch; cylindrical, tapering gradually from joint 5 back, the tongue case extend- ing only to the anterior part of joint 5 ; the anterior part of abdominal Was init a ina et oe Pec eid 50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. joints finely punctured ; head rounded ; wing cases slightly wrinkled. — Color, mahogany brown, the wing cases and other anterior parts darker. Cremaster a series of short hooks extending out. laterally, fastened into the lining of the thin cocoon. Duration of this period from 269 to 275 days. The eggs from which the larvae upon which the above observations were made were received from Mr. C. F. McGlashan, of Truckee, Cali- fornia. They were deposited July 6th, 1885, reaching me the rath, just as the young larvae emerged from them. ‘This gives the egg period 6 days. ‘This would give us a total from the egg to the moth of 296 days: This would give ample time for a second brood, as from the egg to pupa- tion only consumed 27 days of the 296, and add to that 14 days, the usual pupal period of a great many of our moths. But it is quite proba- ble that in its home in the Sierras these periods would be considerably lengthened out, so that the moth would not emerge from the chrysalids till some time in June, instead of from the znd to the 6th of May, as these did, as it is generally known that heat accelerates the growth of insects, and that cold retards the same. In the case of Leptarctia Lena, 1 findan exception to this general law, however. The food plant of this insect is willow. In pupating, the larva fastened its cocoon closely against the side of the box (made of soft pine), some of the fibre of the unplaned board being woven into the outer part of the cocoon. ‘The cocoon was thin, firm and tough. NOTES ON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA, BY AUG. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY, A. Observations on the Larve of certain Bombyces. 1. Dryopteris rosea Walk. The full grown larvee, in the beginning of July, feeding on Viburnum acerifolium, the “ Maple-leafed Arrow-wood,” * are, in their last stage, olivaceous brown, pale dorsally ; dorsal line single, dark; a triangular * The plant was determined for me by Mr, A, Pettingill, to whom I am indebted for more specimens, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 _ dark patch on each side of the body commencing on segment 4 (I do not count the head) and bordered above the abdominal feet with pinkish ; anal segment prolonged. Similar anal prolongations occur in the larve of other genera of this sub-family, and a resemblance to Cerura, where it is furcate, throws light on the relationship of these moths. _ In resting, the terminal segment is slightly elevated. A fleshy protuberance on the dorsal line on third segment. Pupation in a light, close web of pale brown silk, between the leaves (July 6-8). Coloration protectional, concealing the larva as it rests on the stem of the leaf. The spotting of the “tail” with pale is part of the protective coloration. After three weeks in the pupa the moth appears. Now that the whole history of Dryopteris is known, it is seen that in the structure of the larva and its habit it closely agrees with the other genera of the sub-family. It is probably double- brooded, the pupae of the second brood hibernating. An ally of this genus is described by Walker from Japan ; whether the genera are distinct -Icannot say. Walker does not even compare them, calling our moth a Drepana, while Herrich-Schaeffer calls it a Cz/ix. We have two species of Dryopteris ; the larva of the second, ¢rrorata Pack., is unknown to me. In the few descriptions of larvae which I have drawn up, I commence the numerical series with the first prothoracic segment ; it seems to me quite wrong to commence with the head, which must be described sep- arately. Thorax 1-3; abdomen 4-12. 2. Antsota stigma Fab. The larvze on oak in July are in their last stage, light leather brown, a sub-dorsal row of stout black spinules, an infra-stigmal series all com- mencing on segment 2, which is provided with a pair of long black spines curved backwards ; the skin is dotted over with white, especially on the segments anteriorly and beneath ; a dorsal series of spinules, of which the one on 12 is stoutest; two on anal segment. ‘There is a fore and aft symmetry in the disposition of these spinules, which must be looked upon as defensive in their nature. This caterpillar differs generically from that of Sphingicampa bicolor and S. bisecta. There is no doubt that we have _ two genera, but whether this last genus should not be called Adelocephala _ of Boisd., I cannot decide without South American types to compare. Enters the ground to pupate ; a resemblance can be shown between all these larvee, Citheronia, Hacles, Anisota,a progressive development of the 52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. spinules into fleshy horns; by the development of the twelfth segment — and its spine, an approach to the Sphingid@ is signalized, which the form of the moth somewhat confirms no less than the mode of pupation. I do not regard the Sphingide as related either to Cossus or Hepialus, but to the Ceratocampians (Saturniade in part) and JVotodonting. As we shall see further on, there is a succession of development of the spines from Dryocampa, where they are merely present anteriorly and posteri- orily and the body is naked, to Citheronia, where they are fleshy, long, exaggerated and complicated. I have not at this writing all the necessary material before me, but I have been interested in describing and figuring the simplest forms in this group of larve, and in showing that there is so great a difference and development of larval armature within this one group that we may use it as a guide in arranging the genera, of which Lacles would seem to be the highest in the series. 3. Anisota virginiensis Drury. Already, as in the moth, the larva shows an approach to Dryocampa by the lessening of the armature. Taken on oak at the same time, this larva has the infra-stigmatal line of spinules weaker, as also the sub-dorsal series which rest on the reddish sub-dorsal stripe. The anal spinule of the dorsal series is shorter than in A. stigma, and this is true of the weaker thoracic horns, which are more bent and arise with a greater slope for- wards. The color is obscure greenish, mottled with black ; an infra- stigmatal reddish stripe. Stigmata distinct, much as in D. stigma. The anal segment has but one small spinule. Enters the ground to pupate. — 4. Dryocampa rubicunda Fabr. Larva light green, with longitudinal stripes of a darker shade. The spinules have disappéared and this is evidently the lowest form in the group, the larva commencing to look like that of some of the lower moths. The black horns on segment 2 are retained, as also dorsal spinules on 11 and 12; a pink stripe laterally, the head is discolorous ; the stigmata con- colorous and concealed, not prominent and discolorous as in Azisota. But the narrower larva is otherwise quite similar. Enters the ground to pupate. On oak, maple, and a number of trees. I regret not to know the larva of var. a/ba Grote, which would be interesting to compare. As the variety is common, it will doubtless soon be described. Hiibner, with an eye for the general appearance and structure of moths, calls this group ie pended yet) ry et, m Den OR Oe oon ie a 7 ae sees: Siege.” THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 53 communiformes ; 1 fancy he meant by this that the moths approached the _LVoctuide in their proportions, that the body was heavy and longer than ‘the wings. I may be wrong in this. The moths are interesting to me, as I have long ago said, from the curious way in which the pattern of the - upper surface of hind wings is reproduced on primaries beneath ; this is also the case in the JVoctuide. I have said it is as if the pattern of one were photographed on the other; we have an approach to this in the . Smerinthine, in which the under side of fore wings is often rosy. This is seen more or less in all moths in which the wings cover each other in a state of rest ; therefore not in the Geometride,not in the Butterflies. The Ceratocampine, which Grote and Robinson, in correction of Packard, separate from the Saturnian genera Hemzleuca, etc., are an American sub- family of Bombyces, probably the descendants of an old type more inti- mately connected with the Hawk Moths. The eye’spots of Smerinthus are re-called, the rosy disc of the secondaries is here repeated. The group is probably South American in its origin. It has a feeble but beautiful representation in North America. B. Description of an Unknown Larva belonging to the Geometridae A small colony of nearly full grown larvz were observed on Syringa vulgaris, the common lilac, on September 16th, on Staten Island. The total length extended was then 30 mil. The head was small, the thoracic segments narrowing anteriorly. ‘The two jointed antennz were provided with a bristle at the extremity of the second joint. Two pair of abdominal or false feet. From the 4th to the 7th segment the body was enlarged and somewhat flattened, the segments provided with a rounded lateral prominence and with a dorsal transverse ridge showing small yellowish points on each side, from the inner edge of which points sprang a single hair. The latter characters were shared by all the abdominal segments. The 7th to the 9th segments showed a pale yellowish lateral patch, below which the ventral protuberance was flecked with the same color extending along the abdominal legs on the latter segment. A more elevated dorsal hump on the anal segment, consisting of two protuberances; from the apex of each is emitted a single short bristle. This seems to recall a stage in the development of the caudal horn of the Sphingide. The whole body seems naked, but two isolated hairs or bristles are seen to arise sub- dorsally along the segments. ‘The head is sparsely hirsute. The general color of this singular larva is dark wood brown, marbled dorsally with a 54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST’. paler shade. The whole larva looks like a withered leaf. When dis- covered the little colony were hanging head downwards, supported by the two abdominal feet, and giving themselves a slight swaying motion with the free portion of the body (not unlike that we see in some pendulous pupz), the resemblance to a dead, half-fastened leaf, preparing to fall with each stronger gust of the autumn wind, was heightened. My at- tempts to rear the colony were frustrated by their escape, and before a drawing could be made, which I intended. Belonging probably to the Lnnomide, these larvae were remarkable for their mimicry of dead leaves, The larvee of the Geometride are often very interesting from their bizarre forms and singular ornamentation, which, of all the groups of moths known to me, most nearly resembles that of the curious forms among the higher Butterflies. ¢ C. Lwo Gray Species of Lithophane. For the synonymy of this genus see Grote, Check List, p. 38, 1876. It is called incorrectly Xy/ina, whereas Xy/ena, Hiibner, has for type Hadena lithoxylea. These little 2Voctucde hibernate in the moth state, inhabiting the north temperate regions. We have a number of species, among which are two purely light gray forms, Z. fagina Morr., and Z, Georgii Grote, besides the darker gray and stouter series of ZL. antennata Walk., Z. Zaticinerea Grote, and Z. Grotei Riley (=cinerosa Gr., n. b. 1.), and which series is considered varietal by Professor Riley, and one of distinct but nearly related species by myself, I first separating and describing them. Lithophane fagina Morr. This species differs by the obsolescence of its markings, which gives the primaries a somewhat narrower appearance, and recalls those of Cucullia. A white shade, more purely white and more extended than in any other species of the genus, extends along costa to apical third. The customary markings are lost or barely indicated by hair streaks of black scales. The veins are marked finely in black. The series of cuneiform marks forming the subterminal line can be faintly made out on the shin- ing gray concolorous wings; the stigmata are lost; hind wings pale smoky gray with whitish fringes, reflecting the irregular smoky mesial band and thick discal mark from the under surface, which is paler than a: j ie a g aM Aa bP. or ey ~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, above. On the darker fore wings beneath the spot and band are more faintly repeated. Head and thorax concolorous dark smoky gray, paler beneath; abdomen like secondaries. Not rare. Canada to Middle States. Larva unknown. Hibernated specimens are found in April and May ; the fresh examples may be taken in October. Lithophane Georgii Grote. Differs by its warmer and darker gray color; the pale costal shading of primaries is confined to the shoulder of the wing ; the black angulated median shade is diffuse and evident; the veins more evidently black marked ; the subterminal line is distinct, and the customary black basal ray is to be plainly seen. Beneath the mesial smoky band on the whitish gray secondaries is wavy, being roundedly indented on the disc, and this character is very evident on comparison, its course being straight without prominent inflection in Z. fagina. Mrs. Fernald sends me this species from Maine ; the type was collected by Mr. George Norman, in Canada. D. On Parorgyia Clintoniz. This northern form is allied to the southern /eucophaea of Abbot & Smith, but one or two specimens from Georgia and Alabama were evi- dently different, or suggested a rather wide variation. The achatina of Harris and Packard is not Abbot & Smith’s species, but is based on speci- mens belonging to C/intonii. The moth described by Dr. Packard as Platycerura furcilla, is apparently related to this group, resembling the European Dasychira pudibunda, but of a more compact, noctuid-like form. Its name is a misnomer, as it is in no wise like Cerura, where it is placed by my old friend Dr. Packard, in whose monograph, admirable for its arrangement of the groups, the genera with furcate anal extension in the naked larva are brought near the group where the anal extension is undivided, evidently correctly. The larva of /Platycerura is, however, hairy, as described by Lintner and Thaxter, and resembles the larve of the Apateline, where I have placed the genus, I think correctly. None of the European genera examined by me appear identical with Parorgyia, which genus seems an extension of Orgyza, in which the female is winged and the whole form in both sexes stouter, 56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES ON THE LOCUSTIDA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. BY WM. T. DAVIS, STATEN ISLAND, N. Y. Whether they fill the listener with a train of happy thoughts, as Gilbert White says, or whether they produce a sadness because the days of sum- mer are nearly gone, as Dr. Harris asserts, the songs of crickets and other Orthoptera have, nevertheless, the merit of always being interesting. An insect that can sing—that has something to say—even though it be the same, night after night, enjoys a sort of individuality, and this long discussion of the .Katydids and the quiet murmur of the tree crickets, constitute one of the chief charms of our summer evenings. But they do not always sing or stridulate quite alike, and sometimes, too, their shrilling apparatus is slightly deformed or injured, producing some curious sounds when in use. I once heard a Katydid whose singing apparatus was out of order, and the sounds given forth contrasted strangely with those of a rival male in an adjoining tree. Amdblycorypha retinervis produces two somewhat different songs, or perhaps more correctly, varies the same song in time or extent of utterance, so that unless the same individual is listened to for some time, the notes might be attributed to different species. This insect often lays its eggs on the honeysuckle, and I once observed a female on © the 16th of Sept., ovipositing on a low tree by the road side, gradually biting the bark into a ridge, along which the eggs were laid, tile fashion. On Staten Island, the first Conocephalus that is heard in the garden is ensiger, and with k-zk-2k, as if sharpening a saw, enlivens low bushes and particularly the corn patch. This insect seems to especially delight in | perching near the top of a corn-stalk and there giving forth its rather im- pulsive song. I have often watched one crawl, with many a spiral turn, up the stem, fiddling all the while. My notes on its first heard stridula- tion show considerable uniformity, and the average date may be taken as July 15th. Conocephalus dissimilis is more of a low grass and weed loving insect than C. ensiger, and also comes later in the season. I have found this insect stridulating when its head was gone, picked off perhaps by some Re ENE es OEE THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 _ yagrant chick. The brown colored specimens are much more common in this species than in ensiger. Conocephalus robustus resides for the most part mid the grass on sandy ground near the sea shore, though an occasional individual finds its way inland. Along the sea beach they stridulate in early afternoon, especially if slightly cloudy, and when approached they have a curious fashion of dropping to the ground. I have often found them, on such occasions, actually standing on their heads in the soft sand, leaning against the grass stems which grow so close together, without in any way holding on to them, Whether this position is intentional or not, I cannot say, but certain it is that- when looked for from above they offer the _ smallest extent of their bodies to view and may thus escape many - enemies. I have found another Conocephalus on Staten Island, mid the cat-tails that grow on the salt meadows, and a specimen sent to Mr. Samuel H. Scudder was considered by that gentleman to be an undescribed species. This insect keeps very close to the ground, hiding well in the vegetation, and is not easily discovered. The sound produced when stridulating is very faint, not louder than that made by Gry//us abbrinatus, and I was much surprised to hear such a faint song come from so large an insect. I have, in consequence of this faint song, named it the “slightly musical ” Conocephalus. C. exiliscanorus. A large species, brown or green, the tegmina in the brown specimens irregularly dotted with fuscous spots. Fastigium long, moderately pointed, bent downward at apex, slightly flattened and scabrous above with medial groove or depression, depending tooth at lower base of fastigium pointed. Pronotum scabrous. Tegmina moderately broad and slightly falcate. Hind femora with numerous spines beneath, the other femora with only an occasional abortive spine near tip. Length of body (including head), 37 m.m.; of fastigium beyond front edge of eyes, 5 m.m.; of pronotal disk, 9 m.m.; of tegmina, 40 m.m,; of hind tibiae, 21 m.m.;2 ¢. ‘ This insect is allied to C. ensiger, but readily distinguished by the longer fastigium, the entire under surface of which, with the exception of the basal fourth, is of a deep shining black. 58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. DISSOSTEIRA CAROLINA, BY JEROME M’NEILL, MOLINE, ILL. During the past summer I collected at Dublin, Wayne Co., Ind., a number of @dipodini that seem to be a long-winged variety of the above named species. A comparison of the dimensions given by Thomas and Saussure for D. carolina and D. longipennis with measurements taken from eleven of these specimens, will show what the difference amounts to. The former, in his Acrididze of North America, page 118, gives for D. carolina the following dimensions: “ Female—Length, 1.5 to 1.75 inches ; elytra, length of the body; posterior femora, about half the length of the body. Male—Length, 1 to 1.25 inches ; elytra and wings passing the abdomen about one-third their length.” The same authority gives for D. longipennis: “Length, 1.14 inches; elytra, 1.27 inches ; posterior femora, 0.64 inch ; posterior tibiz, 0.55 inch.” These dimen- sions are those of the male, the female being unknown to Thomas. Saussure, in his ‘‘ Prodromus Cédipodiorum,” pages 137 and 138, gives for the measurements of the first named species: ‘‘ Length, female, 40, male, 33; elytra, female, 41, male, 36 mill.” And for the last men- tioned species: “ Length, female, 45, male, 35; elytra, female, 46, male, 35 mill.” It appears from these facts then that while the length of the body is greater in D. /ongipennis, the wings are proportionally longer in both female and male of D. caro/ina, and absolutely longer in the male of this species, so that the latter is, in spite of the name, the long-winged species. But the Dublin specimens exhibit a much greater contrast in the relative lengths of the elytra and bodies, as a glance at the following table will show. :— No, 1, female, length, 34; elytra, 41; posterior femora, 17; posterior tibize, 14 mill, No. 2, tt " Ry ar n 4035 " " Oy de w " 5 in Average u 35653 " 40.53 " " 173 " u Iq¢e5 wu No. 3, male, length, 27; elytra, 33; posterior femora, 14; posterior tibize, 12 mill, No. 4, " " 28 ; " 34; " " 153 " " 12 w No, 5» " " 27 3 i aes " " PG " " I2 nm No, 6, " " 27; " §=63325 " " ie et " " 12° No. 7; " " 30; we? 3435 " " 143 " " I2 No, 8, " " 273 n 3335 " " 143 " " 12 No, 9; " " 28 ; " 353 "t " 153 n " 13 No, 10, w " 26 ; " 33; " " 14; " " I2 uw No, 11, " 29; u «3345 " " 145 " " I2 nw Average » WBE. SSE S " no 14$3 '" » 12h THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59 ‘ In the female then the elytra are 1.14 the length of the body, while in _ the male the elytra are nearly 1.21 the length of the body. , To present this striking difference to the eye then: In the Dublin specimens the ratio of the elytra to the body is, female 1.14, male I.21; according to Saussure, female 1.02%, male 1.09; according to Thomas, about 1. These specimens have in several cases the black portion of the wings more or less distinctly fenestrated. This marking is particularly distinct in one specimen on the basal third of the wings. They all have two pale bands on the inside of the femora. The elytra extend beyond the body from .32 to .44 of their length. NOTE ON THE SAW FLY, HYLOTOMA DULCIARIA, Say. BY THE REV. T. W. FYLES, SOUTH QUEBEC, On page 38 of the February number of last year’s ENTOMOLOGIST, is a note, written by myself, concerning an injurious Saw-fly larva which had appeared in abundance in the neighborhood of Quebec. I preserved quite a number of the cocoons of the species, hoping to obtain the perfect insect from them. Some of the cocoons were kept in a box in my study, _ others in a tin case placed in the cellar, and yet others in a glass jar half filled with moist earth. It was from the last lot only that I met with a successful result. In July last two imagos presented themselves. The insect in its perfect state is of sluggish habits. Its head and wings are purple ; its thorax and abdomen yellow. It is about one inch in expanse of wings. Knowing that Mr. Harrington had given much attention to the Hymenoptera, I brought the insect under his notice, and he was able to identify it as Hylotoma dulciaria. ‘The description of the insect given by Norton is as follows :-— | H. DULCIARIA. Hylotoma dulciaria, Say. Long’s Second Exp. II., 1824, 314, ¢. “Pale rufous; head, wings and feet violaceous black.” Length 0.34- 0.48. Br. wings 0.74—1.04 inch. . Antennz black, with a violaceous tinge ; nasus emarginate, short ; head, a spot on pectus and ovipositor sheaths blue-black, remainder of body testaceous or yellowish-red; legs steel-blue; spines same color ; 60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. inner spines rather blunt ; wings violaceous, sub-hyaline, less obscure at — apex, a large darker spot below stigma covering marginal and the upper half of all the submarginal cells ; under wings with but one middle cell. Maine, N. Hampshire, Connecticut, New York, N. W. Ter. (Say), Illinois, English River (Smithsonian Institution). This is probably the same with HZ pectoralis, Leach, from which it differs only in the color of the wings and the kg ovip pie which Say calls the “‘ tail black.” Cat. of the Tenthredinide and Uroceride of N. Am., by Edward Norton, from Trans. of Am. Ent. Soc. 1867-9, page 4o. It was not till the first week in August that the insect appeared in its natural haunts, At that time I found, along the St. Louis Road, great numbers of the flies which had been trodden under foot by the passers by. These flies were somewhat larger than those I had succeeded in raising ; but there could be no doubt as to the identity of species. This autumn the larve have been again abundant, but not more so, as far as I can judge, than they were last year. THE COCCIDZ IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. BY DR. H. A, HAGEN, Having newly arranged the Coccidz of our collection, which have been named by Prof. J. H. Comstock, I compared them with the Pro- fessor’s Catalogue for 1883, and ascertained the presence of two-thirds of the 168 numbers enumerated. [I find that only 27 N. Amer. species are wanting. Among the insects received in the collection of the Peabody Academy is Lecanium tilie, A. Fitch, from Mt. Carroll, IL, by Mr. Shimer, very probably identical with A. Fitch’s species, and Lecanium — tulipifere, Cook, by typical specimens. A certain number is not yet determined, also the later accessions have not been put in the collection. There are some European types of importance. Two of Prof. Ratze- burg’s are not published ; C. variodosus is believed by Prof. Comstock to be the No. 122, A guercicola, Bouché ; the other is C. conchatus, both from the European oak. I am always eager to make the collection of this family more complete. Perhaps it is not out of place to say that the Phytoptocecidia in the collection has been enlarged by European and American species, 4 i wen CE er RS i Oe ee I I agg ea ee Se eee ree isa Ss i extermination. The Royal Agricultural Society through Miss Ormerod, and the Goy- ernment through Mr. Whitehead, have done everything in their power to apprise the farmers of their danger, and have put in their hands as wea- pons with which they may confidently hope to cope successfully with their new enemy, concise information as to its life-history and habits which will enable them to recognise it at once, and apply without delay the proper treatment. Briefly, this consists of (a) late sowing of the main crop, so that there is no accommodation ready for the autumn brood, by which a large proportion will necessarily perish without egg-laying ; (b) feeding off or ploughing in any early-sown or volunteer crops which may be found to be infested, so that the eggs and maggots may be destroyed ; and (c) deep ploughing, by which loose puparia or infested stubble may be buried too deep in the ground to allow the perfect flies to emerge. From the historical sketch which is given of the occurrence bf C. destructor, it would appear that although a watch has been kept upon it since its first outburst as a destructive scourge in North America in the year 1786, it had never been actually identified as occurring in Great Britain until July, 1886. The large number of widely separated localities, however, from which its ravages have now been reported, might lead one to the conclusion, either that it must have been established for some time previous to that date, and that it was only Miss Ormerod’s energy and zeal which then brought its operations to light ; or that some special cir- cumstance has taken place during the past summer by which it has been distributed over the whole kingdom ; or again, that some special climatic condition has allowed it to exist where it had failed to do so before. For several years Miss Ormerod has had an active and observant body of intelligent workers in all quarters of Great Britain, and it is strange, if it existed at all, that nothing has been heard previously of its operations. Nevertheless, on the other hand, from the large quantities of straw and A eR yb ra Seana cen irl) pss Se ee eS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 - _ seed grain imported annually into the British Isles from countries known to be infested by this fly, together with the present rapid and easy methods of transport, it is at least extremely probable that it has been introduced over and over again, and it is difficult to understand why it has not long before now secured a firm foothold there. May it not be hoped that the law which applies with regard to many noxious weeds, will also be found to hold good in the case of this injurious insect? The existence of any plant as an aggressive weed in a given locality appears to be not so much a question of the introduction of the seed, as of the plant finding there the conditions suitable to its growth and healthy reproduction. There are many plants, for instance, troublesome weeds here, which must have been frequently introduced into Europe from this continent (or in some in- stances taken back again to the place whence we originally received them), but which have never yet taken forcible possession of cultivated ground, e. g., the common Purslane (fortulaca oleracea), Hound’s Tongue or Burrs ( Cynoglossum officinale), Small Burrs (Echinospermum Lappula), and the common Foxtail grasses (.Setaria glauca and viridis); and then, although relatively they are far fewer, there are some which must have been frequently introduced on this continent, but which, except in a few localities, cannot (or do not) exist for more than two or three seasons, -e.g., the common Scarlet Corn Poppy ( Papaver Rheas ), Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), common Groundsel ( Sezecio vulgaris), Corn Grom- well (Lithospermum arvense), and the common Nettles (Urtica dioica and wrens). Inthe same way there is no doubt whatever that the Colorado Potato Beetle (Doryphora ro-lineata) has been many times conveyed to the British Isles on transatlantic steamships, but not finding there condi- tions suitable to its requirements, it has failed to establish itself. Miss Ormerod, quoting from Bulletin 4, U. S. Ent. Commission, tells us that “ the original habitat of the Hessian Fly is considered most pro- bably to have been Southern Europe and Western Asia, i. e., about the shores of the Mediterranean Sea,” a district with a summer climate of far greater heat and aridity than is found in the British Isles. Again, in North America, where—whether introduced or indigenous matters not in this connection—this pest to our sorrow flourishes to a most remarkable degree, it has always dry, hot weather during the panos in which it passes through its active stages. In view of the above facts, and notwithstanding that it has occurred in considerable numbers in many parts of Great Britain during the past’ 98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. summer, I think it probable that its wide-spread appearance as an injuri- ous insect was due either to some special cause which had not existed before, or to some unusual climatic condition, rather than to its having established itself in a new habitat suitable to its reproduction and increase, Furthermore, if the farmers can only be frightened sufficiently to induce them to obtain the pamphlet under consideration and to follow closely the advice which is there offered them, I cannot help thinking that before very long Miss Ormerod will be able to relegate the Hessian Fly to a pee amongst the foes she has conquered. JaMEs FLETCHER, President Entom. Soc. of Ontario. NortH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA: THE Hawk Morus or NortTH America, by A. Radcliffe Grote, A.M. Printed by Homeyer and Meyer, Bremen, 1886. The above is the title of an interesting brochure by our old friend Prof. Grote, who has done so much to advance our knowledge of the North American moths. The press work is superb. For clearness of print, nice paper, and excellent taste in the selection of contrasting type for the heading of the sections, this work is a model. After a graceful dedication to Prof. William Saunders, former editor of this journal, our author gives directions for collecting and preserving insects, followed by a chapter on the relation and habits of the Sphingide. He then takes up their classification, beginning with the sub-family AZacroglossing, under which he includes the genera Hemaris, Lepisesia, Thyreus, Enyo and Deidamia. Then follow the sub-family Cherocampine, including the genera Hveryx, Ampelophaga, Deilonche, Deilephila and Philampelus ; the sub-family Smerinthine, including the genera Calasymbolus, Paonias, Cressonia and Triptogon; and the sub- family Sphingine, including Ceratomia, Daremma, Diludia, Dolba, Phlegethontius, Atreus, Ellema, Sphinx and Dilophonota. : The reason for establishing the new genus Dez/onche for tersa, is not very clear to me, nor do I feel so sure of the wisdom of establishing the new genus Afreus for the reception of pledbeius. The fact is, that while studying the Sphingide of New England, I found more genera than I well knew what to do with, and perhaps I am on that account less disposed to look with favor on new genera. Our author says, “the type (plebeius) is, I think, not congeneric with the European péinastri (the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99 type of Hfyloicus) nor can I find an Hubnerian genus for its reception. I should leave it in Phlegethontius, as Fernald seems to suggest, but it _ differs in the 12-veined primaries, etc.” It is, perhaps, proper for me to a ° say that in my studies of the venation of the Sphzngide, I found that the & ‘species of this family, so far as I had material to study, had either eleven ' or twelve veins in the fore wings according to whether vein 10 was i. present or wanting. This vein arises from g, near its outer end, and lies ' so close to it as to be easily overlooked. After denuding a long series, including many individuals of some of the species, I found that while the other veins were constant as to origin and termination, vein 10 is very __ variable and not to be relied upon, for in some examples it was present ' in one wing but absent in the other. It seems to differ as to the point of origin, sometimes arising from vein 9 at some distance from the border of the wing, at other times nearer the border, again close to the border, and again it was entirely wanting either in one wing or both; all in the same species. In my essay on the Sphingide, I stated that it was very _ doubtful if this vein would prove of any assistance in classification. I still hold to the opinion that this species will finally gravitate into the same genus as ce/eus. Finally the generic name Afreus is pre-occupied, having been used by Hoch in 1837 for a genus of Scorpions, and there- _ fore cannot be used in this connection. a Cerisii is placed by itself in the subgenus Copismerinthus, and 7 geminatus under the subgenus Lusmerinthus, with the variety ¢réparti- tus Gr., given for those individuals which have ¢iree blue spots on the black anal patch on the hind wing. Prof. Grote divides the time of the work on our lepidoptera into three periods: The first including that of Abbot, Boisduval, the elder LeConte, Say, Peck, Harris, Gosse, Kirtland, and their historian, Dr. J. G. Morris. The second period, the one which he calls the “ Renascence,” is the period in which the American Lepidopterists catalogue the different families of the lepidoptera and thus lay the foundation for present and future discoveries. This period, which. came to an end with the appear- ance of Grote’s New Check List, ‘‘ was a time during which a great deal of work was performed with good huinor and at considerable self- sacrifice,” and no one did his share of this work, which was more or less 2 _ drudgery, more cheerfully than did Mr. Grote himself. ' The author says that the writings of our entomologists have a flavor- ing of the localities from which they emanate, thus, ‘‘ in some way the 100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. scent of the Maine woods has got into Prof. Fernald’s writings,” and we may say in return that a vein of poetry runs all through this charming saeea work which we are now reviewing. C. H. FeErRNaLp, Amherst, Mass. CORRESPONDENCE. : THE GENUS QUADRINA. Dear Sir,—Mr. Grote, in the current vol. of the Can. ENr., p. 40, takes exception to my note on this genus, and says my ‘“ remarks as to Hemileuca are uncalled for.” The only thing I said in the note com- mented on by Mr. Grote, in regard to Hemileuca, was: ‘‘ In Mr. Grote’s Catalogue of 1882, Quadrina diazoma is placed in the ‘ Hemileucini’ and is associated with Hemileuca, Hyperchiria and Coloradia, which are all typical Bombycids.” This is the fact, as a simple reference to the list will prove, and I cannot see in what manner the remark was uncalled for. I knew of all that Mr. Grote had written on the subject, and simply assumed, as I had a right to do, that Mr. Grote had changed his views as to the position of the genus, and that his latest view was expressed in the _ list. That the location was due to a printer’s error I could not know. However, its position in the Ceratocampide is equally unnatural. As that group stands in Mr. Grote’s list it is a perfectly natural and sharply limited one, all the members of which have in the male two branches to each side of each joint of the antennz, which are moderately long, and the pectinations do not extend to the tip. In Quadrina, on the contrary, the joints are extremely short, the pectinations extend to the tip, and are very long; there is only a single branch to each side of each joint. If the specimen is a female, as Mr. Grote says, the antennal structure is unique and out of harmony with that of the other Ceratocampide. It would break up the group entirely to admit such a form init. But I be- lieve the specimen to be a male, I do not find in my notes on the species any mention of the sex, but my recollection is that it was a male. The species belongs most nearly where Mr. Grote first put it, I quote my own remark—* nearly related to Gloveria.” As to the Hemileucini, I have taken from it the genera Hyperchiria and Coloradia and placed them in the Saturniide, in a recent revision of that Group in the Proc. Nat. Mus., ix., pp. 414-437. Joun B. Smiru, Washington, D. C. DATES OF PUBLICATION, 1887.—January No., March 14; February No., March 23; March No., March 29; April No., April 22. he Canadien Entomologist. ROL. XIX. . LONDON, JUNE, 1887. No. 6 THE EARLIEST BUTTERFLIES AT THE WHITE MOUNTAINS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 3 BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. > _A few years ago a visit was made to the Glen, in the White Mts. of New Hampshire, in the early spring, just as the first tender leafage was appearing (June 2-5), and a report of the thirteen butterflies then found was published in Psyche, 1874, vol. 1, p. 13-14, 18-19. Wishing to secure eggs from some of the wintering butterflies abundant in that place, which I then failed to secure from being too early, another visit was made last spring to the same place, and at the same date (June 3-7), as the season was evidently sufficiently advanced to make it practically at least a week later ; and so it proved, the vegetation at the Half-way House, at the upper limit of forest growth on the Mt. Washington carriage road, being this spring exactly at the stage at which I found it in the valleys at the previous visit, the difference in elevation being over fifteen hundred feet. The sky was equally sunny in both cases. The collecting ground was the same as previously, excepting that on this occasion there was superadded an ascent of Mt. Washington by Tuckerman’s Ravine, with a descent by the carriage road; and also a walk southwardly from the Glen to North Conway. This last walk showed a very distinct change in the fauna from the considerable clearing at the Glen to the open country to the south (a thousand feet lower), after the eight miles of unbroken forest, ending at Emery’s, was passed. Pamphila sassacus at once appeared in consider- able numbers ; Brenthis myrina, Phyciodes tharos and Atrytone hobomok were far more common—all indicating an earlier appearance at this alti- tude, since they are common enough at the Glen in their season ; while only two or three Cyaniris pseudargiolus were seen, in place of the _ abundance farther north, and not a single AmbZyscirtes samoset, which had been seen sparingly at the Glen for several days. 102 i THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The most interesting observation on the trip, however, was that of three individuals of Oeneis semidea on the mountain summit. There is indeed a possibility of error here, for no one of them was taken, though two were near enough to warrant a dash with the net. They appeared to be unusually dark, but they had every other appearance of this butterfly, including size and their manner of flight, when flying tolerably high on a not windy day. As the caterpillars have been taken fully grown and wandering in September, it is altogether probable that they pass the win- ter (as has always been supposed) in chrysalis ; and if so, there seems to be no reason why they may not emerge as early as this ; but as the but- terfly has never before been found on the wing earlier than July,* and is never known to be abundant before the second week in that month, and disappears by the middle of August, it would seem not impossible and even probable that the butterfly is double-brooded, at least in part. This certainly seems strange at such an inclement altitude, especially as the European Oeneis aedio (which winters, at least sometimes, like many other Satyrids, as a juvenile caterpillar) is believed to take two years to reach maturity. The only other butterflies seen above the timber were Eurymus philo- dice, twice near the summit and once in Tuckerman’s Ravine; and Lycaena americana, seen once a mile or two down from the summit. A single Cyaniris pseudargiolus lucia was seen near the edge of the forest just before entering Tuckerman’s Ravine. It may be added that the snow patches about the summit of Mt. Washington, which were not very extensive—their size, as seen from the valley, diminishing perceptibly in the few days of our visit—were pep- pered with minute insects, largely made up of a few species ; the most abundant were an Aphis, two or three flies no larger than Aphides, some other minute Homoptera, one or two minute Hymenoptera and equally small Coleoptera. Among larger forms were a species of the heteropter- ous genus Acanthosoma, according to Mr. Uhler, probably 4. nedudosa, which was the most common of all, and Bibio femoratus Wied. (deter- mined by Dr. Williston) ; every pool of melted snow contained three or four of the latter, while the former fairly swarmed everywhere. As to the valley butterflies, the advanced season was as apparent with * Harris, however, on the authority of Oakes, gives June as one of the months of its flight. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103 them as with the vegetation, as will be seen by the following serial notes, as well as by the much longer list. Twenty species in all were seen, fourteen of them not seen on the previous visit, while, more remarkable than that, seven of the thirteen species before seen were not now observed. Basilarchia arthemis, found previously in abundance as a larva just out of hibernaculum, and #. aisifpe, sparingly in the same condition, - were not discovered at all. Hundreds or perhaps thousands of the shoots of black birch were examined, as well as many poplars and willows in suitable spots, without a trace of anything—not even of a leaf eaten in Basilarchian fashion. A single specimen of /olygonia interrogationis umbrosa was seen on the 7th, on the Notch road south of Emery’s. Polygonia faunus was taken or seen every day but the 3rd, on forest roads ; perhaps two or three dozen in all were taken, and about a third of them were females. None were seen beyond Emery’s, and none in walking from Gorham to the Glen, the latter on a somewhat cloudy after- noon. | P. gracilis was not met with. One butterfly was seen two miles up the Mt. Washington carriage road, which looked very like P. comma, but was perhaps P. faunus. None of the females would lay eggs on young willows, in their two or three days confinement in the Glen, nor on larger plants in Cambridge after my return home. Polygonia progne and Nymphalis 7-album were not seen this year. Two specimens of Papilio antiopa were seen, on the 4th and on the 7th. : No Aglais milberti was observed on this occasion. Two fresh specimens of Argynnis atlantis were seen on the 7th, one in the forest a short distance north of Emery’s, the other half way from there to Jackson. Fresh specimens of Brenthis myrina were seen every day after the first (and either this or the next species on that day), and all taken were males. The number increased from two on the 4th to three or four times that number on the 7th, before reaching Emery’s, and after that as many more, though it was then after 3 o’clock. Unless the specimen seen the first day was Brenthis bellona, this Species was only seen on the 5th, in a few examples, in which both sexes were represented, and all were more or less worn. Phyciodes batesii was seen on the 7th, and of each sex, three or 104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. four on the forest road south of the Glen, and abundantly beyond Emery’s. The larve of Cinclidia harrisii were found feeding on Diplopappus, in the penultimate and final stages, in a dozen different localities in the Glen. They were apparently just about as forward as they were on the previous visit, only then they were found at Gorham, which, though farther to the north, is 800 feet lower than the Glen, and in a broader, more open valley, where the spring opens slightly earlier than at the Glen. The caterpillars taken this year went into chrysalis a>: June e and 13, and emerged June 21-27. Though half a hundred plants of Zoricera by the roadside were searched for Luphydryas phacton, this species was not found as on the previous occasion, nor did any of the plants appear to have been eaten. During the first half of our stay, Cyaniris pseudargiolus lucia was the most abundant butterfly, and though afterwards it did not diminish, it was supplanted by the increasing numbers of the next species. Yet when most abundant its numbers by no means equalled those at my former visit, and at no time were more than five or six seen at once. On the last day, south of Emery’s only a couple of specimens were seen, so that the first brood was disappearing ; all were of the form /ucia or heavily marked violacea. Females were enclosed over Amelanchier, Vaccinium and Cornus, and laid abundantly on the first two, but not on the last. When the larvee emerged, however, they would not touch either Amelanchier or Vaccinium. ? a | In the last half of our visit Zycaena americana was the commonest butterfly. It was the first seen in the morning, the last in the afternoon, and appeared everywhere excepting in Tuckerman’s Ravine and above timber on Mt. Washington, though seen once on the latter. Not a speci- men was seen on my previous visit. : Three specimens of Feniseca targuinius were taken, and others were seen ; one of the two females taken, old and battered, was left three days enclosed over a branch of A/zus, on which were numerous young and fat Coccide (none with Aphides were discoverable), but no eggs were laid ; the other taken the last day, died on the way home, with numerous eggs in her abdomen. Eurymus philodice was tolerably common every day, and increasingly so. On my previous spring visit none were seen. . Two specimens were seen in the alpine zone of Mt. Washington, and one in Tuckerman’s THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 105 a - Ravine—the only butterfly seen there ; both had probably flown in from below. A few fresh specimens of Pieris rape were seen every day but the first ; most on the last day, below Emery’s. Six or eight specimens of /. o/eracea were seen, all very fresh ; of the three or four taken only one was a female. Though Zuphewades turnus was seen every day in very fresh condition, it was not yet abundant ; four, however, were seen at one roadside pud- dle, and all were exceedingly tame. Several fresh specimens of Zhanaos icelus were seen the first day and the numbers increased daily, both sexes fresh, but the female predomin- ating. Several females were enclosed on different species of poplar and willow, but laid no eggs. : Two male specimens of Cyclopides mandan were taken by the road- side on the sth, and one or two were seen north of Emery’s on the 7th. Males and females of Amblyscirtes vialis were seen every day, but never more than three or four specimens a day. Enclosed females Jaid eggs on grass on June 5-6, which began to hatch on June 14; the first one to change stopped eating on July 18 or 1g, and in about ten days changed © to chrysalis. The species has never before been reported from this region. A couple of specimens of Amdédlyscirtes samoset were seen, and one of them taken on the 7th, north of Emery’s. The first Atrytone hobomok was seen on the 7th, in the Glen, another between that and Emery’s ; but south of that at least a dozen specimens, all of them males. : Pamphila sassacus first appeared at Emery’s, south of which it was twice as abundant as the last species ; a couple of females were taken, but nearly all the others seen were males. It was evidently going to be very abundant, SYNONYMY IN AMERICAN COLEOPTEROLOGY. BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA. On looking over Melsheimer’s, Crotch’s and Henshaw’s Catalogues of the described species of North American Coleoptera, many names will be seen placed as synonymical, or varietal; while a reference to the bibliography of the many synopses and monographs of families and gen- 106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. era in the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., and other publications, exhibits a num- ber still larger. How were so many originated? and, Have they any value ? are questions that it may not be unprofitable to briefly consider. As to their origin, it may be asked: Are they descriptions of the same forms made by different writers in ignorance of what had previously been done ? or, of forms that at the time were regarded as distinct, but after- wards, by connecting links, seen to be but variations within specific limits ? or, from mistaken identification and other causes? The history. of American Coleopterology shows all these to have been factors in vary- ing quantities. Before the year 1824, no description of any species (so far as known) had been published on this side of the Atlantic ; but, for more than one hundred years previousty, large numbers had from time to time been taken over and described in every country of Europe, many of them several times by as many names. The works of these various describers were mostly unknown or inaccessible to American students of that period, so that when Mr. Thomas Say, the founder of this branch of Entomology here, undertook the description of our species at the year mentioned, it was often impossible for him to know what had been done abroad. Haldeman, Melsheimer and others thus continued the work till 1844, they and the Europeans making synonyms reciprocally, in ignor- ance of what each had done. About this time appeared a talented, scholarly, enthusiastic young man, who, on seeing so many of “ our finest insects going to Europe for names,” with Juvenal exclaimed, “ Szccum jecur ardeat ira,” and forthwith the immortal Leconte devoted his life (as he informs us) ‘to the classification and naming of American Coleoptera, even at the risk of creating much synonymy.” How well he did his work needs not to be told to the Coleopterological world of either hemi- sphere. The synonymy made proves to be much below what might have been reasonably anticipated. Mr. S. Henshaw in his Index gives, to that time, the number of species named by-Dr. Leconte as 4,734, to which is to be added 80 published posthumously—in all, 4,814. Of these only 864 were considered synonyms, and 188 as races or varieties. This kind of synonymy may be termed re-descriptive, and with proper care and a judicious restraint on haste, but little of it should be made with us hereafter. : A second source of synonymy arose from the descriptions of certain forms as distinct, that differed so much from the assumed type—perhaps in size, ornamentation, or even structure—as to seem different, but subse- jae F RE EAS Se tat ro THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107 ' quently discovered to be merely variations of one thing ; just as one ignorant of the variations of Canis familiaris might describe a poodle, a Newfoundland, a bull-dog, etc., etc., as true species of Camis. In the early times of description this was unavoidable, as the extremes of many of the variable species look so unlike that it could not be known they were the same till it was proved by more extensive collections and after discoveries. In his lifetime Dr. Leconte eliminated many of the ones made by himself and others, and Dr. Horn, in his studies, with enlarged collections and more abundant opportunities, adds to this, and in sup- pressing species sometimes carries the matter too far to please collectors, _ but doubtless no further than is warranted by well ascertained specific variation. There is another source of synonymy that practically does not differ from the last, except in this, that it is made intentionally by writers who are a little mixed, or have a different conception of what constitutes a species from that entertained by our leading Entomologists, and the authors of our lists of Coleoptera. And here it becomes necessary to say something about species. No definition of this term as applied to organisms bas ever been received as entirely satisfactory, and a discussion of it here is foreign to the object of this paper. For practical purposes it was necessary for naturalists to have a definition of universal applicability, and that of Buffon has gener- ally been accepted by most of the leading Zoologists and Botanists since his time, namely: ‘A species is a constant succession of individuals similar to and capable of reproducing each other.” The believer in special creation, the evolutionist, and such as hold opinions between these extremes, can meet here on common ground. Coleopterists on this side of the Atlantic mostly agree with it in substance, giving it expression in this form: ‘A species is an aggregation of variable individuals which have a common parentage.” With this definition, except in case of uniques, obviously it would be unscientific to make any individual a type. _ This is the line to which systematists are endeavoring to bring our species, and the further it is pursued, we find typical superseded by normal descriptions which embrace the points of agreement of as many individuals as can be examined, and reject the points of disagreement, as individual or racial. The synonymy thus made has not been very extensive, but threatens to become so through the writings of Mr. Thos. L. Casey, who, for the 108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. short time since the issue of his first paper, proves to be a very industrious and prolific author. He does not seem to have accepted the above defi- nition, or at least to a great extent ignores it in practice, but the idea he attaches to the term species is only known by inference. He writes, Bul. No. 6, Calif. Acad. Sci, p. 162: ‘Forms which some Coleopterists would regard as specific, are held by others to be simply racial, and by others again as merely accidental variations not even worthy of a name.” That he entertains the first of these opinions seems to be a correct in- ference, from the fact he has described as valid among the larger species _ | a considerable number of forms which others consider as variations. Now, it can scarcely be supposed that he did not know, in common with others, the common parentage of many of these ; and, if so, then he does not fully recognize this relation as essential in the construction of species. In other words, he founds his species on identity of structure, thus making them practically artificial, like genera. This brings him imto direct con- flict with those who regard common parentage as an essential element in species, and as they happen to be in the majority and control our cata- logues, many of his species are placed in synonymy at once. Mr. Casey, among our Coleopterists, seems to stand alone in his views, but Lepidop- terists for a long time appear to have had a somewhat similar split. These two views are diametrically opposite. The first recognizes no single individual as a type when others are at hand, and raises an in- superable barrier to the multiplication of species. ‘The second describes more or less minutely any individual, and calls it the type of a species, but never defines how far it is allowable for other individuals to vary and still belong to that particular species, and so can offer no defense against their multiplication ad Zébitum. The re-description by Americans of our Coleoptera that were first described in Europe, has been and still is of inestimable value, and it would have been no loss had every species of ours described there been . re-described here and placed in synonymy. The original descriptions were often largely defective and so indefinite that to make a determination with certainty was impossible, even when they were accessible. The American descriptions in the synonymy are much clearer, and from them, with a little practice, except in minute or closely related species, the insect may be readily known ; and in fact, for many species are the only accessib‘e or intelligible descriptions we yet have. As no two writers present the same thing in the same way, by THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 synonymy many doubts may be solved that could not be by a single description. The second kind of synonymy, which may be regarded to a certain extent as embracing the third, is likewise more or less useful, when fully established. The names represent, within specific limits, variations more or less divergent. These differences may be of a trivial character—of the kind Dr. Leconte excuses himself for making in early life, on the ground that, like most young Entomologists, he had magnified characters as of importance that were merely individual or of no importance; still a reference to even such may give points of information not likely to be so lucidly set forth in the normal description of the species. Or, again, these names may represent the extremes, or even the sexes of a variable species that in ignorance of their true relationship have been described as true species. This is the most valuable part of synonymy, because when a species is treated as a whole, the peculiarities of individuals and races are usually less clearly stated than when specialized. A catalogue of our described Coleoptera with the established synonymy would be exceedingly valuable to all our students of Coleoptera. It is a desideratum. It was intended to have closed this paper here, but the occurrence of Carpophilus hemipterus Linn., affords an opportunity to present a practi- cal illustration in reference to some of the foregoing statements. This species is potentially cosmopolite, having been carried to many countries by commerce, and in Europe has many synonyms. ‘The present colony, consisting of several hundred individuals, was found in a box of raisins recently from Spain. It is a good example of the great variableness in structure and coloration that may occur among the individuals of a species, as is well pointed out by Mr. A. Murray, in his Monograph, p, 363: ‘* For example,” he says, ‘the following variations occur in the form. with intermediate degrees of each, viz: “‘ y,—The posterior angles of the thorax nearly right angles. ‘* 2,—The posterior angles of the thorax nearly rounded. “ 3,—The posterior angles of the thorax nearly cut off. “In color, again, it varies as much, the variation, however, being referable to greater or less intensity of coloring.” I was able to verify Mr. Murray’s statements in every particular from this single colony. This is a good demonstration of the impropriety of making any individual the type of a species, as well as of disregarding common parentage as an essential element in the construction of species. 110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, STRAY NOTES ON MYRMELEONIDA. BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. (Continued from page 93.) 5. Palpares papilionoides Klug. I have never seen this species, except the couple from Arabia Felix in the Berlin Museum, described by Klug, Symb. Phys., iv., pl. 35, £ 2 and 3. Rambur, p. 369, No. 5, described the species after Klug’s figures. Rambur and others, not excepting myself, believed that the male did not belong to the same species as the female. Klug calls it a variety. After a thorough study of the species in Berlin, I arrived at the conclusion that Klug was right, and P. cephalotes Klug shows a similar but not so exag- — gerated difference between both sexes. I have carefully compared the types with the figures, and found them to be very exact. Indeed, Mr. — Weber was one of the best draughtsmen in Germany. JP. papilionoides had nothing whatsoever to do with P. aeschnoides, as McLachlan sup- poses. The types of both species are in the Berlin Museum. 6. Palpares immensus, McLachl. The species is described, 1867, Journ. Linn. Soc., ix., p. 239. Ihave - to state that the excellent description leaves no doubt that my P. comes noted without description, 1866, p. 456, is the same species. My speci- men is a female from the Nagami Lake, presented by Prof. Boheman. Length of body 66 m.m.; exp. alar. 160 mm. Iam glad that my manuscript name is explained ; at the same time I ask to cancel also P.. conspersus Hag., |. c. p. 456, from Nagami Lake, by Boheman, as the type has been destroyed ; there will be specimens in the Stockholm Museum. : : 7. Lalpares Caffer, Burm. This species is mentioned, Burm., ii., p. 998, No. 23, with P. speciosus L., as follows: “ A very similar but larger species, with the gray spots of the front wings very small, from south-east Africa, was received from the collection of Mr. Drége. Iname it JZ. Caffer. The abdomen of both sexes shows the same difference (as AZ. speciosus).” I have before me two females, one from Dr. Schneider’s coll., the other coll. by Dr. Wahlberg in Caffraria, from the Stockholm Museum. ‘Thé British Museum has four THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. , 111 specimens among Walker’s types of J. sfeciosus. Finally I have seen _ the types of Burmeister in the Halle Museum. The species is mentioned - by McLachlan in his review of Walker’s paper ; as far as I know, it has never been described. Fem., length of body, 50 m. m.; exp. al. 120 to 130 m.m. AsI have no males before me, I give briefly the characters to recognise the females: The front margin of prothorax notched in middle ; with two transversal rolls, one before the front margin, the other before the hind margin ; between them a flat, narrow, deepened saddle, perhaps eight times broader than long ; a longitudinal black median band is only a little enlarged on the saddle. P. sfeciosus has the front margin straight ; the black median band fills the saddle on each side nearly to the side margin; the band is on the front roll triangularly dilated, but is wanting on the hind roll. This character is very good to separate directly both species. /. Caffer has the wings broader, more obtuse on tip, less spot- ted ; front wings saffrony, with smaller ashy gray spots; there are much less numerous little spots around hind margin, and nearly none on the disk ; ante-cubitals with black linear bands ; pterostigma straw color ; hind wings paler, about hyaline, the brown bands less large, not connected, the penultimate sometimes divided ; abdomen brown, darker below. The description of the appendages of the male is needed. I have two females from Pniel Station, Damaraland, which I had named P. sparsus. As this name is now pre-occupied by a similar, per- haps the same species, from Damara, by McLachlan, I refrain from giving a description. It is intermediate between P. speciosus and P. Caffer, but the black band of the prothorax is as on P. Caffer. 8. Palpares pardalinus Burm. Burmeister, Vol. ii., p. 997, No..20, describes the male from Orange River, South Africa, collected by Drége. In 1849 I bought the second specimen from Drége’s collection, also a male, which I have compared with Burmeister’s type still present in the Halle Museum. J/yrmeleon pardalinus Walk., p. 314, No. 26, a female from the Cape, is the same species. This was doubted by McLachlan, Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 275, and for the species the name P. drachypterus proposed. Rambur’s species is different. In 1850, in Peters’ Voyage, p. rot, I had placed P. pardalinus together with the species of Pamexis. But I have corrected this in Stett. Zeit., 1860, p. 361, and 1866, p. 457. 112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9. Pamexis contaminatus Burm. McLachlan (Review Myrmel. de Rambur) notes for this species that there exists an error in my Synopsis, as the WZ. contaminatus Burm. is a North American species. But he has overlooked that in my Synopsis, p. 433, is quoted AZ. contaminatus Burm., a species only named Vol. ii., p. 995, but the differences stated from JZ. irroratus from S. Carolina. This species belongs to Macronemurus, Synopsis, p. 424. The type is before me. Besides, Synops., p. 433, quotes JZ. contaminatus Burm., coll. Winthem, said to be Pamexis contaminatus ; Synops., p. 457, it is quoted with this name and the locality, Orange River. In the introduction of the Synopsis, p. 370, is stated: ‘Sometimes collection-names of unde- scribed species are quoted, soon to be published, or for another reason.” The publication was prevented by my going to America a few months later. The species, of which the type with the name in Burmeister’s hand-writing is before me, belongs to a genus so far distant from the N. American species, that it seemed to be not inconvenient to retain Bur- meister’s name, though he had in his publication not even mentioned it, as is stated by the words [from Winthem’s collection]. Now Pamexis con- taminatus is from the collection of Drége, and as his insects were sold to many museums and collections, I believed that Burmeister’s name would ~ be found in other collections, and did retain it for this reason. Pamexis contaminatus is identical with the type of Rambur’s P. pardalinus. This — identity was only recognized by my study of the type after the publication of my Synopsis, in which P. pardalinus Rbr. is quoted with P. parda- linus Br. As the description of Rambur is sufficient, and the identity with Burmeister’s species is beyond doubt, I believe that the name P. con- taminatus can be accepted, instead of coining a new name for it, and therefore I propose to name it P. contaminatus. 10. Lamexis luteus 'Thunbg. The figure and the description of this species (perhaps the type is still in existence, but since it was nearly fifty years ago that I saw Thunberg’s collection, I would not state more) belong to JZ. venosus Burm., which after a careful study subsequent to the publication of my Synopsis, I find is identical with JZ. conspurcatus Burm.; both types in the Winthem col- lection. Rambur’s species, after the stadt of the type, I find is bain same with MZ, venosus Burm, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 413 : ‘NOTE ON ABBOT’S SPECIES IN THE BREMEN MUSEUM. BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. In the Bremen Museum are specimens collected by Norwich in the Southern States in the beginning of the century, which bear evidence of having been determined by Abbot, as there are one or two MS. names ' credited to him. I note here merely a 2 specimen of Parorgyia leuco- phea; this is paler, the outer line followed by brown shadings, as com- pared with our Northern C/intonii, and agrees with a specimen collected by myself in Alabama, and previously described in Can. Ent. There is then no doubt that our Northern C7/intoniz is a valid species. There is also a specimen of Catocala neogama. This bears out my statement that neogama is distinct from our Northern communis Grote (= neogama Guen. nec Abbot). The hind wings are lighter yellow as figured by Abbot, while our Northern communis has them of a dusky ochrey yellow, and there are a number of other comparative characters whereby the two may be sep- arated. I should then be disposed to consider all determinations of our Northern species as zeogama to be incorrect. I may take occasion later on to allude to other species from the Southern States in the Bremen Collection. NOTE ON MISTAKEN IDENTIFICATIONS. | BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. In the course of my studies I have been able to point out a number of cases in which the species illustrated by earlier authors have been identi- fied with allied forms inhabiting the Middle and Eastern States and parts of Canada, I must think wrongly. Dr. Harris has furnished a number of instances in point, chiefly, perhaps, in interpreting the figures of Abbot. It must not be forgotten that the locality has much to do with the forms of Lepidoptera. The different climate and physical conditions of the Southern States could not fail to impress the Lepidopterous fauna of that region. ‘The topography of the country, the climate, as, indeed, I say on _ page 215 of the Can. Env. for 1886, must be duly considered in this question of related forms. In his writings Dr. Harris describes our Northern Phlegethontius celeus, for the more Southern species carolina. 114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, He identifies our Philampelus pandorus with the species sated/itia, which seems to be South American, and not to occur within the limits of the United States, or, as we write, North America. Equally in the smaller moths he wrongly identifies his (Parorgyia) achatina, which is not Abbot’s species, but our northern CZintoniz. In the WVoctuide his identi- fication of his Apatela americana with either of the forms figured by Abbot is, at least, probably premature. Abbot’s drawings, which I have studied as closely as possible, make it probable that there are two Southern species of Parorgyia, leucophea and achatina, not found in the North, and I believe I have correctly identified the former in two female specimens, one of which I found in Alabama. While writing, I am reminded of another curious identification of Dr. Harris’s in the Coleoptera. He says, House Report, April, 1838, p. 72: “In France, a large insect, called vinaigrier (Carasus auratus L.), de- vours the female A/e/olontha vulgaris at the moment when she is about to deposit her eggs. I have taken one specimen of this fine Carabus in Massachusetts.” No other author I have seen refers to this identification of an American species with the European C. auratus. | Abbot’s work must be studied in connection with Southern collections, and his observations be verified in all stages, before we can be quite sure in all instances that we have his species before us. ‘That he sometimes ~ mixes” his species is, I have thought, proved by his plate of Catocala amasia, where he gives us different species for sexes of the same ; and this may not be the only instance. Among Abbot’s smaller moths, I have at least identified correctly his (Adita) chionanthi, a Noctuid sparingly found in New York State, but which is so plainly marked that the identi- fication can be relied upon. Leaving Dr. Harris and coming to Guente, there is no doubt now (after freshly comparing Southern specimens) that this eminent writer wrongly identified our Northern species Catocala communis Grote, with Abbot’s zeogama. ‘The typical form of communis as it occurs with us has the primaries of an obscure smooth olivaceous gray with distinctly drown markings ; the hind wings dusty ochrey or brownish yellow. C. meogama has the fore wings black shaded over paler, purer gray with bright yellow secondaries. While the two are of a similar size, there seem also certain differences in the band of the hind wings. As I originally pointed out. Guente also mistakes Abbot’s vidwa. It seems to me probable, however, that the vidua of Guente, or viduata, which I have called Catocala THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. wee Gas / _ Guendi (to avoid all further confusion and because Guenéte’s alteration is __unessential and merely covers a wrong identification) has been sent to _ Europe as vidua of Abbot, either by Abbot or determined as after Abbot by collectors in the Southern States at the commencement of the century (1800). Abbot, I have said, figures probably what Guente calls desperata. But it is not essential to recover now this name of Abbot’s. It was applied at a time when black winged Catocale were a great rarity and when the number of species now known was not guessed at. When we know all the Southern forms ad ovo, then it is time enough to be certain what Abbot meant by vidva. If my supposition that thereby he intended our desperata turn out correct, later lepidopterists may make the change, I call our Northern species desperata Guen., and Guente’s vidua, which I have proved not to be Abbot’s and have certainly identified, GUENEI. HINTS ON COLLECTING HYMENOPTERA. BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA. To have the specimens in a collection look well, and at the same time be in a condition such as to render their examination as easy as possible, it is necessary that they should be properly collected. The ordinary cyanide bottles prepared either with plaster of Paris, or sawdust, which are used for Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, do not furnish good specimens of Hymenoptera, and those collected in alcohol are less satisfactory. I have found the method advised by Dr. Williston (Psyche, vol. iv., p. 130) for collecting Diptera, so satisfactory that I will quote a portion of his description :— “IT select several two-ounce, wide-mouthed bottles of the same form, and carefully line the bottom and sides with a good quality of blotting paper. Good firm corks are selected, which are interchangeable in the different bottles ; in one of these corks a small hole is. made, in which it is better to fit.a small metallic ferule; a strip of blotting paper is thon coiled within this cavity, and it is over this that a few drops of a solution . _ of cyanide of potash is poured.” For those who may not desire to keep on hand a solution of this poison, I would suggest a modification of this method which I find very 116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. satisfactory. Scrape a few grains of cyanide into the cavity in the cork and then insert a small wad of damp cotton wool or sponge. The fumes will be readily given off, and it is only necessary to occasionally renew the cyanide. As Dr. Williston suggests, it is well to have several bottles, but it is sometimes impossible for the collector to take more than the minimum amount of apparatus, and he will then limit himself to two, reserving one of them for delicate or smail insects. Bees should never be placed in a bottle with previous captures, as honey is often disgorged, and the speci- mens greatly injured by the matting of pubescence and soiling of the wings ; the pollen which the bees so generally carry is almost as bad in its effects. The safest and most desirable plan is for the collector to carry a supply of small pasteboard pill boxes, and transfer his specimens frequently to these, putting only one specimen of such insects as Bombus in a box. These boxes can be obtained of very small sizes, permitting a sufficient number to be packed in a small space. Their use ensures per- fect specimens and enables the collector to keep a better record of them — by numbering the boxes, and in his field note-book entering full particulars of the contents of each. When possible, it is better to pin the insects before they stiffen, but if time or circumstances do not permit of this, they will keep safely in the boxes, and may be at any time easily relaxed in a damp atmosphere, care being taken not to allow them to become wet. In pinning it is not at all necessary to set the wings and feet symmetrically, unless one has plenty of time and desires pretty specimens. The wings, however, should be separated, so as to admit of a full examination of the venation both of the anterior and posterior ones, and of the metathorax and the basal segments of the abdomen. | BOOK NOTICES. It is a cheering sign of the zeal and energy and ability that are being | brought to bear upon Entomology that there should be so rapid an increase in the literature of this department of Natural Science. Thcough several works of importance have been recently noticed in these pages, there are still many others which we desire to acknowledge, and to bring before the notice of our readers. ‘This, however, we can do but briefly, as so much space has of late been given up to literary notices. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17 The first work on our list is :— THE BuTTERFLIES OF NortH America. By W. H. Edwards. Third Series, Part II., 4to. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, Mass. The second part of the new series of this superb work contains the usual three exquisitely finished coloured plates of butterflies. The first illustrates the Californian Co/ias Harfordii Hy. Edwards, and its variety Barbara, giving no less than nine pictures of the imagines, and more thana dozen of the earlier stages ; the second Argynnis Coronis Behr., giving both the upper and under surfaces of the male and female of this beauti- ful Californian species, which extends northward as far as our own North- west Territory, where it has been taken by Capt. Gamble Geddes ; the third plate fully illustrates all the stages of Veonympha Gemma Hubn. and lV. Henshawi Edw. ‘There is the usual letter-press description of all the species figured, and also a notice of Argynnis Callippe Boisd. It is hardly necessary to add that no Lepidopterist’s library can be con- sidered complete without a copy of this admirable work. REPORT OF OBSERVATIONS OF INJURIOUS INSECTS and Common Farm Pests during the year 1886, with Methods of Prevention and Remedy. By Eleanor A. Ormerod, 8vo., 112 pages. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. We must congratulate our esteemed friend upon the publication of her Tenth Report. It is full of interesting matter and well illustrated with excellent wood-cuts, chiefly the work of the talented authoress. The principal noxious insects treated of are “ Earwigs” affecting cabbage—a pest that we are happily free from in this country ; Clover Weevils, the Hessian Fly and other wheat insects, the Hop Aphis, Mustard Beetles, the Horse and Ox Warble-flies, etc. Economic Entomologists everywhere may learn much from these pages; though the insects treated of are for the most part British, many of them have been transported to this side of the Atlantic and to other distant regions, where they have wrought incal- culable damage to crops of various kinds. SYNOPSIS OF THE HyMENOPTERA OF AMERICA, NORTH OF Mexico. By E. T. Cresson. Parti. Families and Genera.’ 8vo., 154 pages. This valuable work, published as a supplementary volume by the American Entomological Society in Philadelphia, is a very much needed contribution to the literature of this difficult order of insects. With this 118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. assistance towards classification, we trust that many will be encouraged to collect and study these particularly interesting creatures. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SoctEty, and Pro- ceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia. Vol. xiii, 1886. This volume is replete, as usual, with papers of high scientific value by such well-known authorities as Dr. Horn on Coleoptera, Messrs. Ash- mead, Blake and Howard on Hymenoptera, the Rev. Messrs. Holland and Hulst on Lepidoptera, and Mr. Williston on Diptera. THE MULBERRY SILK-wORM; being a Manual of Instructions in Silk Culture. By Prof. C. V. Riley. Bulletin No. 9. Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Our SHaDE TREES AND THEIR INSECT DEFOLIATORS; being a con- sideration of the four most injurious species which affect the trees of the Capital; with means of destroying them. By Prof. C. V. Riley. Bulletin No. tro. The species referred to are the Elm-leaf Beetle ( Calraibea xantho- melena Schrank.); the Bag Worm (TZhyridopteryx ephemereformis Haw.) ; the White-marked Tussock-moth ( Orygia leucostigma Sm. & Ab- bot) ; and the Fall Web-worm (Ayphantria cunea Drury). Reports OF EXPERIMENTS WITH VARIOUS INSECTICIDE SUBSTANCES, chiefly upon insects affecting garden crops, made under the direc- tion of the Entomologist. Bulletin No. 11. MIscELLANEOUS NOTES ON THE WORK OF THE DIVISION OF ENTo- MOLOGY for the season of 1885. Prepared by the Entomologist. Bulletin No. 12. These four works abundantly testify to the value of the Government Commission on Entomology at Washington, and to the ability and indus- try of its members. ARSENICAL POISONS FOR THE CODLING Motu (Carpocapsa pomonella L.) By Dr. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of Illinois. Bulle- tin No. 1. Another valuable contribution to Economic Entomology, the result of careful and painstaking work in the field. REE THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119 CORRESPONDENCE. USE OF CHLOROFORM IN COLLECTING. Dear Sir,—In the article of Henry S. Saunders, on Collecting at the Electric Light (Can. Ent., Feb., 1887), he gives his experience in the use of cyanide of potassium and chloroform as follows: “ Cyanide of potas- sium I found the best poison ; a few drops of chloroform on cotton would quiet them more quickly, but was more troublesome, the chloroform having to be frequently renewed, occasionally as often as four or five times during the same evening, and sae even then the moths would be found alive the next morning,” I should like to explain my method of collecting with chloroform. I have found it better than any other, whether at the electric light or in the field : Take a glass fruit jar, one in which the lid screws down upon a rubber cushion or packing. Put a bunch of cotton in the bottom, retaining it in its place by pressing down upon it a circular piece of pasteboard, made to fit tightly in the jar, except that two or three notches should be left in the edge for the chloroform to run through to the cotton. Saturate the cotton,with chloroform and screw the lid down tight. The bottle is now ready for use, and it will be found that an insect dropped into it will be suffocated almost instantly by the fumes of chloroform that completely fill the bottle. A feeble flutter for a second, a kick or two, and all is over. As soon as the insect is dropped into the bottle, screw the lid down again, and as it fits air tight, the chloroform will not evaporate too rapidly. Less than a teaspoonful will last for a -whole evening’s work. If on retiring from the work the chloroform seems nearly exhausted, it would be well to. pour in a few drops more, and then close the lid for the night. If these precautions are taken the insects will never revive. Chloroform, when used in this manner, will be found to possess many advantages over any other poison. It is quicker in its action, much more convenient, and under all circumstances entirely harmless. I use this form of collecting bottle both for the electric light and in the field. The bottle will contain, without injury to the specimens, the captures of a whole evening, or a whole day. If, through carelessness, so much chloroform has been poured into 120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, the bottle as to saturate the pasteboard on which the specimens rest, their wings may become moistened and somewhat damaged. To prevent accidents of this character, pack a bunch of crumpled newspaper tightly down on the pasteboard before putting in any specimens; the paper will be dry, and will prevent the insects from coming in contact with the moist pasteboard. For Coleoptera I use a morphine bottle prepared in the same way, except that the newspaper is not wanted, and it is closed with a cork. I always carry such a bottle in my pocket ready primed, and thus am always prepared for preserving any specimens captured incidentally while engaged in other affairs. J. A. Jackson, Des Moines, Iowa. FOSSIL BUTTERFLY FOR SALE, In order'to illustrate more fully his forthcoming work on New England Butterflies, the undersigned offers for sale for Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars, that wonderfully preserved Fossil Butterfly, Prodryas Persephone, : of Colorado. The accompanying cut gives a rude impression of it. Less than twenty specimens of fossil butterflies are known in the world, and this is by far the most perfect and best preserved. SAMUEL H. ScupDER. Cambridge, May 9, 1887. [ADv. | Che Canadian Entomologist. VOL. XIX. LONDON, JULY, 1887. No. 7 ABOUT NAMES. BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. I have read, as all of us have, the review of a book by C. J. Maynard, on our Butterflies, by Mr. W. H. Edwards, and which appeared in the February number of the Canaprtan Entomo.ocist. Whatever Mr. . Edwards writes is trenchant and to the point, so that we have received the impression that Mr. Maynard’s book is really not what it ought to be, is not up to current scientific knowledge, and is inferior in its illustrations. There is no more to be said about the book on this head ; its publication will probably do very little real good, except perhaps that here and there a reader into whose hands it may chance to fall may have his interest excited in the subject, and so be led to buy a better one, as, for instance, that of Prof. French, to say nothing of Mr. Edwards’s splendid volumes. But I was interested in Mr. Edwards’s remarks about the names of butterflies, in which the critic leaves his prey to ‘ regret to say that Mr. Scudder is our greatest sinner in this respect” (p. 39). Mr. Scudder, who never defends himself, might well need a champion as far as I understand the average opinion of students. I am all unworthy to assume such a role, and am not at all called upon to do so, nevertheless as what I have to say is rather in mitigation of his offence, I must be regarded somewhat in that light. And first, we are all sinners, miserable sinners, as the Church puts into our proper confession, but I doubt if it is right for us to apply the word znter nos. ‘There has been quite a shower of adjectives unenlivened by wit, as well as of censure unre- deemed by humor, and often unexcused by candor, in our entomological press, and to this I have, in my humble way, quite strongly objected. We are not authorized by our positions to assume so much, nor is our subject sufficiently important, as the world goes, to warrant the issue of ukases upon entomological topics. The particular offence of Mr. Scudder in the matter of names is that of the English ones. Now Eng- _lish names for insects existed before Latin ones, as might indeed be 122 ‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. supposed. I think it is De Saussure who assures us of the ultimate triumph of the English tongue in the contest for existence between the languages, and it is a matter of at least secondary importance that the English names of our butterflies come into use. A butterfly has as good a right to an English, or common name, in an English speaking country, asa plant. And plant names are part of our literature, of our poetry. Perhaps what I said in the “Popular Science Monthly” might be repeated here. The introduction of common names for our Lepidoptera is evidently a matter not to be forced, but to be left to itself. The rule of priority which Linnzeus appointed to govern Latin names cannot obtain here. Some of our butterflies have received several English names, as our “ Milk-weed butterfly.” Some of the names for moths in use in England are very pretty, such as the “‘Arches” and “ Wainscots.” English names will, it is to be hoped, gradually appear in our American literature and come -into use. ‘The vernacular names proposed in our economic works, mere translations from the Latin, are often very ugly and have nothing to commend them. But see what lovely names they have in England for their moths! The ‘“ Kentish Glory,” the “ Peach Blossom,” the ‘ Buff Arches,’ the ‘‘Common Wainscot.” About the vernacular names for our moths must come the cooling touch of time ; they cannot be struck out in the heat which accompanies the coining of a Latin name for a new species (struggling for priority). Around their cradle some tutelary divinity must hover ; some old and idle tale, like an ancient crone, must be its nurse ; out of some melody, dedicate to fields and flowers, must the words be taken which are to serve as the common title of the insect haunting these pastures. And not the first but the best known, and in itself the best name, must be chosen, and to exercise this choice there must be some literary taste in the writer, some quaint appositeness in the name itself, Here, in Germany, with its wonderfully supple language, and the frequency of compound words, common names have been easily made and pass current. My young friend Eugene, as to trusting whom with a cyanide bottle I feel some scruples, talks quite glibly and confidingly to me about the ‘*Grosser ” and “ Kleiner Fuchs ;” the latter he has not been able to catch yet, but he knows how it looks from his little handbook, which has fairly good figures and the common name preceding the Latin one for each species. It seems to be a fact, and I do not see how Mr. Edwards can get around it, that young ento- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123 _mologists, wefat 10 for instance, prefer their living nursery language to the dead one from the tombs. And we are well counselled to remember the little ones always! What would I not have given to have known the common names for our insects on Staten Island in the fifties ! | What Mr. Maynard may choose to call our butterflies cannot be thrown up against Mr. Scudder, who, as I understand it, has merely pro- posed corresponding titles for our butterflies with those used in England, as the ‘ Blues” and ‘ Coppers,” using these names in somewhat of a generic sense and supplying some fresh titles of his own, whether fortunately or not, I am not here enquiring. This is a matter subject to a later review on occasion. Certainly we must be guided by some gen- eral agreement with English names in use in England for similar but different species, and this without a too vigorous enquiry. Certain hairy caterpillars in England (and in Germany also) are called ‘‘ Bears ” (I don’t know what brings Bacon’s curious sentence, “the body of nature is elegantly and with deep judgment depicted hairy,” etc., into my mind), and there are certain common names used in a generic way from re- semblances occurring to the casual observer. These we must use, and for my part I think that, in a natural way, we shall come into using certain common names as collecting becomes popular among the young and as popular books increase with us. Far more than on this head am I concerned about Mr. Scudder’s proposed book on our butterflies. I think there is a mean between Mr. Scudder’s Latin nomenclature and that of Mr. Edwards, which latter is based on Doubleday’s, and perhaps since Doubleday we may have advanced in our knowledge as to the structure of butterflies, and are authorized to express this advance in our Latin names. It is many years ago since Mr. Robinson and I set about classifying our Diurnals, and this was before Mr. Scudder’s classification. I only published about that time the genera Seniseca and Calephelis, and as these are not objected to, I think that what I here say, with great diffidence, is entitled to some consideration on both sides. I am quite satisfied, and was before Mr. Scudder, that our Hackberry butterflies, ce/tis, clyton, etc., do not belong to the European genus Afatura, and that the structural _ characters separating the two are real and of generic value. Also am I of opinion that our eastern arthemis, ursula, disippus, eros, form a group of themselves, distinct from Zzmenitis proper, and that Mr. Scudder’s : 126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. term Sasilarchia should be retained. On the other hand I think Mr. Scudder’s divisions of Argynnis and Lycaena are not valid, as now shown by Prof. Peabody and others. I hope Mr. Scudder will not retain these, and also that he will be guided by Dr. Speyer’s classifica- tion of the Hesperidae. These latter afford good, apparent, readily understood generic characters as we understand these in the moths, and there is nothing gained by making too many genera out of them on “measurements.” These latter are now proved to be illusory, and should not be again brought forward. As to the general arrangement of the families, the arrangement of Meigen and others, commencing with the groups in which the front legs are useless for walking, and which are taken out of the ambulatory series, has an approved philosophic basis. Itis — warranted under Prof. Dana’s theory of cephalization. Mr. Scudder’s paper on the structure of Papz/io in the ‘Transactions of the American Entomological Society, has not been answered. I think the caterpillars of Papilio are of a lower type than those of the rest of the true butterflies, and that there are no reasons for placing the “Swallow Tails” at the head of the rest except that they are large and showy insects. ‘The structure of the feet is evidently of importance no less than the method of pupation, and this is recognized consistently in Mr. Scudder’s arrange- ment. There is certainly no system in commencing with the groups with six walking legs, then following with those of four, and winding up again with those with six. The moths have generally six walking legs, and the abortive front pair may be consistently regarded as a later phase. I have great confidence in Mr. Edwards’s remarks as to genera, that these can be traced in all stages from the egg upwards, and in this respect it would be ~ well if Mr. Scudder, for the sake of reason, which, as Zschokke says, is the “daylight of the mind,” would abate from hair-splitting, But I have great regard for Mr. Scudder’s general appreciation of classificatory characters and those which point to higher or lower rank and which determine the confines of large groups, and on this head it would be well if Mr. Edwards relented from his present views. ‘There is then, to my mind, a possible agreement between the two authorities, and that such an agreement would be of great value cannot be doubted. Where there is any reasonable principle involved, I advise neither to give way. Time, Mr. Strecker’s friend, must level such differences by throwing more light on the subject. But much that divides the two scientists lies in the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 _ wide domains of unreason, upon which we all trespass during our earthly journeyings, and where many of us, I am afraid, almost permanently reside. STUDIES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN PROCTOTRUPIDA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES FROM FLORIDA. BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. Sub family PLATYGASTERINA. In this second paper on the North American Proctotrupide, I have taken up the sub-family Platygastering, comprising, for the most part, - small black species, all parasitic in larve belonging to the Dipterous families Cectdomyiide and Tipulide. It will be seen that I have recognized in our fauna species in all of the described genera but /phetrachelus Haliday, and one new genus parasitic on Cecidomyious hickory galls. : XLVI. Jphetrachelus Haliday. 3 XLVII. Adlotropa Foerster. 5 74 (1). Adllotropa Americana, N. sp. ee a 3 a a * a ii “ og ie Ai "3 Be g. Length, .o7 inch. Black, sub-opaque, finely punctate, scape and legs pale brown. Antenne g-jointed, terminating in a 4-jointed club, joints serrate, flagellum and club dark brown. Mesothorax with two grooves. Scutellum convex, rounded posteriorly. Abdomen black pol- ished, first and second segments striate, the second segment greatly lengthened. Wings hyaline. - Hab.—Florida. XLVIII. Aletaclisis Foerster. 75 (1). Metactisis belonocnema, n. sp. @. Length, .o7 inch. Black, finely punctate. The 10-jointed antennze and legs pale brown. Thorax with two grooves. Wings hyaline, Hab. —Florida. Described from one specimen, reared in April, 1883, from galls. Belonocnema Trete Mayr, probably parasitic on a Cecidomyious guest fly inhabiting this gall, 126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. XLIX. JAZonocrita Foerster. 76 (1). Mounocrita melanostropha, Nu. sp. 2. Length, .o8 inch. Black, sub-opaque, finely punctate, middle of mesothorax and the somewhat flattened scutellum, polished. Antennze entirely black, terminal joint one-third longer than the preceding joint. Mesothorax with two grooves. Legs red, the femora obfuscated or black- ish. Abdomen polished black. Wings hyaline, submarginal vein black. Hab.—Florida. 77 (2). Monocrita Canadensis, n. sp. 2. Length, .14 inch. Black, head and prothorax finely punctate. Antenne 1o-jointed, filiform antenne with the legs are pale brownish yel- — low. Thorax with two deep grooves, converging and almost meeting — posteriorly. Scutellum slightly convex, punctate, pubescent, separated — from the thorax by a deep depression. Wings fuscous. | Hab.—Canada. Kindly given me by Mr. W. H., Harrington. : L. Jsostasius Foerster. 78 (1). Lsostasius musculus, N. sp. g 2. Length, .oq inch. Black, polished. Ocelli distant from inner r 4 border of eye. Antennz r1o-jointed, black, club 4-jointed, the joints q broader than long. Thorax without grooves. Legs black, femora at base — and tarsi reddish. Abdomen ovate, not quite as long as the thorax, and — but slightly compressed from above. Wings ‘hyaline, submarginal vein . black ; no other veins, 2th Hab.—Florida. LI. Jnostemma Haliday. 79 (1). Lnostemma Forni, n. sp. q f, 2. Length, .06 to .o7 inch. Black, sub-opaque, microscopically — punctate. Antenne ro-jointed, entirely black. The horn in female is P prolonged over the thorax, extending to base of ocelli, gradually narrowed q at base. Legs black, tarsi pale brown, in some specimens the tibiae are — pale at tips. Abdomen acuminate ovate, longer than head and thorax ~ combined. Wings hyaline, submarginal vein black. The male is without — the projecting horn, and is difficult to distinguish from other species in 4 this group, the shape of the abdomen, which is acuminate ovate, less de- — pressed than any others, and the basal ocelli, which are contiguous to the — THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. +27 inner border of the eye, must be depended upon to separate it. The mesothorax has two delicate grooves. Hab.—Florida. a This species is dedicated to my friend, Dr. Geo. H. Horn, the dis- a tinguished American Coleopterist. It is at once distinguished from the _ European Jnostemma Bosci by its stouter form, shorter horn; in that _ species the horn projects over the entire head; and by its differently col- _ ored legs. : 80 (2). Lnostemma Cressoni, n. sp. 2. Length, .og to.ro inch. Robust, black, finely punctate. It is at once distinguished from 7, Horni by its larger, more robust form, its _ much stouter horn, which is of a uniform thickness throughout, not nar- rowed at base, and by having rufous colored tibize and tarsi. _ Hab.—Florida. Described from two specimens and dedicated to my friend, the learned - American Hymenopterist, Mr. E. T. Cresson. 7 81 (3). Lnostemma Rileyi, n. sp. gf, 2. Length, .o4 inch. Black, polished. This species is at once _ distinguished from all others by its much smaller size, rufous colored _ femora and tibiz, sometimes obfuscated in the middle, and the horn in female extends only to the base of the head, | 4 Described from ten specimens, and dedicated to my friend, the emin- ent economic Entomologist, who so ably fills the position of U. S. Ento- mologist, Dr. C. V. Riley. : 82 (4). Lnostemma Packard, n. sp. 2. Length, .o7 inch. This species is at once distinguished from the others by the brevity of its horn, which reaches only slightly beyond the middle of the thorax and obliquely truncate at tip, not rounded as are the tips in the other species. Head and pleure punctate. Antenne black, scape reddish at base. Legs red, coxz at base black. Wings hyaline, submarginal vein black. Hab.— Florida. Described from one specimen, and dedicated to my learned friend, Prof. A. S. Packard, from the study of whose excellent work, “ Guide to the Study of Insects,” I early derived so much benefit and imbibed some of my love for the study of insects, 128 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LII. Acerota Foerster. 83 (1). shutting). The edges of the wings in many ways may be conceived to be first affected. That the primitive Lepidopteron was plain and sombre, we have reason to suppose, judging from what is known of now extinct types from which the whole Order may have been evolved. Under the murky skies of the Carboniferous the colors of the insects remained dull. Upon this plain wing, the first shade or marking may have arisen by a process comparable with photography, the action being produced by the same chemically acting ray of light. The atmospheric conditions then existing are factors inthe problem. The shadow originally cast on the wing lefta — trace in process of time, a deeper tinting which became a permanent shade line or band. ‘The evolution of this primitive shade band is the _ subject of Mr. Scudder’s theory. The manner in which it may have arisen ~ from a shadow has been long the subject of my own thoughts. I am : aware that there is a learned opinion that the colors and patterns of insects _are developed from the insects’ insides, by a process the links in which I am unable to follow, and which it has not pleased the authors of this — THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115 ‘ inside theory to state. It seems more reasonable to conclude that the sun has been the original painter, still improving and beautifying his work. That the deviations from the original pattern and color have been seized upon by Natural Selection and that gradual changes have been fostered, may be conceived under the workings of general evolutionary law. From a study of the subreniform spot in Cafoca/a, I, many years ago, came to the conclusion that the spots in the /Voctuide were modifications of the transverse lines, and this theory will be found stated in my writings. They may be fragments of original transverse lines, or, as the case seems to be with the subreniform spots, they may belong to existing transverse lines from which they have become disconnected. The median transverse shade is interesting, as it still simulates, by its cloudiness, the shade band _ of the secondaries and of the under surface of both wings in most JVac- ' tuide nonfasciate or Noctuine. The primitive transverse shade band _ will have been vague and cloudy, and all fine and cleanly cut markings will prove to be recent in comparison and to have proceeded from nebu- lous and undefined ornamentation. The instances where the upper surface of the secondaries resemble the under surface of the primaries occur in the Ceratocampine, and also in the Smerinthine, among other groups. This fact struck me when I was studying the relationship between the Horned Spinners and the Eyed _ Hawk Moths. Asa general rule, the cloudy bands on the under surface of the wings of the Noctuidz or Owlet Moths, resemble those on the hind wings above. The under, or covered wing, bears a certain relationship to the upper, or covering wing, in coloring and ornamentation. We may conclude that it has remained longer plain and unicolorous, that its less exposure in certain. groups of the Lepidoptera has allowed it to retain more of the primitive appearance. ‘I'he Spanners, or Geometrid@, the Sparklers, or Pyradide, carry the under wings more exposed and the markings are continuous and similar on both wings above. ‘This is the case with the lower or geometridous Noctuidze, to a considerable extent. The pattern of the wings seems to follow the exposure, as I have else- where pointed out. The conditions of the caterpillar stages are widely different from the environment of the perfect insect, and I have long ago pointed out that each stage varies independently and unequally, as in the case of the representative species of Apatela, etc , (see my paper in Annals N. Y. Lyceum, N. H.) I have also elsewhere drawn attention to 116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. the law of variation in representative species in the Owlet Moths. This — variation is first observed on the upper surface of the fore wings, then of hind wings, while the whole under surface preserves its similarity longest. The uniformity of the under surface in the Noctuidz seems to be corre- lated with the habits of the insects themselves, to depend, in fact, upon the conditions of its exposure to the light. I am not here arguing that color in the wings is now dependent upon existing conditions of light. I merely point out that variation both in color and marking proceeds appar- ently more noticeably upon the more exposed surfaces of the insect in the _Noctuidze, from a comparison of related species inhabiting different parts of the world. In the history of the Lepidoptera former geological con- ditions have played a part in the evolution of species together with the whole environment. In this paper I merely show the probability that the first transverse markings were the effect of light, and that the more ex- posed surfaces show most variation in representative species. From my scattered writings I have in part brought these brief notices on this point here together, so that the student may be spared that trouble, and in the hope that the investigation may be carried further. _ In the investigation of this subject we must keep the phenomena of color and pattern separate. The test of our theories must lie in the observation of existing variations. In this direction the observations of Mr. Edwards on the influence of cold in the pupa state upon the colors of the imago, are of the utmost value. The class of facts bearing upon the phylogeny of the species must be kept separate from those bearing upon individual variation. But it must be remembered that varieties are in the same sense evanescent species, that species are permanent varieties. The crucial test of our modern idea of species lies in the demonstration of the fact that, in the whole life history, the cycle of reproduction is zéw distinct. To the establishing of this fact repeated observations are often necessary. The whole conditions under which the form is produced must be understood. ‘This is a great field of work, and single instances, how- ever carefully recorded, of breeding from the larva, only partially illustrate the subject. ‘The value of specific determinations from collections of per- fect insects depends on the tact and experience of the naturalist and are to this extent tentative. Only where the full round of insect life is known can our determinations be absolutely reliable. The vista of entomological labor is widening as we proceed, so that it is trite to say that the subject a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117 is inexhaustible. The most attractive side of the study consists in the curious habits and relationships of the different forms, and here is where the talent of the observer is to be tested. The assorting of collections of Specimens is a matter of subordinate tact. CEYLON BUTTERFLIES. The Lepidoptera of Ceylon, by F. Moore, F. Z. S,, Vol. I., (published under the special patronage of the Government of Ceylon) London, Pe Reeve & Co., 1880-81. 4°. a The butterflies of the East India region appear to be now ina fair way of receiving their due share of attention. We have already called attention to Distant’s invaluable work on the Malayan butterflies, and to the hand- book to the butterflies of India and Burmah, by Marshall and De Nicé- ville. On many accounts neither of these is so important as the earlier work on the Lepidoptera of Ceylon by Frederick Moore, which we desire _to introduce to the readers of the CanaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, principally on account of the very considerable accession to our knowledge of the earlier stages of eastern butterflies which is here given in the plates, and also to draw attention to the notes on the natural history of the insects given by Dr. -Thwaites, which are embodied in the text. The work as a whole consists _of three volumes ; but we speak here of the butterflies only, which are comprised i in the first volume, published in 1880-81. It is a large quarto, with 71 excellent colored plates, in which the early stages are in very many instances figured.side by side with the butterflies. Notwithstanding that it is published under the special patronage of the Government of Ceylon, the work is a costly one, and to one residing in the United States an embargo is laid upon its purchase by the fact that the duties upon such a work are so high. This single volume cost me $15 for duties and trans- portation alone. Thus is science encouraged with us ! We are here introduced to a new set of illustrations of the early Ragts of butterflies, many of which are of extreme interest, and these in every family of butterflies. It is the most important and considerable contri- bution 1 to our knowledge since Horsfield’s memorable volume. It is a -pity, however, that in many instances. no reference, is made in the text, either i In. Dr. Thwaites’ notes, or, Mr. Moore’ 's descriptive portion, as to the meaning < of certain figures. which differ strikingly from those of their allies. ‘ 118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Thus the pupa of a species of Cirrochroa is represented as hanging by its hinder end, as in all Nymphalide, but bent so at the end of the abdomen as tolie parallel to the horizontal branch from which it is suspended, much in the way that we find it in our own species of Chlorippe ; but there is no appearence in the figure and no mention in the text of any greatly elongated cremaster with its row of hooklets down the side, which in Chlorippe stiffens the pupa into what would seem to be an unnatural position. We have some interesting additions to our scanty knowledge of the early stages of the Lemoniinz and an unusual wealth of larve and pupe of Lycaenine. Here again is a figure of a species of Spalgis hang- ‘ing by its tail without the median girt, which is wholly anomalous in this subfamily, but, as there is no explanation of the matter in the text, it is to be presumed that it is not meant to represent the insect in its natural position, the more so as the same is the case in a species of Appias, one of the Pierinze, represented in two figures as hanging by its tail only, while the whole structure of the chrysalis indicates that it must have had a median girt. Very interesting are the figures of the early stages of the Papilionine, which add very considerably to our knowledge, including as they do some figures of the younger stages of the larva—presumably younger from their appendages, though here again no mention whatever is made of the fact in the text. We call attention also to the interesting figure of Gangara, a hesperian living open and unconcealed, as I am in- formed by Mr. De Nicéville, and which bears long waxy filaments appar- ently not proper appendages, but as long as the width of the body itself, rendering it an exceedingly conspicuous object. In the arrangement of families, Mr. Moore follows the rapidly growing company of the best instructed entomologists in beginning the series with the Nymphalide and placing the Papilionidz just before the Hesperide. He separates the Lemoniinz from the Lycaenine as a distinct family, and places the Libytheinze with the Lemoniinz as was done by Bates ; but he brings the Pierinze and the Papilioninz under one family heading. It has naturally pleased the present’ writer to see that Mr. Moore has had the courage of his convictions sufficiently to subdivide the old and bulky group so long holding rank as a homogeneous whole, the so-called genus Papilio, into a number of genera, including among the seventeen species which he catalogues no less than ten genera, following thus precisely the line which Hiibner long ago undertook to establish, and which I adopted in 1872. SAMUEL H,. ScuDDER. 4 AG : pe 7 cs THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 119 EARLY STAGES OF ARZAMA OBLIQUATA, G. anp R. | BY H. H. BREHME, NEWARK, N. J. Ecc.—Fusiform, thick in the middle and tapering to a small rounded summit. marked by about sixteen longitudinal ribs, which are low, nar- tow, flat and crossed by a few fine ridges. Color yellow-brown. Duration about fifteen days. Younc Larva.—About .8 inch in length, cylindrical, slender ; shape like the other Arzamas. Color pale green, with a few long hairs pro- ceeding backwards. Duration eighteen to twenty days. Mature Larva.—When fully grown the larve are 11% inch in length, some as much as two inches long. ‘They are very slender ; head thick ; color more gray ; body smooth, with no hairs. Pupa.—Length .75 inch; breadth across mesonotum .16 inch; across abdomen .16 inch; greatest depth .22 inches. Shape like the other Arzamas. Color dark brown. Duration sixteen days. The eggs from which these observations were made were obtained on ‘the 26th of October, 1886, by confining a dilapidated female caught flying about the food-plant—the Cat-tail reed. The female generally lays “her eggs in the middle of the reed, between the long leaves. They began ‘to hatch on the toth of November, thus giving a period of about 15 days. ‘They began to go into pupz on the 2oth April, 1887, making the whole larval period 161 days; adding to this the pupal period of 16 days, makes a total of t90 days from the egg to the imago. The food-plant—the Cat-tail reed—grows in the meadows. As soon as the larva is hatched, it bores at once into the reed and feeds from the top downwards, continuing to feed throughout the winter, until the whole of the reed is eaten out ; it then returns to the top, and forms its pupa there. The larva is very hard to rear, as it feeds during the winter, and the reed must be kept as wet as possible. I have succeeded by keeping the reeds in a pail of water. The moth generally begins to fly between four and five o’clock in the afternoon, and ceases between seven and eight o’clock. Its flight is very slow. It is described and figured by Grote and Robinson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 1., page 339. 120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. CORRESPONDENCE) f7)).12 41R a ——— ON INSECTS FEIGNING DEATH. ' Dear Sir: I notice in Dr. Hamilton’s paper, page 6, the remark that a statement made by me in your pages, namely, “ that insects can have no knowledge of death,” as such of course and purposely feigning it, is ‘unsupported ” and ‘‘ dogmatic.” I wish to correct these two adjec- tives, otherwise, as a matter of opinion, I have no further interest with the subject. I cited in my paper the reason for my belief that insects merely kept still and did not move on the approach of danger, I showed that hard bodied insects, as beetles, suffered themselves to drop, while soft bodied caterpillars, equally assuming attitudes of repose and quiet, assisted by their colors and mimicry, clung tenaciously. There is no doubt in my mind that the “keeping still” is the main point, and that the insects have not sufficient mental powers to feign death. Whether insects can have any knowledge of death, as such, may be a matter of opinion, I should as soon credit them with a knowledge of history. Beetles allow themselves to fall by folding in the legs, knowing, from acquired or hereditary experience, that a fall will not hurt them, while in the grass where they tumble they have a place of concealment where they can stop “feigning” and scamper away. While I do not believe tat insects can reach the “ feigning” process, I know that Dr. Hamilton can, when he says of my paper, which we have all at least glanced over in the pages of the CaNapIan Enromo.ocist, that he “lately saw it in print somewhere.” Such carelessness is probably feigned, and whether it is protective may be doubted. It is, however, the privilege of man to keep still, without the danger of being credited with feigning death, a privilege it seems denied to insects. It is well so, since a silent man might run the risk of being buried on suspicion. A. R. Grote. NOTES ON COLEOPTERA. Dear Sir: In my paper in the April No. of the EnToMOLocIsr, page 66, last line, Apion herculanum is printed in error herculaneum. On same page I wrote “frolongata [Dicerca] breeds so far as known in conifers.” This statement admits of a doubt, when the proof is sifted thoroughly. Mr. F. C. Bowditch writes that he collected it on the Colorado mountains on aspen and willow, but never on conifers. It is. probably polyphagous, like some other species of this family. Joun Hami.ron. | | Che Canadran Entomologist. MOL. XX. _ LONDON, JULY, 1888. No. 7 THE HESSIAN FLY AN IMPORTED INSECT. BY DR. C. V. RILEY, WASHINGTON, D. C. As the readers of the Canap1an EnToMmo.Locis? are aware Dr. H. A. Hagen has argued at length to the effect that the Hessian Fly was, first, not imported by the Hessian troops ; second/y, that it was not imported from Europe at all, and that it is an indigenous North American insect. In the Third Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission, Dr. Packard has an extended article upon the Hessian Fly, and while he alone is responsible for the general position there taken on this subject, we dis- cussed the matter together, and the views there presented are substan- tially those which I held at the time, as it was Dr. Packard’s desire to arrive at an impartial judgement. The subsequent communication of Dr. Hagen in the Canapian Entomovocisr for May, 1885, seemed, however, positively to set at rest the question of the introduction of the insect by the Hessian troops, as well as of its occurrence in this country prior to the revolution ; because the correspondence which he there published from Mr. H. Phillips, jr., seemed to admit of no further doubt that the first question was settled in the negative, and the second in the affirmative. _ While in Europe last autumn, I found a great deal of interest manifested in the subject of the Hessian Fly in England, on account of its recent introduction there, and, being called upon, I made some statements at one of the meetings of the London Entomological Society, which will be found reported in the Transactions of the Society for October 5, 1887. I take the liberty of quoting therefrom the following passages as indicating my position in the matter: ‘* Prof. Riley said it would extend his observations beyond reasonable limits, to enter into the details on which he based his own conviction, which had been substantially expressed in the full paper by Packard, in the ‘Third Report of the United States Entomological Commission (1883).’ His opinion was that while we might drop the Hessian theory—since Mr. Henry Phillips, jr., as quoted by Hagen (1885), finds mention ofthe ‘ Hessian Fly,’ in the unpublished minutes of the American Philosophical Society for 1768 (a rather astonishing fact, as it antedates the landing of the Hessians !),—and 122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. concede that the insect was introduced some time prior to the revolution ; yet that its introduction aéou¢ that time must be accepted, because Hagen’s arguments to the contrary were not supported by [sufficient] evidence.” : ‘ Prof, Riley further remarked that he had referred to these conflicting views of leading writers as to the original source and time of introduction of the insect into America, not so much to foreshadow the future conflict of opinion on similar points in England, as to bring out this important fact as a warning to hasty generalisers, viz., that the arguments of Wagner, Hagen, etc., against its introduction into America, were — inherently weak from the biologicside. They are based on the average or normal period of summer development of about seven weeks from egg to adult, and zgnore the impor- tant bearing of exceptional retardation in development whereby the puparia of one summer remain latent and only give forth the fites in the spring or early summer of the ensuing year, This fact, recognized by Harris (1852), Prof. Riley said he had evidence of in America in garnered straw, and it was proved by Wagner himself to have occurred in Germany in field stubble. It was more apt to occur, however, in straw kept dry and packed than in stubble or exposed straw, and is in keeping with many other similar cases of retarded development in insects, some remarkable instances of which he called attention to before the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1881, It destroyed Hagen’s main argument, rendered the introduction of the species possible at almost any season, and made its introduction to America by the Hessians, who left Portsmouth, April 7th, and landed June 3rd, 1777, on Staten Island, quite probable and plausible from biologic grounds.” For the purpose of the present communication, it is not necessary to go into the other arguments which Hagen has.brought forward to relieve the Hessians of whatever onus attaches to their accidental introduction of this insect: the more important are, (1) that there was no Hessian Fly in Germany at the time, and (2) that the Hessian troops did not carry straw from regions in which it did occur. At this late day it would be folly to attach too much importance to these negative deductions, where there are so many possibilities of their both being erroneous in fact. The evidence as to the introduction and spread of the insect in this country is of a so much more clear and positive nature that it offsets such nega tive deductions. With the exception of Mr. Phillips’s positive statements, there is only one other recorded statement that would seem to indicate that the Hessian Fly was known in the United States prior to the land- ing of Hessian troops. This is a statement quoted by Fitch, of Judge Hicock, of Lansingburg, N. Y., who says (Memoirs of Bd., of Agr., 11, p. 169) that a farmer named Jas. Brookins had informed him (Hicock),. that upon his first hearing of the alarm upon Long Island, in the year 1786, he (Brookins) detected the same insect in the wheat growing on: his farm in Lansingburg. Fitch remarks in parenthesis, “doubtless 1776 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Za is intended here,” evidently on the assumption that Brookins’s first hear- ing of the alarm on Long Island was coincident with the first alarm—an assumption by no means necessary, and one which only complicates the matter. If we grant Mr Brookins’s statement to be reliable, there would be nothing remarkable in it as an observation of 1786. But whether for 1776 or 1786 it were folly to overthrow prevailing record and belief by one such unverified statement as this, where the chances are so great of inaccuracy from mere hearsay, and Fitch was justified in stating the strong probability that it was some other insect which was found by Col. Brookins. Mr. Phillips’s statements, as the readers of the CanapriaAN ENTOMO- LOGIST are aware, are of a very different character. In response to Hagen’s inquiries, made to Prof. J. P. Lesley, Mr. Phillips wrote as follows : £ ** At the request of Prof. Lesley, I have examined our old minutes in reference to the Hessian Fly, and append on next page the results of my search. I know fositively that before the revolution our newspapers were full of communications in reference to the Flessian Fly eo xomine. I cannot call to mind any one paper, but I remember perfectly frequently seeing these articles when reading for other purposes. I cannot find that the committee ever reported.” The following are the extracts from the minutes as furnished by Mr. Phillips : . 1768, May 18. Com. on Husbandry to consider whether any method can be fallen upon for preventing the damage done to wheat by the Hessian Fly. [N. B.—Mr. DuHamel has written on the subject. ] 1768, June 21. Papers on the Hessian Fly read by Dr. Bond, ordered to be pub- lished. See No. 4, original papers. 1768, Oct. 18. Col. Landon Carter, Sabine Hill, Va., observations on the Fly Weevil destructive to wheat ; ordered to be published. [Is published;in Vol. 1. of the Transactions of the Society. Cf. Harris, Injur. Ins., pp. 502. Dr. H. A. H.] And upon being again questioned by Dr. Hagen as to the possibility of error Mr. Phillips writes : **y. 1768 is not anerror. It occurs in the proper place in the old M.S. Vol., and there can be o doubt about the fact. Svmzliter the words Hessian Fly. ‘© The term came in use in Pennsylvania from the early German immigrants long before the revolution. I am sure the term occurs in our Pennsylvania gazettes long prior to that period. ‘©2. Cannot say if that paper (of Bond) was ever published. Possibly in some gazette pro bono publico. There is no clerical error as to the date and name.” Since this correspondence was published by Dr. Hagen in the Can- _ ADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, the early minutes of the American Philosophical 124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Society have been published, and the published volume confirms the above 3 statements of Mr. Phillips, as in the minutes for May 18, and June a" 1768, the term Hessian Fly was printed. | The evidence against the introduction of the Hessian Fly, and even its introduction by Hessians is so easily set aside, and so weak as com- pared with the positive evidence of such introduction, that I have long wondered at the records of these meetings, and thought that there must be some error. Only recently, however, did I have the opportunity of personally referring to and examining these early minutes in the original. I felt an interest in doing so, because I thought it barely possible to show that they were transcripts from earlier rough minutes, and made sub- sequent to the revolution, when the term Hessian Fly, then familiar, was inadvertently added by the transcriber. I was therefore much amazed to find that there is really no mention of the Hessian Fly in these old minutes, until the year 1791. I take the liberty of reproducing verbatim et literatim the records as they really occur of the three meetings in- 1768, quoted by Mr. Phillips in Dr. Hagen’s communication : . May 18th, 1768.—‘‘ It was recommended to the Committee of Husbandry, &e., to meet on Tuesday, 31st of this month, at the college to consider whether any method can be fallen on for preventing the damage done to wheat by what is called the fly. N.B.. Monsieur du Hamel has written on this subject.” June 21st, 1768.—‘* The Committee for Husbandry report that they had cobtened: ye affair of destroying the Fly in wheat, and that Dr. Bond had laid before them a paper containing many useful observations on that subject, which Dr. Bond was requested to read before ye Society. The Society having heard and approved of ye paper request him to prepare it for ye Press, that it may be communicated to ye public without loss of time.” Nov. 15, 1768, —‘* Colonel Lee transmitted to the Society the ingenious and accurate observation of Colonel Landon Carter, of Sabine-Hall, in Virginia, concerning the jly- weavil that destroys the wheat, The Society acknowledge themselves under great obligations to Col. Carter for communication of the conclusions he has formed (on long experience) concerning that insect’s propagation and progress, and the methods to be used to prevent the destruction of the wheat by it, and order it to be printed for the public benefit.” It will be seen that in all three “the fly,” “the fly in wheat” and “the fly-weavil” are the terms used, and it is susceptible of positive proof that all these popular terms applied then, as they sometimes do yet, to entirely different insects, viz., the grain-weavils, Sitophi/us granaria and S. oryze, and the Angoumois grain-moth, Ge/echia cerealella. Now the minutes, as published, are avowedly abstracted from the original Ras il SRN ek — OE OO ee” oe Te ae EPA, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 minutes by Prof. Lesley, and not full, while the copies of Mr. Phillips neither agree with the originals nor with the published abstracts, while in one case, as may be seen, he has changed Nov. 15, to Oct. 18. I can readily understand how Prof. Lesley inadvertently used the term Hessian Fly in abstracting from the minutes, if indeed he did so; but it is more _ difficult to explain Mr. Phillips’s positive statement after Dr. Hagen’s specific questioning. Mr. Phillips was unable to explain to me how he came to make the error, and just as unable to give me any definite reference that will justify his very positive recollections of having seen the term ** Hessian Fly” co nomine in pre-revolutionary literature. When the state- ment of ocular evidence turns out to be so incorrect we cannot attach any importance to his memory, even where so confidently asserted. With the final disposition of this strongest blow to the general belief that has prevailed for a century among both husbandmen and entomologists, I feel that we must not only accept the general verdict and tradition as correct that the insect was introduced about the time of the revolution, but that there is no very convincing or valid reason for rejecting the other common belief that it was imported by the Hessian troops. The recorded history of the period does not necessarily include all possible, or even probable facts in relation to the limits of distribution of the insect in Europe, or of the sources from which infested straw may have been derived by the Hessians. In what I have said above I have spoken of the gewera/ belief and arguments in favor of the introduction of the Hessian Fly to this country, because I am quite aware that others besides Dr. Hagen have argued for its indigenous nature ; but none of them have perused the question with such single perseverance, and such bibliographical zeal and erudition. He, in fact, deserves our thanks for having brought together so large a body of bibliographical data, because I think it has been the means of confirming not his own conclusions, but the opinion arrived at by Fitch and others. While in London last autumn I took the trouble to look up and read over the voluminous letters and reports, of which Dr. Hagen has published a list, contained in “ the proceedings of His Majesty’s most Honorable Council, and information respecting an insect supposed to infest the wheat in the Territories of America.” I was thus enabled to verify the accuracy of the list furnished Dr. Hagen by Prof. Nichols. I was fortunate enough to 126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. secure a copy of the ‘* Annals of Agriculture,” published by Arthur Young, Vol. 11, 1789, pages 406 to 613, of which are devoted to these papers. The title in this volume differs only from that given by Dr. Hagen, in having the word “ Privy” before ‘“‘Council,” and the contents of the volume from the table of titles given by Dr. Hagen, only in that his Nos. three and seven “ Orders of the Council” are omitted in the Annals. The original paper is a quarto volume, and fills in the octavo Annals nearly 208 pages, which will account for the discrepancy in the, space. occupied by each article, the articles in the Annals not being numbered, I refer to these old papers because they are most interesting as exempli- fying the fact, that the late confounding of such terms as “‘ Fly-weavil” for “ Hessian Fly” in the minutes of the American Philosophical Society, which has made such a difference in the historic facts, had its counterpart at that time. The more important papers consist of a letter (1788) by P. Bond, Consul at Philadelphia, to the Right Honorable Marquis of Car- marthen, about the injury of the ‘‘ Hessian Fly” in the Middle States, — ’ and supposing that the eggs are laid in the grain, as “ seed wheat steeped in a preparation of elder juice effectually securesa crop.” Bond probably referred to the true Hessian Fly, but his letter is followed by one from Sir Jos. Banks, President of the Royal Society, to the Marquis of Carmarthen, | in which Banks calls the insect “the Flying Weavil,” describes the adult as a minute moth, likens it to the clothes moth, states how the eggs are laid upon the grains of wheat and produce a diminutive caterpillar ; in fact refers to the Angoumois grain-moth. There is a large subsequent cor- respondence, and finally Banks recogizes his first mistake and collects a good deal of information about both Gelechia cerealella and the true Hessian Fly, the latter derived from Dr. Mitchell. Pages 465 and 471 are occupied by an excellent article by Col. Geo. | Morgan, of New Jersey, to Sir John Temple, Consul General for Great Britain at New York, which gives a good account of the spread of the Hessian Fly and its origin, states that the name was given by him and a friend early after its first appearance on Long Island, and then treats of the ‘“ Virginia Wheat-fly,” and also of the “ Chintz Bug-fly.” It is worthy of note that these papers are preceded in Young’s Annals by ‘an anony- mous article entitled, ‘‘On the Hessian Fly, whose depredations have been very mischevious in America,” in which the author recognizes and describes the work of C. destructor, describes its annual spread from the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 727 q _ points of introduction, and remarks that it must not be confounded with the “ Virginia Wheat-fly” (cereale/la). The reading of all these papers simply confirms the conclusions which I have expressed in this communi- cation. _. Washington, D. C., May 22nd, 1888. 4 P. S.—In the above communication I have stated merely the facts of a the case without any attempt at explaining away Mr. Phillips’s misleading statements. ‘The receipt, since the article was written, of the latest part (No. 127) of the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, bringing them down to the meeting of May es last, induces me to add this postscriptum. # I spent the evening of May 3rd very delightfully with Dr. G. H. Horn, _ who, as one of the secretaries of the American Philosophical Society, was interested in my intended investigation of the old minutes ; in fact Dr. Horn informed me that Mr. Phillips, knowing that he (Horn) was about to visit Dr. Hagen on his way to Europe, had but a short time before charged him to tell Dr. Hagen, that the latter might feel quite certain of the accuracy of his (Phillips’s) statements. Ihave already indicated my surprise at finding them unverified, and shown how Mr. Phillips was unable to give me any explanation of his mistake. .- There was to be an exceptionally interesting meeting of the Society that evening, and I purposely remained in Philadelphia to attend it, and took occasion to call attention to the error in the old minutes above set forth. Mr. Phillips, following my remarks, threw all the blame for the published error on Prof. Lesley who was absent in Europe at the time ; and, having in mind his (Phillips’s) communications to Hagen, this conduct struck me as not very magnanimous. I deemed the correction of this error of sufficient importance to go on record, and handed to the Secretary for incorporation in the minutes a brief abstract of my remarks. Judge of my surprise therefore to find the whole matter passed by in the published minutes of that meeting of May 4th last, by the statement of the Secretary that ‘Prof. C. V. Riley referred to a possible error of transcription in the Volume of Early Proceedings (No. 119), on pages 14 and 15, as to the word Hessian Fly” (!!) Mr. Phillips’s conduct in this particular is as remarkable as his correspondence with Dr. Hagen, and I call attention to it that it may no longer obscure the facts of history. 128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ON DIADEMA MISIPPUS, Linn, IN FLORIDA. BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. About the middle of last November Miss Annie M. Wittfeld, whose untimely death I have spoken of elsewhere, wrote me that she had taken a butterfly of a species which she had never seen before, while it was laying eggs on purslane. She confined the butterfly with the plant and obtained 74 eggs. It was like a Danais, she said, but the caterpillars were like a Vanessan. I wrote her it probably was J/zsippus, a single male of which Dr. Wittfeld had taken several years before. The female of this species is entirely unlike the male in colour and markings, and really imitates a pale Danais. Meanwhile eggs and larve at every moult were put in alcohol for me, and after my letter was received Miss Witt- feld inflated two mature larve, and with all these stages sent me living pap, so that I shall be able to illustrate the history of this curious butterfly. This was the last thing Miss Wittfeld did for me, and is an _example of the intelligent and painstaking work she was accustomed to. Misippus is a common species in south-eastern Asia, in Australia, Africa, in parts of South America, and is found in some of the West India Islands. Drury figured the male, and gave New York as one of the localities, but, except these few Florida examples, I know nothing of the | a occurrence of the species within the United States. As the food plant is everywhere one of the commonest of weeds, it is not improbable that from Florida MWisifpus may spread northward. In Papilio 1, p. 30, I mentioned the capture of the male spoken of under the name JD. Bodina, Linn. So/ina is an allied but distinct species. The one taken in Florida is Misippus. SOME NEW NOCTUID&. BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY, Agrotis agilis, Nn. S. Two males in good condition received from Mr, James F iether from Vancouver, belong to a decidely different species from my semiclarata, Essay, Plate 1, Fig 9, though allied, as also to Californian gravis, and our Eastern venerabilis. Antenne brush-like. Gray, with a brown tinge. Lines obliterate. Fore wings yellowish gray fuscous, brownish, with a red aot ee Roca ae to ae ee Te Pi le SBE ae hata ada 8 ate ee ata eee ee oa eee ly eae eee aid ee Kl eae aaa ow) Sides eS Soa Chel one AY aE ine STs ee ae iy a Roe ee y 3 : RRO ape Sota W's ent ale ep seem Nn Nt dint Mae ae THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 tinge along costa, this color obtaining before the s. t. line before apices. _.A distinct velvety black basal streak, absorbing the claviform spot and ex-. tending below median vein from base to the faint yellowish brown median shade line. Cell filled in with velvety black on which the complete, rounded, orbicular rests, a little pointed outwardly. Reniform moderate, subequal, transverse, of the normal shape, surrounded almost completely by the cellular black filling. Some black scales along costa marking the incep- tion of the transverse lines, which are here filled in with white, under the glass. The red brown shade obtaining before apices, shows three pale ante-apical costal dots. The s. t. line is marked by cuneiform, dark, sub- equal shades and followed by a white shade more determinate at costa. Terminal space narrow, darker than the wing. Hind wings rather uniformly pale fuscous ; beneath with an outer shade line and costal border, paler than fore wings beneath, with a thick cellular spot and somewhat whitish at base and inferiorly. Fore wings smoky fuscous, with faint outer transverse shades. On fore wings above, the pale shade is more or less noticeable outside s. t. line at the apex of the wing. Head and collar ochre brown. The collar shows a double black superior line enclosing a reddish shade ; the upper black line edged outwardly with white scales. Tegulae whitish, pale ; abdomen fuscous; anal hairs ochery. Hxpanse 30-32 mil. Agrotis hospitalis Gr., Can. Ent. xiv., 184. This species is allied to Baja by the black cae inaugurating s. t. line, but otherwise it is quite close to Perconflua. I think that I am hasty in considering it a variety of the latter species, but the pattern is much the same, although the lines are marked in black in Aospitalis, and the color of primaries is a more uniform and darker brown, approaching Baza. At any rate this species must be catalogued with Conjflua, Perconflua and Hilliana. In Papilio iii., 29, my late lamented correspondent, Mr. W. W. Hill, records the capture of two specimens of Hosfita/is in the Adirondack region in July. On avery close comparison with Perconfiua, taken by the same Entomologist at Centre, N. Y., in August, the shape of the t. p. line is seen to differ from that species. In Hosfitalis it slopes away down- wardly and outwardly from costa much more obliquely ; it is less upright, more outwardly exserted or bent. The species are alike in size, in color of hind wings and in the paler front and palpal tips, contrasting with the 130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS’. darker sides of the face and palpi. There will be nothing gained in throwing these forms together, and they must be bred to decide. The’ character of the t. p. line escaped me until recently, and oa mite ultimate distinctness of ar es . Xylomiges Fletcheri, n. s. The species sent me from Vancouver, by my kind correspondent Mr, James Fletcher, is apparently allied to the forms described by myself from California, under Xy/omiges, such as hiemalis and curialis; a specimen of. X. crucialis Harv. is also before me from Vancouver. Fletcheri differs by the more compact shape, the pale fuscous hind wings with darker stained veins. ‘The eyes are hairy, the body untufted, and the color is a stone gray overlaid with whitish, so that the moth approaches Anytus sculptus in color. The costa is straight, the wings rather short and full outwardly, with pronounced apices, reminding one a little of Cloantha. _ To the eye the wings appear of a rather light stone gray, but under the glass the whole base of the wing is seen to be overlaid by white scales, as also the coalesced large stigmata, which are outlined in black, completely fused inferiorly, forming an irregular V; the inner limb of this, the obicular is outwardly oblique ; the outer, the reniform, is upright, sinuate on its outer edge. The white scales appear again over the terminal portion of the wing. The lines are black, fragmentary, marked by different shades on costa. A fine black basal ray. The median lines are waved and inferiorly approach each other, narrowing greatly the median space below the cell; the concolorous claviform spot, also outlined by black scales, joins the median lines on submedian fold, although moderate in size. ‘The subterminal line is fragmentary, black, appearing between the veins. Head and thorax fuscous gray, a little darker than fore wings, unlined ; tegulz shaded with whitish ; at the sides with a black edging. Abdomen dusky gray. Beneath the primaries are clouded fuscous ; the secondaries paler than above with a neat dot and an extra mesial line accentuated on the veins. Antennz of the male simple; smaller and shorter-winged than the other species described by me. Zxpanse 30 mil. Orthosia hamifera n. sp. This species has been sent me from California, by my kind friend Mr. James Behrens. It is allied to purpurea, but larger. The male antennz are brush-like, female simple. The fore wings are pointed at apices ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131 _ the exterior margin somewhat sickle-shaped ; the eyes are naked ; the tibiz unarmed. Head, thorax and fore wings brownish wine-red ; the thoracic hairs show a tipping of white scales under the glass, All the markings obliterate, so that the insect in color and appearance reminds one of Perigrapha transparens. The markings are indicated by blackish scales. Reniform marked by an upper and lower blackish clouding, moderate, upright, finely ringed with pale. Orbicular more faintly marked, a little oblique, approximate, also finely ringed with pale. The median shade crosses the wing. Lines not discernible ; under the glass the s. t. line is seen to be marked by double black points on the veins. Fringes more clearly red on both wings ; secondaries without marks, somewhat eyenly fuscous ; beneath paler, with traces of the reniform on primaries ; secondaries with a dot. This is larger than crisfa; varying in depth of ted, the female the darker. Three specimens. The insect looks like Gortyna nebris a little, except in its red color. Expanse 35 mil. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CHIONOBAS JUTTA. BY REV, THOMAS W. FYLES, SOUTH QUEBEC. Eggs laid June 17th., scattered, hatched July rst. _ Ecc.—Creamy white: one-twenty-fourth of an inch in diameter ; shaped like a nutmeg-melon ; marked longitudinally with zig-zag ridges ; attached by short foot-stalk. | New.y Harcuep Larva.—One-eighth of an inch long. Head large in proportion to body, honey-yellow, granulated. Body attenuated and ending in two pointed prolongations; pale amber, set with brown tubercles bearing light spines. Dorsal and side lines darker amber. Spiracles dark brown. Head and fore legs bearing a few bristles. The insect feeds with its head downwards on the edge of the leaf. Its food plant is the sedge, Carex oligosperma. The first moult occurred July 6th. The skin was ruptured under the head. Larva After First Moult.—Length one-fourth of an inch. Colour a * delicate shade of pea-green; dorsal, sub-dorsal and side lines a pale warm 132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. brown; spiracles black. A few small black warts on the body. Head honey-yellow. home Moulted July 3oth. : fi Larva After Second Moult.—Length three-quarters of an inch. Colour grey; dorsal and sub-dorsal lines amber, the dorsal having twelve blotches of a darker shade; side lines dark brown. Under the side line comes a spiracular line of grey, and then a brown line touching the legs. Head large, amber coloured ; thickly indented like a thimble, and marked with four longitudinal rows of brown dots. Under the microscope the body is seen to be thickly set with elongated amber-coloured warts—the brown warts having disappeared, In feeding the insect has changed its posture, carrying its head up- wards and cutting through the blade till the top falls off; then eating across, always working from the near edge, systematically Wiebe - the blade and lowering itself when necessary. tog, Moulted Aug. 14th. Inert and sickly-looking before the bana Larva After Third Moult.—Length nine-tenths of an inch. General colour grey ; thickly covered with light brown hairs. Spiracular line whitish. Spiracles kidney-shaped, chocolate-coloured with a yellowish white perpendicular line through the centre. Dorsal line represented by twelve brown spots ; sub-dorsal lines very faint. Head large, ne five warty dark brown spots on each side. . Mandibles brown. Moulted Sept. tst. Larva After Fourth Moult.—Length one inch and five-sixteenths of an inch. Head pale brown, indented, set with reddish hairs, and having six longitudinal rows of dark brown dots, also on either side five dark warts. Mandibles brown ; general colour of the body pale green, thickly set with reddish hairs. Dorsal line dark green, bearing the twelve oblong brown spots, Pale sub-dorsal lines, and dark green side lines bordered below with a pale streak. Spiracles dark brown. Caudal fork has a slight rosy tinge. Fore legs colour of head. I left home for England on the 4th of October, having. provide a sufficiency of growing sedge, embedded in sphagnum, for the use of Jutta. IJreturned in February, and found the larvee fresh and plump, but quite torpid. They had undergone the 5th moult (probably in October), On the 6th of April they revived, ‘ . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 138 Marure Larva arrer Hisernation.—Length one inch and a i ‘quarter. Body pale pea-green, set with light brown hairs. Legs of the same hue of green. Head green with six rows of brown dots ; indented. _-Twelve greenish-brown spots along the back; side-lines dark brown ; _ spiracles black. q After their revival the larve ate little, if anything. They pupated E April-arst. - Curysatis.—Length five-eighths of an inch; greatest breadth one- fourth of an inch. Head-case amber-coloured, with a brown dash on either _ side. Wing-cases pea-green, outlined and streaked with brown. Thorax prominent, abdomen conical, in colour pale yellowish green, with dorsal line of darker green and numerous longitudinal rows of brown dots. Extremity of abdomen rosy. The perfect insect appears in this locality from May 31st to June 15th. PARASITES ON DANAIS ARCHIPPUS AND ANTHOMYIA RAPHANI. : BY C. P. GILLETTE, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH, I am not aware that any parasites have ever been reported as attacking the larvee of Danais archippus or the maggots of Anthomyia raphani. _ However that may be, it will be of interest to the readers of the Enrto- moLocist to know that last fall I obtained from a single chrysalis of D. archippus over fifty specimens of a new species of Preromalus. The parasites came forth September 13, the chrysalis having been brought into the laboratory a few days before, and inclosed with a bell-jar. Speci- mens were sent to Mr. L. O. Howard, who has since described the species and given it the name of Preromalus archippi. _ The parasites from A. raphani belong to the genus Zucoi/a, and are probably a new species also. A large number of pupz and full-grown _ maggots of A. raphani were put in a jar containing earth, from which ‘the flies began to come forth June 9. The jar remained covered with gauze until September 2, when the parasites began to > id and in a few days eight specimens were obtained. In connection with the latter parasite it may be well to note the fact ‘that a red garden mite, a species of Zrombidium, did excellent service 134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. last summer in the College gardén by feeding greedily upon the eggs of Anthomyia brassice. It was not uncommon to find nearly a half tea- spoonful of empty egg shells about the stems of the plants, and in such cases a number of the mites were always to be found just below the surface near the plant. ) For experiment’s sake three of these mites were kept ina jar of moist earth for a time, and fed each day upon fresh eggs, when it was found by actual count that they would suck, on an average, twenty-eight eggs each and every day. Many of the plants did well and produced fine heads, that I am certain would have withered and died had not these mites devoured enormous numbers of the Anthomyta eggs. DESCRIETIONS OF SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK. Datana integerrima, Gr. & Rob. Berore Lasr Moutt.--Head and cervical shield shining jet black. Body deep reddish brown, with three very fine, narrow, sordid white stripes along each side, and a broader one below the spiracles, which are black, and another stripe along the middle of the venter. Thoracic feet, extremities of abdominal legs and anal legs jet black, tee The boay is also covered with sordid white hairs, Length 32mm. = Mature Larva.—Body wholly jet black, and covered with very long floss-like, sordid white hairs, becoming yellowish as the larva undergoes — its changes tothe pupa. Thoracic feet black, shining. Abdominal legs black outside and reddish-brown on the inner side. Length 55 mm. Lives together in large companies on walnut ( /uglans), hickory (Carya), beech (Fagus ), and also on oak ( Quercus), but very rarely, — In several individuals of the brood of this species, in the last stage, there are visible a sub-dorsal, ill-defined, white, longitudinal stripe, and a rather broad wavy lateral stripe below the spiracles, and sometimes there is also a white.stripe along the middle of the underside. In all else resembling the typical form. he Baby Datana contracta, Walk. : Berore Lasr Moutt.—Head and cervical shield jet black, shining. Body black, with four equidistant sordid white stripes along each side, q 4 oS m f THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135 being as wide as the intervening spaces, except the dorsal space which is the widest. Body beneath concolorous to the above, with three longitu- dinal stripes, and the intervening spaces much broader. On each of the 4, 5, 10 and 11 segments two reddish brown patches. Thoracic feet and claspers of the abdominal legs jet black, with their bases reddish brown. _ The body is also sparsely covered wath sordid white hairs. Length about 30 mm, 4 Mature Larva.—The cervical shield now becomes orange yellow, “4 and the stripes creamy white. Otherwise as in the previous stage. Length 55 mm. = — Foon Piants.—Oak ( Quercus), chestnut ( Castania ), hickory (Carya). ' Datana Angusti, Gr. & Rob. Head and cervical shield jet black, shiny. Body black, with four very narrow, pale yellow stripes along each side, all being much narrower than the intervening. On the underside three pale yellow stripes. One along the middle, which is the broadest, and one on each side being broken by the legs; the intervening spaces are much wider than those above. Thoracic feet black. Abdominal legs reddish, with the extremities jet black. On the 4, 5, Io and 11 segments two reddish patches. Body with sparsely distributed sordid white hairs. Length 55 mm. _. Foop Piants.—Hickory (Carya) and walnut (/ugdans ). ‘The following synoptical table may serve in determining the larvz of the genus Datana. ‘The larve of D. robusta, Strk., and D. major, G. & R., are unknown to science:— STRIPES NARROWER THAN THE INTERVENING SPACES. Body black, stripes sulphur yellow. . ay Pues ew ce ad enistra. Body black, stripes citron yellow, Sonidaess posteriorly. ...Drexelit, Body black, stripes very fine, pale yellow.. Vik he vs « 5 ANgUStE, Meme eee, Ses Absent... aise eres eee he 5 aie STRIPES AS WIDE OR WIDER THAN THE INTERVENING SPACES. Body black or red, stripes bright lemon yellow-........... .. Perspicua. Suen Diack, Stripes ereamy WhItG i ee. i at Contracta. Body black, stripes yellowish, head and anal plates red.... .. Floridana. 136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Hadena turbulenta, Hib. : any Head jet black, shining; mouth parts sordid white. Body above jet black, with a number of fine longitudinal stripes, beginning at the anterior portion of the second segment and running to the end of the tenth segment; last segments black, with a number of white spots. Cervical shield velvety black, with a few semilunate spots on the anterior portion, and posteriorly margined with white. Body at the sides and beneath dull amber yellow.. Along the sides are three white stripes; the two below the stigmata run from theanterior portion of the first segment tothe last segment, while the remaining stripe runs the same as those above. Thoracic feet black, shining. Abdominal and anal legs dull amber yellow, with a brownish patch, followed by a white one, on the outerside. All the stripes on the black portion of the body are connected in pairs by a fine trans- verse stripe at the posterior extremity. Lives socially on catbriar (Smilax). September. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE A.A. AS. We are requested to announce that the next meeting of the Club will be held at Cleveland, Ohio, in the High School Building, beginning at g a.m., on Wednesday, the 15th of August. This date isa week earlier than that at first decided upon for the meeting of the A.A. A.S. As this location is central and convenient alike for both United States and Ontario Entomologists, it is expected that there will be a large attendance, and an interesting and enthusiastic meeting. All entomologists are requested to come prepared to aid in the matter; those who desire to present papers should send to the Secretary, Prof. A. J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich., the subject they propose to discuss in order that it may be announced in the programme. CORRESPONDENCE. DANAIS ARCHIPPUS. Dear Sir: I wish to enquire through your columns wheties any progress has been made lately in explanation of the migratory habit of Danais archippus. The last information I have got on the subject being from the vividly descriptive pen of Dr. John Hamilton (CAN. ENT., Vol, xvii, No. 11), who showed clearly, that, up to that time, the factsand Re Oe ee ee ee ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137 the theories had failed to agree. Several causes have combined recently to turn my attention to the subject, notably a question from Mr. W. H, Edwards, as to its time of ovipositing here, which I could answer only in the most general terms. Ihave always regarded it as a misfortune that Mr. Roland Thaxter, in his account of what he saw in Florida (Cay, Ent., Vol. xii, No. 2), did not give the month or months in which his observations were made; it might have assisted us much in forming an opinion as to whether they were flocks from the north come for the pur- pose of going into hibernation or not, although the fact of some of them pairing is decidedly against the idea that these, at all events, intended to hibernate. They make their appearance here about the latter part of May, according as the season favors; the first ones are restless and energetic, like males looking for mates; not in the least broken or damaged ; not so rich and bright in color as fall specimens, but fairly good withal. Ina week orso they become more plentiful, and begin to mate, and for a time are scarcely seen but in pairs. Shortly after eggs may be found on the flower clusters of the milk-weed, which is not yet in bloom. They never seem to entirely disappear till fall, fresh hatched specimens mingling with the old battered ones of the early season. Their conduct in spring is quite in harmony with that of species which hatch from the chrysalis here. If they hibernated in this locality I should expect them to put in an appearance a good deal earlier than they do. I regard it as a particularly interesting creature in every respect ; although so common, it is never “ vulgar,” never in a hurry ; it has the easy grace of the leisurely class, I have.thought that one who has seen it only in an open country can form but an inadequate conception of the diversity ofits movements on the wing. To see one on a bright summer day, when a stiff breeze is blowing, disport itself about the wide-spreading top of a high tree, is a choice pleasure. It seems to fairly revel with delight in a gale ; now it rolls and tosses and heaves, always heading against the wind ; now it spreads its sails to the breeze, and is hurried violently backward and upward ; again it furls them, and, slowly descending and advancing, it describes a variety of the most charmingly graceful curves and waves and undulations imaginable ; a thing of beauty to look at, and a joy to think of forever after. - Attempts have been made to attach to it common names. I have thought, when watching one at such a time, that _ “the storm king” would be very appropriate, and quite befitting its regal 138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. character. In my former scrap on this insect, an error in punctuation occurs, which makes it rather confusing. The “ at least every other day ” there refers to my visiting the woods, not to the movements of the butterflies. I have but little of personal observations to add to it, having seen but one small gathering’ since. A stream of Archifpus from the side of a wood attracted my attention. I entered to watch it go. There was nothing of the listless attitude of my former observations in this group. There was a general uneasiness pervading the whole flock, rather difficult to describe. It did not come from a working of the wings, but of the feet, as if the foothold was not good, and they were trying to secure a better, which produced a rocking motion, whilst con- tinuously throughout the swarm one and another was dropping off to make for the edge of the woods and join in the grand procession. J. Atston Morratt, Hamilton, Ont. THE CLOVER-ROOT BORER, HYLASTES TRIFOLII, MULLER Dear Sir :-—As far as I know, this insect has not been mentioned in the Entomologist as occuring in Ontario. The beetle bas appeared in this locality, and is doing incalculable damage to the clover fields. At the time of writing this, the beetles, which have hibernated in the root during the winter, have not all left their retreats, and may be counted by the dozen in roots badly infested. No doubt the insect has been working in our midst for some time, and at present fully three-fourths of the red clover, Trifolium pratense, is dead or dying from the injury caused to the root. The damage has not been all occasioned by the larve during the past season, for I found the perfect beetle driving channels in various directions. through the roots during May and the early part of June. My observations correspond so well with the description given by Mr. W. Saunders in the annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1881, page 43, that I need only refer the reader to his paper. June 9g, 1888. J. Wuite, Edmonton, Ont. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139 Dear Sir: Mr. Brehme, in his article on “The Early Stages of _ Arzama Obliquata,” after stating its manner of feeding in the reed, says, *‘It then returns to the top and forms its pupa there.” I would remark that that is not its invariable habit in nature, for I have found the chrysalis in early spring beneath the bark of a decaying stump, corresponding in that respect with Diffusa, and in some instances quite a distance away from the marsh where the reeds grow. From Mr. Brehme’s dates it would appear to be double brooded with him. J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont. ee ae are On ee nape Bi Sook Salsas atk bac aa nh aa ON BOLINA FASCIOLARIS, HUBN. Dear Sir: In the pages of the Can. Ent. I showed that Mr. Morrison’s statement, that we had re-described Bolina fasciolaris Hiibn., _ was an error, based upon a mistaken identification of Hiibner’s species. That my determination was correct, is proved by a letter of Mr. Butler’s, _ published in Extomologica Americana, vol. iv., p. 13, where a specimen of a the true 2. fasciolaris, as determined by myself, is alluded to from my col- _ lection. This specimen came to meas from “ Mexico.” Tomy knowledge — BZ. Jasciolaris does not occur in our limits, but not improbably it may be found in the south-west. Mr. Butler thinks that it is highly probable that B. ochreipennis Harvey is the male of B. nigrescens G. & R., and thus repeats the suggestion already made by myself. The species will be known as wigrescens, this name being much the older. The genus Bo/ina of Duponchel is, in my opinion, incorrectly used, and our species should be referred to Me/ifotis of Hiibner, as I have done in my Check List, where ochreipennis is doubtfully referred to as the male of the preceding species, nigrescens G. &. R. (p. 39, No. 1145). The sexual distinction in ornamentation in Je/zpotis is peculiar and interesting. A. R. GROTE. CHANGE OF ADpRESS.—Mr. C. H. T. Townsend requests us to state that he has left the Adjutant-General’s Office, War Department, and is now an assistant in the Division of nener: Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, DiC. 140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. |g dS RN NS OBITUARY. Miss Annie M. Wittfeld, only daughter of Dr. Wm. Wittfeld, of Fairyland, Indian River, Florida, died suddenly of rheumatism of the heart on the roth April, aged 23. Fifteen months before—to a day—Dr. Wittfeld had lost his only son by brain fever while down the coast on a boating expedition, and so the stricken parents are desolate. It is about ten years since Miss Annie began to aid me in obtaining eggs and larve of butterflies, and it is mostly owing to her zealous, friendly and intelli- gent assistance that I have been able to learn the history of so many Florida species. Her death is a loss to science. The readers of this magazine will sympathize with Dr. and Mrs, Wittfeld in their bereave- ment. W. H. Epwarps. DEATH OF THE ** YOKOHAMA NATURALIST.” Particulars have been received of the death in Japan, on the 17th of February, of Mr. Harry Pryer, C. M. Z. S., the Yokohama naturalist,- at the early age of thirty-seven. When Mr. Pryer went to Japan in 1870 he was already known as anactive Fellow of the Entomological Society of London. In the intervals of.a busy mercantile career he interested him- self in Japanese natural history, and soon became a recognized authority on the subject. In conjunction with Captain F. Blakiston, he wrote the standard monograph on the birds of Japan, and at the time of his death he was engaged in publishing in English and Japanese an important work on the butterflies of Japan, entitled “‘ Rhopalocera Nihonica.” Mr. Pryer was not only an assiduous collector, but a’ keen observer and a practical investigator, and his researches on the parasites of the silk worm have been of material advantage to the silk culture of Japan. His house and garden were filled with valuable specimens and collections of animals and insects, livmg and dead, and the loss sustained by the European com- munity through his death is shared by the Japanese, who recognize the valuable services he rendered in connection with the establishment and maintenance of the museum at Tokio.—Pal/ Mall Gasette. { ot Che Canadian Entomologist. wor. xx LONDON, AUGUST, 18838. | No. 8 LIST OF THE SPIDERS, MYRIOPODS AND INSECTS OF ~ LABRADOR. BY A. S. PACKARD, PROVIDENCE, R. I. * A list of all the known species of terrestrial Arthropods of the Labrador coast may prove convenient as a starting point for future investigations. Hence I have, besides enumerating the species of other groups, revised the lists of Lepidoptera—Mr. Scudder kindly contributing the list of butterflies. For changes in the names of the Tortricidz I am indebted to Prof, C. H. Fernald’s excellent catalogue of the-Tortricidz of the United States. ARACHNIDA, The spiders which I collected at various points on the coast were sent to Prof, T. Thorell, of Upsala,’ for identification and description. Out of ten species collected, seven were new to science. Prof. Thorell’s paper was published in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural His- tory, xvii., April 21, 1875. Epeira patagiata (Clerck). Square Island, Strawberry Harbor. “ Packardit Thor. 2, ‘ Tetragnatha extensa (Linn.) “ ‘6 Linyphia Emertonii ‘Thor. ss ee and near Dumplin Harbor. Clubiona frigidula Thor. x ms Gnaphosa brumalis Thor. Strawberry Harbor. Lycosa Greenlandica Thor. " . “ furcifera Thor. Square Island, and near Dumplin Harbor. ‘© fuscula Thor. Strawberry Harbor. ‘© Labradorensis Thor, Strawberry Harbor and Square Island. Xysticus Labradorensis Keys. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges, Wien., 479, 1887. Ungava Bay (Turner). | MYRIOPODA. Julus sp. Square Island. 142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. INSECTS. Orthoptera. Caloptenus. A Pezzotettix-like species, with short wings. Square Island Odonata. Diplax sp., near rubicundula. Caribou Island. Dragon flies were very rare on the coast, and I saw none north of the Straits of Belle Isle. “schna sp. Caribou Island. Perhaps another species (identified by Dr. P. R. Uhler,) also occurred, and an Aéschna-like form was observed at Tub Island. : Hemiptera. ‘ Teratocoris sp. Deltocephalus debilis Uhler. Hopedale. A few other species of Cercopidz were seen at Caribou Island. Trigonotylus ruficornis Fallen. Hopedale. Corixa sp. Platyptera. Fteronarcys regalis. Okkak. Hopedale. Llectoptera. Potamanthus marginatus Zett. This boreal European May-fly, occurring in Lapland, we have found in abundance in southern Labrador. Ferla sp. Belles Amoures. Chloroperla sp. A small greenish species was observed at Sis aber Harbor. Trichoptera. Desmataulius planifrons Kol. Okkak. Limnophilus subpunctulatus Zett. This Lapland Caddis-fly is the most abundant species in Labrador, and what are probably its cases are common in the pools of fresh water. ‘Three or four other species also occurred, but have not been identified. No genuine Veuroptera or Mecaptera (Panorpide) occurred. COLEOPTERA, Lepyrus colon (Linn.) Cape Chidley (R. Bell). Pissodes ? sp. Hopedale. Coccinella lacustris Lec. Okkak. Leptura sp. Caribou Island. Criocephalus obsoletus Randall. Okkak, RB a5 5 pene at THE CANADIAN’ ENTOMOLOGIST. 143 Argaleus nitens Lec. Near Cape Harrison. Lelephorus fraxini Say. Hopedale. P. levicollis Kirby. Hopedale. Podabrus mandibularis Kirby. Caribou Island. _ Sericosomus incongruus Lec. Square Island. _ anus vagus Lec. Square Island. _£. pictus (Cand.) Horn. (£. maculipennis Lec.) Caribou sland to Square Island. Cryptohypnus bicolor Germ. Belles Amoures, Strawberry Harbor and Indian Harbor. Byrrhus Americanus Lec. . Caribou Island. B. Kirbyi Lec. (B. picipes). Caribou Island. _ Atomaria. Not determined. Caribou Island. Tps sanguinolentus Oliv. Caribou Island. _ Bledius. Not determined. Quedius sublimbatus Mokl. Blanc Sablon (R. Bell). - Tachyporus n. sp. Hopedale. _ Creophilus villosus Gray. Caribou Island. _ Agathidium obsoletum Lec. Squaré Island. Silpha Lapponica Linn. Caribou-Istand to Hopedale. Phithydrus bifidus Lec. Caribou Island. Gyrinus picipes Aubé? Square Island. G. minutus Linn. Square Island. G. affinis Aubé? Square Island. _ Colymbetes picipes Kirby. Caribou Island and Strawberry Harbor. C. binotatus Harris (probably). C. sculptilis Harris. Caribou Island, Square Island, Hopedale. C. nov. sp. Square Island. Agabus parallelus Lec. Square Island. _ A. longulus Lec? Stupart’s Bay (R. Bell). A. ambiguus Lec. (A. infuscatus Aubé). Caribou Island. A. subfasciatus Lec. Caribou Island. _A. semipunctatus (Kirby). Caribou Island. A. levidorsus Lec. Caribou Island. A. punctulatus Aubé. Caribou Island. A. discolor Lec. Indian Harbor. fydroporus catascopium Say. Square Island and Dumplin Harbor. HI. tenebrosus Lec. Caribou Island. 144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. FT. puberulus Lec. Sloop Harbor and Dumplin Harbor. — HT. longicornis. Stupart’s Bay (R. Bell). HT. perplexus Shp. Stupart’s Bay (R. Bell). Trechus micans Lec. Belles Amoures. Latrobus tennis Lec. Square Island. LP. hyperboreus Dejean. Belles Amoures, Straits of Belle Isle, Cape Chidley (R. Bell). fHarpalus herbivagus Say., var. proximus Lec. Square Island. Amara obtusa Lec. Amara, near A. melanogastrica Esch., perhaps A. brunni. A. pennis Dej. Caribou Island. Amara, ‘no name.” Strawberry Harbor, Square Island and Hopedale. A. similis Lec. ( Stereocerus similis Kirby). Caribou Island. A. hematopus Kirby. Sloop Harbor, Hopedale, Okkak (S. Weiz). Pterostichus adstrictus Esch., var. orinomum Kirby. Mecatina ; Gulf St. Lawrence. | Pterostichus hudsonicus Lec. Stupart’s Bay (R. Bell). F?t., species not determined. Hopedale, Sinker Island, off Cape Harri- son (Cape Webuc). Ft. luczottii Dej. Blanc Sablon (R. Bell). | Flatynus sinuatus Dej. Belles Amoures, Straits of Belle Isle. Calathus ingratus Dej. Whole coast. Carabus chamissonis Fischer. Domino Harbor and Okkak, _ LVebria Sahlbergit Fischer. Sloop Harbor, Cape Chidley (R. Bell). Notiophilus Sibiricus Motsch. Domino Harbor, Square Island. DIPTERA, Scatina estotilandica Rondani, Archiv, etc. Canestrini iii., fasc. 1, 35, Labrador. Osten Sacken adds: Mr. Rondani, in the same place, mentions Scatophaga diadema Wiedemann (Montevideo), as having been received from Labrador. Hlelophilus glacialis Loew. Stett. Ent. Zeit. vii., 121. . groenlandicus (OQ. Fabr.) Dolichopus stenhammari Zett. Sloop Harbor, July 19. Therioplectes flavipes Wied. 4 septentrionalis Loew. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., 1858, 593. Tipula tessellata Loew. Cent, iv., 4. Tipula septentrionalis Loew. Cent. iv., 3. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145 _ Amalopsis hyperborea O. Sacken. Monogr. iv., 269. _Dicranomyia halterata O. Sacken. Monog. iv., 71. LEPIDOPTERA. Tinetdae. Glyphipteryx sp. Caribou Island. Tinea fuscipunctella Harv, ( = Gcophora frigidella Pack.) Caribou and Square Islands. (cophora sp. Hopedale. Lncurvaria Labradorella Clem. Caribou Island. Ornix boreasella Clem. Caribou Island. Tinea spilotella Tengstrom. Caribou Island, Square Island, “ Okkak, June.” Christoph. ts Gelechia continuella Zell. Moeschl. (=trimaculella Pack.) Strawberry Harbor. a _ Gelechia labradorica Moeschl. Moravian Stations. “< brumella Clem. Caribou Island. Tortricide. Grapholitha nebulosana Pack. Strawberry Harbor. _ Phoxopteris plagosana (Clem.) Caribou Island and Square Island. | s é tineana Hiibn. (Pandemis leucophalerata Pack.) Hopedale. _ Sericoris bipartitana (Clem.) Caribou Island. Pedisca solicitana (Walk.) (Halonota packardiana Clem.) Caribou Is. Sericoris turfosana H. S. «¢ _glaciana Moeschl. Whole coast ; common. Penthina capreana (Hibn.) " murina Pack. Caribou Island. “ septentrionana Curtis. Sloop and Strawberry Harbors. (Polar regions, Curtis, ) < intermistana (Clem.) (P. tessellana Pack.) Caribou Island to Hopedale. Srigidana Pack. Conchylis deutschiana aetuersteds (Lozopera? fuscostrigana Clem.; C. chalcana Pack.) Sciaphila osseana Scopoli (Ablabia pratana Hiibn.) * moeschleriana (Wrcke). @ niveosana Pack. Moravian Stations, August. 146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Pyralidae. Crambus unistriatellus Pack. Caribou Island. ‘“ argillacetllus Pack. Square Island. _ trichostomus Christoph. Moravian Stations. ‘“« labradorensis Christoph. ‘‘ Okkak, July.” ‘© — albellus Clem. Mouth of Esquimaux river, Aug. 3. sia “ —— inornatellus Clem. Caribou Island, July 15. poke Eudorea centuriella Christoph. © (Pempelia fusca Harv., Eudorea’ ? Srigidella Pack. ) Eudorea? albisinuatella Pack. Okkak. Pyrausta borealis Pack. Square Island. Botys ephippialis Zettst. “© torvalis Moeschl. “« inguinatalis Zell. (Scopula glacialis Pack.) Hopedale. s Phalenide. Eupithecia luteata Pack. Caribou Island, July. . gelidata Moeschl. Moravian Stations. Glaucopteryx caestata (S. V.) Whole coast. br: polata (Dupon.) Whole coast. phocataria Pack. Epirrita dilutata (Borkh.) Moravian Stations. Petrophora truncata (Hufn.) Whole coast. . prunata (Linn.) i Sa ss populata (Linn.) ts us % suspectata Moeschl. Moravian Stations. . Ochyria munitaria Hubn. Caribou Island and var. jabsmdemis Pack. “« abrasaria H. Sch. Caribou Island. | Rheumaptera lugubrata Staud. Whole coast. ‘ postata (Linn.) Whole coast. disceptaria (F. R.) Moravian Stations. Triphosa dubitaria (Linn.) Caribou Island. Semiothisa dispuncta Walk. (Sex-maculata Pack.) Square Island. Anaitis sororaria Hiibn. Moravian Stations. ey Aspilates gilvariaS. V. a if Acidalia sentinaria Hiibn. if « « frigidaria Moeschl. “ ¥ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 Noctuidae. Brephos parthenias (Linn.) Moravian Stations. | Plusia u-aureum Boisd. sh x “ parilis Hiibn. ag i" — divergens Fabr. “ " Anarta funesta (Thunberg). mo " “ melanopa (Thun.) af tf “ — melaleuca (Thun.) . ‘Whole coast. “ vidua Christoph. | af “ _ cordigera (Thun.) “ s “ — algida Lef. ¢ fs ‘¢ lapponica (Thun ) me " “ sthonherri Zett. as “ “ getterstedtit Staud. = ‘ Hadena exulis Lef. : ee +f ‘© exornata Moeschl. " . Pachnobia carnea Thun, 40 = Whole coast. Mamestra arctica Boisd. Whole coast. Dianthoecia subdita Moeschl. Moravian Stations. . phoca Moeschl. “ 4 Agrotis septentrionalis Moeschl. sg Bs “fusca Boisd. os es _ — Wocket Moeschl. a se ‘speciosa Hubn. “ fi “ — comparata Moeschl. a oe ** dissona Moeschl. " as * umbratus Pack. * if conflua Fehr.. " 6 Leucania rufostrigata Pack. Caribou Island. Bombycide. Hepialus labradoriensis Pack. Caribou Island. ‘* hyperboreus Moeschler. Moravian ns Laria Rossit (Curtis) Whole coast. Arctia Quenselii Paykull. Whole coast. _ Llatarctia borealis (Moeschler). Moravian Stations. _ Euprepia caja (Linn.) Whole coast. : 148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. *RHOPALOCERA. Brenthis chariclea (Schneid). “This is the Argynnis boisduvalii of the previous list. A detailed description of the species, drawn up exclu- sively from American material, will be found in the Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., Vol. xvii., p. 297. up Brenthis triclaris (Hiibn.) = Argynnis triclaris of the previous list. A full description will be found as above on p. 294. Brenthis polaris (Boisd.) = Argynnis polaris of the former list. A full description, based entirely on Dr. Packard’s material, will be found as above, p. 303. | Brenthis frigga (Thunb.) = Argynnis frigga of the former list. The single male obtained in Labrador, with specimens from Colorado, taken by Mr. Mead, form the basis of a detailed description in the same place as the preceding, p. 306. Eugonia j-album (Boisd.-Lec.)=Grapta interrogationis of the previous list. This is the worst error in that list, and a case of pure careless- ness in writing. tae, EL. (Eneis jutta Hubn. = Chiondbas jutta of previous list. «bore (Esp.) = Chionobas bore of former list. ‘eno (Boisd) = Chionobas ceno of former list. Agriades aquilo (Boisd.) = Lyczena aquilo of former list. An extended description from Dr. Packard’s material will be found in the Proceed- ings of the Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii, p. 310. Pieris frigida Scudd. I have not re-examined this. 3 Eurymus Labradorensis (Scudd.) This is the Co/ias paleno, as well as the C. Labradorensis of the previous list. The specimen referred to the former being of the same species as the latter. I will not here venture on a discussion as to the validity of the specific name retained here, but as the species was described and figured sufficiently for determination, and is the common form in south-eastern Labrador, it is easily identifiable. The specimens are mostly in my collection and in that of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.—S. H, S, oF me THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 _ Lurymus nastes (Boisd.) = Colias nastes of former list. I have not re- examined specimens, as they are apparently no longer extant. Pamphila comma (Linn) = Hesperia comma of my former list. The single specimen obtained was not examined by me in my study of the species of Pamphila (Memoirs Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii., 341), and is the only specimen I have seen of P. comma from America. It belongs to the var. catena Staud, found in northern Scandinavia and Lapland, and exactly resembles the specimen of that variety figured by me in the memoir referred toabove. Moschler has already noted that it is this variety which occurs in Labrador. Flesperia centaureae Ramb. Nothing to be added. HYMENOPTERA. Urocerus flavicornis Fabr. Common on Caribou Island. “e cyaneus Fabr. Hopedale. Euura orbitalis Norton. Var. a.b. Caribou Island. Nematus Labradoris Norton, Caribou Island. 3p malacus Allantus originalts Macrophya (Pachyprotasis) omega Norton. Caribou Island. TLenthredo mellinus Norton, Caribou Island. 4 chnctitibius ‘ Formica herculanea Linn. Whole coast. “é sé Be ‘sé “6 mad “é Jallax sé és sé 6“ monela “ “ec . (a be (74 Sulvipes +6 6s 66 ‘ — placentus s se 3 ss “cc ““ sanguinea Latr. - Straits of Belle Isle. Vespa maculata Linn. Southern coast, Mecatina Island. norvegica Fabr. Caribou Island. Bembus lacustris Cresson. Whole northern coast ; common. “sé kirbyellus Curtis. Sloop Harbor and Hopedale. frigidus Smith. Square Island and Hopedale. nivalis Dahlb. Caribou Island and whole coast northward. 150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST JOHN ABBOT, THE AURELIAN. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER. It has been a fortunate thing for the study of butterflies in this country that the earlier students were those who devoted themselves very largely to the natural history of these insects rather than to their systematic or descriptive study. It was indeed a natural and healthy result of the poverty of external resources in earlier times ; and I have thought that it would not be devoid of interest to-present a few facts concerning the life and industry of one of these earlier naturalists, who worked to such good purpose and accomplished so much, under circumstances that would now seem very forbidding. A unique figure, perhaps the most striking in the early development of natural history in America, is that of a man of whom we know almost absolutely nothing excepting what he accomplished. With one exception, _all our knowledge of his personality comes through tradition. No life of him has ever been written, excepting a brief notice by Swainson in the Bibliography of Zoology, to which Mr. G. Brown Goode has kindly called my attention. Itis not known when or where he was born, or when he died ; scarcely where he lived, or to what nationality he belonged. Even the town where he worked no longer exists. His name alone remains, and though we have access to not a little of his writing in his own round hand, his signature cannot be discovered.* John Abbot was presumably an Englishman, as the name is English, and he is said by Sir. J. E. Smith, to have begun his career by the study of the transformations of British insects. When not far from thirty years old, and probably about 1790, he was engaged by three or four of the leading entomologists of England, to go out to North America for the purpose of collecting insects for their cabinets. After visiting several places in different parts of the Union, he determined to settle in the ‘‘ Province of Georgia,” as Swainson calls it. Here he lived for nearly twenty years in Scriven County, as I am informed by several persons through the kindness of Dr. Oemler, of Wilmington Island, in that State, returning to England probably not far trom 1810, where he was living about 1840, at the age “probably above eighty.” It is rumored in *Mr. W. F. Kirby has kindly made many researches for me at the British Museum, the Linnean Society, etc, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 151 Georgia that he owned land there, and all that can be learned of him comes from persons beyond middle life in that State, who remember hear- ing their parents speak of him. Col. Charles C. Jones, the Georgia historian, informs me through Dr. Oemler that “while he remained in Georgia, in the prosecution of his scientific labors, his head-quarters were at Jacksonborough, then the county seat of Scriven County. Here his work on the Lepidoptera of Georgia was largely prepared. All traces of this old town have now passed away.” It is supposed that he also em- ployed himself as a school-master in this place, but this is purely traditional, and his occasional bungling, not to say ungrammatical sentences, rather indicate a lack of schooling on his own part. What we certainly know regarding him is that he entered into relations with John Francillon, a silversmith in the Strand, London, who had a famous collection of insects and an extensive entomological correspondence. Francillon undertook to supply subscribers with drawings of insects and plants by Abbot, as well as with specimens, the latter of which, says Swainson, “were certainly the finest that have ever been transmitted as articles of commerce to this country ; they were always sent home expanded, even the most minute 5 and he was so watchful and indefatigable in his researches, that he contrived to breed nearly the whole of the Lepidoptera. His general price for a box-full was sixpence each specimen ; which was certainly not too much, considering the beauty and high perfection of all the individuals. Abbot, however, was not a mere collector. Every moment of time he could: possibly devote from his field researches was employed in making finished: drawings of the larva, pupa, and perfect insect of every lepidopterous species, as well as of the plant upon which it fed. These drawings are so beautifully chaste and wonderfully correct, that they were coveted by every one.” It would appear from a note in Kirby and Spence’s Introduction to Entomology (5th ed.,iii., 148) that ‘the ingenious Mr. Abbot” also” knew the art of inflating caterpillar skins, and dealt in them through Francillon. (See many other references in thesame volume.) There still exist in various places, principally in the British Museum, but also at Oxford, Paris and Zurich, and in this country at Boston, large series of his drawings of insects and plants. ‘Those in the British Museum are arranged in sixteen stout quarto volumes, bound in red morocco ; each volume has a printed title page and is dated 1792 to 1809, the dates no doubt between which they were purchased for the Museum through Francillon from Abbot, and which probably indicated the period of his 152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. activity in America. In Boston two similar volumes exist, one of which was presented by Dr. Gray of the British Museum, to Dr. Gray the botanist of Cambridge, and by him to the Natural History Society, where it may now be seen. The other volume is a collection, perhaps the only considerable one which has never passed out of this country, which was purchased by the Society from Dr. Oemler, of Georgia, who inherited it from his father.* In the title page of the last volume of the British Museum series there is a miniature portrait let into the title page, which, tradition says, was painted by Abbot himself, and indeed it bears every mark of this, though there is no memorandum to this effect within the volume. With its. peculiar physiognomy it adds considerably to our interest in the original ; there seems to be not a little humour in the quaint features and figure, and the spare form hardly gives the figure of robust health which the face would indicate. Abbot probably returned to England about 1810, at an age of about fifty, and our portrait was doubtless painted at about this time, certainly before he left America, since it represents him in the thinnest of southern costume. There were old persons living in Georgia up to 1885, but since deceased, who knew him, but apparently none now remain. Abbot’s work was by no means on Lepidoptera alone, as any of the series of his drawings will show. Dr. Hagen, in speaking of the volume in the British Museum containing the Neuroptera, says that all the details are given with the greatest care, and that in almost all cases the species can be identified. The same is the case with most of the drawings of Lepidoptera, though there is a mark of carelessness in some of the figures of early stages which is not found in others ; this is no doubt due to the fact that so many applied for these drawings, “both in Europe and America, that he found it expedient to employ one or two assistants, whose copies he retouched, and thus finished they generally pass as his own. To an experienced eye, however, the originals the master are readily distinguished.” , It would hardly appear that he paid more attention to Lepidoptera than to other inseets. Yet in the Oemler collection alone there are one hundred and thirty-three plates of Lepidoptera, nearly every one of which *Mr, Oemler and Mr. ‘‘ Le Compte” are both mentioned in Abbot’s notes as sending him specimens, Ba, ee ee a = THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153 ‘a figures a species distinct from the others, and ninety-four of which are accompanied by the early stages. Twenty-two of these are insects figured in Abbot and Smith’s work, but the figures of the early stages are in no case identical ; they represent the same insect but in different attitudes. Of these one hundred and thirty-three plates, thirty-four are concerned with the butterflies. The drawings of butterflies in the British Museum are contained in the sixth and sixteenth volumes, the former comprising the perfect insects only, the latter the early stages as well, and in this latter series thirty-six species are figured ; while the two Boston collec- tions contain figures of the early stages of all but two of the species repre- sented in the British Museum volume. Swainson states that a series of one hundred and three subjects of Lepidoptera, including none published before, was executed for him “ with the intention of forming two additional volumes to those edited by Dr. Smith, but the design is now abandoned.” Each set of drawings furnished by Abbot seems to have been accom- panied by more or less manuscript, in which the life history of the insect is given in brief form, with the food plant of the caterpillar and the times of the change of the caterpillars to chrysalids, and of chrysalids to butter- flies, which shows that Abbot must have been an exceptionally industrious rearer of insects. Indeed the transformations of not a few of our butter- flies are even now known only through the observations and illustrations _of Abbot. Dr. Boisduval was good enough to present me with three series of manuscript notes entitled ‘“ Notes to the Drawings of Insects,” all written in Abbot’s own hand, and comprising twenty-seven foolscap pages, rather closely written, and describing the changes of two hundred and one species; of these thirty-eight are butterflies. These, unfortunately, are referred to only by number and by an English name, which Abbot himself applied, apparently to every insect of which he furnished drawings, such as the “‘reed butterfly,” the “ringed butterfly,” the “lesser dingy skipper,” etc , though he occasionally makes use of such names as the “autumnal ajax,” ‘Papilio antiopa,” etc., showing his familiarity to a certain extent with Linnean names. As the names and drawings are in some instances kept together, the manuscript of those in which they are not connected is still of use. It appears that nearly all the Georgian butterflies were observed and painted by Abbot, and that of about sixty species which he raised he distributed illustrations and notes of the early stages to some of his correspondents. 154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ’ As is well known by all aurelians, one considerable collection of Abbot’s drawings was published by Sir James Edward Smith in two _ sumptuous folio volumes, but these comprise, as far as the butterflies are _concerned, only twenty-four species. This work made an epoch in the history of entomology in this country. Besides this Abbot published nothing. The article credited to him in Hagen’s Bibliography was by a Rev. Mr. Abbot, who wrote from England in November, 1798, when Abbot was in this country. CHARACTERS OF PROTECTION AND DEFENCE IN INSECTS. ; BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. see A few years since I described a colony of Spanner caterpillars ( Geometride) belonging to an undetermined species, and the description appeared afterwards in this journal. These larva were remarkable for their mimicry, in color and shape and attitude, of dead leaves. There could be no question that they belonged to the category of — q protective appearance, to which so,many green and brown tinted larvee belong, which share these ‘‘cosmical colors.” In _ studying these larvee we must consider their color, shape and attitude separately. The larvee of most of the Hawk Moths belong to this category. The caterpillar in repose, or at the approach of danger, assumes a rigid attitude in which it resembles a leaf on a branch of the food plant. The — markings along the back often assist this resemblance. The only motion is that imparted by the swaying of the plant on which it rests. When disturbed, the caterpillar of Ziyreus Adbdbotii throws itself by jerks from side to. side and gives out a crepitating noise. It looks then somewhat snake-like. | The second category is that of defensive appearance. Highly colored, red and yellow larvae, belong many of them to this category, as also- a those armed with spines and prickles. ‘These would seem to court obser- vation, which they further aid by their restlessness. It is probable that, by their gaudy appearance, they inspire distaste or fear in their natural enemies. ‘The caterpillars of Ovgyéa are not eaten by birds, nor are . those of 4draxas. By simulating obnoxious species it has been shown that several kinds of butterflies escape destruction. From these two points of view the appearance of insects must be studied, but it by no means follows that the means to the end have been always perfectly attained. ~~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155 ' It is owing to the imperfection of their protection that insects are, as a "whole, kept under and an undue multiplication prevented. But there is, probably, an effort in these directions to be noted and brought out in the life history of allinsects. Darwin's law of Natural Selection tends to bring out these characters more strongly by its effect of preserving the best pro- tected kinds. I have noted how the species of Cafoca/a, so numerous with us, are preserved ; the larva, by their resemblance to twigs, the moths, from their upper wings, during the day and in repose, correspond- ing in appearance with the trunk and bark of the trees against which they rest. The larve of burrowing Lepidoptera resemble in their pale and livid colors those of the Coleoptera or burrowing larve of other Orders of Insects. The larveeof Hymenoptera, which are external feeders, resemble the external feeding Lepidoptera in their greenish tints. There is then a correlation between habit and color. The larve of cut-worms (Agrotis ) resemble the soil in color, where they burrow at the roots of plants. In South Carolina I collected a number of specimens of an Orthopter- ous insect, which strikingly resembled the predaceous Cicindelide. They were active on the leaves of Okra. I regret that the specimens were lost, and I could not determine the species. I have observed that certain smooth Chrysomelidz, living on a species of lily, on the approach of danger folded in the feet and allowed themselves to slide off the leaves, dropping in the herbage beneath where they speedily recovered the use of their legs. ‘The snapping beetles, H/ateride, assume a rigid attitude, the short feet tucked in against the under part of the hard body, and look like bits of dead wood or twigs. By their quiet and protective color they seem to expect that they will escape notice. This and similar actions in other kinds of beetles and insects is called “feigning death” by some writers. In order to “ feign death,” as the words intend, some knowledge of death as such and its advantages must be supposed. But I cannot think that insects have arrived at any such generalization of ideas. Their actions often incompletely answer to their apparent ends. _ It is probable to me that their attitudes of repose are assumed from the experience which’ - they have gradually acquired that in a state of quiet they will best avoid the immediate dangers which beset them and which they cannot escape by flight. A Catoca/a will rest in quiet for hours, but on the near approach of a disturber will take to very quick and instant flight. Trying to capture a specimen once it thus escaped me, but in its endeavor to avoid Charybdis it fell into Scylla, for a passing swallow devoured it in the air. 156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The characters of protection and defense form an interesting subject in the natural history of external feeding larve, such as those of the Lepidoptera, for here the insect +,,1st rely on them and can do little or nothing; ~y movement. Therefo.e they can here be the more readily detectec *,In tracing descent and relationship between the species, the modifications of the external characters of the larve must lead to the best results, to the safest conjectures as to the line taken. Almost all our knowledge as to any species and its habits is fragmentary and incomplete. What piece and parcel we observe we are apt to be very certain about, and we do not hesitate to draw therefrom very absolute conclusions, with an air of authority incommensurate with our ‘nowledge. But in the multitude of counsellors there is in this case so far safety, that each may bring his observations and conclusions to paper, and, if the editor will print them, from the sifting of the whole a picture will in time be drawn which will stand in some proportion to the real truth. : THE ORANGE SPOT IN NATHALIS IOLE, Bow. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, COLORADO. On November rst, 1887, I took in this locality (Swift Creek, near West Cliff,) an example of Vatha/is ole, and was thereby led to examine its characters. The general colour of the upper side of this insect is pale yellow. The primaries are marked with pale black (if one may use such a term,) after the manner described in the text books, and the upper margins of the secondaries also present a black patch, covering the area which is normally overlapped. by the primaries. On this black patch, not far from the base of the wing, is an e/ongated spot of the most vivid orange. I first noticed this spot when setting out my specimen, and was led to wonder why the most vivid piece of colouring in the whole insect should be situated where it was invisible under ordinary conditions. Could it be due to some peculiarity in the development of the pigment ‘induced by its peculiar position on the wing? was it a relic of the original colour of the insect, which not being under the same influences . as the exposed parts, had not become modified in the course of ages ? or was it a secondary sexual character to be exhibited by the raising of the primaries ? | Being unable to answer these questions, I put the insect away until January 12th, when J sent it off with other butterflies to Mr. W, H. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 157 Edwards, calling his attention to the presence of the orange spots. He wrote in reply that he could not tell why some examples of M zo/e had the orange spot and others not, but ‘ was a very variable species. On March sth I received the box I had sent, and in it my “°scimen of NV. iole, which, to my great astonishment, had completely los: the orange spots,—they having become pale yellow, the colour of the rest of the wing (except the black portion), only somewhat glossy. The orange shade on the under side of the primaries, near the costal margin, had not faded in the least. Supposing that the butterfly might have been sub- mitted to some unusual influence while in Mr. Edwards’ hands, I wrote to him asking the exa. circumstances under which he had kept it, and he replied as follows: ‘‘The particular specimen which you sent and I returned never was outside your box, and the latter’ rested on top of one of my insect cases, so that no chemical influence was brought to bear on it. Last year I raised several zo/e imagos from larve, and the males I think all had the orange spot; I.am sure some had. On looking at ; them now (March 16), I find xo orange at all.” So it is perfectly clear ; that the orange spot in (Vat¢ha/is is of a peculiar nature, and is further. : hable to fade, which process is not one of continuous and gradual bleach-. ing due to the action of light—because my specimen was ali the time in a. ; closed box in perfect darkness, and the orange remained as vivid as ever. up to the time that I sent the insect to Mr. Edwards—but is more or less: sudden, and apparently due to change in the constitution of a complex ‘4 pigment, rather than its destruction. However this may be, I think that however insignificant this question may seem from the point of view of j the systematist, it is one which the evolutionist will recognize as demand- : ing his careful attention, and this must be my excuse for dealing with it at so great a length. Sm : NOTE ON A GERMAN EDITION OF ROSS'S SECOND VOYAGE (1829-1833). BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. A copy of a German translation of Ross’s Second Voyage lately fell into my hands, and I make the following bibliographical note upon the descriptions of Lepidoptera there given. The translation is by Julius, Graf von der Groben, Lieutenant in K. Pr. Reg. Garde du corps, and the third part or volume is published: in Berlin, 1836. This volume (8 vo.) 158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. contains the natural history, the descriptions of the Lepidoptera occupying pages 238 to 255 inclusive. The following are the references : Colias Boothii (Curtis), p. 238. ‘“« Chione (Curtis), p. 239. Hipparchia Rossii (Curtis), p. 241. “< subhyalina (Curtis), p. 242. Melitea Tarquinius (Curtis), p. 243. Polyommatus Franklinii (Curtis), p. 245. Laria Rossii (Curtis), p. 247. Lyprepia Hyperboreus (Curtis), p. 249. — Hadena Richardsoni (Curtis), p. 250.” Psychophora Sabini (Kirby), p. 251. Oporabia Punctipes (Curtis), p. 252. Orthotenia Bentleyana (Don), p, 253. . Septentrionana (Curtis), p. 254. Argyrotosa (?) Parryana (Curtis), p. 254. I have identified the moth Zaria Rossii from specimens taken by Mr. Mann on Mount Washington, N. H. 3 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANTHOCHARIS. BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA. Anthocharis Pima. MaLe—Expands 1.75 inch. Upper side yellow; the bases of wings duxtadt black ; primaries have the basal half of costa white, crossed by dark brown streaks ; the apex also edged white on both margins, and next this is a series of five large, elongated, dark brown spots, almost confluent, filling the interspaces to second medium nervule, each sending a narrow projection to the margin ; on the arc a black rectangular bar, the area between this and the apical spots and costal edge orange ; fringes whitish ; a few blackish hairs at the end of each nervule on secondaries. Under side of primaries yellow ; the apical area greenish, dusted with black scales ; the orange repeated paler and diffused over cell and second median interspace ; the bar on arc repeated. Secondaries pale yellow, largely covered by patches of light yellow- green, confluent, forming irregular and connected transverse bands from hind margin to base. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 FEMALE— Expands 1.7 inch. Same yellow; the apical spots longer and completely confluent, forming a solid patch ; the orange paler ; the bar on arc less rectangular ; broadest on sub-costal ; under side as in the male. From two examples taken early in April, 1883, in Pima County, Arizona, by Mr. O. T. Baron.- In all 2 and 22 were taken, This is the only known North American species in which both sexes are yellow. The brown apical patch is much larger than in the allied species. BOOK NOTICE. THE BUTTERFLIES OF SOUTH AFRICA. South African butterflies : A monograph of the extra-tropical species. By Roland Trimen, F. R. S., etc., assisted by’ James Henry Bowker, F Z. S., ete. Vol. I: Nymphalide; Vol. II: Erycinide and Ly- caenide. London: Trubner & Co., 1887, 8 vo. All who have studied foreign butterflies at all are acquainted with Trimen’s work on the butterflies of Southern Africa, published more than twenty years ago, under the title Rhopalocera Africae Australis. It will please them to know that there has recently appeared the first two of three volumes on the same subject, which are based, indeed, upon the old, but wholly rewritten, and with a great wealth of additions, especially on the natural history side. These two volumes comprise the Nymphalide, Erycinide and Lycaenide, in all 238 species. The Papilionide and Hesperide are to occupy the third volume with about 142 species. It will thus be seen that Mr. Trimen falls into line with all the principal lepidopterists of England in the serial order in which he here places the different families of butterflies, adopting. indeed, exactly the subdivisions and the order Mr. Moore employed in his Lepidoptera of Ceylon, which we noticed lately. But he does more than that; for, in a long introductory chapter of 44 pp., he treats of the structure, classification and distinctive characters of the groups, together with their geographical distribution, their habits and instances of mimicry in an excellent manner, such as is very unusual in a work of this nature. It would interest every reader of the Canapian ENTOMOLOGIST. So, too, all the families, sub-families and generic groups are characterized with a fulness entirely proportional to the specific descriptions, rendering the work one of the best introductions to a fauna known tome. These descriptions are evidently the work of one who is quite familiar with structure, are not copied from the writings of others, but 160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. are introduced in language of the author’s own, having a special value — quite apart from the rest of the work. Nor is this all; for the characters are drawn not simply from the complete stage of the insects, but from the larva and pupa as well, and these same stages are introduced in the generic descriptions. It is unfortunate that he has not included also the egg. The work is illustrated so far by ten octavo plates, one of whichis devoted to the structure of the wings, the head and legs of the imago ; two. to the early stages of a few species, and the remainder to excellent chromo- lithographs of the perfect insects. The figures of the early stages are an in- teresting, though somewhat scanty, addition to our knowledge, the most important of which is found in the larva and pupa of D’Urbania, a curious. genus of Lycaeninz, in which the pupa, as well as the larva, is covered. with long fascicles of hairs, as long as the width of the body. Mr. Trimen : has been aided by collectors and naturalists throughout Southern Africa to a very great extent, so much so, indeed, that he has added to his title page the name of one of them, Col. Bowker, as joint author with himself ; _ and the help he has received in this respect may be indicated in part by the considerable number of species which have been added to the list of South African butterflies since the publication of his first work, a total of 380 against 197. An excellent coloured map of Southern Africa, south of the tropic of Capricorn, is prefixed to the first volume. We hope the third, volume, completing the work, will soon be issued. nee SAMUEL H. SCUDDER. CORRESPONDENCE. REMEDY FOR ROSE-APHIS. Dear Sir ; Experiments with a weak solution of Creolin upon Rose: Aphides and leaf-tying larvee ( Zortrix) proved quite successful without any apparent injury to the plants. Rose bushes syringed with Creolin solution remained for some time after free from insects of any kind so far- as I could observe. More continued use of Creolin must be made to ~ speak with certainty, but it seems to me likely that in this disinfectant we: may have a valuable help for garden or greenhouse. fe oe : A. R. GRorer. Mailed August Ist, Che Canadtan Entomologist. e VOL. XX, LONDON, SEPTEMBER, 1888. _ No. 9 CATALOGUE OF THE MYRMOPHILOUS COLEOPTERA WITH BIBLIOGRAPHY AND NOTES. BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA. Quite a number of our Coleoptera are known to associate in their imago or perfect state with the Formicarize—comprehensively, ants. Very little, perhaps nothing, is known of the larval and pupal life of any of these beetles. Some, like Batrisus bistriatus, probably never leave the ants ; but others, like the species of Cremastochilus, desert them in the spring, whether afterwards to return and propagate among them is an open ' question. The association here referred to is common inhabitancy and more or less mutual interdependency, and not mere accidental occurrences under stones, bark and common shelters as seen frequently ; and it is not always easy for the collector to avoid confusion of this kind. By bringing together the most of what is recorded in American literature about these interesting Coleoptera, with this as a basis it is hoped a stimulus _ may be given to research, and collectors may be induced to search for them more diligently, and make public their observations. It is no easy matter to investigate properly an ant’s nest, but patience and labour intelligently directed may meet with ample reward. Larve and pupe should be diligently sought for in the formicariums. Only once or twice is there mention of any larva of a Coleopter having occurred with ants, and that of some Staphylinide that may have only been there as an explorer. ABBREVIATIONS. Tr.—Transactions of the American Entomological Society. Pr.—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science, Phil. (2nd series). An.—Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York. B. J.—Boston Journal of Natural History. 162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. No Carabide are known to me to truly inhabit with ants, but several species hibernate in their burrows whether inhabited or not, as Panagaus fasciatus, which I find in autumn and in spring. Ptomophagus parasitus Lec. I take this beetle occasionally in April on the under side of flat stones covering the formicaria of a large black ant (Formica herculanea ?). With this species of ant I once found five specimens of Aster planipes, and Cremastochilus canaliculatus ae fHfarrisii are its guests. Colon. The Classification, p. 77, states that some species of Colon are found only in ants’ nests, but I fail to find further bibliography. Scydmenus. The Classification, p. 84, mentions ants’ nests as the residence of some of the species. It might be well for the collector to consider whether the association is other than accidental. S. capillosus Lec. Is found in March on the under side of stones, ay is said (Pr., 6, 152) to sometimes occur in the nest of a small rufous ant os with red legs. I take it sometimes with various small ants but just as - frequently by itself, and see no connection besides that of occupying a common shelter. Georgia, Pennsylvania and New York. S. brevicornis Say. Occurs in the nest of a small black ant. New York and Pennsylvania. (Pr., 6, 153.) 7 S. rasus Lec. Found with a smallfuscous ant. Pennsylvania. (Pr., 6, 153.) Se Adranes cecus Lec. Found with a small black ant. June. Georgia and Illinois. (B. J., 6,84; N.S, p. 28.) ; : Adranes Lecontei Brend. Several specimens of this curious’ insect, which is without eyes and has only two joints in the antennz, were taken by Mr. Charles Dury near Cincinnati, Ohio, with a medium-sized pale brown species of ant, inhabiting a decaying beech log. ‘On each side of the body and just back of the elytra is a tuft of brown hair, and from it springs a tube from which the beetle exudes a fluid that the ants are supposed to eat.”—Dury, Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, July, 1884. Ceophyllus monilis Lec. Inhabits here with a medium-sized, honey- yellow ant (Lasius integerrimus ?) that nests under stones. When the beetle is found, which is not often, from six to a dozen occur in the same THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ta RS nest. I find Heterius brunnipennis with this ant. April and May. Dr. Leconte took C. moni/is under bark in August in Michigan. (B. J., 6, 473; Can. EnT., 18, 26.) Cedius Ziegleri Lec. Dr. Leconte took a specimen at Bedford, Pa., in the nest of Formica rufa, though previously he had found it under Dame. (17, G, 288 ;' B..J., 6, 74:) _Imesiphorus costalis Lec. Found with Formica rufa. (Tr., 6, 287.) Ctenistes pulvereus Lec. ‘Taken at San Jose, California, ‘with a small piceous ant with testaceous legs.” (An., 5, 214.) Tychus puberulus Lec. With ants. San Jose, California. (An., 5, 214) Decarthron formiceti Lec. Found with Formica Pennsylvanica. April. Pennsylvania. (B. J., 6, go.) Batrisus Ione. Found by Dr. Leconte “with a small, opaque, black ant, with rufo-piceous feet and antenne.” May. Mt. Iona, Georgia. (B. J., 6, 94.) _ B. armiger Lec. Lives witha medium-sized rufous ant. Pennsylvania. (B. J., 6, 94) B. ferox Lec. Found with various ants. Pennsylvania, Zoc. cit. B. cristatus Lec. Found with a large rufous ant with a brownish head. Pennsylvania, Zoc. cit. B. riparius Say. Occurs occasionally in Pennsylvania under stones with Formica Pennsylvanica (?), but more frequently under pine bark in Georgia. (B. J., 6, 95.) B. globosus Lec. Inhabits with several species of ant in Pennsylvania and Georgia. (B. J., 6, 100.) B. bistriatus Lec. Taken by Dr. Leconte with a large rufous ant, Zoc. cit. I have taken it twice in April with a medium-sized honey-yellow ant. The ants seem to be very fond of them, and carry them off like their eggs and pupz, while the beetles appear to be entirely impassive. (Can. Enr., 18, 26.) ) B. lineaticollis Aube. Taken with a large rufous ant. Georgia and Pennsylvania. (B. J., 6, 100.) It is quite probable other species of this genus occur with ants. Five species in California, described as new by Mr, Casey since the catalogue 164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. was issued, are found in wet moss and under stones near water courses, thus showing great diversity of habit in insects placed in the same genus. Anchylarthron cornutum £ (inornatum§ ) Brend. Gregarious with ants. Mississippi Valley and South Carolina. (Tr., 14, 208.) Trimium puncticolle Lec. Many specimens of this species were taken in an ants’ nest by Dr. Horn in Arizonia. (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 17, 384.) flomalota. An dndeseribed species was taken with sialic rufa at Bedford, Pa., by Dr. Leconte. (Tr., 6, 288.) Lomechusa cava Lec. About fifty specimens were taken with a colony of black ants [Formica Pennsylvanica| inhabiting a white oak log. Massachusetts. (Bul. Brook. Ent. Soc., 2, 4.) Dr. Leconte took it from the mounds of Formica rufa in the Alleghany Mountains ; it occurred with yellow ants in Columbia County, Pa., Michigan and Maryland ; and in Illinois in large numbers in the nests of Formica rufa (?). (Tr., 6 Bee Oxypoda. A species occurred with Formica rufa at Bedford, Pa. Leconte. (Tr., 6, 288.) Leptacinus longicollis Lec. Occurs in the middle States, and usually in ants’ nests. (N.S., p. 41.) LEleusis pallidus Lec, Ants’ nests, Lancaster County, Pa. (Leconte in New Species, p. 58. This insect is gregarious. I have twice taken a colony early in July under the bark of Balm of Gilead stumps ( Populus candicans )}—once with very small brown ants, and once alone. ‘The association of this species with ants appears to me to be merely acci- dental. (Can. Enrv., 18, 27.) Lister planipes ed: Occurs, according to Dr. Horn, from Massachu- setts to Georgia. Here, I took once five specimens in April in a nest of Lformica herculanea. HH. perpunctatus Lec. Mr. F. Blanchard takes this species at T'yngs- borough, Mass., with a brown ant, 4.5 mm. long. (Tr., 8, 190.) H. repletus Lec. This, according to Mr. Blanchard, is also found in Massachusetts in the nest of a small black ant. (Ent, Am., 3, 86.) It is quite probable 4 subopacus is also a Myrmophile. It occurs in Nebraska, Colorado, and also in Vancouver Island. | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165 gs Fleterius brunnipennis Rand. Occurs here occasionally with a medium-sized honey-yellow ant in April and May. Hf. Blanchardi Lec. Mr. Blanchard, the discoverer of this species, took it and Hister perpunctatus with the same species of ant. (Tr., 8, 190.) Lichinodes setiger Lec. ‘This singular form has occurred variously ; in South Carolina and Georgia with a pale ant, (Horn. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 305.) Zimmerman found it at Columbia, South Carolina, in April, with a small brown ant. (Tr., 2, 253.) And it has been taken in Haber- sham County, Georgia, in the nest of a small ant under bark. (Pr., 1859, 316.) Cremastochilus Schaumit Lec. Dr. Horn frequently found this species in ants’ nests in California. (Tr., 3, 3 39.) C. Westwoodi Horn. Found in or near ants’ nests in Owen’s Valley, California, where it is not rare. (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 18, 139.) C. angularis Lec. This species was taken frequently in ant’s nests in California by Dr. Horn, who several times saw large black ants dragging the beetles towards their nests. He strongly suspects the fossz at the anterior angles of the thorax and the finely punctured and perforated patches under the hind angles yield a secretion grateful to the ants. This species extends to Vancouver. C. variolosus Kirby. One specimen occurred here with ants. C. canaliculatus Kirby. Is the most abundant species found here ; it is found from April till June with large black ants, perhaps of two species, inhabiting usually under stones or other covering, but not infrequently throwing up small mounds in old pastures and open ground. The nests under stones rarely yield more than two beetles, but the mounds often con- tain five or six at once, and with care will yield a crop every two or three weeks. The beetles are found near the sutface, none having been taken below the plane of the base. As soon as it becomes warm, from the middle of April onward, this species takes leave of the ants and flies away ; like the Cicinde/e@ it only flies during the hottest sunshine and for short distances, alighting suddenly on a stone or the middle of a dusty road. Its flight is low and heavy, ~ and after it lights cannot take wing again without some delay, and I have seen it flying as late as August. Whether after having left, the same beetles 166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. return and breed among the ants, or whether it is a new brood that claims — ' their hospitality for the winter, is absolutely unknown. I never could satisfy myself as to whether those found in the nests in June had returned or were just preparing to leave. (For some interesting observations on this species and Schaumii see Ent. Am., 1, 187.) C. Harrisii Kirby. I neglected to observe the ant with. which I took a specimen. Dr. Horn incidently mentions that C. /eucosticticus, pilosicollis pe castanee have likewise been observed in ants’ nests. (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., 18, 384.) , | vie Without much doubt many species of our Staphylinide will be found to be Myrmophilous as in Europe, where, according to Rev. J. G. Wood, in the Aleocharidz alone no less than “eight genera contain species that are parasitic and spend their whole lives in the nests of ants,” among them Atemeles emarginatus and A. paradoxus living with Formica Susca and Myrmice ruginodis, which take as good care of them as of their own - a young; also JZ 'yemedona Haworthit and Dinarda dentata, Quedius brevis is said to live with Formica rufa, and that wonderful beetle Claviger foveolatus, destitute of eyes and mouth, inhabits with Formica Hava. Besides the species catalogued here several others in our Fauna are traditionally reputed to dwell with ants, but the observers have either not published the facts or I have failed to find the bibliography. THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE BOMBYCIDA. (Second Paper.) BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. We have seen, CAN. ENT., xix., p. 156, e¢ seg., that the Bosbye ase or Spinner Moths, are characterized, as a whole, by their short, pectinate antenne, ample, velvety wings, thick bodies, small heads and sluggish habit, while the pupa is usually contained in a cocoon made by the cater- pillar in its last stage. To almost all these characters the sub-:amily groups offer exceptions, and we have seen that while Dr. Packard follows the tradition of Harris, Latreille and Iinnaeus, modern German writers break up the family into independent groups limited by structural features THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 ; taken from the imago. What Agassiz calls “form” still unites these various groups—a certain correspondence in outline and habit. Dr. Packard seeks this in the shape of the clypeus, the piece between the _ eyes, its relative proportion. In my first paper I have adopted this view, that we have to do with descendants of a former complex and that we _ may still unite the Spinner Moths under a common family title. Those ' who differ may merely alter my sub-families into families. Sub-family Sarothripine. The single genus Sarothripus Curt. was first referred to the Tortricide, then to the Noctuidz, and finally as part of the Vodine, the second sub- family or group of the Bombycidz. In my new Check List the genus is omitted, as I had no knowledge of our N. Am. species. The form of the a cocoon allies it to VoZa. The moth is tortriciform and differs from /Vo/a _ decidedly in the form of the wings. The fore wings are elongate, sub- _ quadrate, hardly widening outwardly with acute apices. The palpi are _ much longer than the head, more erect and prominent than in Voda. The caterpillar is 16-footed and makes a boat-shaped cocoon. ‘The neuration _ shows a relation to Voda and the Lithosians. As the hind wings have _ only two internal veins, we see that the moth is not really a Micro, to which group it was once referred. The fore wings have no accessory cell. We shall come back to this accessory cell later and show its importance and constancy in some other groups. ‘The antenne are simple in both sexes: ‘The resemblance to /Vo/a lies also in the want of ocelli, and this character unites the three first groups, viz., Sarothripine, Noline and Lithosiine; again, the elongate palpi, which are, however, equally squamous throughout. Of the European genera, Chlephora, Halias and Larias, we have no N. Am. species, and these probably form a distinct group, Chlephorine. Of Sarothripus we have one described from the East and one from the West. Nowthe European species is very variable, and whether we have more than one species, or whether our species is really distinct from the European revayana, is not clearly made out. Probably the earliest descriptions of forms of our Eastern Sarothripus are those cited by Fernald, Am. Ent., I., 36, the Zortrix scriptana and Srigidana of Walker. : Sub-family Vo/ine. The fore wings are broad, sub-trigonate, without accessory cell ; the hind wings rounded, not as in the Sarothrifine, with the outer margin 168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST indented. No ocelli. The fore wings have tufted scale patches above. The caterpillars are 14-footed and make a boat-shaped cocoon. The neuration of our N. Am. genus Argyrophyes is given by me, CAN. Enr., ix., 236; aid we have two species, cé/icoides and nigrofasciata (== LEustro- tia obaurata Morr.). ‘This latter synonym recalls the fact that the orna- mentation in this group of small insects resembles that of the Noctuide. In Argyrophyes the raised blotches of scales on primaries are metallic. Of the typical genus /Vo/a, I have cited five N. Am. species in the new Check List. Sub-family Zithosiine. The long palpi of the preceding groups are replaced by shorter, more bombyciform appendages. In this group the body is weak and the fore wings usually narrow, while the hind wings are wide and frail. The ocelli are wanting. Hence I refer Crocofa to the following group of Arctiine. The costal vein of secondaries springs from the subcostal. No accessory cell on primaries. The caterpillars are 16-footed and live on lichens. In the new Check List I cite the genera Clemensia, Crambidia, Hypoprepia, Cisthene, Byssophaga (distinct?), Lithosia, Euphanessa and Ameria. It is possible that the two last do not belong to this group. Sub-family Arctiine. In this group the male antenne are usually provided with short pecti- nations ; the ocelli are present ; the palpi are quite short and the whole appearance is bombyciform. Veins 4 and 5 are near together on both wings. The moths are usually of larger size than in the preceding groups ; the wings are ample, held roof-like in repose. The caterpillars are hairy and make loose cocoons. Our North American genera are allied to the European, but Dr. Packard has drawn attention to the fact that onr species are more white and yellow, less red-colored than the European. In the presence of the genus (Vemeophtla the west coast fauna more nearly resembles the European. The genera Cvocofa, Kodiosoma, Setrarctia, Leucarctia, Ecpantheria, Euerythra, Halisidota, are more especially American forms, outgrowths, so to speak, of Spz/osoma and Arctia. I wish to correct here Mr. J. B, Smith’s reference of Cera- thosia tricolor Sm., to the Arctitde. A comparison of its corrected characters will show that it should be rather referred to the Woctuide. The clypeus has an inferior circular rim and presents a sub-central, button- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 169 like projection. This isa Noctuid and Pyralid feature, though a projection is found in Copidryas without the rim. ‘The fore wings have an accessory cell. The hind wings have vein 5 present, but weak, not absent as stated by Mr. J. B. Smith, and this vein is equidistant between 4 and 6, contra- _ dicting the characters of the Arctiine. Mr. J. B. Smith also describes _ incorrectly the relative positions of veins 3, 4 and 5 on primaries, as also the point of emergence of vein 10, which springs from about the middle of the upper margin of the accessory cell, not from the upper and outer angle of the cell, whence springs vein 7, giving off 8 and 9. In Cera- thosta there is a claw on fore tibiz ; the legs are thinly scaled, the palpi not so short as in the Arctitde. The moth is lithosiform rather than arctiiform in appearance, but the ocelli will not allow of its being referred to the Lithosians; its neuration and total characters exclude it from the Bombycidz altogether. The squamation is rather like Zarache than like Arctia. It is not enough that a description of a genus be given ; the reason why it belongs to the family must be stated. Added to this, Mr. Smith’s description is in itself faulty and inaccurate, and affords no reason why this author should use such language in correcting Mr. Hy. Edwards’s reference of certain genera, or take such a tone in correcting my own writings. In the present day when the Lepidoptera are well known, the details of structure of the different groups are all given in the writings of the past fifteen or twenty years in Europe and America. Sub family Dasychirine. This group is allied to the Arctiide by the tufted or shaggy cater- pillars, the frail cocoons. ‘The antenne are more plumose, in the female with short teeth. The palpi are short. The ocelli are again wanting. The legs are short and are usually hairy as in many of the Arctiide. The pupa itself is often hairy—an unusual character. The wings are ample, but in the females of some genera wanting or incompletely ex- panded. Veins 4 and 5 spring near together, another point of resembl- ance to the Arctiide. In fact we cannot but approve of Harris’s and Dr. Packard’s arrangements of these groups. Hepia/us and Cossus should not be interpolated here, but are the lowest groups of the family. In the Dasychirine the body is rather heavy, and there is a disproportion between the sexes, many males being much smaller and lighter. In the New Check List I have cited the N. Am. genera Parorgyia, Carama 170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. and Zagoa. ‘The two latter are curious, and show some resemblances to the following group, Cochlidiing. Curama may be described by Curtis also. The genera Orgyia and Dasychira are shared with Europe; in the old world the representation of the Dasychirine seems to be. far eee than 1 in the new. PARTIAL PREPARATORY STAGES OF CATOCALA te INNUBENS, GuEn. | ude BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. April 28, 1887, a single larva of a then unknown Catocala was found on a Honey Locust which proved to be this species. By its appearance a it had seemingly passed the first moult. Hence the egg and first stage of the larva is lacking in this account of its life history. If my conjecture be true, my description will begin with the conventional “ after the first’ - moult.” Length, .26 inch. Color pale greenish, the anterior two and posterior three joints whitish ; four purplish red stripes on each side, the ~ lower somewhat broken ; head mottled, but not heavily so ; piliferous spots black, with short black hairs. Shape as usual with Ca pare Duration of this period unknown. ! usb After 2nd Moult.—Length, .40 inch. Color, pale dull pariah rose in nine longitudinal stripes alternating with pale greenish white lines, the rose darker on the head and joint 2, shading into the pale rose on joint 3; the dorsal stripe a narrow line on joints 2 to 4, broken between the joints and narrow on the last three joints ; stripe 2 (counting the dorsal one) contains the dorsal piliferous spots ; stripe 3 without any piliferous spots ; stripe 4 with the lateral piliferous spots ; below this a broken and irregular stripe that contains the lowest piliferous spots. These ‘stripes are of the double line kind, each edge darker than the middle, though there is little difference in any of them except the lowest or number 5, which has more or less of the greenish white in its centre. Piliferous spots black, conspicuous, the short hairs black; head reddish purple with mottlings of broken white lines. Duration of this period four days. After 3rd Moult.—Length, .80 inch. Color, pale green, with seven dark reddish purple stripes on each side, composed of contiguous dots ; head striped with purplish black and white ; the dark on joint 2 black, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171 — gradually shading into the purple; yellow tinted between the joints; piliferous spots black ; joints in the middle of the body with black patches on the venter. The posterior pair of piliferous spots on the dorsum of joint 9 are, like other species, more approximate than the others and the We intervening space elevated, the elevation containing four spots in a trans- -yerse row with a patch of pale yellowish back of these. Duration of this _ period five days. After 4th Moult.—Length, 1.20 inches. Color, pale green, almost _ white, with a slight yellow tinge, more distinct underneath the top of joint ~ 2, the legs and a substigmatal stripe distinct yellow ; the transverse folds between the joints with more of the yellow tinge. Head striped with ‘dark reddish purple (this was black before) and white, the markings ‘arranged as before but the stripes are almost obliterated on the body except on joints 2 to 4, and the transverse folds between the joints where they are distinct as to the rows of black dots that mark the boundary of ‘the stripes, faint traces of these on the middle of the joints ; the black on the venter small except on the middle joints. Piliferous spots black, not very large ; a prominent black patch on each side of the posterior part of joint 9, composed of three spots, a short dorsal orange line between them ; the posterior pair of spots on the back of joint 12 more prominent than the others ; no lateral fringe, but a slight fold above the pro-legs ; the anterior two pairs of pro-legs pretty well developed. “Mature Larva.—Length, 2.25 inches. Color, sordid white, a little green tinted, very obscurely striped as at the. beginning of the stage, the bordering blackish dots marking the boundary of the stripes most dis- tinctly on the intersegmental folds ; the black on joint 9 the same as before with a very short orange stripe between; the substigmatal pale stripe orange on joints 5 and 6; joints 2 to 4 with the rows of spots distinct, Piliferous spots small, black ; venter white, tinted a little with yellow, black only on the joints bearing feet ; no fringe. Duration of this period nine days. | Chrysalis —Length, 1.05 inches ; diameter, .40 inch; of joint 5, .30 ‘inch; tapering from joint 5 to the end; rather strongly indented on joint I; tongue and wing cases equal, extending back to posterior part of joint 5 ; cremaster two long hooks at the tip, two shorter at the base, outside of these and a little removed from them several other short hooks ; abdom- inal joints slightly punctured, the tongue and wing cases shallowly corru- 172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. gated, terminal joint deeply on dorsal and lateral parts ; head rounded. Color, chestnut brown, as usual coated with a white powder. Puparium a slight lining to the leaves that were fastened together with silk. The larva pupated May 17th, and the imago appeared June zath, giving a pupal period of about a month, which is about the same as the other species that have been bred. One feature of the species is that the larva has no lateral fringe. As given before, the food plant is Honey Locust. | : May 12th, another larva was found that differs from the above descrip- tion only in being darker, and as a natural result the stripes more distinct, the light stripes having an orange tint. After this two more were found, one of which had all the light stripes quite distinctly orange tinted. The head was reddish purple striped with numerous white lines, or rather broken lines. Like the other, the venter had the black only on the joints bearing legs. This one had passed the last moult when found, and pro- duced the imago June 17th, showing that keeping the first in confinement had not materially interfered with its time of pupating or its other changes. ON THE CHALCIDEOUS TRIBE CHIROPACHIDES. BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA. Below I give an analytical table for recognizing the genera in the tribe Chiropachides Thomson. It will be seen that I have placed in this group the genus Schizonotus Ratzburg, which Dr. Arnold Foerster, in his Hymenopterologische Studien (1856), says is identical with Se/aderma Walker, an opinion in which I cannot concur, my type of Schizonotus Siebaldi Ratz. not agreeing at all with Walker’s definition ; also the genera Mesopolobus and FPlatymesopus Westwood, which were subpressed by Walker and other authorities, and placed in the genus /¢teromadus ; they agree in all essential characters with this group, the anterior femora being very similar to Chiropachys, the type of the tribe. Two new genera will be found characterized in this group, the characters of which, as given in the table, being sufficient, it is aes to enable them to be easily recognized, | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 173 The arrangement proposed is as follows :— Tribe Chiropachides Thomson: TABLE OF GENERA. PP WIL ONE SOUT ee cn Cite ee Ge we ek ag Pe Posterior tibiz with two spurs. _ Eyes not hairy. a oh ese ee, Semen ea ha a 2 Re hairy. _ Abdomen sessile, long pointed ovate, marginal and postmarginal veins somewhat thick, the latter being longer than the marginal ; stigmal vein short, one-third the length of the marginal ; sculpture coarsely Pitted... 6. eee eee eee eee eee eG L, Dasyglenes n. g. 2. Collar transverse quadrate, separated from the mesothorax by a deep incision at the posterior angle ; pedicel of antenne lengthened, E funiclar joints much broader than long, the club obliquely truncate a _ from below.......... ..............G. 2, Schizonotus Ratzburg ~ Collar not so formed. _ Collar transverse, rounded before, narrowed in the middle. Anterior femora ge ee : em with two transverse bands... .: ; ee ees .G. 3, Chiropachys Westwood. 3 "Anterior hihiors simple wings wit one transverse band latte Dias, dest tae. ee cha dae a q Bees as Olney RES a haa doleath ey ns re hy MEF ORRP NUS Forster. U2. Abdomen petiolated. . pee Abdomen sessile, long or pointed ovate. Marginal vein of anterior wings not thickened......................5 _ Marginal vein of anterior wings thickened. Antenne with transverse ritig-joints............. pe Yc ual k se ain af tid Antenne with ring-joints large not transverse. Marginal vein but slightly longer than the stigmal. . ; ae ence ws ew Me diec'e hee! aac wow, Kies 63 ban iin oes Teh ip nie, Gehan G. . Pandelus Forster, _ 4. Stigmal vein and postmarginal vein short....G. 6, Metacolus Forster Stigmal vein longer than the marginal; ¢ with the antennal joint stylate Bee BDCM ss Cons oe ks as aad G. 7, Raphitelus Walker. 5. Parapsides only indicated anteriorly ; anterior margin of collar sharp. ‘Stigmal club very large....... tteeeeeessvce+ © G. 8 Dinotus Forster. Stigmal club small or moderate. 174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, * © With marginal vein at least thrice as long as stigmal ; funiclar joints 4 broader than long ; middle tibiz in g with a small hirsute lobe, out- wardly near tip.... ..........-. .G. 9, Mesopolobus Westwood. ** © With marginal vein not twice as long as stigmal ; anterior ta 4 flat ; middle tibiz in # whee dilated, foliaceous. ... 4.9. Au _G. 10, Platymesopus Weawsan. 6. Collar rounded before; mesothorax lengthened with three keels. dq Marginal vein more than twice longer than the stigmal ; parapsides indi- — Cated AMBBTIOFY i405 nin am ects G.11, Rhopalicus Forster. Marginal vein but slightly oa than the iow parapsides complete fs ee Sie £2, insichile n. g Pisiina n. 9° Whole surface, including the shades: very coarsely retinuiney i. punctate, and sparsely covered with a pale pubescence. Head large, — slightly broader than the thorax with deep antennal grooves, the grooves a converging and meeting at apex. Antenne inserted slightly above the verse, contracted and produced anteriorly into a short neck, the neck with a delicate‘medium carina. Mesothoracic parapsides delicate but complete. Scutellum convex, as broad as long; slightly prolonged over _ the metathorax and ending in a slight projecting ridge at the apex. Meta- a thorax short, with a delicate medium keel. Abdomen sessile, much longer a than the head and thorax together, acuminated, the tip projecting slightly q beyond the wings when folded. All femora swollen, the fore pair much ~ more so than the middle pair ; the tibiz are very long, the three basal ¥ joints of which are as long as their tibiz; the middle and posterior tibia longer than their femora, and the tarsi not nearly as long as their respective tibia; the posterior tibiz are armed with two strong, divergent apical E spurs. The submarginal vein, of anterior wings, is one and a-half times 4 as long as the marginal, the marginal and postmarginal veins thick, the — latter. much lengthened, gradually acuminated, ending at the rounded edge a of the apical margin of wing ; stigmal vein short, about one-third the length of marginal, slightly bent, the stigma small and slightly emargin- 4 ated at the apex. jg Unknown. Dasyglenes osmia n. sp. , 9. Length.25 inch. Cyaneous, coarsely pitted, pubescent. ‘Fidtelopn q of antennee brown. Legs dark red, pubescent ; femora infuscated, Wings — Re. al : clypeus, the latter with a sinus in the middle. Eyes hairy. Collar trans- Br > THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 hyaline, veins brown; the whole surface is covered with a fine brownish pubescence. Described from one ? specimen reared from a bee, Osmza species, living in Catalpa twigs. _ This genus shows strong affinities with C/eonymus Latreille and _ Aetroxys Westwood, but is readily distinguished from both by the thickened fore femora ; had it not been for this character I should have placed it in the genus C/eonymus. a . Chiropachys Westwood. | Chiropachys colon Linn., Faun. So. Ed., ii., p. 413; C. guadrum _ Walk., Ent. Mag,, iv., p. 14; Pteromalus bimaculatus Swederus. This common European chalcid must now be added to our fauna, ‘specimens having been taken in the United States that cannot be separ- a ated from types received from Europe. Ee The species described by Mr. Edward Norton as Chiropachys - nigrocyaneus, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, il., p. 327, is not a Chiropachys, but belongs to the genus Pachyneuron in the tribe Sphegigastrides. Dinotus Forster. Dinotus elongatus Nn. sp. a 2 Length .13 inch. Dull metallic brown, confluently punctate. q sparsely covered with white hairs. Head much wider than the thorax, a the width of the vertex nearly twice the length of the eye. Ocelli red, _ Eyes ovate, brown. Antenne 13-jointed, filiform, pubescent, the long slender scape, pedicel and the two ring-joints, honey-yellow ; flagellum _ brown, the first funiclar joint the longest, following joints slightly subequal; the club short, three-jointed, slightly thicker than the funicle, and not longer than the first funiclar joint. Collar very short, transverse ; parap- sides only indicated anteriorly. Metathorax not very long, not keeled ; metathoracic spiracles long oval; metapleura slightly pubescent. Coxe smooth, bluish-green, with tufts of white hair anteriorly. Legs honey- _ yellow, excepting the femora which are brownish in the middle. Abdo- men sessile, pointed ovate, one-third longer than head and thorax com. bined, concave above, and of a dull greenish metallic lustre, each segment _ laterally with some short hairs. Wings hyaline, sparsely pubescent ; veins _ yellowish, the marginal hardly twice the length of the stigmal, the latter - terminating in a slight knob, while the postmarginal is slightly shorter than the marginal. Described from one specimen captured at large. 176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Brachycrepis n. &. This genus is very similar to Rhopalicus Forster, but the rGsiged metathorax has three distinct keels, the abdomen has a short rugose petiole, the marginal vein of the front wings is but slightly longer than the stigmal and the parapsides complete. The anterior femora are very much swollen ; the antenne are subclavate, 13-jointed with two ring joints, and are inserted slightly below the middle of the face ; the pedicel is about as long as the first funiclar joint. Brachycrepis tricarinatus n. sp. 9 Length .13 inch. Dark blue with a slight metallic seeks on the head and thorax, confluently punctured. Eyes dark brown. Antennz 13-jointed, black, except the scape beneath, which is brownish-yellow ; flagellum pubescent ; the first funiclar joint the longest, the others slightly subequal, but gradually growing wider toward the club, the fifth and sixth joints being wider than long. Collar transverse, narrowed in the middie. Mesothoracic grooves distinct, but very delicate as they approach the scutellum. Coxe, femora and tibiz, excepting their tips and the last tarsal joint, blue-black ; tips and the other tarsal joints, honey-yellow. nals agai Nimeietee ce? 9-7 3.004%). Abdomen long ovate, about the length of the thorax, blue-black with a : very slight metallic tinge near the base beneath. The second segment, counting the petiole as the first, is the largest, the others gradually sub- equal ; each segment with a single row of delicate white hairs. Wings hyaline ; veins pale brownish, the submarginal vein as long as the marginal — and postmarginal together, delicate, the marginal is but slightly” longer than the stigmal, the latter clavate with a slight uncus. Hab.—Riley Co., Kansas. Prof. E. A. Popenoe. CAN INSECTS DISTINGUISH BETWEEN RED AND YELLOW? BY T. D, A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, COLORADO. | In this neighborhood (Custer Co., Colorado,) one very frequently finds a yellow spider of the genus Zhomisus or allied thereto, seated in the middle of the umbels of Zigusticum montanum Benth. and Hook., and on other yellow flowers. This spider, so seated, has nothing to cover it from direct observation, and from its size and colour would be conspicuous enough elsewhere ; but on the yellow flower, sitting in the depression in THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177 the centre of the umbel, it is quite invisible unless specially looked for. Thus concealed, it waits until some insect—frequently a small bee, or a butterfly of the genus Pamphila, settles on the flower—but no sooner is the insect intent upon the nectar of the blossom, than the cunning Zhomzsid has it in its grasp, and is sucking its life-juices away. On one occasion, also, I found a white Zhomisid spider seated on a white umbel, and equally concealed here by its whiteness, it had secured and was feasting ona bee. So far good. It may be argued that spiders of this family have been accustomed to sit on flowers, and being variable in colour (as in fact they are) natural selection has so arranged matters that yellow spiders pre- side over yellow flowers, white over white,andsoon. But perhaps, also, the spider has “‘an eye for colour,” since he (the yellow one) occasionally sits on a small species of sunflowers which has yellow rays and a dark brown disc—and here, although the spider always sits in the middle of a yellow umbel, he sits on the rays of this sunflower, knowing altogether better than to expose himself to observation on the brown disc. But, to. come to the point to be discussed, there is a species of geranium found here ( Geranium fremontii Torrey, ) having pink flowers—yet the yed/ow: spider sits on these, apparently unconcerned at the difference of colour. _ Now, it is a curious thing, that throughout living organisms, whether birds. (e. g. Fringillide), mollusca (e. g. Tellinide, Helicide), insects (e. g. Lygenide, Sestide, Cheloniide, Ichneumonide), or plants, that the red and yellow pigments seem to stand in this relation to one another. that _ the red is amore complex form of the yellow, and hence occasionally reverts. to it, yellow being in all cases the primitive color. In Geranium, it is. true, there are not (to my knowledge) yellow-flowered varieties, but then, there are both pink and yellow-flowered species of Oxadlis, in the same natural order. Therefore, it is conceivable that the yellow Zhomisid first came to sit on geranium flowers at the time when these were yellow, and has continued the habit—but still, since it appears to understand the difference between brown and yellow on the sunflower, why cannot it tell that pink and yellow are not the same? Does it not look as if, to this spider, these colours were indistinguishable ? Also, the geranium-frequenting spiders do not starve, although to human eye they are very easy to be seen—does not this, again, look as if the insects frequenting those flowers could not distinguish between pink and yellow, and so, not seeing the spider, fell unwittingly into its grasp ? 178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, This is the question I wish to ask, and to answer it, it is necessary to have observations of a more extensive nature on the relation of yellow insects to pink flowers, and vice versa. I have myself noticed that (in Kent, England,) Gonepteryx rhamni appears to be exceptionally fond of settling on pink flowers, but it seemed to me rather that the butterfly was conscious of the contrast between the colours and its own conspicuous- ness arising therefrom. May I rely upon your readers to supplement these notes, and so clear up this question ? CORRESPONDENCE, DICERCA PROLONGATA. With reference to Dr. John Hamilton’s note on p. 120, I may say that I have found the larva of this species boring in Populus tremuloides in Colorado, concerning which details were published in the ‘‘ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine” for March, 1888, vol. xxiv, p. 232-233. PDEs Cockrrett. CAPTURES IN 1887. Dear Sir: My additions to the list of Canadian Lepidoptels for the past season is of the most meagre description. I took a good many micros, new to me ; but as usual, with them a large proportion were single specimens of a kind. I sent to Prof. Fernald 17 specimens which I had in duplicate ; of these three turned out to be variations of kinds that he had previously named for me ; three proved to be all one ; one, Depressaria heracliana Dege. was new to me, but already in the list, and one Zecopsis aitidana Clem. is new to the Canadian list ; the rest were unknown to him. Three years ago I captured at Ridgeway, along with Limacodes, to which I thought it belonged, a moth new to me, and which has been from that time until lately awaiting a name. During the past winter, Mr. John- ston, of this city, was making some exchanges with Miss Emily L. Morton, of Newburgh, N. J., and received from her a specimen labelled Adoneta spinuloides H. S., in which I recognized my unnamed Bombycid. Miss Morton acknowledges. her indebtedness to Mrs. Fernald for the correct identification of most of her Lepidoptera. On the rith of July last I came on an assemblage of Pyralids in the grass under the shade of a butternut tree, where I had taken refuge from the excessive heat. At first Se ea 4 4 ag eS, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 I thought it was otis magistralis, on closer inspection I doubted its identity—it was like, and yet unlike. I concluded that if it was JZagis- tralis, it was an unusually fine specimen, so I took a quantity of it anyway, and all the more willingly as it was quite abundant in the very spot where I wanted to stay for a while. On comparing them, I was still undecided ; whilst in communication with the Rev. Mr. Hulst, about some Geometers, I sent to him a specimen and received for it the name Botis guinguelin- ealis Grote. These three names are then the only presentable result of my last season’s work in this direction. J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont. KNOWLEDGE OF DEATH IN INSECTS. Dear Sir: An incidental remark in one of my papers, page 6, of the present vol., has attracted the attention of a correspondent of the ENnro- MOLOGIST, as may be seen by turning to page 120. I was then entirely unaware that I was meddling with an “zfse dixit of Mr. Grote’s, or was touching one of his ‘chips,’” but, in common with the readers of the ENTOMOLOGIST, I know it now. While Mr. Grote certainly had the right to show, if he could, that the alleged assertion, whether made by himself or not, was not ‘unsupported,’ was not “ dogmatic ;” yet he had no right to assume that I had seen his paper, and even on that assumption no right disposed person, while differing from me, could take legitimate offence at my words, which are strictly scientific. The cause is said to be weak, when the advocate resorts to the argumentum ad hominem to over- come his opponents argumentum ad rem; * * * Let us see where Mr. Grote stands, his words are: “It is by the keeping stil/ that. the insects seem to me to appear to ‘ feign death,’ of che existence of which latter they could have no knowledge.” Few or none will dispute the first part of the quotation. It states exactly what such insects do, that is, “keep still;” but this does not prove that insects can have ‘no know- ledge of death ;” no proof of this is anywhere offered, nor is the assertion in any way limited or qualified; hence ‘‘ unsupported,” “dogmatic” are appropriate adjectives, and though not made by me with any reference to or knowledge of Mr. Grote’s paternal claim. Now see how he “corrects” the adjectives “ unsupported,” “dogmatic” (ib, p. 120). His words now read: ‘‘ Whether insects can have any knowledge of death, as such, may be a matter of opinion,” etc., quite a different statement from his former 180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. postulate, that insects could have no knowledge of death. ‘The reader will notice how zmgenuously “ dogmatic ” is disposed of by this change of base. Now, as to what he doubts not is the main point, that is, “ the keeping still,” that is only what these insects do, a mere act, and one to which even Mr. Grote himself attaches a motive, ‘‘the approach of danger.” But why “keep still” on the “approach of danger”? His answer cannot be surmized. . Writers have expressed various opinions about this “keeping still,” ‘‘ death mimicry,” ‘feigning death,” as practiced by certain insects and other animals, but I have not seen any statement that they can have no knowledge of death, except that claimed by Mr. Grote and a similar one in a Pittsburg news- paper. Dr. Lindsay, in his work ‘‘ Mind in Animals,” in treating of death-feigning, says: “This must require great self-command in those that practice it;” while Professor James, of Harvard College, in an article in Popular Science Monthly, June, 1887, on ‘‘Some Human Instincts,” says: ‘It is really no feigning of death at all and requires no self-command. It is simply a terror paralysis, which has been so useful as to become hereditary.” In commenting on this the newspaper man makes the remark I took exception to, my notice of which, without at the time being able to state where I had derived it, brought out Mr. Grote, whom I would most assuredly have quoted had I been aware of his assertion. Joun Hami.ton, Allegheny, Pa. ARZAMA OBLIQUATA, G. AND R. Dear Sir: In reference to Mr. Moffat’s remark in the July number of the CANADIAN ENnvromoLocist, that the larva of this moth does not always form its pupa in the reed, I wish to say that I have taken between fifty and seventy-five chrysalids this spring, and all of them were in the reeds where the larva had been feeding. I believe that the larva sometimes goes out of the reed and wanders in other directions before going into pupa, but this is not often the case. My friend, Mr. Doll, when breaking an old cedar stump apart last spring, found in it the chrysalis of A. obliquata, but the larva had been feeding in the stump. Could that have been the case in Mr. Moffat’s instance ? Hermann H. Breume, Newark, N. J. Mailed September Ist. — Ohe Canadian Entomologist. VOL. XX. LONDON, OCTOBER, 1888. No. 10 . THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE BOMBYCID:. (Third Paper.) BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. Sub-family Cochliine. A study of the American genus Zagoa in its various stages of growth shows a manifest approach to the present group, so that we are warranted in following the Dasychirine with the Cochliine. This sub-family is remarkable for its peculiar larvee, called ‘‘ slug caterpillars” or ‘“ saddle- backs.” ‘The first name is given on account of their snail-like appearance, the form being elliptical or oval, the false feet replaced by swellings on the abdominal segments, so that the larva lies flat and close to the leaf. The head is also retractile. ‘The cocoon is egg-shaped or circular, firm and spun between the leaves. The moths are not unfrequently green and brown as are the larve, and the name “ saddle-backs.” is given in allusion to the bright green quadrate patch which covers the back in some species. Dr. Packard calls one species mozztor, in allusion to the singular shape and armature of the larve. The moths are of various shades of brown, often with green patches, sometimes with darker lines and shades on primaries. ‘The ocelli are wanting and the tongue is short. The North American genera fall into two series: one in which the male antenne are pectinate, the other brush-like or sub-simple. To the first series belongs the typical genus Zimacodes of Latreille, and to this series belong the two European species representing two distinct genera. As compared with Europe, our fauna is rich in Coch/iine. We have two species belonging to the Asiatic genus /arasa, with grass-green thorax, and the fore wings largely green. The larva of Parasa chloris H.-S., is described by Mr. Henry Edwards, Papilio iii, 128 ; that of Parasa fraterna Gr., by the same author, Ent. Amer. iii, 169. (I here correct a statement of mine, that the sub-family C//oephorine does not occur in North America. Mr. Henry Edwards describes Zarias ob/iguata from Florida, a form unknown 182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. to me, the genus belonging to this sub-family which I distinguish from the «Sarothripine ) 1 do not know any forms of Coch/iine from California ; if the sub-family is feebly represented there, it will be a fresh example of the resemblance between the West Coast fauna and the European. No Cuban forms were included in the collection described by me. The geographical distribution of the North American Bombycidz merits atten- tion. On the islands of the West Indies, there seem to be no typical Spinner moths, that is to say, no Attacine, Ceratocampine, Platypterygine, Lachneine. In the new Check List, I included the only West Indian form of this group known to me, Heuretes picticornis G. & R., the types of which are in the Royal Museum in Berlin. Fifteen other genera are included in my list, and although one or two of these are probably synonyms, not being identified by me, enough is shown to prove the richness of our fauna in this group. Sepp figures a South American species of Empretia. The group is probably widely distributed and belongs to the older forms of the family. Sub-family Psychine. The larvee of the present group are still more curious than those of the Cochiiine from their habit of living in a case. The thoracic feet alone are developed, and the undeveloped abdominal feet present a resemblance to the slug caterpillars, so that we have a reason for bringing the groups together. The cocoon-making habit is not alone displayed by the mature larvee, for so soon as the little Psyche larva leaves the egg itfashionsatiny sack and begins its wanderings, dragging its shelter after it. In most of the genera, the females are apterous and worm-like, but in the North American genera with broad, falcate wings, /erophora Harris, and Lacosoma Grote, the females are winged like the males. Sepp figures a South American broad-winged form, and Herrick-Schaeffer, from the vena- tion refers this section of the sub-family to the A¢tacine, notwithstanding the sack-bearing larve. The neuration will hardly guide us in this group, since certain European genera have apparently three internal veins on the secondaries like the Microlepidoptera. Perhaps they are wrongly reckoned here. Some of the moths resemble the Dasychirine. ‘This resemblance is seen in Psyche; but the American genera Zhyridopteryx and Otketicus have long-bodied males with partly glassy wings and short antenne, and look more like the Cossinge. As compared with Europe, we have apparently very few species of Psyche; in fact only one species is well known, viz., THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 183 Psyche confederata Gr., now described in almost all its stages. The life- history of almost any species in this group will be found replete with curious facts, and instances of parthenogenesis are recorded among the European genera. The moth Piryganidia californica Pack., is appar- ently incorrectly described as belonging to this sub-family, and Butler refers it to the Déoptida, a group not studied by me. The Psychine occur in the West Indies, and South America; the genus QOzketicus also in ‘Ceylon. This group seems to he, with the Coch/iina, of very general dis- tribution, and to belong to the older forms of the family, retaining perhaps some characteristics of a primitive form of the moths. It may even be that the cocoon or sack was, in past geological ages, more common as a part of larval habit, and that it was later on restricted to the pupal con- dition. The Sphingide and groups making no cocoon may have been thrown off from the genealogical tree of the Lepidoptera at later periods, In North America there seem to be but few species of Psychine, gener- ally distributed ; the genus Ozketicus being tropical and sub-tropical, Plateceticus a Floridian form, the other genera ranging from Canada to the Southern States, while from the west a few species belonging to the more typical section of the sub-family have been indicated. The broad, falcate-winged genera seem to belong east of the Rocky Mountains, and are reported from the region east of the Andes in South America. Hence, their distribution is paralleled by that of the Ceratocampine. Sub-family Notodontine. ‘Although we have found some reasons for our sequence of the preced- ing groups, there is here somewhat of a break. For instance, the Sarothripine, Noline, Chloephorine, make a similar cocoon ; in the two first the labial palpi are elongated. ‘The Zzthosiine resemble these more or less in form and the absence of ocelli, but their colors and shorter palpi are more like the succeeding Arctiine ; again the Dasychirine resemble the latter in their hairy larve and style of pupation. There is an approxi- mation to the Coch/iine in the Dasychirid genus Zagoa, and the Coch/iine and Psychine approach by the rudimental abdominal feet of the larve ; but the JVe/odontinag, although they fit in with succeeding groups, differ greatly from the Psychine. Ihave described a Psychid genus from Cuba, which has something of the Notodontid form, which is that of the Noc- tuidz, and which latter several genera of this group greatly resemble. Indeed, there seems to be some doubt as to whether the genus Hdema is, 184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. as I believe, a Notodontid, or a Noctuid. We may take also into con- sideration a certain similarity of the abdomenin Limacodes and /chthyura, among the superficial resemblances which induce the bringing in of the Notodonting here ; but the position chiefly recommends itself to me in that we obtain a better sequence for the ensuing groups. In the JVotodontine, the neuration of the secondaries approaches the Noctuide in that vein five of the hind wings is (when present) situated midway between four and six from the cross-vein. The form varies, but most of the genera have long wings, and the abdomen exceeds the second- aries. The costal vein of hind wings does not spring from the sub-costal or upper margin of the cell, but is free from the base. The head and thorax are usually thickly haired, the latter being sometimes peculiarly tufted at the sides. The male antenne are usually pectinate, the female. simple. The caterpillars are often naked, that of Votodonta stragula almost sphingiform. That of Apatelodes is hairy, and Abbot's figures induced the generic name. They have fourteen or sixteen feet, and some- ~ times the anal claspers are wanting (Cerura), and the body is terminated by two thin prolongations. It is this form of the larva which prepares us for the Platypterygine, in which the anal projection is single. This sub- family is known to English entomologists under the name of “ Pebble Moths,” in allusion to the ornamentation, which consists often of shaded spots or blotches. In repose, the wings are folded close to the body. In this position Datana looks like a broken twig, the shaded thorax, with its raised tufts at the sides, like the top of the twig at the break. Datsana is related to the European Phalera bucephala; the same mimicry is dis- played, but here the colors are paler, and the deception even more apparent. The American genera are remarkable for their odd forms, and in some cases for the number of species. Among the most unusual is Afate/odes, closely related to the South American /arathyris. The fore wings are broad, curiously outlined, with sharp tips ; and the soft gray color, the tufted abdomen, present a resemblance to the Sphingid genus Cressonia, so that I have called the species of Apate/odes: False Hawk Moths. The larve of several rarer Notodontids have been described by Prof. French, to whom we are much indebted for life-histories of our North American moths. Sub-family Platypterygina. The moths of this family are frail, geometriform, with faleate or sub- falcate primaries, with short maxillg and palpi,and pectinate male antenne, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185° The caterpillars have the anal claspers replaced by a single projection, have fourteen feet and make a cocoon between the leaves, and are prob- ably double brooded, the pupa of the second brood hibernating. I have described the larva of Dryofteris ; an allied genus has been described by _ Walker, from Japan, which | have not been able to compare critically with » our two North American species of Dryopteris. Mr. Henry Edwards records the European frionia /acertinaria from Canada, and it seems _ that we have a second species in the Prionia bilineata of Packard. We have two species of Platypteryx Lasp. (= Drepana Schrank) from the "east, the one more whitish, Walker’s arcuata, the other more of a buff @ yellow, my genicu/a. The European genus Ci/ix of Leach, is apparently absent in our fauna. In the shape of the wings this little group resembles the following Aftacine, if we may compare such frail species with the giants of the family. The neuration shows also some approach to the typical Bombyces. The hind wings have eight veins, but the inner of the two internal veins is incomplete ; vein five is nearer to four than to six. The fore wings are twelve veined, and a certain look of miniature Attacids is _ due to the conformation of the wings. We have a Geometrid genus _ Drepanodes, which, with its pointed primaries, looks like Platypteryx, and _ it is possible that Stephens has so mistaken the species. STRAY NOTES ON MYRMELEONIDA:, Parr 5. BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Dendroleon pantherinum Fabr. Myrmeleon pantherinum Fabr., Mantissa, 249, 3—Ent. Syst. ii. 93, 3—Brauer Neur. Austr., 64. | ’ Myrmeleon ocellatum Bork. in Scriba. Beitr. ii., 165, pl. 11, f. 5. Dendroleon pantherinum Brauer, Wien. Z. B. G. xvii., 963, pl. tA; £4 The species was described (1787) by Fabricius, from a specimen wanting prominent parts, antenne and legs. The descriptions by Villers, Olivier, Gmelin, Latreille and Walker, are simply copies. a Borkhausen, in 1791, described the sa mespecies as JZ. ocellatum, from a specimen found in Darmstadt, Hesse. ‘The description and figure are good, and Burmeister believed the N. American species to be identi- 186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. cal. Prof. Brauer has given a new description in Neur. Austriaca. The species is a very rare one, found, besides in Austria and Hesse, fifty years ago in Silesia and Hungary. The discovery of the larva in the Prater, near Vienna, on trees, and the raising of the imago by Prof. Brauer is one of his numerous splendid discoveries. He made for the species the new genus Dendroleon. Both species are recorded as Glenurus Hag. in my Synopsis Hemerob. This genus was proposed exactly at the same time with Dendro/eon, but the latter one should be retained for those species. The N. American species and the European are very similar, but the rarity of both prevented the exact knowledge of their differences. I have seen of the European species only three specimens, one from the Rhein Mus. Berol., one from Austria, and one from Hungary in Frivaldsky’s collection. ‘The latter one I have compared carefully with Burmeister’s types in Winthem’s collection in 1852. As since this time nothing is published about the differences of both species, I give here my manu- script notes. ee D. pantherinum is of the same size, but a little more robust ; pro- thorax plain-luteous, without the fine black granulation of D. obsoletum ; a large black dorsal band on metathorax and basal segment of abdomen ; D. obsoletum has mesothorax, metathorax and basal segment above in the middle only with a very dilute blackish color. Abdomen with seg- ment second and third black, the fourth and fifth above light brown ; D. obsoletum has on all segments, or at least on second and third, a transver- sal yellow band. Legs yellowish brown ; fore legs with a ring around the apex of femur, middle of tibiz, and third and fourth joint of tarsus all black ; middle and hind legs with a broad dark ring before the middle of femur, which-is externally nearly connected with the apical ring; the apex of tibia and a median ring, which is wanting on hind legs, black. The coloration of D. obsoletum is very different, as stated in the descrip- tion, Wings with the venation less close, the areoles larger; veins in both wings more fuscous ; front wings in the basal third of the space between fourth and fifth longitudinal vein with ‘four fuscous spots, the most apical one longest, about 3 mm. (wanting on D. odsoletum); the ocellate spot on the hind margin is complete (D. obsoletum wants always the apical half of the iris around the spot); hind wings with a quad- rangular (round in ZY. odso/.) spot near the costa, and ring of spots on the apex of hind margin. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 187 Dendroleon obsoletum Say. Formicaleo obsoleta Say., Journ. Acad. Philad. viii, 44, 1—Say, Ed. Lec. iL, 413, 7. Myrmeleon obsoletus Hag., Syn. N. Am. Neur. 225, 2. Myrmecoleon ocellatus Burm. ii., 995, 1—Walk. 401, 172. Myrmeleon nigrocinctus Rbr. 398, 20—Walk. 361, 1or—Glover Ent. Amer. Neur., pl. v., f. 15 (the figure is a fair one). Body slender, abdomen little villous. Head narrow, face luteous, between the eyes a broad shining black band, notched on the inferior margin; vertex luteous ; antennz as long as head and thorax, slender, elongated, clavate on tip, blackish fuscous, pale in middle ; palpi short, pale ; maxillary ones with the three apical joints equal ; labials not longer, - apical joint fusiform ; prothorax elongated, narrower anteriorly, luteous, faintly granulated with black ; thorax dull luteous, above darker ; on each _ side above the legs a broad black longitudinal band ; below pale ; abdo- __ men shorter than the wings (I believe I have not seen a male), blackish ' brown, with a yellow dorsal, transversal band on the middle of each seg- ment, or at least on the second ; the parts in the last segment light brown, with black hairs ; above split longitudinally ; below on each side a short, _ flat appendage ; legs very long and slender, with short hairs, shining _ black; anteriors with base of femur and tip of tibia brown ; hind legs '__with a luteous band before the tip of femur, or luteous, tip black ; tibia pale, black on tip and after base ; or black, pale at base ; tarsi long, black ; the basal joint sometimes luteous ; spurs luteous, as long as the two basal joints ; apex incurved ; claws luteous ; wings hyaline spotted with fuscous ; front wings with the inner half of an ocellate spot on the middle of the hind margin ; a double spot at the pterostigma, an apical interrupted series, and some dots along the mediana ; hind wings with a larger orbicular spot before the pterostigma, and some spots near the tip and the apical part of the hind margin ; venation white, some of the forks and the longitudinal veins interrupted with fuscous. Length of body, 20 to 26 mm; exp. al., 46 to 67 mm. Mr. Sanborn, Mass. Agric. Rep., 1862, p. 161, states: —‘‘ Specimens of this insect are sometimes found which differ either with the wings not spotted, but hyaline or sprinkled with fuscous, or costal space with a double series of areoles, or without spurs.” Apparently Mr. Sanborn has here confounded several species. 188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Habit.—Canada, Ontario, Mr. Saunders; southern peninsula of Michigan, Mr. Harrington ; N. Hampshire, Mr. Leonard in T. W. Harris’s coll. There is a very indifferent figure of Harris’s specimen by F. J. Sanborn (it is reproduced in Dr. Packard’s Guide, f. 604), in his Rep., 1862, Mass. Agric., p. 160. Mr. Sanborn, who had a most general and reliable knowledge of insects in this country, says :—“ It is of common occurrence throughout the country, and this is the only well-known ant- lion in N. England.” But I have to state that Harris’s specimen is till now the only one from N. England seen by me ; N. York, in Winthem’s coll. and by Mr. Akhurst ; Missouri, St. Louis, Mr. Engelmann ; Illinois, Galena, Mr. Bean; Maryland, Mr. Uhler; N. Carolina, Morganton ; S. Carolina, Aiken ; Virginia; Georgia, June 7 and August 21, in pine woods, rare, in Abbott’s figures in the Brit. Museum; Alabama, figured by Mr. Gosse in his letters from Alabama, p. 242 (I have not seen this book); Liskiyon, Cala, Mr. Behrens. Mr. Th. Say states only, “this species is rather common.” | The range of this species is very large, and probably a larger one to the south and west. The size is not very variable, except one specimen from South Carolina, and one from Cala., to which belong the smallest given dimensions. Very probably the larva ascends trees as the related European species ; and the larva from Washington, D.C., described by me years ago, probably belongs to this species. (Stett. Ent. Z., 1873, p. ont, B) Myrmeleon immaculatus De Geer. M. immaculatus De Geer iii., 564 (365), pl. 27, f. 8—Retzius 59, No. 202—Walker 4o1, n. 174. } M. melanocephalum Oliv. Encycl. vii., 127, No. 33. M. immaculatus Hag., Syn. N. Am., 231, 14, partim. Face shining, black ; epistom and mouth yellow; the black color covers sometimes more or less the epistom, notched anteriorly ; a fine yellow ring around the eyes, more or less interrupted near the antenna, and enlarged below near the mouth, Labrum short, twice as broad as long, rounded laterally, largely notched anteriorly. | ae Palpi light brown, darker in more adult specimens ; maxillary moder- ately long ; thin cylindrical ; three apical joints sometimes black, with a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 small yellow basal ring; last joint cylindrical, truncate on tip ; labial about as long, second joint arcuate, thin, enlarged on tip ; last joint of the same length, subarcuate, largely fusiform above, shining black, tip thinner, yellow. Antenne a little shorter than head and thorax, clavate, dull black, ‘more or less annulate with yellow, basal joint above yellow, below the basal joints shining black. Bar a ‘ ek. Be: ' __ _ Head broad; vertex transversally ovoid, elevated ; anteriorly finely rugose ; a number of very fine elevated lines originating together between the antennz, and then diverging ; the color and pattern of the vertex varies much ; the main color is dull black, with a yellow transversal band, which is entire or more or less divided and may be wanting entirely ; two pitchy black transversal bands are divided by a middle Jongitudinal band, consisting of two anterior and two posterior approximate twin spots, all these pitchy black shining flat spots and bands may be differently shaped ; _ besides there is on each side near the eyes on the vertex a posterior linear flat spot, and another behind this on the occiput; the yellow trans- versal band fills the space between the two pitchy black bands, and is always interrupted in the middle by longitudinal band ; the yellow band ‘is entirely wanting in the N. England, Michigan and N. York specimens, it is more or less indicated in the specimens of the Southern States, and _ always present in the Western States and Colorado. Prothorax short, nearly once broader than long ; sides about straight ; front margin semi-circular, dull brown ; the front margin, two large spots on the part before the transverse sulcus, and two smaller ones after the sulcus, and the membrane between the prothorax and mesothorax luteous or yellowish ; some black hairs on the sides of prothorax ; thorax pitchy fuscous to black above and below; the margins sometimes a little © luteous. Abdomen of female much shorter than the wings ; of the males less shorter and more slender ; pitchy black ; the basal half principally of the females or newly transformed specimens with a large dull luteous spot, covered with short and fine whitish villosity. Female genitals the same of MZ. mobilis, but the black appendages a little shorter and thicker, with very long black hairs ; male genitals similar, but the spoon-shaped part a little shorter. : 190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Legs of the Southern specimens similar to JZ. mobdilis; the specimens from the Northern and Eastern States and the Rocky Mts. much more black ; the anterior tarsi and larger parts of tibia entirely shining black, but all intermediate colors are to be found ; spurs and sometimes the claws brown. Wings similar, variable in size, shape and coloration; the most striking difference is the hind margin of the hind wings, which is never (in 3¢ specimens) sinuate in the apical half, but performs a flattened curve, a little more incurved on tip; the mediana and subcosta are darker and the space between them is blackish, where they are not interrupted with yellowish ; sometimes the transversals below the mediana and some other veins are fumose ; 3 pterostigma white. Length of body, 25 to 36 mm.; exp. al., 60 to 76 mm. Breadth of hind wing, 5 to 7 mm. ‘The smallest specimens are from Colorado. Habitat.—30 specimens male and female are before me; Ludington, Mich., Mr. Pierce (raised); Keene, N. H., Mr. F. H. Foster (raised) ; Peabody, Mass., Mr. G. H. Emerton (raised) ; Albany, N. York (raised by myself) ; Maryland, Mr. Uhler; Virginia, Alleghany Mts., and Wash- ington, D. C., O. Sacken; Morganton, N. Carolina, Mr. H. Morrison ;- Waco, Texas, Mr. Belfrage ; Denver, Golden City, Manitou, Colorado, - by O. Sacken; Wasatch Mts., Utah, Rocky Mts. Dr. Anderson ; Lake Tahoe, Cala., O. Sacken; Sylvania, Cala, Mr. Ricksecker (raised) ; Oregon, Mr. H. Edwards; Washington Terr., Yakima River, Mr. S. Henshaw. . The imago appears everywhere in June and July. The larva hyber- nates and transforms in the pupa about May. The description and the figure by De Geer, though both not siflient: proved that his species was the one here described ; there isno N. American species known, which makes this determination doubtful. There can be no doubt that JZ. melanocephalum Oliv. is the same species. Ollivier’s specimen was collected by Bose near New York, De Geer’s in Pennsyl- vania. Burmeister’s type, now before me, is JZ. modilis. It would be useless to speak about two species described by Walker, without com- paring his types. ‘The same applies to Prof. ‘Taschenberg’s species. When I published the Synopsis N. Am. Neur., I knew only three specimens, which are still before me. I had them separated in two THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 species, but the insufficient material seemed to make it more prudent to unite them provisionally. Both species are very similar, and the only palpable difference is the hind margin of the hind wings sinuated in the apical half of 47. modilis, and convex in WZ. immaculatus. Ihave raised myself both species, and have the full grown larve in alcohol. (To be Continued.) THE CHALCID GENUS RILEYA. BY L. 0. HOWARD, WASHINGTON, D. C. An interesting interference in the adoption of the generic name Ri/eya has recently taken place between Mr. Ashmead and myself, and, as I am of the opinion that this name should apply to the genus of Encyrtinze -defined by myself, rather than to the genus of Eurytomine defined by Mr. Ashmead, I state in this note the circumstances of the interference, and print in full the paper in which my description occurred. At the meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington, held June 7, 1887, I read the paper in question and handed the manuscript, after reading, to Mr. Smith, the Secretary, with the request that he publish the generic description in full in his abstract of our proceedings in Entomo- logica Americana. June g this periodical for June was received, and I found upon reading Mr. Ashmead’s “ revised generic table of the Eury- tomine,” published upon pages 41 to 43, that he had decided to use the same name for a genus of that sub-family. The name is there given, of as a new genus, but as one already described, and the few words given to it in the table fail to sufficiently characterize it. Noting these points, I did not recall my description from Mr. Smith, and it was published in the July number of the same periodical (received July 5). 1 inferred from the fact that Mr. Ashmead entered the genus as ‘* Rz/eya Ashm.,” and not “ Rileya n. g.,” that his description had been sent away for publication, but had not appeared, and this inference was shown to be correct when upon July 14, first copies were received of Bulletin No. 3 of the Kansas Experiment Station, which contained in an appendix Mr. Ashmead’s full description of this genus. I am individually inclined to think, therefore, that as Mr, Ashmead 192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. did not give his few words in the generic table to Rileya as a new genus, — his mention of it there amounts simply to the mention of a manuscript name, and as the full description of Ai/eya Ashmead as a new genus was not published for some days subsequent to the publication of my genus, the latter should bear the name. Were this a mere matter of credit for a _ genus, I would not waste words upon it, and were it any other name I would give way without hesitation to my friend Mr. Ashmead, but my - 4 desire to establish the genus in Professor Riley’s name, and to apply it to this extremely interesting and beautiful form, is so great that I am led to assert my claim, which of course will stand or fall upon its merits. The original paper as read before the Entomological Society of Wash- ington, June 7, is as follows :— ‘‘One of the most beautiful insects I have ever seen was sent in con- siderable numbers to Dr. Riley, from California, by Mr. Koebele, in 1886. It was captured by Mr. Koebele, as stated in his notes, while searching- for a species of Dactylopius, which lives upon the Passion Flower at Los Angeles. His account of the actions of the little parasites upon this plant — is interesting enough to quote: ‘A number of the parasites were collected on a plant, and some of them were noticed depositing their eggs. Busily they ran up and down the branches, and if they met with a grown insect, this was touched from behind with their antennz from five to fifteen seconds ; then either the parasite would run off or turn around and thrust an egg into the insect, which, when the parasite approaches, keeps perfectly quiet ; but if operated on, will turn the posterior part of its body rapidly around in a circle, and its ai ik will, after the egg is left, walk quietly off without facing its victim again.’ Ze “This little parasite, although only shout a millimeter and ahalf i in length, is a perfect gem in color. It is a fleck of brilliant green-gold, and its structure is very strange to one not familiar with the peculiar group of genera to which it belongs. The remarkable antennz, with their concave leaf-like scape, peculiar pedicel, and broadly flattened flagellum carry to an extreme a conformation seen only with the three genera—JZira, Anusia and Cerapterocerus-—of the sub-family Zucyrtine of the Chalcidide. 1 have always supposed that the preliminary tapping of a Bark-louse, with the antenne, as described by Mr. Koebele above, and as often noticed with other parasites, was for the purpose of ascertaining by a tactile sense THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 larva, and it is altogether likely that this extraordinary development of the -antennz in these genera is of use in this direction, and was developed in response to some such need, for it will be noticed that this conformation occurs in the female sex only, and that the males of such of these genera as have known males have antenne of the ordinary pedicillate whorled type. RILEYA SPLENDENS. s ; ‘* The relationships of this California parasite, although it forms a new and in some respects abnormal genus, are plainly with the European genus Cerapterocerus of Westwood ( Zelegraphus Ratz.),. of which two species _ have been described, viz., C. mirabilis Westwood, and C. corniger Walker, of both of which we have authentic specimens in the collection of the ‘National Museum, through the courtesy of Dr. Mayr, of Vienna. The 194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. former has been reared from a Lecanium on peach by Tschek, from a Lecanium on plum by Kollar and Rogenhofer, and from coccids on grass by Kollar and Kriechbaumer ; while the latter has been reared by Kriech- baumer from coccids on plum and grass. , ‘“T have, with Dr. Riley’s kind permission, dedicated this remarkable and beautiful genus to him, in acknowledgement of the work which he has done in making known the life-histories of American hymenopterous parasites, not less than in acknowledgement of the opportunities he has given me, and the assistance and encouragement he has rendered me in the study of the interesting family to which it belongs. “ Rileya,Gen. nov. Female. Moderately stout, resembling somewhat Cerapterocerus Westwood (see Mag. Nat. Hist. vi., 1833, page 495; see also Snellen van Vollenhoven, Schetsen, Tab. vii; see also Mayr, Die Europaischen Encyrtiden, Verh. d. k. k. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1875, page 747; see also Ratzeburg, Ichn. d. Forstins. ii, 1848, page 152, under name Ze/egraphus), but differing as follows: The face is not elbowed in the middle so as to give a triangular profile to the head, but is gently rounded, and has a strong glistening transverse clean-cut ridge just above the insertion of the antenne, which are stouter and with a more concave scape than with Cerapterocerus. ‘The mesoscutellum has a strong tuft of erect black hairs as in Chz/oneurus, but which is lacking in Cerap- terocerus. The stigmal vein is given off immediately at the juncture of the submarginal with the costa, and is a trifle longer than the postmarginal. The submarginal is three and one-half times as long as the stigmal. The postmarginal, the distal third of the submarginal, and the wing dise below this last heavily clothed with short stout bristles. The body is highly polished and the wings are not hyaline. The metanotal spiracles are large, long-oval and oblique, and the abdominal spiracles are very prominently tufted. The ovipositor does not protrude, except in specimens killed in the act of oviposition. * Rileya splendens, Sp. nov. Female. Length, 1.63 mm.; expanse, 3.8 mm.; greatest width of fore-wing, 0.53 mm. Front with a delicate round- oval punctation ; cheeks with delicate longitudinal striation, and a perfectly smooth band bordering the eyes ; mesoscutum very delicately shaggreened ; scutellum and scapule smooth; mesopleura and abdomen smooth. General color metallic green, the most brilliant reflections given off from the cheeks and the proepimera ; antenne also with metallic reflections, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 but darker in general effect ; mouth-parts honey-yellow ; abdomen bluish- metallic below ; all legs metallic ; joints 2, 3 and 4 of tarsi honey-yellow. Distal two-thirds of wings (fore) dark brown ; the proximal limit of the color very definite, and the color deepest at this point, becoming lighter at tip of wing; a narrow, longitudinal, slightly curved, hyaline line arises at the _ middle of the proximal border of the infuscation, and extends rather more than half way to the tip of the wing. Described from many female speci- mens. Los Angeles, Cal., A. Koebele.” ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. The annual gathering of the Entomologists of North America, in connection with the meeting of the A. A. A. S., took place this year in the city of Cleveland, Ohio. While much regret was felt at the absence of many eminent Entomologists who have always taken an active part in the work of the Club, and at the consequent smallness of the attendance, the meeting was much enjoyed by those who were present, and the valuable papers read were received with great interest. The first session was held at 9 a.m. in aclass-room of the Central High School Building on Wednesday, August 15th ; the President, Mr. John B. Smith, of Washington, in the chair. In the absence of the Secretary (Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Agricultural College, Mich.) Professor Herbert Osborn, of Ames, Iowa, was requested to act in his place. Owing to the smallness of the attendance the Club adjourned till 1.15 p.m.,, _ when the President read his annual address on “ Entomological Collec- tions in the United States.” In this interesting and valuable paper, which, as well as the other papers read at the meetings of the Club, will, we understand, be published in full in Axtomologica Americana, the writer gave an account of all the great collections, both public and private, in the United. States. Among general collections he especially mentioned those of Mr. Bolter, of Chicago, and Mr. Henry Edwards, of New York ; in Coleoptera he specified the collections of Dr. Horn, of Philadelphia, ‘Mr. Ulke, of Washington, and Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz, and Lieut. Casey ; in Lepidoptera those of Messrs. Henry Edwards, Neumogen> 196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Strecker, Graef, Tepper, Holland, W. H. Edwards, Lintner, Bailey, and Meske ; in special departments of Lepidoptera those of Mr. W. H. Edwards, Rev. Dr. Holland,and Mr. Bruce in Butterflies; in the Hesperide that of Mr. E. M. Aaron, of Philadelphia ; in the Sphingide that of Mr. E. Corning, of Albany ; in the Geometride that of the Rev. G. D. Hulst, of Brooklyn ; and in the Tortricide that of Prof. Fernald, of Amherst, Mass. He also noticed many other collections in various orders for which we must refer the reader to the address itself. After hearing the address the meeting adjourned till the next day. The following persons were in attendance during the sessions :—John B. Smith, Washington, D.C. ; Prof. H. Osborn, Ames, Iowa ; Prof. F. M. Webster, Lafayette, Ind.; Dr. D. S. Kellicott, Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. and Mrs. O. S. Westcott, Chicago ; L.O. Howard, Washington ; J. Mackenzie, Toronto; A. B. Mackay, Agricultural College, Miss. ; D. A. Robertson, St. Paul; S. H. Peabody, Champaign, Ill.; Dr. C. V. Riley, Washing- ton; S. B. McMillan, Signal, Ohio ; Rev. L. C. Wurtele and Miss Wurtele , Acton Vale, P.Q., and others. sf The Entomological Society of Ontario was represented by its Presi- dent, Mr. J. Fletcher, of Ottawa, and the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, of Port Hope. On Thursday, August 16th, the Club met at 1 p.m., and entered upon the consideration of the President’s address ; this naturally led to a discussion upon the best materials for boxes, &c., in which to preserve collections. Mr. Howard stated that the boxes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., had their bottoms made of Italian poplar. Mr. Fletcher asked for the experience of members with poplar, tulip-tree and other woods as regards cracking and splitting. Dr: Riley said that there was no wood that would not split, warp or — crack ; the only remedy was to have the materials kiln-dried and then soaked in shellac and alcohol. He adopted the form of boxes used in Washington for the sake of convenience rather than otherwise. The cabinets in Europe were not subjected to the same dry heat as in America, and were consequently not a guide to us in this respect. Mr. Fletcher stated that there are only two noteworthy collections of insects in Canada: (1) that of the Entomological Society of Ontario at London. It is not very large, but is very good as representative of the THE .CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 197 Canadian fauna, while it contains many specimens from the United States and other countries. The collection of Lepidoptera is especially good and well named, having been revised by Mr. Grote before it was ' sent to the Philadelphia Exhibition, in 1876. In Coleoptera and other orders great care has been taken to have the specimens well named. The collection is open to any one who desires to examine it. (2) The collection of Lepidoptera in the National Museum at Ottawa is very good. The nucleus was formed by the purchase of about 8,o00 specimens from Captain Gamble Geddes, of Toronto. It is now being added to by the officers of the Geological Survey, who bring to it from time to time rare specimens from out-of-the-way and little known regions. There are several private collections of value, but it is unnecessary to specify them. Mr. Fletcher agreed with Mr. Smith that “types” of new species should be placed in some national collection where they would be accessible to all students. For his part he should always be glad in future, as in the past, to place ‘‘types” whenever possible in the National Museum at Washington. A discussion then arose as to what is meant by a “type.” Mr. Fletcher understands the term to mean all the specimens actually before a describer when he is making out his description of a new species. Some writers, however, call all specimens types that may afterwards be identified by the describer as agreeing with the originals. Mr. Howard agreed with Mr. Fletcher that only the material before a describer at the time is to be called ‘f type ;’ other specimens should be marked ‘ deter- mined by the author.” Dr. Riley thought that all the materials deter-— mined by an author might be called “types of that species,” provided that they do not vary from the original specimens. Prof. Webster considered that all typical material should be placed in some national depository where it would be perfectly safe, and instanced the loss of the Walsh collection by fire as a calamity to science ; collectors should be willing to sacrifice their types for the general good of science. Mr. Smith was also of opinion that only the specimens before the author at the time of making the description are “types,” and that specimens determined afterwards are not really “types.” Mr. Fletcher referred to Chinobas Macounii as an example. Mr. W. H. Edwards had eleven specimens before him when he described the species ; these are types, though most of the specimens were imperfect. During the past summer the speaker 198 © THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, had obtained from the original locality a good supply of specimens in perfect order, and although these agreed with the original description perfectly, they should only be labelled as “ typical,” and he was of the opinion that the describer even would not be justified in ete! them F “type.” Professor Osborn agreed with the last speaker. ons (To be Continued.) CORRESPONDENCE. NOTES ON IPS, In vol. xvii., p. 46, of the Can. Ent., Dr. John Hamilton gives some notes on /ps fasciatus and allied forms. He says:—‘ The form fasciatus is the most common here (Allegheny, Penn.), and is that into which all the others are resolved ; in it the elytra are black with an irregular broad basal, and a sub-apical fascia, yellow; individuals are met with totally black without any spot ; others have only a small basal and sub-apical spot yellow (more often reddish) ; others add to these a humeral lunule ; others have various other spots, and by the gradual dilation and coalesc- ing of these through a series of specimens, the full form /asciatus is reached.” He further says that he has never met with these black and spotted forms at any other time than in early spring, usually during April. -As the season advances these entirely disappear and the fasciate form -alone remains, continuing till autumn. Judging from my observations of these forms at Montreal, I cannot quite agree with Dr. Hamilton’s opinion. I find that in the fasciate form the colour is bright clear yellow, while in all the spotted specimens that I have seen the colour is very pale yellow, almost white; the difference in this respect being very marked. With respect to seasons, [ find that the spotted form, or what I take to be g-signatus, occurs during summer as well as in spring, as the following notes will show:—April 24th, 1886, found Js fasciatus and the spotted forms common at a bleeding stump on Montreal Mountain, ¢-signatus being most abundant. June reth, 1886, found several specimens of Ips g-signatus in a small hole in the bark of an oak tree, where the sap was oozing out. August 5th, 1886, found a specimen of Zs g-signatus on a tombstone in Mount Royal Cemetery. August 15th, 1886, found a specimen of /fs ¢-signatus on a tomato on the breakfast table. July 26th, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 1888, found a specimen of fs g-signatus in a jug of milk. ‘The last “« find” was a rather curious one, but the specimen was quite fresh, and had evidently been “supplied” with the morning’s milk. No specimens of fasciatus were observed during the summer months, so that my experi- ence appears to have been just the reverse of Dr. Hamilton’s, F. B. CavuLFieLp, Montreal. a act a pennies INSECTS FEIGNING DEATH. . Dear Sir; I have read with much interest Mr. A. R. Grote’s commu- nications upon the subject of “Insects Feigning Death,” glad always of the opportunity of learning from the older members of the entomological fraternity. But in this case I am not sure that I comprehend the gentle- man’s meaning. In the June number of the Can. Ent. he expresses a doubt in regard to insects possessing any knowledge of death, and hence “considers that they are not mentally capable of feigning death. In the August number he again takes up the subject and says, “ It is probable to me that their attitudes of repose are assumed from the experience they ‘have gradually acquired, that in a state of quiet they will best avoid the immediate dangers which beset them, etc.” Immediate dangers of what ? Physical pain, a knowledge of which they have gained by frequent cap- ‘tures andescapes? It strikes me that it is not only not this, but death itself which they seek to avoid. With no knowledge of death, as such, why should they seek to avoid it? Is it not true that all animal life is -doomed to die sooner or later? And is not a knowledge of the fact that it is something to be feared and avoided as long as possible, necessary to the perpetuation of species? Surely even insects would not seek to avoid that of which they have no knowledge. Does not the very presence of the sense of fear presuppose a knowledge of death, in the sense of annihilation? If the larva of a Geometer has learned, no matter whether by experience or instinct, that by assuming a certain rigid position re- sembling a portion of the twig upon which it is itself located, it is thereby enabled to escape destruction in common with the twig; might not another species, by the same course of reasoning, learn that, to assume the same inanimate position as a dead companion who is not carried away, it also might escape? Beetles belonging to the genera Ch/amys and Lxema, of the family Chrysomedida, will often drop from a seemingly 200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. safe position on the stem of a plant to the ‘ened upper surface of : a , leat of the same, remaining there perfectly quiet without making any. further attempt to escape, their only protection being the form and color of their bodies, which very strongly resemble the excrement of caterpillars. After all have we not reason to believe that life, to an insect, embodies all that is. precious ; the alpha and omega of all that is worthy of being cherished and protected? Knowing as we do the great variety of methods by which insects seek to protect this life, is itso highly improbable that they should hit upon the plan of feigning its absence? The question is an interesting one, though difficult, and, perhaps, impossible ‘to solve ; yet it certainly involves nothing that should lead us to forget that we are fellow-workers. F. M. WesstEr, Lafayette, Ind. DANAIS ARCHIPPUS. Dear Sir: In view of the discussion now going on respecting this insect, it may not be amiss to give some observations from this locality. D. archippus (alias plexippus) is an exceedingly common butterfly in Custer Co., Colorado, from the end of April throughout the summer. At the present time it is abundant near my house, at about 8,400 feet alt., especially frequenting the flowers of Oxytropis lamberti, and also seeming much attracted by a patch of Zrifolium pratense that has sprung up in a timothy field. But the peculiar thing is, that so far as I know, Asclepias, the food-plant, does not occur nearer than some four or five miles away, and at perhaps nearly a thousand feet lower elevation. The only larva I have seen here was an immature one brought to me July 3rd, which had been found on Asclepias at about 7,300 feet alt., some six miles from here, Yet the specimens of p/exippus found up here at 8,400 feet are perfectly fresh and undamaged (much more so than Papilio asterias, which breeds up here), and further, are frequently to be seen paired. : July 22nd. T. D. A. CocKEerELL, West Cliff, Colorado: - Notice.—The Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario will be held in the City Hall, Ottawa, on Friday, October “he It is hoped that there will be a full attendance of members. Mailed October. 3rd. Br ee ae ee ea Che Canadian Entomologist. VOL. XX. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1888. No. 11. _ AN EXTREME CASE OF SEASONAL DIMORPHISM IN COLIAS. BY T. D. A, COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, COLORADO. It was thought strange when it was proved that Co/ias keewaydin and C. eurytheme were seasonal forms of a single species. Still stranger did it seem when Mr. W. H. Edwards’ proved by breeding that C. eriphyle (alias Hagenti) was also a form of eurytheme, but even after this I was - not quite prepared for the conclusion, forced upon me by irresistible facts, that in this locality the orange and yellow forms were not only of one species, but actually alternated seasonally, the former being the summer, and the latter the winter form. The locality. in question is the eastern slope of the Sangre de Cristo range, in Custer County, Colorado, in the neighborhood of Swift Creek, at altitudes varying from about 7,800 to 8,400 feet. Only two forms of C. eurytheme are found (exclusive of the pale females), and neither of these agrees precisely with those already described, so that (‘‘ West American Scientist,” 1888, p. 42,) I called the orange one intermedia, and the sulphur yellow form autumnadis, this last being very close to C. eriphyle. The facts of the case are best shown by extracts from my diary, all bearing upon this locality :— July 13th, 1887.—Arrived here, found ¢ztermedia flying abundantly, and so until the middle of August, when I left for a trip to the western slope. No autumnadlis seen. October 22nd.—Returned to this locality ; a few worn intermedia seen, the last of brood. November 9th.—Caught a 2 autumnaiis, the first I had seen. May 13th, 1888.—Caught a 2 autumnalis—the first of the year. Soon after autumnalis became common, but no intermedia seen. The first gf was caught May roth. (The $’s of both forms of eurytheme, and also of C. alexandra, seem to emerge here sooner than the {’s.) June 4th.—The first zxtermedia of the year seen, 902 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. die it wi “s bes 4 SOEs oo § A RY June 8th.—Awutumna/is still abundant, but some intermedia seen, June 12th.—Jntermedia becoming common, and autumnalis scarce. June 26th.—Zntermedia abundant, a single autumnalis, a q, ie and ‘this is the last seen. ‘ C. eurytheme var. intermedia is now (July 17th) abundant, and C. . alexandra is flying very freely. It is a curious circumstance that the so called “albino” females (var. paddida) do not appear to occur in autumnalis, or if they do are very rare, while they are so frequent in _ intermedia that I have sometimes fancied they even outnumbered the typical females. In both forms, I think, the females Ont: the ~ males. fey From the above facts, I think that it is hard to come to any oes: conclusion than that the orange and yellow forms alternate, and that this’ should be so, presents perhaps one of the most remarkable cases” seasonal dimorphism at present known. There is a very large Asiliid fly found here, which oceabionally | preys upon C. eurytheme var. intermedia in the perfect state. gat DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ORTHESIA FROM CALIFORNIA. ) BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA. -.In a collection of Hemiptera sent me some time since for identifica- tion, were two male specimens of a coccid, and a single white waxy sac, from which one had issued, attached to the upper surface of a small, oval leaf, which at the time, from a superficial examination, I took to ‘be a mealy bug, Dactylopius longifilis Comstock ; but recently on a more careful examination I find to be a species of that aban ce genus Orthesia Bosc. But a single species has been described in this genus in our fauna, ine, Orthesia Americana Walker. A good description of what is supposed to be this species was given by Prof. Comstock in the U. S. Agricultural Report, 1880, page 349. As the present species does not agree with that description, it is apparently undescribed, and below I give a description of it, naming it in honour of its discoverer, Mr. Hy. ae who — it at Grass Valley, Nepa County, California. ¢ * THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 Orthesia Edwardsii n. sp. “Male sac.—This is broadly oval, pure white, .15 of an inch long by .12 of aninch in breadth. It was evidently formed by a secretion of fine, waxy flakes, the regularity of which has been lost as the insect reached maturity, the dorsal disk béing entire, and the flakes only being partially distinguishable at the margins. Male.—Length .12 inch; style about .o4 inch. Entirely black, excepting a reddish cast on the mesothorax, scutellum, metathorax, abdomen at sides and beneath, and the epipleura of the mesothorax ; while the head beneath the insertion of the antenne is pale yellowish white. Head small, nearly quadrate, being but slightly narrowed posteriorly. The eyes consist of 5 or 6 ocelli placed at the side of the head, while the mouth consists of two large, quite prominent ocelli. Antenne very long, the points of which have four or five irregular nodose swellings, with irregular whorls of long, delicate bristles ; the first two joints are very short, not as long as wide, the 3rd and 5th joints the longest, about an equal length, the 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th and goth shorter and gradually subequal, the roth or apical joint more thickened, fusiform, about four-fifths the length of the penultimate joint. Thorax short, less. than one-half the length of abdomen ; the prothorax is hardly distinguish- able from above, being but a delicate ridge or collar; mesothorax quite short, somewhat trapezoidal in outline, and obliquely ascending towards the scutellum, but with a depression in the middle, the lateral lobes ‘distinct ; scutellum highly convex, polished, with some short hairs on the disk, abruptly transversely divided by a deep, yellowish fissure posterior- ly. Metathorax very short. Legs very long, rather slender, black, and with a long, fine hair pubescence ; tibize longer than their femora, slender, cylindrical ; tarsi less than one-third the length of tibize and more slender, gradually acuminate toward apex and terminating in a small, delicate claw ; no digitules. Abdomen, on the dorsum, wrinkled, at sides towards apex covered with a white, waxy substance, and terminating in two very long caudal sete, more than double the length of the insect, rather thickly covered with a white, waxy substance, especially at base, so that in reality they are much more slender than they appear. Style long, blackish. Wings two, white, of the ordinary shape, but I can detect a spurious vein, springing from near the base of the longitudinal vein, ‘between it and the costal margin, and running parallel with it to half the 204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. length of the wings. I have examined many male coccids, but never before noticed this spurious vein, and consequently think it of great importance. MHalteres linear, terminating in a hook with two teeth; one of the halteres is attached to a fold or thickening in the front wing, and as has before been observed, evidently greatly assists the insect in its flights ; the other one was loose, ann thus enabled me to make out the two small teeth. STRAY NOTES ON MYRMELEONID, Parr ae BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. (Continued from page 191.) Myrmeleon mobilis Hag. M. mobilis Hag. - Stett. Z., vol. xxi., 368; vol. xxvi., 444. (No description. ) M. immaculatus Burm. Vol. ii., 994, 5 (not De Geer)-—Hagen Syn, N. Am. 231, 14, partim. The face above the epistom blackish brown, shining ; mouth and a ring around the eyes yellowish ; palpi yellowish ; maxillary thin, apical joint cylindrical, notched on tip; labial of same length, apical joint fusiform, the conical tip notched. Antenne as long as head and thorax, thicker at tip, which is clavate, fuscous, annulated with yellow, except on club ; basal joint yellow above, second black ; antennz below largely yellow. Head dull luteous, with some flat pitchy-fuscous spots ; yeuex transverse-ovoid, elevate, anteriorly finely rugulose ; on the middle two pairs of twin bands, one behind the other; the anterior pair with hind end of its band bent outward ; a round spot on each side of the bands ; the posterior pair straight ; on each side two triangular spots, near the eye ; behind the vertex on each side a transversal band, near the eyes. Prothorax broader than long, sides about straight, front margin semi- circular, luteous with some black hairs besides; anterior part before the transverse sulcus on each side with a black crescent and indistinct median band ; hind part on each side with an indistinct black mark; thorax dull luteous, with some indistinct brown shadows besides and below, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 Abdomen much. shorter than the wings, slender, dull luteous, more yellowish on the apex, articulations pale ; covered with very short pale villosity. Female—Last segment short, yellow, split below near the ventral margin with two, thick, black shining cylindrical appendages, which are as long as the segment and covered with very long black hairs and spines ; out of the superior part of this segment is protruded an additional short segment with two short quadrangular yellow plates with black margins, and below two transversal rows of very strong black spines. Male—Abdomen not longer than of the female ; ventral part of last segment not split below, yellow with long black hairs, forming a large spoon-shaped part ; there are no cylindrical appendages ; the additional segment forming two yellow plates which are shorter but much more pro- longed below and a little enlarged ; margin black with long black hairs below, without the rows of spines; above on dorsum with a bunch of hairs. Legs slender, pale, with black hairs ; the femur, tibia and all joints of tarsus black on tip; a fine black ring on tibia not far from the knee ; spurs as long as the basal joint, straight fuscous. Wings long, narrow, front wings with the costa straight, curved strongly on tip, which is short, about rectangular ; hind margin very slightly incurved, so that the wing is broadest near the apical third; hind wing nearly as long, a little narrower, sharply pointed ; hind margin a little sinuate on the apical half, broadest near the middle of its length ; hyaline, hairy, veins fine, dark ; subcosta, mediana and submediana interrupted with pale yellow; ptero- stigma small, whitish. Length of body, 30 to 34 mm.; exp. al. 80 mm. Hab.—Burmeister’s type from Savannah, Georgia, very probably col- lected by Dr. Zimmermann ; it is a female, and was described out of Winthem’s coll.; the label, zamaculatus De Geer, in Burmeister’s hand- writing, is still on the pin. I have raised male and female in July, 1883, out of larve from Alabama, given by Prof. Lyon; I have the full grown larva, larva skin, nympha skin and cocoon. The larva is called Doodle, and it is a favourite pleasure of children to kneel in the sand near the holes and to sing in a monotonous way, “ Doodle, Doodle, etc.” It is believed that the animal comes out to receive food. But I have to remark that the larva of Zetracha Carolina is treated similarly, 206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _ The type is just transformed, as is proved by specimens from Ala- — -bama, which made their transformation on the same day; one has all four wings developed, one only the fore wings, and the third has all wings crumpled. Nevertheless they have all the saine colours of the type, and itis to be supposed that older specimens will show a darker coloration. _ I have never seen more specimens. When I published the synopsis — ‘I had before me the type of Burmeister and two specimens of M.imma- tulatus, spits believed all three to belong to the same species. ‘ Myrmeleon formicalynx L. The synonymy need not be repeated here ; compare Stet. Ent. - Zeit., 1866, p. 439. | | _.. Face: shining black, above with two impressions, which are wvattable in shape and size, and an engraved spot in the middle between the ‘antennee ; around the eyes a yellow ring, interrupted near the vertex ; epistoma yellow, with two black spots ponecn with the colour of the -face ; mouth yellow. | Maxillary palpi slender eytindrienl; black shining, pale on is: ; wien joint notched on tip, third joint incurvate ; the two basal joints globular, dull yellowish, the second blackish externally ; labial palpi longer and stronger, shining black ; second joint incurvate, thickened on tip; last _ joint thick, ovoid, with an engraved spot externally before the tip, which is pyramidal, ‘pointed. Antenne. shorter than the thorax ; “tip clavate, dull black, belay shining black on base; basal joint yellow, below black i in middle, and with a yellow ring around the base. _ Head dull black anteriorly, with rare white hairs, fuely rugose, ‘the ; ‘lines diverging ; vertex transversally ovoid, elevated, divided by a more ~ or less pronounced median impression, on top with a transversal corrug- 4 ‘ated band, and some glossy flat spots ; two approximate anteriorly and . two posteriorly, and on each side a larger round one ; behind the vertex near the eye an oval similar spot. Prothorax short, broader than long, enlarged bhi | rounded hedcs, 4 dull pitchy black ; margin yellow except in middle anteriorly ; yellowish — near the thorax ; on each side with some longer black hairs ; cciaboeneas a and metathorax pitchy black ; the body paler, eu: s Laks THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207: Abdomen slender, compressed, shorter than the wings, pitchy black ry apical margin of the last segments pale ; villosity white, rather scarce. Female genitals with two transverse rows of black bristles, two cylin- drical black appendages with very long black hairs, and between them an advanced black part of the margin with strong bristles, (Rambur says. with two appendages “‘ formant deux petites saillies an peu plus épaisses ” _ —which I cannot find.) Male genitals similar to JZ. mobdilis, the spoon-shaped part zak triangular, yellow. Legs slender, reddish-yellow ; dices half of femur black; tibia. blackish ; the posterior legs externally reddish-yellow, except on tip; tarsi blackish, sometimes yellowish at base ; spurs about as long as the basal joint, straight ; claws brown. - Wings in shape and venation like JZ. zmmaculatus, with the hind margin convex ; hyaline ; veins black, interrupted with yellow ; ptero-, stigma milk-white, blackish interiorly. Length of body, 25 to 32 mm.; exp. al., 55 to sah mm. Breadth et hind wings, 6 to 8 mm. Hab.— Everywhere in Europe, only England and the islands in the Mediterranean excepted. A pair collected in Castilia by Staudinger is quoted by myself Stett. Ent. Z., xxvii, p. 290. A. Costa figures it from Naples. In Russia it is sienown from Livland to Astrachan and Nert- schinsk, Siberia. ) I have eight specimens, male and female, before me from Sweden, Prussia, Silesia, Switzerland. The imago flies from July to September. I have raised this species, which is common in Germany. In the collection of Linnzus a specimen of this species on the character- istic Linnean pin, bearing in his own handwriting on the label the name “ formicalynx,” is still present. I have seen it in 1857 and 1861. The high authority of my friend McLachlan, and the emphasis with which he declines to acknowledge this specimen as typical (Tr. Lond. Ent. Soc., 1871, p. 443), oblige me to state why I hold decidedly the contrary opinion. Mr. McLachlan bases his objection solely on the fact that the specimen is identical with the Swedish species, and that the African habitat, given by Linnzeus for his JZ. formicalynx, must belong to a different species (though the few words of the diagnosis given will apply 208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, to this insect so far as they go.—McL.), because no specimen from Africa is known to him; and “that the collection of Linnzus has been mal- treated by additions, destruction and displacement of labels.” The dis- covery of a true African specimen would make McLachlan’s objection untenable. Nobody would be surprised that an insect, with such a large distribution, and found in Castilia and Naples, should be found in Africa. For the statement of the displacement of labels in the Linnean collection McLachlan quotes the preface of Staudinger’s Catalog der Lepidopteren, 1871, p. xvi.-xvil. This quotation is indeed very unfortunate, as the Ger- man original is essentially different (p. xvi) from the French translation (p. xvii.) which is alone used by McL.:—“ C’est malheuresement un fait certain que l’acquéreur de la collection de Linné a eu la deplorable idée de remplacer quelquefois des exemplaires endommagés par des exem- plaires frais—vze//etcht vorhandene schlechte Exemplare durch bessere ersetzte.” So long as McLachlan gives not any other evidence for his opinion, it is apparently not admissible. Concerning the Neuroptera in the Linn. collection, I have published (Stett. Ent. Z., vol. vi, 1845, p. 155) the list s¢i// before me, made in 1844 by Mr. R. Kippist, hen Secretary of the Linn. Soc. Of the 83 species described in Syst. Nat. Ed., xii., were present 50 species, but 17 of them were later additions, with labels written not dy Linneus, but probably by Mr. Smith, with the occasional addition *‘exdescript Linn.” These 17 species are marked only with pencil in Linneus’s own copy of Syst. Nat. Ed., xii. The other 33 species have labels in Linnzeus’s own handwriting, and are marked in the copy of Syst. Nat. Ed., xii., with ink. From these alone’ it is certain that they were in the collection of Linnzus, and among these is M. formicalynx. 1 have compared myself the collection in 1857 and 1861. I found nothing changed and no indication of displacements. Illiger’s paper, 1801, in his Magazin, vol. i., p. 7. Westwood’s paper of the Linnean Staphylinus (Tr, Ent. Soc., Ser. I,, vol. iv., p. 45); Schaum ‘‘neber zweifelhafte Kaefer Linné’s nach seiner Sammlung,” Stett. Ent. Z., 1847, p. 276 ; Haliday ibid., 1851, p. 131; Motschulsky, 1855, Etudes. Ent., iv., p. 25, will show that the sweeping charges in McL. paper can not be jeadanad as warranted. The description of JZ. formicalynx in Ed. x. is the same as in Ed. xil., excepting the clerical error “ antennz setacez ” for clavatee, as given in THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 the character of the genus. The quoted figure of Reesel well represents this species. The insects in Linné’s collection have been labelled by him _ in accordance with Ed. x. of his Syst. Nat. At this time the imago of the Swedish species (1758) was unknown to him, and was only published later (1761) in the Ed. ii., of his Fn. Suecica. It is evident that Linnzeus has believed Reaumur’s species and the Swedish one to be identical, as he says in Ed. xui., ‘“Alae nostratis obsque maculis fuscis,” and as he has called this species 17. formicarium, instead of AZ, formicaleo, as in all his anterior works. Now every student of Neuroptera, since half a century ago, knows very well that Linné has combined two different species, and that a new name would be needed for one of them ; but as a second species had been described also by Linnaeus this name was accepted for the Swedish species as JZ. formicalynx. ‘Therefore, indeed, no mistake and no uncertainty was possible. McLachlan has given no proof for his opinion that 47. formicalynx from Africa belongs to a different unknown species. McLachlan’s quotation l.c., p. 441 and 442, ‘In the first edition of the Fn. Suec., 1746, he (Linné) says of an antlion alae obsolete nebulosae,” is not to be found at all in this book, and could not be found, as Linné described only the larva. The words obsolete nebulosae occur in no work of Linné, nor in any other work known to me describing this insect ; but I have now the kind information by McL. that those words were taken out of the interleaved copy of the Fauna Suecica, and that my friend is now sure that they belong not at all to Wyrme/leon. McLachlan proposes to use the name JZ. formicarium, which every body has used for more than a century, since Syst. Nat., Edit. xii, 1767, for Reaumur’s species, for the Swedish species. McLachlan proposed for Reaumur’s species at first the name J. formicaleo used by Linné in Ed. x. and by Poda ; later he proposed to call it . Europeus, which was adopted by Mr Redtenbacher and Prof. Brauer, though the latter remarked that if a new name was needed MV. nostras Fourcroy would have the priority, : Concerning such changes of names, should be studied the excellent dissertation of Dr. Elias Fries, Ofver Vexternes Namn Upsala, 1842 (also in Fries’s Botaniska Utflygter, T. i., p. 113, and German Transl. in Hornschuch Archiv., 1855, T.i.), where also about Linné’s collection, the former idolatry and the later belittling in England, excellent advice and notice will be found, 210 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Myrmeleon formicarius, Linn. The curious habits of this insect are known for nearly two centuries and quoted so often that in my Synops. Hemerobidarum, p. 439, about half a page is filled by them. There is much written pro and con about this name. I believe the change of the name is simply a matter of taste, and I remember with merriness the page on which the late R. Crotch, my old friend McLachlan and myself were hacked to pieces for our heresy in nomenclature by A. Lewis. I consider the paper of McLachlan, Tr. Lond. Ent. Soc., 1871, p. 441, to be a very fair one. Of my two objections one has been removed by himself as I mentioned by M. Sormicalynx. Myrmeleon rusticus Hag. M. rusticus Hag. Syn. N. Amer. Neur. 233, 17. Front a little convex, nigro-piceous, shining, above with two trans- verse small impressions ; epistom black, or on each side with a yellow oval spot, which may encroach a little on the front, and a triangular yellow middle spot, largest anteriorly ; rhinarium bright yellow, labrum largely notched, brownish ; maxillary palpi yellowish, apical joint a little darker, cylindrical, notched at tip, scarcely longer than the preceeding ; labial palpi longer, yellowish, second joint thin, incurved, thickened at tip ; apical joint about as long, strorigly ovate, blackish, with an impressed spot outside, suddenly contracted before end, which is thin, pyramidal, a little incurved; head below and a narrow ring encircling the eyes bright yellow ; antennze strongly clavate, longer than head and prothorax, : dark, annulated with yellow. Vertex obscure ferrugineous, shining, elevated, with a ae side, dull grayish in front above the antennz ; a yellow spot on each side near the eye ; two flat interrupted median stripes and on each side a larger flat shining spot. Prothorax short, broader than long, narrowed before, front margin rounded ; clothed on margins and behind laterally with short white villosity ; dull yellowish, with two approximated median bands more visible before the furrow, and on each side with a broader dark fuscous band more visible after the furrow ; thorax dull pitchy, obscurely mar- — 4 gined with dull yellow; besides, below the wings on: with a — yellow spots, ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 211 __. Abdomen shorter than the wings, luteo-fuscous ; posterior margin of segments, and sometimes a faint middle line, yellow. _ Genitals of male and the last segment black, below a row of strong black spines ; an inferior conical part with long black hairs ; abdomen of female shorter, the superior parts blunt, below a row of black bristles ; _ two small appendages (probably) inferiors. Legs yellowish, not very short, the intermediate finely sprinkled ; femora and tibia darker inside, except in the middle pair; tibia with an apical dark ring ; tarsus about longer than tibia, tips of joints darker ; spurs scarcely as long as first joint, straight, dark. Wings hyaline, moderately pointed ; pterostigma small, milk white, a small dark dot before it ; venation pale, median and submedian veins distinctly interrupted with fuscous ; costals simple. Length of body, # 30, 2 26 mm.; exp. al. 54 to 60 mm. Hab.—New Mexico (formerly W. Texas), Pecos River, August 4th, Capt. Pope’s Exped.; Mexico, Matamoras, same expedition. THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. The Annual Meeting of the Society was held in the City Hall, Ottawa, on Friday and Saturday, October 5th and 6th, 1888. A Council meeting was held on Friday morning at 10.30 o’clock in a Committee room of the City Hall, at which the following members were present :— The President, Mr. James Fletcher, Ottawa ; Mr. E. Baynes Reed, Mr. W. E. Saunders and Mr. J. M. Denton, London; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Quebec ; Mr. James Moffat, Hamilton ; Mr. H. H. Lyman, Montreal. After the transaction of routine business, the sum of $200 was voted to the Library Fund for the purchase of books and the binding of periodicals and pamphlets. An Executive Com- mittee, to consist of the President, the Editor, the Secretary-Treasurer and the members of the Council resident in London, was appointed to deal with the financial affairs of the Society and to provide for the representation of the Society at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The work of arranging the Society’s collections and putting them in good order was directed to be 212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. continued, and Mr. Moffatt was requested to do for the Coleoptera what he has already so successfully accomplished with the Lepidoptera. In the afternoon the Society met at 2 o’clock. Mr. W. H. Harrington was present in addition to those above mentioned. Mr. Lyman exhibited a series of specimens of the different species of Cal/imorpha which he had described in his paper last year (C. E. xix,, p. 181) and remarked upon their various peculiarities. He thought it most desirable that names should be attached to the different varieties, even though they may hereafter be found to belong to the same species. Messrs. Fletcher, Fyles and Moffat made remarks upon the subject, and fps 2 that all distinct forms should have separate names. Mr. Fletcher gave an account of his visit to Nepigon, Lake Superior, early in July, in compatiy with Mr. S. H. Scudder, of Cambridge, Mass., for the purpose of collecting the eggs of various rare species of butterflies. He described the various modes they had employed in order to induce the females to deposit their eggs, and recounted the great success achieved in securing the eggs of no less than seventeen species of butterflies and capturing a number of others. Rev. Dr. Bethune exhibited a number of specimens of Codias eurytheme, chiefly of the form eriphyle, which he had taken at Port Arthur on the 1st of September last, and gave an account of his trip to the Nepigon River, exhibiting a large number of specimens of butterflies and other insects captured there on August 21st, 22nd, and 30th. Among these may be especially mentioned Codias interior and eurytheme, Argynnis electa, atlantis, chariclea and bellona, Phyciodes tharos, Grapta — faunus and progne, Pyrameis huntera and cardut, Limenitis arthemiis, etc. Rev. T. W. Fyles read a paper on Chionobas Jutta, in which he recounted his success in rearing the insect through all its stages. Mr. Fletcher and Dr. Bethune spoke of the desirability of i issuing a series of papers on popular and economic entomology in the CANADIAN EnTomoLocist, and urged upon the members present the necessity of co-operating in the work. The Editor also drew the attention of the meeting to the duty of at once providing the material required for the Annual Report of the Society. - The President laid on the table specimen sheets and plates of M1. Scudder’s great work on the Butterflies of the Eastern States and Canada, which were examined by the members with much interest. He also THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 * a _ brought up for discussion the subject of the disease known as “ Silver-top ” 4 in hay, which is believed to be caused by a species of Thrips, and _ requested the members to investigate the matter in their various localities. The only remedy at present suggested is the plowing up of old hay-fields which are found to be the most seriously attacked. The depredations of Grasshoppers during the past season were next consider- _ ed. Mr. Fletcher suggested that much might be done to reduce their - numbers by cutting the hay about the 2oth of June, if practicable, and thus preventing the maturity of the insects by depriving them of their food before they were able to fly to a distance for it. Mr. Denton reported that the Chinch Bug had been observed in the Township of Delaware, near London, and that it was likely to become very injurious if measures were not taken to counteract it. The meeting adjourned at 5.30 p.m. EVENING SESSION. In the evening the Society held a public meeting in the Council Chamber of the City Hall at 8 o’clock, at which there were about sixty persons present, including the Hon. C. W. Drury, the recently appointed Minister of Agriculture for Ontario; Mr. John Lowe, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion of Canada; Prof. Saunders, Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion ; Sir James Grant, M.D.; Mr. R. B. Whyte, President of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club; Mrs. Macleod Stewart ; Mrs. R. B. Whyte, Mrs. Davidson, and several other ladies as well as a number of farmers and gardeners from the city and neighbourhood. The proceedings of the evening began with an able and practical address from the President, Mr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa, upon “Insects Injurious to Crops.” (The address will be published in full in the Annual Report of the Society.) The speaker stated that it was a well-known fact that at least one-tenth of all the crops grown in this country was destroyed by noxious insects. In order to combat these insects it was necessary to know their life-histories, and to acquire and disseminate this knowledge was the main object of our Entomological Society. He described in simple terms the two systems of structure in insects, in accordance with which one class live by sucking out the juices of plants and the other by biting and gnawing the substance, and related the various means adopted to counteract the ravages of each. In his position as Dominion Entomologist he found it possible to give to nearly 214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. &. all enquirers useful information about the insects that might be affecting 4 their crops or gardens. He then referred to many common injuries — and related the best means of dealing with them, and gave an account of what might be termed the “first-class pests” of the season, 3 among these he specially mentioned the cut-worms and grass-hoppers, — which had been more than usually numerous and destructive in many 4 parts of the Province. He concluded his address, which was listened to © with great interest and attention for upwards of an hour, by expressing the pleasure it gave to the members of the Society to observe the growth of their science in popularity, a fact evidenced by the alten that evening of so many distinguished persons. The Hon. C. W. Drury next addressed the meeting, He re shit he had not come to deliver a speech, but he had travelled five hundred ~ miles in order that as the head of the Agricultural Department of Ontario — he might show the importance which the Government he represented — attached to the work of the Entomologists. He considered that the — small grant annually made to the funds of the Society was amply repaid — by its practical work, and mentioned as an instance the immense saving~ to the country effected by the discovery of the remedy for the minyet, seed midge " Sir James Grant spoke in graceful terms and delivered a very interest- 4 ing address. He described the importance of Entomology in its various _ aspects, and referred to the work of some of its greatest masters, from Aristotle and Pliny, in ancient times, to LeConte, who had described so ~ enormous a number of species of beetles and whose lamented death was — so great a loss to science. He described its relation to other depart- — ments, especially to medicine, and mentioned as an instance the fact that 4 bacteria had been introduced into the blood by the bite of mosquitoes. — He paid a high compliment to the President for his practical and interest- q ing address, and for his enthusiastic devotion to the science which had — deservedly won for him the recognition of the Dominion Government. q Professor Saunders rose to move a vote of thanks to the President for : his valuable address. He gave a short account of the history of the 4 Society and its work, and mentioned the fact that there were only two of ~ the original members present besides himself, viz.: Dr. Bethune and Mr. E. Baynes Reed, who had been concerned in its organization twenty-five — 4 years ago. Sir James Grant seconded ihe vote of thanks, which was pul 3 : to the meeting by Dr. Bethune and unanimously carried. ye » 5 4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 ~-- ' Rey. Dr. Bethune then proceeded to give a brief address, in which he strongly urged the importance of encouraging young people in their instinctive fondness for collecting insects. It was not only a most useful pursuit from an educational point of view, but led to great results in _ developing a love for science and a steady increase in the number of its _ votaries. As one of the pioneers of the Society he was delighted to see _ for the first time at one of its meetings the Provincial Minister of Agricul- _ ture and also the Dominion Deputy-Minister ; he expressed his pleasure _ also at the presence of so many ladies, and trusted that they would bring to the aid of Fntomology all those gifts of deftness and neatness which they so eminently possessed. For their encouragement he mentioned that the most distinguished entomologist in England at the present time is a lady, Miss E. Ormerod, of St. Albans. In acknowledging the vote of thanks, Mr. Fletcher took occasion to _ refer to one point which he had overlooked, namely, the injuries inflicted by “that miscreant, the English sparrow,” whose extermination he strongly advocated. The Hon. Mr. Drury stated that this destructive bird was no longer under the protection of the Act of Parliament respect- ing insectivorous birds, and that everyone was at liberty to aid in redu- cing its numbers. The meeting then adjourned. SATURDAY’S SESSION. : Saturday, October 6th.—At 10 o’clock a. m. a meeting of the Council, _ was held for the transaction of business, and after its adjournment the Society continued its proceedings. The reports of the Secretary- Treasurer, the Librarian, the delegate to the Royal Society of Canada, the Montreal Branch, and the delegates to the Entomological Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science were presented and adopted. The following gentlemen were elected officers for the ensuing year :— President—James Fletcher, F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Ottawa. Vice-President--E. Baynes Reed, London. Secretary-Treasurer—W. E. Saunders, London. Librarian—E,. Baynes Reed, London. Curator—Henry S. Saunders, London. -Council—J. M. Denton, London ; J. Alston Moffat, Hamilton ; Gamble Geddes, Toronto ; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; Rev. T. W. Fyles, M. A., South Quebec (ard the former Presidents, who are ex-officio members 216 THE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST viz., Prof. Saunders, F.R.S.C., F.L.S., F C.S., and Rev. C. J. S. Bethune). Editor of the CanapIAN EnToMOLOGist—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., Port Hope. Editing Committee—The President, Prof. Saunders, J. M. Denton, H. H. Lyman (Montreal), Dr. W. Brodie (Toronto). Auditors—J. M. Denton and E. B. Reed. Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—H. H. Lyman, Montreal. Papers were read by (1) the Rev. T. W. Fyles on “ The Hypenidz of the Province of Quebec;” (2) Mr. J. A. Moffat on ‘‘Some Curious Proceed ings of the Larve of Huchetes egle Feeding upon the Milk-weed ;” (3) Mr. W. E. Saunders on the English Sparrow, strongly recommending its extermination ; (4) Rev. T. W. Fyles on ‘“ The Sphingide of the Province of Quebec.” Mr. Fletcher, in discussing this paper, remarked upon the colours of Sphinx 5-maculata, and said that the dark forms seemed to be hardier than the pale green; he had observed also in Papilio asterias CE a ek oe eS eee that some green pups emerged much sooner than the brown ; he had obtained no less than four broods of this insect this year. (5) Rev, T. W. Fyles read “‘A Memoir of the late Philip H. Gosse,” and exhibited a photograph of this eminent naturalist and his late residence. (The above papers will all be published in the annual report of the Society.) _ Mr. Moffat stated that he had taken Papilio cresphontes this summer at Hamilton, and that he had seen in that neighbourhood a specimen of the now rare Pieris protodice. Mr. Fyles mentioned that he had taken Grapta gracilis and faunus at Quebec in September, Hepialus gracilis in the Township of Dunham, and efia/us auratus in the Township of Brome. Dr. Bethune had found Grafta /. album numerous at Port Hope in September, and brought some living specimens to the meeting ; these will be taken care of during their hibernation, and efforts will be made to obtain their eggs in the spring. The following gentlemen were elected members of the Society :—Rev. Prof. Symonds, Trinity College, Toronto ; Rowland Hill, London; Mr, Brown, /ree Press, London ; A. L. Poudrier, Donald, B. ehy eta M. Bethune, Port Hope; E. M. Morris, Toronto. It was decided to hold the next annual meeting in London immedi. ately after the close of the meeting of the American Association in Toronto in August. After passing a vote of thanks to the Mayor and Council for the use of the City Hall the meeting adjourned, l THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 217: - BOOK NOTICES. ENTOMOLOGY ¥roR BEGINNERS, for the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers and Gardeners. By A. S. Packarp, M.D. New York: Henry Holt & Co.—r vol., 8 vo., pp. 367. ; It is with much pleasure that we draw the attention of our readers to. the publication of this work. For many: years past, we have been re- peatedly asked to recommend some book that would serve as an intro- duction to the study of Entomology, and enable young collectors to make a satisfactory beginning in the pursuit. Hitherto, we have been unable to mention any single work that would answer the purpose, and we have felt constrained to tell enquirers that they must procure several books, for instance, Kirby & Spence’s Entomology, Harris’s Insects Injurious to Vegetation, etc., and even then not have what they want. Dr. Packard’s new book is certainly one that has long been wanted, though we fear that it is a little too technical in its language, and too abtruse in its treatment of some of the subjects to exactly meet the requirements of beginnerst We think, too, that the author has not been judicious in the arrangemen. of the matter ; the first two chapters on the structure of insects and their growth and metamorphosis will, we fear, prove rather repellant to one who has collected a few specimens and wants to know something about them and what to do with them. They are carefully written, and give an admirable summary of what every student of Entomology requires to know ; but they are a little beyond the youthful mind, or the uninstructed powers of the ordinary farmer. We, therefore, strongly advise all beginners who procure this book—and we recommend them to get it without fail— to commence their reading with Chapter vi., which contains very interesting and useful directions for collecting, preserving and rearing insects ; they might then turn back and read Chapters iv. and v. on insect architecture, and insects injurious and beneficial to agriculture. By this time, we have no doubt, they will have become so deeply interested in the work that: _ they will not be discouraged by the drier details and the harder words in.. the remainder ofthe book. The third chapter, which fills over a hundred pages, gives an admirable synopsis of the classification of insects, and should enable a beginner to arrange with some degree of system any’ specimens that he collects. The author has departed from the usually received divisions of insects, and sets forth no less than sixteen orders ;. this number he obtains by sub-dividing the Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Diptera. To the new orders thus formed, he applies the novel terms Plectoptera, Platyptera, Mecaptera, etc. We feel rather doubtful about their general acceptance, and think it a pity that they should have been put forth in an elementary work of this kind before they had been dis- 218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. cussed and approved of by Entomologists in general. We do not, how- ever, wish to disparage the work ; it is certainly a valuable compendium, and we cordially recommend it to our readers who are beginners in Ento- mology. The book is well written and excellently illustrated throughout, and must prove a great help to the science by furnishing young students, in a convenient form, with information that hitherto they could not readily procure. C.J. S. BeTHune. THe BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA, with special reference to New England, by S. H. ScuppER. Imp. 8 vo. Cambridge, pp. 1-40 and ro5—208, Part I, rst Nov., 1888. For some months Lepidopterists and Librarians have been anxiously awaiting the appearance of Mr. Scudder’s monumental work on the Butterflies of New England, which, as is well known, has been constantly engaging the attention of this keen observer and careful student for, the last 20 years.. Through the courtesy of the author we have been favoured with advance sheets and plates of Part I, which is to appear on rst Nov., 1388. From the well known high character of Mr. Scudder’s past work, doubtless much will be expected by the scientific world of this long promised book. Judging from the number under consideration we believe few will be disappointed. No work has ever appeared, in any branch of science, where such thorough and complete information is given of the objects discussed, nor which has been so copiously and accurately illustrated. An Introduction treats, with the greatest detail, of the general structure of butterflies from the egg to the imago, and includes a chapter upon their classification. This is followed by a systematic treatise in which “ not only every species,” (embraced within the scope of the work) ‘but also every genus, tribe, sub-family and family is described and dis- “cussed with a fullness never before attempted, except in individual *¢ cases, including in each instance not merely the perfect form, but, when “possible, the egg, the caterpillar at birth and in the succeeding stages, “and the chrysalis, together with the distribution, life-history, habits and ‘environments of the insect, in which a great accumulation of new facts ‘‘ and observations is embodied.” ) In the Part before us we have pages 1 to 40 of the Introduction cover- ing the structure of the egg, the caterpillar and the chrysalis, and the beginning of the description of the perfect insect. There is then a break. and the pagination continues again at page 105, where the second section THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 = ’ begins with a short chapter on the families of butterflies. This isa repro- duction, slightly altered, of the table of classification which Mr. Scudder has already published in the Can. ENr., xix., 201, in which he divides the butterflies into Vymphalide, Lycaenide, Papilionide and Hesperida, an arrangement virtually the same as that given by Bates and adopted by Packard, in which the genera Gneis and Cercyonis are considered the highest of the butterflies. _ At page tog the systematic treatise begins with the Vymphalide or “‘Brush-footed butterflies.’’ With this family, as with sub-families and genera throughout the work, when possible analytical tables are given for their arrangement, based upon the egg, the caterpillar at birth, the caterpillar at maturity, the chrysalis and the imago. The first sub-family is the Satyrine, including six genera, of which @vezs is described first. Under each species we find first complete and careful technical descriptive details of structure for all the known stages. These are printed in rather smaller.type than the rest of the book, a fact which will considerably facilitate reference. Then follows a general description, giving any inter- esting features in the distribution and habits of the perfect insect and larva, the food plant, variations and enemies, and lastly a list of the points upon which further information is needed. On page 127 appears the first of a series of essays, of which there are to be over 70 distributed throughout the work, and to which the author has applied the somewhat inelegant title of ‘‘ Excursuses.” These discuss separately all the interesting problems which arise in the study of butterflies (whether of distribution, structure, history, or relation to the outer world), in themselves forming a complete treatise on the life of these insects. These will be a charming feature of the work by means of which a book, which must necessarily contain a large amount of technical scientific description, will be made attractive to many who will subscribe to it merely to possess the most extensive and beautiful book which has ever appeared on the diurnal Lepidoptera of North America. The scope of these may be inferred from the titles of those which occur in the first part. 1. The White Mountains of New Hampshire as a home for butterflies. 2. The clothing of caterpillars. 3. The general changes in a butterfly’s life and form. 4. The eggs of butterflies. 5. The modes of suspension of caterpillars. The species described in the first part are Qineis semidea and @. jutta, _Cercyonis alope and C. nephele, Enodia portlandia, Satyrodes eurydice, Neonympha phocion and the beginning of the description of the genus Cissia. 220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The nomenclature, ‘we are told in the prospectus, follows the rules of | the American Ornithologists’ Union. As is wel! known Mr. Scudder’s . views upon some points with regard to nomenclature are very extreme, _and it must be conceded that he has so far few followers. This state of affairs; however, we anticipate will be changed. After many years of close study upon a special subject by so able a student, the writer, at any rate, is prepared to weigh carefully, without previously condemning them, his views as expressed in this his greatest work. The illustrations are, as above stated, most profuse, superbly executed, and each is accompanied by copious explanatory text, which will be bound opposite each plate. The eight plates in Part I. are as follows: No. 1 is a beautifully coloured chromo-lithograph of butterflies, showing in most instances both the upper and lower sides. The complete work will contain about twelve of these plates. The second plate, No. 14, is uncoloured, but is exqui- sitely engraved, and by some may possibly be preferred to the last. It shows seventeen figures of butterflies artistically grouped. There are to be five plates similar to this. The next plate, No. 18, comprises eight small maps, showing separately the distribution of the different species treated of in Part I. There will be fifteen of these sets of maps. No. 46 shows scales of butterflies, and there will be six of this nature. No, 52 gives the heads of butterflies. The work on this plate, drawn by J. H. Emerton, is very beautiful. There are to be eight others like it. No. 67 is the first of three plates showing the micropyles of eggs mag- nified highly. No. 70 is devoted to magnified figures of young larvee just after leaving the eggs, and there will be three others like it. No. 93 isa physical map of New England, prepared specially for this work by John H. Klemroth, under the supervision of the Geographer of the U.S. Survey. These, however, do not by any mean exhaust the styles of plates which will appear, for in subsequent numbers new sorts of subjects will come forward, all of which will be fully illustrated whenever figures can make the text more intelligible. Special articles upon hymenopterous and dipterous parasites are to be prepared by the able specialists, Messrs. L. O. Howard, of Washington, and Dr. Williston. In fact, all the phases. of life passed by the insects treated of as well as the important circum- stances connected therewith, will be presented to the reader in the most complete manner possible. There will be about two thousand figures on ninety-six plates, of which over forty will be coloured. The small in- convenience of not always having all the plates referred to in the text issued at the same time with it, cannot of course possibly be obviated in a systematic work, where everything is treated fully in its proper place under each species, and in which the number of subjects needing illus- tration in each part is greater than can be shown on the quotum of plates for that part. The whole will be issued in a year, in 12 parts, each to contain 8 plates and about 150 pages of text. JAMES: FLETCHER. ee ee Ea seer ee eee ees — TA eS ee ee ee ee eS ee Sy rl Che Canadvam Entomolomst. VOL. XX. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1888. No. 12. THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE BOMBYCID. (Fourth and Last Paper.) BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. Sub-family “Aztacine. The subfulcate primaries ally this group to the Platypterygine, and a certain vague resemblance to the Geometride may be found in the tend- -ency which the upper surfaces of the wings show to display the same pattern on both wings. The ocelli are absent, the oral structure unde- veloped, the hind wings are without frenulum. The species form mostly large cocoons, and the characteristics of the family are pronounced in this sub-family of silk-spinners. The male antenne are feathered to the tips, each joint bearing a double pectination. The antennz are comparatively short ; in the female the pectinations are shorter. On the fore wings, vein 5 is much closer to 6, than to 4, arising from the upper corner of the cell. The caterpillars are thick and short rather than long, the segments tending to become centrally elevated, with prominent incisions. In the early stages they are bristled; in the later stages of Platysamia and Saturnia, for instance, characteristic colored warts appear. They are almost poly- phagous. Long lists have been given by Mr. Beutenmuller, of the food plants of our common North American forms. Our beautiful Actias Zuna has an Asiatic ally in A. se/ene, and, I conclude, that the genus Acfias in our fauna must be regarded as a relic of a former Arctic, circumpolar fauna, the more so as it is seen to be absent south of the equator in the New World. Leach’s genus Actas is older than Zrope@a of Hiibner, which Dr. Packard used, hence I retain it in my Check Lists. We have in California, and again in Texas, species of the European genus Satur- nia; 1 have elsewhere drawn attention to the fact that there exists a certain resemblance between the two faunz, of which this is an instance, o 222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Sub-family Hemileucine. Whereas the A¢facine spin thick cocoons above the surface, and have subfalcate primaries, in this group, so far as I have studied them, the fore wings are blunt or rounded, and the cocoon is made at the surface of the ground mixed with debris. The caterpillars in their last stage are bristled, and resemble those of //atysamia in their earlier stage. This group, represented by the typical genus Hemileuca, prepares us for the following Ceratocampina, in the gradual modification of its characters. In its closely allied species and tendency to local modification it recalls such lower genera as C7isiocampa. Perhaps the genus Quadrina belongs here ; of this I have had only a single specimen to examine. When both sexes are known and nearer comparisons are made it may be that we have to do with a distinct sub-family type. Mr. Smith, after seeing the type, referred it to the Cossin@. 1 do not believe this, or that we have to do with an internal feeder. Later, he appears to have reverted to my original idea that the genus was related to G/overia, referred by Dr. Packard to the Zachueine, perhaps from its resemblance to the Euro- pean Otus. The eggs of Hemzleuca are laid like those of the Lachneina, in ring-form, and the abdomen is likewise tufted at the extremity. Sub-family Ceratocampine. In this group, defined by Harris, a cocoon is rarely made and the transformation is subterranean. ‘The female antennz are sub-simple or simple, and the male antennz are not pectinate at the tip. The abdomen is longer, the squamation smoother, and, while the main Attacid charac- ters are still retained, there is an evident departure in a fresh direction. The ocellate marks on the secondaries are here and there apparent, but the ornamentation has become simpler, and the lowest form, Dryocampa rubicunda, has a resemblance in all stages to the ensuing Lachneine. The caterpillars are often bizarre in appearance from the spines and horns with which they are ornamented, especially in the genus Citheronia, where they probably serve as a defence by frightening their different enemies. ‘There seem to be two groups of larval types, the extremes of which are displayed by Hacles and Citheronia; the larve of the Zacles type, approaching the preceding Attacid type, those of the Cutheronia type approaching gradually the Zachneine. The distribution of this sub- 7 F RO Ee A aE Se ae et ee een THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223 family is somewhat limited. It appears to be American, and to be _ confined to the plains east of the rocky backbone of the continent from north to south. In our fauna it seems to be a southern element. Hibner calls this group Communiformes. Perhaps he intended thereby to indicate a return to the more usual moth form, the fore wings tending to become narrower, the secondaries subordinating, the abdomen lengthen- ing. Ihave in my ‘“ Hawk Moths” alluded to the probability that the Hawk Moths may be a further offshoot from the Lepidopterous stem in a parallel direction with the Ceratocampine. Sub-family Zachneine. In this group there is a return to the normal moth form with a tendency to the lengthening of the abdomen noticeable in the caterpillars. This lengthening of the abdomen and a certain weakness in structure dependent upon this lengthening, seems to be indicative of lower rank in insects generally and in the several suborders. The moths of the Lachneine resemble preceding groups in the absence of ocelli and frenulum. The hind wings are subordinate to the primaries, the colors mostly of shades of brown and gray; with oblique transverse bands, more or less broken. The palpi are more prominent than in the preceding groups, the tongue remaining weak. The ornamentation of the long-bodied caterpillars consists of tufts of hair. Our North American fauna is poor in species. We have two genera derived from a former circumpolar fauna, also found in Europe, Clisiocampa and Gastropacha. We have, then, two genera which seem to me of South American extraction, Zo/ype and Artace. The species of C/isiocampa are very closely allied. They offer ground for the correctness of the view which I have expressed that in North America, species tend to vary, to throw off local, perhaps, what Walsh called phytophagic varieties or species. . The wide extent of country, with its differing climate and flora, inhabited by C7istocampa, has led to the throwing off of specifically appearing forms, which may have hardened in most cases into true species, separable in nearly all stages by external characters. An instance is offered also by Datana, which I regard as an offshoot from Phalera ; while there are only two species of Phadera, there seem many closely allied species of Datana. The eggs are laid in a ring- form on twigs, and the caterpillars of C/istocampa are well-known as enemies by the orchardist. 224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Sub-family Cossine. The larva and moth are long-bodied, and this group is characterized — ’ by the former being internal feeders. They are brown and livid in color and coleopterous-looking, as are internal feeders generally, belonging to whatever order of insects. They have this habit in common with Castnia, and Sesia, but this has probably survived, while the other characters have differentiated so that we cannot consider the habit as uniting them in a modern family. The female Cossus has an external ovipositor, which is an index for the habit of the caterpillar. The ocelli are wanting and the tongue is quite rudimentary. The male antennez are pectinate, the .wings are somewhat narrow and the habitus is sphingi- form. I have watched the exclusion of Cossus from the cocoon, the very active and moveable chrysalis being forced out into the air before the shell is broken. Dr. Bailey gives a good account of the transformations of Bailey’s Goat Moth, Cossus centerensis of Lintner. We have repre- sentatives of the European genera Cossus and Aypopta, while Prionoxystus robinie, the Locust Goat Moth, seems to me decidedly a distinct form of North American origin. Sub-family Hepialine. In this group we have, without a doubt, the lowest Spinners. The long thorax, with its subequal metathorax, draws the insertion of primary and secondary wings apart. The subequal wings with pointed tips and the 12-veined secondaries, the short antennz, spurless tibiz are sugges- tive of the Neuroptera. The distribution of the group is very general throughout the world ; and this fact, together with the striking structural resemblance of its members, leads us to believe we have to do with an old and long preserved type of moth. The caterpillars are root feeders, like those of the Cossin@, sixteen footed, naked, yellowish. The eggs are remarkable for their fineness, looking like gunpowder. The cocoon is subterranean, a cell lined with silk. “We have very fine species in North .America, referred by Dr. Packard to Sthenopis, but which, notwithstand- ing their size, seem to me congeneric with the European Hesialus humu/i. The limits of the genus may be reached with the beautiful A auratus, which has a structural ally figured by Herrich-Scheeffer from Brazil. The species are generally rare ; the moths fly in the dusk of evening and are an object of interest with most collectors, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 So far we have gone over the principal features of the Bombycide, ' more in explanation of the sequence adopted by me in the Check Lists, and which is that of Dr. Packard’s Synopsis of 1864, than in any attempt to re-classify the family. But Dr. Packard gives no definitions of the higher groups, and the diagnoses of the new genera do not include certain structural characters, as, for instance, the neuration. I cannot here attempt to limit the genera, and I only give the characters which render the higher groups more or less recognizable. The neuration must be comparatively studied. As a whole it seems to me to show characters of simplicity. The cells are generally open; there is an absence of accessory cells and crowding of veins, such as we see in some other familes of moths. We can believe that the Sshingide may have been thrown off from the same stem when we compare the neuration. Other characters, such as the absence of ocelli, may be additional indices. In the Woctuide the ocelli are quite rarely absent, in the Geometride quite rarely present. But they appear in some sub-families of Bombycide, though not in the lower ones and in the more typical Spinners, such as, I think, stand nearer to the Hawk Moths. The Aomdycide are, as we find chem now, detached groups with very diverse resemblances to other now distinct families of Moths. In this diverse resemblance lies the proof of the synthesis which the Spinner Moths present. To detach the different sub-families which we have here discussed is to lose sight of some of those finer questions of relationship which a close study of these insects calls up. No family of Moths is more interesting to the student on this account than the Bomdycide, with its great diversity of structure, appear. ance and habit. To'the collector the beauty of the moths, their bright colors, the soft shading, the size of most of the species is equally tempt- ing, while to the practical mind, the fact that the silk-worm, Bombyx mori, and other silk-producers, belong to the Bombycide, must render the pursuit of these insects sufficiently attractive. They live short lives, the incomplete mouth parts render food-taking to many kinds an impossibility ; they live so long as caterpillars or chrysalids, and lay their eggs and die, But the human mind seizes upon the many considerations, which it has evolved from a study of the facts presented by these creatures, and turns them to its profit or its pleasure. 226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES ON DANAIS ARCHIPPUS, Fasr. BY MISS EMILY M. MORTON, NEW WINDSOR, N. Y. Having been requested by my friend, Mr. Wm. H. Edwards, to make | ; observations on Danais Archippus during the seasons of 1887 and 1888, _ and subsequently having written to him the result of such observations, he requested me to publish in the CanapIaAn EnTomo_ocist the substance of what I had already written him in my letter. I wrote out a paper about July 5th, which, however, was lost in the mails, and the paper now sent is a partial copy of the original, though somewhat altered, as the first was over four months old. All my observations were made in New Windsor, N. Y., which town is situated on the banks of the Hudson, directly opposite the hills vais bound the northwestern borders of Connecticut. Archippus is not more rare with us than many of our Bipichen nin butterflies, and seems to me in no way abnormal. . It has always appeared when a certain Persian-lilac bush blooms, fly- ing over and alighting on the blossoms. Last summer (1887), the first hybernators came, as has already been stated by Mr. Edwards, May 3rd and 4th; this season everything being later with cold rains and high winds, the lilacs did not blossom out until May roth, when Danais Archippus, (how I love the dear old familar names!) allured by the first warm sunny day, and the perfume of the opening blossoms came forth to drink of the nectar, and having refreshed herself, hastened away to deposit her eggs before her few remaining days are gone, and she is gathered to her forefathers. This butterfly could not have been a “colonist,” for nothing so frail could have flown any distance in the high wind and beating rain of the preceding day, and it was not later than 9.30 a. m., the flowers and leaves still heavy with rain, so she must have come froma very short distance—possibly from the ruins of 4 an old shed a hundred yards or so from the bush. Has any one ever found a hybernating Archippus? Yet, we all know they do hybernate. In the earlier days of my collecting, many and many a stump has been peeled of its bark, and even split to satisfy the craving for something new, yet never an Archippus has rewarded the most untiring search in that direc- tion, though once, and in early May too, a Vanessa Antiopa, torpid, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227 though still alive, was revealed in the very centre of a stump cosily mixed - up with the damp saw-dust left by the ants and other borers. An egg of Archippus is a very tiny thing, and not easily found, even __ when sought for, and as Mr. Edwards says, “there are thousands of Asclepias plants to one Archippus butterfly,” especially a successfully hybernated butterfly, as probably not one in ten of the hosts of September and October flies live to leave their hybernacula in the spring. How many people have found eggs of Hemaris Thysbe? Yet inmost places Thysbe is as common as blackberries, and the larve are often to be found on the snow-ball bushes, though not one in a dozen ever reaches maturity. Once I spent an hour looking for the egg which I saw Thysbe deposit on a tiny bush which might have been covered by a three quart pail, yet had to depart without it in the end. Mr. Marsh, though an unusually intelligent and original observer, only succeeded in finding one egg, which goes to prove that Archippus eggs are harder to find than the larve or butterflies. Mr. Fritz Senff, another very intelligent and accurate observer, though a recent acquisition to our small band of students and collectors, tells me he saw two perfectly fresh examples of Archippus, July 3rd and 6th, one flying in the veranda of his home in New Windsor, the other, which he caught, in a field not far distant ; these were, doubtless, the first brood from the eggs of the hybernators ; besides these, we saw while driving June 19th, 1888, five or six examples, none of which were broken or faded, though we were not near enough—that is, we had none in our hands, so as to be able to distinguish that rich plum-like bloom so dear to the collector of cabinet specimens, but which no butterfly ever carries having once flown even ‘for a few short hours.” Every collector or exchanger well knows how perishable is that same bloom, and how utterly different is any hand-raised specimen, from a poor wind-blown, grass-scratched passé imago, or even one who _ has dragged _ its undeveloped wing through the sharp blades of grass to find a resting place whereon to expand them. Surely Archippus is one of the most perishable species, for the “bloom” is as ephemeral as the dew of a summer morning, or the purple down of all the Hemaris tribe ; one slight breath andit is gone forever ! As to any species laying “ for a monthor so,” what collector or breeder 228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. of any lepidopterous insect has ever known any species to live and deposit eggs for two weeks—to say nothing of ‘‘a month or so ?” In most of the Heterocera five days is the usual period of life after the 2 has paired. Every collector of course knows that most species will live longer if kept from their mates, which is a provision of nature to prevent the extermination of species. A Phobetron pithecium accidentally kept from her mate lived eight days, mating the fifth ; another mating the first day from pupa deposits her eggs and dies the fourth day. I am no friend to the theory of colonization, though of course, I know eggs and pupa are often brought to and from distant countries in the com- merce of nations; but that anything so fragile as a butterfly or moth should fly hundreds of miles, and not only that, but entirely change its habits on its arrival, even though that country should be nearly identical with its own in climatic properties, becoming from a double or three brooded species a single one, seems out of all reason. That a hybernating Archippus should be more or less shabby, accord- ing to its hybernacula, is of course, highly probable ; and, I agree with Mr. Edwards, in judging that a freshly hatched butterfly, finding a cold dry place wherein to hybernate, should appear in the late spring, less faded and unstained than another in a wet and exposed situation; but that any should appear after the wear and tear of a northern winter, or a flight of an hundred miles with the glorious hues of an imago fresh from chrysalis, is utterly beyond belief. This season, after an unparalleled winter, the first ‘‘ western blizzard ” ever experienced in the State of New York, we have had swarms of hyber- nated P. Atalanta; one would not suppose there were enough nettles in the whole of New Windsor to afford nourishment to the hundreds which have appeared during the month of May. Did they fly from the Gulf - Mexico ? Quien sabe ? A curious variety of Papilio turnus was found here in New Windsor, closely resembling fig. 3 in plate 5 of Mr. Edwards’s Butterflies of North America. She was taken in the grass July 8th, but could not fly as her wings were crippled on one side. She is darker than Mr. Edwards’s speci- men, looking like a G/aucus, but with a powdering of yellow scales cover- ing the inner surface of all the wings. Could the blizzard of the rath of March have produced this variety ? : October 29th, 1888. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 THE CHALCID GENUS RILEYA. BY WM. H, ASHMEAD, PHILADELPHIA. ‘My good friend Mr. Howard, in his article entitled “ The Chalcid Genus Rileya,” published in the October Can. Enrt., p. 191, makes several inaccurate statements ; and, in the lines ‘An interesting inter- ference in the adoption of the generic name Rileya has recently taken place between Mr. Ashmead and myself,” implies that I knowingly’ appropriated this name for a genus in the Eurytoming, after he had decided to use it for one in the Zucyrtine, when I had no such knowl edge, thereby placing me in an unenviable position before my colleagues. - For the guidance of those who will have to settle this question, I must state that my description of the Zurytomid genus Rileya was drawn up and forwarded to Prof. E. A. Popenoe for publication about the last of November, 1887, and a synoptic characterization of the genus appeared in the Zntomologica Americana for June 1888, although the full descrip- tion of the genus was not published, as stated by Mr. Howard, until after- wards—about July 5th, one month later ; still, both of these descriptions were published three or four months ahead of Mr. Howard’s. The opinion, expressed by Mr. Howard, that because the name Rileya is given in my synopsis of the Eurytomine, “ ot as a new genus, but as one already described, and the few words given to it in the table Sail to sufficiently characterize tt,” is a matter of surprise to me, for the characters given definitely separate it from all other Eurytomids, the characters are too unique among the Zurytomine to be mistaken, and as to whether it was indicated as a new genus “has nothing to do with the case.” I might have indicated the genus without my name, or in the usual way—nov. gen., mihi., ef cetera, yet the genus would hold. As I have before stated, I had no knowledge of Mr. Howard’s intention to dedicate a genus to Dr. Riley, and I regret that such knowl- edge was withheld from me, so that a controversy of this kind could have been avoided. The first intimation that I had of his intention to do so was on receipt of my July number of the Zwtomologica Americana, received, I think, about July 12th, and several months after my descrip- tion of the genus had been forwarded to Prof. Popenoe ; and just one month after the publication of my ‘“‘ Revised Generic Synopsis of the Eurytominz.” 230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _ Mr. Howard’s paper on Rileya n. g.. was not read before the Entomo- logical Society of Washington until June 7th, 1888, and not 1887, as stated in the CANADIAN ENTomMOLoGIsT ; while my synopsis was at that time already published. If there is any “interference.” in the adoption of the generic name Rileya, it is on the part of Mr. Howard. fie Besides the above “facts,” I would state that the types of my genus Rileya were shown to both Dr. C. V. Riley and Mr. H. G. Hubbard, at my home in Jacksonville last winter, and at that time Dr. Riley made no mention of Mr. Howard’s genus Az/eya, although he did desire, for reasons of his own, that if it were possible, the name of the genus should be changed. | It is unfortunate that Mr. Howard, in describing his new genus Rileya, failed to go over the European literature on the subject, for, both from his figure and description, it seems to be identical with Dahlbom’s genus Lonchocerus, described in 1857, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps- Akademiens Forhandlungar, vol. xiv., p. 293. Mr. C. G. Thomson, Hymenoptera Scandinavie, Tom. iv., Fasc. I., p. 116, in speaking of this genus, says:—‘‘ Abdomen globosum. Pronotum magnum. Aztenne scapo et flagellum valde compressis ;” and on p. 130, in speaking of the scutellum :—“‘ Scutellum dense holocericeo-pubescens.” These characters seem to be the essential characters of Mr. Howard’s genus &z/eya, the only real difference being in the shape of the head ; but whether or not Mr. Howard’s genus is identical is immaterial, my Eurytomid genus of the same name having the priority. In seeking to suppress the genus Mr. Howard has violated all the well established rules of zoological nomenclature. JOHN ABBOT, THE AURELIAN. BY W. F. KIRBY, BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON, ENGLAND. In the August part of the CanapiAN ENTOMOLOGIST, pp. 149-154, I notice an article on this subject by my friend, Mr. Scudder, and I ep, perhaps, be able to add some additional remarks. The volume on Exotic Moths, published by Duncan in Jardine’s ‘‘ Naturalist’s Library,” contains (pp. 69-71) a short account of Abbot’s life and works, and incorporates the notice by Swainson, to which Mr, Scudder refers. Swainson remarks, respecting the plates, “ M. Francillon possessed many hundreds, but we know not into whose hands they have THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 as every volume bears the book-plate of ‘“‘ John Francillon.” There are passed.” I may say that this is evidently the set in the British Museum, 17 volumes (not 16) ; the first 15 bear the date 1792 on the printed title pages, and the two last volumes 1804 (not 1809), The contents are as follows :— Vols. 1-4. Coleoptera. Le 5. Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera and Heteroptera. 2 6. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. 7-11. Lepidoptera Heterocera, ¢ 12. Neuroptera, Hymenoptera. fs 13. Diptera. ee 14. Arachnida. “ 15. Myriopoda, Mallophaga, Acarina, Crustacea, Lepidoptera . (transformations), &c. ‘* 16, Portrait, Orthoptera, Coleoptera (transformations), Lepidop- tera (transformations). _ 17. Lepidoptera (transformations). The drawings of transformations of Lepidoptera are rarely, if ever, duplicates of those published by Smith, sometimes representing a different variety of the larva of the same species ; and they are nearly three times as numerous. ‘There are only about a dozen drawings of transformations of Coleoptera. Among the lesser-known. orders, there is little doubt that many species figured are still undescribed: I fully expect that some of Abbot's correspondence will be discovered (of course, including his autograph), perhaps at the Antipodes, for Swainson left England towards the close: of his life, and died, according to Hagen, in New Zealand, in 1856. I am surprised that Mr. Scudder has not mentioned the volume of Abbot’s Drawings presented by Edward Doubleday to Dr. T. W. Harris (Harris, Entomological Correspondence, p. 123). If this volume is the same as that said by Mr. Scudder to have been presented by Dr. J. E. Gray to Dr. Asa Gray, some error must have arisen. Possibly it ‘came into Dr. Asa Gray’s hands directly, or indirectly, from Dr. Harris, with an erroneous impression respecting the original English donor. There are a number of specimens originally collected by Abbot in the British Museum, and probably in other collections. The Museum of the Royal Dublin Society (now known as the Dublin Museum of Science and 232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Art) contains a large series of bleached specimens of insects of various orders (Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, &c.,) which were not improbably collected by Abbot (Cf. some notes by Mr. MaLeahlan, Ent. M. Mag. x., pp. 227, 228). Nore py Mr. ScuppER.—The small volume of iduiees referred to by Mr. Kirby is in the library of the Boston Society of Natural History, and was not mentioned by me because the less said about it the better. It was picked up at a book shop, bears the date 1830, and though Double- day paid seven guineas for it, it is certainly not the work of. Abbot, but of a very inferior copyist—some of the paintings being the merest daubs. It has scarcely the least value. The notice by Duncan I had not seen, but I find that it adds nothing to the facts of Abbot’s life. Either I have never seen the seventeenth volume of Abbot’s drawings at the British Museum referred to by Mr. Kirby, or, if it concerns the moths only, may for that reason have taken no note of it. My memorandum of the dates must have been incorrectly copied. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, (Continued from page 198.) See Thursday, Aug. 16th.—The’ Club reassembled at 3.30 p. m. Papers by Mr. Clarence M. Weed on “ The Parasites of the honey-suckle Sphinx, Hemaris difinis, Boisd.,” and on ‘‘ The Hymenopterous Parasites of the Strawberry Leaf-roller, Phoxopteris comptana, Frol.,” were read by the Secretary in his absence. Mr. H. Osborn read an interesting paper on ‘ The Food-habits of the Thripide.” Mr. Smith gave an account of the collection of Mr. D. Bruce, of Rockport, N. Y., which was chiefly made in Colorado ; it is especially remarkable for the long series of speci- mens of many species of Lepidoptera. Among others he has Chionodas bore in great numbers from the Rocky Mountains, proving it to be distinet from C. Semidea of the White Mountains; also an immense series of Colias eurytheme in all its varieties, and numbers also of —— onsen of Noctuide. Friday, Aug. 17th.—The Club met at 9 o’clock a.m. A paper was read by Dr. D. S. Kellicott, on Hepialus argenteo maculatus, which he a a esr letities OR ar ar Se ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223 succeeded in raising from larve obtained in Oswego County, N. Y.; it bred in the roots and stems of A/nus incana. Mr. Schwarz stated that he had taken the moth, near Marquette, Lake Superior, on July 29th, this year. Mr. Smith considered it to be quite generally distributed, breeding in oak, willow and poplar. Mr. H: Osborn read a note on the occurrence of Cicada rimosa Say., in Iowa. Prof. O. S. Westcott, related the occurence of a large gathering of butterflies about the carcass of a dead dog at Port Arthur, in June last ; one hundred and ten specimens were counted, chiefly consisting of D. archippus and some L. arthemis, Colias and Melitea. In the same locality he captured, July 20 to 23, nineteen examples of Me/itea ; of these one was /Vycteis, and seventeen Zharos—eight of the form Marcia, and nine Morpheus. He next gave an interesting account of the numbers of Zachnosterna fusca and gibbosa taken at Maywood, IIL, by means of a trap attached to a street-lamp, during the months of May and June, 1887 and 1888. He also gave a list of 1192 specimens belonging to 65 species captured in his trap on the night of June 13th, 1888 ; of these 730 were Agonoderus comma and 204 Lachnosterna gibbosa. Mr. Howard gave an account of some recent experiments made under Dr. Riley’s direction at Washington, with kerosene emulsion as a remedy for white grubs, the larvee of A//orhina nitida. He stated that the grass had died over large areas of the affected lawn, and the soil was full of the grubs. The affected portion was treated with kerosene emulsion diluted fifteen times with water and applied with an ordinary watering-pot ; the ground was then kept saturated for some days with ordinary water from a hose. A month afterwards, on digging into the part treated, the grubs were found to have descended sixteen inches into the soil, and all had died. In the untreated parts the larve were all alive and only two or three inches below the surface. There was no injurious effect upon the grass, even when the emulsion was only diluted half as much. He con- sidered that the experiment was entirely successful. In the discussion that followed, it was evident that this remedy is much too expensive for adoption on a large scale, and could only be of practical use on a lawn or plot of land of special value. Dr. Peabody stated that Prof. Forbes had found the kerosene emulsion entirely successful against the common white-grub ( Zachnosterna); but as its application cost at the rate of about $100 per acre, it was far too expensive for ordinary purposes, 234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Penta The Club met again at 3 p.m. Mr. Fletcher gave an account of his expeditions to Nepigon, Lake Superior, in search of the eggs of butterflies, Very little is known, he stated, regarding the early stages of many of our diurnals ; of even so common a species as Pamphila cernes they were unknown. In 1885, Prof. Macoun, of the Geological Survey of Canada, collected specimens at Nepigon of a new butterfly, which was named after him by Mr. W. H. Edwards as Chionobas Macounii. In 1886 and 1887, Mr. Fletcher went to Nepigon in search of this insect, travelling about 1,500 miles on each occasion, but without success. This year he went again, early in July, accompanied by Mr. S. H. Scudder, of Cambridge, Mass.; on the first day after their arrival they caught five males ; the next day nine females were caught and caged ; from these they obtained about 250 eggs. The egg is larger than and quite different from that of C. Jutta, which has been found near Quebec, and bred by Mr. Fyles. Mr. Fletcher also obtained eggs of /utta at Ottawa, and reared the larve from them ; the eggs were laid on July rst, and hatched on the 16th; those of Macounii were laid on the 12th and hatched on the 27th. At Nepigon, he and Mr, Scudder obtained the eggs of 14 species out of 16 that they caged. He then gave a full and most interesting account of the methods of capturing, caging and treating butterflies in order to obtain their eggs, and mentioned that he had received very valuable information and aid from Mr. Scudder in the matter. The simplicity of the apparatus employed deserves men- tion: ‘Cages for all small species can be made in a few minutes by cut- ting off the top and bottom of a tomato can, and then fastening a piece of netting over one end, either by slipping an elastic band over it, or tying it with a piece of string. The female is then placed in this over a growing plant of the species that the larvee are known to feedupon. ‘These cages had answered well for all the skippers which feed on grass, and the small Argynnides, For such species as lay their eggs on the fOliage of shrubs or trees bags had to be tied over living branches, care being taken that the leaves were not crowded up, but that they should stand out freely, so that the female could lay, if such were her habit, upon either the upper or lower side, or on the edge of the leaves, In this way eggs were obtained of Wisoniades icelus and Papilio turnus. Another cage for insects which lay upon low plants, and which is easily constructed, is made by cutting two flexible twigs and bending them into the shape of two arches which are put one over the other at right angles with the ends pushed into the ground ; over the pent-house thus formed a piece of gauze is placed, and THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 the edges are kept down either with pegs or earth laid upon them. This kind was useful for larger insects than could be placed in the tomato cans. In these eggs of C. Macounii, Colias eurytheme, etc., had been secured.” (Entom: Americana iv., 159). Mr. Fletcher then described the habits of a number of the species collected, referring especially to those already mentioned, and to Pyrameis huntera, Pamphila hobomok, Mystic, and Cernes, Carterocephalus mandan, Colias interior, Argynnis Vialis, Myrina and Bellona, Nisoniades Persius, Fenesica Targuinins, etc. He also exhibited living larve of C. Mandan, P. hobomok and Mystic, and living imagines of C. eurytheme, which had emerged since his arrival in Cleveland. At the close of his address, Mr. Smith expressed the gratifica tion all present felt in listening to so lucid and interesting an account from which everyone would carry away many practical and valuable hints. The next paper was read by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, of Washington, on * The Geographical Distribution of the Semi-tropical Floridian Coleop- terous Fauna.” It was followed by a discussion, in which nearly all present took part, as to what should be considered the limits of the North American Fauna, and what species should be included in the fauna of a particular region, reference being especially made to semi-tropical species that are from time to time found in the north. The Club next proceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing year, and unanimously selected the following: President, James Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.; Vice-President, L O. Howard, Washington, D. C.; Sec- retary-Treasurer, Dr. D. S. Kellicott, Buffalo, N. Y. Saturday, Aug. 18th.—A most enjoyable excursion was made to Put- in-Bay by steamer on Lake Erie. There was a very large attendance of the members of the Association, including the Entomologists. This pleasant feature of the proceedings gave the members a much better opportunity of becoming acquainted with each other than would otherwise have been the case. Arrangements were made for the excursionists to stay on shore for about an hour, and this time was made good use of by the members of the Club. The insect of most interest was secured by Mr. Westcott, who collected in large numbers by beating a small spruce-tree, a remarkable Hemipteron, identified by Prof. Osborn as Emisa longipes. Many galls and parasitic fungi were also collected. Among the butterflies noted were Colias philodice, Pieris rape, and what appeared strange to Canadian eyes at this time of the year, Papilio turnus; P. asterias and 236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Pyrameis cardui were also observed, and a few specimens of Utetheisa bed/a were captured. The party returned to Cleveland much delighted: with their day’s outing, and separated to meet next year in Toronto, ARCTIID vs. NOCTUID. BY JOHN B, SMITH, WASHINGTON, D, C. Mr. Grote takes occasion in Can. ENT. vol. xx., p. 168, to criticise my reference of Cerathosia to the Arctiide, contending that it is a Woctuid. _ He complains that I do not give “the reason why it belongs to the family.” This I hasten to supply, and must beg Mr. Grote’s pardon for having presumed him conversant with the characters separating the two families. All authorities give for the /Voctuide a furcate dorsal or internal vein of primaries, while the costal vein of secondaries is from the root, sometimes united with the sub-costal a short distance from base. In the Arctiide ou the contrary, the dorsal vein of the primaries is simple, while the costal of secondaries is not free, but springs from the sub-costal, a variable distance from base. aie. In these essential characters, used in all systematic works, my ei is Arctiid and Lithosiid. The only difference between the Arctitde and Lithosiide is in the absence of ocelli in the latter family. Mr. Grote Seems never to have seen an unspread specimen of Cerathosia, else the striking habital resemblance to Zzthosia could not not have escaped him. Mr. Grote has sent to Entom. Amer. a criticism of my genus ina different form, which I have answered more at length. Some months since, I sent a paper on Cydosia and Cerathosia, a have considerable resemblance in clypeal structure, to the Proceedings U.S. Natl. Museum, and this when printed will show that my genus is not at all abnormal where I have placed it. As I can hardly expect to convince Mr. Grote if the specimen itself failed, I have sent an example to Mr. H. B. Moeschler, of Germany, and requested his determination of family, for publicaiton, | It is scarcely worth while to deal with Mr. Grote’s objections i in detail. Not one or all of them, even were they a@// true, would militate against the Arctiid character of Cerathosia. 1 must confess that I consider the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 2387 venation and habitus Zithosiid rather than Arctiid, and would prefer so to place it, even despite the presence of ocelli. a Lest Mr. Grote consider me ignorant, I will say here that I am aware that there are some Noctuids which have the dorsal vein of primaries not distinctly furcate, and some where the costal of secondaries is united with the sub-costal a short distance from base, and thus appears to spring from it. With this I leave Cerathosia to its fate. In my papers I have given ai/ the characters, family and otherwise, and shall let each form his own judgment. It needs no more defence from me. In fact, I feel as though _ I owed an apology for answering objections, not a single one of which is vital. Mr. Grote’s characterizations in his series of papers on the Bombycide are thoroughly superficial, none of the essential characters being emphasized, while some of them are absolutely incorrect—his definition of the Zithosiine furnishes an example. He says unqualifiedly, “‘ No accessory cell on primaries.” Now, Von Heineman shows that in some genera it is present, while as a matter of fact some species of Lithosia have the cell (cephalica), while others have not. It is therefore not even a generic character in this group. To point out all the misleading and inaccurate statements, would necessitate criticising almost every paragraph of Mr. Grote’s paper—a task I have neither time nor inclination for. In future I shall not reply to any criticisms Mr. Grote may make, save to admit their correctness where they are well founded. Postcript.—Since sending in the above, I have heard from Mr. Moeschler in regard to the specimens sent him. He writes me under date, Sept. 28th. :—‘‘ To-day I received the parcel containing the two moths. [{ have examined them, and there is no doubt you are right. This species belongs to the Arctiide, as the costal nervule is not derived from the base of the hind wings, but from the discoidal cell; this characteristic separating the Arctitde and Lithosiide from the | Noctuidae, which have this nervule derived from the base of the wing, only a little connected with the fore edge of the cell. I do not doubt this species is an Arctiid, near allied to Decopeia and Emydia.” Under date Sept. 30th, Mr. Moeschler again wrote me :—“ I received Entomologica Americana No. 6 to-day, and it was of great interest to me 238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. to read yours and Mr. Grote’s paper on Cerathosia tricolor Sm. If Mr. Grote had looked into Lederer’s WVoctuinen Europa’s he could read, p. 2, ‘sie (die octuinen). unterscheiden sich von den Lithosiiden (inclusive Nola, Sarrothripa u. Nycteola,) und Arctiiden durch die bei diesen aus der mitte oder zwei-drittel des vorderrandes der Mittelzelle entspringenden Rippe 8 der Hinterfligel.’ ‘‘Mr, Grote would have spared much pain to prove something not existing, by reasons which are not of any value, if he had remembered the only important characteristic separating the Lzthosiide and Arctiide from the WVoctuide. Iam much surprised that so distinguished a writer as Mr, Grote can omit so important a characteristic ; but the systematic position of the genera of the so-called Zygenide, in his New Check List, is sufficient to prove that Mr. Grote’s systematic views are sometimes more than singular. “‘ Seeing the specimens of C. tricolor, my first thought must be; that is a Genus very allied to Detopeia ( Utetheisa) and Emydia, and I should have been much surprised if an exact examination had given another result.” CORRESPONDENCE. | \ caReeERaIEaEaneE Dear Sir: Yn reference to my note on the use of Creolin, I found subsequently discolorations on the leaves which did not appear to be either rust or mildew, but possibly were the result of the Creolin mixture. It is, however, probable that in this disinfectant we have a useful aid against insects as it seems to be avoided by cockroaches and ants, and probably woodwork might be preserved by it in greenhouses. I wished merely to draw attention to Creolin, so that those interested might try it ; my own opportunities for doing so being very limited. The rose-bushes, of which I am very fond, seem on the whole no freer from insects in Europe than in America. A. R. Grote, | _ARZAMA OBLIQUATA. Dear Sir; In regard to Mr. Brehme’s query, I may mention that all the Arzama larvee and chrysalids taken here have been found in similar situations, but in no instance has there been the slightest indication that they fed there. The impression made by my observations is;—That the oe a NS ca tee ah alain Canc gt et Ba Sagi il eee ie he a ee Mire a a hh a a INE Si a ema Ee SS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 caterpillars seek out their hibernacula in the fall, remain in that state during winter, and change to chrysalids with the first warm weather in _spring. Caterpillars have been found yet imbedded in the winter’s frost. In one instance I found one, in early spring, travelling about as if looking for a place to transform ; it produced a Diffusa. ‘They have never been looked for here in the reeds ; as they grow almost entirely in the water, one would require the aid of a boat to make the investigation. When ‘surveying the situation where I have found the Arzamas, I have often wondered how the caterpillars got from the reeds to the land. The _ shallow part of our marsh where they might easily get ashore is invariably burned over in early spring by pike shooters for their own convenience, wea | J. Auston Morrat, Hamilton. . BOOK NOTICES. An INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY, by PRoFEssor J. H. Comsrock, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Published by the Author. Part I —pp. 234, 8 vo. (Price $2.00). ____‘The autumn of 1888 is certainly a notable one in the annals of North _ American Entomology, owing to the publication of so many important works. Last month we drew attention to Dr. Packard’s excellent _ “Entomology for Beginners,” and the issue of the first part of Mr. Scudder’s grand work on the Butterflies of the Eastern States and Canada. _ We have now before us the first portion of another admirable work, _ which is intended to serve as a text-book for students, and to enable them “to acquire a thorough knowledge of the elementary principles of Entomology, and to classify insects by means of analytical keys similar to those used in Botany.” The first two chapters of the book treat of the characters and metamorphoses, and the anatomy of insects ; the next discusses the Orders of the Hexapoda, to which the author very properly limits insects. In this chapter he gives his reasons for [adopting tex orders, the number being made up of the seven generally accepted orders and the Thysanura, Pseudoneuroptera and Physopoda ; in adhering so closely to the old classification, he states that he has been greatly influenced by a desire to make his book as simple as possible, and “ by the belief that an elementary text-book should follow rather than lead in matters of this kind,” in which opinion we thoroughly concur. The remainder of 940 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. this part of the work treats of the Orders Thysanura, Pseudoneuroptera, Orthoptera, Physopoda, Hemiptera and Neuroptera. In each chapter is given a general account of the Order treated of, an analytical table of the Families, a descriptive account of each family with, in many cases, tabular keys of the genera, and illustrations of the commoner species. Future parts will complete the discussion of the Orders, and furnish chapters on the remedies for noxious insects, directions for collecting and preserving specimens, etc. Judging from the portion before us, we have no hesitation in saying that the complete work will be a most valuable and admirable manual of Entomology ; in clearness and simplicity of style, in - excellence of illustration and in arrangement of matter, it leaves nothing to be desired. We must not omit to mention that the two hundred wood — cuts are for the most part drawn and engraved by the author’s wife, and are very good indeed; another excellent feature is the marking of the pronunciation of the accented syllables of technical words, which will no } doubt in time help very much to a desirable uniformity in this respect. 4 | he ds he eS ee Ea ee ee eae Insect Lire.—A monthly bulletin, published by the Entomologist and his Assistants in U. S. Department of Agriculture at Washington. Vol. I.—Nos. 1 to 4; July to October, 1888. This new periodical, “ devoted to the economy and life-habits of insects, especially in their relations to agriculture,” is a very welcome one indeed. The four parts, of thirty pages each, which have thus far appeared, are filled with matter of great interest to both the scientific and economic Entomologist. With so able and experienced a staff as that at — Washington, presided over by Dr. Riley, and with Field Agents at ‘ widely distant points, this new magazine cannot fail to be most useful, ~ and to do good work in the spread of valuable and timely information, cree Insects Fe1cninc DrearH.—We have received several more com- munications on this subject, but we do not think that any useful purpose — can be served by their publication. The question is purely one of © opinion and definition, and cannot possibly be authoritatively settled in one point of view or another. : Mailed December 8th, INDEX TO VOLUME XxX. Abbot, John, the Amclion, 150, 230. Annual meeting Ent. Club A. A. A. S., 195, 232. ) < w! . Eat. Soc., Ontario, 211. - Ants’ nest beetles, 161. Anthomyia raphani, parasite on, 133. Arachnida of Labrador, 141. _ Arctiidee vs. Noctuide, 236. Argynnis Atlantis, preparatory stages of, I. " Edwardsii, " " 3. " Hesperis, " " 67. Arzama obliquata, " ee at 8 139, 180, 238. ‘ ‘Vahinead, W, H., articles by, 48, 55, 101, 172, 202, 229. Acolus borealis, n. sp., 50. »n Canadensis, n. sp., 50. agi agilis, n. sp., 128, ospi italis, 129. ~ Allorhina nitida, 233. Aneurhynchus mellipes, n. sp., 52. _ Anozus siphonophora, n. sp., 104. Anthocharis pima, n, sp., 158. _ Anthonomus quadrigibbus, 67. Aphodius rufipes, 9, 66. Apion herculanum, 66, 120. Aprostocetus Americanus, n. sp., 106. " Canadensis, n. sp., 106. " granulatus, n. sp,, 105. Asecodes albitarsis, n. sp., 103. Astichus Arizonensis, 0. sp., 101, Bates, J. E., article by, 100. Bethune, C. J. S., articles by, 195, 211, 217, 232, 239, 240. Beutenmuller, W., articles by, 15, 16, 57, 134. Bombycide, classification of, 166, 181, 221. Book notices, 60, 77, 117, 159, 217, 218, 239, 240. Brehme, H. H., articles by 119, 180. Butterflies of Ceylon, Moore, 117. " Eastern U.S. and Canada, ere 218. " apan, Pryer, 77. " brador, list of, 148. " North America, Edwards, 60. " rearing from eggs, 234. Butterflies of South Africa, Trimen, 159. Bembidium assimile, 61. " pusillus, 61. " undulatum, 61. Bolina fasciolaris, 139. Botis erectalis, 15. " magistralis, 5. n quinquelinealis, 179. Brachycrepis, n. gen., 176. " tricarinatus, Nn. sp., 176. Rrachynemurus, n. gen., 34. " abdominalis, 57. " blandus, 73. " Carrizonus, Di. SP.5 93: " longicaudus, 35 " longipalpis, n. sp., 95. " nebulosus, 36. it nigrilabris, N. Sp., 72» " peregrinus, 59. " Sackent, n. sp., 94. " versutus, 37. Calverley’s Sphingide, 80, Can insects distinguish between red and yellow? 176. Canmore, N. W. T., species collected at, 90. Captures in 1887, Moffat, 178. » made between Winnipeg and Vic- toria, 89. Catocala desperata, preparatory stages of 28, " innubens, u " 170. un paleogama, 1 n 108, n relicta, a 17. Caulfield, F. B., articles by, 79, 198. Chalcid, a new species from Canada, 55. " genus Rileya, 191, 229. Chalcideous tribe Chiropachides, 172. Chalcidide, new North American, 101. Chionobas jutta, preparatory stages of, 131. Citheronia, geographical distribution of 176. Clark, Howard L., article by, 17. Clover: root borer, 138. Cockerell, T. D. ie articles by, 86, 156, 176, 178, 200, 201. Coleoptera, cr am of Myrmophilous, 161 " . natural history notes on, 61, 242 INDEX TO VOLUME XX. Coleoptera of Labrador, 142. Colias Czesonia, preparatory stages of, 21. n» extreme case of seasonal dimorph- ism in, 201, » notes on the genus, 24. Comstock’s Introduction to Entomology, 239. Conopinz, new South American genus of, 10. Cotton moth, the, 98. Creolin, remedy for rose-aphis, 160, 238. | Callimorpha, 39, 79. Caratomus leucophthalmus, n. sp., 55. Celiptera bifasciata, 100, Cerathosia tricolor, 168, 236. Chiropachys colon, 175. Chrysomela preecelsis, 66. Closterocerus, cinctipennts, N. Sp., 104. Cucullia Hartmanni, n. sp., 69. Danais archippus, observations on, 45, a 136, 200, 226. " parasite on, 133. Ditana Angusii, preparatory stages of, 13 5 " contracta, " " 134. " Drexelii, " " 57- " integerrima, " " 134. ministra, " " 16. Death, knowledge of, in insects, 120, 179, 199, 240. Diadema misippus in Florida, 128, Dimorphism in butterflies, 86, 201. Dasyglenes n. gen, 174. " osmte, D. SP. 174. Dendrocharis flavicornis, 64. Dendroleon obsoletum, 187. " pantherinum, 185. Dicerca asperata, 66. 1 divaricata, 64, " dubia, 64. " lurida, 65. » obscura, 65, " prolongata, 64, 120, 178, “4 spreta, 65. Diludia brontes, 56, 112. » leucophzeata, 56. Dinotus elongatus, n. sp., 175. Edwards, Henry, articles by, 12, 111. Edwards, W. H.., articles by, 1, 3, 21, 41, 67, 81, 84, 128, 140, 158. Entomological Club, A. A. A. S,, meeting. of, 195, 232. ‘ ~] Entomological Society of Ontario meeting, 211. Entomology for beginners, Packard, 217. Ectadius Canadensis, N. Sp. 51. LExntedon albitarsis, n. sp., 102. " Arizonensts, n. Sp., 103. " Columbiana, n. sp., 103. Erebus odora, 56, 99, 113. Euderus Columbiana, n. sp.5 104. — Humegaspilus Canadensis, 1. Sp., oe oi a ae ne Ne Pos ~ Fletcher J., article. by, 218. ; French, G. H., articles by, 28, est 108, 170. Fyles, T. Nes article by, 131. Gillette, C. P., article by, 133. Grote, A. R., articles by, 38, 39; 74, 75s 76, 79, 80, 98, 114, 120, 128, 139, 154, rie 160, 166, 181, ea te Graphoderes cinereus, 62. pee " saat Sail ae: Hagen, H. A., articles by, 345 57 7 935 5, 204 Hamilton, J., srfities ta by, 6, 61, 120, 161, 179. x Hemileuca, description of a new, 31. Hessian fly an — insect, I2I. Holland, W. J., articles by, 77, 89. Howard, L. O., article by, 191. Hadena Evelina, n. sp.5 71. 1» turbulenta, 136. Harpalus caliginosus, 62. " com 5 62: " longicollis, 62. » Pennsylvanicus, 62. Hemileuca Californica, n. sp , 31. Hepialus argenteo-maculatus, 232. " auratus, 100. Holcopelte Floridana, n. sp., 102. " Microgaster, n. sp., 102. nu Atssourtensis, Nn. sp., TOL, un Popenoet, n. sp., Ol. Hylastes trifolii, 138. Hyperteles hylotome, n. sp., 105. Insects feigning death, rs: 179, 199, 240. Insect life, 240. INDEX TO VOLUME XxX. 243 Introduction to Entomology, Comstock, 2309. Ips, notes on, 198. Ips, fasciatus, 198. u g4-signatus, 198. Japanese . Butterflies, 77. Kerosene emulsion for white-grubs, 233. Kirby, W. F., article by, 230. Labrador, list of spiders, myriopods and insects of, 141. Lepidoptera of piseey Moore, 117. . " Labrador, 145. Lepidopterous larvze, description of, 15. Lyman, H. H., article by, 24. Loxotropa, abrupta, 54. " armata, 0. Sp., 53- " Harringtoni, n. sp., 53. * " pezomachotdes, n. Sp., 53+ Lyczena piasus, 97. Marsh, W. D., article by, 45. Melitzeas, two new species of, 81. Moffat, J. A., articles by, 136, 139, 178, 8 238. Morton, Miss E. M., article by, 226. Moths new to our Fauna, 12, 56, III. Myrmeleonidze, stray notes on, 34, 57, 72; 93, 185, 204. Macrosila Hasdrubal, 13. Megaspilidea minuta, n. sp, 49. Megaspilus Harringtoni, n. sp., 48. Melanophila longipes, 92. Melitea Brucet, n. sp., 81. u Zaylori, n. sp., 82. n rubicunda, 83. Meristhus cristatus, 64. Metaclisis erythropus, n. sp., 51. Monelata hirticollis, n. sp., 54. Myrmeleon formicalynx, 206. " formicarius, 210. " immaculatus, 188. " mobilis, 204. " rusticus, 210. Nanaimo, B. C., Coleoptera, collected at, gl. Nathalis iole, orange spot in, 156. Nepigon, butterflies taken at, 212, 234. Noctuidze, late papers on, 38. " some new, 69, 128. Notes, 40, N eoclytus caprzea, 66. Obituary, 140. _ Orange spot in Nathalis iole, 156. ; Ornamentation, origin of, in Lepidoptera, 114. Orthesia, new species from California, 202. ~Omphale bicinctus, 103. . Orthesia Edwardsit, n. sp., 203. Orthosia hamifera, n. sp., 130. Oxyporus 5-maculatus, 64. Packard, A. S., article by, 141. " Entomology for beginners, 217. Paphia troglodyta, preparatory stages of, 41. Phycitidze, the diagnoses of N. American, 74- Proctotrupide, new genera and species of, 8 48. Protection and defence in insects, charac- ters of, 154. Pryer, H., death of, 140. Paphia glycerium, 43. Papilio turnus, 228. Paramesius clavipes, n. sp., 53. Pentacantha Canadensis, n. sp., 51. Philampelus typhon, 14, 56, 99, 112. Philhydrus fimbriatus, 63. Phurys vinculum, 100. Pleurotropis leucopus, n. sp., 102. Prosacantha brachyptera, n. sp., 50. Pseudosphinx obscurus, 13. ‘t tetrio, 12, 56, 112. Pteromalus archippi, 133. Rileya, the chalcid genus, 191, 229. Riley, C. V., article by, 121. Rose-aphis, remedy for, 160, 238. Ross's second voyage, German edition of, 157. Rileya splendens, 193. Scudder, S. H., articles by, 117, 150, 159, 232. Smith, J. B., articles by, 56, 236. 244 INDEX TO VOLUME XX. : a Sactogaster Howardit, n. sp., 52. Van Duzee, E. P., article by, 100. Saperda concolor, 8, 66. & he " Fayi, pie! Selenia kentaria, 75. Webster, F. M., article by, 199. ees. Stenosphenus notatus, 66. White, J., article by, 138. Jae ae) Syntomeida epilaris, 14, 112. Trimen’s Butterflies of South Africa, 159. Types, notes upon authors, 75, 197. Thyreus Abbotii, 154. Trichogramma acuminatum, n. sp., 107. ee ceresarum, 0. Sp., 107. " nigrum, n. sp., 107. Trogosita virescens, 92. Tropidomyia, n. gen., 11. " bimaculata, n. sp., 11. Williston, S. W., article by, ores Wind-visiting moths, 98. Wittfeld, Miss A. M., death of, 140. — Wright, W. G., articles by, 31, 7 ie Xylomiges Fletcheri, n. SPs 130. ae Yokohama naturalist, death of the, ae ee | Zygota Americana, n. sp., 54. seis tbe Ts 8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. EDITED BY THE Bob, C. ¥. S. Bethune, B. B., B. 6. ¥., ‘ PORT HOPE, ONTARIO. f : : ASSISTED BY | J. Fletcher, Ottawa; J. M. Denton, E. B. Reed ae and W. E. Saunders, London. | a London: . =) FREE PRESS PRINTING CO, 1889. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. AARON, E. M. ASHMEAD, W. H. _ BEUTENMULLER, WM. = BREHME, H. H.. COCKERELL, T. D. A..... DENTON, S. W..... Pyar H. Ge: .. EDWARDS, W. H.... ELLIOTT, R.. i FLETCHER, “JAMES... FRENCH, PROF. G. H. FYLES, REV. T. W..... GEDDES, GAMBLE .. GROTH A R...... HAMILTON, DR. JOHN... HOWARD, L. O.. JOHNSTON, JAMES... *EELLICOTT, DR.D. S... _KILMAN, ALVA H . / LYMAN, H. H...... McNEILL, JEROME. . SCUDDER, S. H.. SMITH, PROF. J. B.. TRENHOLME, E.C.. [AN DUZEE, E. P..... BETHUNE, REV. C. oY S. (eorT0R). CLARKSON, FREDERICK... : ee POOF Aj ........... DAWSON, PERCY M.... ..... Maen, OR HLA... .:. 52). ARRINGTON, W. HAGUE..... INNER, DR. apes oe is MeL, MRS... oe, ee ... PHILADELPHIA, PA. .. WaAsHINGTON, D. C. .Port Hopgr, ONT. ... NEw YorK. .. NEWARK, N. J. New YORK. pew ES? CLIFP, COL, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH. ° MONTREAL. .. WELLESLEY, Mass. .. RHINEBECK, N. Y. .. COALBURGH, WEST VA. .. PLOVER MILLS, ... OTTAWA. .. CARBONDALE, ILL. .. SOUTH QUEBEC. .. TORONTO. .. BREMEN, GERMANY. .. CAMBRIDGE, MAss. .. ALLEGHENY, Pa. .. OTTAWA. .. WasHInGTON, D. C. .. HAMILTON. ... COLUMBUS, OHIO. .. RIDGEWAY. . MONTREAL. -..+..+MOLing, ‘Ict. MOPEAT}. ALSTON. -..... ek ee | .. CAMBRIDGE, MAss. . PHILADELPHIA, Pa. .. NEw Brunswick, N. J. .. MONTREAL. .. BUFFALO, N. Y. HAMILTON. one? 3 & Che Canadian Entomologist. VOL. XXI. LONDON, JANUARY, 1889 No. 1. HEMIPTERA FROM MUSKOKA LAKE DISTRICT. BY E. P. VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, N. Y. This list is presented as a slight contribution to our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the North American Hemiptera. As our litera- ture of this order is by no means overburdened with faunal lists, I trust that the present will find sufficient excuse for its appearance in the matter it contains. I have made every effort to have the list as accurate and com- plete as possible, under the circumstances. The material was accumulated during a brief collecting tour in the Muskoka Lake District of Canada, in the interval from July 25th to August 3rd, 1888. The particular localities being in the vicinity of Bracebridge, along the Muskoka River to the Lake, and some of the adjoining islands, and along the road from Bracebridge to South Falls. — For the information of such as are not conversant with the physical features of this beautiful Lake District, I will add that it lies in the metomorphic belt reaching eastward from the Georgian Bay. The surface is somewhat rugged, with bold, rocky bluffs from one hundred to two hundred feet in height, skirting the river and lowlands ; the latter present- ing a good depth of soil, which is elsewhere very thin, in many places quite insufficient to cover the rocks. Coniferze, poplars, birches, and a few oaks form the bulk of the timber on the rocky highlands, with the addition of maple, hickory, beech, basswood, etc., on the deeper soils. The undergrowth is largely hazelnut, with blueberry, raspberry, viburnum, spireea, and other bushes interspersed. Away from the cultivated areas very little grass is to be found; but carex, cypreus and glyceria take its place to a large extent. The bane of this land is the ever-recurring *bush-fire,” and to an entomologist a ‘‘ burned district” is a wilderness indeed. The Hemiptera taken were largely such as might have been expected from this locality, but were more numerous in individuals than I had 2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. anticipated ; the Homoptera especially, seemed proportionately more numerous than farther south, and included many rarities. _ | I am indebted for a number of the species here enumerated, to he kindness of Mr. A. H. Kilman, who was one of our party, and who passed over to me any luckless Hemipter that perchance found lodgment in his indefatigable umbrella. To Mr. P. R. Uhler, I am under renewed obliga- tions for the determination of some of the more difficult forms, especially in the Capside. HETEROPTERA. Scutelleridea. Homemus enifrons Say. Occasional on sedges and weeds on the lowlands Eurygaster alternatus Say. Abundant with the last. Corimelenide. Corimelena atra Am. and Serv. One nymph taken. Corimelena pulicaria Germ. A single example. Pentatomide. Podisus spinosus Dall. Taken here as elsewhere on trees and bushes, but more rarely than the next. Podisus modestus Dall. Neottiglossa undata Say. Common. Cosmopepla carnifex Fab. Mormidea lugens Fab. One example. Euchistus fisstdis Uhl. Euchistus tristigmus Say. Occasional. Banasa calva Say. Abundant on the arbor-vitee. Coreide. Alydus eurinus Say. Frequent on flowers of the Canada thistle in old fields. Protenor Betfraget. Hagl. = Tetrarhinus Quebecensis Prov. One nymph swept from weeds. | | Berytidea. Neides muticus Say. Common, Corizus punctiventris Dall. Larger and darker coloured than setae cis from Buffalo. i Corisus nigristernum Sign. Less abundant than the preceeding. At Buffalo it is the common form. | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3 Lygeide. Nysius grenlandicus Zett. Scarce. Cymus luridus Stal. Three examples, swept from a low swampy spot ny | the roadside, near South Falls. — Cymus angustatus Stal. Not common. — Cymus claviculus Hahn. Abundant everywhere on the lowlands. Blissus leucopterus, Say. One brachypterus example, swept from the borders of an oat field on Muskoka river, near the lake. _ Geocoris borealis Dall. Taken with the preceeding. This appears to be : but a dark variety of G. dud/atus Say. _ Ligyrocoris sylvestris Linn. Very abundant in the cultivated districts. _ Leliopelta abbreviata Uhl. One small, short-winged example captured. Capside. Brachytropis calcarata Fall. Trigonotylus ruficornis Fall. _ Miris affinis Reut. Collaria Meilieurii Prov. These four species were not uncommon where cultivation had prepared the way forthem. The latter was just com- ing to perfection. Hadromena pulverulenta Uhl. (MS. ) Two examples, Diommatus congrex. Uhl. Rare. _ Phytocoris eximus. Reut. Occasional. Phytocoris pallidicornis Reut. Abundant, and of large size. Phytocoris colon. Say. One example. Neurocolpus nubilus Say. Common, and as a rule, deeply coloured. Calocoris rapidus Say. A single specimen. Melinna modesta Uhl. Beaten from pine trees. Lygus pabulinus Linn. Lygus pratensis Linn. Lygus flavonotatus Prov. A few taken. Lygus invitus Say. Common. | Lygus intersectus Uhl. (MS.) Abundant. Coccobaphes sanguinarius Uhl. Not uncommon on maple and beech trees, | especially near South Falls. a _ Peciloscytus unifasciatus Fab. Numbers taken on the cultivated uplands : south of Bracebridge, and elsewhere, Pecilocapsus lineatus Fab. Rare, 4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Largidea opaca Uhl. (MS.) Smaller and slighter than New York examples. ; Camptobrochis grandis Uhl. Common. Apparently of nocturnal habits, as I took several flying around the candle at our camp; some of © these individuals were extremely dark, even approaching an almost uniform piceous black; others were as pale as those taken near Buffalo. : Neoborus Petitii Uhl. (MS.) Several pale examples. Fulvius anthocoroides Uhl. One example. Monalocoris filicis Linn. Common everywhere on ferns. Hyaliodes vitripennis Say. This neat little species was taken frequently: on pines, and occasionally on other trees and bushes. © Pilophorus amemus Uhl. Common on pine trees. Globiceps flavomaculatus Fab. One example taken. This species was: erroneously cited as occurring at Buffalo, in my list of Capsidz from: that locality (Can. ENr., xix., p. 72, 1887). The imsect there re- ferred to was the next, which superficially resembles the flavomacu- latus. Mimoceps gracilis Uhl. (MS.) A few swept from grass and weeds near a rivulet among the hills. ie Sh Mecomma gilvipes Uhl. (MS.) Three examples taken with the pre- ceeding. Bb | Macrolophus seperatus Uhl. Three examples. Stiphrosoma stygica Say. Scattering. Labops hesperia Uhl. A few brachypterus examples swept from an oat field on the flats near the mouth of the river. Idolocoris agilis Uhl. Common on the lowlands. ch Orthotylus alternatus Uhl. Common on bushes, especially the hazelnut. Macrotylus guttatus Uhl. (MS) One example of this elegant little Capsid was swept from briars growing on a rocky hillside near the river. Rhinocapsus Vanduzeii Uhl. (MS.) Not uncommon among ‘ake weeds in damp situations. | Psallus variabilis Fall. A single example. Psallus antennatus Uhl. (MS.) Several taken. Plagiognathus obscurus Uhl, o1 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Agalliastes associatus Uhl. One example of the typical form occurred to me while sweeping near South Falls. Anthocoride. Dotichomerus elongatus Reut. Ditlasia fuscula Reut Two examples taken from a log of hard maple ; they occurred under loose bark where there was a slight fungoid growth. Triphelps insidiosus Say. Common. Anthocoris musculus Say. Tingitide. Galeatus Peckhami Ashm. (Sph.erocysta Peckhami, Ent. Am, vol. iii., p. 156). Swept from low weeds—probably a dwarf vaccinium or a species of aralia, which were growing together—among pines on a rocky island. I am indebted to Mr, Uhler for this generic reference. _ The three examples taken agree in every respect with Mr. Ashmead’s description, and I think there can be no doubt of their identity. Corythuca arguata Say. (?). The small form, which is probably a dis- tinct species, occurred abundantly on birches everywhere. I have taken it from osier bushes at Machias, N. Y., also at Pine Swamp, near New Haven. Ct. If distinct it would seem to be the northern analogue of C. arguata. Corythuca marmorata Uhl. One example. Aradide. Aradus quadrilineatus Say. Aradus rectus Say. Reduvioidea. Coriscus subcoleoptratus Kirby. Coriscus inscriptus Kirby. Common. _Coriscus ferus Linn. Sinea diadema Fab. Scarce. Opsicetus personatus Linn. Bracebridge. One example. ter Hydrobatide. flygrotrechus remigis Say. -Limnotrechus marginatus Say. Abundant in favorable localities. Limnoporus rufoscutellatus Latr, One example, 6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Metrobates hesperius Uhl. Muskoka Lake. On pleasant afternoons, when the surface of the water was smooth, these insects would con- gregate in immense numbers, closely covering an area of several — yards in extent. A breeze, sufficient to slightly ruffle the surface, would quickly disperse them, but whither I failed to discover, as I was unable to detect any along the shore. The majority of the specimens taken were immature ; they differ from the adult in having five, pale yellow spots in addition to the pronotal—one on the centre of the metanotum, one above each anterior, and another before each © posterior coxa. Salidide. Salda interstitialis Say. Common along the shores of the river and lake. HOMOPTERA. Cicadide. Cicada canicularis Harris. The familiar shrilling of this species ‘was frequently heard in the heat of the day among the tree tops, | Membracide. Enchenopa binotata Say. Apparently rare. Ceresa bubalus Fab. Common, but mostly of the small dark coloured variety, with blunt thoracic horns. Ceresa diceros Say. Occasional. Telamona coryli Fitch. Abundant on the hazelnut. The females are frequently of an almost uniform brownish-ferrugineous, with but slight indications of the pale bands, thus approaching closely the next, from which it probably is not distinct. Telamona tristis Fitch, Common with the preceding. Telamona fagi Fitch. One example. Telamona reclivata Fitch. Three examples. Variable both in colour and form of the crest; this being sometimes sharply angled behind, or again obtusely rounded ; and the posterior edge may be either slop- ing or almost vertical. The present examples are very dark in colour, the pale areas being much obscured by fuscous punctures. 3 Carynota marmorata Say. Numbers taken from a small poplar bush (probably ?. grandidentata), on the uplands south of Bracebridge. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. rf My examples correspond with Say’s short description, except that the tip of the thorax extends to, and in some cases beyond, the apical areole. According to the characters given by Say, it must belong here and not to Cyrtosia, where it is placed by Dr. Fitch. - Ss fic camelus Fab. ‘Two examples beaten from oaks, of Cyrtosia vau Say. Not infrequent on trees. FULGORIDA. Sub-family Czxzide. Cixius stigmatus Say. Not common. Cixius pint Fitch. Occasional on various low bushes ; rarely on pine. Near Buffalo I have taken it only on vaccinium. Oltarus quinguelineatus Say. More abundant than the preceding forms. Sub-family De/phacide. This family was well represented, but I have not studied the material taken. Sub-family Achelide. _ Two undetermined species of this family occurred in single examples. Sub-family Derbide. — Otiocerus Coguerbertii Kirby. Not uncommon on maple and beech trees. Otiocerus Degeerit Kirby. Beaten from oak and beech trees. Another small and probably undescribed form occurred, which I had the mis- fortune to lose while in the field. Anotia sp. One example taken among bushes on the bank of the river at Bracebridge. It is, perhaps, a variety of Bonneti Kirby. Lamenia vulgaris Fitch. Abundant and of large size. Sub-family Zsside. Bruchomorpha oulata Newm. Abundant in damp grassy localities, especially on the lowlands. One example has the elytra fully developed. ‘they are long and narrow, somewhat surpassing the 8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. See abdomen in length; sides parallel, not widened at tip; of a deep smoky-brown colour, almost opaque. Nerves very scrong and simple, the radial and two ulnar nerves run straight and undivided to the transverse nerve, which crosses the elytra a little beyond the tip of the clavus, forming three large cells on the base of the corium ; the second ulnar is forked at the transverse nerve, the first ulnar is twice forked beyond the transverse, and between this and the radial is a short nerve from the transverse to the costa; these forming seven apical cells, of which the medial is small and triangular, and the next inner the largest and rectangular ; the claval nerves unite beyond the middle, the resulting nerve joining the claval suture just before its apex. ) Peltonotus histrionicus Stal. One example. Occurs also at Buffalo. Cercopide. Lepyronia quadrangularis Say. Rare. Aphrophora quadrinotata Say. Very abundant on the lowlands, but mostly immature ; the imagines were just beginning to appear. Aphrophora parallella Say. Common on pines. Aphrophora saratogensis Fitch. Rather more abundant than the pre- ceeding, with which it occurred and which it greatly resembles ; it is, however, readily distinguished by the more obtuse head, clearer markings, and concolorous punctures. Clastoptera obtusa Say. Very common on the blueberry. Clastoptera proteus Fitch. With the last. Bythoscopide. /diocerus pallidus Fitch. Abundant on willows, birches, etc. _ Ldiocerus suturalis Fitch. On low poplar bushes near the river ; even more abundant than the preceeding. [diocerus lachryma/is Fitch. Numbers of this, our largest species, occurred on birch and other trees. ee /diocerus alternatus Fitch. Scarce. It is with slight misgivings that I _ place this insect here, although I believe future study will jesaly the reference. pale abe Agallia novellus Say. As abundant at Muskoka as in Ne are; on grass and weeds. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9 Agallia flaccida Uhl. But few of this common species were seen at Muskoka. sa Agallia siccifolia Uhl. Not uncommon in dry pastures. Pediopsis viridis Fitch. Apparently rare. Pediopsis variabilis Fitch. Examples occurred of varieties A. and C. of Fitch, and a single specimen of a uniform ferrugineous, with pale yellow elytra crossed from the shoulder to the apex by a broad ferrugineous band. Pedivpsis minor Fitch. Two examples. Pediopsis fenestratus Fitch. A common species on birch trees. Tettigonide. Oncometopia costalis Fab. Very abundant among coarse weeds and grass, e particularly near South Falls, where the pretty striped. nymphs , occurred with the newly developed imagines. Diedrocephala coccinea Forst. Not uncommon on Pigakheas bushes. | Diedrocephala mollipes Say. Common. 7 ——- Diedrocephala noveboracensis Fitch. 3 Helochara communis Fitch. Common. a Euacanthus orbitalis Fitch. es Fans.) % oa “ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 35 There is a variety in which the stripes, and later the spots, are bright lemon yellow instead of white. The colour seems to be constant for an individual. The larve live together in rather small swarms, not exceed- ing fifty, till after the last moult, when they separate, often leaving the food-plant to ascend another in the vicinity. They then feed singly to maturity. Food-plant, Andromeda ligustrina. NOTES ON SOME CALIFORNIA MOTHS. BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL, Arctia Shastaensis Behrens, MS., nov. var. or nov. sp. This new form was found by my friend, Mr. James Behrens, of San Fran- cisco, at Upper Soda Springs, Siskiyou County, near Mount Shasta. The hind wings and abdomen are wanting, but the fore wings are present and in a very fair state of preservation. They are black, without light mark- ings on the veins, but marked with yellow as follows:—A very broad transverse stripe, the basal of the usual three found in 4. Achaia and A. Behrii, as wide as the female of BeAriz, but more regular along its edges and curved more as this stripe is in Achaza, and not extending out on the costa as does this stripe in Behrii; the second of the three usual stripes is absent, save a few yellow scales on the sub-costal vein ; the third is present, but narrow, arcuate, does not quite reach the costa, and only comes a little below the streak along median vein to posterior angle, a little attenuated at both ends ; the usual longitudinal stripe below median vein, not reaching the base as this stripe does in both Achaia and Behrii, but beginning just inside the broad stripe, where it almost connects with an outward curved half line inside the broad stripe, that is broad on costa, but narrow below, outside the broad stripe the stripe is narrow, and on one wing broken before reaching posterior angle ; the M-mark present much as in Behriz, beginning on costa midway between stripe three and apex, the first bar of the M curved inward, the other two outward and joined together and to the third stripe, the fourth bar absent as the spur that is usually sent out from the sub-median stripe is here absent. Fringes Dlack ; head, thorax and patagia black. Beneath as above, only paler. Legs black, except inside of anterior femora, which are yellowish. 36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. The basal half line and fringes being black with the broad basal stripe would point to this insect being a variety of A. Behrii, as also the black body parts, but the downward curving of the sub-median stripe before reaching posterior angle ally it to Achaia; unlike either of these, it has no yellow along the posterior margin. Apatela Felina Grote. Mr. Grote describes this insect in vol. 5, No. 2, page 208, of the Government Survey Bulletins, comparing it with its ally, 4. Lepusculina. Having several bred specimens, I make here a few additions to Mr. Grote’s description. The fore wings are distinctly blueish-gray, and the marks are more obliterate-than in the usual Lepuscudina. The female has scarcely a trace of the sub-terminal line, even in whitish shading ; but one male has the sub-terminal line nearly as distinct as in Lepuscu/ina, like that interspace - ally arcuate, but bending inward only about half as far on the second median interspace, and consequently the line is not so far from the outer margin, below this vein as in Lepuscudina. The psi mark is less distinct. Reniform obsolete, except a curved mark, part of the inner or basal portion of the annulus. One male has on one wing almost a perfect orbicular but faint. It is elliptical, the long diameter parallel with costa and much narrower thar the same in Lepusculina. Hind wings of male white, soiled terminally and along the veins ; of female so much soiled as to be gray. The fringes of both wings concolorous, checkered with black. CANADIAN COLEOPTERA. The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario has decided upon rearranging the Society’s collection of Coleoptera according to Henshaw’s List. ‘This will necessitate the entire reprinting of the “ List of Canadian Coleoptera,” and as it is desirable that the new list should be as full and as correct as possible, our friends will confer a great favour by forwarding to the Secretary a list of all new names of Canadian beetles that they may have obtained by correct identification. As it is necessary that the list should be placed in the hands of the printers with as little delay as possible, our readers are desired to reply to this request at once. Henshaw’s numbers will be printed on the new list, which will be for sale in sets when completed, re bese 3 aa es s 4 & a Ee 4 7 a Rs THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37 MR. SMITH ON CERATHOSIA. BY A..R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN. In reply to Mr. Smith’s paper, somewhat inappropriately styled “Arctiide vs. Noctuide,” I would state that my original paper in Entom. Amer. on Cerathosia had for its main object the pointing out of the errors contained in Mr. Smith’s original description of the genus in the neuration. When these errors are corrected according to my statements (which latter in the main seem to be acknowledged by Mr. Smith as correct), the probability ‘that the moth is an Arctian next to Utetheisa is weakened, and, as I have shown it is not a Lithosian, the chances are we must look for its position elsewhere. The secondary object of my paper was to suggest that we might find a better place for Cerathosia next to Acopa, etc., in the Noctuide. Now, in reply to Mr. Moeschler, and Mr. Smith, I have to say, that I did not discuss vein 8 of Cerathosia. I have also to complain that Mr. Smith is an unfair writer, who indulges — in large expressions of condemnation upon small grounds (as for instance the fact that some Lithosians have an accessory cell, while I give no acces- sory cell as a character of the sub-family), and above all a writer who mis- represents the party he desires to criticize. Mr. Smith alludes to a paper on Cerathosia “not yet reached.” I advise him when that paper is reached, to have any statement it may contain as to the neuration of Cerathosia corrected according to my original corrections, I have no objections to my writings being “handled without gloves,” as Prof. Fernald says Mr. Smith does, when the criticism is fair and reasonable. . A FINAL WORD ABOUT THE GENUS. RILEYA. BY WM. H. ASHMEAD. In the last issue of the Can. Ent. Mr. Howard, with a commendable solicitude for my entomological reputation, and under a heavy discharge of deadly parallel columns, seeks to evade the question at issue between us, 2. ¢., who has priority in the use of the generic term Rileya; and not- withstanding the opportunity was afforded him to rechristen his interesting genus, he seems loath to do so, and again, by a misrepresentation, makes a claim of priority in publication. Had Mr. Howard written read instead of ‘‘published,” he would have been nearer the truth. However, this may have been another /apsus 38 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. penne. His published description first appeared in the October number of the Can. Enr., nearly five months after the publication of “‘ my synop- tic tables,” as previously pointed out by me, and the points claimed by him are without value. ee air: In order to close a controversy that has already assumed an incon- sistent warmth, I now propose for Mr. Howard’s genus the name CArysu- platycerus, and the species may in future be known as Chrysop/atycerus splendens Howard. iat CORRESPONDENCE. | A FLOCK OF BUTTERFLIES. Dear Sir: While in the interior of New Guinea, in Aug., 1883, I observed what might properly be called a flock of butterflies. They were apparently of one species* (of a dark brown color, with a blue reflection on the fore wings in a certain light), and in such great numbers as to actually blacken the green bushes on which they lit. I first came across them one day, while out after birds, in a thick and shaded part of the tall forest, in low land adjoining the Laloki river. Being so numerous, I supposed it would be an easy matter to catch all I desired without the aid of a net, but after several unsuccessful attempts, in which case they would rise in a cloud and settle again in a few moments on the bushes close at hand, I was obliged to give it up. They did not seem to be very much disturbed at my approach, but would not, however, allow me to get very near without taking flight. As soon as I remained still, they would immediately settle on bushes and foliage close by, but always out of reach. The flock was, perhaps, two acres in extent, but the butterflies were not equally numerous over this entire area. In some places every bush, branch, twig and leaf seemed to be covered with them, while in others there were comparatively few. What their object was, or how long they remained in that locality, I am.unable to say, except that in visiting the place several days afterwards, they were still there in apparently undi- minished numbers. I might add none were seen feeding, and, so far as I observed, there were no flowers in bloom anywhere in the vicinity. — : S. W. Denton, Wellesley, Mass. * The name is: unknown to me, but I have a specimen of this butterfly which, if returned, I, will send to any person who is capable and willing to determine it. | THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39 ARZAMA OBLIQUATA. Dear Sir: The recent communications of Mr. Brehme and Mr. Moffat (Can. ENT. xx.-119, 130, 180, 238), have revived my interest in the habits of Arzama Obliguata, G. and R. At the Minneapolis meet- ing Entomological Club A. A. A. S. (1883), the habits of the insect were discussed at some length, principally by Dr. Riley and myself. So much of the discussion as the Secretary considered worth printing, may be found in Vol. xv. of the Can. Ent., pp. 171 and 174. The only difference worth noticing between us was in regard to whether there are two broods annually or one. It was finally agreed that both were correct—quite un- usual in matters of this kind! In all probability, about Washington there are two, whilst in Western New York there is but one ; if this be so, some of the apparent discrepancies of your correspondents may be cleared up. Mr. Brehme describes the egg, and Dr. Riley the masses of eggs (xv.-171). It would be of interest if Mr. Brehme would communicate the manner of occurrence of the eggs. I have not been so fortunate as to find these bodies, but have followed the quite young larvee to maturity. I feel sure that it is single brooded in New York and Canada, and that the mature larva in the fall swims to land if necessary (see xv.-174), and crawls into loose earth, or preferably into old wood, or under rubbish where it remains until spring, transforming in May. I have ransacked 7y//a stalks at all seasons for borers, ancl do not remember to have found this larva, nor have I any notes stating that it was ever found as larva late in autumn or in spring within the stalks, or that it was found to transform in the same. Whatever the habits may be in New Jersey, or at Washington, I have evi- dence which confirms the correctness of Mr. Moffat’s impressions of the habits of the species in his latitude. Dec. 17, 1888. D. S. Ke.uicorr, Columbus, Ohio. PIERIS. ILAIRE, GODT. Dear Sir: Iwish to record in your valuable journal the capture of Pieris tlaire Godt. at Lancaster, N. Y. The accidental occurrence of such southern forms at this northern locality has a certain interest which, I think, will warrant this notice. The present specimen was taken flutter- ing around a corn field on the 22nd of September, 1880. For about a 40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. week previously warm southerly winds had prevailed with little or no rain, followed by a light frost on the morning of the 21st. At first sight of the butterfly I recognized it as a stranger to our neighbourhood, and with care succeeded in capturing it without further injury, if indeed such were possible, as it was already a woeful looking object, the wings were torn and badly denuded, and the poor creature hardly had the strength to support itself the few yards it attempted to fly. For eight years I have kept this sorry looking treasure hoping some day to learn its name and history, and in this I have at last been successful. Poey gives a good figure of the female in his Centurie des Lepidopteres de Tlle de Cuba, and it is well described by Boisduval in his Species gen. des Lepidopteres, vol. 1, p. 491.. The present example is a large female with the black border of the wings unusually broad, which variation is mentioned by Boisduval. The most northern habitat that I can find is given in French’s Butterflies of the Eastern United States, as “ Indian River, Florida, Texas and Arizona,” but I have had little opportunity for investigating the subject, and it may be a more common visitor in the north than I: imagine. Prof. Grote, in his charming paper on the Geo- graphical Distribution of the N. A. Lepidoptera, published in the eigh- teenth volume of this journal, has given us a very serviceable classifica- tion of the origin of the N. A. fauna. Probably P. é/aire pertains to the fourth table of his third category (p. 236), at least two of the species there enumerated appear to have been taken here, viz., Zhysania zenobia and Brotis vulneraria. Tf, however, it breeds continuously in the Southern States, its association with Erebus odora in Grote’s second table (p. 235) would seem more natural, and would render its occurrence here less surprising. E. P. Van Duzee, Buffalo, N, Y. _ The second paper on “ Popular and Economic Entomology,” which was promised for this number, has been prepared by Mr. Fletcher, but owing to the cuts required for its illustration being in the hands of the printers of the Annual Report at Toronto, it has been found necessary at the last moment to defer it till next month. Mailed February 9th, Che Canadian Entomologist. mls AX. LONDON, MARCH, 1880. No. 7? a DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF COLIAS MEADII, Epwarps. BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. Ecc.—Fusiform, thick in the middle, tapering to a small rounded summit, the base small, flat ; ribbed longitudinally after the manner of the genus; colour yellow-green. Duration of this stage four to five days. -Younc Larva.—Length, at 24 hours from egg, .06 inch; cylindrical, even ; colour brown-green ; thickly covered with black points, from each of which a short fine hair; head rounded, blackish-brown. Duration of this stage five days. After First Moult.—Length at 12 hours .11 inch; colour dull brown- green ; the ridges thickly set with black points, each with short grey hair ; head brown-yellow. To next moult six days. After Second Moult.—Length at 12 hours .16 inch ; colour dark green, covered with yellow points so thickly as to give a yellow hue to the whole surface, each point with hair; a mid-dorsal dark stripe; a faint indication of a yellow sub-dorsal line ; so also of a basal stripe; head green-brown with many fine tubercles and hairs. To next moult about six days. | After Third Moult.—Length at 12 hours, .22 inch; along the under- side of the indistinct sub-dorsal yellow line is an ill-defined row of black spots, one to each segment from 3 to 11; the basal ridge yellowish, but not yet showing a clear band. Later in the stage the black spots show clearly, those on 3 and 4 largest, the rest diminishing regularly to a very small one on 11; head as before. ‘To next moult five to seven days After Fourth Moult—Length at 6 hours .46 inch; at 24 hours an2. inch, | Mature Larva.—Length .7 inch; cylindrical ; nearly even ; on the flattened ridges are many points, each giving a short black hair; colour 42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. dark yellow-green, the effect of the black hairs being to make the body darker than in most species of the genus; a pale yellow narrow sub- dorsal stripe, under which from 2 or 3 to 12 is a black spot on each segment, the anterior ones largest, the others gradually lessening in size to the last; along base a narrow white stripe; under side, feet and pro-legs green ; head rounded, a little depressed at top ; colour green, lighter than body, much covered with black tubercles with arts hairs. From fourth moult to pupation five days. Curysais.—Length .66 inch; breadth across mesonotum .16 inch, across abdomen .18 inch ; greatest depth .22 inch; shape of the genus ; compressed laterally, the thorax on ventral side prominent ; head case pointed, beak-like, the projection less prolonged than in some or most species observed ; mesonotum rounded, carinated, the sides sloping, a little convex,; followed by a shallow depression; abdomen conical ; colour green-yellow, all the ventral side being brighter than the dorsal, and the projection at head quite yellow ; a mid-dorsal darker line, and — a faint sub-dorsal line ; all the dorsal side and the ventral of abdomen dotted and mottled whitish, the wing cases and ventral side to head finely granulated. Duration of this stage, in the only case where the butterfly appeared the same season in which the egg was laid, six days. This alpine species is found in the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, and probable throughout the range to British America. Certainly it is if £lis, Strecker, is synonymous with it, as I believe to be the case. Mr. Mead first took this Colias on top of the “divide” between the Platte and Arkansas valleys, about 12,000 feet elevation, and says he took none lower than at 10,000 feet. Mr. Bruce says the proper habitat is from 11,000 to 12,000 feet, though, when the butterflies get into the narrow canons, they will follow the track down to 9,000 feet at least, and mentions (CAN. ENT., xix., 228) having taken several at Webster, at 9,000. ; I received a number of young larva, 23rd July, 1888, from Mr. W. S. Foster, at Salida, Col., which had hatched en route. The female was taken on Marsha’l Peak, 11,000 feet, 15th July, and confined over Astragalus. One of these larvee passed first moult 27th July, the third moult 9th August (the second not observed), the fourth moult r4th August, pupated on rgth, anda female imago came forth 25th August. But the other larvae, by 28th August, were in lethargy, and soon after THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 ' were sent to Clifton Springs, New York, to go in the refrigerating house, and there they are at this writing. I had previously had eggs of the species from Mr. David Bruce, 25th July, 1886, laid on 21st and 22nd July, and which hatched 26th. On 3tst July several of the larve passed, first moult; on 6th August began to pass second ; on rsth, the third. None of these went to pupe, but all were asleep early in September, and were sent to New York, but were dead when I received them the following March. The egg and pupa are like the same stages of Phélodice in shape ; the larva is darker than any Colias I know of, and there is no red in the basal stripe. The sub-dorsal line is not very distinct, but its place is indicated by the row of black spots next it on lower side. I had no difficulty in rearing these larvz on white clover, but at same time, in 1888, could not induce larve of C. Scudderii to eat clover or any other plant, and all died. The same was the case with C. zzferzor. Mr. Fletcher and Mr. Scudder both also found it impossible to get larve of interior to eat of any plant, though they offered everything any Colias is known to eat that was procurable. These two larve are the only Colias known to me that will not freely eat white clover or else Amorpha. COLIAS CALSONIA, STo.t. BY JEROME M’NEILL, MOLINE, ILL. Somewhat to my surprise I found this species not uncommon here during the collecting season of 1887. Although my entomological interest lies in another direction, and I have, consequently, made no special effort to obtain Lepidoptera, I find I have ten specimens of this striking Co/éas in my collection, all of which I have taken during the summer and fall of 1887. On looking over the collection I discover that these specimens were ‘taken at three different times. One—a very much worn specimen, with one hind wing gone—was captured the sixth of June, on Rock Island ; six specimens were taken on the twenty-third of July in ar upland clover field, two miles south-west of Moline. They are all fresh and bright, and were found in company with C. philodice, Papilio chresphontes, P. turnus and Danais archippus. The last three were taken September the six- teenth, in a low-lying field, on the banks of the Mississippi, three miles 44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, east of Moline. These specimens are, if possible, fresher than those taken — July twenty-third. This species would, therefore, seem to be three brooded in this latitude. There are also certain marked differences in coloration, which may or may not be distinguishing characteristics of seasonal varieties. The spring form, as it is represented by the single specimen referred to, is distinguished by the absence of any indication of the sub-marginal row of spots or points on the underside of the wings or any trace of orange, except the two spots on the upper surface of the hind wings ; the rose pink ray extending outwards from the body on the hind wings is present. The summer form, as it is represented by the six in- dividuals in my collection, is marked as follows:—The sub-marginal row of spots on the under surface of the wings are none of them pink ; those in the interspaces of the first and second, and second and third ediman veinlets, being black, the others brown ; the pink stripe on the under side of the hind wings is entirely wanting, and there is on the upper surface of the hind wings a sub-marginal area of orange, bright or faint, which some- ‘imes extends from the marginal black band nearly to the orange discal spot. ‘There is also in all of these specimens a clearly defined oblong raised patch of scales of peculiar form extending along the upper side of the sub-costal vein of the hind wing, from the costal vein to the branching of the first sub-costal veinlet. These scales seem to stand on end, and although I have not satisfied myself of the fact, I think it is probably that these scale-like bodies, are excrescences on the true scales. This patch of scales seems to be confined to the males. It varies in colour from yellow to reddish-orange. | When it is yellow it is concolorous with the adjacent surface, and not conspicuous, although the raised margin of the outer edge is always very distinct on a closer examination. In the single specimen of mine in which this area is reddish-orange, it is scarcely less conspicuous than the “ dog’s head” when the anterior wings are pulled forward far enough to expose it. Since it is present in all the males and absent in all the females I have collected, I take for granted it is a sexual mark. If this character has been described before, I have no knowledge of the description, though it seems strange that it should have been overlooked. Its presence would support Mr, Strecker and others in removing the species from Colas. In the fall form, as represehted by the three speci- mens taken September sixteenth, the brown spots on the under sides of the wings are replaced by pink ; the two black spots between the first and second, and second and third median veinlets, remaining unchanged ; the BE ne es Ora a RS, Vee> THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 pink stripe on the under side of the hind wings is prominent, and both” pairs of wings are margined with a narrow stripe, in some places a mere line of pink extending on the primaries from near the base along the costal and outer margins to the anal angle, and on the secondaries along the anterior and outer margins to the anal angle. On the upper side of the hind wings the distribution of orange is very similar to that in the summer form, but the marginal band of black, which in the latter is comparatively ' broad and dentated within in the fall form, is narrow and interrupted by the veinlets, so that it is really composed ofa series of spots, sub-triangular in shape, with the apex acute and sometimes prolonged into a narrow _ _ line which extends into the orange as much as three-sixteenths of an inch. ba The coloration of the female of this series is so remarkable that it seems | to deserve a name, as apparently a dimorphic or at least an aberrant form, and I propose that it be called rosa, if it should be found to be a constant variation. The upper surface of the primaries does not differ essentially from the type. The whole upper surface of the secondaries is powdered with brownish-black and orange scales. The black scales are more thickly clustered between the discal orange spot, which is partially obscured by them, and the outer margin. This very much broadened band only partially and unequally obscures the yellow ground colour so that it includes within it a sub-marginal row of large, round, yellow spots, about four in number. The under side of the primaries have the “ bright yellow” of the apical portion replaced by bright, deep-rose pink. The under sides of the secondaries are completely suffused with pink, the greenish-yellow scales of the ground colour being partially exposed only along the veins and veinlets. ‘The silvered “ pupils” are all that remain of the discal spot and its accompanying spot without the cell. The pink of the under surface is so prevalent that when the butterfly is at rest no other colour is visible, and it looks like a pink blossom. My attention was first called to it by seeing a large Co/zas a few yards in front of me disappear just when I expected to see it at rest on a clover head, as it would fly up at intervals I followed hoping to catch it resting but always puzzled to see it apparently dive head first into the clover. At last, growing impatient, I attempted to ‘force the fighting,” and although I missed my game I so disturbed its flight that I caught a glimpse for the first time of the pink under surface. I was now thoroughly interested and I employed all my arts in vain to decoy or force the wary butterfly into my net. In a few minutes after I had given up the pursuit I caught 46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ‘in the same field the same butterfly, or more’ probably, considering the ease with which the capture was made, another similarly coloured, As soon as I had assured myself that the specimen was as pink as I had supposed, I promised myself three or four, remembering that I had seen two within half an hour, but although there were hundreds of phzlodice I saw no more cesonia that day, and more pressing business prevented me from returning to the locality as I had hoped. ON THE CITATION OF LOCALITIES. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, CUSTER CO., COL. It is the custom nowadays to look down with great contempt on those | old authorities, who considered ‘* North America,” or even “ America,” a sufficiently accurate locality to give when describing a species ; but, per- haps, we of the present age are not quite blameless of similar and (with : our means of obtaining information) less excusable carelessness in, that we often think it enough to give the name of the state or region only, Of late, I have been going carefully through as much of the literature of North American Entomology as I could get a sight of out here in the wilderness, in order to catalogue the recorded Colorado insects for the Colorado Biological Association, and I have been astonished at the number of new species described with the localities given indefinitely, “ Colorado,” “Texas,” and so on. Taking eighty-four species of moths at random, mostly new, and recorded from Colorado of late years, I find only twenty- six have the locality indicated nearer than ‘ Colorado ””—and I think this is a very fair sample of the whole. Now, do these describers of species ever stop to consider what “ Colorado” may mean? ‘That it may refer to any altitude from below 4,000 to over 14,000 feet, and to anywhere i in an area of no less than 103,948 square miles? That “Colorado” may mean — a snowy peaks, mountain forests or valleys, or level treeless plains, each presenting a distinct fauna of its own? Perhaps they do not stop to con. sider these points, possibiy they do not care, so long as the species has been properly classified and named, and is henceforth recognizable in the cabinet. Well, we cannot all be systematic entomologists, students of geographical distribution, biologists and the rest, but, surely we may be precise in touching on departments not our own, and, if we are giving localities, there is no reason why they should not be sufficiently accurate THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 and detailed to be useful. It may, perhaps, be answered that most of the species ate not collected by the writers themselves, and the collectors sent no exact localities. Probably not, but were they asked for them? Col- lectors will supply proper localities, and often very interesting details if they are given to understand that these are wanted—as is plainly evident _ from the fact, that some few careful authors always manage to know where _ __ their species come from, and a good deal about them besides. My own idea in the matter is, that every description of new species ought, if possible, to have the collector’s own notes appended thereto, so that we might have some idea of what the /évzmg insect was like, and not only have an account of its dried remains impaled on a pin. Fancy, if someone undertook to write an account of the human race, founded en- tirely upon information obtained in the post-mortem room and anatomical - museums! But, if we cannot have biological notes, let us at least have - __ localities—they can be got when they are wanted, and indeed, I have known some instances in which names of localities have been’duly sent in, but never mentioned by the describing author. Sometimes authors take it for granted that because they write from a certain place, it will be understood that the species were captured there, but I could easily demonstrate that such an assumption, in all cases in which the locality is not given, would lead us into quite ridiculous errors, and this being so, how are we to discriminate? One usually precise author, who has described a very large number of new species of late years, has given for most of them only the name of the state in which he resides, and for many no locality at all. Now, according to Packard, this state embraces two distinct Zo6-geographical regions, so it becomes of especial importance to know exactly where the insects in question came from. So I wrote to this author, expostulating with him on this point, and he replied that he quite agreed with me that localities should be properly defined, and all the species I alluded to were to be understood to come from the vicinity of the town in which he resided. Now, this is excellent, provided that the lacking or indefinite: localities ave so under- stood ; but on the face of it, until I had this information from the author, this fact was not always evident. Perhaps it has been stated somewhere in his writings; but this hardly betters matters for the student, who naturally takes one paper at a time, and considers it on its own merits, unless referred back to previous remarks bearing upon it. Fortunately, there are some systematists who do appreciate the value 48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. of precision in localities, and I was pleasantly surprised a short time ago at receiving the following from a well-known naturalist, to whom I had — sent a list of mammalia, with their distribution given by counties :—*‘ I hope you keep the exact localities as well as the counties, Most of the counties in Colorado are so large that they include great variations in altitude and physiographic conditions, and hence embrace widely different faunai characteristics.” With this quotation I close the subject, com- mending it to all describers of Colorado and other insects, and drawing their attention to the fact, that after all it expresses the views of all really competent Vertebrate Zoologists, Conchologists, and Botanists, and hoping that in the future they also will give proper attention to the citation of localities. One other matter may deserve a passing notice—that of *giving credit to collectors. I have nothing to complain of under this head myself, and so can speak more freely. It seems to me, that a systematist who receives specimens from a collector, who, we may assume, has gone to consider- able trouble to collect them, and fails to credit him with the captures when describing, does about as discourteous a thing as is possible in Entomological literature. It would be very easy to show that from a scientific point of view, it is always useful to know who collected the specimens in question, and at the risk of being called egotistical, I do not mind saying that I desire and expect that new species I may have collected shall be duly credited to me in publication, and I am sure all other col- lectors must feel the same. I do not wish to be personal, but very many quite recent cases, in which no collector’s name has been given, will occur to everyone*—I need not enumerate them. Some authors seem to think that if they have obtained specimens from professional collectors, they are then, at anyrate, at liberty to omit the collector’s name. It seems to me that they are, if anything, under increased obligation to give it. Fancy what an author would say if the editor of a magazine refused to publish his name to an article because he had paid for it! This matter of crediting collectors} is, I think, a serious one, but collectors can easily put it right if they will make a point of only sending specimens to those who will give them credit. * In some of ‘these cases, however, the authors are probably blameless. It is not always possible to ascertain who was the collector. + One kind of ‘ crediting,” however, I do think unwise. If Tompijelsn discovers a new insect, I cannot myself see that that is any reason why the poor creature should ever after be burdened with the name ‘‘ Zomphinsont” !! ay ~ oe % THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, AG LENGTH OF LIFE IN BUTTERFLIES. BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Aurelians are frequently asked how long butterflies live. By this is generally meant what is the length of life of the mature insect. As is generally known, each species passes through one cycle of its existence once a year, though it very frequently happens that two, three, or even more generations succeed one another during a single season, and it has been supposed (though never proven) to be the case with some that two or more years are required for this cycle ; as is known to be true of some other insects. But with regard to the length of life of the butterfly itself, ‘there is not a little variety ; when the disappearance of a given butterfly is in consequence of the approaching cold season it may well be and often is the case that the butterfly has merely gone into winter quarters to ap- pear again on the wing the ensuing spring. In cases like these, the duration of life of a butterfly may be as long as eight or nine months or even more, for there are hibernating butterflies which emerge from the chrysalis by the beginning of August or even in July, but which do not go into winter quarters unfil September, October or even November, then appear again the next season as soon as advancing spring has begun to make itself felt, and continue upon the wing sometimes through June, sometimes even into July. It is impossible to say certainly whether or not the individuals flying latest in the spring number among them any which were earliest to escape from the chrysalis in the preceding season. But setting aside the chances of capture by their enemies, there is no reason to believe it impossible, and that they may spend and probably in many instances do spend fully ten months of the year in the winged con- dition. This conclusion may be reached also in another way. We may add together the ordinary life period of the egg, the time it takes the caterpil- ~ lar to reach maturity, and the period of the chrysalis, and in. these hiber- nating butterflies we shall rarely find that these stages together occupy on the average more than two months. The remaining ten months must therefore be the average time spent upon the wing, ‘That many may live eleven months or even twelve seems probable, for a butterfly may continue to fly for some time after the first eggs are laid, especially in the case of those which lay but one at a time, where the eggs do not develop in the 50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, <5. ovaries at once, but slowly and by degrees, and so are deposited in sue- cession over a considerable period of time. eee In an article in the Can. Ent. (xiii., 205-214) on this subject, Mr. W. H. Edwards has laboured to show that eggs are almost invariably laid by butterflies fresh from the chrysalis, and that the butterfly dies soon after the laying of the eggs. This proves quite too much, for if it were so, a butterfly would hardly fly more than a week. ‘That eggs are often laid by | butterflies soon after eclosion from the chrysalis is doubtless true, but — there are quite as many cases where egg laying is delayed for a consider- _ able length of time,—two, three or four weeks ; an examination. of the ovaries of butterflies will show that it is rarely the case that all the eggs” are laid even within two or three days of each other, but that they mature by degrees too slowly for such rapid oviposition. There are of course — some, in which the eggs are laid in masses, when a greater number are laid in a single day, but the cases are far more numerous when egg laying — is continued over many days, and sometimes probably over isk weeks. . It is possible that the duration of the life of butterflies is pe in the north than in the south. As one approaches the tropics, insectivorous birds and other creatures are far more destructive of butterfly life than with us, and the chance of long life upon the wing must be greatly less- ened with the numerous liabilities to disaster which overtake the poor but- terfly in the warmer regions. There may even be a difference in this respect between districts so near each other as West Virginia and New England. For certainly my own experience of the overlapping of broods of different butterflies as seen by me in New England is very different from that reported by Mr. Edwards in West Virginia, and inasmuch as these broods follow each other with greater rapidity in Vigeu than with us, the difference is thereby exaggerated. : To judge from the statistics that I have collected from observations made in the field both by myself and numerous correspondents, I am in- clined to think that, in the case of those butterflies which are born and - die the same season, the average length of life of the mass of them, that is, Omitting mention of those which, cut off early, come to an untimely end, to be not far from four or five weeks, varying in different species from three to six or seven. Of course it is impossible to arrive at any very accurate determination regarding this, since in the case of any par- ticular species we are obliged to base our conclusions on observations of THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51 the times when the earliest butterflies were seen, when they became most abundant, when the numbers perceptibly diminished, or specimens became old and worn, and when the last were seen. It is particularly difficult to decide upon the average age of individuals, when, as is not infrequently the case, a brood of butterflies is augmented by gradual accretions for a long period of time, three, four or five weeks. It is again difficult in the ‘case of those butterflies, and there are not a few of them, like some of our Argynnidi, which appear upon the wing in mid-summer, receive a sudden accession to their numbers a month or two after the advent of the earliest and then only begin to lay their eggs. I, for one, can hardly believe that all these earliest individuals perish before the season for egg laying, and I even think from the condition of specimens, worse and worse as the season progresses, that some of the earliest live to the last and are upon the wing sometimes for two and three months of the year. ON SPECIFIC NAMES. BY A, R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. Dr, Williston, in his painstaking work on the Syrphida, says: “There are no generic and specific limitations in nature,” and illustrates the statement by the present knowledge of the family with which his synopsis deals. And what Dr. Williston brings forward is a mere quota of the mass of evidence brought out by naturalists generally, and by ento- mologists dealing with the different orders of insects. But while, theo- retically, the essential unity of living forms or of nature as a whole may be granted, the practical question of what names we shall bestow upon our specimens and upon what basis these names shall repose, must be solved. Our systems of nomenclature must be brought into consonance with the facts observed. And it is well that our nomenclature be not too rigorous, so that I have expressed the opinion in these pages that we shall have to use in certain cases a trinomial title. With regard to the test for genera in the moths, I have to refer for my conclusions to a paper in Papilio, 3, 35, where I say that the amount and extent of the peculiarity gives the criterion, not the £7zd. Every well-marked variation and modi- fication of structure, which can be clearly made out by the microscope or otherwise, is of generic value. The moment this rule is departed from, we are thrown upon individual “ opinions.” All the characters which, when well-marked, are of generic importance, are liable to slighter modi- 52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST! fications, which are only specific. It is the Aiud, constancy or amount of these modifications which must decide the class in our artificial divisions of these natural objects. And here the tact of the specialist, of which — Dr. Williston also speaks, comes into play. With regard to the criterion for species, I have expressed myself already clearly in these pages, so far as the Lepidoptera are concerned. For the student of butterflies and — moths, the criterion for species must lie in a knowledge of the whole life - of the insect. If it breeds true to type, nowhere encroaching upon the — cycle of its neighbour, we must bestow a specific title. The insect is to- day a species, whatever its ancestry, whatever its probable future develop- © ment. The fact, from our experience, may be assumed without a know- ledge of the larva and natural history, but w#ti/ this knowledge is also added to our observations on the perfect insect, the specific title is not firmly or conclusively founded. This is what I meant to say with regard to the forms of Cad/imorpha. Now in separating the forms of Datana, we had alcoholic specimens of the larva and the personal observa- _ s tions of Mr. Angus to fall back upon, for most of the species. And the — fact with these moths that in the earliest stages the species are not dis- tinguishable on sight, has been shown by Mr. Wm. H. Edwards to be true with nearly related butterflies, as for instance species of Colias. — While breeding has revealed to us a number of questions, such as dimorphism, which we must take into consideration, I must still renew my protest against /umping upon grounds drawn from the perfect insect alone and upon insufficient evidence. The new facts lead us insensibly to criticize species, to conceive a prejudice against them, and then to lump without sufficient evidence. And I repeat, that as Entomologists we are here to discriminate, to separate, not to confound. Butterflies were by the ancient Hebrews classed among “flying things.” From this primitive conception of their place in animated nature, we have gradually come to-day into nearer definitions of their relationship. In the discussion of all these questions there can be no progress without reasonableness. Temper and even position will not ultimately decide these questions, although the melancholy conclusion of Spinoza is here not without its truth: “ unusquisque tantum juris habet, quantum potentia valet.” The appeal to time need not always have to be made. A great deal of what is wrong and one-sided need not afflict us, as Entomologists, if we would only take matters coolly, or only grow wae, over the beauties ef our treasures. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. v DR. CHRISTIAN ZIMMERMANN. BY H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. _ There. exists no biography nor necrology of this excellent entomologist, as far as known to me, though he lived for thirty-nine years in the United States. I am much indebted to Dr. Geo. C. Horn for Zimmermann’s note- book, which, with his library, came into the hands of the late Dr. J. L. Leconte. Only a very short abstract of the contents, which are written wholly in German, can be given. The entries begin with Zimmermann’s earliest boyhood and end in 1843, followed by a few pages for 1865. The narrow pages contain only the substances of events in short phrases, often very cutting, both for Europe and for America. If the whole could be pub- lished, it would give a very interesting picture of the life of an excellent — naturalist, always kept down and hindered by want and ill-luck, but always ready to “begin again.” It is sad that such a life, akin to the remarkable histories of former ages published by the masterhand of G. Freytag, should have been possible in the 1gth century—a continuous struggle of a noble - soul with continuous misfortune. Christian Zimmermann was born in Quedlinburg, Prussia, September 6, 1800. His father and three generations before him were carpenters, as the name indicates ; all were born and died in Quedlinburg. Christian entered the gymnasium in 1811, and graduated in 1821. ‘The note-book, May 26, 1814, says: ‘‘I am to-day 5000 days old.” (He always counts his life, both in Europe and here, by the tooo days.) The collection of beetles begins, and the study of music. His talent for music must have been obvious, as one year later he played the organ for the church-service, and studied thorough bass. When he graduated he writes: ‘ Up to this time my money was made by keeping score for target-shooting, teaching children, giving music-lessons, organ-playing, copying music, furnishing music at funerals, stuffing birds.” His parents, who were poor, proposed that he should choose a pro- fession; but determined to study, he went to Halle, where he stayed as student from 1821 to 1825. He passed his examination after having attended the lectures in theology, philology and philosophy, but his ento- mological studies were never neglected.. In 1827 he published his first music, a Polonaise. When he left Halle in 1828, he was already acquainted with a large number of eminent 54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. zoologists. He went to Berlin, and writes: ‘ Great expectations, small success, a load of cares, experience of the world.” He worked with Prof. Klug in the Museum, and gave Latin lessons to barbers’ apprentices. March, 1829, working up the genus Amara, of which some sheets were printed. 1830, very bad times begin; wantof money. 1831, monograph of the genus Zabrus finished ; printed in June. | Seeley During this time he had become acquainted with many prominent ento- mologists and with a large number of students, who later became famous, but the constant want of means was.so depressing that he decided to try his fortune as a collector in Mexico. He sold his collection of 2,400 species of beetles and his books. To enable him to fulfil his intentions, twenty-four naturalists of prominence from Germany, England and Russia subscribed six hundred dollars, and a number of friends six hundred and eighty dollars to pay his debts. This was all repaid with interest by Zimmermann, as soon as he had made money here, as a page in his note- book states. He left Hamburg, Aug. 5, 1832, as steerage passenger for Philadelphia. He began directly to collect, and to study the English language. His collection grew rapidly, but in a few months he saw that it was impossible to work in expensive America for cheap Europe without running in debt. So he decided to leave Philadelphia and to try his luck as a teacher in South Carolina. He made the_trip, according to the custom of German students, on foot, a knapsack on his shoulders and a few dollars in his pocket. This journey of 713 miles, in the midst of a severe winter, and attended with much hardship, which proves his excel- lent health and strength, was made in fifty days, with twenty-seven dollars in cash, six dollars credit, three maps, one book and a pocket-knife. The visit to Dr. Melsheimer on this trip has been published before by me. The detailed report of excursion given by Zimmermann to Prof. Burmeis- ter is very interesting, but has never been printed. Zimmermann had no idea that he was here considered simply a tramp, which explains easily and rightly most of his complaints. oe In Georgetown, S. C., he tuned pianos and gave music-lessons till he was engaged in the South Carolina Female Institute, at Berhamville, to teach music and drawing. This happy change in his circumstances allowed him to pay directly the debts made in Europe, with five per cent. interest. He collected largely ; sometimes quoting the number collected | at the end of the month or the year, as: ‘11,508 specimens have been or Or THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. collected,” besides mentioning any remarkable forms. He made many ~ excursions, visited Cambridge (where he saw Harris), Niagara, Albany, the Catskills, New York and its surroundings. He made the acquaintance of every naturalist of eminence. He sent to Europe many insects and received many from there, together with the newest publications. His cor- respondence was apparently a large one. _ After a few years his situation in the school where he was engaged was given up; it had become unpleasant sometime before. He possessed now an excellent collection, very comfortable furniture and three thousand dollars, and decided to buy a little farm to be used as a nursery and for raising silk-worms. In 1839 he made, as he states, fourteen “farm reisen ” in Philadelphia, Maryland and other states, partly with Ziegler and Morris. His project proved to be a failure, and he decided to return to Europe and to send his property to New York. After a,short visit to Harris, he went to New York to find that the vessel with all his property was lost in a fearful storm. His note-book says: ‘Sept. 10, I am notified of the loss of my collection and property.” ‘‘ Sept. 16,{beginning of a new collec- tion; the voyage is given up.” “Sept. 25, invitation of Harris to come to Cambridge,” where he stayed until November 12. On Nov. 7th new insect-boxes were bought of the box-maker, Newell, in Cambridge. He made many excyrsions with Harris, whose family very well remember the German naturalist. The next year he lived in Baltimore, occupied with entomological systems and excursions with Mr. Morris, and decided to return to South Carolina. Feb. 27, records a “ letter to Hannah, with an offer of marriage.’’ March 21, ‘“ Hannah answers ‘yes.’” April 3, “I find Horia sanguini- pennis.” April 14, ‘‘I find Trichius maculosus.” He had made the acquaintance of Mrs. Hannah Green, aftewards his wife, seven years ago in Georgetown, S.C. We find in his note-book, “Evening with Hannah ; drawings on the wall ; Sweet Home and picture ; quarrels plenty.” Monday, June 21, “‘Arrivalat Rockingham, N.C.” June 22, “I reach the town in the morning, visit Hannah at noon, and am married in the evening.” “* Hannah begins her school, July 16, with sixteen pupils, and seven pupils of mine in music and drawing.” Sept. 17, dispute took place with Hannah about American culture, 56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. and the fight that lately happened in Washington AMON | the members of Congress.” It very soon became apparent that it was fapiesakie: to sili ‘a com- fortable living in North Carolina, and they decided to return to Columbia, S.C. Here they built a school-house, forty feet by sixteen, which was inaugurated December 18, 1843. The expense was, for the building, $417 ; — for Loring’s globes, $33. Income during the year, $1,521; expenses, $1,277. This is the last entry in the diary, and I know nothing more of his life except what is told in some letters to Thaddeus W. Harris. Some extracts follow: “1865, January 1, I posséss $570 in Confederate money ; $200 in Confederate bonds ; $900 in certificates ; $200 in provision store shares ; $13 in bank notes ; $114 in silver. Feb. 10, the Yankees are in Barnwell Co. To-day’s prices—A load of oak wood, $140 ; a barrel of flour, $550; a pound of brown sugar, $12; a bushel of corn, $35. Feb. 17, the Yankees are here, 75,000 strong. Thisis the last day of Columbia. They at once entered the houses, got drunk and set fire to everything. I began to move everything that could be moved into the garden ; but they broke open the trunks and boxes. with their swords, and followed this up with a regular and general plunder. Feb. 22, the Army has left. All quiet. My collection and books brought back in the house. Expenses for this day—1 bushel meal, $40 ; 13 lbs. beef, $22 ; molasses, $6. July 1, we still possess $1,100 Confederate State bonds, worth nothing ; $915 Confederate treasury notes, worth nothing ; $13 South Carolina bank bills, worth — (?) ; $3 South Carolina state bills, worth se silver money, $74; gold, $2.50; copper, 5c. We must begin again at the beginning.” This is the closing sentence. These few, simple words, without any moan over the loss of his all, are not a little touching, all the more so,. because the pathos is unintentional—the pathos of facts, not of words. They call to mind his former record of the loss of everything by shipwreck on the roth September, 1839, followed by the entry on Sept. 16th, *“ ‘Beginning « of , a new collection.” Zimmermann died in December, 1867; He left no children. _ . His interest in science was always kept up. . Nearly every month the number of insects collected is reported, sometimes amounting to 3,725, and during the year to 11,500. In November, 1842, he sent fifty dollars to T. W. Harris, to buy three Goliaths. He constantly ‘bought books both in Europe and America, and his library was valuable, It was-bought THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 by ‘the “Museum of Harvard College, in ‘Cambridge, excepting § some -yol- umes which \ were retained for his own use > by Dr. au I. Leconte, at whose instance the purchase was made. is collection is also in the Museum, haying been bought first ‘ Dr. Lewis, of Philadephia, and from him by the late R. Crotch, who sold it to the Musetm. A great part is in Leconte’ S collection, and can be Tecog- nized at once by the numbers on the pins in Zimmermann’s hand- -writing. He was an unwearying worker. In 1842, he wrote to Harris that he was occupied with a systematic arrangement of the Lamellicorns, and wanted Echiurus and Goliath for study. In April, 1844, he writes again to Harris: ‘I have almost finished my chapter on Lamellicorns.” (To be Continued.) NOTES FOR COLLECTORS VISITING THE PRAIRIES AND. | ROCKY 2 dad seed ies BY GAMBLE GEDDES, TORONTO. “Now that the winter is well advanced and before many weeks are over spring will be upon us, it reminds me of many enquiries made during the last few years about the localities and dates of diurnals cap- tured by me in the North-west in 1883 and 1884. These particulars are nearly all to be found at the National Museum of the Geological Museum at Ottawa, but for the benefit of those who may be visiting the North- west with a view to collecting diurnals, I propose to give such informa- tion about the rarest species as my notes supply, and as my heniied. time will permit. mom Beginning with June soth, 1883, at Baa. N. W, r, I find Phyciodes carlota Reak. was taken, and Lyceua afra W. H. Ed. June 12th, Fort Ellis.—Zredéa peas Butl. was in beautiful con- dition. June 15th, Medicine Hat.—Codias Scudderii 9 and ree christina o, Canonympha inornata. June 29th.—C. christina { plentiful, . Astrea ? (?) one specimen or two. June goth, Calgaiy.— — Chionobas varuna, Satyrus var. boopis, Lycena afra, L. anna, L. amyntula, L. rustica, L. sepiolus, C. ochracea and _inoynata; of Colias four varieties, viz.: C. Edwardsii, C. Scudderti, 58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Red ries ae seer C. alexandra and C., christina ; Anthocharis olympia, | A. ausonid about the swamps ; Arg rynnis nevadensis, A. _artonis, A. Edwardsii, . A bellona; ‘Phyciodes carlota, P. tharos; | Chrysophanus cpixanthe, C. ee helloides, Pamphila Manitoba, Zabulon, Cernes, | Manataagqua. Not a | bad day’s work for the last day of June. oe ss July 8th, Edmonton, _— Arg. lais and eybele, “ime | arth, Le disippus, Lyc. anna. No Colias or Pieris seen to-day. © ete oe ae July 23rd, Fort Macleod.—Arg. deto 3 and Chrys. sirius. — a July 25th to 30th, Pincher Creek.—Arg. clio and eurynome taken 5 oy ae Arg. artonis; Pieris occidentalis. fe July 30th.—First specimens of Parnassius smiutheus, Chrysophanus cee Florus, Cot. Scudderii 2 pale green. Several taken. ees Aug. 1st.—TZhecla mopsus, T: titus. (a i Aug. 2nd, Garnett Ranche, mouth of Crow Nest Pass.— Colzas Hagenii a8 Aug. 3rd.—far. smiutheus. Very common, both sexes. 7 Aug. 5th.—Satyrus charon, and Sat. sylvestris, and Arg. leto. ps Aug. 6th.— Arg. boisduvallii, Limenitis enue hea martian ° Mel. pallas, Mel. nubigena. o Aug. 8th.— Arg. monticola, Pieris oleracea. Aa Aug. 15th, Belly River.—Co/. Hagenii ; dwarfed in size, and every | shade from albino'to orange. : ie RE oe In 1884 I started much later, leaving Toronto 26th ines? 7 Soe June 30th.—Saw one 2 ee set first wey out west from Winnipeg. mel ea ee July 1st, Swift Current-—Ehysophantus tione Ars. Boards. A, 4 Nevadensis, Euptoieta claudia. — July 3rd to 7th, Calgary. —Cod. Be alee. A. lais, A. Nevaiensis, A. artonis, Thymelicus hylax. ie Bas July roth, Morley (now sess station, = Pp. R. —Lycena shasta 5 Arg. monticola. ee Aug. ist, Laggan.—Anthocharis epee and ausonides, Chess, . mariposa, Chion chryxus, Colias edis. ‘This was a grand point for col- lecting. Emerald Lake, about 4 miles from here; is a lovely bis a the vegetation plentiful and varied, with large’ numbers of insects. I have curtailed this as much as possible, but I shall be glad to” cor: respond with anyone going to ‘colléct this’ season, with a certain feeling that, if the eggs of Coéias efis caw be’ obtained} we iets abi: the” mystery cleared up about the % of this beautiful fly, 9° © ~~ Guneree che > THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59 seaget oy “AGAIN, RILEYA. Mt ates yy: Py rg ¥8 hothe: ae “BY ii, 0. HOWARD, WASHINGTON, Dy Gera \o ith all; etericenial, writings. were as happy as Mr. Ashmead’s last, geaders.of the CANaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, would not regret the space occupied, and I, am. glad that one side of the. controversy is interesting reading. 1 hope 1 may. be ‘allowed space to. say that Mr. Ashmead admits in conversation that he has erred in his statement that my first publication of the description of Rileya was in the CaNapIaN ENTOMOLO- Gist for Oct., 1888, as I have shown him the last page of Aztomologica Americana for July, 1888. May I also state dates once more? Mr. Ashmead’s first mention of Rileya was published in his synoptic table in Lintom. Am. for June, 1888. My full description was then in the hands of Mr. Smith, and was published in Extom. Am. for July, 1888. Mr. Ashmead’s full description appeared in the Kansas Agric. Exper. Station Bull., in July, nine days later than mine. Entomologists following Mr. Ash- mead’s views are perfectly at liberty to use the excellent generic name he has proposed for my Rileya, while for the use of those who adopt my views, (and I am happy to say that several well-known entomologists have - expressed themselves in my favour), I venture to propose for the Eurytomid genus which was called Rileya, the appropriate generic name Ashmeadia, as indicating my appreciation of Mr. Ashmead’s unflagging industry as an entomological worker. CORRESPONDENCE. . COLIAS CHIONE, CURTIS. A ..\ Dear Sir: lt may be of interest to some of our readers, who are in- ‘terested in the genus Colias, to know. that Mr. F. Fitz Payne, (who ac- ‘companied Lieut. Gordon’s expedition on the “ Alert” to the Arctic ‘regions), brought back amongst his collection a single specimen of a ‘most peculiar green coloured female Colias. It was sent to Mr. W. H. ‘Edwards first, who examined it, but did not pronounce decidedly upon aitsmame. of tibia behind, blackish ; inner spur of anterior tibia strongly bifid ; all the claws bifid, rufous. Abdomen rufo-testaceous above, paler beneath. Captured by Mr. Fletcher, while collecting with me near Hull, roth June. This handsome insect is near varianus Nort., and versicolor Nort: and has also a strong superficial resemblance in size and coloration to Strongylogaster pallidicornis Nort. The venation of the anterior wings is peculiar ; the lanceolate cell in each has two short straight cross-lines, which form a small cell near its middle. 3. PHYMATOCERA NIGRA.— . Robust, shining bibckt teh 0.20 inch ; breadth of wings 0.45 inch. i Head broad, but not so wide as thorax ; a brief groove above each antenna and each posterior ocellus ; clypeus truncate, labrum edged with white, tips of mandibles rufous ; antenne as long as head and thorax, slender, gradually tapering to tip; joints 3 and 4 sub-equal, 5 sional shorter, remainder of nearly equal length. Thorax polished ; beneath with very fine short pubescence ; wing- scales white ; median lobe of meso-thorax short, sutures faint, scutellum sparsely punctate ; flat, polished, with two shallow pits at base ; wings hya- line ; nervures brownish, first recurrent received in middle of second sub- marginal cell, second recurrent about one-third from base of third sub- marginal cell, nervure dividing marginals straight; legs whitish, base of Splat wih lalla ii ae = nh pee Ce PPE OT Po a Ee LE, SR Rage ee ae EL ED ese cle gee eee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 — the anterior and intermediate and most of posterior femora black, | ie of tarsi, especially the posterior ones, piceous or blackish. Abdomen short and stout, with very fine yellowish pubescence, more abundant on terminal segments ; ovipositor conspicuous, sheathes black, shining. __ Described from five specimens, all ae collected in this vribanty. In general appearance it much resembles MJonophadnus medius Nort., and might be readily mistaken for that species, except for the antenne. It even more closely resembles a pRcnoeenys which I take to Be B. paupera Prov.. 4. MacropHya PROPINQUA. me Black, ee QO. “5 inch ; expanse of wings 1.0 inch. Head broader than thorax ; : clypeus énacsionee: Sram truncate, both white, line on mandibles white, palpi whitish ; antennz slightly. swollen in middle, joint 3 nearly as long as 4 and 5 ; two indistinct white dots on edge of occiput. 7 Thorax with slender white-line on edge of collar and oF eikariccles ; meso-thorax polished, moderately punctured and slightly pubescent, median lobe sulcate ; 3 scutellum convex, more coarsely punctured and pubescent ; a line on anterior and. middle coxz and. most of their tro- chanters, a large spot on posterior coxe, with trochanters entirely, white ; a white line on anterior tibiz before, extending nearly half way on femora ; tarsi with all the joints white, tipped with black, except first joint of posterior,’ which i is black, with a small white dot at extremity without ; edge of basal plates white ; apical half of wings pale fuliginous ; ; abdomen stout, polished. ~ Described from two 2 Sotlacted in July. This species. is clptiety allied to M. tibiator Nort., but differs in having the posterior tibie entirely black. ; Var.a, 2.—Two specimens, also collected near Ottawa, differ in having only the sutures of trochanters white, and in having more black: on the tarsi and anterior legs, with a dusky spot on clypeus and labrum. 5. TAXONUS RUFIPES.— 2. Black, is rufous ; slated 6:35 inch 5 expanse of wings 0.65 inch. Head finely punctured, with a fine Siesta be: more inckeid upon the face and basal joints of antennze ; ocelli in a triangle, the lower one at the summit of a bell-shaped shallow depression, the: channels at sides 98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. of ocelli terminating behind in a deep puncture ; clypeus short, scarcely emarginate ; palpi piceous ; antennz long, stout ; joints 3 to g ee terminal joiut blunt at apex. Thorax polished ; tegule, with a large angulated spot before on pro- thorax, pale rufous ; legs rufous, except base of coxz and tips of some of the joints of tarsi, which are more or less blackish ; wings hyaline, irridescent ; nervures.and stigma black, a spot in centre of second sub- marginal cell, lanceolate cell without crossline, two middle cells in posterior wings. Abdomen long, flattened, sides parallel ; icine Gt 2 to 5 of tergum with the apical margin narrowly pale rufous. Described from two specimens captured in May. 6, TENTHREDO SEMICORNIS.— ¢. Black, abdomen and legs partly rufous ; length 0.40 inch ; expanse of wings 0.85 inch. Head wider than thorax, excavated in front, with a strong ridge above each antenna ; clypeus, labrum and base of mandibles white ; antennz moderately stout and about as long as the abdomen ; five basal joints black (the third with a narrow rufous ring at base), four terminal joints white, except the extreme apex of last which is black. Thorax black, except a white spot on flanks, a larger one above the posterior coxee, and another on lateral margins of the basal plates ; wings hyaline, stigma and nervures blackish; tegule and base of costa rufous ; legs ferrugineous, anterior pair paler ; coxz and trochanters partly white with base black ; a line on femora above, a spot at apex of tibiz within, and posterior tarsi, except last joint and base of first, black. Abdomen black at base and apex; segments 3 to 6 rufous, margined with black ; ventre rufous except two apical segments. Described from a single specimen captured in the city on gth June, 1886, by Mr. J. A. Guignard. This species has the appearance of rufo- pediba Nort., with the antenne of grandis Nort., by which it may be easily recognized. 7. TENTHREDOPSIS Evansi1—§. Yellow, with black and green markings ; length 0.45 inch ; breadth of wings 0.90 inch. Head yellow, except an oval black spot surrounding the ocelli, within this black patch are two short yellow lines, one on each side of lower ocellus ; clypeus squarely emarginate, pubescent, as also labrum which is margined with green ; mandible yellow at base, centre green and tip ee ee A ERO eles Fa One Cae THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99 black, shading to ferrugineous ; palpi greenish ; antenne black, greenish below ; eyes bronze. Thorax yellow, paler below ; dorsal surface black ; scutellum and post- scutellum, with four short lines before, yellow ; wings hyaline, lightly obscured in apical half; nervures almost black, stigma and costa green ; legs variegated ; coxze, trochanters and femora yellow, the latter with a small black dot at tip within ; tibiz and tarsi green, with the tip of former and of each joint of latter black ; claws red, Abdomen yellow, with a broad black dorsal band, uniform in width to terminal segment, when it is rounded and does not quite attain tip ; ventre inclining to ferrugineous, especially the terminal segments. Described from a specimen collected at Sudbury, Ont., by Mr, John D, Evans. I have much pleasure in naming this beautiful insect after its captor, who has made large collections at Sudbury, and added much to our knowledge of the fauna of that part of Ontario. CORRESPONDENCE. ARZAMA OBLIQUATA. Dear Sir: Upon my return from London on the 29th March, there Was awaiting me, through the kindness of Mr. Brehme, a parcel contain- ing a piece of Typha stalk nine inches long, full of longitudinal burrows, indicative of larval work. In one of these I found asmall sized chrysalid and a larval skin. I put the pupa in my hatching box, and the stalk out of the way for the time. On the morning of the 8th of April, sitting in my room looking vacantly at the window, my attention was aroused by observing the outline of a moth at rest on the upright centre sash, Upon close inspection it proved to be a large sized Arzama obliquata, in per- fect condition. Had Mr, Brehme’s chrysalid hatched and the moth escaped from the box? But it seemed quite too large to have come from it. I then looked in the box, and there, resting at the top, was a small sized moth, and the empty pupa case lying on the bottom, I then got the stalk and began a careful investigation, and in the very centre I found a large cavity with a quantity of fine cuttings at the bottom, the empty pupa case of my large moth, and the cast off larval skin. A natural pair at the same time. | Hamilton, April roth, 1889. J. Atston Morrat. 100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Ben Fie BOOK NOTICE. ° ~ ple: ee luge ve one Insects Inyurtous to Frutrts, by William Shaler: _ Second editon. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1 vol., 8 Vo., pp. 436. - It is with great pleasure that we announce the publication of the second edition of this valuable and important work. That a new issue should be called for is a most satisfactory proof of the excellence and permanent usefulness of the book, and. establishes the fact that Prof. Saunders has provided the fruit growers of North America with a standard manual upon the insect enemies they have to contend with. Six years have gone by since the issue of the first edition, and, during that time, great and steadily increasing attention has been given to the study of economic entomology, with the result that many new methods have been — discovered for successfully combatting the ravages of noxious insects. The most important and useful of these the author has now embodied i in his book, and has done so with very little change in the text of the work. A sv “erficial reader would hardly notice the alterations, but we find that many*have been made, and that they bring down the information given to the knowledge of the present day. As an example, we may mention — the insertion among the remedies for the codling worm, of the apple and the plum curculio, the recently discovered method of spraying with a mixture of Paris green and water, which has proved SO’ eminently. suiccess- ful. For the information of those of our readers who are not already familiar with the work, we may mention that the insects treated ‘of are grouped under the name of the particular fruit that they attack, and are arranged in order according as they affect the root, trunk, branches, leaves and fruit. An illustrated life history is given of each, followed by an account of the most useful remedies that may be employed, and of any parasitic insects that assist in keeping the pest in check. Twenty of the most important fruits are dealt with, and two hundred and sixty-six noxious insects and a large number of beneficial ones are more or less fully described. The book is beautifully printed on fine paper, and illus- trated with four hundred,and forty admirable wood cuts. While this work is simply indispensable to the intelligent horticulturist, it is also of great value to the practical entomologist, and a most useful book to place in the hands of beginners. The young collector will find in its pages figures and descriptions of most of the insects that he meets with, and the more advanced student cannot fail to learn from it much ni nda otherwise escape his observation. Mailed May 7th. Pee ES Renee are ih ie al 5. Daa Poles #. Che Caadum Entomolomst. VOL. XXL. LONDON, JUNE, 1886. No. 6. CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO PREVIOUS PAPERS. BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA. The lapse of time and further observation on some of the things treated of in papers previously published in the Enromo.ocist, render it desirable to make some corrections and additions. Lrogoderma ornata, Vol. XV., 91, and XVI., 37.—The treatment of this pest there detailed so completely annihilated it that it has not been seen since. Dermestes Frischit, Vol. XVI., 37.—Seems to be successfully natural- ized, since it still occurs abundantly on Brigantine Beach, and last Sep- tember was found at Atlantic City. Mr. Ulke has also taken it at Wash- ington, D. C. (Ulke MS.). D. murinus, 7. c.—This species, if ever imported, is not known to have established itself. There is a form of D. nubi/us Say, with black or partly black antennz, and a minimum of fulvous mottling on the thorax ; specimens of this kind were probably before Dr. Leconte when he de- scribed his murinus, Pr, Acad. Nat. Sci. VII, 108 ; and before Dr. Jayne when writing his “ Revision of the Dermestidz.” Blaps.—The Virginia species of Slaps, found very abundantly at Alexandria, is s¢mzdis Latr., as stated by Professor Riley. Another species found in Maryland by Mr. O. Lugger, is mucronata Latr. The com- parisons and determinations were made by Dr. Horn on his recent trip to Euro Wea coop regalis, Vol. XVI., 15, 47 and 132.—I have had several favourable opportunities to observe the mode of pupation of the gigantic larve of this regal moth. Where it can find ground soft enough to pene- trate, it always pupates under the earth, and if at a proper depth the pupa remains there in a clay cell formed around it by its own motions till it dis- -closes in May ; but if the larva does not get deep enough the pupa works to the surface and probably does not survive. Should the larva, as is 102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST frequently the case, find no ground soft enough to bore into, it pupates wherever it may be when the change can no longer be deferred, and this occurs mostly under some leaves. Some of these exposed pupz when collected in April will produce moths, notwithstanding the low oe ture to which they must have been subjected. + ne FPterostichus, Vol. XVI., 73.—I there enumerated sixteen species taken in this vicinity ; four afliees have since been discovered, and three have been transferred from Lvarthrus, making a total of twenty-three. P. vinctus Lec.—This species is semi-mountainous, inhabiting under stones on the sides of steep hills where the soil is moist and friable. Though not gregarious, when found several individuals may be taken i in the same vicinity. Near the city, it must soon become extinct, P. unicolor Say.—Of this rare insect I have only taken one specimen, and Mr. W. Klages took another. It must be sought for in mountainous places. P. lachrymosus Newm.—Occurs with adoxus, and in about equal numbers ; without care, from their great resemblance, they may easily be confused. ‘Their future must be the same. P. coracinus Newm.—On the south side of the Ohio, on the rugged sides of the hills yet in a primitive state, this species occurs abundantly. Certain individuals may readily be confused, some with stygicus and others with redictus, according to the greater or less development of cer- tain characters at the base of the thorax. It is not likely to soon become extinct. , P. tartaricus Say, for form strenuus Lec.—Specimens were taken in the city, in June and July, at electric lights, but it did not occur to me elsewhere. i P. patruelis Dej.—This little species inhabits a small swamp, in- accessible, except for a short time during the dry season. It is found about the roots of bunches of grass. When this swamp shall have been drained, this species will probably be extinct here, since no other enn tive swamp remains in this vicinity. P. femoralis Kirby.—Three specimens of this small species were taken once, but the habitat was not observed, though probably it: is the swamp mentioned above. P. Hamiitoni is much more widely distributed than was at ret kanes: It occurs at a distance from the city on the sides of many of the hills in te RAEN cy a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 103 their primitive state, and I have seen specimens from Maryland, West Virginia and Eastern Ohio. Atenius, Vol. XVI., 189.—The species mentioned as undescribed has since been described by Dr. Horn under the name Wenzelz. LEpitragus arundinis, ib., 190, is found abundantly in August and September, feeding on the pollen of the beech grass growing on the sandy dunes, the underground stems of which probably sustain the larve. Lixus concavus, Vol. XVII., 38.—It is quite possible the bottle of cyanide of potassium, in which this beetle was placed for several days, may have contained no free hydro-cyanic acid, as the cork was airtight ; therefore this proof of the longevity of the beetle is invalid. Ips fasciatus, ib., 46.—Lately the melanotic forms have occurred here in midsummer about as frequently as the fasciated. The difference in color does not appear to be either seasonal or racial. If a locality exists where either form is alone found itis unknown to me. If melanism depends on cold, a latitude or altitude should be reached where there would be only dark forms, and wice versa. The color of such of the European forms of Z/s as I have seen appears to be more constant than in ours. The markings on /. g-guttatus Linn., which appears to be the- same as our fasciatus, only with a perceptibly finer punctation, are very uniform in the numerous specimens I have seen, consisting of a humeral spot, trilobate in form, and two roundish ones behind the middle of the elytra, either separate or united like dumb-bells, yellowish or reddish. The suggestion of Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, of Colorado, that humidity may be a potent factor in determining the color in variable uote seems deserving of consideration. Macrobasis unicolor, ib., 48.—A nursery of young locusts (Robinia pseud-acacie), growing on a stony knoll surrounded by meadows, was almost defoliated last July by swarms of this beetle. This knoll had pro- bably been used the previous season by the grasshoppers (Locustide) of the meadows as the grand depository for their eggs, which were un- doubtedly the food of the larve of these beetles ; and which, after dis- closure, promptly, in their voracity, attacked the nearest Zegumznosa. This species is usually classed in economic entomology as moxzous, because it occasionally eats a few beans, etc. ; but it is certainly entitled to rank among the first on the list of beneficia/, as without its friendly aid it is greatly to be feared the grasshopper would quickly become so numer- ous as to seriously affect agriculture. 104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Piazorhinus pictus, ib., 105.—This variable species is fairly abundant here, and is beaten from various bushes, especially oak. In Florida it seems common, | ie Cicindela, ib., 201.—On Brigantine Beach, N. J., C. Zepida is some- times found with C. hirticol/is. When at rest it is not readily seen on the white sand—its own colour—and rarely moves till in danger of being trampled on, seemingly aware of the protective colour of the sand. A collector has stated to me that where it occurs on dark ground it is ex- ceedingly wary and difficult to capture. With the species of the main land mentioned, occur in abundance, C. consentanea, purpurea and punctulata. Danais archippus, ib., 204—Very few individuals were seen on Brigantine in 1887 and 1888, and no larvee of Anth. polyphemus, nor of f7. io were found, though quite abundant other years. Cleotus aphodioides, Vol. X1X., 64.—This species has beer the sub- ject of renewed observation, and the former statement of its mode of hibernation must be re-affirmed. Mr. O. Lugger (Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash- ington, V. I., 84) sheds light on its early stages, stating that he has fre- . quently bred these beetles from their eggs, and has found them in all stages, im sifu, viz., under the bark of dead trees, where they found food in the decaying material: adding, that very likely the specimens found by myself did not enter the holes to hibernate, but rather had made them to leave the place of their birth. The statement of Mr. Lugger is very inter- esting as to the habits of the larvae, and it is to be hoped he may make known in greater detail the form of the eggs, larvee and pupe, as it is, so far as I know, the only species of the Scarab. Laparosticti that is recorded as being lignivorous in the larval state. With decaying wood as the breeding place of the larva, any discrepancy of observation about hiberna- tion may be readily reconciled. Mr, Lugger’s timber, under the bark, was probably rotten, and there the larvee fed, pupated, disclosed, and the beetles hibernated. My timber, under the bark, was sound, and the bark inseparable from the wood, and there was no rotten wood for the larvae to feed on; but the base of the tree and the subterranean roots would supply this material amply. ‘The beetles, however, could not hibernate there, and so crawled up the tree and into any available hole ; this also accounts - for the mud on the elytra of many. | : Saperda Fayi, Vol. XX., 6.—I have further to state that some of the SRS R RES CA ae OB a aan THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 larva do not return in the spring of the second year to feed on the dead wood atthe entrance of their burrows, but bore on directly up or down the centre of the limb, attaining a distance of from sixteen to twenty-four inches before pupating, in which case the beetle escapes by a round hole, iS. concolor, Vol. XX., 8.—Some of the larvee of this species, like in S. Fayt, bore in the centre of the limb some distance, the beetle escaping by a round hole, which, I think, is cut by itself, as one from which a beetle was crawling appeared to have been newly made. Dicerca prolongata, Vol. XX., 65.—The statement that this species breeds in conifers, while probably correct, requires more confirmation. It has, however, been ascertained that it breeds in somé species of the Sadz- cacee. Mr. Blanchard records its occurrence in: Massachusetts, in June, on the trunks of young poplars and on poplar logs ( Populus tremuloides ). Mr. F. Bowditch took it on the same tree in the Rocky Mountains, and also on a species of willow (Sa/ix) ; while in the mountains of Colorado, Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell took the beetle and probably its larvz from this same poplar, when splitting it for firewood (Ent. Month. Mag., XXIV,, 232). ; Myrmophilous Coleoptera, Vol. XX., 161.—The following species must be added to the list :— Biotus formicarius (Casey, Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., II., 8),—Occurred at Los Angeles, California. ‘‘ This interesting species lives in the nests of a small, pale brown ant.”—Casey. iotus is a new genus in CTEN- ISTIDES. A figure of the insect accompanies the description. Ptenidium evanescens Marsh.—This species, according to Matthews, is common in America, Europe, the Canary Islands and Madeira. F. W. Maeklin in his CoLEorpr. MyRMECOPHILA FENNICA (No. 102), states that it is often taken, both mature and immature, in the nests of Formica rufa, as well as in other situations. Limulodes paradoxus Matth.—This curious insect is described and figured in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., VIIL, 409. It was first taken by + Dr. Brendell in Florida, and subsequently by Mr. Ulke in New York and the District of Columbia, frequently in the nests of a yellow ant, which Dr. Leconte thought identical with the species with which Ceophilus monilis lives. My specimens are from Massachusetts.—Blanchard. Pro- bably not rare. Trichopterygia (Matthews), 157. Trichopteryx fascicularis Abst.—Inhabits Europe and North Ameri- 106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ca, occurring sometimes with ants, but usually in the rejectamenta of stables, and seldom or never in rotten leaves, ae C5 134. This i is a doubtful myrmophile. ties oi!) Emphylus Americanus Lec. (Bul. U.S. Geol. Surv, Vol. V., ‘No. 3, 513).—Mr. Schwarz took the type of the species in an ant’s nest at Veta Pass, Col., at the altitude of 11,500 feet. Cts. Soronia (Amphotis) Ulkei Lec.—Mr. Ulke says of this species ey a have found it every year, early in spring, in the nests of a small black ant ( Cremastogaster lineolata Say), and this year I collected them in numbers among Jormica rufa. The only species in Europe—Amphotis marginata Fab.; is said to be found on flowers. Erichson found them, however, abundantly in the nests of /ormica fudiginosa.”—Entoml. Amer., II. 78. Hypocoprus formicetorum Mots. (Bull. Mose., 1840). —This species, described from the Kirghis Steppes in Asia, was taken by Mr. Schwarz at Fort Garland, Colorado, in an ant’s nest.—Z. cit., 503 ; Class. of re Coleop. of N. Amer., 140. Myrmechixenis latridioides Crotch, Occurs from Washington’ southwards, having been introduced with green-house plants. —Class., 140, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., 363. The habits of this species have not been | recorded ; but, as the European species live in ants’ nests and about green-' houses, it is introduced here to direct attention to it as a eenle myrmophile. ie Euparia castanea Serv. Occurs in Florida, Alabama and Tonia in the nests of a small ant (Horn).—Tr., XIV., 87. To be commonly met with in the Southern States in the nests of Solenopis Xylint McC., the stinging ant of the cotton fields.—Amer. Nat, XVI., 784. Euphoria hirtipes Horn.—This species is stated 3 have been found in Nebraska by Mr. Lawrence Bruner in the hills of the common red ant. It occurred quite commonly, and the larvae were found as well as the beetles. —Amer. Nat., XVI., 748. The discovery of the larvze of this beetle is a matter of so great interest, that the absence of all further account of them is disappointing. Maeklin states that the larvae of Cetonia aurata, a near ally, are so abundant in the nests of Formica rufa on sandy shores, that fishermen use them commonly to bait their hooks. — Cremastochilus Knochii Lec.—This species was taken in the spring. in ants’ nests in Colorado by T. D. A, Cockerell, Custer ceeny: (in. letter). THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107 _ Aymenorus rufipes Lec.—The larvee of this beetle were found abund- antly in the nests of Formica fusca by Messrs. Pergande and Schwarz ‘near Washington, D. C., and the beetles bred therefrom.—Am. Nat, ‘XVI, 748, and XVII, 1176. _. £. obscurus Say.—The larve of this beetle were likewise found at the ‘same place in the nests of a large yellow ant, and, from the great care ‘bestowed on them by the ants, it was inferred they were not there by accident.—/d,, XVI., 748. ie OMY. F. W. Maeklin published in 1846 his CoLEopPTERA MyRMECOPHILA Fennica, enumerating 136 species. He included such as were known to live with ants habitually ; such as were found with them occasionally, but usually elsewhere, and even such as occurred in the vicinity of their nests, if of unknown habits. But the scope of the present catalogue is more limited, as stated in the introduction, and would exclude a large number of those on his list, and among them probably all of the following European- American species:— Bembidium 4g-maculatum Linn.—Dxr. Sulithese took at Ylane a single individual with # rufa. ‘This species requires no further notice. Tachyporus brunneus Fab —Occurred once at Urpala in the society of #. fuliginosa. ‘This species is exceedingly abundant here in early spring under stones and chips ; sometimes an ant’s nest is found ufder the same stone with the beetle, but I never discovered any connection between them, except the stone. | T: scitulus Er.—Taken not rarely in the nests of # rufa. I only -know this species at secondhand, having obtained it from Mr. Dury, of Cincinnati. Its habits in this country have not been noted. Tachinus pallipes Grav.—Occurred once at Urpala among F) fuii- ginosa. Pallipes is very common here, and is simply a scavenger beetle. + Conosoma pubescens Payk.—Found occasionally in the nests of /. rufa. This.species is abundant here under the bark about the base of dead trees and stumps ; as ants also frequently make their nests in the same place, ‘their being often found together is to be expected, but this does not make Ac species a myrmophile. . Ptenidium evanescens Marsh.—This species I include in my list doubt- fully, Meligethes eneus Fab. ( Brassice Scop.).—Found rarely at. Kavan- tholm in the nests of #: rufa by Mannerheim, In our country this species 108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. occurs on the Pacific slope and in the Rocky Mountains, and I am un- willing to admit it in my list without further proof. a Cyphon padi Linn.—Taken rarely in the nests of % rufa at Kavan- tholm, Kirjola and eons It is not known asa myrmophile in this country. Otiorhynchus maurus Gyll.—Maeklin occasionally took this species in the nests of / rufa at Kirjola. In America this species is known to’ occur only in Greenland, and its habits are entirely unknown. Leptura, Vol. XX1., 32.—While this article was in press, Dr. Geo. i. Horn published in the Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. a new arrangement of the Leptura therein named, based on an examination and study of the types in the British Museum. The form I mentioned as being undescribed turned out to be really zaza, and now hematites is regarded as its varietal - synonym. The typical ava is thus described :—* Antenne always piceous ; anterior femora and base of middle yellowish, many specimens, however, occur with brown legs, and others with parts of the hind legs yellowish.” Except these two the other forms remain as before. | Erratum— Page 33, line 18, read female, instead of male. shag ag Nase fs pos as SME 18 et % Ser Ce NES nes hare ee te ES iS Tip jee ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF CANADIAN vamerne i BY ALVA H. KILMAN, RIDGEWAY, ONT. | By frequent trips to the woods and marshes in spring, to aaner and sift the moss for hibernating coleoptera, by minutely examining the debris on the shore of Lake Erie, and by the use of umbrella and sweeping net later in the season, I have added to my collection of beetles, since 1886, several hundred good species. The following list contains those of my captures that do not appear in the lists of Canadian Coleoptera. The species marked with an * are recorded by W. Hague Harrington in his additions to Canadian Coleoptera, published in Vol. XVL, page 44 of this journal. ‘Those distinguished by two ** are named in Prof. J. T, Bell’s list of Staphylinide, taken at Belleville, vide Vol. XVII., page 49 of this Journal. All the others, as far as I can learn, are quite new to Canada. For convenience of reference, I attach the numbers found in Henshaw’s List of North American Coleoptera, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 — To Mr. Henry Ulke, of Washington, I am indebted for correct deter- minations. Dr. John Hamilton, of Allegheny, also kindly assisted me. Upon such authority, it will be safe to credit the insect fauna of | Canada _ as follows : i 155—Llaphrus Suliginosus Say. Rae with Elaphrus Clairvillet Kirby, hibernating under moss in low woods. March to May. 269—* Clivina Americana Dej. On lake shore. 285—Schizogenius ferrugineus Putz. Very rare; one specimen in. the _ sand on lake shore. 300—lVomius pygmaeus Dej. Muskoka. August. 372—Lembidium arcuatum Lec. Rare in moss. 580—Pterostichus Pennsylvanicus Lec. Found hibernating in the. clay of moss-covered banks in low woods ; not rare. April. 741—Badister reflexus Lec. Not common in moss. : 784—Fflatynus pusillus Lec. Rare ; found two specimens on a decayed log. May. : 792—*Flatynus propinguus G. & H. Rare; hibernates in decayed wood, — . II 50—Acupalpus carus Lec. 1165—Zachycellus Kirbyt Horn. Common in moss. 1186—Anisodactylus interpunctatus Kirby. 1262—Desmopachria convexa Aubé. Not common. 1434—Avabus subfuscatus Sharp. Rare in clear water. 1818—Scydmenus maria Lec. 1920—Sryaxts dentata Say. | 2096—** Heterothops fumigatus Lec. 2102—Quedius. peregrinus Grav. 2199—Philonthus egualis Horn. Common. 2221—Philonthus nigritulus. Quite common. 2236—Actobius nanus Horn. 2237—Actobius tnuti/is Horn. 2243—Actobius sobrinus Ex. These species of Actodius are found in moss on the ground in wet ".. 0 places of the low woods. April and May. 2337-—Stenus indigens Casey. ue : 2364—Stenus pusio Casey. Ane 2377—Stenus mammops Casey. | Sakis ESE , 110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 2384—Stenus egenus Er. 2391— Stenus canaliculatus Gyll 2398—Stenus paralle/us Casey. 2463—Stenus punctatus Er. The Stenz are to be found in sphagnum and other mosses at any Me time of the year, but especially in early spring. The same may be said of nearly all the Staphylinide here named. iss 2527—**Lathrobium tenue Lec. : 2530—**Lathrobium debile Lec. ee ae oe 2548—Scopeus dentiger Lec. 2562—** Lithocharis obsoleta Nordm. 2675—** Mycetoporus flavicollis Lec. 2724—Lledius nitidicollis Lec. 2757—Oxytelus nitidulus Grav. 2948—Trichopteryx sericans Heer. ; 2978—Leocera concolor Fab. ee 2983—Scaphisoma suturale Lec. 3017—Sacium lunatum Lec. Found on dead twigs of apple. June. 3234—Tritoma festiva Lac. Three specimens on n decaying beech bree, June. 3235—Zritoma macra Lec. Rare; beaten from decaying tree trunk. 3244—Syachita laticollis Lec. One specimen from dead wood, ~ iss 3326—*Laemophleus convexulus Lec. Two on dead apple twigs. ( Zo be continued. ) CATCHING BUTTERFLIES BY MEANS OF DECOYS. BY SHELLEY W. DENTON, WELLESLEY, MASS. It has long been a matier of fact to me, and one which has yeaa a good purpose, and doubtless to other readers of the Can. Env, that many butterflies, especially the larger kinds, are attracted by neces repeals , themselves in size and colour. So many incidents of this nature have crowded themselves upon my notice, that I trust it will not be considered presuming on my part to enumerate a few of them, and at the same time State the betas sata butterfly hunter which may arise from this source. VS a ag: i ak WR a Ne ea so a og a aa ati sa THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 111 My attention was first called to this fact some fifteen years ago, while collecting in the neighborhood of Boston. I caught one day an example of Papilioturnus. After taking the insect from my net, and while holding it in my fingers, preparatory to placing in my collecting box, another butterfly of the same kind darted down at the one I held and fluttered above it for a moment, as if to entice it away. I was so surprised that no attempt was made to capture the visitor until he had risen beyond reach. Expanding and placing on a bush close by, the almost lifeless butterfly which I had held in my fingers, and partially concealing myself, I awaited the insect’s return ; nor was I disappointed or obliged to wait long. I could catch an occasional glimpse through the bushes of my intended victim : nearer it came, till hovering for a moment above my decoy, was easily secured. This plan was followed during the rest of that day, and more or less since that time, with gratifying results ; having caught as many as thirty-seven Pagz/io turnus in a day, and that, too, in a place like’ Eastern Massachusetts, where they are, so far as my experience goes, not very common. While in Nevada, in the summer of 1887, this method was followed with good success in the capture of Papilio rutulus, eurymedon, and daunus; Argynnis leto, nevadensis, and coronis ; Limenitis lorquint, and others. I found a piece of bright yellow paper, cut out to resemble P. rutulus, proved almost as attractive as a butterfly of that species, and even a yellow leaf, which I picked up and placed in a conspicuous spot, answered the purpose very well once, to enable me to secure a decoy. I find the best place to expose a decoy is in some sunny nook, where an occasional specimen of the species of which you are in search is seen, allowing the full rays of the sun (provided your decoy is a butterfly) to strike on the expanded wings. It is usually my custom to cut down the green bushes, except, perhaps, one in the centre of the opening, and stripping the leaves from the tallest sprig or branch, place my decoy on the point. The decoy may be a badly damaged specimen—one not fit to preserve. This method applies best to the larger and stronger flying species of butterflies, and these are the ones the hunter has the greatest difficulty in procuring, especially if the country is rough and broken, so he is restricted in his movements by deep gullies, cliffs, or large, loose rocks. Occasionally the hunter will have an enemy in the shape of a large dragon 12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, fly, which will pounce on the coming prize just as you are about to “ scoop Lae it in; then away the two will go. The butterfly soaring and flapping. often till almost out of sight, in the vain endeavour to rid itself of the enemy which has taken such a death-like grip UP OF: it, but tee shark os the air is in the end generally victorious. —~ oy 2g ae In some countries, such as Australia and New Gaia i pats of these because of personal knowledge--—there are large and showy butter= flies of very powerful flight, which are almost impossible to catch on the wing, not only being shy, but high-fliers ; and I know of no way in which they can be taken so readily as by the method above described: . I refer: particularly just now to'that large and magnificent blue butterfly (Papilio Joésa) which in. Northern Queensland may be seen alighting-on or floating above the tops of the forest trees, occasionally flashing in the sunlight like a star of unusual brilliancy.. It is a magnificent sight to a butterfly hunter, and one that will fill him with enthusiasm, but one likely to be of great disappointment should he wait for it to come within reach or settle near the ground, where it could be taken with his net ; for nine times out of ten, when it takes flight, it will sail around and away over | the tops of ae trees till lost from view, unless. you haye ie ig to. procure one of the same species and place it in a conspicuous pee: in n the | sunlight ; conceal yourself near by, but be ready to strike at a ‘moment's * notice, and await the result, Your decoy will most likely soon be seen (for b it is wonderful how quickly a butterfly will discern one of its own kind), and down will come the longed-for prize, to your delight and satisfaction ; i) but you must sweep with your net at just the. right time, or the oppor: tunity is lost. But perhaps you ask how is the first specimen or decoy to be obtained? This is often'a matter of considerable difficulty, iy was accustomed when rambling in the forests of that country to carry. a gun, and although when obtained by shooting they were generally i in a rather dilapidated condition, yet they served the purpose of a decoy very, well. | One thing which has always surprised me, is the remarkable sight and, perhaps, sense of smell which some insects seem to possess, Often while having a decoy exposed, I have been startled by the ‘sudden ; appearance, of a butterfly when none were apparently in the neighborhood, ‘The causes which lead to the attractiveness of decoys no doubt are yarious, Possibly the passing butterfly on séeing the decoy, supposes the latter a el “THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113 has found an abundance of suitable food. But my opinion is, that in the majority of cases it is a matter of sexual importance, and but for this powerful influence which causes them to seek each other, and thereby. propagate their species, these most beautiful. objerts oe nature would Sepioely die out. | | _ NOTES ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CARTERO: i Sais « CEPHALUS MANDAN. bf BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA. Ba tacriest some fertile eggs of butterflies obtained during the past : summer by gently pressing the abdomen of ripe ‘females, was one ‘of the above’ species, the larva of which was carried through four moults up to hibernation, The information gathered is incomplete ; ‘but as there is nothing published concerning the preparatory stages of C. Mandan, it _ seems worth recording, if only to assist others who ‘may be fortunate enough to secure eggs of this rare butterfly. Although widely distributed’ over North America, I know of no locality where it‘is abundant. Females’ taken at Nepigon in the Lake Superior district laid eggs in confinement upon common lawn grass (Poa pratensis ). sit The following description is drawn from one. specimen only foi ba last two.stages, but from three for the first three stages :— _ fgg.—Pale greenish white, hemispherical, broader’ than hints: -appar- ently smooth, but when magnified found to be very faintly and vertically grooved or wrinkled, and densely and uniformly pitted with deep pores which are wide at the mouth and taper to a fine point. Eggs laid 13th July, hatched 23rd. | sare elves -1, Larva.—At birth. Length 2.5 mm. Bieadth af | ey) -45 mm. ;:0f body, .35 mm. Length of bristles, .o5 mm. Yellowish.white, with head and thoracic shield black. Head large’ and smooth, ‘Body slender, equal.. Thoracic shield narrow and bearing a few slender hairs.. Body bearing on each side four series of trumpet-shaped aes (Gis cou of first stage five days. | pe ieeitt - From the very first these larva were great Bint fcaasests leay- ing their food plant and crawling all over the glass lamp chimney which was. used as a cage. In these wanderings they spun silken paths wherever they. went, and to prevent their escape a plug of cotton wadding. was) 114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. kept in the top of the chimney. This habit of wandering was kept up through all the stages, and the inside of the glass was covered with their silken paths. At no time, however, did they construct a tent by catching several leaves together in the manner of the larvae of P. Mystic, P. Cernes and P. Manitoba. Directly after they hatched, the young larve climbed up to the tops of the blades of grass and made a sort of tent by catching the opposite edges together with two or three cords of silk, about half-an- inch below the tip. They then attacked the edges of the leaf, eating down each side and leaving the midrib. When at rest, during the first three stages, they retired beneath their tents and lay extended along the midrib. After the third moult they would sometimes roll the leaf of a — wide species of grass, as Panicum crus-galli, into a tube similar to those made by P. Hobomok. After the fourth moult no tent was made, the larvee lying exposed on the upper surface of the leaves when at rest, After First Moult.—Length, 3.5 mm. Head white and furrowed at apex. Thoracic shield black, much smaller than in first stage, Body pale green with two narrow white lines on each side—one sub-dorsal, the other supra-lateral. Spiracles yellowish. Whole body covered wih a minute pubescence. Duration of this stage five days. After Second Moult.—Length, 6.5mm. Head rather higher than | broad, slightly broadest at the base, rounded at apex, and bilobed by reason of a deep frontal groove ; mandibles and two clouds on the cheeks, fuscous. Thoracic shield, transparent and hardly discernible. Body pale green and translucent, the dorsal vessel and the ramifications of the trachee showing plainly through the transparent skin. There are, on each side, a pale sub-dorsal band with irregular edges, a distinct clear white supra-lateral stripe, and a very faint supra-stigmatal line. The sub- dorsal bands unite on the anterior fold in the anal segment. The supra- lateral stripes at the end of the anal flap. Duration of stage seven days. After Third Moult.—Length, half an inch. Head lighter in colour, without the fuseous marks on the cheeks. Of the same size as the cylindrical body. Colour more glaucous green than in previous stages, Duration fifteen days, After Fourth Moult.—Length six-eighths of an inch. Head greenish, tinged with yellow, a little larger than second and last segments, but smaller than the rest of the body. Head squared at the base, rounded at the apex, and deeply grooved down the front. Width at the base and the en ee ee ee peau T ey Sein Se . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 115 a height about equal. Surface minutely roughened. Ocelli black, arranged in a semi-circle following the contour of the face, four in front and two on lower side. The thitd and fourth are twice the size of the others, Mandibles white with black tips. Thoracic shield not distinguishable, Body glaucous green with a pale sub-dorsal band, clearly defined with white above, much paler below, leaving a distinct green dorsal stripe. Supra-lateral stripe conspicuous, creamy white and clearly defined ; not so wide as the pale sub-dorsal band. Below this, and half way to the spiracles, is a very pale thread-like supra-stigmatal line. Spiracles white, very inconspicuous on a thread-like line, or perhaps this may only be the trachezee showing through the skin. On segments three and four (counting the head as No. 1) there appear to be beneath the transparent skin, instead of spiracles, knots of trachez. Whole body, including the head, minutely shagreened and covered with small piliferous papille, which, on segments two, three and four, are black at the base of the hairs, ' The segmental folds of the body of the mature larva are as follows :— Segment two, transversely grooved ; segment 3, three equal folds ; seg- ment 4, four small folds ; segments 5 to 11 consist of five folds, the anterior twice the width of the second, which, again, is twice the width of each of the other three ; segment 12, three equal folds ; segment 13, two small folds and the anal flap. _ Some interesting epidermal organs, first observed upon this species, but since found on the larve of other Pamphilide, as well as on the pupa of P. Cernes, (the only pupa I have examined) are-some small round chitinous disks, which appear to be trichomes or modified hairs. I form this conclusion from finding that, in one species, there occurred in two instances, instead of these disks, piliferous tubercles; they are rather small and difficult to examine. In the larva of C. J7andan, they appear to be saucer-shaped, having a raised edge. In the larva of a species of Pamphila, near to AZanitoba, they are, in some instances, simple annuli ; but, in 2. Cernes and P. ATystic, seem to be rather cone-shaped. Upon the larva of C. A7andan, they are arranged in three lateral series, two of which are complete and occur on all the segments except the head, and the other ventral and incomplete, occurring only on segments five, six and eleven. _ The first series is placed above, and anterior to the spiracles, and the disks are sometimes double upon the abdominal segments ; but they are not always uniform on the opposite sides of the body. In the specimen. £16 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. most carefully examined, they were double on segments eight, nine, ten and twelve upon one’side, but only on eight and nine on the other, and on segment five there was no disk of this series on one side, but it was present on the other, On segments two, three and four, they ‘are on supra-stigmatal line. On segments five to twelve, below supra-stigmatal line... On-segment thirteen on supra-lateral stripe, larger than the others. The second series is single throughout, posterior to the spiracles, except on segments two, three and four, where they are slightly anterior on the fold above the thoracic feet. The third, ventral, series Cais ses on cece five, six and eleven, just beneath the stigmatal fold. The shape of the larva when mature was different from that oft the first stages, the body.being largest in the middle and tapering off to each end. The full-grown larva measured one inch and one-eighth on Septem- ber 12-(twelve days after the last moult). After this, it fed sparingly for about two weeks, and then spun a mat of silk on the face of a blade of grass and drew two other blades over it with single strands of silk. The furrow down the face deepened and appeared to open a little, and I felt sure pupation was going to take place. This, however, was not the case, and two days later the larva left the grass and spun another mat on the © sloping side of the lamp chimney. It now ceased to eat, and the colour changed gradually, all the green fading out, and in ten days the body was ofa yellowish cream colour with white stripes. This again darkened until thé ground colour was a very pale brown or dove colour. The moisture which condensed on the side of the glass kept the lower part of the larva’s body constantly. wet ; but I did not like to risk removing, it) as | looked for pupation at any day. After remaining still, and evidently; in hibernation for about five weeks, I found it had fallen from its mat to the ground on 29th October. After about a fortnight discoloured. spots began. to appear, and I found it was dead. It was at once ede alcohol for preservation and examination. arene These. larvae fed freely on all grasses ofered | to them, but seemed: to prefer wide-leaved species ; this, however, may have been an instinctive preference for protection, both from the shape of their bodies and the coloration, added to a habit of lying extended down the midrib with the body closely appressed, the lower part of the head protruded, and the: apex drawn back, these larve are well hidden from observation. The favourite grasses were Panicum crusgalli, P. Bag ei ane Triticum repens. ticity Er kee: COE oie ae Se Boa gs eat i ei a) at THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 117 POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY—No. 3.°* CUT-WORMS. BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA, Of all the injuries committed year after year upon field and garden crops, none are more annoying than those due to the ravages of the various caterpillars known as Cut-worms. These are the larve of dull- coloured, active moths, belonging for the most part to the three genera, Agrotis, Hadena,and Mamestra, and in North America alone constitute an army of no less than 340 different described species, many of which are, at times, very abundant. They may be described, in a general way, as smooth, almost naked, greasy-looking caterpillars, of some dull shade of colour similar to the ground in which they hide during the day. The head is smooth and shining, and sometimes of a different colour from the rest of the body. On the segment next to the head is a smooth plate, known as the thoracic shield, and there are three or four series of bristle-bearing tubercles along the sides. Their habits are nocturnal, that is, they feed at night and lie hid during the day-time. - The habits of most cut-worms are as follows:—The eggs are laid in | spring, summer, or autumn, and the insects pass the winter either in the perfect moth state, as a half-grown caterpillar, or asa chrysalis. Those which hibernate as moths, lay eggs in the spring and moths are produced in the autumn. ‘The eggs which are laid in summer and autumn hatch soon after, and the caterpillars either become full fed the same season and pass the winter underground in the chrysalis state, or, after feeding for a short time, become torpid, and so pass the winter beneath stones, heaps of dead vegetation, or in cells beneath the surface of the ground. The injury done by the young caterpillars in the summer and autumn is seldom noticed at those seasons, on account of the abundant vegetation ; but, in the spring, not only are the caterpillars larger and capable of more mischief, but the land is cleared of all vegetation other than the crop which is to be grown. ‘They are then particularly troublesome in gardens, cutting off young cabbages, tomatoes, and other plants as soon as they are pricked out. When full fed, these caterpillars burrow into the ground to a depth of some inches and turn to brown chrysalids inside a smooth cell or a light 118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ¥ cocoon, Fig. 3. From these, after a few weeks, the perfect moths emerge. They are very active at night; and, when disturbed, have a habit of drop- ping to the ground and remaining perfectly still as if dead, where, from their dull colours, they wings lie horizontally over their backs, and the upper ones entirely cover the lower pair The upper wings are generally crossed with one or more waved lines, and always bear two characteristic marks—-one about half way down the wing; orbicular. in shape ; the other nearer the tip, reniform ‘or kidney shaped. Fig. 4 shows .“.The Gothic Dart Moth” .(Agrotis ‘subgothica, Haw.,) with wings closed and expanded ; this is a very com-"— mon and injurious species, the caterpillar of which is too well engi as the ‘“ Dingy Cut- worm.’ Ctit-worms may be divided into three classes, according to their habits, and remedies must be applied in a slightly different manner for each. These classes are :—_ 1. Climbing Cut-worms, or those whist climb trees and destroy the buds. -2. Surface Cue) worms, or shige which live on the surface of the ground and cut off herbaceous plants just beneath the surface of the soll. 3. Those which combine both of these habits. Of the first class, a good representa- tive is the Climbing Cut-worm ( Agrotis scandens, Riley). The Dingy Cut-worm, the caterpillar of the Gothic Dart Moth (Fig. 4), belongs to the second class, and the “Variegated Cut-worm” (Agrotis saucia Treit.), and the ** Yel- low-headed Cut-worm,” which turns to the ‘ Amputating Brocade Moth” ( Hadena arctica Bois.) (Fig. 5) are good representations of the third class. Fic. 3—Cocoon, Fic. tore Dart Mori. Fic. >—AmpuTaTING BrocapE Morn. are difficult to detect. When at rest, their OP eee ee ee ee ae THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119 Remedies.—There are several remedies which may be used for cut- worms. For the climbing kinds, the best remedy ts to place round the stem of the tree or bush to be protected, a strip‘of tin four inches wide, ‘the lower edge can be pressed into the ground, and the tubular shape is easily preserved by securing it above with-a-piece of twine. “This will effectually keep all cut-worms from the tree, for these heavy-bodied cater- pillars are unable to crawl over the smooth surface. A similar expedient is to tie a band of cotton batting around the stem, as the caterpillars can- not crawl over this yielding material. For surface cut-worms the most efficient remedies are the following:—. 1. Keeping down all weeds in late summer and autumn, so as to deprive those species which hatch in the autumn of their food supply and winter shelter. 2, Burning off all the srubble anid apie: as late.as possible in spring, when many caterpillars and the eggs of some species will be destroyed, 3. Placing some substance with an. obnoxious -odour around young plants when first set out, as fresh gas-lime, or sand or sawdust saturated with. coal oil 2” or carbolic acid. : Re 4. Wrapping. Young plants may be proteéted. | in a large measure by simply wrapping a piece of | y paper around the stems at the time of planting. 5. Tomato cans with the tops and bottoms cut out, placed over the. young plants, or strips of tin as sug- ‘gested for Climbing Cut-worms, will be found to well repay the trouble and expense of procuring them. — Fis. ci Haniel gpg 6. Kerosene emulsions. Where these caterpillars -occur in very large numbers, spraying infested beds with a. . kerosene -emulsion at night has been found very beneficial. 7. Traps. Placing bundles of leaves or grass, poisoned with Paris -green, between the rows of infested beds has been found a useful means -of destroying large numbers of these pests. | 8. Hand picking. When a plant is seen to have been eaten off, of ~ course the cut-worm should always be looked for and destroyed. They will generally be found close to the root and about an inch beneath the surface. In addition to the above artificial remedies, nature has provided the e 120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, farmer with many useful and active assistants in the shape of various pre- daceous insects, Conspicuous amongst these are the Ground Beetles, which should be known by sight by every one, so that they may be pro- tected, and not, as is too often the case, destroyed decause they are insects. At Fig. 6 is shown the “‘ Fiery Ground Beetle” (Calosoma calidum Fab.), a common and very useful species. Its colour is deep black with red (or sometimes green) glowing spots. The grub has been styled the “Cut-worm Lion,” on account of its useful habit of destroying these pests. CORRESPONDENCE, AN EARLY BUTTERFLY. Dear Sir: While driving in a cutter on 12th March, my attention was attracted to a butterfly fluttering around a farmer’s house. Seeing it alight, I attempted to capture it, but although 1 got near enough to make sure it belonged to the genus Graffa, it rapidly flew across a wide field of deep snow and easily eluded pursuit. The weather was mild, and as far as my experience goes, this species is the earliest butterfly to appear in our vicinity ; but I consider this disanieres record as somewhat remark- able even for Grapta. Plover Mills, Ont. Ropert EL.iort. CAPTURES AT MONTREAL. Dear Sir ; During the past summer a few butterflies have been taken here which are perhaps worth noting. I took a Pieris napi oleracea on May 21, and half a dozen Pyramets huntera and two P. cardui one afternoon in September. Oleracea is very local and has almost dis- appeared. Huntera is very rare, one or two specimens perhaps being observed each year, and cardui has been scarce since 1884, when the species appeared in great abundance. 13. 6c 2, 6c | <6 6c 6, Io. 05% (13 c a ; 4, ) 7, 8, 9. “c oe ‘cc és 06 rt, 2a And that this grouping of the Divisions be in force until otherwise altered or re-arranged at any annual meeting of the Society.” — Carried. The following gentlemen were elected officers for the ensuing year :— President—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., D. C. L., Port Hope. Vice-President—E. Baynes Reed, London. Secretary-Treasurer—W. E. Saunders, London. Librarian—E. Baynes Reed, London. Curator—Rowland Hill, London. Directors— Division 1—W. H. Harrington, Ottawa. 2—J. D. Evans, Sudbury. + 3—Gamble Geddes, Toronto. af 4—J. Alston Moffat, Hamilton. * 5—J. M. Denton, London. 186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST: Editor of the Cialis EnTomo.ocist—Rev. Dr. Bethune, | Port 7 Hope. eet Editing Committee—James Fletcher, Ottawa; J. M. Deny Ton. don; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Quebec ; Dr. Brodie, aoncinta: Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada.—H. H. Lyman, Montreal. Auditors—J. M. Denton and E. B. Reed. Mr. Moffat, who had been engaged for some time past in re-arranging the Society’s collections, spoke of the desirability of printing anew list of Lepidoptera for labelling purposes. Dr. Bethune said that he did not think it advisable to do so just now, as the nomenclature of the order must be considered to be in a somewhat transition state ; he thought that after Mr. Scudder’s magnificient work on the butterflies was completed, and students had time to master its contents, there would be a-very general adoption of many, at any rate, of his generic titles, and that this would alter very much our current nomenclature. He also referred to — Prof. J. B. Smith’s contemplated monograph of the Noctuidze, the frequent descriptions of new species by Mr. Hulst and others, and the w saaiie + j Prof. Fernald among the Micros, as rendering the publication of a list premature at present. He said that he had in his possession a new check-list of the Noctuide by Mr. Grote, but its publication was deemed — unwise owing to the foregoing considerations. He thought that Mr. Moffat’s object could be met by printing a few sheets to supplement the lists published a few years ago by Dr. Brodie and Dr. White. | Papers were then read by (1) Dr. Brodie, on ‘ Gall Insects ;” (2) the Rev. T. W. Fyles, ‘Some notes on the Effects of Heat on Insect Life ;” (3) og Dr. Goding, ‘‘ In Memoriam: George John Bowles.” These papers will be published in full in the Annual Report, . The Rev. W. A. Burman, of Winnipeg, was elected a member. __ After spending some time in the examination and discussion of various specimens brought by members, the meeting adjourned to meet in Lon- — a don next year. ErratumM.—In the description of the larva of Grapta j-album, by Mr. P. M. Dawson, in the September number, there occurs the obvious mistake (page 180, line 12) of “ eight inches long” instead of “.8 inch.” THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187 A NEW CLOTHES BEETLE. -BY PROF. A. J. COOK, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN. One of the most interesting studies of the scientific entomologist— more interesting because of its economic importance—relates to variation of habits of insects, consequent upon variation in their environment. The carpet beetle, Anuthrenus scrophularie Linn., feeds on flowers in its native Europe. In the new atmosphere of America, it feeds and thrives upon carpets, shawls and other woollen goods. The apple maggot, Trypeta pomonella, feeds upon our wild haw and other wild fruits. Civilization exterminates its old-time aliment ; and it betakes itself to our apples, cherries and plums. The curculio, apple-tree borers, bark lice, etc., are other illustrations of the same truth. In the past season I have discovered another illustration in the Laszoder- ma serricorne Fab. ‘This insect belongs to the family P¢zzide, a small family of very small insects. | Very few of the insects of this family are noxious ; the two best known of which are, the apple-tree twig borer, Amphicerus bicaudatus Say., which bores in the mature state in the twigs of the apple, and Linoxy/on basilare Say, which attacks the hickory and grape. The insect in question, Laszoderma serricorne Fab., has been found to attack plush furniture. The larvze, in this case, do the mischief; they | perforate the plush, making it like a sieve. I know of several pieces of upholstered furniture utterly ruined by these minute larvee. The beetle is light-brown in color. There is little variation in the color, except that the eyes and tips of the elytra are black. The wing- covers appear a little lighter, because of a covering of light hairs, which are more dense on the elytra than on the thorax and head. The thorax bends down, so that, as we look from above, we can not see the head. The serrate antennz, which give its name to the beetle, are also bent under the head, so as to rarely show. ‘The beetle is very small, hardly more than 2 m.m. long. The elytra are non-striated. The first two joints of the antenne are small. They then increase to the sixth, and then de- crease to the end. The tenth, or last joint, is rounded. The grubs are short, curled and hairy. They are two m.m. long and one thick. The color is white, and the hairs nearly white. These latter have a slightly yellowish tinge. The six thoracic legs are tipped with black. The upper part of the head shows four yellowish-brown lines. The upper ones are. ee ee ee ra ba pace ' A oa 188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. narrowest, while the lateral ones are abbreviated behind. The front of 3 the head is brown, while the jaws and other mouth parts are nearly black. Like all insects, these beetles, both as larve and imago, are very sus-_ ceptible to gasoline or bi-sulphide of carbon. Both of these, used in large — quantities, were quickly fatal to the insects. Like the carpet beetle, they infest upholstered furniture between the folds, especially where the back joins the seat. It is easy to drench such parts of a sofa or ures with - gasoline and destroy the larvee of either moth or beetle. Nearly every year brings examples of such change of habits as ae scribed above. Such incursions, present and prospective, emphasize the importance of thoroughly-trained entomologists in every state 7 our country. a THE NOCTUIDA OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. (Third Paper.) BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. Tribe Agrotini. The tibiz are usually all spinose, the eyes naked, the body untuitied: the form normal, the male antenne of various structure, pectinated, isk like, simple. The European species are referred by Lederer all to one genus, Agrotis of Hiibner. Nevertheless, I think the yellow-winged — forms may well be separated under Hiria and Zryphena. Of these yellow-winged forms, with flattened abdomen, we have only one 7; a 4 Chardinyi, from Anticosti and Maine, considered identical with the Siberian species of the same name, described originally by Boisduval under Anarta. For the structure of Agrotis, I refer the student to a paper of mine on the genus, Can. Ent., XV., 51. This genus seems of general distribution, although, perhaps, most numerously represented by species in North America. To this tribe, I would refer certain American genera, with few species, which seem peculiar. These are: Carneades, which differs by a frontal tubercle; Richia, which resembles Ammoconia in having a thoracic rigid tuft, but has simple antenne ; Adifa, with a claw on front tibiz ; Agrotiphi/a, with narrowed eyes ; Anytus, with lashes ; the peculiar genus Ufeus, and, finally, Copablepharon, which has some THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 resemblances to the /e/cothians, and superficially recalls Arszlonche. The position of some of these genera is debatable, and the immature stages almost entirely unknown. We may briefly compare the European and American representatives of Agrotis. In Europe, about 120 species are known ; we have a preliminary list of over 200. Divisions of the genus into groups have been proposed on peculiarities of the genitalia, which seem convenient, but are probably of less importance than the armature ; hence, I would prefer to divide the genus, primarily, into two groups, the species with unarmed fore-tibia, and those with all the tibie armed. When all the species are compared, there will probably be found peculi- arities in the armature of the front tibiz to warrant further divisions. The relationship of the American species to the European is evidenced by the identical forms, 7. ¢, baja, ypsilon, plecta, sancia, etc., then by the representative forms, 7. ¢. haruspica, phyllophora, etc. The species from the west coast have largely a European facies ; the Labrador species © are found, with other Arctic forms, onthe summit of Mount Washington. We may regard this genus as of very general, pre-glacial distribution ; but evidently a greater number of species feed, in the larval condition, upon plants now found in temperate latitudes. Setting the question of the allied genera with mostly few species aside, the affinity of the two faunz is quite evident. It is a little singular that the yellow-winged forms are so feebly represented in North America. Their presence gives a some- what peculiar aspect to the European fauna. The occurrence of yellow- winged species is not unusual in the Woctuide. We find them in Oxco- cnemis, Hadena and Anarta among usually fuscous species. Tribe Hadeninzi. Leaving the Dicopid genera, which seem peculiar, we now come to a group of typical Owlet moths, which differ from the Agrotini mainly in their usually unarmed tibize and tufted, rougher, body covering. In the first genera, the eyes are hairy; in /ishia, the tibie are spinose ; in Copimamestra, the front tibiz have a claw. This latter genus is founded for the European drassice and its American representative occidenta. Mamestra is a typical Hadenoid genus with, hairy eyes, and Dianthecia merely differs by the external ovipositor. These two genera, or generic groups in our fauna, show a similar relation to the European fauna as with Agrotis. Whether our ¢rifo/ii (albifusa) is identical with the Euro- pean, may not he certain, but the genus has several representative species 190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. such as nimbosa, atlantica, subjuncta, etc. In Dianthecia, we have D. bella, which represents the European D. Magnoliiz. America has the usual preponderance of species, over seventy, while Europe has fifty- eight of the two together. In my lists I have not separated the forms of Dianthecia, partly because the character was not easy to verify, or I had only males, while the pupa, which presents some peculiarities as studied in Europe, is quite unknown. Peculiar American Hadenoid genera, with hairy eyes, seem to be JVephelodes, Admetovis, - Tricholita, T richoclea, Trichopolia and Eupsephopectes. I would here draw attention to the fact, that the generic chatictesal in the Woctuide and the moths generally are of such a nature that a differ- ence of opinion may legitimately arise. Undoubtedly, an ultimate and — better opinion may be obtained, but criticism is to be only indulged in with that moderation which the nature of the subject demands. Far dif- ferent is it with matters concerning positive or actual structure, where the empiric has before him a certain specimen under the microscope. In — such cases, as with the’genus Cerathosia, where the describer erroneously describes the neuration or other actual features, a positive error is com- mitted and the author earns that measure of opprobrium which at Pair to defective work in Natural History. The European Hadenoid genera, with naked and lashed eyes, Splems Thecophora and Dichonia seem to be absent from our fauna. /o/ia, which has the antennz tufted at base and usually pectinate or serrated in the males, has eleven European species ; in the Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv, VI., 266, I have given the list of ten American forms referred here, whether they are all strictly correct, 1 am uncertain. The European genera, with few species, Aletopoceras, Cladocera,*Heliophobus, Ulochlena, Oxytrypia, are yet without described American species. Guenet’s Chariptera festa seems to be the Cerma cora of Hiibner, and not to be congeneric with the European viridana. Mr. Morrison’s Valeria Grotei has a claw on the fore tibiae ; consequently is not congeneric with the European jaspidea, but seems to be allied to Dicopis. The genus Oncocnemis is a smooth, almost Agrotid form, considered by Herrich-Schaeffer as allied to Hediothis with a claw on the front tibiz, represented by two Russian species, of which confusa has a representa- tive form in the Californian Behrensi. I have described the large number of nineteen American species (three having yellow secondaries, ayesé, enn os THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 Dayiand mirificalis), while other authors have added four ; our most beautiful Eastern form being the atrifasciata of Mr. Morrison, which I refer to this genus, it being related apparently to the grey forms, such as © Chandleri, riparia, etc., the median space filled with black. TI refer two Western species to the European genus Vaderia, opina and conserta, and one Eastern species, s#igmata, to the European genus Dryodota. Peculiar American Hadenoid genera, with naked eyes, seem to be 4rthrochlora, fiillia, Homohadena, Pachypolia and Hadenella. The typical genus, ffadena itself,seems to have a parallel representation in North America with the other leading genera Afate/a, Agrotis and Mamestra, from which latter genus the species differ in having naked eyes. It offers both identical and representative species with the European forms, and again an excess in number, over sixty to over forty. The related genus A/yfpa with its one European species has a representative American form xy/inoides. I have identified the European Dépterygia pinastri as occurring in North Am- erica ; whether this is a survival, or a more recent importation, is doubtful, perhaps the latter. Of the European genus Actimotia, we have two species ; of Cadlopistria, one. A strong analogy of the two faune is offered by the genera clustering about Zzp/exia, the single species of which latter, Zucipara, is found from the East to California, and is apparently an unchanged survival and identical with jthe European; I have found the larve on a number of plants, among them the common Fuchsia. ‘These genera are Zrigonophora, and Brotolomia, each with representative Am- erican forms, while the European genus Hadryntis is perhaps not found in America, nor, conversely, the American genus Conservuda in Europe. Prodenia, which has one European, has at least four North American species. This genus is a Southern form, intruding into the European fauna from the Mediterranean and Asia Minor ; in America, more plenti- ful in the Southern States, where an allied form, the Laphygma frugiperda of Abbot and Smith, is destructive to corn. We have nothing like the wide-winged European Mania maura, so far as my knowledge goes. The determination of what species is the real type of the earlier genera of Ochsenheimer and other authors is a matter of some difficulty, owing to the fact that the species were loosely associated, and the characters we to- day consider of importance neglected. Nota single species included by Boisduval in 1829 under Zuperina is placed under Luperina by Lederer. The true type of Zuperina may, I think, be considered to be the Euro- 192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pean ¢estacea, which Lederer includes under Apamea Tr. Probably the. true type of Afamea may be found in zictitans, one of the original species. Of neither Luperina Boisd. ( = Apamea Led.), or Ledereria m. (=Luperina Led. non Boisd.), do I know American species. Apamea nictitans occurs with us however, from California to the East probably as an unchanged survival, not only in the typical, but also in the varietal European forms. Whether zéc¢ztans and certain allied species are distinct from Gortyna, I, however, doubt, and it is probable that we have but one genus which European authors call Hydracia Guen. Now the type of Hydrecia is micacea, as cited in the Species General. But the type of © Gortyna is already designated by Htibner as mzcacea, consequently Hydrecia vust fall. For Gortyna Led., with its one species flavago, which differs from Hydracia by its mucronate clypeus, the term Ochria must be used, as I have pointed out. The objectors to Hibner must be told that Ochsenheimer cites him as authority, himself giving no diagnoses to the Noctuid genera ; that the older Noctuid generic names are all in- completely founded, that there is no standard for exact generic definition, and finally, that Hiibner has given us more information and a better classification for the /Voctuzd@ than any author before his time. Hibner separates the Ziyatirine correctly for the first time ; he is the author of the leading generic divisions and names, Apatela, Agrotis, Heliothis, etc., names which have been wrongly credited to his successors. The North American species of Gortyna (including those separated by me with zzctitans) are much more numerous than the European. The finest species is our beautiful Gortyna speciosissima. We have two species with mucronate clypeus; one from the East, duffaloensis, and another from the West. In ornamentation these species resemble the other Gortyne, but we must refer them to Ochria, together with the European fiavago. Our North American species which most nearly resembles the European /flavago, is, however, my Cataphracta, but here the front is smooth. The question then arises as to the value of the frontal tubercle ; whether it may not be developed as easily as modifications in the color or pattern of ornamentation. Such questions are beyond our present ability to answer. We must use what characters we find upon which to found our genera, but the difficulties which the subject presents should preclude all notion that our present opinions are infallible, or that we have any reasonable pretext to arrogate to ourselves a superiority in our classi- Sie. sean calmiah aie Yad Mere ee tn ee | RLS am ao THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 fication which allows us to speak unduly and depreciatingly of those who studied these matters long ago. As with former groups, the North American Hadenini show a pre- vailing affinity with the European fauna. The amount of divergence can hardly be shown until all the species are carefully compared, but we can be sure it will not outweigh the resemblance. PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA! OF TEM PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES. BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. (Continued from page 175.) Sub-Family ARCTIN. In the ‘previous paper [ explained the sense in which this term is used, and nothing further in the way of definition need be said on that head. Genus Crocota Hbn. 1816— Verzeichniss; Samml., Eur. Schm., III., 254. This genus is in a sad state. Itis almost impossible to identify species satisfactorily, and yet new species are constantly described. The matter has been further confused by Mr. Grote’s persistent refusal to refer to Mr. Reakirt’s species, for without referring them positively as synonyms to any species, he says he cannot believe that they refer to species different from those recognized by him, and therefore he ignores them altogether. This has had the.effect of causing others to lose track of the descriptions which, poor as they may be, yet are necessary to be referred to. We know nothing at all as yet as to the range of variation in the genus, and species are based upon the most indefinite comparative features of colour and appearance. Using C. ferruginosa as subject: The head is free, rather small ; eyes large, somewhat prominent; ocelli distinct ; vestiture scaly, smooth ; antenne of male with the joints marked, scarcely serrate, with fine lateral ciliz, palpi moderate in length, straight or slightly drooping. Thoracic vestiture scaly. Legs closely scaled, posterior longest, the spurs normal —i. e., middle with one, posterior with two pairs. The tongue is rather short, but corneous and spiral. Wings proportionately wide and short, 194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. rather frail and thinly scaled, usually some shade of reddish or yellowish, more rarely tending to black. On the primaries, veins 7 to Io inclusive are on a stalk out of the end of the cell, 10 thus not arising out of the subcostal, 3, 4 and 5 are almost equidistant from the end of the median. On the secondaries, 3 and 4 are from the end of the cell, 5 is wanting, 6 and 7 from a stalk out of the end of the subcostal, 8 from subcostal, about one-third from base. There may be some variation in the origin of 2, 6 and 7 of secondaries, and 5 may be present in some species ; ; these are variable points in this family. : From what I have seen, I believe that almost any good local collec- tion would show most of the species ; in other words, I believe individual characters have been largely used for specific distinction. C. aurantiaca Hbn. 1825—Hiubner, Zutr., p. 9, ff. 411, 412, Hubaphe. 1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., Il, 523, Aubaphe. 1862—Morris, Synopsis, 253, Lubaphe. 1864— Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 103, Crocofa. Habitat—“ Georgia.” Eastern and Middle States. Packard apparently did not recognize this species. I am not sure that I have it correctly, but what I take to be the species seems to occur east of the Mississippi and north of the Carolinas. C. belfraget Stretch. 1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., IL, 103, Cvrocota. Habitat—Texas. C. brevicornis W\k. 1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., II., 536, Crocota. 1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 542, Crocota. 1862—Morris, Synopsis, 255, Crocota. es 186z2—Clem. in App. to Morris’ Syn., 308, Crocota. pease 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 104 Crocota. 1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 367, Zubaphe. Habitat—Can., Maine, N. Y., Mass., Ohio, Ills., Colo. Apparently quite widely distributed. Butler says Walker had several specimens of this species among his rudicundaria. C. costata Stretch. 1885—Str., Ent. Amer., I, 103, Crocofa, Habitat—Texas. . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 Apparently a very distinct species, which I have identified in the National Museum collection. C. diminutiva Graef. 1887—Graef, Ent. Amer., III., 42, Crocota. Habitat—Texas. C. ferruginosa Walker. 1855—Walk.,* C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IL, 535, Crocota. 1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil,, XII., 542, Crocota. 1862—Morris, Synopsis, 255, Crocofa. 1862—Clem., in Morris Syn., App., 308, Cvocota. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 103, Crocota. 1867—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., VI., 313, Crocota. 1868—Bethune, Can, EnT., I, 18, Crocota. 1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc, Lond,, 367, Zubaphe. ‘ aurantiaca { Harris. 1850—Harris in Ag, Lake Super., 393, Zubaphe. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 103, pr. syn. rubicundaria ¢t Walker. 1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het, II, 536, Crocota. 1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IL., 71, pr. syn. Habitat—Canada to N. Y., west to the Mississippi, Lake Superior, H. B. Terr., Maine. - The distribution is probably wider. It is quite uncertain what this _ species really is, and authors are not agreed. Butler says one specimen of Walker’s rubicundaria is referable here. C. fragilis Strk. 1879—Rept. Engin., 1878-79, V., p. 1859, Crocota. Habitat—‘ Pagosa Springs,” July 21. This is almost certainly Amerta unicolor, if Mr. Strecker’s description is good for anything. : C. immaculata Reak. 1864—Reak., Proc, Ent. Soc., Phil., IL., 372, Crocota. Habitat— Philadelphia, Pa. “This sign, whenever used with a reference, as above, indicates that the early stages were referred to. 196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. So far as I know this species has not been positively identified with any other. | C. intermedia Graet. 1887—-Graef, Ent. Amer., IIL, 42, Crocota. Habitat--—Texas. C. Zeta Bdv. 1829—Bdv. in Guer. Icon. Ins., pl. 88, f. 6, p. 519, Lithosia. 1855-—Walker, C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., II., 537, Crocota. 1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 537, Crocota. 1862—Clem. in App. to Morris, Syn., 309, Crocota. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., III., 105, = drevicornis. 1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 367, Eubaphe. treatiz Grote. 1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IV., 322. 1882—Grt., New List 15, ? =¢reatit. Habitat—Mass., N. Y., N. J., D. C. I have in some way mislaid my notes on the Gout in Griffith’s Cuvier ; that in Guerin I have never seen. My recollection is that the figure is on the same plate with that of Callimorpha Leconte: (pl. 32), and is the lower figure on the plate. I never had any doubt of its being the species afterward called ¢reatii by Mr. Grote. Dr. Packard had evidently not seen this species when he hazarded the suggestion ns this — might be the same as Walker’s drevicornis. we C. nigricans Reakirt. eee 4 1864—Reak., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IL, 371, Crocofa, pe a Habitat—Philadelphia, Pa. | Unknown to me. C. obscura Stretch. 1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 103, Crocota. Habitat—N. H., Pa. C. opella Grote. ‘ 1863—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., L., 345, Crocota. 1863—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., I1.; 30, pl 2,f. 1.933 1867—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., VI., 313, Crocota. 1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 367, Hubaphe. OTe) Habitat—Pa., N. Y., Can. a8 : See rn tae Ree ee etd re oe od er oe Re pees er eee Na a eB THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 Butler says Walker included specimens of this species with his rubicundaria. C. opelloides Graef. 1887—Graef, Ent., Amer., III., 42, Crocota. Habitat—Texas. C. ostenta Hy. Edwards. 1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 12, Crocota. Habitat—Arizona. C. guinaria Grote. 1863—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., II., 30, pl. 2, f 2, 29, Crocota. 1864——Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 105, Crocofa. 1867—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil.,. VI., 313, Crocota. choriona Reakirt. 1864—Reak., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, I1., ate Crocota. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., nh. 105, ? pr. syn. 1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 234, pr. syn. bimaculata Saunders. 1869—Saund., Can. Ent., II., 51, Arctia. 1882—Grt., New List, pr. syn. Habitat—Mass., Can., Pa., Colo. ‘‘ 8,000 ft.” C. rubicundaria Hubner. -1825—Hbn., Zutr., p. 28, 256, ff. 511, 512, Crocota. 1855—Walk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., II., 536, Crocota. 1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 541, Crocota. 1862— Morris, Synopsis, 256, Crocota. 1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 307, = Phrag. rubicosa. 1866—H.-Schaeff, Corr. Blatt, XX., 118, ?, = aurantiaca. 1867—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc,, Phil, VI., 313, Crocofa. 1868—Bethune, Can. Ent., I., 18, Crocota. 1877—Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond. 367, Lubaphe. Habitat—Can., Mass., N.. Y.; Gas, fis; According to Butler, the rubicundaria of Walker is not Hiibner’s species, but seems a mixture of at least three other species. | Genus Emypia Boisd. 1829—Boisd., Ind., Meth. This genus I know only in the European species, and from descrip- 198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. teen tions by European authors. In appearance it is Limoeiowa: with rather narrow primaries and broad secondaries ; the vestiture is close, smooth ;. vein 5 of secondaries is said to be Genihe: ; fore-tibia unarmed ; the spud” of middle and hind tibia normal. I.do not remember the venation of primaries, and made no note as to the origin of vein ro. E, ampla Grote. 1878—Grt., Can. Ent., X:, 232, Emydia. Habitat—Colorado. . Genus UTETHEISA Hiibner. 1816—Hiibn., Verzeichniss, 168. A well marked genus containing very handsome and extremely variable species, since it has been determined that all our forms are but varieties of one species. The head is distinct, free, eyes rather large, not." 3 prominent, ocelli distinct. The palpi are slender, ascending, reaching the . — middle of front, the terminal joint rather long, closely scaled. Antenne moderately long, slender, simple in the @, in ‘the 2 the joints marked | with single lateral bristles. Legs closely scaled, quite considerably longer posteriorly, all the spurs complete and moderate in length. Body closely i scaled. Primaries with vein 10 out of the subcostal, a short cross vein connecting it with the stalk bearing 7, 8 and 9, and thus forming an accessory cell; 6 is from the end of the sub-costal ; 4 and 5 are close together out of the end of the median ; 3 somewhat remote from 4, but — much nearer than to 6. Secondaries with 3, 4 and 5 very close together from the end of the median; 6 and 7 together from the end of the sub- costal ; 8 as usual about one-third from base out of the subcostal. Both Crocota and Emydia lack vein 5 of secondaries, which is a decided Lithosiid tendency ; Utetheisa has 5 well marked, and has a distinct - accessory cell, the relation to Cadllimorpha pong obvious in the entire scheme of venation. As the species are attractive as well as variable, the literature is voluminous, and yet I have given none of the ‘ popular” or economic references. NV. bella Linne. 1758—Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed., X., 534, Zinea. 1767—Lainn., Syst. Nat. Ed., XII., 885, Zinea. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 199 1764—Linn., Mus. L. U., 399, Zinea. -1770—Drury, Exot., I., 51, pl. XXIV., f 3, Zinea. 1775—Fabr., Syst. Ent., 585, Bombyx. | ¥781—Fabr., Sp: Int., I1., 203, Bombyx. 1787—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 131, Bombyx. 1791—Oliv., Encycl. Meth., V., 99, pl. 72, f. 10, ial ee 1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., III,, p. 479, Bombyx. 1793—Gmel., Ed. Linn. Syst. Nat., 2447, Bombyx. 1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 168, Utetheisa. 1837—Westwood, Ed. Drury, I, 46, Dezopeca. 1841—Harris, Rept. Ins., Mass., Deiopeia. 1841—Duncan, Nat. Libr., XXXII, 191, pl. 24, f. 1, Detopeia. 1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IITL., 568, Dedopeza. 1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 251, 313, Dezopeia. 1862—Harris, Inj. Ins. Flint Ed., 342, pl. VL, f, 2, Dezopeia. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IIL, 105. Utetheisa. 1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 234, Utetheisa. 1866—H.-Schaeff, Corr. Blatt, XX., 119, Callimorpha. - 1869—Bethune, Can. Envr., I., 18, Utethetsa. 1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 56, 236, pl. 2, f. 1s, Utetheisa. 1875—Saund., Can. Ent., VII., 85, f. 1, Detopeia. 1877— Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond, 361, Dezopeia. 1879—Hulst., Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., L., 83, Decopeia. 1883—-Edw.* Papilio, III.. 128, Utethezsa. 1886—Moeschl., Ent. Amer., II., 75, Utetheisa. 1887—Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 257, Utethetsa. var hybrida Butler (between de//a and ornatrix). 1877-—Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 361, Detopeia. : var. ernatrix Linn. 1758—Linn., Syst. N&t. Ed., X., 511, /Voctua. 1767—Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed., XII., 839, /Voctua. 1764—Linn., Mus. L. U., 384, WVoctua. 1770—Drury, Exot., I., 51, pl. 24, f. 2, Woctua. 1775—Fabr., Syst. Ent., 586, Bombyx. 1779—Cram., Pap. Exot., II., 107, 108, pl. 161, ff C, D, F, Phalaena. 1781—Fabr., Sp. Ins., IL, 203, Bombyx. 1787—Fabr., Mant. Ins., Il., 131, Bombyx. 200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1791—Oliv., Enc. Meth., V., 100, Bombyx. 1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., III., 1, 479, Bombyx. 1816—Hbn., Verzeichniss, 168, Utetheisa. o 1820—Hbn., Samml. Ex. Schmett., II., pl. 394, Utetheisa. 1837—Westw., Ed. Dru., L., 46, pl. 24, f. 2, Detopeta. 1855—Walker, C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III, 567, Desopeza. 1856—Lucas in Sagra’s Cuba, 301, Desopeia. 1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 234, pr. var. 1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 58, pl. 2, f. 18, Utetheisa. 1877—Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 361, Deiopeza. 1886—Moeschl., Ent. Amer., IIL., 75, Usetheisa. var intermedia Butler (between de//a and speciosa). 1877—Butl., Tr. Ent, Soc., Lond., 361, Deiopeia. var speciosa Walk. | 1855-—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL, 568, Decopeza. 1862—Morris, Synopsis Supplt., 314, Deopeia. 1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 234, pr. var.. 1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 71, pr. var. 1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 57, pl. 2, f. 16, Utetheisa. — 1877—Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., Dezopeia. 1886--Moeschl., Ent..Amer., II., 75, Utetheisa. bella ¢ Cie: | 1779—Cram., Pap. Ex., IIL, 20, pl. 109, ff. C and D, Phgjaties 1886-—Moeschl., Ent. Amer., II., 75, = speciosa. Habitat—Can. to D. C., Ga., west to Miss., Ia,, Mo., for belle varying to ornatrix in Tex., Mex., Fla., West Indies, where: also speciosa occurs. Recorded food plants are Crote/aria, Lupin, Prewe Lepedeza, Ulmus. Few species have greater bibliography, and, as already hinted, it is far from complete. Mr. Butler’s paper in the Trans. Ent. Soc., London, for ee seems. to have been lost sight of. Mr. Grote does not quote his varieties in his ‘“ New List,” nor does Mr. Hy. Edwards, in his additions, Ento, Amer., March, 1888, refer to them. (To be continued. ) Mailed October 4th. Che Cuadiwn Entomologist. VOL. XXL LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1880. No. ur. POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY—No. 5. THE TIGER-SWALLOW-TAIL (Papilio Lurnus, L.) BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA. Just about the time the lilac bushes open their fragrant blossoms the grand insect shown at figure 9 may be seen either hovering over gardens and sipping the nectar of flowers, or sailing majestically down some woodland glade. It generally appears at Ottawa about the first of June, Figure 9. and may be seen for a month or more. Farther to the north it comes later, not appearing at Nepigon, north of Lake Superior, until the end of June. This insect has many characters which make it of interest to the collector. Its size and beauty make it a striking object in the spring landscape. Although it varies in abundance -in different years, it is generally one of the first treasures of the young collector, and is prized accordingly. The variations it presents in different latitudes and the habits of its remark- 202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. able caterpillar are of great interest to the student. In the north, includ- ing the whole of Canada, the males and females are like our figure, having the ground colour of a pale lemon yellow, with rich black mark- ings. “The broad margin is more or less powdered with blue scales, particularly on the hind wings, which are further ornamented with a conspicuous orange-red spot, bordered with black and blue, near the hind angle, and in the females there is another large spot of the same colour at the upper angle. In the Southern States the specimens of both sexes are larger and more highly coloured, and besides a black dimorphic form of the female also occurs. No specimen of a black male has ever been taken. The only approach to this melanic form is the beautiful suffused variety which is figured below. The range of the Tiger-Swallow-tail is very extended. I have some specimens from the — arctic circle and others from the tropics, while from east to west it~ occurs from Newfoundland to Alaska. The eggs are laid by the females singly on the upper side of the leaves of its food plants. They are about one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, sub-globular and smooth, at first of a pale transparent green, much yellower at the base by reason of a more or less abundant waxy substance which fastened them to the leaf ; after a few days they turn reddish, and just before the young larvz hatch they are almost black. The time of hatching varies with the weather from ten to twenty days. The caterpillars are very different in appearance during their various stages. In the first stage the general appearance is black, with white spots and tubercles, and a conspicuous white saddle-shaped mark on the back. This mark also appears after the first and second moults, but is then of a pinkish cream colour. After the second moult the ground colour of the body usually changes to greenish brown. After the third moult the green colour is much more decided, and the caterpillar assumes more of the shape and markings of the full- fed larva. The thoracic segments are now enlarged and the saddle- shaped mark is almost obliterated. There is a yellowish band in front of segment 2, and another on the hinder edges of segments 5 and r2 ; that on 5 is followed closely by a black line on the front edge of segment 6. This black line does not show when the caterpillar is at rest. The head is pink brown. On each side of segment 4 now appears a pear-shaped yellow eye-like spot, the larger end outwards. ‘This spot is edged by a fine black line ; inside there is a heavy black line enclosing a violet spot. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 Towards the smaller end of this yellow spot is a short black bar. ‘The sides of the body are also ornamented with rows of violet spots, two upon segment 4, and four upon 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11, and two upon 12. On segments 6 to rr there is one smail spot below each spiracle. These spots are more distinct upon some specimens than upon others. After the fourth or last moult the colour is invariably velvety green, paler beneath, the saddle-shaped mark has disappeared and the yellow marks are all more conspicuous. ‘The full-grown caterpillar is shown at figure 10, and is a formidable looking creature. For two days before it suspends itself to change to the chrysalis, it gradually assumes a purplish brown tint, and the violet spots become more distinct than they were before. The full-grown larva is about one inch and a-half in length when walking. When at rest it is shorter and thicker, the head is drawn in out of sight and the body assumes a wedge shape, large in front, tapering rapidly to the last segment. Whenin this position the yellow spots on segment 4 have the appearance of two large open eyes. This appearance may possibly act as a protection from some of its enemies. When ready to turn to a chrysalis, it leaves its food-plant and seeks some place to pupate. It suspends itself to a silken mat and supports its body by means of a silken girdle around the middle. It changes to a chrysalis the second day after suspension. ‘The newly formed chrysalis is very beautiful, being mottled with green, dove colour, black, and white, the two eye-like spots on segment 4 being very distinct. After a few hours, however, the green nearly all fades out and the chrysalis darkens to the tint of dead wood. In all parts of Canada there is only one brood of this butterfly. The eggs are laid in June and July and the caterpillars pupate late in the summer and go through the winter in the chrysalis state. The -habits of the caterpillar are sluggish. From the first they spin a mat of silk to rest upon when not eating and sally out to feed. When very young they eat into the edge of the leaf upon which they hatch ; but as they grow larger they crawl away to other leaves near at hand, and return again to rest upon the same leaf, all the time there is food at a convenient distance ; when this is all consumed they move off to a fresh Figure to. 204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, branch and start another centre of operations. This mat is so spun as to ‘curl the leaf up somewhat and form a platform, so that in case of rain the caterpillar is raised above the wet leaf. When disturbed they have a special means of defence, in the shape of an orange forked scent-organ, which they can protude at will from an orifice in the second segment. At the same time a strong pungent odour is emitted. The caterpillars pos- sess this organ in all their stages, but seldom use it except in the last stage. The food-plant of this insect is very varied. In this district it is most frequently found upon apple, cherry, ash, birch and aspen trees. ~ Figure 11 represents a very beautiful suffused melanic male, which Figure 11. was taken in July, 1888, by Mr. Robert Mackenzie, at Collins Inlet, upon the Georgian Bay, eighteen miles east of Killarney, Ont. As this is the only approach to a black male which has so far been discovered, it has been thought well to have it photographed and engraved. The specimen is in very fine condition, the black and yellow clear and unfaded. The red eye-spot at the anal angle is distinct, and there is another between’ the extremities of the second and third median veinlets of the hind wing: A few scales of blue shadow the spot at anal angle. There is a conspicu- ous cloud of the same colour between the second and third median veinlets and a-smaller one between the first and second. At the apex of hind wing there is a light cloud of red scales, and a slight tinge of red between the extremities of costal and first subcostal veins. ne he eee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 THE CLASSIFICATION OF OUR BUTTERFLIES. BY A, R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. At different times, in making notes for a general list of our Lepidop- tera, I have taken up the arrangement of our butterflies, and, although such a list must now be undertaken by some one else, I think it worth while to set down the conclusions to which I had come. For myself, | have preferred to consider all the true butterflies as more nearly related to each other than to the Hesperide and Paleohesperide. In other words, the latter seem the equivalent, structurally speaking, of the other butterflies. The characters by which modern “‘ families” are recog- nized are unequal, and perhaps these groups are really of no more than sub-family value. But, granting these groups to be as they are now held, families, the sequence, with the Papz/ionzde at the head, seems less reasonable than that which commences with the Wympha/ide, or the so- called “four-footed” butterflies. And this on general grounds. For it is a clear departure from the usually six-footed type, that the anterior pair should be shortened and rendered more or less useless for walking pur- _ poses. It is probably not to be assumed that the families evolved from each other, but evolution was simultaneous and unequal. The character of the shortening of the fore-feet appears in a jess degree in other families of butterflies, and probably exists as a tendency latent in the whole group. The fore-feet become gradually disused in walking, and this disuse is followed by a modification of structure. We are tied to a linear series in our catalogues and classifications, and the real descent and sequence in time of our butterflies can never be made out and never displayed in our artificial arrangements. We are conditioned by our own physical struc- ture. Our appreciation of what surrounds us is limited by the imperfec- tion of our senses. We cannot see evolution, and the actual progression of growth escapes us. Only by reasoning do we recognize the doctrine of descent. It is easier for us to construct a genealogical tree than to prove its correctness beyond reasonable doubt. Undoubtedly such drawings assist our comprehension of the possible modus operandi, but the artist must be exceedingly well up before he thus gives the reins to his imagination. In the best case they are not facts, and must not be accepted as such; they are, it may be, ladders for the mind, which we may climb if we will, to find at the top perhaps as imaginary 206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a result as Jack attained from his bean-stalk. To draw sucha tree may be pardonable, but to believe in it afterwards, as representing real succession, is an infirmity of the scholar’s mind. Who can tell the real succession in time and place? There may be assumed a certain progression in the development of form, but beyond this there is nothing to justify our pre- tence that we are classifying our Lepidoptera according to real descent. Nature or natural selection deals with individuals ; if the type persets, it is represented by species. It may be that certain species of tropical Papi/io are more recent evolutions, newer species, than many Vymphalide; but the four-footed butterfly must have come, one would think, from a six-footed ancestor. Hence, in a linear series, we may commence reasonably with the Vym- phalide. Again, the habits of the larve of these latter are very complex, and seem to have been slowly modified and acquired. Mr. Edwards has told us much about them. The larve themselves are most curious objects, leaving the usual range of larval forms. In certain genera from South America are curious horns attached to the head, reaching back- wards and reminding us of the flower spurs of Aguzlegia. The larve of the Papilionide, as 1 have elsewhere said, are not without resemblances to the Hawk moths. As to pupation, it may be assumed that cocoon- making, or spinning, is older than its disuse. Almost all the “higher ” groups, that is, groups which may have issued from a former complex, show some modification of this habit in the direction of its disuse. Thus the Hawk moths, which may have come from a common ancestry with the Ceratocampine, probably first passing through a type analogous to existing Smerinthine, have very generally discarded cocoon-making. In discussing all these matters, we must be careful not to put the cart before the horse, as the Chippeways did, who held the pretty notion that the butterfly made the south wind, and not the south wind the butterfly. The Papilionide, in the consistency and form of the body, in its -hairiness, in the dark and bright contrasting colors, in the tailing and structure of the secondaries, show certain approximations to the Hesperide, so that our placing them at the end of the true butterflies does not do violence to their structure. And as they are six-legged butterflies, we should naturally finish with them. ‘The departure, which probably exists as a tendency in the group, is here not expressed, and they are like the Hesperide in this respect. But we must not look upon the Papd/ionide Pa Pol — ath ire a iah : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207 as a connecting link ( Uebergang) to the Hesperide. | They are, in most respects, as far from the skippers as any other true butterfly. The coin- cidences at best indicate that, in certain characters, the Papzlionide stand nearer to the common ancestor than the Vymphalide. But whether our surmises are right or wrong—and that they are right or wrong cannot be proved, and is a matter of mere reasonable probability—we stand in need of a linear series for our catalogues and collections. ‘This is a practical want, and we must meet it by the most philosophical means possible. We are offered a certain character in the true butterflies, the different modifications of the front pair of feet, and this character it is clearly philo- sophic and practical to use. We must not be influenced by slighter characters to overturn our conclusions, or by vague general considerations which are wide of the result we are aiming at; which is a reasonable sequence for our species, genera and families of butterflies. I find that Mr. Wallace says that the Dazaide, no less than the Papilionide, have developed complicated adaptations to the surrounding organic and inorganic universe. Adaptation, mimicry and dimorphism, depend evidently on climate and surroundings, and are not any proof of higher structural value in themselves. They are phenomena called forth by circumstance, with the plastic butterfly as the wax for the seal. Perhaps this very plasticity is a proof of a certain weakness of type, just as weak- ness of character in us is displayed by our attending to every wind that blows. ‘‘ Inthe extensive family of Vymphadide,” says Mr. Wallace, “we find that several of the larger species, of feebler structure, have their wings modified ; while the powerful species, which have all an exces- sively rapid flight, have exactly the same form of wing in Celebes as in the other islands.” Size or relative beauty are no guide for a structural arrangement. 3 | I should commence, then, the linear series of our butterflies with the four-footed butterflies: First the Vymphalide, following these with the Satyride, which differ by the blistering of the veins of the fore-wings, and are considered by writers generally as a distinct “family.” There have to be general considerations guiding our arrangement of the genera; and the knowledge requisite to form these is hardly gathered yet. A mere technical description of form and structure is not of itself sufficient. Com- parisons are needed of all the stages. Again, in the stringing together of the mass of detail, the general principles which should guide us in estab- 208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ishing the higher divisions are lost sight of. The Satyride are evidently “lower” than the Vymphalide, perhaps retaining in habits and markings traces of a former physical condition of the globe. I have written briefly, originally, on the habits and conditions of Oe¢neis semidea, and I regard this genus as a low, perhaps the lowest type of Satyrid. We now come to a series of “ families ” of butterflies in which the shortening of the fore- feet is confined to the male sex. These are the Libytheid@, as I have thought, a very old form of butterfly (Can. Ent. XVIII., 163), the Z7y- cinid@, to which I would refer my genus /eniseca, and the Lyceinda, in which the male fore tibiz end in a hooklet. We now come to the six- footed butterflies, which we may divide into three “families,” the Prerida, the Parnasside and the Papilionide. ‘The Hesperida, which differ by the proportions of the body and position of the wings, fall into two groups, as the fore tibiae are with or without epiphysis, and may then follow. The series of butterflies may be closed by my Padeohesperide, with spinose tibiz,—moth-like butterflies preparing us for the Castniade, and apparently relics of a stage between moth and butterfly surviving in the North American fauna. There is, I think, nothing to be gained by cataloguing our Lepidoptera upside down, as seems to be proposed by Packard, commencing with the supposed “lowest” moths. Theoretically we may conceive that the moths are “lower” than the butterflies, and that in some unknown way the latter have come from moth-like ancestors. Palseontological proof is’ now wanting, but there is some circumstantial evidence to be gathered that such has been the case. If there has been evolution, then butterfly- like forms cannot have produced moths, but the reverse. At a later epoch in the history of creation than the origin of butterflies, changes of climate have evidently taken place. The winter now finds the butterflies in all stages. The lethargy of the half-grown caterpillar seems to have survived from a time when the winters were longer, came more suddenly, than at present, It was no longer time for the butterfly to grow, or the food plant formerly then perished. Now there is time and food, but the butterfly will not yet believe it, needing the evidence of centuries, and prepares to winter. In the moths I only have observed that certain species remain as caterpillars within the cocoon until spring. _ ie For practical purposes, as well as for the work of comparing the faunze of North America and Europe, and arriving at some conclusions as £ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 to geographical distribution and origin of the different forms, in which I am much interested, we may arrange the butterflies as here suggested. But whether we assume eight “ families” of the true butterflies, or only four, or only one, the sequence and the principle remain unaltered. The characters by which modern “families” are defined, chiefly by German authors wad solche die es werden wollen, are of unequal morpho- logical value, therefore unnatural and, it seems to me, unphilosophical. NOTE ON THE LARVA OF THYATIRA PUDENS, Guen. BY HARRISON G. DYAR, RHINEBECK, N. Y. As far as Iam aware no description of the larva of this insect has been published, and hence I present the following :— T. pudens.—Mature larva. Head white, with four black spots, two covering the eyes and the others near the summit of the head. A few short, whitish hairs. Body semitransparent, whitish, flecked with opaque white spots on the dorsum and more thinly on the venter. Stigmatal space covered by a blackish shading, more distinct anteriorly ; a darker dorsal line. Spiracles pale brown. Cervical spot whitish, concolorous with body. A few short pale hairs. The larve feed singly on dogwood (Cornus florida), each forming a place of concealment by spinning one or more leaves together by the edges. They mature by the middle of June and pupate in a slight cocoon on the ground, the winter being passed in the pupa state. The pupa has its greatest diameter’ through the wing cases, the abdominal segments taper- ing. It is dark brown, approaching black, the brown color showing more distinctly between the segments. Body punctured. Thorax, wing and leg cases finely wrinkled. Cremaster, thick, 1 mm. long, furnished with stiff, spiny hooks. This larva well deserves its name of pudens, on account of its modest habits, remaining concealed in its leafy house, and appearing much dis- turbed if exposed. Its actions recall those of the larva of Audamus tityrus. The insect has only one brood annually. Larve from Duchess County, N. Y. 210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. PREPARATORY STAGES OF LEPTARCTIA CALIFORNIA WaLKER, WITH NOTES ON THE GENUS. BY G, H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. Ecc.—Diameter .03 inch. Globular, smooth. Color whitish, witha pearly lustre. Duration of this period here four days, in the mountains of California six days. | Younc Larva.—Length .o7 inch: Cylindrical, six rows of risbedeies from which spring hairs as long as the body. Color pale gray, head black, hairs gray. Duration of this period four days. . After rst Moult.—Length .15 inch. Cylindrical, eight rows of tuber- cles, from which spring tufts of hair. Color dull pale horn yellow, a whitish dorsal line ; tubercles black, the hairs gray ; head with the top © and sides black, clypeus whitish ; legs whitish. Before the close of the - preceding stage the body was slightly reddish purple. Duration of this period three days. : | ae - After 2nd Moult.—Length .25 inch.—Head slightly bilobed ; color smoky greenish black ; tubercles black, the hairs gray ; a dorsal creamy, slightly orange tinted line, and a line of lateral spots of the same color situated between the second and third rows of tubercles, counting from the dorsal line ; head pale horn yellow, the upper part black, a small black spot on each side, and a small smoky spot in the centre of the front ; ‘3 feet concolorous with the body. Duration of this period seven days. After 3rd Moult.—Length .50 inch; shape as before. Color smoky. gray, rather dark ; dorsal stripe orange, an orange spot each side of the second tubercle on each joint, counting from the dorsal line ; tubercles black, each supporting a cluster of spreading brown hairs, those on joints 6 to 11 mostly about the length of the diameter of the body, those on the other joints containing a few that are much longer, the anterior and a few on joint 12 yellow, a long pencil of brown hairs on 13 ; head dark amber, two blackish patches in front. Duration of this period six days. After 4th Moult.—Length .60 inch. Color gray, made so by a fine mottling of black and sordid white ; the cluster of hairs from each tubercle thick and spreading, the central hairs black, the outer hairs of the cluster gray ; the dorsal line, lateral spots and head unchanged. Mature Larva.—Length .7o inch. There was scarcely any change ~ PO eer te eae Se ee ea ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Zi. after the first of this period, As before, the body is cylindrical, with eight rows of tubercles, supporting tufts of spreading hairs, the most of these black with a few gray hairs round the outside of each cluster ; the length - of the hairs on the middle of body about the diameter of the body, those on the posterior part of the body about twice as long, the pencil from joint 13 about four times as long as those on the back of the middle joints ; tubercles still black ; head amber, with a prominent blackish spot in the centre of the anterior part of each cheek. Duration of this periog 57 days. | Curysalis.—Length .45 inch; length of wing and tongue cases .25 inch, extending almost to posterior part of joint 5; depth of joint 1.14 inch; of joint 2 .15 inch; of joint 3 .16 inch; from this it tapers slightly to joint 7, from this more abruptly to the end ; no hooks at anal extremity ; cylindrical, anterior end rounded, the head sloping to the antennz cases at a little less than go degrees ; wing and antennz cases slightly roughened, abdomen slightly punctured. Color, chestnut brown, antenne cases and outer edges of wing cases a little paler. Duration of © this period from 205 to 234 days. | : - There is but one brood in a season, and unlike most of our insects, it has two periods of what might be called suspended activity. One of these, the pupal period, is common to all insects undergoing complete transformations ; the other, just before pupation, an unusual one, unless with a species that hibernates in the larval state. By looking over the different periods, we find them as follows :— Egg period.... 6 days. TS: Aree a, ge tS 2nd (<3 ‘< uy a 3 66 3rd 6“ 66 Pe 7 be ath trees bee 5th 6c a3 Sy ae 57 6< After the fourth moult the larve grew to their full size in a few days, and then remained in a quiescent state, unless disturbed, during the remainder of the period. ‘They passed the last moult July 25th, but did not pupate till September zoth. I could not see that they ate anything during this time of about 50 days, the period of our dry, hot weather, though fresh food was furnished them every day. At first I thought this 212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. might be due to their translation from their home in the Sierras to our warmer climate, and that succeeding broods would behave differently ; but —__ the second brood raised followed the same course as their ancestors. When preparing to pupate, they constructed loose cocoons of gray silk — mingled with hairs from their own bodies, either in folded leaves or next to the dirt in the corners of their breeding box. In this they resemble” our Arctians generally. * The eggs from which the larve furnishing these notes were binds Les were sent me by my friend, Hon. C. F. McGlashan, of Truckee, California. They were received by me July 5, 1885, just hatched, after having been on the road six days. Those I bred the next year hatched in four days. The food plant given me was Pentstemon, but I fed them on Ades Aur- eum, or Missouri Currant, which they ate readily ; and I am of the opinion, that like other Arctians, they are rather general feeders. ¥ The only species, besides this, that has a period of summer hiberna- __ tion in the Bombycide, so far as I have noticed, is the larva of Arachnis Picta, Pack., described by Mr. Stretch in his Illustrations of Zygaenide and Bombycidez, page 84. This larva was found May 8th and did not ~ pupate till the middle of August, making at least 98 days without food. The Leptarctia larve remained quiet under the food given them on the earth of the breeding box, unless disturbed, when they would run rapidly, — like the species of Arctia. I believe Mr. Stretch says the Arachnis larvee emitted a fluid just previous to pupation, similar to that emitted by a moth when coming out of set ica I did not notice whether these did the — same or not. The genus Leptarctia was founded by Mr. R. H. Stretch in his books already referred to, in the time of its publication from 1871 to 1873. At the time of writing the description of the genus he does not seem to have known of Walker’s description of Cadifornie, as he says nothing about it till the close of the work in an addenda. He gives three species, Zena and Decia by Boisduval, and Dimidiata named by himself. Walker described Californie in 1855 in British Mus. Cat. Lep. Het. Vol. 3, placing it in the genus Vemeophila. In 1868 Boisduval described the same form as Adnata, together with the two already mentioned, Lena and Decia, placing them in the genus Zthosia, but stating that in his opinion - they did not belong in that genus, but in one near Memeophila. Dr. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 Packard, in his ‘‘ Synopsis of the Bombycidz of the United States, 1864”, does not mention any of the forms of Leptarctia, hence we may presume that he had not seen any of them. In the note already referred to, at the close of the volume, Stretch restores Californie, and gives Lena as a synonym. Grote, in his ‘“‘“New Check List of North American Moths, 1882”, gives three names as species, Decia, Lena and Dimidiata, giving Californie as a synonym of Lena. The Brooklyn List, 1881, gives the same three names without Ca/ifornie. This is, as far as I have observed, a synopsis of the history of the forms that have been placed under the genus Leffarctia as species. Stretch figured several forms, but grouped them as varieties under the three species he gave. While, for lack of a large series, or the knowledge that could come from breeding, these writers have treated of these forms as species, yet there has been something of a feeling among Lepidopterists for several years that there was really only one species, and all the differ- ent forms but varieties, and that such would ultimately be proven. (To be continued.) PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM- PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES, BY JOHN B, SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. (Continued from page 200.) As the descriptions are short and so generally unknown, I will repro- duce them here:— “Var. hybrida: Primaries of D. de//a, but the yellow belts indistinct, secondaries of typical D. ornatrix, but with the ground colour red as in D. bella, and with a white edged, interrupted black belt across the dis- coidal cell. “ Hab.—United States. “* Var. intermedia: Primaries with the yellow belts very pale, so that the white borders of the black ‘spots show faintly ; secondaries exactly like speciosa. “ Hab.—United States.” 214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Genus CALLIMORPHA Latr. This genus has been so thoroughly discussed by Mr. eae and myself in Can. Ent., XIX , 181-191 and 235-239, that it is scarcely pa to say anything more here. The synonymy to the date of my monographic revision in the Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 1887, pp. 338-353, is there given with the complete : bibliography. Nothing worthy of record has been published since that time, and I therefore add a list of the species for completeness only. As this genus has been monographically treated, I adopt my own order of species :— C. clymene Brown. C. contigua Wik. interruptomarginata DeB. | reversa Stretch, in part. comma Wik. C. suffusa Smith. C. colona Hbn. lecontei ¢ Stretch et auct. clymene \| Esp. reversa Stretch, in part. carolina Harr. C. confusa Lyman. C. dactata Smith. lecontei { Smith et auct. ft conscita Wik., in part. reversa Stretch, in part, C. lecontei Bdv. C. fulvicosta Clem. var. militaris Harr. fd conscita Wik., var. b. confinis Wik. C. vestalis Pack. 3 2 conscita Wk. Genus EPICALLIA Hbn. 1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 182. Head small, retracted ; palpi short; tongue short and weak, about — half the length of thorax ; ocelli small ; antennz short, simple in the 2. Legs rather well developed, the middle and hind tibiz fully spurred ; spurs small, those of posterior tibia close together. Claws of tarsi simple. - Primaries with but 11 veins, 8 being wanting ; 2, 3 and 4 are from a short stalk out of the end of the median; 5 from the cross vein rather close to the stalk, 6 and the stalk bearing 7, 9 and ro from the end of the subcostal ; 10 therefore ot from the subcostal. Secondaries with 3, 4 and 5 close together from the end of the median ; 6 and 7 together from the end of the subcostal; 8 as usual from the subcostal. The above description is based upon Z&. virginalis. Mr. Butler thinks the American entomologists have mistaken the type of Hpicad/ia. tnagiiwven sh ates aed THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 He says, Ann. Mag., N. H., 1881, ser. 5, v. VIIL, p. 310 :—“ Why Dr. Packard and others have placed this species in Epicallia, of which £. villica is type, it would indeed be hard to say. Setting aside other differ- ences, the utter dissimilarity of the male antennze should have been sufficient to keep them widely separated. The pattern and colour of the wings, the less woolly and smalier thorax, and the barred abdomen are all characteristic of Zypercompa,; in fact, with the exception of the rather shorter costal margin of primaries, which may, perhaps, be regarded as a generic character, I can see nothing to distinguish it from that genus.” Mr. Butler claims dominula and allies as Hypercompa ( Callimorpha Stgr.), and says our species of Hypercompa ( Callimorpha) differ generic- ally from the European species, and should be referred to Hap/oa Hiib. Villica, according to Butler the type of Zpical/ia, is placed in Arctia by Staudinger. Without expressing any opinion on the subject, I refer the matter to some one having the material for study. E. virginalis Bdv. 1852—Bdv., Lep. Calif. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.), 49, Chelonia. 1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL, 611, Arctia. 1860—Clem., Proc. Ac, N. Sci., Phil., XII., 529, Arctia. 1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 337, Arctia. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III, 108, Epicallia. 1867—Gre & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., I, 333, pl. 6, f. 42, 2, LE picallia. 1873—Stretch,* Zyg. & Bomb., 70, 238, pl. 3, ff 2, 3, 4, and pl. 10, ) f. x (larva) Zpicadlia. 1874—Pack.,* Rept. Geol. Surv., 1874, p. 559, Zpicallia. 1875—Edw.,* Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 186, Zpicadlia, 1876 —Stretch, Rept. Surv. West. 100 Mer., V., 802, Epicadlia. 1881—Butler, Ann. Mag., N. H., Ser. 5, VIIL, 310, Wypercompa. var. ochracea Butler. 1881—Butl., Ann. Mag., N. H., Ser. 5, VIII., 310, Aypercompa Cites Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., p. 71, pl. 3, f. 2, as type. var. guttata Bdv. 1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.), 48, Agarista. 1853 —H.-Sch., Lep. Exot., 72, f. 464, Pleretes. 1862—Morris, Synopsis, 132, A/ypza. 216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., rog, pr. var. 1867—G. & R., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., L, 334, an sp. dist. , 1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg. XII), 74, Cal/imorpha. 1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 70, pr. var. 1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 186, pr. var. » Habitat—Vanc., Calif., Or., Colo., Ariz. Genus Piatarctia Packard. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 109. I have no notes of this genus, never having had a specimen that belonged to me absolutely. P. borealis Moeschler. 1860—Moeschl., Wien. Ent. Monatsch., IV., 360, pl. 9, £ 3, Arctia. 1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc,, Phil., III., 74, =parthenos. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil. IIl., r11, Platarctia. 1867—Pack., Proc. Bost. Shes N. HL, Dakss Bi Platarctia, 1869—Beth., Can. Enr., I., 45, Platarctia. : 1873—Strk., Lep. Rhop. et. Het, 24, —parthenos. 1882—Grt, New List, 15, Platarctia. Habitat—Can., Labr. Mr. Grote lists this as a distinct species without comment, ‘aaa I fol- low his lead. It is the opinion of those with both species, I believe, that parthenos and borealis refer to varieties of the same form. P. hyperborea Curtis. 1831—Curt., App. to Ross. Narr., 2nd Voy., LXXI.,, p. 1 epee 1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 611, Arcétza. 1857—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., VII., 1692, Arctza. 1860—Clem, Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 529, Arctza. 1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 340, 4rctia. 1868—Grt. & Rob. Tr. Am, Ent. Soc., IL., 71) Platarctia. Habitat—Arctic America. P. parthenos Harris. 1850—Harr. in Ag. Lake Sup., 390, pl. VII., f. 4, Aretia. 1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III, 608, Arctia. 1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XIL., 529, Arctia. 1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 337, Arctia. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247 1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 4, Arctia. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., I1I., 110, Patarctia. 1868—Saund.,* Can. Ent., I., 5, Platarctia. 1869—Bethune, Can. Enrv., I., 45, Platarctia. 1871—Saund.,* Can. Enr., III, 225, Platarctia. 1872—Lint.,* Ento. Contr., Il., 132, Platarctia. americana } Wik. 1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 607, Arctia. 1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., I., 71, pr. syn. Habitat—Can., Lake Sup., White Mts., Vt., N. Y. P. yarrowi Stretch. 1873—Str., Zyg. and Bomb., 221, pl. 1X.,f 7, ¢, Arctia. 1876—Str., Rept. Geog. Surv. West, roo Mer., V., 800, pl. 40, ff. 5 and 2, Arctia. 1882—Grt., New List, 15, Platarctia. 1883—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 44, 116, Arctia. Habitat—Labr., Arizona. Genus EuPREPIA Ochs. 1810—Ochs., Schmett., III., 298. Von Heineman’s characterization gives for this genus:—Antenne 7 and § ciliated, joints with two stouter bristles; anterior tibia with claw at tip. Primaries with accessory cell present. Based upon an examina- tion of Z. caja, the reference of that species to this genus is an error, since caja has the male antenne pectinated, the fore tibia with but a small spine at tip, primaries without accessory cell. In caja the tongue is obsolete, palpi short, head retracted. All the tibiz shorter than femora ; spurs normal, but minute. Claws simple. Primaries with 3, 4 and 5 nearly equidistant from the cross vein or end of median; 6 from cross vein, very little below end of subcostal ; 7, 8 and g on a long stalk out of end of subcostal ; ro from subcostal before the end of the cell ; second- aries with 3, 4 and 5 nearly equidistant from end of median ; 6 and 7 together from end of subcostal. Pudica is said to be the type of the genus ! £. caja Linn. 1758—Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed., X., 500, Bombyx. 1767—Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed., XIL, 819, Bombyx. 218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1781—Fabr., Sp. Ins., I1., 198, Bombyx. 1787—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 128, Bombyx. 1816—Hiibn., Verzeichniss, 181, Zoofe. 1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Fr.), 49, Arctia. 185s—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 601, Arctia. 1860—Moeschl., Wien. Ent. Monatschr., IV., 360, Arctia. 1864—Grt., Pr. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 74, an. sp. Amer. (?). at eo ee | 1867—Pack.,* Proc. Bost. Soc., N. H., XI., 33, Zuprepia. | americana Harris. | 1841—Harris, Rept. Ins., Mass., 246, Arctia. 1850—-Harris in Ag., Lake Sup., 391, pl. 7, f. 5, Arctid. 1855—Wlk., C. B. M., Lep. Het., IIL, 607, Avctia. 1862—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil. XII., 529, Arctza. 1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 336, Arctia. 1863—Saund.,* Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil. IL., 28, Arctia. 1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 3, Arctia. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, III, 114, Huprepia. 1869—Grt., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IIL, 537, an sp. dist., caja. 1872—Lintner,* Ent. Cont., IL., 134, Auprepza. ° 1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb.. 95, pl. 4, f. 4, 2, ib., p. 239 (larva) — =caja. ; 1873—Strecker, Lep. Rhop. et. Het., 24, caja. 1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Soc. Sci., V., 187, Huprepia. 1875—Bunker,* Can. Ent., VIL, 149, Arctia (life list). 1876—Lyman,* Can. Ent., VIIL, 20, Arctia. 1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., I., 273, pr. syn. 1882—Grt., New List, 15, =caja. var. utahensis Edw. 1886—Edw., Ent. Amer., IL., 166, Huprepia. Habitat—Northern U.S., N. Y., Can., Labr., Alaska, Vane., Cala, Utah. I have made no attempt to give the bibliography of the European species. It would have made the references too voluminous, and the European literature is rather easily kept track of. : E, opulenta Hy. Edw. 1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 30, Bupa Habitat— Yukon River, Alaska. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 Genus CALLarRcTiA Pack. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 114. _ This genus is unknown to me in nature, unless Mr. Stretch’s reference, hereinafter cited, is correct. In that case it needs no special character- ‘ization. C. ornata Pack. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 115, Cal/arctia. 1882—Stretch, Papilio, II., 147, —Arctia achaia ! Habitat—San Mateo, Calif. bal Mr. Stretch’s note, giving the above synonymical reference, seems to have been carefully made, and the description shows nothing to the con- trary. ‘The reference bears all the more weight since Mr. Stretch is not a lumper, and has shown in the past great deference to Dr. Packard’s @icta in this family. Grote & Robinson’s species must, therefore, drop as a synonym, while Dr. Packard’s genus must fall. I leave the positive - reference to others. : THE ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS will hold its first annual meeting in the City of Washington, D. C., of November 12th, 1889, at 11 o’clock, a. m., in the Entomological rooms -at the U. S. National Museum. According to the resolution of the Association at the Toronto meet- ing, the annual meeting was to be held on the date and at the place where the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations should next meet. The date and place for the latter meeting having been fixed, the above notice is hereby given to all members of the Asso- -ciation of Economic Entomologists. All titles of communications to be read should be sent to the Secretary as soon as possible, and those desiring enrolment as members will also please communicate with the Secretary. Joun B. Smiru, Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, N. J. 220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. CORRESPONDENCE. THE FARMER’S OWN INSECTICIDE. Dear Sir: Take plants of Pokeweed, (Phytolacca decandra Ph roots, stems and leaves ; cut them into manageable lengths ; make a decoction — —a sap-kettle will be useful for the purpose. Let the liquor cool, and — then apply with a sprinkler. This will exterminate the currant-worm, - ue rose-slug and other pests of the garden. Seg Tuomas W. FYLEs. GNOPHALA VERMICULATA, Grote. : Dear Sir; Wast year Mr. Bruce published a description of ths es of this insect, giving the food-plant as MJertensia virginica (L.) As. | Prof. J. B. Smith has repeated this record in Can. Ent. XXI., p. 174, it becomes especially necessary to point out that it is probably erroneous. —_ In the first place, W. virginica is not known to occur in Colorado, and. es the species known from the Platte basin, ins that State, are WZ. sibirica, Don., WZ. alpina, Don., and M. paniculata, Don.,—the last a new L record, being reported from Denver by Miss A. Eastwood. Secondly, the larva of G. vermiculata is common in Custer County from 8,o00 to 10,000 feet alt., and is found on MMertensia sibirica, although I have - rarely found it also on Echinospermum floribundum, Lehm. I think, therefore, we may regard MW. sibirica and F. floribundum as the known food-plants of G. vermicudata, and throw over AZ. virginica as erroneous,. unless Mr. Bruce has anything to say to the contrary. I have elsewhere - S described the larva and pupa of this insect, and as I have since found the egg, this will be a convenient time to offer a description:—G. vermicudata : egg, diam. one mill; spherical, flattened at base; pale _ yellow, smooth, rather shiny. Laid in clusters on leaves of M/. sibirica, Micawber Mine, Brush Creek, Custer Co., Colo., about 10,000 feet alte. or over. August, 1889.. G. vermicudata occurs’ very abundantly in the higher regions of the Arkansas Basin in Colorado, but I have not heard of” it on the Pacific slope. It flies lazily by day, les: especially the Howers. | of Senecta and Gymnolomia. es West Cliff, Custer Co., Colo. Te Ay CockERELL: ; Mailed November 5th. — Ohe Garadran Entomologist. VOL. XXI. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1889. No. 12. PREPARATORY STAGES OF LEPTARCTIA CALIFORNIA WaLkEeR, WITH NOTES ON THE GENUS. BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. Continued from page 213. The first to express this belief and put it in a tangible shape before the public was Mr. A. G. Butler, who published a paper in the Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., based upon a collection of moths made by Lord Walsingham in Oregon. He states he does not hesitate to say that he believes that the different forms do not represent several distinct species, but different forms or varieties of one extremely variable species. The four names that had been used he retains as names of the four forms they were originally intended to represent, and gives in addition four new names. According to Mr. Butler’s idea they would stand as follows : LEPTARCTIA CALIFORNIZ. Var. 1, Stretchii, Butler. ‘* 2, Boisduvalii, Butler. ** 3, Dimidiata, Stretch. “ 4, Latifasciata, Butler. *« 5, Fulvofasciata, Butler. ** 6, Californiz, Walker (type). ** 7, Decia, Boisduval. ‘“ 8, Lena, Boisduval. He does not describe these in full, but bases his description on the work of Stretch, Ills., Zyg. and Bomb., using the figures on plate 5. I have before me representations of all but one of Mr. Butler’s varieties in my own collection, and those ioaned me by my friend, Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, California, and three forms that are not refer- able to any of his. The second variety, Botsduvaliz, I have not seen: but it is figured by Stretch. From the series I have, I deduce the following brief descriptions, and from them have had made the wood engravings illustrating the different varieties, Wife THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LEPTARCTIA CALIFORNIZ, Var. 1, Stretchii, Butler (Fig. 12). In this the fore-wings are black, with the zig-zag transverse line pinkish white, a spot of same near the posterior angle and a basal dash. Hind wings black, with a few crimson scales in a transverse row beyond the middle. Under side, fore-wings crimson ; a black terminal border, broadest at apex ; whitish along the costa. Hind wings black, a little red in the outer part of cell. Two 2’s from Southern California. Var. 2, Boisduvalit, Butler (Fig. 13). This has the fore-wings black with the transverse band pinkish white, arcuate but not zig-zag, a brief basal dash. Hind wings black with the transverse band, as described by Mr. Stretch, “ bright orange red.” Described by him from Oregon. Var. 3, Dimidiata, Stretch (Fig. 14). Fore-wings black, two whitish spots on the costa and one near posterior angle. In bright examples of this genus three more or less distinct transverse bands may be recognized, usually gray and black with more or less of white blotches in them. The first costal spot here is in band 2 and the other two are in band 3. Hind wings black in my example. Mr. Butler says it may have ‘‘a slightly curved series of small ochreous or crimson spots just beyond the middle.” Under side, fore-wings black, a broad whitish band from above the cell to posterior angle, and the costal white spot of band 3 repeated. Hind wings slightly flecked with light near the anal angle. One f from Colorado. Var. 4, Albifascia, French (Fig. 15). This has both wings black with a broad white band across the fore-wings. : It is the same as Soisduvalit, excepting the crimson band on the hind wings. There is no basal dash or other mark on the fore-wings. Under side, fore-wings black to a little beyond the first third, terminal portion black, attenuated Pics x3: Fic. 15. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 to a point at posterior angle ; the rest of wing ochreous white. Hind -wings black. Body black, a white line from antennz back over patagia» sides of anterior and middle femora and sides of anterior tibiz red, as in the other varieties. One { from California. Var. 5, Occtdentalis, French (Fig. 16). Fore-wings black, a whitish =, basal dash and three blurred whitish spots in |. bands 2 and 3. Hind wings black, marked with orange as shown in the figure. Under side, fore-wings orange, a narrow terminal Pe black border, black along the posterior margin, mines et veins narrowly black. Hind wings black with an orange terminal and subterminal band, both united by a broad ray that passes through the cell to outer margin. Stripe on side of abdomen orange. | : One 2 from Northern California. Var. 6, Latifasciata, Butler. (Fig. 17,, hind wings with the band crimson). Fore-wings black, with three small white spots on bands 2 and 3. Hind wings black, with the median band crimson. My specimen has this band a little more irregular than the figure. Under side, fore-wings with extreme base and terminal third black, the rest crimson, whitish along the edge of the red. Hind wings with the red of the upper surface repeated. One 2 from Southern California. Var. 7, Fulvofasciata, Butler. (Fig. 17, hind wings with the band ye//ow). This is the counter- part of Var. 6, except that the band of the hind wings is pale yellow instead of crimson, My examples show a tendency to a fine pale ray or aie. two from the base of the hind wings towards the yellow bands, while Mr. Wright’s specimen does not show this tendency. Three {’s, two from Truckee, Cal., the other from California, but part of State not indicated. Var. 8, Californie, Walker (Typical). (Fig. 18, the light parts of 994 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Ll a! hind wings ye//ow. Fig. 19 shows the under side), Fore wings black, sprinkled with gray scales so as to give a gray cast to the wing ; the three transverse-bands distinct ; black, with numerous whitish spots ; a basal whitish dash. Hind wings, with the light parts pale yellow. In some the central black band is broken, and in others wanting, only the two black rays and terminal border being present. Under side as in the figure, the yellow pale, and streaked a little at base : with red. Ten {’s from Truckee, one ¢ from Southern California. Var. 9, Wrightii, French. (Fig. 18, the light parts of hind wings- crimson. Fig. 19 shows under side). This is like Var. 8, except that the light parts of hind wings are crimson instead of yellow, and the fore wings are less gray tinted. ‘The fore-wings have, instead of numerous white spots in the bands, one at posterior angle and two on costa, with the basal dash. The under surface is shown at fig. r9, and is crimson instead of yellow. One ~ from Southern California. Fic. 109. Fic. 20. Var. 10, Decia, Boisduval. (Fig. 20, hind wings crimson ; under side shown in fig. 21). Fore-wings black, the bands more or less marked by whitish spots ; basal dash present. Hind wings crimson, a terminal black border, more or less broken. Under side crimson with terminal black border as in fig. 21, or a few intergrades between this and Var. 9, with a transverse band, as shown in fig. 19. Fic. 21. Nine ~#’s and one with three g intergrades with Wrightii, and three ~ intergrades with Latifasciata, all from California. Var. 11, Zena, Boisduval. (Fig. 20, the hind wings yel/ow; the under side shown in fig. 21. Fig. 22 shows an extremely light form). Fore-wings black, tinged with gray ; the three transverse bands more or less distinct, both by the clear black without gray, and by the whitish spots. In three specimens from Colorado the bands are almost continuous white, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | 225 as shown in fig. 22. Hind wings yellow, with a terminal black border ; sometimes much broken, as in fig. 22. Under side in fig. 21, the light part yellow, more or less red stained at base. One f from Southern California, three ~’s from Colorado, two 2’s from Truckee, Cal., and five 2’s from other parts of California. Besides this there are two 2 intergrades with Decza from Colorado, four 2 inter- grades with Decia from Truckee, Cal., and two %’s and one intergrade with Decia from Southern California. One of the principal variations in these forms is found in the amount of black on the hind wings, ranging from wholly black to a few black spots as a terminal border. ‘The first breaking up of the solid black is found in a single light point near anal angle, then a few pale scales across the wing, next a band of light, in the succeeding stage the basal part invaded by pale rays, and finally all the black obliterate except the ter- minal border. In the specimens having only the terminal border of black, there is a fine penciling of black along the veins, and in the inter- grades between Wrightii and Decia a gradual fading out of both the transverse band and rays may be found till there is nothing but the obliterate penciling of the veins left. Varietys5, Occidentalis, seems to be an irregular form that only partially falls within the line of the regular variation. The fore-wings are black in the red forms, with but little if any gray tint ; in the yellow forms, slightly gray tinted, with three more or less distinct transverse bands, which in the gray wings lack the gray tint, and . contain in nearly all of them a few white or whitish spots. When only a few spots are present, these are costal in second and third band, and one at posterior angle in third band. Varieties 1, 2 and 4 seem to come from an unusal development of the second band. The varieties are largely local. The prevailing color of Southern California examples, as seen by the localities under the several varieties, is crimson ; the Sierra Nevada and Colorado forms are mostly yellow, and the Oregon and North California forms are orange. These are the prevailing colors. In the Truckee specimens all my males were yellow and females varying from almost a distinctive orange to yellow, with traces of the red tinge along the veins (of hind wings, of course). In Lord, Walsingham’s collection from Oregon the prevailing color was orange, and we find that color extending into California. But in each of 226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. these localities there is enough intergrading in color to show the afinity of the different forms. NoTE.—Varieties 4, 5 and g are in the cabinet of Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, Cal. I think 4 and 5 were obtained by him from Mr. © James Behrens, of San Francisco, and probably both were from Northern California. Sas THE NOCTUIDA OF NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE — COMPARED. (Fourth Paper.) BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY. | ; Tribe Arzamini. , : f The pale or yellow coloured species of Gortyna, the caterpillars being — internal feeders, pupating, however, in the ground, prepare us for the Nonagriini, Wehave, however, in North America, a peculiar tribe which — I have called Arzamini, and which I here interpolate. The caterpillar was first discovered by Prof. Comstock, in Florida Lakes, in the leaf-stalks of the pond lily. This was the larva of A. vudnifica var. melanopyga, & : and subsequently in the lake at Ithaca, the larva of the typical vadnifica was observed by the same distinguished entomologist. The larva is — furnished with nine pairs of spiracles, and passes freely on the water from one leaf to another. Subsequently, the larva of Sphida obliquata was described by Prof. Kellicott. ‘The moths of this tribe are related to the : Nonagrians, but differ by the bluntly terminating abdomen of the female, “ a recalling certain Zachneine in appearance. There are two genera: Arzama, with three distinct species (of which I owed specimens of 4. diffusa to my excellent friend Mr. Moffat) in which the front is smooth, and Sphida, with the single species od/éguata, in which the front is — tuberculate. ‘This appears not to be a variable or sexual character in the | moths, as it may be in certain Scarabeide, but is in Lederer’s opinion, with which I agree, of generic value. If we are not so to consider the tibial armature, or the conformation of the clypeus in the Woctuide, there remain few characters which we may use as generic. I am disposed to consider, then, Copimamestra, which differs from M/amestra by the tibial THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227 claw and Shida, which differs from Arzama by the clypeal tubercle, as independent genera on the strength of these single characters. The tribe Arzamini is not represented in Europe, and, beyond the Dicopinz, is so far the first distinct structural departure in North America from the European types. While Dzcopis and allies resemble the Bombycozdi or certain Hadenini in appearance, the Arzaminz have a distinct and singular form, and, while their affinities evidently lie with the Nonagrians, their peculiar larval structure and habit clearly warrants our considering them as constituting a distinct group or tribe of the WVoctuzde. The re- semblance in the female abdomen of the Arzamznz to the Bombycid genus Eriogaster, and the unusual larval condition, lends interest to this tribe. May we not consider the Arzamini as an American survival of a very ancient form of the Woctuide ? Tribe Wonagrtint. This tribe differs from the Hadeninz in the absence of body tuftings, and in the finer, smoother vestiture ; only in a few genera is there a median thoracic ridge. In these characters Gortyna agrees with the Hadenini ; the habit of the larva probably associates Zuthisanotia, a tropical genus with foot-hold in Florida, with Gortyna. ‘The present tribe is one of the most interesting of the family. The moths are pale or straw-coloured, some with a warmer, a little red or ochre tint, and the larve feed in reeds or grass. JVonagria has a stout, clypeal projection, and naked eyes; the larva lives in the stems of Zypha and Phragmites, pupating in its burrow. We have eight North American species described ; probably many more remain to be discovered, as the moths must be bred, and are not often captured. In Europe, seven are known. So far as known to me, our species are not like the European, or representative. We have an immense species, with the proportions of a small Sphinx, from Florida, my J. permagna. Our most usual species, perhaps, in the east, of moderate size, is my subflava. No species are known to me from California, but we must expect that they await discovery. These /Voctuzde, with boring larvee, inhabiting swamps, must be an old form of the family, once, at least, of very general distribution. The European genus Coenodia, with one species, I have not found in North America, but I discovered a Western American genus ofa, with two small species, which, from its clypeal 228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. structure and other characters, seems to belong here. I have described one American species of Senta, figured in the Buffalo Bulletin (1874); the figures on this plate are in some copies coloured. Of the European genus © Tapinostola, two North American species are described, one only have I seen. The European genera Mediana and Ca/amia, with single species, are apparently wanting in North America ; but we have a peculiar genus in Ommatostola, with lashed eyes. Heliophila Hib. (= Leucania Ochs.) is, perhaps, the leading genus of the group ; and, like Apatela, Agrotis, Hadena and Mamestra, contains identical and representative species, The eyes are hairy, the thorax smooth, the male antennz impectinate, the body rather stout, the legs in some species thickly haired. Probably a resemblance of ornamentation between Pseudolimacodes niveicostatus and the European He/iophila conigera, led Guente, although the eyes in the former are naked (but Guente does not study this character), to describe our species, which I am disposed to refer even to a different sub-family, as belonging to Zeucania. We have probably one identical species of Heliophila with Europe: 4. pallens. Our H., pseudargyria seems to be allied to /ithargyria, while we have a number of species resembling the European obsoleta, straminea. comma, littoralis, etc. No species have yet been found in North America at all resembling the European evidens, conigera, vitellina, turca. The well-known ‘ Army Worm” — Heliophila unipuncta, has been taken in England, and in the Madeira Islands, probably introduced from North America. Although single species may have now a wider range, I think we must conclude that the genus Heliophila, in North America, belongs to the European element, and is descended from a former common circumpolar fauna. These — insects must be collected’ at light in the neighborhood of swamps and waters by which reeds and flags grow. In the stems of these we may find, in June and July, the grown caterpillars or pup of Vonagria. The European genera Mycteroplus, Argyrospila, Mythimna, with single or — few species, are undescribed in our fauna. It seems probable that our Nonagrians are quite incompletely known, and that in North America, from which twenty-seven species of He/iophi/a are described, while Europe - numbers thirty-two, many interesting discoveries await the entomologist in the present group. I have referred here the Californian genus Zosteropoda, from the shape of the wings and the tufted legs ; and, as in other tribes, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 North America is already credited with peculiar genera, with few species, clustering about the two principal genera, which are here: Monagria and fleliophila. , Tribe Scolecampini. _. The body is slender, smoothly haired ; the legs unarmed, thinly scaled, . rather long ;.the wings vary from rather broad to quite narrow ; the colors are mainly of the preceding group, and the caterpillar of Scolecocampa is said to burrow in wood. This tribe, with the Arzamini, is exclusively American, and may be considered, equally with that, to be an outgrowth of the Nonagrians. I refer here (see Can. ENT. XV., 131) the genera Scolecocampa, Eucalyptera, Amolita, Cilla, Doryodes, Phiprosopus. Geyer’s figure of .S. /iburna has the primaries shaded with red, a feature I have noticed in fresh Southern examples of the moth. Mr. Morrison seems to have had no notion of the affinities of his Zucalyptera bipuncta ; _Lreferred the moth to Scolecocampa, the differences seeming only com- parative, or of specific value. Since then I found a second Western form, and, although the differences are not very decided, I adopt the genus. In_ this tribe the ornamentation seems a modification of the usual Heliophilid type. The longitudinal medium stripe, the pale oblique shade to the still pointed primaries, the dots and dotted stigmata, varying in expression in the different genera, are Heliophilid features ; while the oblique and longer palpi, often smoky on the sides, the slender feet and linean body dis- tinguish the tribe. Doryedes is described as a Geometrid by Guente, and Phiprosopus (printed Phyprosopus, originally in error) is described, under characteristics which do not belong to the genus and were accidental in the type, equally as a Geometrid by Zeller, who subsequently acknow- ledged my prior and more correct reference of P. callitrichoides to the Noctuide. The chiloform appearance of most of the genera becomes almost lost in PAiprosopus, notwithstanding the narrow wings, while the Jabial palpi depart from the usual form; these latter, and the peculiar color, remind one of certain exotic genera allied to Ca/ge, where I was at first disposed to locate the genus. When the immature stages are known, our present views may be modified. Always must our classifica- tions be judged by their reasonableness in reference to the existing knowledge of the whole history of the insects. 230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Tribe Caradrini. In this tribe, in which the body is still smoothly scaled, or with very slight tufts, the eyes naked, the tibiz unarmed, the two principal European genera are represented in North America. In Caradrina, twenty-eight European species are described, while but eleven have so far been dis- covered in North America. Of these, 1/iranda seems to be exceedingly near the rare and local European /epigone, while others have the European ~ facies. The species of Pyrophila (=Amphipyra) are interesting as affording one identical species, ¢ragopogonis, and one representative, pyramidoides. Whether the former is a survival or an importation is — uncertain, I have been inclined to believe the latter is the case. The species of Pyrophila are large and so exceedingly like the flat species of Agrotis, that (when in the south away from my microscope) I mistook — tragopogonis, communicated to me by Prof. Saunders as injurious to grape, for an Agrotis. The unarmed legs separate the present genus; but the habit is similar, as I have observed pyramidoides beneath the bark of - decaying trees in the woods. Upon the loose bark being removed the moths endeavored to escape by running. Like cockroaches, the smooth greasy-looking vestiture, and the flat shape, evidently facilitate their movements in such places.of concealment ; I have observed species | of Agrotis saucia, etc., in their company. The question of whether we should not bring in the Agrotini, between the Caradriné and the Orthosini, is yet, perhaps, an open one. No reasons are given by Lederer for not following the arrangement of older authors ; but it is better to conform in such cases to Lederer’s example, as it is followed in Europe, and since my main object has been always to bring the two faune under the same artificial system, so that they can be compared, the differences and resemblances taken note of. In the present tribe the derivation of one part of our fauna is very clear. The European pyramided, and our pyramidoides, are descended from one stock. We have apparently failed to take over the other large and showy species of Pyrophila found in Europe, as I have seen nothing like them in any North American collec- tion. In the west is found my Fotel/a notalis, a moth apparently allied to Acosmetia ; this latter, with the other European Caradrinid genera, [ have not recognized in North America. I am uncertain as to whether Adipsophanes and Crambodes should not be included in this tribe ; the former genus includes my mésce//us and terminelus, the latter Genes talidiformis. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 THE NORTH AMERICAN CALLIMORPHAS. A REPLY TO CRITICS. BY H. H. LYMAN, MONTREAL, Since my article on the North American Cad/imorphas appeared in the Canapian Entomotocist for October, 1887, a number of papers upon the same subject, and containing certain criticisms of my views, appeared in subsequent numbers of this magazine, and in Entomologica Americana ; and, in addition, I received certain letters upon the same subject from entomologists to whom I had sent copies of my article. To these critics I now propose to make a perhaps rather tardy reply :— Mr. J. B. Smith had spoken before the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S. upon this subject, and the discussion had been reported in En- tomologica Americana, but, as Mr. Smith surmised, I had not seen the report till after my paper was in the hands of the printer ; and, although Mr. Smith’s paper in the Proceedings of the National Museum appeared before mine, I did not hear of its issue till after the publication of my own. In the CanapIAN EntTomoLocist for December, 1887, appeared Mr. Smith’s review of my paper, in which he admitted the correctness of my determination of the true Leconte: of Boisduval, and of many of my con- tentions, though expressing his dissent from others, especially in the matter ofnomenclature. There was, however, one typographical error of some im- portance in that paper, on page 236, line 27, where the figures 6 and 8 should have been 4 and 6. In that paper, Mr. Smith arranged the species of this genus in a slightly different order from that adopted by me, by chang- ing the order of the two forms Confusa and Suffusa. This is a small matter, and one about which I am not disposed to ' quarrel, especially as it seems to me that no linear arrangement of species can ever be quite satisfactory, as to correctly express the full relationship of species, we should require to group them in all three dimensions of space. But the chief issues between us were whether Vesta/is should be regarded as a distinct species, or only a synonym of Fu/vicosta, and as to the correct application of the names Conscita, Lactata, Confusa, Suffusa and Reversa. In regard to the first point, Mr. Smith conjectured that I had never seen a true Vesta/is, and he very kindly sent me a specimen as typical of that form. This specimen is certainly very remarkable, as it is much 232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. smaller than any specimen of Fx/vicosta that I ever saw, measuring only 3814 mm. in expanse, and is, as Mr. Smith says, “‘ whiter and more frail and Zuchetes like,” though it has none of the semi-diaphanous appear- ance of Z. Collaris. It is, of course, impossible to form a safe judgment upon a single specimen, and I can only say, that if a full series should show constant differences from //vicosta, and no connecting links bey found, I should be inclined to concede the distinctness of this form. _ This is one of those cases where it is much easier to see a difference . than to describe it. Dr. Packard, however, who described Vestadis, wrote to me that he now considered his types to be only small sperma : fFulvicosta. ae Mr. Smith advanced the opinion that this was the fonts given by: ine Walker as Conscita @ instead of Fudvicosta as generally supposed; but _ as I regarded this as extremely improbable, I took a life-size photograph. of my specimen and sent it to Mr. A. G. Butler, who wrote: “The small form is unknown to me, though I have seen an example of Euchates aos collaris, under the name of vestadis.” Mr. Smith also disagreed with me ; ay in regard to my citing his name Lactata as a synonym of Conscita Walk., os and argued that Conscita § =Lactata Smith, Conscita g. Yar, De Fulvicosta Clem. and Conscita = Vestalis, and argued that such confusion should militate against Walker’s name being retained. ea Mr. Walker’s errors were no doubt great, especially his placing Con- y scita in a wrong genus; but from what Mr. Butler wrote in reference to — the small Vesta/is, I do not believe that Walker had that form before him at all. His only mistake, after the generic one, was in taking Fulvicosta, which had already been described by Clemens, to be the 2 of Conscita, and this, apart from the creation of a partial synonym, was not so very dreadful, — seeing that such a relationship would only imply a sexual variation similar | to. Se : that between the # and 2 of Leucarctia Acrea. I, therefore, maintain my : position as to the validity of Walker’s name for this form, whether it bea species or only a variety, and in this I am supported by Mr, Butler, who wrote to me as follows: ‘‘ There can be no question that if conscita is a. good species (which I do not believe it to be), the first and larger part of Walker’s description applies to it, and the meré fact of his referring the | wrong female to it will not invalidate that description any more than if ‘6 Walker had described the male only, Smith’s name has notalegto ‘ stand on.” Mr. Smith further urged that I was not consistent, and. that, if his name Zactata fell before Conscita Walk., my name Confusa would ‘ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233 — have to give way to Reversa Stretch, and added, “I scarcely expect Mr. Lyman’s adhesion to this theory.” Probably not, but certainly not from the idea which he would seem to imply, as I trust 1 am not so petty as to allow any desire to have my own name stand, to warp my judgment as to what would be right in the premises. _. Mr. Smith claimed that Mr. Stretch’s name eversa included Confusa as well as Suffusa and Contigua. [doubt this very much, but let it be assumed that it did, what follows? This is Mr. Smith’s reasoning ; Contigua had priority for one part of Stretch’s description, ‘‘I separated suffusa, and the name stands for the remaining part, viz, confusa Lyman, which would remain only as a synonym of reversa.” This I consider, and I trust Mr. Smith will forgive me for saying it, absolute non. sense, though unlike Mr. Smith’s friend at the New York meeting, without auy profane adjective. What Mr. Smith did subsequently to Mr. Stretch’s description could hardly affect the application of that name unless he had pointed out that the name Reversa covered several distinct species, and proposed that it should be limited to one of them, and then aoe to give a new name to any other undescribed form. Mr. Smith did not do this, and naturally so, as he thought, the name Reversa included Contigua, Lecontei, and the form which he undertook to describe as Suffusa. He thus proceeded to give a new name to what he considered the only previously undescribed species included by Mr. Stretch in his description. Certainly the greater part of the description of Reversa applies to Suffusa; Mr. Stretch, especially, saying that the mark- ings ‘‘ are exactly as in C/ymene,” and Mr. Smith, himself, acknowledged this to me. I, therefore, think that if the name Aeversa is to stand, it must be for Suffusa, and not for the form which may possibly have been referred to in the following bracketed eight words of a sixteen line de- scription: “The basal patch is triangular, (sometimes divided by a nar- row, basal brown brand).” I think, however, that as the first half of the description was evidently intended to cover Contigua, which Mr. Stretch appears to have considered the stem form, the name should be ignored, except as a synonym, and Mr. Butler wrote that he agreed with me on this point. Mr. Grote, on the contrary, wrote that Aeversa should stand with Suffusa as a synonym. Mr. Butler found fault with both Mr. Smith and me for using the 234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 5S ae name Cad/imorpha for these moths, writing as follows:—‘“ I have strongly — objected to the use of this generic name for this group on the following __ grounds, viz.:—1. The type of Callimorpha i is C. jacobea, a European Lithosiid. 2. There is already a generic name—ap/oa Hiibn.—for the ee North American representatives of Hypercompa. Ihave pointed out to AG Smith that there are structural differences between AWypercompa and = Hapioa, and although these characters are slight in themselves, lamof _ the opinion that, taken in conjunction with the utterly different aspect and — ee style of coloration of the species, they should be regarded as sufficient.” Mr. Smith, it will be remembered, in his paper in the Proc. Nat, Museum, 87, 23, held that these ‘structural differences” were too slight ‘ to warrant such a separation, and affirmed, besides, that they were not | constant, and for myself I may say, as I wrote to Mr. Butler, that Iam not in a position to decide the question satisfactorily, even to myself, age | so prefer to leave it to the authorities, : ‘Mr. Grote, in two short communications to the CANADIAN ENTOMOLO- — cist, while complimenting me on my plate and on my sorting out of the 3 : moths, insisted that my work was not original, and that.these forms could a 7 not be regarded as distinct until they have been proved so by breeding ” ey from the egg. Bae I am not greatly concerned as to whether my humble work in this = department is “ original” or not. I contend that it is at least useful, but — if the description of a form as a new species is not original, what is to | be said of Mr. Grote’s own work in the same direction? As to the argu- ment about breeding from the egg, which has also been urged in letters by others, I repudiate it as unscientific and impracticable. If no one was to be permitted to describe a species as new until he had proved it to be such by breeding from the egg, there would long ago have been a complete — block in the study of North American entomology, and there would not x have been so many specific designations followed by the honoured name of Mr. Grote. Besides, it is not such a long time since a very dis- tinguished entomologist described as a new species a form which he had ‘‘ established ona sure foundation by breeding from the egg,” and which — shortly afterwards turned out, upon further breeding, to be only a pre- — viously named form of a well known polymorphic species. It is, there- fore, difficult to say how much breeding would have to be done before — these doubting Thomases could be convinced. JI may say, however, that ee ee Sg ~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23D ‘held back my paper for several years in the hope of being able to breed the two forms, Zecontei and Confusa, side by side, but the appearance of such a muddle as the description of Reversa Stretch decided me to publish the results of my studies, so far as they had gone, with as little delay as possible. Dr. Packard wrote that he could not believe in the distinctness of these species, and that Mr. Otto Seifert had bred a good many forms and con- sidered them varieties of Zecontez. I immediately wrote to Mr. Seifert to ask for particulars of this most important information, -and received an answer in which he said :—‘“ Dr. Packard must have misunderstood me in saying I reared those Ca//imorphas. Showing the doctor quite a number of this insect in great variety I told him they had been caught (by Mr. Putnam Cramer) near Troy, N. Y., in July, all at the same spot.” Finally, Dr. Lintner wrote very guardedly that C. contigua at least seemed distinct. It would thus seem that these unfortunate moths, having got the repu- tation of all belonging to one species, it is impossible to get people to accept the idea that they may really be distinct species, although they are quite ready to accept as such any apparently new form of such difficult genera as Colias, Argynnis or Catocala, even when the difference is so slight as to be hardly perceptible. I consider the Ca//imorphas far more distinct and more easily separated than the species of very many genera of butterflies and moths which could be named in addition to those referred to above. I have seen in all at least two hundred specimens, and until very recently and since the publi- cation of my paper, I hac never seen one that I could not unhesitatingly place at sight. The exception was in the case of a few specimens in the collection of Dr. Bethune, which seemed to indicate a possible linking of the two forms, Confusa and Suffusa, and I am prepared to admit that— possibly these two forms may turn out to be northern and southern varieties of one species, though Mr. Smith disagrees with me strongly on this point. I hold, however, very strongly with Mr. W. H. Edwards that whenever a form is distinctly and easily separable from previously named species, it is entitled to be treated as a good species, and to be given a specific name until it is proved to be only a variety by breeding, and that in such a case the name should be retained as a varietal name ; but with regard to this breeding from the egg, I would point out that the making of these 236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, experiments is just as incumbent upon those who deny as be ai ey Lies 2 assert the validity of these specific distinctions. For myself, I care very little whether entomologists acknoy aa that these moths belong to distinct species or not, if they will only regard them — ; as distinct forms or varieties. No good can possibly come from lumping such forms as Lecontet, Contigua, Confusa, Suffusa and Fulvicosta under one name. Let these names be used if only as varietal names, in order that we may know what writers on the subject refer to, and learn some- thing of the distribution of these interesting forms. If this is done, and those who have the opportunity and time will breed them and publish the results of their experiments, I shall be quite content, and shall have no fear of the correctness of my views being disproved, but even if the results oo should controvert my belief, I shall be quite satisfied so long as the truth ree is established. NOTE ON THE PREDATORY HABITS OF CHATOPSIS | z ZENEA (WiIep). ion REV. THOMAS W. FYLES, SOUTH QUEBEC. In the beginning of July last I discovered in a bed of Zypha latifolia, in the neighborhood of Montreal, a large number of the larvee of Arzama obliguata. I have visited the spot repeatedly, and have had the larvae under daily observation. One remarkable circumstance concerning them is that they are liable to attacks from the maggots of a fly belonging to the Ortalidz, viz.:—The Chetopsis enea of Wiedeman, the Ortadzs trifasctata of Say. I found that larva, in the proportion of about one in every six, had been overcome by these maggots. Some of the victims were quite dead ; some were still writhing. As many as twenty maggots were feed- ing on one caterpillar, draining away its juices. They were of the usual form, pointed at one end and truncated at the other. When mature, their length was about seven-sixteenths of an inch. I raised a great | number of them, feeding them upon injured oddiguata larve. The pupal stage lasted about ten days; and all through August the flies continued to make their appearance. They are very beautiful. The head is white ; the eyes are dark brown ; the body is green and glossy ; and the legs, antenne and mouth-organs are brownish yellow, The wings are whitish and hyaline; they have black tips and two transverse black bars, the hinder of which touches the black tips at the costal edge, I am indebted to Dr. Hagen for the identification of the species, = = SS THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237 PREPARATORY STAGES OF PYRAMEIS CARYE, Hupner. BY HARRISON G. DYAR. | The eggs are deposited by the butterflies, singly, on the upper surface of the leaves of the food-plant, the Malva. They are nearly cylindrical, but thicker in the middle, the base and top quite flat, and rather abruptly rounded. ‘The longitudinal ribs project beyond the summit ; color green, of a slightly bluer tint that the leaves. Length 7 mm, First Larvat Stacr.—Head, cervical spot, anal plates, and alter- nating row of eight black dots per segment and short hairs, all black. Body dark yellowish. Head without processes, smooth and shiny. The caterpillar spins a web on the surface of the leaf, beneath which it lives and eats the upper portions of the leaf. Length about 2 mm. SECOND LARVAL STaGe.—Head black and hairy. Body pale purplish black ; short spines bearing black hairs, arranged as in the mature larva, black, but the dorsal and sub-dorsal on joints six, eight and ten, yellow. Length 4 mm. | THIRD LARVAL StaGE.—As in the preceding stage, but the sides faintly mottled with yellow, and a geminate yellow dorsal stripe. Length § mm. FourtH LarvAL StTace.—Head slightly cordate, bronzy black, with minute, yellow speckles and black hairs. Body purplish black, with small yellow spots, a geminate dorsal yellow line, irregular and inter- rupted, and a series of irregular supra-stigmatal and sub-stigmated spots. Spines black. Length about 15 mm. FirtH LARVAL STaGE.—Mature larva. Quite variable in appearance, but the markings are essentially the same. Head black, covered with many white hairs, and on the vertex about six orange elevated spots bearing black hairs. Body dull greenish and black mottled, varying in intensity of shade from black, through gray, to a dull dirty white, but usually light colored, thus distinguished from its ally, Pyramets cardut, On the body are many orange or yellow spots, appearing to be irregularly placed, but they may be arranged as follows :—A row in sub-dorsal space, three contiguous lateral rows (in one example in which the spots were yellow, the central lateral row was orange), and a supra-stigmatal and sub-stigmatal row, all irregular. Spines black or white, or, in some, the anterior ones black, branched, and each tipped by a black hair. The spines are seven per segment on joints five to twelve (7. ¢., dorsal, sub- dorsal, lateral and sub-stigmatal), none on joint two, four on joints three 238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. and four, and two on joint thirteen. The body is covered by many small elevated spots producing short white hairs. Venter greenish, mottled with black or brown, Length about 30 mm. : CHRYSALIS suspended by the cremaster, depressed behind the thorax, the thoracic process short and pointed, tapering anteriorly in a ridge, wing cases prominent, abdominal segments small and quickly rounded, cre- master flattened and hooked to the button of white silk, a pointed eleva- tion at each eye, and at the base of the wing cases.. Three rows of dorsal pointed elevations on the abdominal segments with two points on the thorax, touched with white, and two large and two small white spots in the depression behind the thorax. Color of chrysalis wood brown, minutely mottled with whitish or darker to black. The caterpillar forms itself a hollow in which it lives, by spinning up one or more leaves of the food-plant. The length of each stage is about four days, and the pupa state lasts about two weeks. In its early stages the insect cannot be distinguished from Pyrameis cardut. Larve from Los Angeles Co., California. BUTTERFLIES AT QU’APPELLE, ASSA. BY HENRY SKINNER, M. D., PHILADELPHIA. The following is a list of butterflies caught near Fort Qu’Appelle, North- west Terr., by Mrs. Cora E. Rose and her two little sons. Mrs. Rose ~ describes the locality as follows :—‘‘ Those sent were all caught within a radius of about half a mile, in the territory of Assiniboia, thirty miles north of an old Hudson Bay Post called Fort Qu’Appelle, and distant west from Winnipeg some three hundred and twenty-five miles ; the ont foliage is willow and poplar.” Papilo rutulus, Bdl. Pieris protodice, Bal. ie Colias christina, Edws. A number of males and one female, the orange form. ee Colias philodice, Godt. Colias Scudderii, Reak. Colias eurytheme, Bdl. A number of fine males and one female. Lycena Scudderii, Edws. Male and female. Chrysophanus helloides, Bdl. Male and female. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 Chrysophanus florus, Edws. Male and female. Danais plexippus, Linn, One very peculiar looking male expanding only three and one-half inches and having the primaries produced apically in a remarkable manner. Euptoieta clandia, Cram. This has previously been reported from N. W. Terr. by Geddes ; all the books give it a much more southern range, Strecker giving it from Pennsylvania southward and Edwards’s northernmost points being Quebec and California. Argynnis lais, Edws. Argynnts bellona, Fabr. Melitea carlota, Reak. Grapta progne, Cram. Vanessa milberti, Godt. Vanessa antiopa, Linn. The expanse is considerably less than in those found here (Phila.) Pyrameis cardut, Linn. Pyramets huntera, Fabr. Limenitis arthemis, Drury. Erebia discoidalis, Kirby. Erebia sine-ocellata, Nov. var. This is a var. of efipsodea, Butler, which, I think, deserves character- ization. It has the bright fulvous patch on the superior wings divided into four sections by the sub-costal and discoidal nervules. Above the third median nervure is a small. fulvous patch separated from the rest. There are but two black dots on the fulvous, and the white dots, which in epipsodea make them ocelli, are wanting. The underside of the superior wings is practically the same as the upper. Described from two specimens, one from Fort Qu’Appelle and the other in the Coll. Am. Ent. Soc., locality unknown. The Fort Qu’Appelle specimen is very much darker than efzpsodea usually is. pipsodea is quite a variable species, individuals differing in the size, colour and number of the ocelli, also in the extent and number of the fulvous patches. One marked specimen having four white pupilled ocelli. Chionobas varuna, Edws. _Satyrus, var. boopis, Behr. Satyrus, form olympus, Edws. Three specimens. They do not agree entirely with o/ympus, but I did not think they deserved a new name, / 240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. y Cenonympha typhon, Rott. If this is not a variety of the European form it is most likely a new species. Two examples only. Pamphila Manitoba, Scud. Pamphila cernes, Bdl.-Lec. Thymelicus garita, Reak. Nisoniades icelus, Lint. CORRESPONDENCE. A RARE MOTH. Dear Sir: Allow me to record the capture, in Canada, of the rare moth Zhysania (Erebus) Zenobia, Cramer. . On the evening of Aug. 2oth, 1888, while sugaring for Catocala in the woods near this village, I came upon the strange visitor. He was sitting, with wings spread, sipping my bait, and was evidently more at ease than I. The sensation which a hunter is said to experience on sighting his first deer came upon me, for I was unprepared for such an encounter. However, the monster was taken. By a careful comparison of my specimen with the descriptions and — with Drury’s figure of T. Zenobia, and by submitting it to three different Entomologists of eminence, all of whom concur in my opinion, I have placed its identity beyond a doubt. The only reference, as far as I can find, heretofore published of its occurrence in North America is in the following foot-note in Prof. Grote’s Check List of Noctuidz North of Mexico, P. II., page 43 (1876), Viz.:— ‘Professor Riley informs me that this species occurred at Davenport.” In Vol. XVIIL, page 236, of this Journal, Prof. Grote mentions — Thysania Zenobia as one of the “species which are probably summer _ birds of passage from the West Indies and South America, following the | Gulf Stream, or aided by prevailing winds.” Drury gives Jamaica as its habitat. ji It is hard to believe that so frail a creature as an insect, though strong in flight, could have flown two thousand miles, but the ragged condition of the margins of the primaries in my insect, while all the other parts are apparently quite fresh, is evidence of its having fanned many miles of atmosphere, A. H. Kitman, Ridgeway, Ont. Mailed December 7th, INDEX TO VOLUME XXI. Aaron, E. M., articles by, 126, 145. Aleutian Islands, new species of Tineidz from, 27. American Lackey Moth, 74. Annual Meeting Entomological Club A. Ai Pci; Ee Annual Meeting Entomological Society of Ontario, 181. _ Ants herding caterpillars, 132. Apple tree tent caterpillar, 74. Arctiadze of temperate North America, pre- liminary catalogue of, 169, 193, 213. Arge Galathea, preparatory stages of, 61, 81. Ashmead, W. H., article by, 37. “Association of Official Economic - Ento- mologists, 166, 219. Audubon, monument to, 8o. Agaspherops nigra, 33. Agrotis saucia, 118. 1 scandens, 118. » subgothica, 118. Aletia argillacea, 22. Amalopota, n, gen., 176. " Uhleri, n. sp., 178. Ameria Texana, 161. _ Amphipyra pyramidoides, 230. Be 8 tragopogonis, 230. Amphotis Ulkei, 106. m Ancyloxypha numitor, 160. Anthocharis genutia, 129. Apatela felina, 36. n lepusculina, 36. Aphodius marginatus, 32. Arctia achaia, 35. " Behrii, 35- n geneura, 162. 1 -phylira, 60. 1 pinorum, 163. 1 Shastaensis, n. sp., 162. Argynnis Cybele, 130. " Idalia, 1209. " Myrina, 130. Arzama obliquata, 39, 78, 79, 99, 160, 226, 236. " vulnifica, 226. Ataenius Wenzeli, 103. Bethune, C. J. S., articles by, 100, 181. Beutenmuller, W., articles by, 27, 160. Bombycidee, notes on, 28. Book notice, 100. Brehme, H. H., article by, 78. Butterflies at Qu’Appelle, 238. " captured at Montreal, 120, " catching, by means of decoys, TIO. " classification of, 205. " flock of, 38. " length of life in, 49. " of Philadelphia, 126, 145. " of Prairies and Rocky Moun- tains, 57. Butterfly, an early, 120. Bembidium 4-maculatum, 107. Biotus formicarius, 105. Blaps similis, 101. Bledius basalis, 30. 1 politus, 30. Bruchomorpha oculata, 7. California moths, notes on, 35. I" some moths from, 161, Callimorphas, the North American, 231. Carterocephalus mandan, preparatory stages of, 113. Cerathosia, Mr. Smith on, 37. Cheetopsis aenea, predatory habits of, 236. Chionobas jutta, further notes on, 12, 67. Cicindela, notes on, 29, 104. Citation of localities, 46. Clarkson F., article ‘by, 28. Clivina, notes on, 30. Clothes beetle, a new, 187. Cockerell, T. D. A., articles by, 20, 46, 60, 140, 220. Coleoptera, additions to list of Canadian, 108, 134. Coleoptera, new to Colorado, 20. " notes on, 29, IOI. Colias Meadii, preparatory stages of, 41. Cook, A. J., article by, 187. Corrections and additions to previous papers, Hamilton, 101. Currant saw-fly, the imported, 150. Cut-worms, I17. Calosoma calidum, 119. Catocala relicta, 122, 249 INDEX TO VOLUME XXI. 2 , Ceratocampa regalis, IO. Cerostoma Aleutianella, n. sp., 27. " dubtosella, Nn. sp., 27. Chionobas, 12, 63, 67. " Macounii, 160. " semidea, 67. Chleenius Pennsylvanicus, 30. Cicindela lepida, 104. Clisiocampa Americana, 74. Cloeotus aphodioides, 104. Colias Boothii, 60. n ceesonia, 43. " " n. var. rosa, 45. " chione, 59. 1 eurytheme, 60, 238. Conosoma pubescens, 107. Conotrachelus naso, 34. Cremastochilus Knochii, 106, 140. Cychrus Lecontei, 30. Cyphon padi, 108. Datana major, larva of, 34. Dawson, P. M., article by, 179. Denton, S. W., articles by, 38, I10, 164. Derbidz, observations on some northern, 156, 176. Droves of Lyczenid caterpillars herded by ants, 132. Dyar, H. G., articles by, 34, 77, 137, 209, 237. Dyschirius, notes on, 29. Danais archippus, 19. 1 plexippus, 239. Dermestes Frischii, 101. " murinus, IOT. Dicerca prolongata, 105. Edwards, W. H., articles by, 41, 61, 81. Elliott, R., article by, 120. Entomological Club A. A, A. S., meeting of, 131. Entomological Society of Ontario, meeting of, 181. Euplexia lucipara, preparatory stages of, 137. Emphylus Americanus, 106, Epitragus arundinis, 103. E rebia epipsodea, 64, 230. " " Nn. Var., 239. n magdalena, 67. Erebus Zenobia, 240. Euparia castanea, 106, Euphoria hirtipes, 106. Euptoieta Claudia, 239, sine-ocellata, Farmers’ own insecticide, 220. Fletcher, J., articles by, 15, 74, I 13, 117, 150, 201. French, G. H., articles eh 25, 355 ‘161, 210, 221. Fyles, T, W., articles by, 12, 17, dete 236 Geddes, G., articles by, 57, 59. Gortyna, notes on genus, 139. Gosse, P. H., death of, 17. Grote, A. R., articles by, ai, 33, Si, 121, bi 139, 154, 188, 205, 226. Glea inulta, 153. Gnophaela vermiculata, 174, 220. Grapta j-album, 148, 164, 179. Hagen, H. A., articles by, 53, ye, Hamilton, J., articles by, 29, 101. Harrington, W. H., articles by, 95, 141 Hemiptera from Muskoka Lake District Howard, L. O., articles by, 13, 59. Hadena arctica, 118. Harpalus dichrous, 31. " vulpeculus, 31. Harpiphorus varipictus, n. sp., 96. Hesperia unna, 149. Hymenorus obscurus, 107. " rufipes 107. Hypocoprus formicetorum, 106, — Insecticide, Farmer’s own, 220. Insects injurious to fruits, Saunders, 100. Ibalia maculipennis, 141. ee Icerya Purchasi, 182. . | Ips fasciatus, 103. Johnson, J., article by, 79. Junonia ceenia, 145. ‘ Kellicott, D. S., article by, 39. Kent Scientific Institute, 80. Ser Kilman, A. H., articles by, 108, 134, 240. Larve, descriptions of, 34, 41, 61,77, 113 137, 160, 164, 179, 209, 210, 237. Depidoptess, additions to list of Panny 153: Lepidopterous Faune of Europe and North America, 21. : Leptarctia Californie, preparatory. stages of, 210, 221. Leptura, notes on, 32, 108. Lyman, H. H., article by; 231, INDEX TO VOLUME XXI. 243 a ee ee ee ee Lasioderma serricorne, 187. Lebia vivida, 30. Leptarctia Californize, 210, 221. " » n.var. Albtfascta, 222. " " var. Boisduvallii, 222. " " var. Decia, 224. " " var, Dimidiata, 222. " " var. Fulvofasciata,223 " " var. Latifasciata, 223. " " var. Lena, 224. " n n.var. Occtdentalts, 223. " " var. Stretchii, 222. " n D.var. Wrightt2, 224. Leptura exigua, 33. " heematites, 32, 108. " nana, 108. nu -subargentata, 33. " zebra, 33. Ligyrus relictus, 32. Limacodes inornata, 77. Limulodes paradoxus, 105. Lixus concavus, 103. McNeill, J., article by, 43. Moffat, J. A., articles by, 19, 60, 99, 153. Moth, a rare, 240. Moths from Texas, Arizona and Cali- fornia, 161. Muskoka Lake District, Hemiptera from, 1 Myrmophile, a new, 140. Myrmophilous Coleoptera, 105, 140. Macrobasis unicolor, 103. Macrophya propingua, n. sp. 97. Meligethes aeneus, 107. Myrmechixenis latridioides, 106. Noctuidze of N. America and Europe, 121, 154, 188, 226. Notes, 79. Nathalis ‘Iole, 60. Nematus Erichsonii, 152. " ocreatus, N. Sp. 95. " ribesil, 150. Neonympha areolatus, 25. " Mitchellit, n. sp., 25. Ochria, note on genus, 139. (Eneis, 63. ” Ortalis trifasciata, 236. Otiocerus Coquerbertii, 159. " Degeerii, 159. " Signoreti, 176. " Stollii, 159. " Wolfii, 176. Popular and Economic Entomology, 15. 74, 117, 150, 201. Prairies, collecting in the, 57. Pyrameis Carye, preparatory stages of, 237. Pamphila Peckius, 147. Papilio Asterias, n. var. alunata, 127. n Glaucus, 128. 1 Philenor, 127. » Rutulus, 111, 238. n Turnus, 111, 128, 201, Phalangodes robusta, 140. Phymatocera nigra, n. sp., 96. Piazorhinus pictus, 104. Pieris Ilaire, 39. " rape, n. var., zmmaculata, 128. Pityophagus rufipennis, 31. " verticalis, 31. Platysamia Cecropia, 28. Plusia Arizone, 161. u formosa, 124. n Lenzii, 161. n thyatiroides, 124. Pocadius helvolus, 31. Ptenidium evanescens, 105. Pterostichus adoxus, 102. " coracinus, 102, " femoralis, 102, " ,Hamiltoni, 102. " lachrymosus, 102, " patruelis, 102. " tartaricus, 102. " unicolor, 102. " vinctus, 102, Ptinus bimaculatus, 135. Rhyssematus scaber, habits of, 30, Rileya, final word about, 37. 1 One word more about, 13, 59. Satyrinz, notes on certain, 61, 81. Saunders, insects injurious to fruits, 100. Scudder, S. H., article by, 49. Skinner, H., articles by, 126, 145, 238. Smith, J. B., articles by, 169, 193, 213. Specific names, 51. State Entomologist of New Jersey, 79. Samia Cynthia, 28. Saperda concolor, 105. nu Fayi, 104. Soronia Ulkei, 106. Stenolophus conjunctus, 31. Tenthredinidz, n. sp. of Canadian, 95. Thyatira pudens, larva of, 209. Tiger Swallow-tail Butterfly, 201, 244 ; INDEX TO VOL : Tineidz from the Aleutian Islands, a ’ species of, 27. | Trenholme, E. Gi, article ake 120. ee. a Tachinus pallipes, 107. a Tachycellus Kirbyi, 31. Tachyporus brunneus, 107. - " scitulus, 107. 3 Tarucus theophrastus, 132. ae she | Taxonus rufipes, 0. Sp., 97. aes Zenthredo sémicornis, n. sp., 98. Tenthredopsis Evansti, n. sp., 98. : Thamnotetttx eburata, n. sp., 10. u 161, if 21 gerk po, n 162, » 7 from top, for * a Sy FOZ ne aE ae hes. hea’ DOat-S. n 162 and 163, for Gente) ad ‘* € 1 178, line 3 from top, for ‘* Hucita” pee » 182, line 14 from top, for “ Mr. Percy Crawford S.Crawiords”)) 20 1 182, line 26 from top, for ‘ ‘Opin page 1 209, line 4 from bottom, for ‘‘ Endamus 220, line 3 from. 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