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in 2009 with funding from
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THE CANADIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST.

VOLUME XXII.

EDITED BY THE

Reo. OC. I. S. Bethune, M.3., B.C. Z.,

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO,

ASSISTED BT

J. Fleteher, Ottawa; J. M. Denton and W. £.
Saunders, London.

Hondon, Ont.:

LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO,

1890.

us OF CONTRIBUTORS T0 THIS VOLUME.

Ck ee ae ee
ES Bo So OS ee IrHaca, N. Y.

ORR So)! TI Oe LAGGAN, ALBERTA.
BETHUNE, REV. C. J. S. (Editor)..Porr Hops, Ont.
BEUTENMULLER, WM. seeeee NEW YORK.

bE ge OR amen i 3 Re N:.. ¥.

ee OS OPE Oe 0 RS eR) 5 Cees Seine a ae MONTREAL.

CLARKSON, FREDERICK............ NEw York.

(EARS ASHE IG” 0, Gs i LONDON, ENGLAND.

ES RCI A Posie a sc coces 0. sees AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH.

BOE OO. Po aloes. ce su...-... ae VICTORIA, B. E,
meme eee VL TAGT Loo. is icssees.......-. dtc ALCUTTA,. DNDTA.
Bema BON, 2. Woo. osc cdsub secsac s+ .0.--.cag Mh ELLESEEY, MAss.

a0 Se ee Se RHINEBECK, N. Y.
BNI BRED @ Fe COALBURGH, WEsT VA.
Ee a ee PRESTON, ENGLAND.
FERNALD, PROF. C. H................AMHERST, Mass.
Pema, JAMES......:............8 Orrawa, Ont.

Peer, ©ROV. G. H .............. ac ARBONDALE, ILL
Bee, EV. TF. OW...) cc0...0-..-09OUTH QUEBEC.
II, Bo. dos. os ociscacscssees.....<QpRsRXINGTON, KY,

Sg ge GEE Sg GS ORO oe ae = AmEs, Iowa.
GROTE, A. R.. < eset coccecees sessssIDREMEN, GERMANY.
HAMILTON, DR. JOHN Sorc icsas aa ALLEGHENY, Pa.
RE RUER Es PON ce PA ioc ccc. ee od OTTAWA, ONT.
LYMAN, H. H.. Vad ehecesse... stem R RAL.
MOFFAT, Lote. ss pe'vace+- EON DON, ‘ONT.
MURTFELDT, MISS M. E Peeks cos <a St. Louis, Mo.
OSBORN, PROF, HERBERT........¢ Ames, Iowa.
We, Me I osc ics ccces vee: 500i Lonpon, ONT.
ELAR BS CuURRYVILLE, Mo.
0 BB OPEN ag 3. ns ee CAMBRIDGE, Mass.
ett ist, PROP. FT, B.............0......eW BRUNSWwicK, N. J.
BRE SRA OF OR) ag Soi ee Burrato, N. Y.

EE es oe scone cnsaoeeeoaskOWA CITY, IOWA.
Ne es oe ie, cee so sei MONTREAL.

kiln-dried orotherwise treated,
which renders them greatly
‘inferior to those of foreign

from an economic standpoint,
‘but from the above would Fic, 5.

The Canada Entomologist

VOL. XXII. LONDON, JANUARY, 1890. No. 1.

BALANINUS—ITS FOOD HABITS.
BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA.

All the described species of Aa/aninus inhabiting America north of
Mexico when larve live in the fruit (nuts and acorns) of the various
species of Quercus, Castanea, Corylus and perhaps Fagus of the order
Cupulifere, and Carya of the /uglandacee. Acorns, somewhat largely
used in this country in the arts and in the peneeactis of certain dietetics,
are mostly imported, the
native production being rend-
ered almost worthless by these
jarve ; and our chestnuts as .
soon as collected must be

countries. Lal/aninus has not
yet received any attention

seem deserving of some consideration in that direction. The systematic

‘separation of the species has only been effected recently and definite
‘characters furnished for their recognition. Say probably had all the now
‘described species before him, and excluding prodoscoideus, included them

in his rectus and nasicus. The failure of Say, one of the clearest of
describers, to make his species recognizable by description, is suggestive
of the absence of points of saliency, and has been the source of much
confusion in our literature, some of which is evidenced in the earlier
volumes of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Nore.—Figure 1, drawn by Miss Ormerod, represents a European species,
Balaninus nucum Linn., which feeds upon filberts, It conveys a good idea of the
characteristic forms of the genus,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bo

iii

The separation of Ba/aninus into species with valid characters was
effected by Dr. Geo. H. Horn in a monograph of the genus in 1873

(Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Phil., xili., 457, et. seq.). The species assigned to

Say’s names were determined by the descriptions of Gyllenhal from types _

sent him by Say, and the assignment has not been questioned —Reguiat.

To the old species, caryatrypes, rectus, nasicus and uniformis (Lec., 1889)

were added carye and guercus; and in 1885, Mr. F. Blanchard (Bul.

Brook. Ent. Soc., vii, 107,) described obtusus. The systematic part of
the work has been well done, yet the accurate separation of a mixed

collection requires much care and considerable practice, and cannot be
effected by mere inspection. To determine whether each species has a

preference for some particular species of acorn or nut, or whether there is _
an absence of choice, I instituted some experiments in rearing them, the

results of which I ‘propose to give, without, however, claiming them as

_ finalities. In the year 1888, larve from hazelnuts ( Corylus Americana oo

and C. rostrata) collected here by myself; from chestnuts ( Castanea

vesca) purchased in the market, collected in many places in the surround- —

ing country ; and from acorns of white oak ( Quercus alba), chestnut oak
(Q. monticola), black oak ( Q. tinctoria), red oak ( Q. rubra). scarlet oak

(Q. coccinea) and Q. imbricaria, all collected in the same woods, were
placed in separate breeding jars, which were kept in my office till the
present time, the winter temperature not falling below 40°, nor that of

summer exceeding 65°. - This was evidently an unnatural condition, and
in part accounts for the irregular developement of the most of the species,

and the not inconsiderable number of larve that go over till the next year.

B. proboscoideus Fab. (caryatrypes Bohm.).—This species was bred
only from chestnuts. The first example appeared June 25 and the last
July 12—a period corresponding with the blooming of the chestnut here.
At the time of blossoming the chestnuts are fully formed, and larger than

might be supposed, The envelope or burr is over three-fourths of an inch |

in height, soft, and covered with distant tubercles from which the prickles
afterwards develope. The 2 frodoscoideus at this time deposits her eggs
and dies, her life being limited to a week or two at the most—none being
found after the bloom has fallen. About eighty examples were reared, the
sexes being numerically equal. They were uniform in size and color, and
beautifully variegated with fuscous lines and spots interspersed among the

dense clothing of ochreous scales on the thorax and elytra. I have, how- —

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3

ever, seen in collections examples entirely ochreous. The ¢ beak varies
in length from one and one-quarter to about twice that of the body. The
character distinguishing it from all the other species is that the first joint
of the funicle of the antenna is shorter than the second.

B. rectus Say.—This, like the preceding, was bred from chestnuts
only. The first example appeared June 28, and others followed very
sparingly, and till date (Oct. rst) ninety-five examples have been taken.
Pupz in various stages and many larve are yet in the earth, and will no
doubt go over till next year. The conditions in breeding are evidently
unnatural, but why prodoscoideus was not influenced equally (being in the
same vessel) seems strange. In nature the beetles would certainly have
been on hand for the chestnuts when in bloom, at which time they are
taken by beating the blossoms. ‘Though only raised by me from chestnuts,
this species may breed here in acorns, as I tooka 9 May r5th with
nasicus by beating. Dr. Levette, of Indiana, once sent me a set: raised
by him from Arizona acorns, the beetles appearing in December of. the
year in which the acorns grew, which in no way differ from those bred
from chestnuts. The individuals vary greatly in size (4 to 7 mm.) and in
colour. The general colour of the scales and hair is light brown above,
paler below; the thorax has a dark brown discal stripe, limited at the
sides and divided longitudinally by a pale yellow line, the elytra being
interspersed in various ways with markings of the same colour. I have
never seen one entirely unicolorous, The beak of the 2 is very long
and slender, equalling or even exceeding that of the preceding species in
proportion to the size ; this and the form of the thorax, which is long and
conical, will distinguish the 9 from all others. The f has a shorter
thorax, but it is still narrowed anteriorly; this, with small femoral tooth,
oval elytra rapidly narrowed from base, and a yellowish or brownish spot
of condensed scales on each side of the central line of the metasternum
(occasionally obsolete), will, with practice, distinguish it.

B. quercus Horn.—This species was bred from all the species of
acorns mentioned except the annuals (white and chestnut oak). The first
example appeared June roth, and till August rst about one hundred and
sixty were observed ; scattering ones have since occurred from time to
time, and now the earth contains a few pupe and larve, but not so many
as in the case of rectus. This species seems to have no preference for
any of the kinds of acorns mentioned, being reared from each in about

+ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

equal numbers. Whether development was retarded or aeiieigei >
indoor raising is uncertain, as I never took even a single specimen tf
beating, though evidently excessively abundant. The individuals: vary
from 5 to 9.5 mm. in length. The general color of all bred was ochreous

brown, nearly uniform on the thorax and variously interspersed on the eee

elytra with small yellowish spots. My specimens from New Jersey and ye
Florida are entirely cinereous, mottled on the elytra with darker spots, and —

look as if belonging to a different species. The f of this species is dis- a

tinguished from that of all the others by a very unique and strik )
character, viz., the pygidium deeply concave, with the cavity smooth atid .

surrounded by an acute rim, fimbriated with long silken hairs. The beak =
of the @ does not equal in length that of either of the two preceding =
species, but is, in most cases, as long at least as the body ; the posterior ——
margin of the hind femoral tooth is. oblique ; the pygidium is very pilose

and fimbriate, and the scape of the antennz is short—about equal to the ~
first two joints of the funicle (sometimes shorter and sometimes longer,
the relative length of these parts not being a constant). The careful —
observance of these characters will readily separate it from wid of its |
allies. :
B. nasicus Say.—This species was bred abundantly from the acorns
of the white and chestnut oaks, and six examples from those of the scarlet.
The first example appeared June rst, and one or two daily till July 6th,
between which and the 16th about ofe hundred and fifty were observed,
and scattering ones till the present writing (Oct. rst). Some larve and
pup dre still in the earth. In nature, this species is taken here by
beating from about the roth of May till the last week in July in great
abundance, and individuals occur till near October. The prevailing
colour of the vestiture above is ochreous, variegated on the thorax and

elytra more or less with brownish markings, many examples, however, are — a

nearly uniform in colour, varying from pale ochreous to dark brown, and —
I have a specimen from Florida that might be called cinereous. The beak |
of the § is about the length of the body in the majority of individuals,
and in the remainder either longer or shorter in about equal numbers.
The species may be distinguished at a glance from all others except carya’
by the larger posterior femoral tooth, the hind border of which meets the
femur at a right angle, with no tendency to become sinuate or obtuse. __
B. carye Horn,—This species has not been taken here, and was not

Or

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bred, as I could not obtain last year any hickory nuts containing larve,
but as more success was had this season I hope hereafter to make known
whether carye wilibe developed. It is somewhat difficult to find infested

hickory nuts, as comparatively few are attacked. The Carya glabra

seems to be preferred, next the C. a/baand C. amara, while C. tomentosa
and maxima are nearly exempted. From one to eight larvz will inhabit
a single nut, their size not being affected by the number. Many of them
never attempt to gnaw out of their bony habitation, but when full fed
shrivel up and die. In size they equal the larvee of proboscoideus. Some
of the nuts are also depredated on by a lepidopterous larva, apparently
the same as one of the four species I find in acorns. This is not an
inguiline, but feeds on the kernel either with the Balaninus, or by itself,
there being seemingly no place of entrance. Two other species inhabit
the thick hulls of ¢omentosa and a/ba which I hope to rear. . This species
averages larger than zasicus, which it much resembles, but differs by the
larger femoral teeth ; the tibia more. strongly mucronate at tip, and the
narrow hair-like (not oval) scales below. The 2 beak is rather longer ;
the last ventral more deeply impressed, and the antennal scape about
equals four joints of the funicle. My specimens were bred my Dr. Levette,

_ of Indiana, from C. oliveformis, Pecans.

B. uniformis Lec.—This species was bred from the acorns "of all the
biennials in about equal numbers, and three examples from those of the
chestnut oak; forty-two specimens were taken in all—not nearly so
numerous as guercus with which it was reared. ‘The first example was
seen June 2rst, and none after August 1st. The individuals were very
uniform in size (5.5 to 6.5 mm. in length) and color, being all clothed
with cinereous pubescence of a scaly nature, and the elytral intervals
variegated with darker spots. My specimens from Texas and New. York
are exactly similar. This is not the typical color. The species was
described from examples taken at Sacramento, California, and at Steila-
coom, Washington, which were “concolorous” and ‘‘ densely fulvo-
pubescent,” but colour is of no value in the species of this genus. The
nostrum of all the females seen was shorter than the body; the antennal
scape short, about as long as the first two joints of the funicle. The
femoral tooth in both sexes is comparatively small, with the posterior edge
deeply sinuous. This and the foregoing 2 characters will help to dis-
tinguish this species, but in case of doubt, reference in this, as in all other

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species, should be made to the two papers mentioned for more minute =

characters. | ia
B. obtusus Blanch.—This species was bred from hazelnuts alone. The —

first example was seen June 25th, and the last July 20th. From about’
one-third pint of nuts 24 specimens were obtained, the size and colour

of which were nearly uniform. Compared with uniformis, this species is |
of a more robust facies ; the claw appendices are broader; the beak of

both f and @ is much thicker and black .altogether, or at least to the ~
insertion of the antennz, the base being in both sexes punctured,
and in the ¢ more or less striated. The scape of the antenna of the 2
is equal in length to that of three of the succeeding joints of the funicle
combined ; the femoral tooth is stronger than in muniformis, with the
posterior edge oblique and less sinuate ; the last ventral of the 2 is rounded
at tip and strongly pubescent ; not at all impressed as in the preceding. -
The differences are somewhat comparative, but in the absence of more
salient points, this is about all that can be done by description. This
species in nature seems to be short lived, as I have never obtained it by —
beating previous to June 2oth, nor after July 15th; till about this time
the shell of the nut is soft and easily pierced ; the puncture for the egg is’
made directly through the involucre and shell into the kernel near its
base. : ad
There is a nondescript form of Balaninus which I did not raise, of
which about thirty examples were taken in June with wasicus in beating
oak by Mr. Klages in Westmoreland County, and about a dozen others
were received from Mr. S. Auxer, of Lancaster, Pa. It seems to be allied
to obtusus, uniformis and nasicus, but cannot well be assigned to either.
The form, density of vestiture, shape of the elytra and colour are the same
as in xasicus, but the femoral tooth is much smaller and oblique, and the
beak of the 2 does not often exceed two-thirds the length of the body ;
this last character groups it with uxéformis and obtusus, with the former
of which it agrees in having the claw appendices acute, but differs by
having the beak thickened and punctured at base in both sexes like in
obtusus, by the longer antennal-scape of the 2, which is equal to at least
the three first joints of the funicle (in wzéformis to joints one and two),
and by the denser covering of hair-like scales and less robust form of
body ; the fem-ral tooth is a little larger, oblique and less sinuate
posteriorly. From odtusus it differs by the claw appendages being acute —

Say

Silene Caer

ae NLR. SO ee ey ne a se ne
Mek ine " -

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7

(not obtuse), its much less robust and posteriorly attenuated form, and
by the more or less impressed last ventral segment of the 2? ; vdtusus is
‘much more sparsely clothed.. There are other minor differences, but the
above suffice to show that it is not in harmony with any of the species
mentioned. From a mixed lot of masicus its separation requires an
examination of the femoral tooth in every individual, but mixed with the
other two, simple inspection will suffice in the most of cases.

It is quite probable other species of Ba/aninus remain to be dis-
covered, only one species of which is known from the Pacifie Coast. A
very pleasant and certain way to determine this would be for collectors
everywhere to rear them from nuts and acorns and publish the results.
Other modes of collecting are not to be relied on, as for example, in
twenty years collecting here I only took zasicus and obtusus, and in chest-
nut time rectus, but all this time all the other species (carye probably
included) were sufficiently abundant.

DISTRIBUTION.

B. proboscoideus.—Middle States westward, Horn ;,Massachusetts,
Blanchard ; Tennessee, Illinois, District of Columbia, Ulke ; Ohio, West
Virginia, Pennsylvania.

B. rectus.—Middle and Southern States, Horn; Arizona, Smith ;
District of Columbia, Virginia, Ulke ; Canada, New York, Massachusetts,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia.

B. quercus.—Illinois, District of Columbia, Ulke; New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio.

B. nasicus.—Canada to Georgia, and westward to Colorado and New
Mexico.

B. carye.—lllinois, Ulke ; Indiana, Levette ; Kansas (Douglas Co.),
Snow ; Pennsylvania, Klages. ‘

B. uniformis.—Canada to Florida, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

B. obtusus.—Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Blanchard; Texas,
Nebraska, Horn; Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia.

Undescribed form.—Massachusetts, North Carolina, Blanchard ;
Pennsylvania (Lancaster Co., Auxer ; Westmoreland Co., Klages).

Balaninus has a single parasite common to all the species, except
that it was not reared from odfusus,; the larva was not observed while
living in that of Balqninys, but it forms a tough papery cocoon so thin

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and transparent that the enclosed larva and pupa can be obs There ©
cocoons occupy the cell formed by the Ba/aninus, and are shaped much
like those of the large ants, but much larger. The imago is quite graceful, —
the 2 ovipositor being proportionately as long as in Rhyssa. Mr. Cresson
would have described this species under the specific name da/anini, but —
was anticipated by Mr. W. H. Ashmead, who probably describes the same ~
thing under the name Urosigalphus armatus (Proc. U.S. Nat. News
1888, p. 637, but only. issued Oct. rst, 1889). Besides the larve of

Balaninus, those of at least four lepidopters infest acorns, two of which

seem to enter by the holes made by the Ba/aninus in leaving, and live on —

‘the debris within. The other two are found with the Ba/aninus larvee, : | ‘i

one of them feeding on the refuse made by them, but the other ee 3
on the substance of the acorn, and is sometimes found in acorns by itself;
it pupates in the earth without forming a cocoon. ‘The others formed
thin papery cocoons against the sides of the jars in which they were con-—

fined. I failed to obtain their names, the gentlemen of whom inguaees. a

were made being seemingly unacquainted with these forms.

%

. SUMMARY.

B. proboscoideus is so far only known to depredate on chestnuts. —

4. rectus has been reared here from chestnuts only, but elsewhere
from Arizona acorns. ; :

B. quercus was reared in about equal numbers from the acorns of all
the biennial fruiting oaks mentioned.

B. nasicus prefers the acorns of the annual feaiting oaks (white and
chestnut), but depredates sparingly on those of biennials.

&B. carye has been reared from pecan hickory nuts elsewheke, and
many larve from nuts grown here are now in rearing and will cen
certainly develope this species.

B. uniformis prefers the acorns of biennials, but will dopsaihete
occasionally on those of annuals (chestnut oak).

&. obtusus is only known to depredate on hazel nuts.

The indescript form probably lives in acorns in the larva state, but ay
has not been reared. ;

Obs.—The acorns of all species were collected from oaks growing in

the same place promiscuously, so that the parent beetles vir dis- rs

criminated in their choice.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. im)

—_

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 219, Volume xxt.)
Genus Arcrtia Schrank.
1802—Schrank, Fauna Boica II., 2, 152.

The typical genus of the family—a general favorite with collectors and
the source of a good deal of worry and uncertainty to describers. I
have seen very large series of specimens of many species, and have seen
nearly all the species. From a rather careful study of the species I can
see no reason why they should not be as easily recognizable or
limited as those of any other Lepidopterous genus—indeed, the problem
strikes me as a remarkably easy one, the key to which lies in the fact that
no amount of obsolescence of maculation authorizes a species, while
change of pattern can be easily detected even in- specimens with the
markings much broken. Reference for general papers, lists, &c., relating
to American species, are :—

1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 183.
1856— Walker, C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 594, syn. sp.
1860—Clem, Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil, XII,, 526.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 73, fig. and syn. sp.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 37, 296.
1883—Neumoegen Papilio, III., 150, list sp.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 117. :
In the paper last cited I give at some length the features to be relied
upon for specific separation in this genus.
The head is retracted, tongue weak and short, palpi almost rudiment-
ary, antenne moderate in length ; bipectinated in the {,simple in the 2.
The legs are moderate in length, the posterior longer ; spurs short and
weak, but normal as to number ; the tarsi are finely spinulose, the claws
simple. .
Moeschler, in the Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1876, v. 37, p. 296, says :—A.
nais, phyllira and virgo have a distinct claw on the fore tibia, but I
utterly failed to find any trace of it on any specimens examined by me,

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

\

seuiaiteiies

The venation of virgo and arge, compared, showed no differences ; —
ten out of the subcostal in each, neither with an accessory cell. In other —
respects it agrees with the venation typical of the family.

The recent suggestions as to synonomy have been so conflicting, and -
none being based on a monographic study, they are simply indicated —
under the proper head, but not adopters
A. achaia Grt. & Rob.
1867—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Awb Ent. Soc., .I., 334, pl. 6, f£ 44, 45, !

Arctia.
1868—Bd., Lep. Cal. (Am. Soc, Ent. Belg., XII.) 76, Chelonia.
1873—Stretch,* 2Y6. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.
1873— “* ‘< ora, . 5, ff 17-21, Arctia.
1875—Hy. Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 187, Arctia.
1881—Butl., Papilio, I., 131, Arcéia. :
1882—Stretch, Papilio, II., 91, varieties of.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., IIL, IIT, Arctia,
var. darda Edw.
1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 39, Arctia.
var. ochracea Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 124, pl. 5, ff. 18 and 2r.
1881—Butl., Papilio, I., 131, an sp. dist. Achaia.
Habitat—No. Calif., Oregon.
A. anna Grt.
1863—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., IL, 335, oi 8, f. 1, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 220, pl. 9, f. 6, 9, Arctia.
1875—Streck., Lep. Rhop. et. Het., I., 106, =persephone. -
1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 196, an sp. dist.
1878—Streck., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sei., II., 273, =persephone.
1879—Gref, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soe., I., 4, var. persephone.
1883—Hulst, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =parthenice var.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 149, ==persephone.
var. persephone Grt.
1863—Grt., Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil., II., 433, Arctia.
1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III., 77, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.
1886—Grt., Can. Ent., XVIIL, 110, =anna var.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., t10, Arctia.
virguncula | Wik,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11

1856—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het. III., 609, Aretia.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IIL., 71, pr. syn.
Habitat—Penna., N. Y.

The form azna is much the least common, being in fact but a suffused
form of persephone. By the operation of the law of priority this suffused
and aberrant form must remain the species, while the normal form
remains the variety. It is much more widely distributed than above in-
dicated. )

A. approximata Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 104, Arctia.
Habitat—Canada.

A. arge Dru. ;
1770—Drury, Illustr., I., 35, pl. 18, f. 3, Woctua.
1791—Oliv., Enc., Meth., V., 92, ( Phalaena).
1816—Hibner, Verz., 183, Arctia.
1837— Westw., ed. Drury, I., 33, Spz/osoma.
1841—Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., 244, Arctia.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 609, dzone.
1858—Duncan in Jard. Nat. Lib. XXXII, 174, pl. 19, f. 2,
Spilosoma. —
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Phil., XII., 528, Arctia.
1862—Harris,* Ins. Inj. to Veg. ed. Flint, 346 (2ife hist. )
1873—Stretch,* Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 225, pl. 9, ff 10 and 11,
Arctia.
1874—Lintner,* Ent. Contr., III., 143, Arctica.
1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 196, Arctia.
Andrews,* Psyche, II., 79, Arctia.
1882—Gilbert,* Papilio, II., 50, Arctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., IIL, 111, Arctia.
dione Fabr. |
1775—Fabr., Syst. Ent., 572, Bombyx.
1781—Fabr , Spec. Ins, II., 186, Bombyx.
1787—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 116, Bombyx.
1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., III., 1, 442, Bombyx.
1797—Sm. Abb.,* Ins. Ga., I., 125, pl. 63.
1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 180, Euplagia.

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1837—Westw., ed. Drury Illustr., l., 32, pr. syn.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 609, Arctia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 528, Arctia.
1862—Clem.,* App. to Morris, Syn., 340, pr. syn.
1863—Saund., Synopsis Can. Arct., p. 7, Arctia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 118, pr. syn, ee
1868—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 78, Chelonia. oe
1883—Neum.,, Papilio, III., 150, an sp. dist.
1886—Grt.,, Can. ENT., XVIIL,, 108, Arctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, pr. syn.
- Habitat—Canada to Georgia, Texas, west to California, Vancouver ;
abundant. , =
Recorded food plants are Plantago and Polygonum, but the bt ie
much larger.

A, blakei Grt. os Soa
1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, III., 523, pl.5,f£ 2, 9, Arctia. —
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 224, pl. 9, £ 9, te Arctia.
Habitat—Colorado.

A. bolanderi Stretch,
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 76, pl. 3, f. 13, Arctia.
1887—-Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, Arctia. .

- Habitat—California.

A. brucei Edw.
1888—Edw., Ent. Amer., III., 183, Arctia.
1888—Bruce,* Ent. See. III., 219, Arctia.
Habitat—Colorado.

Food plants are Plantago and Paloaun.

A. celia Saund.

1863—Saund., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IL., 59, Arctia. soe
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 13, Arctia. oo ig
1865—G. & R., Ann, Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., VII., 368, =jfigurata.
1869 —Saund., . Can. Ent., IL; 74, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomba 74, Var. figurata.
1883—Hulst, Bull. BkIn. Ent..Soc., VI, 70, =nais.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, Arctia.
Habitat—Canada.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13

A. cervinoides Strk. .
1876—Strk., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil, XXVIII, 151, Arctia.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief, Eng., 1878-79, V., 1860, pl. IL, f. 4,
Arctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 112, Arctia.
-Habitat—Colo., July 15.
This will prove an undersized phyliira, with black secondaries.

A. complicata W\k.

1864—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het. Supp., XXXI., 279, Arctia.
: 1868—Grt., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IL, 117, Aretia.

& 1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 79, =dahurica.
1883—Neum. Papilio, III., 149, =achaia var.

A. dahurica Bdv.
1843—Bdv., Icon., Hist. Lep., 126, pl. IL., f. 1, Chelonia.
1845—H. Sch., Schmett Eur., II., 145, Chelona.
1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.), 49, Chelonia.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 597, Arctia.
. 1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 527, Arctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 341, Arctia.
1867—G. & R., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., I., 336, pl. 6, f. 41, 3, Arctia.
_ 1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 78, pl. 3, f 10, 2, Arctia.
y 1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, var. complicata.
- Habitat—California.

A. decorata Saund. |
a 1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 12, Arctia.
3 1863—Saund., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IL, 60, Arctia.
1864—Grt., Proc Ent. Soc., Phil., IL, 77, pl. 1, f. 4, 2, Arctia.
1865—Grt., Ann. Lyc. N. Hist., N. Y., VIII, 369, =nazs.
BC 1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, =var. nazs.
1878—French,* 7th Rept. Ins. Ills., 182, Arctza.
- 1881—French,* Papilio, I., 8, Arctia.
s 1382—French,* Papilio, II, 179, Arctia.
1883—Hulst, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, ==nazs.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 149, an sp. dist. zazs.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, =avs,

colorata Wlk.

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1864—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., XXXI, 302, A/oa.
1868—Grt., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc,, IL, 117, pr. syn.
Habitat—Can., N. Y., Penna.

The citation of co/orata as a synonym of decorata was made by Mr. —

Grote before he concluded that wa/s and decorata referred to the same

forms. I leave the reference as made, since the monographic study of

the species may develope the above as the correct conclusion. See under

nais for further references. ) ak

A. determinata Neum.
1881:—Neum., Papilio, I., 28, pe
Habitat—Colorado.

A. docta Wik.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het, IIl., 592, Euprepia.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IL, 71, mexicana.

mexicana Grt. & Rob.
1865—G. & R., Ann. Lyc. N. Hist., N. Y., VIIL, 367, pl. 13, £ 3.
1883—Neum., Papilio, LIL, 150, =docta.
autheola Bdv.
1868—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Arn. Soe. Ent. Beles, X.), 76, Chelonia.
1876—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, pl. 3, ff. 3, 4, Arctia.
1881—Butler, Ann. & Mag., N. H., Ser. 5, VIII., 310, =docta.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, =docta.
arizonensis Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 217, pl. 9, f. 4, Arctia.
1876—Stretch, Rept. Surv. West. 100 Mer., V., 799, pl. 46, ff 2 and
3, = var docta.
1883—Neum., Papilio III., 150, —docta.
Habitat—Ariz., Calif., Mexicana.

A. dodgei Butler.
1881—Butl., Ent. Mo. Mag. XVIIL., 136, Arctia.
Habitat— Unknown.

According to Mr. Butler this may be a Mexican representative of
Drury’s species phy//ira, but the nee specimen bears no locality label.

(To be continued. )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

NOTE ON THE LARVAL ORNAMENTATION OF THE N. AM.
SPHINGIDz. .

BY A. R. GROTE,

In my “ Hawk Moths of North America,” I have assumed that the
caudal horn is a prolongation of the skin itself, stiffened by chitine (p. 41).
It supports a bristle, or pair of bristles, and Dr. W. Miller, whose valu-
able work on the Wymphalide of South America in their larval stages
(Zoologischen jahrbuchern, 1886.) I have noticed in these pages, figures
the horn of Didophonota, p. 249, and regards it as a prolongation of the
base supporting the two normal bristles of the eleventh segment. We may
assume that the caudal horn is a later development, and that the sur-
‘mounting bristles were originally sessile as in the A¢tacing. ~The bristles
themselves may have disappeared, and the horn itself, the prolongation of
the base, remain. I would draw attention to this character as supporting
generally my arrangement of the family. The thoracic ‘‘horns”: of
Ceratomia are probably homologous with those of Citheronia. This
character, together with the comparatively sunken head and soft brown
colors of the moth allies Ceratomia with TZriptogon, as I have pointed
out. Dr. Wm. Miiiler concludes that the caudal horn of the Hawk’ Moths
is the remains of what was once a system of bristles, and that there is a
perfect homology with the Saturnide. This entirely agrees with’ my
idea as to the derivation of the family, which may have thus been thrown
off from the Spinners in a parallel direction with the Ceratocampinea,
The modern Smerinthing remain as the descendants of intermediate
phases, the ocelloid spots and colors of the moth are retained. In this
sense they are synthetic characters appearing in the other three or four
groups which are to be referred to Smerinthoid affinities. The relatively
small and sunken head, and the square prothoracic parts, the pectinate
antennx, are probably low characters in the Hawk Moths, recalling the
Bombyces. In this view the shape of the body in Hemaris and allies is
a point of widest departure, and warrants the position I assign to the
Macroglossing. ‘The method of pupation needs further elucidation. It
must be studied in this group, with regard to the physical nature of the
surface. Probably the cocoon is older than the absence of silk, the
tendency to spin silk appearing by reversion in species .to-day-. where it
seems to have become gradually lost as a character. The change to
pupation in the earth may have had some relation to changes in the sur-
face conditions in past ages,

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DESCRIPTIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA,
BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK. |

MAMESTRA LOREA, Giien. | .

Head black, with dirty, whitish, ‘irregular markings ; antenne pink.
Body of a dirty, creamy, brown color, except the first three segments
blackish. . Along the dorsum is a series of lozenge shaped. blackish
patches, one on each segment ; on the dorsum are also two rows of
minute piliferous spots and two rows along each side, where there is also
on each segment an ill-defined, oblique, blackish stripe. Underside semi-
translucent whitish, with a number of minute piliferous spots which bear
a short pale brown hair, as also do the spots above. ‘Thoracic feet pale —
brown. Length 34 mm. Collected April 21st. Imago emerged May
18th. Food-plants, strawberry and wild geranium. en ae

PHYCIS RUBIFASCIELLA, Pack. variety. |

Head deep chestnut brown, rugose; mouth parts. whitish, pei
shield chestnut brown. Body brown, with a pinkish hue; on each side
of the body are scattered a few minute piliferous spots oaely with a short
pale brown hair ; on each side of the first and second segment is a shiny —
black spot. Thoracic feet black ; abdominal leg concolorous to the body,
which is the same as above. Length, 13 mm. Collected May 3oth.
Imago emerged June 17th. Food:plant, alder. Living in a horn-shaped
case. Another form of this species was published by me in the Ent.
Amer., V., p. 38.

dicen CONTATELLA, Grote,

Head jet black, shining, as is also the cervical shield. Body pale
green, with a series of about four or five longitudinal stripes, almost of the
same hue, along each side, where there are three rows of minute pilifer-
_ous spots, each bearing a short, light brown hair. Underside of body
same color as above, except the first segment, dull black. The segments
slightly decrease in size toward the posterior portion of the body,
Length, 15 mm. Food-plant, locust (Robinia pseudacacia). Living
singly between two leaves spun .together flatly. June 5th. Imago
emerged July 8th.

Botys FISSALIS, Grote. eee ee

Head small, pale brown, shiny ; mouth parts pitchy. Body very
shiny, yellowish white, semi-translucent, with a number of piliferous spots
concolorous to the body, except those in the first, second and third seg-

‘THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

ments, which are brown, Each spot with a light brown hair. The

_ cervical shield same color as the body ; lateral edges brown ; underside

same as above ; thoracic feet tipped with brown. Length,.24 mm. Food-
plant, asters; drawing together several leaves so as to form a bunch,
May 31. Imago emerged June 18th. .

SALEBRIA CELTELLA, Hulst (MS.)

Head pitchy black, with irregular, dirty, whitish markings, and an
oblique stripe of the same color on each side. Body pale green, with a
number of pea green, equidistant, longitudinal stripes, as broad as the
intervening spaces. Cervical shield jet black, and on which the stripes
of the body are sordid white. Along the subdorsum is a row of minute
piliferous spots, and two rows along the sides. Body beneath green, and
without marking, except the first segment is jet black, as are also the first
pair of thoracic feet. A few hairs are also scattered over the body.
Length, .22 mm. Food plant, Ce/t7s occidentalis, folding together a few
of the terminal leaves. Aug. Spins a rude cocoon between leaves.

NOTE ON THE GENUS CROCOTA AND PROF. J. B, SMITH.
BY A, R. GROTE,

Readers of Mr. Smith’s papers will have noticed the frequent critical
remarks at my expense, and it may have appeared to them that I have
been often most culpable. But, in every case, although I have not the
pleasure of knowing all of Mr. Smith’s publications, these criticisms can
be shown to be perversions of the case. So in the genus Crocofa, in
which determinations are difficult, Mr. Smith says (p. 193, vol. XXI.) :—
‘The matter has been further confused by Mr. Grote’s persistent refusal to
refer to Mr. Reakirt’s species,” and further that ‘‘he ignores them alto-
gether.” I ask anyone how I can “confuse” the ‘“ matter” by simply
not referring to Mr. Reakirt’s species by name, seeing that I do not know
these species, have never seen the types, and am not disposed to
believe in them? And, moreover, since Mr. Reakirt’s descriptions refer
to Eastern species, postdating my own, and those of other author’s which
I discuss, if they are not distinct species they are thus clearly synonyms,

and Mr. Smith says the descriptions may be ‘ poor,” as indeed they seem
to me to be. But the whole statement is inaccurate, for everywhere,

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

where I have referred collectively to the species of Crocota, I have also
expressly referred to Mr. Reakirt’s descriptions, giving my reasons for not
particularly citing the species by name. Hence, my writings have had
the exactly contrary effect, to that stated by Mr. Smith, “ of causing others
to lose track of’ Mr. Reakirt’s ‘“ descriptions.” I always reminded
students of the existence of Mr. Reakirt’s descriptions, though I confessed —
I could not make them out. Nor is Mr, Smith apparently any wiser than
I. I did, indeed, suppose that nigricans was a synonym of oped/a, or
founded on the dark form of that species, but I kept this and all other
surmises to myself, because I had no certain data to go upon, and a
scientific writer must, in such cases, have a reasonable certainty. With
regard to /e¢a, I, in my first list, am the first to refer ¢veatzz here, to show
that I had probably rediscovered a totally unknown species since Boisdu-
val’s figure. I first, in fact, direct attention to this unrecognized figure,
which has been copied in Encyc. Brit. To me belongs the credit of
directing Mr. Smith’s attention to. this figure of /e¢a and its probable
identity with ¢reatiz in my first Check List. This identification is not
quite assured in the absence of any description ; hence, in my new Check
List, I made a query. If Mr. Smith had written correctly and impartially
on the genus Crocota he should have said: Mr. Grote first refers this
genus to the Arctiine on account of the presence of ocelli, and removes
it from the Zithosiine where he leaves Ameria. Further, Mr. Grote has
figured the species he described in Proc. Ent. Soc., and no doubt exists,
in a confusing genus, of the species he intended. Instead of this, with
the evident intention of making an adverse criticism coute gui coute, we
have the perversions above exposed. As was the case when Mr. Smith
replied to my statement, that, in the De/toiding, the eyes were always
“naked,” that in one genus the eyes were “lashed” (as if these characters
were contradictory or exclusive), it must seem clear that the limit of —
proper criticism is exceeded by Mr. Smith. ‘The errors of an author must
be judged by the material at his command in specimens and literature.
If under all the circumstances under which he laboured his work is of a
character virtually to advance the study of his subject, and if a large
proportion of his determinations are accurate and in the state of the
science very opportune, no right-minded person should be able to bring
himself to prevert such labours. I may remark, in conclusion, that I do
not regard Cydosia, Cerathosia or Gnophela, as Arctiine, and ¥ believe

THE CANADIAN ENFOMOLOGIST. 19

that they are thus incongruonsly;placed;and associated. Both Cydosza
and Guophela appear to me to be Zygenide with Bombycid analogies 7
sensu Packard. I hope Dr. Packard may be induced to study these
forms. Neither do I believe our Texan species of Cydosia to be the
nobilitella of Cramer. But all these questions, which ever way.a full
knowledge of these moths my determine us, must be entered into without
temper and without unnecessary animadversions upon those whose
experience has led them to opposite conclusions from those reached by
the final verdict, a verdict which Mr. Smith’s studies will, we may hope,
be of a character to influence. - ane:

NOTES.
NOTES OF THE YEAR.

Dear Sir: With few exceptions insects were unusually scarce last season,
probably on account of the continued cool weather and heavy rains. Colias
Philodice, generally so abundant, was almost entirely absent, a few ap-
peared in midsummer and the fall brood was more plentiful, but by no
means abundant, and the latter might be said of most of our diurnals.
The Noctuas were also conspicuous by their absence, at least at sugar,
the baits failing to attract even the commonest species. Lu/itchia rib-
earea Was observed in numbers in a plot of black currant bushes, in an
old orchard now included in Mount Royal Park, and Orgyia leucostigma
was abundant on shade trees about the city. In the fall I found several
species of Zrista/is common on solidago blossoms, £. Bastardi and £,
Brousi being especially abundant, while Z. transversus, E. Tenax and
E. dimidiatus were less common. The other orders were poorly re-
presented, making it one of the worst collecting seasons in my experience.

F. B. CAULFIELD, Montreal.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

Dear Sir : The photograph from which the beautiful figure on p. 204,
vol. xxi. of Papilio Turnus (aberrant form) was taken by Mr. H. N.
. Topley, of Ottawa, by the new Isochromatic process, and the engraving
was made direct from the photograph. This acknowledgment should
have appeared in the article, but was accidently omitted from the proof. —

J. FLETCHER.

ii) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A CORRECTION.

Dear Sir: In my note which appeared in your November number, —
I wrote, through inadvertence, Phytolacca decandra. The plant I
referred to is Veratrum viride—not the ‘“Garget,” but the “ Indian
Poke” or “ Poison Poke.” I am ashamed at having to take up valuable
space with a correction. THomas W. FYLEs.

CORRESPONDENCE.

cee

THE COTTON WORM.

Dear Sir: The cotton worm (A/etia Xylina, Say). This interest- -
ing moth has been tolerably abundant ,during the middle of September in
this district, and is as much of an entomological conundrum as ever. I
took several specimens round the electric lights. They seemed quite
fresh and presented no appearance of being travel-worn by their supposed
journey from the cotton fields of the “land of Dixie’ I-captured two
specimens on September 19 and endeavoured to hibernate them but failed,
one dying on October 12th and the other on October 15th. I hope to

make another attempt at some future day. It does seem curious that we

cannot solve the problem of the northern food-plant of this moth.
E. Baynes REED, London, Ont. |

CHRYSALIDS DEVOURED BY CATERPILLARS.

Dear Sir: A few days ago I found a number of Pyrameis cardui larvee
and also several (4) of the common reddish brown hairy caterpillars ( Spi/o-
soma Isabella), so often seen about gardens in the fall feeding on plants
of the common garden hollyhock (A/thee rosea). Not having extra
boxes to spare I placed both species in a roomy pasteboard box with a
plentiful supply of hollyhock leaves. In the course of a day or two
several of the Cardui larve hung themselves to the corner of the box, and
in a short time three more transformed to chrysalids. What was my
surprise on looking into the box this morning to see if any more had
hung or transformed to find the reddish brown caterpillars had devoured
two of the Cardui chrysalids, and one of the caterpillars was actually
engaged eating the third and had consumed fully one-half of it. This was
not done from lack of food, as there was an abundance in the box. Here,
then, is a new source of destruction to our butterflies—a sort of canni-
balism among caterpillars. me
SHELLEY W, DENTON, Wellesley, Mass, —

Mailed January 9th.

The Panatian Hontomolagist

VOL. XXIL LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1890. NO. 2.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MELITAA FROM
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W, VA.

MELIT#A AUGUSTA.

Male.—Expands from 1.6 to 1.75 inch; belongs to Cha/cedon group,
but is as conspicuously red as the species Cha/cedon is black ; upper side
black, the surface nearly covered with light red and pale yellow spots,
disposed as in the group ; the basal areas dusted with yellow scales, which,
on primaries, extend along both margins; costa of same wing edged red ;
both hind margins bordered by small red spots, varying in shape, some-
times narrow and as of a broken stripe, sometimes more or less rounded
or ovate ; the spots of second row are small, lunular, largest on second-
aries, edged with red, the interior being yellow, or they are nearly all red
with a small yellow patch in middle; sometimes this yellow is thinly
washed red ; the third row on primaries is either wholly yellow, or yellow
with red edges, particularly on the outer side ; on secondaries wholly red,
and often very deep, so as to make. a conspicuous broad band ; the fourth
row on primaries is red, sometimes with the spots next the two margins
either yellow or in part yellow ; around the end of cell yellow spots four or
five in number; in the cell spots of red and yellow alternately, four
in all, the yellow one at base more or less stained red; two yellow
spots below cell with black ground between, and nearer base a small
duplex red one; the fourth row on secondaries is yellow, either of small
spots or pretty large ones, and the three or four from costal margin are
red on their outer sides ; a red stripe outside the cell from the end to
costal margin; two small yellow spots inside cell, with a red one
between them and a yellow spot below ; fringes yellow, black at the tips
of the nervules. Some examples have scarcely any yellow, the yellow
having been replaced by red, or tinted red.

Under side of primaries red, the yellow spots repeated, enlarged, and

aa THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of clear color ; outside end of cell a large suboval red spot heavily edged -
black, and the cell is crossed by two wavy black lines. fe

Secondaries have the margins red, in a continuous band ; the
second row yellow, on black ground, lunate ; the third row red, rounded
on inner side and edged narrowly with yellow on all sides but the —
exterior ; the fourth row yellow, cut unequally from one margin to the
other by a black line; thence to base red ; a triangular yellow spot at
end of cell, and in a straight row from costal margin three yellow spots,
one on margin and partly in costai- interspace, one at top of cell, the
third in lower median interspace. Sometimes the fourth row is expanded
towards base along inner margin, giving the appearance of a fourth spot —
to the basal row ; the shoulder and edge of costa yellow. |

Body above black; red hairs on collar; thorax beneath yellow; —
abdomen red at sides, yellow along venter, red at end; legs red ; palpi red ;_
antenne pale red-brown, annulated whitish above, red below, club black
on upper side, the tip ferruginous, elsewhere red-brown.

Female.—Expands from 1.7 to 2.2 inches. 3 i.

Like the male in general, but the spots larger in proportion ; on the
underside, the spots of second row on each wing are large, lanceolate, the
outer side deeply incised. In occasional examples the outer part
of upper side of secondaries is covered by a broad red band in place of
the spots of second and third rows, and this area is separated from the
narrow marginal band by a black line.

In an aberration there is no trace of yellow on upper side, and on the
under side of secondaries the yellow bands from margin to cell are
replaced by wood-brown, while the yellow basal spots are obscured.

'I name this species Augusta, in memory of the late Mrs. W. G.
Wright. Mr. Wright has taken it in vicinity of San Bernardino abund-
antly, and writes of it thus: “AZ, Augusta is found on top of the
mountains, elevation 5,000 feet, and is not found at all till you reach the
top. They do not descend the mountain sides, nor are they found in the
canyons. On the summit oak and pine trees are scattered, and the
ground is covered with grasses and flowering plants. The butterfly
seems all the time on flowers, and is a great feeder. . I have never seen a.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

pair in copula, nor a female ovipositing, and I know nothing of the early
stages. Every year I find Augusta at the same place, in the month of
June.”

It seems to me probable that Augusta will be found in Utah and
Arizona, perhaps also in Nevada.

TENTHREDINIDA! COLLECTED AT OTTAWA, :88o.
BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

The past season was not a favorable one for the collection of Hymen-
optera. The early spring was very fine and warm, but was followed by
prolonged spells of cool and rainy weather, which not only made collect-
ing difficult, but appeared to destroy many of the insects. This will be
seen by the following list, in which a large proportion of the species are
represented by single specimens. It contains about eighty species, or
nearly two-thirds of those that have so far been taken in this locality.

Few of the species were at all common, the most abundant and de-
structive being WV. Zrichsonii Hartig., which we now find wherever there
are larches, and by whose larve these trees are defoliated and injured.
NV. Ribesit Scop. (ventricosus Hartig.), the gooseberry saw-fly, and Z.
maculatus Norton, the strawberry saw-fly, were also numerous. On the
other hand several of the species, especially of Macrophya and Tenthredo,
which are usually common in midsummer, were not observed, and there
was a noticeable scarcity of larvee.

Cimbex americana Leach, var. decemmaculata Leach, female, June 16.
var. La Portei St. Farg., male, May 11.
Trichiosoma triangulum Kirby, male, May 12.
Abia Kennicotti Norton, female, May 11.
HHylotoma clavicornis Fabr., female, June 13.
McLeayi Leach, female, May tro.
Priophorus equalis Norton, female, July 14.
Pristophora identidem Norton, male, May 27 ; male, June 16.
tibialis Norton, female, May 12; female, June 26.
Euura orbitalis Norton, three females, May 24.
Nematus aureopectus Norton, female, May 9; two females, May ro; female,
May 18; female, May 27.

24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

aay Mee
i yee
. ue = Bets

bivittatus Norton? female, May rt. oe
corniger Norton, male, May 17; male, May 24; male and female, oe
May 27; female, June 2; male, June 16; male, Aug. 8. me
Erichsonii Hartig., female, abun from May 19; male, Jui I &
latifasciatus Cresson, female, June 7. aa a ae
malacus Norton, female, May 18. PAG ae
mendicus Walsh, one male and two females, May 9 ; female, May 17 si
female, June 26.
pleuricus Norton? female, May 9:
_ Ribesii Scop., female and male, common, May, June.
Several species not yet examined, May, June.
Emphytus apertus Norton, female and male, May 17 ; female, May 18 ;
female, May 27 ; female, Aug. 8.
hullensis Prov., female, June 23.
mellipes Norton, male, May 11 ; female, May 24. vane io
Harpiphorus maculatus Norton, male and female abundant, May i to.
June 26. N29
Dolerus albifrons Norton, seven males and two females May 24. 2 : hes
aprilus Norton, male and female, May and June, common. | Bees
arvensis Say, female, April 19, May and June, common.
bicolor Beauv., female, May 27. ot :
collaris Say, female, May 10; female, May 19; female, June : a st Ash
unicolor Beauv., male, May 12. Be Sy
Monophadnus bardus Say, female June 13. SS Ns i steel ae
medius Norton, two females, May 11; female, May 18; female, ,
May 24; two females, June 13. ee:
rubi Harris, female, May 12; female, May 27. ae es
Phymatocera canadensis Saringtd female, May 10; female, May bt:
female, May 17.
_fumipennis Norton, four males and three females, May 17; feb
and male, May 18 ; female, May 20; two males, June 22.
Hoplocampa halcyon Norton, (sie May 11; Geriate: May 17.
Monostegia ignota Norton, two males and one female, May 27.
ros Harris, female, May 19 ; female, May 22 ; female, May 24.
Selandria flavipes Norton, two males, May 24 ; male and female, June. as
female, June 8; male, June r3 ; two females, August 8.
Allantus basilaris Say, eile: June 28 ; male, July 28.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25

Macrophya externa Say, female, June 26. °
flavicoxe Norton, female, June 13; female, June 23 ; two females,
June 26 ; two females, June 28 ; female, July 1.
varia Norton, female, June 20.
sp. female, June 26.
Pachyprotasis délta Prov., male, June 16; female, June 20; one male
and two females, June 23 ; two females, June 3o.
omega Norton, male, June 28 ; male, July 28.
-Taxonus albidopictus Norton, female, July 14.
amicus Norton, male, June 16 ; male and female, June 26,
rujfipes Harrington, male, May 18.
unicinctus Norton, female, May 27.
_ Strongylogaster annulosus Norton, female, May 24.
2 apicalis Say, female, June 13; female, June 28; male, July 11;
: female, July 28.
longulus Norton, male, May 24.
luctuosus Prov., female, May 22.
robustus Prov.,? female, June 13; two females, June 28; male,
July r. :
soriculatus Prov., female, May 24.
tacitus Say, male, May 24; female, June 8; male, August 8,
Tenthredo eximia Norton, male, May 24; female, June 28.
grandis Norton, female, June 15.
mellina Norton, female, July 7.
rujicolor Norton, female, May 24 ; female, July tr. |
rufipes Say, female, June 2 ; female, June 23 ; two females, June 26,
rufopectus Norton, male, June 14; male, June 16 ; female, June 26 ;
male, July 1. :
verticalis Say, female, June 13 ; female, July 1 ; female, July 14.
_ Lenthredopsis atroviolacea Norton, female, June 16 ; female, June 30.
_ Lophyrus Leconte: Fitch, two females, (bred) May.
_ Monoctenus fulvus Norton, one male and two females, May 13.
Lyda canadensis Norton, female, June 26.
lutetcornis Norton, female, June 2.
luteomaculata Cresson, female, May 24.
perplexa Cresson, male, May 11; male, May 17.
quebecensis Prov., female, June 30.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bo
a

THE NOCTUIDA OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA
COMPARED.

(Fifth Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

Tribe Orthosiini. :
The vestiture is woolly, and in this lies a distinguishing character from
the Agrotini and Hadenini, which some genera much resemble, while the
‘body is hardly tufted; the rather broad thorax has sometimes a median
ridge. The colours of the moths are often shades of brown, red and
yellow, like the autumn foliage, in which many of the hibernating species
hide. The eyes of the first genera are hairy ; in several the tibie are ©

spinose, the reverse being usually the case. Whether our, mostly western,

species allied to Perigrapha cincta are strictly congeneric, I have not as
been able to decide. Acerra normadis has simple antenne inthe male;
the ornamentation in most cases suggests the relationship. There aretwo

European species of Perigrapha against seven related North American

species. The genus TZeeniocampa has twenty-two described American

species and only eleven European; among these is one, a/éa, identical.
I have not a particle of doubt that for this genus the term Graphiphora
Hiibn., must be retained. My efforts to place the generic nomenclature
upon a final basis, by fixing the types in 1874, has met with thoughtless
opposition and incorrect criticism, The question of whether Hubner, or

others,held our modern (supposed by empirics infallible) ideas upon genera, : S

is quite beside the question of the oldest and therefore proper name for a
genus. I have exposed this sort of reckless criticism in the second part

of my Check List, 1875, 1876. | Only my desire to avoid contention and a

to enable a comparison of our fauna by the use of the same terms, has
induced me to cede the present instance, because the name Graphiphora |
taken from Hubner (to whom we owe almost a// the leading generic
names in the Noctuide), had been mis-applied. I think, now, I may
have been wrong in this, and that Graphiphora should be used, as I or-
iginally proposed, with the type Gothica, and Teniocampa rejected.
Only in this way shall we obtain a stable nomenclature, and the European
catalogues must conform, if nearer conclusions are to be arrived at, and
lists are to be useful beyond a mere stringing of the different species.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. vs

_ The North American hairy-eyed genera allied to Zeniocampa are, further,
Crocigrapha, with a tuft behind the collar; Orthodes, Himella and
_ Morrisonia (the species of which latter curiously resemble Actinotia, but
seem to hibernate, being found early in the year on sallows); while I have
_ described American species belonging to the naked-eyed European genera

Parastichtis and Anchocelis. Naked-eyed genera, with armed tibiz, are
Pachnobia and Metalepsis, occurring in both faune, and Psexdorthosia,
Choephora, Pseudoglaea, which seem to be American only. Z7ichor-
thosia, which has hairy eyes, seems to be more allied to Xanthza, or
Orthosia, in the shape of the wings ; but, if we do not divide this tribe,
as is perhaps unnecessary, it may be ranged with the other hairy-eyed
genera, together with the somewhat aberrant TZrichocosmia. ‘The
principal genus is, perhaps, Orthosia, of which fourteen European and
seventeen American species are described, mostly of a European habitus,
and one representative, ferrugincoides. | While I have referred one iden-
tical species (togata) to Xanthia, which, as distinct from Orthosia, con-
tains seven European species, the singular genus Jodia Hub. (=Hoporina
Boisd.), has an American representative of croceago in /. rufago Hiibn.
Lucirroedia is a modificatiun of the European genus C7rroedia ; while the
peculiar genus Sco/iopteryx with its one species, /ébatrix, is common to
‘Europe and America, from Hudson’s Bay to Virginia, and is probably a
survival of the former circumpolar fauna. G/aea Hiibn. (—Orrhodia
‘Hiibn., Cerastis Tr.) has twelve European and only four American
species, but the nearly related American genus “/zg/aea, which differs
from G/aea, much as fichza differs from Agrotis, by the presence,
namely, of a median thoracic ridge, has five, and Homoglaea two de-
scribed species. Our most beautiful species is AZ carnosa, in which the
egg is also pink in colour. J. venustula is said to be the same as Z£.
sericea ; if the description of the latter is compared, it will be seen to
contradict that of Z. venustuda in important points, which remain incom-
prehensible if the two are really the same. The genera /pimorpha and
Calymnia have representative, the genus Cosmia, an identical species,
paleacea. While there are a few peculiar genera in both faunz, such as
Dicycla in Europe, and Zotheca in America, the affinities of the two faune
in this tribe are strongly marked. The peculiar genus Scofe/osoma has in
Europe one, in America nine species. Of these it is difficult to say which
is nearest to the European sa¢e//itia ; the identification of Guente’s sédus

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

is hence almost impossible; his type also cannot be found. In my ~
opinion he may have had a form of Wadkeri before him ; but whether
this, or vinulenta, or even ftri-stigmata, or Morrisoni, cannot, with
certainty, be made out from his comparative description. As I have
separated all the American forms under distinct names, and Mr. Thaxter
has shown the distinctness of most of them by breeding, these names
should be retained until further evidence be forthcoming as to the single
species indicated by Guente. A different course would be the result of
mere opinion and, without scientific value, only make confusion.

Tribe Calocampint.

The vestiture resembles that of the preceding tribe, bat the wings are
narrower, the legs proportionately shorter, unarmed. The palpi are short;
male antennz thickly ciliate. The primaries are blunt, not widening out-
wardly as much as usual, with gray or brown, streaky, stone-like mark-
ings, hence the name Zithophane, used for the principal genus by Hiibner.
This genus is incorrectly called Xy/ina; Hiibner’s genus of this name
having for type a species of Hadena. It seems to have been customary
for earlier authors to take names out of Hiibner’s writings and apply them
arbitrarily, with or without diagnosis. The injustice and absurdity of
this proceeding must be evident to all thinking persons. Only an empiric,
full of his own importance and wishing to elevate himself by contrast, can
commit the blunder. If Hiibner has not given neurational characters, it
is because neurational characters were not then known; at least he has
not given us incorrect descriptions of the venation, which is in his favor
as compared with certain quite modern writers. Lithophane has eight
European and about twenty-five American species ; again a large pre-
ponderance. Of these, Zhaxteri represents the European lambda ; but
no variety of the latter corresponds with our American form, which must be
regarded as a distinct representative species accordingly. ‘The European
ingrica seems to be represented also by fexata and its variety Washing-
toniana, although in the latter instance nearer comparisons are necessary,
which I have not been able to make, JLéthomia Hiibn., which differs by
the character of the palpal vestiture and the elevated collar, has appar-
ently a representative species in germana; but I strongly suspect that
this is really identical with the European so/idaginis. . Calocampa has

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

two European and apparently four American species, one of which is
unknown to me; of the other three, zupera is said to represent the
European vefusta, although perhaps identical with it ; cimeritia has the
idest range, while both this and curvimacuda are quite different from
either of the European forms. ‘The representation of this tribe in Europe
covered by the American forms.

Tribe C. uculltini.

_. the elongate wings are sharply pointed, the collar hood-shaped ; the
abdomen is tufted terminally and extends beyond the proportionately
small secondaries. The European species (43) greatly outnumber the
described American forms (11). There are a large number of closely
related species in the European fauna, many of comparatively recent
detection. Perhaps more remain to be described in North America,
_ though it is probable that both this and the next tribe will show an excess
of European forms. The specific groups seem to be represented in
America. Ido not know, however, /wza, which appears to be allied to
_ the European silvery forms. In addition we have a Californian species,
_matricarie Behr. (=serraticornis Lintr.), which has pectinated f
_antennz ; I have doubted its being a true cucu/lia.

Tribe Cleophaninz.

. I have referred to C/eophana, two American species with hood-
: shaped collar and the facies of Cucu//ia, but with a claw to the front
tibie. The other European genera, Hpimecia, Calopharia, I have not
recognized. Myctopheata 1 believe to be a Heliothid form.

Tribe Luteliini.

In this tribe of smaller moths, the wings are more or less extended in
repose, in the American genus J/Zarasmadus folded like a fan. The small
secondaries ally them to Cucu//ia. The antenne have a basal tuft ; the
collar cut out behind, not hood shaped ; the abdomen more or less tufted ;
_ the eyes naked. The American Ripogenus pulcherrimus, a rare moth,
_ seems to be related to the European Zutelia adudatrix.

|
[

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tribe /ngurint.

The male antenne are simple at tip. An American form coming to
our fauna probably from the south. The form resembles the preceding
tribe, but the wings are entire. The species of the single genus /mgura
are small moths, resembling the species of Adrosto/a in ornamentation,
except, perhaps, ocudatrix, which is a pretty, singularly marked moth.

Tribe Anomiint.

Thinly or closely scaled untufted forms, with rather broad and pointed

wings and slimy vestiture, the larve half loopers. Anomis has uneven

‘margins to the primaries. A/etia (the “cotton worm”) has them even,
somewhat sickle-shaped. Pteretholix and Chytoryza have peculiar clear

spots and structure of the fore-wings. The tribe is American, and comes

to our fauna from the south.

Tribe Litoprosopini.

Larger species with Plusia-like palpi, untufted, with brown wings,
having curious ocellate markings and metallic points on secondaries. —
Hatney from Cuba, confligens from the west coast, futi/is from Florida, all
belonging to Zitoprosopus, and are tropical American forms intruding
into our territory in the south. :

Tribe Cadpinz.

The fore-wings are wide, with pointed apices, full external margin, a
tooth on inner margin. Eyes naked, lashed. Palpi prominent, hirsute
to the tips, terminating bluntly as if cut off. A single genus and species
in Europe, Calpe capucina, has apparently an American representative in
C. canadensis Beth. I have not been able to study other genera, indi-
cated by Guenée and figured by various writers. ‘This tribe would seem ~
to be tropical in its origin. The genus Cade probably belonged to the
tertiary circumpolar fauna, and is of so pronounced a form that the
American and European descendants have retained a decided resembl-
ance. I do not know that Canadensis has been bred or carefully com-
pared with its European ally, but 1 was able to recognize type specimens
among Mr. Walker’s synonyms and somewhat confusing generic references
in this family. Full and careful comparisons are needed in many cases
to decide whether the species are representative or identical.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 31

_ PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIID OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.

(Continued from page 14, Volume xxi.)

A. doris Bdv.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg.), 77, Chelonia.
Habitat—So. California.

Iam not aware that any reference of this species to the rank of
synonyms has been made. It refers almost certainly to one of our
western species now known under another name. Mr. Grote has
omitted the species from his list.

A. edwardsii Stretch.
1873—-Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 77, pl. III., f. 9, Arctia.

4 1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 149, =achaia ?
ES 1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, =dahurica.
4 Habitat—California.

A. excelsa Neum.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 70, Arectia.
: 1883—Hulst.,* Bull, BkIn. Ent. Soc., VI., 69, ==a‘s.
y: _ _Habitat—No. Car., New York, Long Island.
Food plant—Plantago major.
A. elongata Stretch.
es 1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 105, Arctia.

188s—Neum., Ent. Amer., I., 93, ==var. determinata.
Habitat—Was. Terr.

The curious anomaly of a species being referred as a synonym -before
it was described arose from the fact that Mr. Stretch, basing his species
‘ upon Mr. Neumoegen’s material, returned the specimens before sending
__in the papers for publication. Mr. Neumoegen, working on the genus,
made the reference from the label, and both gentlemen sent in their papers
for publication at nearly the same time.

ee eee

A. figurata Drury.
1770—Dru., Illustr., II., pl. XII, f. 4, Bombyx.
1820—Pal., Beauv., Ins. Afr. et. Am., Lep., p. 265, pl. 24, f. 4, 4,
? Phalena.

on THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1837—Westw., ed. Dru., Illustr., II., 22, Vemeophi/a.
1837—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 73, Arctia.
1856—WIlk., C. B. Mus, Lep. Het. III., 625, emeophila.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris, Synops., 341, Arctia.
1865—Grt. & Rob., Ann. Lyc., N. Y., VIII., 368, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arcétia.
1879—Graef,* Bull., BkIn. Ent. Soc., I., 3, life hist.
1883—Hulst., Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI.. 70, =nais. 7
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., I1I., 114, an sp. dist.

ceramica Hbn.
1816—Hbn., Verz., 180, Luplagia.
1865—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 625, pr. syn.

var. franconia Edw.
1887—Edw., Ent. Amer., III., 184, Arctia.
Habitat—Can., N. Y., Mass., Pa., Ills., D. C.

The distribution is bidoubtedty wider, and, as certainly, some of f the ts

described species must fall in as forms of this.

A. flammea Neum.
1881—Neum., Papilio, I., 9, Arctia.
1883—Hulst., Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI, 70, =mais.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 149, =/acentia var.
Habitat—Florida.

A. f-paillida Strk.
1879—Strk., Rept. Eng., 1878-79, v. V., p. 1860, pl. IL, fi 3.
1883—Hulst., Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =nais. —
Habitat-—-Rio Navajo, Colo., July 13.

This is simply a variety of figurata, in which all the marking save.
those forming a distinct &% , are obsolete. Any good series of Jigurata will
show such specimens. ae

A, geneura Strk.

1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. N. Sci., II., 270, pl. IX., f. 5, g, Artin ——

1884—French, Papilio, IV., 158, %, Arctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 162, Arctia.
Habitat—Colo. (Gilpin Co.), Mt. Shasta, Calif.

Mr. French seems rather inclined to believe that the California speci-
mens may refer to a distinct species. There is a series of geneura in the.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. _ ae

U.S. National Museum, and this species, zzcorrupta Edw., with all its
variations and wevadensis, G, & R., are all forms of a single, not very
variable species, of which docta is the Californian form, and perhaps
specifically distinct. The material in the National Museum will go far
towards settling the relationship of these forms. The description of new
species would be therefore rather unwise until this material can be
properly studied.

A. michabo Gtt.

1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 196, Arctia.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, =arge. |
1886—Grt., Can. Ent., XVIII., 108, an sp. dist.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, an sp. dist.
Habitat—Nebraska, Dist. Col.

A. nais Dru.

1870—Drury, Illustr., I., pl. VII., f. 3, Bombyx.

1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 183, Arctia.

1823— Hiibner, Zutr,* 300, ff. 599, 600, Arctia.

1837—Westw., ed. Drury, I., p. 15, Spz/osoma.

1856—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 609, Arctia.

1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 528, Arctia.

1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn. 339, Arctia.

1864— Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 177, Arctia.

1868—Grt., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, IL, 117, Arctia.

1868—Saund., Can. EntT., I., 27, Arctia.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.

1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXXVII., 296, Arctia:
- 1882—French,* Papilio, II., 176, life hist.

1883—Hulst., Bull. Bkn. Ent. Soc., VI, 69, 120, Arctia.

1884—Bean,* Can. Ent., XVI., 65, Arctia.

1887—Smith, Ent. Amer. III., 111, Arctia.

phalerata Harris.

1837—Harris, Cat. Ins., Mass., 73, Arctia.

1841-—Harris, Rept. Ins., Mass., 245, Arctia.

1862—Harris, Inj. Ins., Flint, ed. 347, f. 166, Arctia.

1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 11, Arctia.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., II., 177, Arctia.

84.50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1868—Grt., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., II., 117, pr. syn.

radians Wk.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III,, 632, Apantesis.
1868—G. & R., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc.,; IT., 72, pr. syn.

colorata Wk.
1864—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., XXXL, 302, Aloa.
1868 —G. & R., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Il., 85, pr. syn.
1876—Butl., Journ. I.inn. Soc., XII, 432, radians.

var. incompleta Butl.
1881—Butl., Ann. and Mag., N. H., Ser. 5, v. VIII., 311, Arctia.
Habitat—Can., U. S., generally. : |

The species has been recorded as a strawberry feeder. Mr. Butler’s

variety refers to one of those forms with the maculation partly obsolete,

such as any decent series will show. The synonomy of Walker's species
has been already referred to. The reference is rather to decorata Saund.
than to zazs Dru., but I have not much doubt of the identity of the two
forms. ‘There is, however, a species closely allied to #azs in the National

Museum collection, which is, I believe, as yet undescribed.

A. nerea Bdv.
1868—Bdyv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg., XII.), 77, Chelonia.
Habitat—California.

This species has disappeared from our lists. It is perhaps only a
variety of arge, but I cannot find that it has been so referred.

A. nevadensis Grt. & Rob. :
1866—Grt. & Rob., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., VI., 1, pl. 1, £ 1, a, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.
1885—Neum., Ent. Amer., I., 93, —gives synonomy.
1886—Grt., Can. Ent., XVIIL., 109, Arctia.

behrii Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 75, pl. 3, ff. 11 and 12, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 238, pr. syn.
var. incorrupta Hy. Edw.
1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 38, Arctia.
1883—Neum., Papilio, IIL, 71, 150, Sahiudidestic.
1885—Neum., Ent. Amer., I., 93, ==nevadensis.
var. sulphurica Netinn Ent. Amer., I., 93, Arctia.
ochracea || Neum.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35

1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 71, Arctia.

1885—Neum., Ent. Amer., I., 93, momen bis lectum.
var. mormonica Neum.

1885—Neum., Ent. Amer., L., 93, Arctia.

Habitat— Nevada, Arizona, Oregon, Calif.

As I have already indicated, I believe that geneura Strk. belongs to
this series.

A. obliterata Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer. I., 105, Arctia.
Habitat— Unknown.

A. ochreata Butler.
1881—Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., XVIII, 135, Arctia. .
Habitat— United States. :

Mr, Butler says his species is close to phaverata, and after carefully
reading his description I believe he is right. At all events I cannot find
anything in it that does not apply to phalerata as well.

A. oithona Strk.

1877—Strk., Lep. Rhop. et. ict 131, Arctia.
Habitat—Texas. :

This will turn out a remarkably close ally to ztermedia Stretch, which
ts not saundersit Grote.

A. pallida Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 118, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.
Habitat—New York.

The type is in the collection of the Am. Ent. Soc., where I have
several times seen it. It is certainly not an Arctia, but perhaps nearer to
Setrarctia.

A. phyllira Dru.
1770— Drury, Illustr., [., 15, pl. VIL ,f. 2, Bombyx.
1791—Oliv., Enc. Meth., V., 94, pI
1797—Abb. & Sm.,* Ins., oa II., 127, pl. 64, Phalena.
1816—Hiubner, Verzeichniss, 180, Huplagia.
1820—Hiibner, Zutraege, *108, ff. 215, 216, Huplagia.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, I., 15, Cad/imorpha.

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1837—Harris, Cat., Ins., Mass., 73, Arctia.

1841—Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., 245, Arctia.

1856—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL, 610, Arctia.

1858—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het, VII., 1780, Arctia.

1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Phil., XII., 528, Arctia.

1862—Clem., App. to Morr. Synops., 339, Avctza.

1862—Harris, Inj. Ins., Flint ed., 347, Arctia.

1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 11, Arctia.

1876—Moeschl, Stett. Ent. Zeit.. XX XVII., 296, Arctia.

1883—Hulst., Bull. Blkn. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =zazs.

1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111. an spec. dist.

var. /ugubris Uulst.

1886—Hulst., Ent. Amer., IIl., 182, Arcéza. ’

Habitat—Penn., N. Y., N. J., D. G, Can., Mass.; Ills, Mo., Ga.
The distribution is piel wher the synonomy is once ascertained we |

can complete the record of occurences. _
(To be continued. )

DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF TRIRHABDA
- TOMENTOSA, L.
BY WM. BEUTENMULLER.

Body elongated, subcylindrical, rounded above and flattened beneath ;
color above steel blue, with a series of transverse elevated ridges along the
dorsum, two on each segment, and along the sides are three rows of
tubercles, all steel blue. Body beneath, dirty brownish white ; cervical
shield also steel blue.

Thoracic feet jet black, shiny ; abdominal and anal legs wanting.

Head small, subglobose, depressed in front ; shiny jet black.

Mandibles simple, short, stout, slightly excavate internally beneath
the apex.

Maxillz robust, cylindrical; lobe rounded at the apex with a few
bristles ; palpi three jointed ; first joint short, second joint somewhat
larger, cylindrical, third joint conical, extending a little beyond the lobe.

Labium subtriangulate, palpi two-jointéd, very short.

Antenne very minute, hardly visible.

Length, about .10 mm ; width, about .3 mm.

Food-plants, various species of golden rods and asters. June’; single
brooded,

2
a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Oe

NOTES ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF HIGH ALTITUDES IN
CUSTER COUNTY, COLORADO.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, CUSTER CO., COL.

The faunz of high altitudes always possess a peculiar interest by virtue
of the light they throw on problems of geographical] distribution, and
especially the distribution in ancient times of what is now a strictly Arctic
and Alpine fauna. For this reason, the following lists of species, fragment-
ary as they are, may be of some value as a contribution to our knowledge
of the Alpine fauna of Colorado, and for comparison with Arctic and
Alpine faunz in general. The species here enumerated were taken in
1887, 1888 and 1889, on the eastern slope of the Sangre de Cristo Range,
in Custer County, Colorado, Three gulches have been explored, namely,
(1) Smith’s Park Gulch, on a fork of Brush Creek, (2) Horseshoe Bend
Gulch, the next gulch south of No. 1, and (3) Swift Creek Gulch. The
great majority of insects came from Smith’s Park Gulch. The altitudes
are from 10,000 to 12,000 feet. A large number of insects were taken
about the Micawber Mine, which is possibly not quite 10,000 feet ; but it
cannot be far from it, so the species are included. A list of the fauna
and flora of the same part of Custer County, de/ow 10,000 feet, is now in
course of publication in the “‘ West American Scientist.” A comparison
of the two lists will show that the fauna of higher altitudes differs very
materially from that of the valley :—

COLEOPTERA,

These have been kindly identified by Dr. John Hamilton. They are
classified according to locality and date of collection :—
(1) Near Brush Creek, June 26 and 27, 1889—
Dolopius lateralis Esch.
Podabrus lateralis Lec.
Orsodacna atra var. childreni Kirby.
Cicindela longilabris Say.
Acmaops proteus Kirby.
Adoxus vitis L.
Dichelonycha backii Kirby. :
O. childreni and D. backii were common. A. vitis had the thorax
black, and elytra reddish-fulvous.

peli pe a Aus
en ee an

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

(2) Near Micawber Mine, 1889—

Chrysobothris trinervia Kirby. A small example.

(3) Horseshoe Bend Gulch, August 1r5— on ae |
Chrysomela continua Lec. Many specimens on flowers of ~

Gymnolomia multiflora. i,

(4) Near Micawber Mine, Aug.—

Lachnosterna sp. 2 (fragment).

Coccinella transversoguttata Fald.

Trichodes ornatus Say. |

Buprestis nuttaliii ? (flying by day ; not caught).

(5) Micawber Mine, Aug. 7, 1889— |
Acmaeops pratensis Laich.
Adoxus vitis L.

Zeugophora abnormis Lec.
Anthobium sp.
Mordella melena Germ.
Leptura propingua Bland.

rs subargentata Kirby.
Anaspis rufa Say.
Homalota sp.
Mordella scutellaris Fab.

(6) Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—
Cardiophorus tenebrosus Lec.

(7) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 4—
Leptura propingua.

Athous ferruginosus Esch.

(8) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—
Dasytes hudsonicus Lec.

(9) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6—

Phyllotreta pusilla Horn. n. sp.
Llippodamia convergens Guer.
Glyptina atriventris Horn, n. sp.
Platystethus americanus Erichs.
Leptura propingua Bland.
Adoxus vitis L.

Leptura subargentata Kirby.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39

Ret ae) | etek as Pe let ee Ot Na seem Ai noes: he ce “4 te ee es io

HYMENOPTERA.

All the Hymenoptera have been submitted to Mr. W. H. Ashmead.
The types of the new species are in his collection, and will be described
by him.

(1) Near Brush Creek, June 27, 1889—

Bombus rufocinctus Cr.
Prosapis basalis Smith, Z.
_Oryssus occidentalis Cr.

“Rhodites spinosellus Ckll., n. sp.
Limneria tibiator Cr.
Odynerus leucomelas Sauss.
Macrophya albipictus Ashm., f, 2.
Camponotus sp.
Orthocentrus leucopsis Ashm.
ELurytoma diastrophi Welsh, 2.

Of R. spinosellus only the round pickly leaf-galls were found.
(To be continued.)

CORRESPONDENCE.

CHRYSALIDS DEVOURED BY CATERPILLARS.

Dear Sir : A few days ago I found a number of Pyrameis cardui larve,
and also several (4) of the common, reddish brown, hairy caterpillars
( Spilosoma Isabella), so often seen about gardens in the fall feeding on
plants of the common garden hollyhock (Althez rosea). Not having
extra boxes to spare, I placed both species in a roomy pasteboard box,
with a plentiful supply of hollyhock leaves. In the course of a day or
two several of the carduz larve hung themselves to the corner of the
box, and in a short time three were transformed to chrysalids. What
was my surprise on looking into the box this morning to see if any more
had hung or transformed, to find the reddish brown caterpillars had
devoured two of the cardui chrysalids, and one of the caterpillars was
actually engaged eating the third, and had consumed fully one-half of it.
This was not done from lack of food, as there was an abundance in the
box. Here, then, is a new source of destruction to our butterflies—a
sort of cannibalism among caterpillars.

SHELLY W. Denton, Wellesley, Mass.

40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

EREBIA EPIPSODEA VAR. SINE-OCELLATA Skinner. Gone
Dear Sir: Is not this variety (Can. Env., p. 239) identical wilh var. me ‘ ‘
brucei Elwes, (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1889, June, p. 326), described as

smaller, without ocelli, the red baad almost obsolete? Brucei was de- —

scribed from high altitudes in Colorado, so it is interesting to have itre-
appearing at lower levels in N. W. Ter. Mr. W. H. Edwards has kindly
sent me the Zpipsodea plate of his Butt. N. A., whereon are beautiful

figures of Brucei and the early stages of the species. : see
Dec. 16, 1889. T. D. A, COCKERELL, West Cliff, Custer Co., Col. i. am

GRAPTA INTERROGATIONIS. oa
Dear Sir: I beg to record the capture by myself of a beautiful

specimen of Grapta interrogationis at Cote St. Antoine, Montreal, Sone
the 11th of July. Its sluggishness and perfect condition showed that the e &
insect had but just emerged from the chrysalis. G. interrogationis ig
extremely rare in the Province of Quebec. ‘Tradition says that it had oe
been, once upon a time, taken at Lachine—a few miles away ; 3 but tor be

twenty-five years I have looked vainly for it.
South Quebec, Oct. 16, 1889. - THomas W. Fy tgs.

THE CORN SAW-FLY. 3
Dear Sir: The occurrence in America of Cephus pygmeus Curtis,

known in England as the Corn Saw-fly, may be worth a special record. — :
In 1887, among insects taken by sweeping in a meadow, I found a Cephus at

not agreeing with any of the described American species. ‘Mr. Ashmead
has fully identified it as C. pygmaeus. In some Hymenoptera received

from Mr. VanDuzee a few days ago, I find three specimens, all females, ee

and taken at Buffalo—two on gth June, 1888, and the other on 11th
June, 1889. This shows that the occurrence of the species is not acci- a
dental, and that it is already widely distributed. Possibly next season ‘wee
‘may hear of injuries inflicted by it upon wheat fields, cee
W. Hacue Harrincton, Ouawa

Mailed February 4th.

The @anailiay Fontomotogist

VOL. XXII LONDON, MARCH, 1890. ee Wor,

POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

THE MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH (Lphestia kiihniella, ZELLER).

BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA.

During the summer of 1888 considerable anxiety was caused amongst
North American millers by the alarming intelligence that the small Pyralid
moth, bearing the name given above, had made its appearance in one of
our large Canadian milling centres. There are two or three well-known
insects which attack manufactured cereal products; but none of these,
have ever occurred in injurious numbers
in Canada. When, therefore, it was
learned that a large warehouse, twenty-
five feet wide, seventy-five feet deep and
four stories high, had been completely
over-run by the caterpillars of a new
insect, which had infested all the flour
and other manufactured foods therein
contained, and had rendered much valu-
able machinery temporarily useless, it naturally caused much excitement
lest the pest should spread to other mills; nor did this excitement abate.
when it was announced that the new comer was the same species as had
been causing so much loss and trouble in English and European mills
during the last ten years. The attack was so severe that it became
necessary to close the mill where the outbreak occurred, and also to
destroy a large quantity of goods. ‘The insects in all stages were to be
found in every part of the building. The cocoons were found adhering
to the walls, joists, shelves and ceiling. Every crack or nail hole in the
wood-work, machinery and furniture throughout the whole building was
found to contain caterpillars or cocoons, and the moths were flying about
in thousands. The attention of the Ontario Government: was called to

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the matter in August last, and, under instructions from the Hon. Charles — oe
Drury, the Minister of Agriculture, prompt and vigorous steps were taken

by Dr. P. H. Bryce, Secretary of the Provincial Board of Health, to
ensure the extermination of so dangerous a visitor, which has been
described as “the scourge of the Mediterranean ports.” Dr. Bryces —
investigations and the methods he adopted have been published in —

Bulletin I. of the Provincial Board of Health. This pamphlet, which is

written in a clear, intelligible manner, and is illustrated with figures* of the

insect in its various stages, will certainly be of great use to millersin

showing them how to recognize and wage war against the insect should
‘they meet with it upon their premises. Other valuable sources of infor-
mation on this subject are Miss E. A. Ormerod’s article in her Twelfth
Report (pp. 66-72), and Prof. Riley’s article in “Insect Life” (Vol. IL,
pp. 166-171). The object of the present note is to draw the attention of
our readers to the subject, so that the gravity of the case may be recog- —
nized and prompt advice sent either to our Society or to the Ontario :

Government in case of further outbreak occurring in other parts of the — a

Province. The perfect moth is a slender species about half an inch ‘in
length, with the wings folded close to the body when at rest. The upper —
wings are of a leaden grey colour, more or less sprinkled with black scales

and crossed by three waved dark lines, two near together at the tip and cer

the other a little nearer the shoulder than the middle of the wing. Just
beyond the middle and in the centre of the wing is a black dot (some-
times two). The under wings are greyish-white, edged by a dark line, and
all the wings are conspicuously fringed. The eggs, which are about 4 of —

an inch in length, are oblong, bluntly rounded at the ends, or some- ole
times rather kidney-shaped. Under the microscope they are pretty

objects, being covered with rather large but indistinct star-shaped pro-
minences, the rays (or wrinkles) of which are waved. As a rule the eggs
are laid singly, but sometimes in strings of from three to fourteen, con-
nected at their ends. In nature they are probably laid on the outside of
sacks, or are possibly pushed in between the meshes by means of the long -
ovipositors of the females. One female confined in a glass bottle closed
with a plug of cotton batting had forced her eggs into the cotton plug to
a depth of over 4% of an inch. When first laid the eggs are greenish-

*Fig. 2, “showing E. kuhniella enlarged, and of the natural size in outline, i is ecco A
lent by Dr. Bryce. :

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43

_ white, after about twelve days they turn purplish, and in nineteen days
(in September and October) the young caterpillars eat their way out of
the eggs.

When first hatched they are reddish-brown, with dark heads, slender,
hairy, and very active. They at once begin to spin a silken thread where-
ever they go. When full grown the caterpillar is three-quarters of an
inch in length, slender and cylindrical; of a greenish-white, but pink
where the skin overlaps. The head is reddish-brown. Upon the segment

BGs next to the head, and on the last segment, are two chitinous plates of a

honey-yellow colour, known, respectively, as the thoracic and anal
shields. Along the sides of the body are four rows of dark piliferous
tubercles, the most distinct of which are those upon segments 2, 3 and -
13. These tubercles are arranged in four series, as follows :—Subdorsal
(two on each segment, from 5 to 12), lateral, substigmatal, and supra-
ventral. The substigmatal series is double throughout, each tubercle
bearing two bristles, separated a little at the base. On segments 3, 4 and
13 the subdorsal and lateral series are represented by a single double
tubercle instead of two separate tubercles, as on the other segments.

‘These tubercles are small but distinct, the dark colouring is in the
form of a cloud round the bases of the bristles. On the anterior section
of segment 13, the two subdorsal rows of tubercles are joined by a dark
cloud, and there is a large double conspicuous tubercle in the lateral area,
When full-grown the caterpillars crawl to some crevice or corner and en-
close themselves in close cocoons, into which they spin particles of flour
dust, or any other material at hand. The chrysalis is honey-yellow at
first, but turns darker as the moth matures within it. In about three
weeks the moths appear, pairing takes place and eggs are laid within 24
hours.

Remedies.—As to remedies, these, will have to be applied according
to circumstances. In the attack above referred to, all machinery was
brushed and subjected to a blast of super-heated steam. Fumigation, with
sulphur and chlorine, was also tresorted to. The experience of all who
_ have had the misfortune of being visited by this pest is, that the only safe-
guard is scrupulous cleanliness. In Canada, where we have several
months consecutively of severe winter weather, there should be no very
great difficulty in keeping this pest down if millers will only recognize
the danger of being indifferent. It is hardly probable that cold will kill

44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the insects if they are left undisturbed in their silken tunnels ; but, if these :
are broken by constant sweeping, and the caterpillars are left exposed, —_
cold will certainly injure them. Moths and caterpillars placed ina glass
bottle, and exposed to a temperature of five degrees above zero (Fah.), s;
were all severely crippled, and did not recover. The above facts suggest &
the advisability of occasionally opening mills, which are supposed to be ee
infested, so that the cold of winter may penetrate. If the moths are seen oe
about in spring, fumigating with sulphur at short interval must be practised. Be
Old sacks received from outside sources should be carefully examined, as
these would probable be the most frequent means of carrying the pest —_

from one mill to another. It is probable that this insect passes the winter

in the caterpillar state, in which it is more or less active, according to —

the temperature.

SOME NEW COLORADO MOTHS.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.
Cossus Brucei, nov. spec.

Expanse, male 2.50, female 3.00 inches.

Ground color, very pale gray, almost white, no dusky shading over the
wing. Fore wings crossed by a great number of fine black lines. Inthe _
male none of these form reticulations except a few along the basal half of _
the internal vein and near the outer margin. The female has a few more
of the reticulations in the outer third of the wing. Onthe male one line
more prominent than the rest crosses the wing through the middle from
the costa to the posterior margin at the origin of the fourth median vein, — ‘
forming a straight line. On the female this line follows the fourth median —

vein about a tenth of an inch, and then goes ina straight line obliquely to
the margin, and is not so heavy as in the male. _ Both sexes have a sub-
terminal line not quite so prominent as the median, from near the apex
to the posterior angle, bifid on costa, nearly straight in the male, slightly
curved outwardly in the female, reaching the angle in a fine line. Veins

dark only as denuded. Hind wings, with a space at the base and along —

oat

ae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

the inner margin, covered with long hairs as usual, the rest reticulated ; of
the same color as the fore wings.

Head gray, darker in the male ; colar slightly more buff tinted than
the ground color of the wings, making a light drab, without marks ; thorax
gray, a mixture of the ground color of the wings and black, a black line
round the posterior margin preceded by a space devoid of black; abdo- —
men of a lighter gray than the thorax. Beneath the thorax and abdomen
concolorous with the same parts above, the legs ringed with light.

This species is nearest to Cossus Angrezi Bailey, but differs from that
in several particulars. It Jacks the dark shading on the fore wings, in the
shape and distinctness of the transverse median line on fore wings, and in
the shape and position of the subterminal line. The fore wings are a little
less rounded at the apices, otherwise they are shaped alike. © The hind
wings in this species are reticulated over the terminal two-thirds, while in
Angrezi the reticulations do not cover quite half. In Angrezz the thorax
is black, with the edge of the tegule shaded with yellowish gray ; in this
the thorax and tegulae are both gray. The antenne are pectinated in
both sexes, most heavily so in the male. The under side of the wings
repeat the markings of the upper side, but a little blurred. |The space
between the two transverse lines is a little shaded with brownish. The
female has the ovipositor exserted about .30 of an inch.

Described from two examples, one of each sex, taken by David Bruce,
in Colorado, in 1887, and in the name dedicated to him,

Tolype distincta, nov. spec.
Expanse, male 1.1244, the female 1.50 inches,

Male.—In color and markings between Ve//eda and Laricis, rather a
dark leaden gray ; the fore wings crossed by two geminate lines and a
subterminal line, similar to those of Ve//eda, but the subterminal line is
also inclined to be geminate. These lines are lighter than the ground
colour, but not white as in Ve//eda. The geminate lines bordered each
side by a shade line that is slightly brownish ; fringes concolorous, a
whitish gray line at the base. Hind wings nearly the color of fore wings,
a pale shade through the middle and at the outer border ; fringe like that
on fore wings.

*

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Head and thorax gray, the front a little mixed with brown, the middle ©
of thorax with the usual glossy brown scales in the form of a longitudinal
crest ; abdomen gray, brown tinted, the sides at the base white, beneath a
little paler than above ; antennz strongly pectinate.

Female.—Color and markings as in the male, the bands and veins a
little more decided in contrast of color with the wings. Thorax dark —
leaden gray, patagiae rather lighter gray than the wings ; the entire absence
of white anywhere. |

This species is between Ved/eda and Laricis in size, as well as mark-
ings and colour. The antenne are strongly pectinate, more so than
Laricis, but not so much as Ved/eda. There is no decided white on
either sex, except on the sides of the abdomen of the male, the cross
bands and veins of the fore wings being whitish gray. The fringe of the
fore wing show a tendency to be paler at the ends of the veins, but they
are not pale externally, as are those of Ved/eda.

Captured by Mr. David Bruce, in Colorado, and dectdiban from tis?
males in my cabinet, and one female in that of Mr. Bruce. ©

flalisidota occidentalis, nov. spec.
Expanse, 1.30 inches.

Fore wings hyaline, except the anterior hart to subcostal vein, the Hae)
and the posterior part along the submedian vein and a little above that at
the base. The costal space alternately four patches of yellow, between a ;
buff and a chrome yellow, and yellowish brown ; the posterior margin 4
alternately two spots each of the yellow and brown, the basal yellow and ;
the terminal brown spots the longest. From the costal brown spots three
irregular sub-hyaline brown bands extend across the wing, the two outer
connecting with the two brown spots on the posterior margin, the third
from the outer margin not reaching the margin but blended posteriorly
with the second ; the sub-basal brown spot on the costa is in line with a
_ red-brown spot on the median vein at base ; the subhyaline brown, is
darker than that on the costa. The hyaline spaces left between these
brown bands corresponds to the light bands in such species as Agassisit,
ctc. Veins brownish yellow, as also the extreme outer portion of the wing.
Hind wings hyaline, immaculate ; fringes of both wings pale.

Head pale yellowish brown, a yellow transverse stripe in front, antenne

CSTE Tal ee cy ers

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47

pectinate, pale yellow-brown. Thorax yellow buff; collar, a dorsal line

and a line on outer edge of patagiae brown, the edge of collar next to head

_ yellow ; abdomen yellow ; beneath pale yellow, with the front of anterior
legs brownish.

Described from one male taken by Mr. Bruce, in Colorado. .
Halisidota subalpina, Nov. spec.
Expanse, 1.55 inches.

Fore wings yellow-buff, so. sprinkled with brown scales as to appear
quite brown, crossed by six rows of spots that are part yellow and part
white, all except the costal surrounded by a brown annulus. ‘The first
row is of two spots, the first on costa and the second on median vein, all
yellow ; the second row is of three, the first large and at right angles to
the other two very small white ones; the third row is of five spots, the
costal yellow, the next three white, the second very small, the third and
fourth equal, the fifth yellow and lacking the basal part of annulus ; the
fourth row is of five spots, the costal yellow, the second large and in the
cell white, the third a brown spot, the other two small, white ; the fifth
row of six spots all white except the costal, the first and second only separ-
ated by the vein, the sixth very small ; the sixth row is of nine spots, all
white but the costal, the first, second and ninth very small, the seventh
and eighth tending to fuse, the ninth removed inward out of line with the
others. ‘The last spot in four of these rows is below the submedian vein.

_ Fringes brown, with buff at the ends of the veins. Hind wings pale buff,

a pale stain spot at the end of cell and at the apex.

Head yellow in front, brown between the antenn, antennz pale yellow
brown ; collar buff, a central line and a spot each side brown ; thorax buff,
a brown line each side of the centre; centre of patagiae pale buff, with a
brown line each side, the two uniting in front ; abdomen buff. Beneath
similar to the upper but paler, the abdomen with a central and lateral
brownish stripe, the costa of hind wings with three brown stains.

Collected in Colorado by Mr. David Bruce. Described from one
male. This species is near H. Scapudlaris Stretch, but differs in size,
colour and markings. In Scapu/aris all the spots are white, and the
ground color is brown, with the thorax brown instead of buff. These are
a few of the differences between the two species.

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON EREBIA EPIPSODEA, BUTLER.* Lue

Epipsodea was first known to me by examples taken by Mr. T. L.
Mead, in Colorado, 1871. He says, in Report of the Wheeler Expedi-
tion: ‘This species inhabits the mountains of Colorado below timber
line. Specimens were brought from Fairplay by the Expedition. It
begins to appear about the first week in June, is common by the middle
of that month, and remains until the last of July.” *

Several examples were received in 1883, by Mr. William M. Chat,
from Judith Mountains, Montana, at about 4,000 feet elevation, in July.
From Mr. Ernest Stevenson, at Walla-Walla, southeast Washington, came
some unusually large specimens, late in June, 1885 ; others from Spokane
Falls, in east Washington, by Dr. W, J. Holland. I have also received
this species from St. Michaels and Nushagak, Alaska ; and have received
eggs from Mr. Thomas E. Bean, at Laggan, Alberta. On the other hand,
I have not seen £fipsodea from ‘south Colorado, or New Mexico, or
Arizona, or Utah, nor from the Sierra Nevada range anywhere. So far as’
appears, it is confined to the Rocky Mountains from middle Colorado
northward to the Arctic sea, but flies over the lowlands in its northern-
most range, and may there have a wide distribution. Many examples
from Colorado are small, the wings expanding less than any seen from
Alaska ; and the largest have come from Washington. ‘Throughout its
territory the two principal varieties: seem to be found, the banded and not
banded. |

Mr. Butler described the species from two individuals ‘from Rocky
Mountains,” but the locality was not stated.

Mr. Bruce writes: “I first met with Zpipsodea in Platte Genoa;
Colorado, at about 9,000 feet elevation. It frequents damp and boggy
places where the grass grows rank and coarse. In such situations, up to
néarly 12,500 feet, I found it rather common. In one place, at the high-
est altitude named, a small stream of muddy water from a mine had been
conveyed in wooden troughs which emptied into a basin-like depression ;
in this place, being always moist, the grass and flowers grew
luxuriantly, and many species of butterflies were in profusion. Epipsodea
was plenty, and in almost all the examples I captured here, the ocelli on

*From E ‘dwards’s Butt. N. A., Vol. 3, Part IX., issued Feb. 1, 1890. As com-

paratively few of our readers are likely to see this work, we have thought it ee while
to reprint these interesting notes.—Ep. C, E. .

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 49

upper wings were absent. Many ‘had noné on lower wings, others showed
black points more or less minute.

“This variety, which Mr. Elwes has called E. Brucei I see, is prob-
ably peculiar to these high stations, where I have found it during three
seasons, for, in the valley below, there was a narrow, boggy tract, more
than a mile long, where Zpipsodea was plentiful; but I found none of the
variety spoken of. The only variation there was marked by the absence
of the band on under side hind wings, and this was confined to few indi-
viduals.

“ Epipsodea has a rather quick, jerky flight, It is not very readily
captured, for, although it never appears to bein a great hurry, it flies close
to the ground, and is always just ahead, dodging under every bush, and
around every grassy hummock, as if in earnest search for something. It

takes long flights without going far away, and seldom alights on flowers.

Directly the sun is obscued, it dives in the grass, like almost all the
mountain diurnals. All the Erebias, as well as thé alpine species of
Chionobas, ‘ play possum,’ and pretend to be lifeless when captured, and
will lie in or under the net, or on one’s hand, some moments in that con-
dition. I have found Zpipsodea from June gth to the end of August, in
the front Range, in Colorado ; at the latter date it was badly worn.”

Mr. Elwes says, Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1889, Part II, p. 334: ‘‘ I have
a single specimen, and Mr. Godman has a similar one, collected by
Bruce in Cashier Valley, Summit County, Colorado, at 12,000 feet, which
are considered by Bruce and W. H. Edwards to be a variety of Zpzpsodea,
though it is so different from it that, had I more specimens, I should be
inclined to consider it a different species, more especially as Apipsodea
does not appear to extend to such great elevations, or to vary much ;
though its range of altitude is very great. I have taken it in Idaho at about
2,000 feet elevation, and in the Yellowstone Park at 5,000 to 6,000 feet,
and have it from Colorado, taken by Bruce, as high as 9,500 feet. The
specimens above mentioned are somewhat smaller, and with rounder
wings, than the average of Zfzpsodea, but are best marked by the entire
’ absence of ocelli on either wing or on either surface, and the partial dis-
appearance of the red band.” In the Synopsis of same paper, page 326,
Mr. Elwes puts this under the species name as “? Var. Brucei.”

Mr. Bean writes: “ At Laggan, //ifsodea is moderately common in
3 June and early July, frequenting open, grassy flats of the Bow River valley,

50 THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST.

at an altitude of about 5,000 feet. It is, in my experience, rarely found .
on the mountains, but I took a single male, the past seaon ona mountain ;
ridge, at 7,800 feet, or about 500 feet above the tree line. ‘This specimen
does not differ from those of the valley, 3,000 feet below. The form you
mention ( Brucei), which partly lacks the eye spots, I do not find.

“ Epipsodea occurred at McLean, altitude 1,900 feet, in 1884, though
not so common as it is at Laggan, and the localities were open grassy
flats.” ee

The eggs sent me by Mr. Bruce, in 1888, were laid by a female of this
_var. Brucei, not wholly destitute of spots, there being two or three black
‘points on fore wings. The outcome was a single male, true type Zpipsodea,
scarcely banded beneath, out of chrysalis 12th May, 1888. The eggs were
laid 8th July and hatched 20th. On 25th, there were seven young larve.
The first one passed first moult 27th July, the second moult 4th August, the
third moult 28th August. The others lingered in their stages, but by 15th |
September, five had passed third moult. They were at all times kept out —
of doors, and cool weather now coming on they ceased feeding gradually.
On 29th October, I found but three larve, all in lethargy, two of the five.
having disappeared. In November, I took them to Clifton Springs, as
before stated. On sth April, 1888, I received them again, two alive and
wide awake as I opened the box. ‘These were at once placed on grass,
and in five minutes thereafter were feeding. On 15th April, one passed
its fourth moult, the other on 17th. On 3oth April, I noticed that one
was bringing together leaves of the grass and forming a sort of loose
cylinder. It was in the middle of a pretty dense tuft, the leaves of which
were three to four inches long. On one of these the larva rested, holding
by its prolegs, and was spinning a few threads and drawing the leaves
down and about it. Before night the inclosure was’ complete. Nearly a
score of leaves were held, mainly by threads at top and bottom, that is,
above and below the larva, making a pretty close covering, but open by
spaces so that most of the side, and the head, were exposed to view.
The larva rested head up, back arched. Mr. Scudder, in But. N. E., has
well characterized this structure as ‘‘an imperfect cocoon.” Pupation
took place on the night of rst-2d May. Some hours after, when the
chrysalis had hardened, I cut away the leaves one by one. There were
_ fifteen of them, and the pupa rested upright, its lower end one and a-half

qn
[ mee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ynch above ground, in an angle formed by three leaves. As I cut one
of these, it turned over and fell, showing itself to be unattached. In fact
the cremaster was found to be furnished with but straight bristles, very
short, and there were no hooks by which attachment could be had, As
before stated, a male of the typical form came from this chrysalis on 12th
May.

I had received young larve of this species from Mr. Bean, at Laggan,
25th July, 1886, they having hatched ex route. I lost all but one of these.
It passed first moult 2d August, the second moult roth August, and soon
_ after became lethargic. I kept it at Coalburgh, and brought it into the

house middle of January, 1887, apparently healthy. But a month later it
unaccountably disappeared. |

Mr. Bruce had also sent eggs from Colorado which reached me 28th
July, 1886. From these, five larvee reached second moult, and went into
hibernation, and died during the winter. From the behavior of the differ-
ent lots of larvze, it apears that hibernation may take place at either second
or third moult.

This, therefore, is the complete history of an Erebia from egg to imago,
and, so far as I know, the first such that has ever been published of one
of the genus. To get drawings of the several stages, it was necessary to
send them to Mrs. Peart, at Philadelphia, through the mails, some five
hundred miles, with risk of loss or damage. Indeed, the second larva
_was in Philadelphia in its last stage, and being returned to me, imperfectly
-pupated on the way, and died.

The genus Erebia comprises many species, nearly all of which are
European and Asiatic. Dr. Staudinger, in 1871, enumerated forty-eight,
many of them boreal, others alpine, the latter found as far to the south as
the Pyrenees, Alps, Caucasus, and Himalayas. Great Britain is credited
with three species, and, in Buckler’s Larve of British Butterflies, Vol, I, on.
Plate VI, are figured the mature larva and pupa of one of these, E. Blan-
dina, and the young larva of another, E. Cassiope. In the text, Mr.
‘Buckler relates that he raised the larva of B/andina from the egg, obtain-
ing pupa and imago; anda brief description of the several stages is given,
that of the larval being imperfect, as nothing is said of the several moults.
Nor is it told how the larva pupated. Nevertheless, the plate represents
the pupa resting nearly upright on a tuft of grass, but not at all inclosed.
It looks very much like the pupa of Epipsodea, So an incomplete des-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

or
is

cription is given of the stages of Cassiope, but how pupation took place is
not told, nor is there a figure shown. The young larva as figured has
forked tails; and therefore, I apprehend, it must have been drawn after the
first moult.

In North America, are eight or nine species, three at least of which
are said to be old world, namely, Zyndarus, Discoidadis, and Disa. One
species heretofore erroneously credited to North America, on the authority
of Doubleday, E. Vesagus, belongs to the Andes, in South America.

The group is a very interesting one, and together with Chionobas, and
some others, embraces those members of the Rhopalocera, or Diurnals,
‘which are nearest the Heterocera, or Moths, allied to them in important
characters in each of the four stages. The resemblances of the larve and
pupez are particularly striking. The latter are destitute of cremastral
hooks in Erebia, in Chionobas, even of bristles,'and pupation takes place,
sometimes on the bare ground, sometimes in or on the sod, in one case,
as we have seen, in an imperfect cocoon ; sometimes in a real cocoon
beneath the surface of the ground ; or the larva goes into the ground and
pupates naked, in a cavity made by the movements of its body, after the
manner of nearly all the Sphingide.*

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 36, Volume xxii.)

A. placentia A. & S.
1797—A. & S.,* Ins. Ga., IT., ic pl., 65, Phalaena.
1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 180, Heracéia.
1856 —Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., IIL, 610, Arctia.
1866<Clene, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 529, Arctia. ;
1862—Clem., App. to Morris, Syn. 337, OER
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct. 5, Arctia.

*NoTe.—Since the foregoing paper -was printed, I have seen the CAN, ENT. for
December, 1889, and learn therein (Vol. XXI., p. 238,) that Dr. H. Skinner has
received examples of Zpipsodea, caught in Assiniboia, about 325 miles west of Pilea ta
and with them one of the var. Arucez, mentioned as var. Sine-ocel/ata,

f

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53

1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74,. Arctia.

1883—Hulst, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, = sats.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, an sp. dist.
Habitat—Georgia, Canada.

A. qguadrinotata Strk. |
1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. N. Sci, cak., 271, Ls 3a; fh. OG;
| Hisbiak Texas.

A. quenselii Geyer.
1830—Geyer, Zutr. No. 424, ff. 847-848, Arctia.
1849—Moeschl , Stett. Ent. Zeit. [X., 173, 174, Buprepia.
1856—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het, III., 611, Arctia.
1858—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., VII., 1780, Arctia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Phil, XII, 527, Arctia.

_ 1862—Morris, Synopsis, 223, Arctia.
1864—Gn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1864, 4e trim., Vemeophila.
1866-—Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., XI., 34, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb, 74 et 222, pl. IX.,f 8( 9).
1874—Pack., *Rept. Geol. Surv., 1874, 558, f. 14 (larva).
1887—-Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 109, Avctia.
gelida Moeschl. |

1849—Moeschl, Stett. Ent. Zeit., [X., 174, Huprepia.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 611, Arctia.
1860—Clem., Proc., Ac. N. Sci. Phil., XII., 528, Arctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 341, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.
1873—Streck., Lep. Rhop. et Het., 23, pr. syn.
1883—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XLIV., 116, pr. syn.
1883—Neum., Papilio III, :50, pr. syn.
Habitat—Labrador, White Mts., Col.

3 A. rectilinea French.

a 1879—French, Can. Ent., XI, 45, Arctia.

’ ; 1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., t10, Arctia.

: Habitat—Illinois, New York.

A. remissa Edw.

1888—Edw., Ent. Amer., III., 184, Arcéia.
Habitat—H. B. Terr.

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A. rhoda Butl.
' 7881—Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., XVIIL, 135, Arctia.
Habitat— United States.

This species bears the same relation to ochreata Butl. that pisbvdite
Saund. does to zazs Dru., and Mr. Butler suggests that it ae
female of either phaloveis Harr., or ochreata Butl. :

A. saundersii Gtt. pee en
1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III. 75 et 324, pl. 4,f, 3, Z,
Arctia. : nae
1868—Saund., Can. Ent., I, 27, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74. Arctia.
1881—Butler, Papilio, I., 131, Arctia.
1883—Hulst, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 71, parthenice.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III, 149, an sp. dist. parthenice.
1887—Grt., Ent. Amer., ITI, 147, Arcétia.
1887—-Grt., Can. Ent., XIX., 32, an sp. dist. parthenice.
virguncuda { Saund.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 9, Arctia.
1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 75, pr. syn.
intermedia Stretch. }
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 216, pl. [X., f. 3, Aretia.
r875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 197, pr. syn. Bee
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, an sp. dist.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 110, an sp. dist.
Habitat—Can , N. Y., Mass., N. J., Ills. :

Mr. Stretch’s species iztermedia is certainly not referable to saundersii,
but to stretchiz Grt. and otthona Strk. |
A. simplicior Butler.

1881—Butl., Ann. and Mag., N. H., ser. 5, VIII., 311, Arctia.

“ Possibly a well marked variety of i“. achaia ; but apparently inter-

mediate between that species and A. saundersii.” So says Mr. Butler.
Habitat—Oregon. ;

A. snowi Grt.
1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 197, Arctia.
1883—Hulst., Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =naés.
Habitat — Kansas.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55

. Shastacnsis Behrens.
- 1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 35, Arctia.
_ 1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 162, fig. 2, Arctia.
_ Habitat—Mt. Shasta District, Cal.
A. speciosa Moeschl.
1865—Moeschl., Wien. Ent. - Monatschr, VIL, 195, pl. V., ff. 13-14
1 Arctia.
-1866—Pack., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., XI. a4; Re apetie
-1873—Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het, I, 23, ve
1874—Pack., Rept. Geol. Surv., 1874, 558, guenselii var.
1883-—Neum., Papilio, III, 150, =guense/ii.
Habitat— Okak, Labr., White Mts.

(To be continued.) ©

NOTES ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF HIGH ALTITUDES. IN
CUSTER COUNTY, COLORADO.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, CUSTER CO., COL.
ei ( Continued from page 39, Volume xxit.)
(2) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6—-

Lysiphlebus salicaphidis Ashm.

Lipolexis chenopodiaphis Ashm.

Limneria montana Cr.

Periclistus sp.

Apanteles sp.

Diaeretus atricornis Ashm.

Megachile sp.

Andrena sp.

Halictus sp.

Sapyga aculeata Cr.

Camponotus vicinus Mayr.

(73 sp.

Perilampus platygaster Say.

Habrocytus rose Ashm.

Passalecus mandibularis Cr.

Lysitermus coloradensis Ashm. |

Aspilota obscuripes Ashm. 7

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Aphidius montanus Ashm.

“ atropetiolatus Ashm,
Sphecodes dichroa Smith.
Prosapis affinis Smith.
Formica integra Nyl.
Dolichopselphus n. g., n. sp., Ashm.

(3) Near Micawber Mine—
Pteromalus vanesseé Harris. Bred from a pupa of Vanessa. The

larva of P. vanessa is about 2% mill. long, and is tinged with
purplish. The pupa is pale yellow, with the eyes red and
very conspicuous.
(4) Timber line and above, above Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—
Bombus ternarius Say.
Habrocytus rose Ashm.
Nomia nortoni Cr.

Atractodes sp.
Mr. Ashmead remarks, concerning H. rose: ‘I first received this

species from Messrs. James Fletcher and Harrington, who reared it from
a rose-gall collected in British Columbia.” I have reared it from galls of
Rhodites ignota O. S., and R. fusiformans Ckll., n. sp., collected at
West Cliff. ey
(5) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 4—
Tapinoma sessile Say.
Lipolexis atriventris Ashm.
Habrocytus rose Ashm.
Leptacis tetraplasta Ashm.
Psilophrys occidentalis Ashm.
(6) Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—
Calliopsis sp.
Tenthredo occidentalis Cr.
“« Serrugineipes Cr.
Cremastus sp.
Tapinoma sessile Say.
Bracon sulcifrons Ashm.
Aphidius atropetiolatus Ashm
(7) Micawber Mine, Aug. 7—
Lampronota coloradensis Cr.

~I

Or

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Camponotus sp.
Formica sp.
Cremastus sp.
Passalecus mandibularis Cr.
Figites coloradensis Ashm. ?.
Apanteles sp.
Aspilota pallidipes Ashm.
Pimpla annulipes Brullé.
(8) Horeshoe Bend, 1887—
Urocerus flavicornis FI.
Dolichoselphus Ashm., is allied to Atractodes, with abnormally length-
_ ened maxillary and labial palpi.

*

LErIDOr

Mr. W. H. Edwards has kindly deisined: many of the butterflies.
‘The two species of Czdaria were identified by the Rev. G. D. Hulst.
(1) Lakes of the Clouds, 1887— _
Colias meadit Edw.
(2) Near Micawber Mine, 1888—
Nathalis iole Bav.
(3) Near Brush Creek, June 27, Siig
Phyciodes camillus Edw.
Nisoniades icelus Lintn.?
Argynuis hesperis Edw.
Lycena sepiolus Bdv., f, &.
ero Scudd.
(4) Near Micawber Mine, June 27—
. Pyrameis cardui L.
95: ** form minor Ckll., nov.
Anthocharis ausonides Bav.
Vanessa milbertii var. subpallida Ckll.
Pierts oleracea Bdv.
- Gnophaela vermiculata Grote.
Agrotis auxtliaris Grote.
Papilio rutulus Bdv.
Colias scudderii Reak.
Lycena acmon D. and H.
P. cardui f. minor differs from the type only in being much smaller.

D8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A P. rutulus was caught at the flowers of Erysimum asperum var. eee

alpestre V. NOV.
(5) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, June 27—
Limenitis weidemeyerit Edw.
Chionobas chryxus West. and Hew.
Colias eurytheme Bdv.

C. chryxus was abundant, but difficult to capture because it flew over

exceedingly precipitous and rocky ground.
(6) Horseshoe Bend Gulch, June 27—
( Argynnis Edwardsii Reak.

Grapta sp.
Vanessa antiopa L.

(7) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug.—
Brenthis sp.
Parnassius smintheus Dbl. and Hew.

(8) Smith’s Park Gulch, August—
Brenthis sp.
Colias alexandra Edw. ~.
Chrysophanus helloides Bdv.
Gnophaela vermiculata Grote f, Q.
Limenitis weidemeyerit Edw.

(9) Near Micawber Mine, Aug.—
Gnophaela vermiculata Grote.
Cidara montanata Moesch. (Aug. 15).

“ nubilata Pack. (Aug. 4).

Pyrameis cardui L.
Vanessa antiopa L.
Parnassius smintheus 1D. and H.
Limenitis weidemeyerti Edw.
Alucita hexadactyla L.
Grapta sp.
Pieris protodice B. and L., 3 (Aug. 6).
Chrysophanus helloides Bdv. (abundant).
Nomophila sp.
Botys sp.

Metrocampa margaritata var. perlata Guen. (Aug. 6).

Plusia sp.
Clistocampa sp.

Pa

4 a ‘ ‘
t
i AA ee ey - ne
e; FET OM; Cad TSE a eg ge > é em pms A te Net Th ee ay ~
(a OMS CTE nae ian pira e | 2a ae Ee Agito i= genio oe ayes SNe ES Sb 2s Ira et 2 ae Na ae Pen ae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

59

Sheri ldmettat ~rar a ie.

Colias alexandra Edw., &, 2
Pieris occidentalis Reak. (Aug. 6).
Satyrus charon Edw.
Colias eurytheme var. pallida Ckll.
5 . var. keewaydin Edw. (Aug. 6).
“é * var. eriphyle Edw. (Aug. 6).
(10) Horshoe Bend Gulch, Aug. 15—_
Colias eurytheme Bdv.
. ORTHOPTERA.
Ceuthophilus sp., near Micawber Mine.
HEMIPTERA.

The Hemiptera have been identified by Mr. Ashmead.

(1) Smith’s Park Gulch, 1889—
Cicada sp.

(2) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—

Nysius californicus Stal.

(3) Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—

Lygus diffusus Uhler.
“pratensis L, var.

(4) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6—
Podisus bracteatus Fitch.

Nysius angustatus Uhler.
Anthocoris melanocerus Reuter.
Corizus hyalinus Say.
Hadronema militaris Uhler.

“ robusta Uhler.

(5) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, July 27—
Lioderma viridicata Uhler ?

(6) Micawber Mine, Aug. 7—
Lygus pratensis L., var.
Ldiocerus alternatus Fitch.
Pycnoderes insignis Reuter.

(7) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 15—
Alydus eurinus Say.

(8) Near Brush Creek, June 27— ©
Dacota hesperia Uhler.

Lygus pratensis L., var.

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DIPTERA.
Tipula sp., Micawber Mine, Aug. 7.
Musca domestica L., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6.
Culex sp., Lakes of the Clouds, 1887.

Various other species of Diptera, etc., as well as some Trichoptera; |

and species of Zhrips and Tomocerus (probably plumbeus L.), and many
Aphides, are as yet undetermined. The Arachnida are represented by

Epeira and Misumena (probably vatia), and Phalangodes robusta Pack.

was found near the Micawber Mine, this being the highest altitude known
for thi¢ species. The Myriapoda are represented by species of Lithobius

Geophilus and /Judus, and most interesting of all, Polydesmus was found —

near the Micawber Mine.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.—The only species iitherto recorded from 10,000 feet,

or above, on the Sangre de Cristo Range, seem to be Parnassius,

Gnophaela, Brenthis and Bombus. But some not very distinct ranges
have been explored. Many species are recorded from Veta Pass, and
Mr. Scudder has written (Appalachia, 1878) on the insects of Sierra Blanca,
and Mr. W. S. Foster has collected Lepidoptera on Marshall Pass. |

CORRESPONDENCE.

ee

RARE CAPTURES.

Dear Sir :—When in London last winter, 1 assisted in naming the —

private collection of Mr. Rowland Hill, our present young curator, As I
was going over his material, my attention was arrested by the unfamiliar
look of a few specimens he had secured the season before ; they had a
resemblance to a familiar enough form—Lachnosterna—but much smaller,
and I concluded that I had seen, it before. After several ineffectual

efforts to secure its name, I sent a specimen to Dr. Hamilton, Allegheny, Ee
and he has identified it as Cyclocephala immacu/ata Burm., and remarks

that “ this species is widely distributed from Ohio to West Mexico, but I

never heard of its being taken in the Northern States, east of North-

western Ohio.” I have also been in communication with Prof. Fernald,
and I copy the following from his reply :—“ No. 2 is Pedisca nisella
Cl., a European species never before reported in the United States.”

_J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont. —

Mailed March ist.

-

SR Oe a ee ee eae 1 en gn ae eee sy ee SL Ne x Re, ay Sree ae

The Canadian Fontomologist

VOL. XXII. LONDON, APRIL, 1890. No. 4.

ON CERTAIN STATEMENTS IN SCUDDER’S “ BUTTERFLIES
OF NEW ENGLAND.”

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.

As Mr. Scudder has charged me with blunders of one sort or other, I
am compelled to notice the matter, as silence on my part would properly
be construed as an acknowledgement that he was right.

I. On p. 1805, the synonymy of Argynnis (Brenthis) /rez7a is given,
closing thus: ‘‘ Argynnis Charic/ea Edw., in his catalogues.” And on
p. 1808, under Chariclea : “Argynnis Freya Edw., in his cat.”

In the text, p. 1807, we read that “ Frezza is a circumpolar species in
the strictest sense, being found on the northern shores of both worlds,
and in each extending southward to the habitable zone. * * * In
the New World it occurs from Alaska to Labrador, * * * andin
the Rocky Mountain region as far south as Lake La Hache and Crow’s
Nest Pass, west of Fort McLeod. It is said by Edwards to occur in
Colorado, but the specimens obtained there by Mr. Mead, to which he
probably refers, belong to the next species” (7. e to Chariclea), ‘while
three from Nepigon, referred by him to Chariclea, belong here” (7. ¢. to
Freya).

On page 1809, under Chariclea, we read: ‘‘ This northern butterfly
inhabits circumpolar lands on either side of the Atlantic, but extends
much further southward on the western than on the eastern continent,
being found * * * not only in Greenland and Labrador, but * * *
even (in) Colorado,” etc.

Now, although I knew I had not mistaken one of these species for
the other, as alleged, I got from Mr. Bruce a pair of the Colorado form,
taken by him last summer, and mailed them to Mr. Butler, British Museum,
asking which species they were. The reply came two weeks ago, short,
sharp and decisive: ‘‘ Your species is Mreya ; it can by no means be
confounded with Charicea * * * It has nothing to do with Chariclea.”

62 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Colorado species is “veya. The examples taken by Mr. Meadin —
Colorado, 1871, and of which Mr. Seudder speaks, all passed through my —
hands, as did the whole catch. 1 received the butterflies, week by week,
through the mails in papers ; and, on Mr. Mead’s return, we divided the
entire lot equally between us. There were many /yeya (and some of
them I have now), but no Charic/ea; nor has Chariclea ever been taken
within the limits of the United States, so far as I know. It flies as far to
the south as the Canadian Pacific Railway in the Rockies ; and I not only -
have examples taken at Laggan by Mr. Bean, but I have twice had eggs
and larve from him.* 7 as
‘ II, On p. 1863, in the synonymy of Pamphila (Limochores) Padatka
it is said that Pamphila Dion Edw., Can. Ent., XI., 238, is the same thing.

*Mr. Scudder says, page 1807, under veya, by which he means Chariclea: ‘‘To
judge from the captures north of Lake Superior, it is a late species, flying late in August
and early in September, or at the very close of the season, at that place. Evidently
winter must be passed, by the caterpillar just from the egg.” I have not learned from —
Mr. Bean the date of first appearance of Chariclea imago, but I received eggs sent by
him 4th of August, 1866, and another lot 6th August, same year. Part of each lot hiber-
nated direct from the egg, but part went past third moult and then hibernated. I lost
these during the winter. But these last larvee, had they lived, would have reachec
imago three or four weeks earlier than the larve that hibernated from the egg. This
would give the appearance of two broods of the butterfly, and account for some flying in
July and others in September.

Under Chariclea, p. 1809, by which Mr. Scudder means /reya, we read: .‘* Noth-
ing is known of its seasons or history, except that it appears in Colorado early in the
season, in May, or early in June, so that winter can certainly not be passed as a cater-
pillar just from the egg.” I have not had eggs of Freya from Colorado, but received
some from Laggan, sent 6th Jude, 1886; and again, sent 4th June, 1889. I lost the survivors
of the first lot after they had passed the second moult; but those of the last lot (6) reached
eight-tenths of an inch in length, and had passed three moults before 2nd July. I
thought from their actions they would pupate, but after several alternations of quiet and
activity, they finally dropped asleep, and I sent them to Clifton Springs, N. Y., 16th of
July, to go in the refrigerating house. ate a's

The species 4. Helena is the representative of Charzclea in Colorado, and as that
behaves so Chariclea might be supposed to behave, if it dwelt in Colorado, s of
Helena, sent from that State 24th July, 1886, gave larve., all of which passed the third
moult and then went into hibernation. _ I lost them during the winter. yt.

_ I may as well here speak of one other of this group, 4. Z7iclards, found in Colo-
rado and north. I received eggs sent from Laggan, 2nd August, 1889. The larve
passed second moult and hibernated, and were sent to Clifton Springs 19th September.

The larve of all four species are closely like that of Bedlona. In the first stage, the
alternate segments are green and brown, as in Bellona, and also AZyrina. — The spines
of 7riclaris are somewhat different from the rest after the first stage, but these others are
same as in Bellona, so far as I carried the larva. Mr. Scudder has tried hard to find
characters in the preparatory stages by which to separate the genus Brenthis Scudder
(not the coitus Brenthis of Hubner, by a good deal), but wholly without suecess ; and
the same is true of the imago. The small species are merely a group of the genus
Argynnis. As to two other genera, so called, chipped off from Argynnis, viz., Semno-
psyche and Speyeria, there is not a feature in any stage to justify either of them, =

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 63

Had Mr. Scudder read the two descriptions ever so carelessly he ought not
to have made a mistake like this. Also Prof. French pointed out to him the
error, and I did the same indirectly through Mr. French. But, neverthe-
less, he was bound to have his own way. ‘The species Pa/atka was named
from a single ¢, 1867, taken at St. Augustine, Fla. In several years this
_ example was an unique. I have it before me now as I write. But in
later years Pa/atka has been taken abundantly at Indian River, mostly
_ by Dr. Wittfeld, and is known to all collectors. In the description the
expanse is given at 1.7 inch. Omitting all mention of upper side, we
come to under side of secondaries, which differs widely from Déon in
_ colour and absence of markings, ‘“‘ Under side of secondaries uniform
a brown, immaculate.” . Dion was described in 1879, from the southern
shore of Lake Michigan, from Hamilton, Ont., and from Nebraska. It is
compared with Ara B. & L. Expands 1.2 inch (that is to Palatka as
2 is to 17). “Under side of secondaries ferruginous, of uniform tint,
except that there are two pale rays from base, one of which passes
through cell, the other occupies submedian interspace to margin.” These
pale rays are a conspicuous feature of this species. Pa/atka is a coffee-
brown, solid colour. Dion is a red-brown, with two pale bands. On p.
1931, among “ Additions and Corrections,” are these words: “1715,
line 9, the species here referred to as Z. Palatka is not the Palatka of
Edwards, but his Pad/as.” I never described a species under the name
of Pallas. The author has got things in a tangle.

III. On p. 1595, in the excursus “ Butterflies as Botanists,” we read :
“The narrow choice of certain species is, perhaps, indicated in our own
fauna of the food plant of Phyciodes Zharos. So far as we know it feeds
only upon a single species of Aster ; ‘and if your butterfly selects only
that,’ said the late Dr. Gray, when I told him of this, ‘it is a better
botanist than most of us.’ Only one other plant has been alleged as its
food, and that probably by mistake. This special aster the female
selected out of many furnished it by Mr. Mead whereon to lay her eggs,
and no one has yet reared it upon anything but aster Nove Angliz.
* %* * Such restriction of choice, if really true, certainly indicates
some keen perception on the part of the butterfly.” It certainly would,

Mr. Mead, Can. Enr., VII., 161, 1875, says: “I prepared a box by
_ partly filling it with earth, and transplanting into this small specimens of
all the common Composite I could lay my hands upon, * * * and

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

about a dozen 2 9, 2. Marcia and Tharos, were introduced. Ina few
days I examined the leaves and found six patches of eggs upon one of the
plants, etc. The plant proved to bea species of aster, * * * from
the leaves I think it will prove to be aster Nove-Anglie. No eggs were
found on any of the other plants.” He also says that he afterwards found
a brood of young caterpillars upon a plant of this aster in a meadow.

In Can. Ent. IX. 1, 1877, I related that I was in the Catskills with
Mr. Mead when he madé the above mentioned discovery, and that I
afterwards got eggs for myself by tying the female butterfly over the stems ~

of A. Nove-Angliz, and brought the larve while young to Coalburgh,

** On the journey, stopping at several points, I had to give them leaves of
such species of aster as I could find, and they ate any and all readily—

even German Asters from the garden.” Then I related how I repeatedly

got eggs of Zharos in same way at Coalburgh, W. Va., (where A. N.-
Angliz does not’ grow). I do not know that Zzharos will feed on any
other plants than asters, but they will eat any sort of aster surely.

IV. Onp. 1926: ‘ Mr. Edwards tells me that Mrs. Peart observed
one case (of G. Znterrogationis) in which the final egg of a chain had
eleven ribs, when all the others had nine. Could a second female have
possibly placed an egg upon a chain laid by another!?” I did not know.
what the author meant to imply by the italicised word and the note of sur-
prise. The observation as to this chain of eggs is mentioned in Part VIIL.,
Vol. 3, Butt. N. A., in the paper on Jpterrogationis, as follows: ‘I had
supposed the number of ribs in all eggs laid by one femalé was the same,
but Mrs. Peart found that, in a string I sent her, the topmost egg had
eleven ribs, while all the rest had but nine, as shown on the plate, fig. a‘,”
The eggs were laid by a single female in confinement, and were put in
alcohol and so sent Mrs. Peart. It occurred to me to ask Dr. C. S. Minot,
an authority in biology, if he could explain how this could have been, and
he replied: ‘The eggs of insects descend from the ovarian tubes into
the so-called uterus, where they lie for some time, and have the shell
formed by the secretions of the uterine walls. These walls are thrown
into folds, which are characteristic of the genera and species, and the egg
shell, so far as its outer pattern is concerned, is a cast, so to speak, of the
folds in question. It seems to be quite possible that the number of folds
(and therefore the number of ribs on the shell) should vary in different

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

parts of the uterus. But I doubt if there are any observations on that
‘point at present.” That seems a reasonable explanation.

VY. Argynnis Atlantis, p. 578. It is said: ‘‘The early history of
this species is almost wholly unknown, the different stages of the cater-
_ pillar and the chrysalis never having been adequately described.” I had
this species from the egg, and described every stage, egg, larva and
_ chrysalis, in Can. Ent., XX., p. 1., 1888, in the manner usual with me ;
and as Mr. Scudder has copied my descriptions of other species by
_ wholesale, I am at a loss to see what there is “inadequate” in this of
_ Atlantis, or why it is dismissed so curtly.

VI. Colias Eurytheme, p. 1126. Under the division of Zurytheme-
Eriphyle comes the species Harfordii H. Edw., and its var. or co-form
Barbara, and reference is made to the description and life history of
same, with plate, in Butt. N. A., V., 3. I showed in the paper cited
that the male Harfordit comes near C. /nterior Scudder, a species
which the discoverer regards as genuine; and that the var. (or co-form)
Barbara approaches the ZLurytheme group, 2. e. Hurytheme and Philodice,
and I said, ‘“‘So that the species in certain points resembles species
belonging to two distinct sub-groups.” Dr. Hagen, Trans. Bost. Soc. N.
H., 22, 165, 1883, judged Harfordii to be neither more nor less than
Interior. Mr. Scudder might have compared the genitalia, as he believes
in those organs as tests of species, and told us wherein Harfordii
resembles Aurytheme.

VII. Limenitis Disippus, called Basilarchia Archippus. There is
so much in this life history that is at variance with what I myself have
observed in West Virginia, that one would seem to be dealing with a
distinct species, and that the New England form could not be the same
as the Virginian.

Page 261. The protection of the egg from ‘ants, mites and spiders
* * * is undoubtedly in the fewness of their number on one plant.
The spider that finds two eggs of a Basilarchia in one day must be an
excellent hunter.” In this region there is no limit to the number of eggs
that may be laid on one tree. The seedling plants of aspen are often
full of eggs or larvee. On one occasion I found four larve on four leaves
of one little stem ; on another I found eleven eggs and young larve on a
plant not over eighteen inches high, nearly one to every leaf ; on another
I found nine eggs ona small tree. I once discovered a female oviposit-

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

ing on a willow of some ten feet high. She laid in my sight at least six on <<
different parts of the tree, and I brought away two of them, the rest I was
unable to reach. oe

I asked Prof. Rowley, at Curryville, Mo., what was his experience in
this matter, he says: “‘I watched a female Disippus last August laying
eggs on aspen. She flitted here and there, and in the course of about
fifteen minutes had laid a dozen eggs, and was busy when I inadvertently
frightened her away. Once or twice she returned to the same twig. In
searching for cases of this species on New Year's day (1889), I examined —
_but two plants of willow ; the first, scarcely four feet high, yielded twelve
‘cases ; the other, less than ten feet high, gave me forty-five. In one case,
two were found on one twig, not twelve inches apart, on another three.
I have seen five larve on one small sprout of aspen; seven eggs on —
another. Once found two young larve on one leaf, both on perches, one
at the end, the other at the side.” E

Page 273. ‘On hatching * * * it eats the apical leaves, and then |
those next in order, omitting none in its passage down the stem, so that,
as Lintner says, its position may be ‘at once revealed by the twig upon
which it had fed * * * being entirely defoliated from its tip about
eighteen inches downward, leaving only the footstalks remaining.’” The
fact is that the larva makes its case of the leaf it was hatched on, though,
for cause, it will move to another in order to make the case. _As to strip-
ping a stem, even the mature larva does not do that to any such extent as
is intimated above that the young larva does. It is at all stages a light
feeder. ‘ Pe

Page 277. “Itis a curious thing that we find in the caterpillars of —
the first brood, no tendency whatever to construct hibernacula ; here we ©
have an instinct inherited by alternate generations.” On page 1416, speak-
ing of the same caterpillar: (it is) “the caterpillar of the latest brood
which constructs a hibernaculum * * *; yet, with this common butter-
fly, no instance has been given where a caterpillar of an earlier brood
showed the remotest tendency towards such action.” Now, Mr. Scudder
may be right for New England, where Diésippus is said to be two-brooded
only, but in West Virginia the caterpillars of the brood before the last
(there being three annual broods) often make hibernacula, and some of
the same lot will do this, while others go on to pupa and imago. If
this fact has never been recorded before, I put it on record now. Some

a
Bs
a

oo eR Od EEE HE a a eT

VP ae a Se ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67

of a lot of larvee also will make their cases-after second moult, others after

third and in the following spring. Some, but not all, of those which hiber-

nated after second moult, will pass threemore moults. There would seem

no reason why some larve of the first of the three Virginia broods should
not make cases, as some of the second (in mid-summer) do. And cer-
tainly we could not say positively that they do not ; nor do I see how one

could say positively that some of the first New England brood do not

make cases. The evidence against it is negative only. I have found
that caterpiliars and butterflies are apt to do just what we would think
they could not. I never knew of a larva hibernating after first moult, as
it is stated that they “not at all infrequently” do, on page 275 ; nor do I
think the small larvee, after that moult, would have the physical ability to
cut out and weave together a case. :

A RAINY DAY ON THE MOUNTAINS.
BY DAVID BRUCE, BROCKPORT, N. Y.

There is a tradition extant in Denver that the sun shines in Colorado
nearly every day. This last summer was a woeful exception, however,
for, from the middle of April until the end of June, the weather would
have been thought respectable only in Labrador, but the unusual wet and
cold spring, although it retarded the insects, gave such an impetus to the
growth of flowers and herbage on the mountain sides and tops, that, when
the hot weather set in, all species of diurnals appeared to be unusually
abundant, and every kind seemed to be flying at one time. I had col-
lected for some time with indifferent success during this wet season in the
foothills and lower canons, and I made up my mind, despite the weather,
to try the higher ranges. So I climbed above timber line one showery
afternoon the beginning of June, and spent the night in the same shanty
IT had occupied on my visit in 1887 ; the proprietors, two honest miners,
welcomed me heartily. The next morning was gloomy, cold mists rolled
up from the valley and white clouds collected round the peaks, but I
donned a pair of miner’s overalls and went out determined to do some-
thing. In a drizzle that seemed as much snow as rain, I climbed the
sloping sides of Mount Bullion, which was: covered more thickly with

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

vegetation than I had ever seen it before, owing to the frequent rain. I
had not searched long before I fownd several full grown larve of Par-
nassiuss Smintheus on Sedum. This was a fair beginning, as I had for
several years searched unsuccessfully for this larva. A pretty Arctian
larva was also feeding on the same plant (from this I bred Arctia
cervinoides Strecker). I commenced overturning the smaller rocks, and
was soon rewarded by finding numerous larve and pup, also many
small Noctuids. Attached to the sides of larger rocks I found several
pupe of butterflies ; these produced in a few days Meditea anicia and
Argynnis Helena. Under flat stones and in crevices were many species —
of Agrotis, sometimes from ten to thirty individuals crowded together. |
The ants were swarming under most of the rocks, and they, with the
predaceous beetles had destroyed hundreds, as was evidenced by the
mutilated wings and empty pupz. I was so fascinated with my occupa-
tion that I forgot all about the weather. After I had filled all my tins

and boxes and got very hungry, I worked my way to the cabin again, __

quiet satisfied and surprised with the morning’s work. From the larve
and pupe obtained I bred :—

Arctia cervinoides Strecker, five specimens.

Arctia Brucei H. Edw., three specimens.

Arctia sp. (?), one specimen. :

A grey Bombyx, allied to Dasychira, from a tufted pupa enclosed in
a cocoon like Ha/esidota but thinner, this came out next day in the box,
and I didn’t see it until it was spoilt and could not recognize it.

A patela, two, allied to Fe/ina, but larger and darker.

Plusia Hochenworthi, several.

Agrotiphila Montana, six, the pupa and imago were common under
rocks. |

Agrotis ochrogaster, four, imagines abundant and variable.

Agrotis, several specimens not yet determined.

Hadena lateritia, one.

Anarta melanopa, common, both pupez and moths.

On sheltered sides of rocks were several G/laucopteryx magnoliata,
or a species very like it, and one G. phocataria. Larve and pupe of
Melitea anicia were not uncommon. Argynnis Helena, one pupa, also
one of Pieris calyce. i

The elevation of my hunting ground was about 13,000 feet,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69

“THE NOCTUIDA OF EUROPE’*AND NORTH AMERICA
COMPARED.

——

(Sixth Paper.)

_

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.
. Tribe S¢irdini.

This tribe is, so far as I know, exclusively American. © The thorax is
elevated, the patagia usually deflected. The eyes are naked ; the front
embossed ; the legs thinly scaled, with a claw on front tibie ; the abdo-
men somewhat short and weak, untufted on dorsum ; the wings pointed
at tips. The genera seem to fall in between Ca/se and Plusia.* They
are: Basilodes, Stirta, Stibadium, Fala, Plagiomimicus, Acopa. The
genus Cirrhophanus probably belongs to the He/iothini; we do not
know the larva, but the moth is allied to Chariclea delphinii, by the
Hiibnerian character of the pattern of ornamentation. It is probable,
also, that Chamaeclea is best placed among the Heliothians.

Polenta, referred here by me (Can. Ent., XV., 75), based upon an
erroneous identification of Mr. Morrison’s Zepperi, with my Plag. Richi,
may be related to one of the species figured by Hiibner in the “ Zutraege,”
under Schinia. I saw the type, but was not able to examine it for generic
characters. It seemed to me to be a faded example of a southern form of
Plagiomimicus, which I possessed, narrower than Pityochromus, of a
delicate olive green, with a frontal cup-like excavation and a claw on the
fore tibiz. Mr. Smith assures us that Zepperz has the fore tibiee unarmed ;
consequently, I described my species as P. Richi. Finally, Mr. Smith’s
Cerathosia may belong here. This moth has the false appearance of a
Psecadia. have shown that it is not a micro, neither is it an Arctian,
“next to Utetheisa,’ as stated by Mr. Smith. It has a globose thorax ;
a frontal horn, thinly scaled legs with a claw on front tibia. The shape

*In reference to the question of rank in the Lepidoptera and to a former paper of
mine in these pages, I would state that, while from morphological grounds, we must
consider the four-footed butterflies as the highest, the sequence w¢thzz the family must
be decided on comparative grounds. It may be that the Satyrine are the lowest sub-
family group of the Vymphalide, but they must be nevertheless classed with the family.
The characters by which the butterflies approach the moths are apparent in all the
groups, as might be expected if we consider the moths to represent an older phase of the
Lepidoptera. The highest Mymphalide must be sought for'in the tropics ; but it may
be, that the sequence in our North American fauna is to be inaugurated by the Hack-
berry butterflies. .

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

amie

of the wings is not unlike Acopa. The secondaries are 8-veined: vein 5
weaker ; costal vein 3-branched ; 7 to tip; 7 and 6 a rather short furca-
tion ; 8 thrown off from the upper margin of 7 near the base. The
frontal horn is impressed on the face, The moth was evidently classed
“next to Utetheisa,” upon Hiibnerian characters: the paler, spotted and —
narrower primaries the bright discolorous hind wings. A superficial re-
semblance to Emydia and Utethetsa is thus given. Ufetheisa has a
smooth front and unarmed tibiz, fringed antennz, with two stronger bristles
on each joint. Cerathosia has ocelli, and is otherwise distinct from the
_ Lithosians, while the curious termination of the generic title (thosia ?)
would seem to be a fragment of the Greek /:thos. The discovery of the
larvee of Cerathosia will probably throw additional light upon the affinities
of the insect. In the mean time, I wish to point out that, in its generic
characters, this form coincides in many particulars with the Noctuidz
belonging to this tribe, as also to the Zarachinz in its scaly vestiture.
Tribe Plusiini. mn
The thorax is rather short and square, but glohose above, with hairy,
somewhat silky covering, which forms, posteriorly, an abrupt tuft. The
eyes are naked, lashed in P/usia, unlashed in Zé/est//a. The wings are
somewhat pointed with full external margins. The tibiz are unarmed.
The ornamentation of //usia is remarkable for the silvery or golden ~
middle marks, or sheeny patches. The American species are forty-two
in number, exceeding the European thirty-eight ; but, probably more
remain to be described with us. We have representatives species, i. e.
Putnami, allied to the European festuce, while pari/is is found in Lap-
land and Labrador. The question whether zz can be separated from our
brassice, 1 have been inclined to answer negatively. The peculiar ab-
dominal tufts speak for the identity of the forms. Among American
forms are a greater number of gray and brown species, allied to guéta,
interrogationis, chalcytes, etc., and are, perhaps on the whole, less showy.
Nevertheless, a resemblance may be traced between many species, as
between V-argenteum and. Mappa, Zosimi and badluca, etc. The resem-
blance is further shown in the species of Hadrosto/a, which have the cater-
pillar 16-footed and the moths without metallic marks, while A/usia has
12-footed larvee. But the most remarkable among the American species
of Plusia are the three mimetic forms: ¢Ayatiroides which resembles 4

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71

_Thyatira, formosa which resembles a Leptina and striated/a which re-
sembles a Heliophila (Leucania). Behrensia is a Californian type,
allied to Habrosto/a ; and Deva, an eastern and western genus, as closely
allied to Plusia.

bi Tribe Heliothini.

The body is untufted, the abdomen rather short, the eyes (except in
Anarta ) naked, sometimes narrowed, the tibize usually armed, the antenne
brush-like. The activity of the species, and several of their characters,
suggest a resemblance to the Agrotini; so that I have thought of them
as flower-haunting Agrotidians, whose bright colors are due to their
changed habits and the gay tints of their floral homes. How the colors
of the larva may come to resemble those of the plant on which it feeds,
how the tints of the moth may copy the corolla in which it hides, has been
_ shown by Prof. Kellicott in the case of Rhodophora florida. Several of

the European genera are represented in North America by identical or
related species. In particular is this the case with the species of Hiibner’s
genus Heliothis. As might be expected, the flowery western plains afford
a large number of species ; while, in Europe, there are some forty species
belonging to about thirteen genera, in America we have over 110 species
belonging to about thirty-five genera. The species of He/iothis seem
identical with the European; whether they have been imported with
plants (which seems less likely), or are unchanged survivals, I cannot
decide. No variety of avmiger like var. umbrosus, which is longer, more
of a pale olivaceous, and not dirty ochrey like the type, and which I have
taken in Southern cotton fields, seems to be known in Europe. My
Pyrrhia angulata and P. stil/a are, beyond any question, distinct from
the European P. umbra. The pink and yellow Rhodophora and Rho-
dosea are peculiar to America ; the extraordinary genus He/iochilus is said
to occur likewise in Aisa. The shiny white genera Ludeucyptera and
Tricopis are peculiarly American, I regard Wyctophaeata ( Epinyctis ) as
a Heliothian, notwithstanding certain coincidences, mostly in outline, with
the Cuculliini, or again in armature with Cleophana. The European
genus Xanthodes appears to belong here, and we seem to have a repre-
sentative species in the Texan X. duxea, but I have not been able to com-
pare the moths. The white coloured genera Antaplaga, Grotella,
Triocnemis, prepare us for the following tribe. Our beautiful western
species, Z: saporis, has a resemblance to the European Euterpia laudeti.

72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tribe Zarachini. aes
_. The thorax is squamose, being covered with flattened scales. The
legs and wings are also covered with oppressed scales ; while the form is,
on the whole, like the preceding type. Whether more than the genus
Tarache (Acontia) and Chamyris belong here, I am doubtful— 7richo-
tarache having a resemblance to the Heliothians, to which Xanthodes and
Trileuca may also belong. The genus Zarache has its metropolis in
Africa. We have some twenty-two species, while Europe has but six.
The species bear a general resemblance to each other from the prevailing —
white colour, to which ¢erminimaculata offers a singular exception. Our
‘most beautiful species, with a resemblance to the exquisite moth Cris.
Wilsont, is, perhaps, Zarache lactipennis Harvey.

Tribe Austrotiini.

The moths are small, with broad squarish primaries, which have usually
somewhat of a tortriciform cut, rounded secondaries, the squamation on the
body thin, mixed scales and hair. The eyes are naked, antennz simple,
the form is frail. Boisduval calls these insects ‘‘ Woctuophalenide.”
The caterpillars are 12 or 14-footed. The typical genus Zustrotia
(Erastria) has nine European and thirteen American species. The
European genus Zha/pochares, with twenty-six European species, is but
sparingly represented with us. I have been able only to study the neur-
ation of aetheria, which is an undoubted Zhalpochares. In this group I
have found the neuration useful in separating the genera. From neur-
ational characters I have separated the American forms, related to the
European genus Agrophida, under Spragueia. I have also referred here,
under the generic name Luherrichia, certain American forms with silvery
marks, previously referred to Eriopus. The peculiar Californian genus
Annaphila, with fourteen species curiously resembling miniature Brephine,
I refer also here. Among interesting American genera are Zxyra, which
is parasitic on Sarracenia, the pitcher plants; Zscaria, a western form,
and Azenia with large clypeal projection. ‘This tribe, although represent-
ed by some of the principal European genera, offers many peculiar
American forms, such as 7ripudia, Gyros and Fruva. The departure
from the European types is perceivable. Consult for the neuration of
Lhalpochares and Eustrotia Grote, N. Am. Ent., 1, p. 46-47. —_ Also,
for the structure of Hroty/a, Spragueia, Fruva, Xanthoptera and Exyra,
Can. Ent., XI, pp. 231-238. For Buherrichia, New Check List, 1882,
p. 64, (sub. Herrichia ).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIID# OF TEM-
- PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 55, Volume xxtt.)
A. stretchii Gtt. :
1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 197, Arctia.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, =<zutermedia.
1886—Grt., Can. Ent., XVIIL., 1 ro, an var intermedia ?
Habitat—Texas.

There is no doubt but that Mr. Neumoegen’s reference of this species
to intermedia is correct,

A. superba Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 227, pl. 9, f. 12, Arctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, Arctia.
Habitat— Vancouver.

A. virgo Linn.
1758—Linn, Syst. Nat, By 501 (ed x.), Bombyx.
1764—Clck.*, Icones, pl. 45, f. 5, Pralaena.
1764—Linn, Mas L. U., 311, Bombyx.
1767—Linn, Syst. Nat. (ed. x1i.), 820, Bombyx.
1775—Fabr., Syst. Ent., 582, Bombyx.
1781—Fabr., Spec. Ins., II., 199, Bombyx.
1787—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 129, Bombyx.
1791-—Oliv., Ent. Meth, V., 93, Bombyx.
1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., IL., 1, 472, Bombyx.
1793—Gmel., ed. Linn. Syst. Nat., 2419, Bombyx.
1797—Sm. and Abb., Ins. Ga., Il., 123, pl. 62, Phalaena.
1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 180, Huplagia.
1823—Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. II., pl. 402, Zuplagia.
1837—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 73, Arctia.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass, 244, Arctia.
1856—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 608. Arctia.
1858— Duncan, Nat. Libr., XXXII, 175, pl. 19, f. 3, Spzlosoma.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII, 528, Arctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 338, Arctia.
1862—Harris*, Ins. Inj. to Veg., ed. Flint, 345, Arctia.

i4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

,

1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 6, Arctia. on
1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 325, pl. 4, f.4, 2, Ata, :
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 126, pl. 6, ff. 1, 2.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit. XXXVIL., 296, Arctia.
1878—Graef., Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., L, 4, var. of.
1878—Schaupp*, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., I., 59.
1881—Graef, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., IV., 58, Arctia.
1883—Hulst, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, Arctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., t10, Arctia.
var. parthenice Kirby.
1837—Kirby, Fn. Bor. Amer., IV., 204, Cal/imorpha.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 339, pr. var.
1863—Saund.*, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., II., 28, Arctia.
1863—Saund.*, Syn. Can. Arct., 5, Arctia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, III., 116, Arctia.
1864—Grt., Proc, Ent. Soc., Phil., IIL, 325, =wérgo.
1879—Beth., Can. Ent., XI., 153, Arctia.
1883—Hulst, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 71, =saundersiana.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 149, Derk: virgo.
1887—Grt., Can. Ent., XIX, 31, =wirgo.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 110, —saundersii.
Habitat—Can. to Ga., west to Iowa, Mo., Ills., Mich.
An omnivorous feeder, according to records and statements.

A. virguncula Kirby.

1837—Kirby, Fn. Bor. Am.,, IV., 304, pl. 4, f. 6, Caddimorpha.
1856—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 609, Arctia. |
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci, Phil., XII., 528, Arctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 338, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 218, pl. 9, f 5, are
1879—Beth., Can. Ent., XI, 153, Arctia.

1881—Coquillet*, Papilio, I., 7, Arctia. —

1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., IIL, 109, Arctia.

nais ¢ Saund.

1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 9, Arctia.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 117, pr. syn.
Habitat—Can.. Me., N. Y., N. J., Ills.
Recorded as feeding on Polygonum aviculare.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75

A. williamsii Dodge.
1871—Dodge, Can. Enr., III., 167, f. 34, Arctia. |
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctza.
Habitat—Colorado.
(To be continued. )

CORRECTION OF AN ERROR.
_ BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.

. Mr. H. J. Elwes has recently published a paper in Trans. Ent. Soc.,
London, 1889, p. 535, entitled ‘“‘A Revision of the Genus Argynnis,” and
s on page 574 writes as follows :—-‘‘I have also specimens of Arge Strecker,
___ from Strecker and Mr. Holland, both from Spokane Falls and California,
which are, undoubtedly, the same as Arinna, which was described in
1883 as a var. of Hurynome by Edwards, and in his catalogue of 1884
is put down as a variety of Montivaga. If, therefore, he is himself so
uncertain of the true position of these forms, he cannot expect others to
follow him blindly,” etc. On reading this | looked at the catalogue re-
ferred to, and sure enough, on p. 30, Hrinna is set down as a var. of
Montivaga. How this happened I cannot say, but I suppose by an error
of the printer, which was overlooked in correcting the proof. I see
the same mistake occurred in the list which closed Vol.'2, Butt. N. A.,
also dated 1884; but as the list was copied from the catalogue, that is
understood. rina was rightly described by me in 1883 as a var. of
Eurynome, which, to my mind, it undoubtedly is. Part of my collection
is now in possession of Dr. Holland, including Hurynome and its vars.,
and I wrote him to please look at the Arizna specimens and tell me
what the labels say. I have his reply as follows :—‘‘All the specimens
bearing that name are classified in your collection under Zurynome,
according to your original description. The labels read:

A. Eurynome.
var. Hrinna Edw.
Type. Spokane Falls.”

I therefore suggest that persons using my catalogue should note the
correction, and transfer Zrinna to Eurynome on page 29, following

A rge. Str,

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
APPENDIX TO THE NOTES ON INSECT FAUNA OF HIGH
ALTITUDES, :
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, CUSTER CO., COLORADO.
Alpine Orthoptera.

Mr. L. Bruner has kindly identified the following Orthoptiies: found
at 10,000 feet and upwards :—

Circotettix undulatus Thos., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6.

Ceuthophilus maculatus Scudd., g, near Micawber Mine.

Pesotettix dodgei Thos., ¢ and pupa, timber line above Brush Creek,
about 12,000 feet, Aug. 5.

Gomphocerus carpenterii Thos., 2, same locality and date as P. dodger.

Alpine Lepidoptera.

The Rev. G. D. Hulst has kindly identified the following Lance.
from 10,000 feet and upwards in Custer Co., Colo., additional to ay pre-
vious list :— |

Acidalia Californiata Pack., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6,

Cidaria designata Hiibn., Micawber Mine.

Botis plumbosignailis Fernald., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6.

Euceratia? georgiedia Hulst., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6.

There are a few misprints in my paper, viz.:—P. 39, line 15 from top,
for Welsh read Walsh; p. 39, line 16 from top, for pickly read prickly ; :
p. 56, line 9 from top, for vanessa read vanesse ; p. 57, line 9 from top,
for Horeshoe read Horseshoe ; p. 57, line 10 from top, for Fl. read Fb.;
p. 59, line 7 from top, for torthoe read Horseshoe.

NOTES.

THE TACHINID PARASITE OF CIMBEX AMERICANA.—Mr. L. Bruner, in -
the report of the Entomologist, Nebraska State Board of Agriculture, for
1888, has an interesting article on that notable pest Cimbex Americana

Leach, in which he states that although the insect is abundant in Nebraska,
he has failed to find that it has any parasite. Last year, however, I
obtained a larva of C. Americana on willow by Short Creek, Custer Co.,
Colorado, which produced the puparium of a Tachinid parasite. In
“ Insect Life,” 1889, p. 164, we learn that Mr. Lugger has also found a
Tachinid parasite of the Cimdex in Minnesota, presumably the same
species as the Colorado one. It will be curious if it turns out that the
parasite is confined to high latitudes and altitudes, while its host is more
widely spread. T. D. A, CockrerEeLL, West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ve

BOOK NOTICES.

“THe Cave Fauna oF NortH America, with remarks on the Anatomy
of the Brain and Origin of the Blind Species. By A. S. Packard,
M.- Di Vol: iV%.) First Memoir—National Academy of Sciences.

4 to., pp. 156.

The author of this admirable volume is everywhere known throughout
the scientific world from his numerous works, especially on Entomology,
and has obtained a deservedly high reputation in Europe as well as in
America. This reputation will, we are confident, be, if possible, enhanced

by the elaborate monograph before us. It contains many original
observations of cave animals, some careful scientific investigations, and
a very interesting chapter of philosophic considerations. It is also fully
illustrated by a map of the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, a number of
wood cuts and a series of twenty-seven beautiful lithographs, nearly all of
them drawn by the author himself. The work begins with a description
of the Mammoth Cave and others in the neighbourhood, and gives lists
of the various animals found within them ; an account of the Wyandotte
and other caves in Indiana, Clinton’s Cave in Utah, and one in Colorado;
a discussion of the geological age of the caves and their inhabitants, the
mode of colonization and the source of their food-supply. The second
chapter describes the vegetable life of the caves, which is naturally of the
most meagre description. Then follows a systematic description and
list of the invertebrate animals found in North American caves, among
which spiders are the most numerous. Insects are represented by eight
species of Thysanura, four of Orthoptera, two of Platyptera, ten of
Coleoptera and nine of Diptera—a by no means extensive list, but one
that includes some very curious and interesting forms. The beetles of
the genus Azophthalmus are especially remarkable and attractive to the
ordinary entomologist. Lists are also given of the European and North
American cave animals, and of the blind, eyeless creatures which do not
live in caves, and which, strange to say, almost equal in number their
cavernous relatives. The next chapter gives a careful account of the
anatomy of the brain and eyes (when partly developed) of certain blind
Arthropods. The chief interest of the work culminates in the final
chapter where the author discusses the origin of the cave species as bear-
ing upon the theory of evolution. We have not space for any abstract
of his views, which are well-deserving of study, but must refer the reader
who desires fresh evidence on the subject of evolution to the work itself.

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

We entirely agree with the author in his closing words: ‘“ In the case of
too many naturalists the dogma or creed of natural selection has tied their
hands, obscured their vision, and prevented their seeking by observation
and experiment to discover, so far as human intelligence can do so, the
tangible, genuine, efficient factors of organic evolution.”

AMERICAN SPIDERS AND THEIR SPINNING Work. A natural history of
the Orbweaving Spiders of the United States, with special regard to
their Industry and Habits. By Henry C. McCook, D. D. Vol. I.
Published by the Author, Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, 1889. 4 to., pp. 372.

The author of this sumptuous volume is so well known from his

_ valuable and interesting works on the natural history of various kinds of

Ants, and his charming little book, ‘* The Tenants of an old Farm,” that

any productions of his pen are looked forward to with lively anticipation

and keen interest. We are quite sure that no one of the subscribers to
this, his latest and greatest work, has been in the least degree disap-
pointed by this first volume of the promised three. Though spiders are
not insects, we have no doubt that every entomologist, and indeed every
lover of natural history in any of its departments, will deeply enjoy the
perusal of this volume. We cannot give a better idea of its contents than
by, mentioning the subjects treated of. They are, first, the general
classification, structure and spinning organs of spiders ; the construction
and armature of Orbweavers’ snares; the characteristic forms and
varieties of snares; unbeaded orbs and spring snares ; the engineering ~
and mechanical skill and intelligence of spiders ; their modes of procur-
ing food and habits in feeding ; their fangs and poison bags ; their modes
of nest making and its development in various tribes ; and finally the

“genesis of snares,” All these different subjects are fully illustrated with

more than three hundred and fifty wood cuts. The second volume is to

treat of the mating and maternal instincts, the life of the young, the dis-
tribution of species, etc.; and the third will be devoted to des¢riptions of

the orb weaving fauna of the United States, with coloured illustrations of a

number of species. The whole will form one of the most complete works.

of the kind in the English language. Entomologists will need to have
long purses if they wish to possess all the literature of the day, and to
procure for themselves such costly and beautiful books as Scudder’s and

Edwards’s Butterflies and McCook’s Spiders. We trust that all who can

possibly afford it will aid the authors in their self-sacrificing enterprises.

by subscribing for their books, but those who cannot do so should us.
e

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 719

their influence with their local Scientific Societies and Public Libraries
and induce those in charge to purchase these valuable works for the
general benefit. We are glad to say that the Public Library in Toronto
and our Entomological Society have set a good example in this respect
and rendered these works available for many of our readers.

ENTOMOLOGICAL News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. IL, Nos,
1-3.; January March, 1890.

We gladly welcome another addition to the serial publications on
North American Entomology. There is plenty of room for this new
monthly Magazine, as it takes charge of a field which we and others
have been unable to cultivate fully. It is intended to bring before
students and workers the news and gossip of the day gleaned from all

quarters of the globe ; the contents of current literature ; abstracts of the
proceedings of Societies, etc. We hope that the new venture will have
the fullest measure of success, and enjoy a career of long continued pros-
perity and usefulness,

REPORT ON INSECT AND Funcus Pests. No. 1. By Henry Tryon,
Assistant Curator of the Queensland Museum. Published by the
Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, Australia, 1889. I Vol.,
8 vo., pp. 238.

We have perused with great interest this first work that we have seen
on the Economic Entomology of Australia. Some of the pests referred
to are very familiar to us here, for instance, the Codling Moth and the
Woolly Aphis of the apple tree, while others are species closely allied to those
which are very destructive with us. The report takes up the different
fruits, vegetables and field crops that are most commonly cultivated in the
colony, and describes the insects which especially attack them ; as far as
possible the life history of each pest is given and remedies are suggested.
The work is very carefully and thoroughly done, and will, no doubt, be
of great value to the fruit-growers and farmers in that part of the world.
Its usefulness would of course be greatly enhanced by illustrations of the
insects treated of, but evidently there were difficulties in the way of pro-
curing these that could not at first be overcome. Future Reports will
doubtless be made more popular in this way. The author deserves much

credit for the valuable book he has produced. We trust that the Queens-
land Government will give him all the assistance and encouragement
possible in the prosecution of his studies in practical entomology, and
enable him to continue a work that is of the utmost economic importance.

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

——————

RARE CAPTURES.

Dear Sir: In my letter with this heading in the March number,
p. 60, there is an omission of a word which quite alters my meaning.
Line 6 of my letter should read, “I concluded that I had xof seen it
‘before.” I took Pedisca nise//a, referred to at the same time, last August,
about twenty miles north of Hamilton, in the County of Halton. I found
it sitting on the trunks of small birch and poplar trees. :
J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont.

GRAPTA INTERROGATIONIS AT MONTREAL.

‘Dear Sir: I was somewhat surprised to see the capture of the
above species at Montreal recorded as being an unusual and almost
unknown occurrence (Feb. number, page 40). In Mr. Caulfield’s list,
Can. Ent., VII., 87, /nterrogationis is given, “ Rare; May (hibernated);
July to October,” and I have always considered it one of those species
which are neither rare nor abundant. The first specimen I have any
record of was taken by me in Mr. Trenholme’s garden, Rosemount Ave.,
Cote St. Antoine, on Sept. 7th, 1886. In the fall of 1887 it was abun-
dant at Mr. Trenholme’s, and a number of specimens (all Fadriciz) were
taken ; between that time and the present I know of about 40 other
specimens being captured in various parts of the town, and I succeeded
in rearing: three separate lots of larvae to imago during last fall, all feeding
on elm leaves. The form ‘‘ #mbrosa” seems to be much rarer here than
Fabricii, but a few have been taken by Mr. P. M. Dawson and other
collectors. I saw a single specimen of /zterrogationis at St. Rose, P. Q.,
July 6th, 1889, but was unable to catch it. }

ALBERT F. Winn, Montreal, P. Q. |

—— —

ErrATA.—The following corrections should be made in Dr. Hamil-
ton’s paper on “ Balaninus” in the January number :—Page 1, line 23,
and elsewhere, for “roboscoideus” read “proboscideus.” Page 5, line 33,
for “ nostrum” read ‘‘rostrum.”” Page 6, line 34, for “ three first” read
** first three.” :

a ee

Mailed April 7th. —

The Canailian Fintomologist

VOL. XXII. LONDON, MAY, 1890. : mO. &.

NOTES ON “A REVISION OF THE GENUS ARGYNNIS,”
: BY HENRY J. ELWES, #1. S., FZ. S., Erc.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.

So much of the text of Mr. Elwes’ paper as relates to North American
species has recently been printed in Psyche (March), but the synonymic
list, which is most important for a full comprehension of the state of mind
2 of the author, was omitted. I applied to the editor of the Can. Ent. to
print this list, but it was found that it would occupy nearly one-half the
: space of a number, and it was not thought expediept to give it. In
| course of the present paper, however, enough of said list will be given to
‘ show the features of the whole. Mr, Elwes, in “revising,” as he terms
it, has cut the forty-two species enumerated in Group [., in my Catalogue
of 1884, adding Czprzs and Semiramis, described later, to fifteen; and
in Group II., makes one of Bellona and Epithore. He says, page 560,
(Psyche, 308): ‘* The Argynnides of North America are, without excep-
tion, the most difficult butterflies to classify that I have studied. I have
a collection which includes authentically named specimens of almost all
the species and varieties, many of them direct from such well known col-
lectors as Messrs, H. Edwards and Morrison, many from Messrs. Strecker
and Geddes. I have also seen some of the best collections in the United
States.” * * * “Jt seems presumptive for a man to set aside much
of what has been written by those who have seen, both living and dead,
sO many more specimens than I have seen, etc.”

Undoubtedly it is a difficult group, and Messrs. H. Edwards and Scud-
der, with myself, have studied it long, but do not pretend to know com-
pletely some of the forms ; and it seems odd that a stranger can skip
from ocean to ocean and back again, stop here a day and there a week
to ply his net, visiting a few collections, and those mostly second or third
rate, getting his specimens “ authentically named,” in nearly all cases by

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

persons who never saw several of the described species, or have their
knowledge at second hand, and on the strength of this pronounce
judicially on the American Argynnides! One of my correspondents, a
lepidopterist, not a mere collector, on reading the paper in Psyche, wrote
me thus: ‘It is an amazing piece of presumption for a visitor to America
to collect and buy a lot of specimens, and on the strength of that to de-
nounce and try to overthrow the work of yourself and Scudder, who have
been studying the butterflies for more than a quarter of a century, and must
know a thousand times more about them than he possibly can.” And
‘another correspondent, of same character, says: ‘I think it a pity fora
man to write on such a subject, unless he can throw some light on it.”

Mr. Elwes gives the impression that he had studied the important col-
lections of the country, but he never saw mine, nor that of Mr. Bruce
(rich in the Colorado species), nor that of the American Entomological
Society in Philadelphia, nor any collection on the Atlantic slope except
Dr. Holland’s, Mr. Neumoegen’s, Mr. H. Edwards’s and Mr. Strecker’s.
On the Pacific, those that he could have seen were local and small. a
is known that I have sold my collection to Dr. Holland, but at the time
Mr. Elwes visited Pittsburgh, the greater part of the rarer and less known
Argynnides, and particularly those that have so perplexed this gentleman,
had not been delivered. At Mr. Neumoegen’s he scarcely glanced at the
group, but gave all his time to the East Indian butterflies. He says him-
self that he ‘‘ went through” Mr. Edwards’ collection, but, as Mr. ‘Edwards
has not returned from Australia, I cannot learn at what pace, though :
can imagine it. But he spent considerable time at Reading, and Mr.
Strecker tells his friends that “ he took copious notes,” and that he “ gave
him many points.” The paper shows as much.

_ Thad cordially invited Mr. Elwes to visit me and inspect the pets
nides, but not finding himself able to come, he failed to see the most com-
plete collection in the group treated of ever brought together, containing
not only the types of ali the species I had described, but every one of Dr.
Boisduval’s types of Californian species: in other words, of nearly every
species described since 1852. Of the two species described by Mr, H.
Edwards, and the four by Dr. Behr, I have examples named by them,
and in most cases long suites, with all the varieties which auniee sailed
years I had been able to bring together.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

I could have shown Mr. Elwes the points of difference in difficult sub-
groups, and could have named all his specimens “authentically.” But
_he preferred to take counsel of this and that ‘“ collector,” with the plain
result that his specimens are not named “authentically,” and that his
collection must be a hopeless jumble. It is clear as can be from his list
that in half the cases he does not know what he is talking of. For ex-
ample: ‘A. Aphrodite, A. Cybele, A. Alcestis, A. Cipris, A. Halcyone.
This is a group of species or forms which are extremely hard to define ;
and though Edwards and Scudder, and most other North American Ento-
mologists, agree in keeping them separate, I think it is very difficult, if
not impossible, to identify them, unless you know their habitat.” (One
_ would think that such cases were unheard of elsewhere. Habitat is an
_ important aid in determining between closely allied species, and zoologists
in every branch, and botanists, take it into consideration.) I have a
pretty good series of all, except Czsrzs, which must be very close to, if
not identical with A/cestis, etc.” Plainly, he does not know C7fris then,
a species closer to Aphrodite than to Alcestis. ‘ Either such experienced
collectors as Morrison or Geddes did not know Aphrodite when they saw
it out of its usual range, or Scudder and Edwards are mistaken.” Truly, it
does look so. However, it is not remarkable that the collectors named did
not distinguish Czpris, inasmuch as, in their day of collecting, it had not been
separated, ‘Mr. Edwards perhaps would say that my Hadcyone, which
were sent by Mr. Strecker, and taken near Denver, are not true to name ;
but what can they be from that locality?” Here it seems that locality
helps him to decide on a species. ‘‘ What can they be?” I can answer
this pathetic appeal: Hadcyone is not “taken near Denver,” but Czpris
is, and Mr. Elwes was viewing a Czgrzs undoubtedly. Now Halcyone
does not belong to the Aphrodite sub-group, as anyone can see by the
figure of the female in Butt. N. A., vol. 3, part IX. It has the peculiar
cut of wings of Ldwardsii, and great egg-shaped silver spots. So, here
are two species our author is at fault about.

And he is bothered with Chitone, “sent by H. Edwards from Nevada,”
_which “does not agree with W. H. Edwards’ description on the under
side” (which is the important side), ‘“‘and is nearer Vevadensis.” He
never saw Chitone, a species not taken in Nevada, but in Southern Utah
and in Weber Mountains, and totally different on both sides from
Nevadensis.

84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A Lais “seems to me very near AZ¢/antis”; and in the list, p. 546,
he says ‘“ Zais (Atlantis var.?),” not being able to determine whether it
is a species or a var. He never, in text or list, refers to the plate of Lais,
in Butt. N. A., vol. 3, which, as well as the description, testifies to a
species that cannot be confounded with Az/antis.

‘There occur, however, in Nevada, forms which are described as
Laura and Macaria, of which I have authentic specimens from Mr. H.
Edwards, and which, by their under sides, seem to be Coronis.” Then,
in same connection, speaking of C/itfone, as before quoted, he goes on:
“None of these names can, in my opinion, be retained, except as syno-
nymns, though they are a// kept up in Mr. Edwards’ Catalogue as distinct
species.” On this I remark that Mr. Henry Edwards is one of the few
experienced lepidopterists who are well acquainted with the American
Argynnides. He collected for several seasons in California and Nevada,
and knows more of the living butterflies than any other one man. In.
doubtful cases I rely on his judgment above all persons. His collection
does not embrace, by a good deal, all the described species ; but, so far
as it goes, it is complete, and each species is represented in long suites.
This collection was undoubtedly the most important one Mr. Elwes
visited. “In going through Mr. Edwards’ collection, I noted Columbia
as similar to Hesperis ;” and on the strength of that casual glance one
May morning, down goes Hesperis as Atlantis pure and simple, and
Columbia as well but with a query, the usual confession of
ignorance of its position. It takes something more than “ going throug
a collection in this fashion to make one’s self acquainted with forty
species, and giving the right to pronounce on them. In the present
case, also, some deference might be thought due to Mr. Edwards’ standing
and experience. But, I doubt very much whether Mr. Elwes saw
Macaria. So far as I know, it is not Nevadan, but is confined to the
Greenhorn Mountains and Kern River region in South California.

‘Whether Montivaga and its var. Zgleis are really distinct from
Eurynome and its varieties, is hard to say,” p. 574. Who said £g/eds
was a var. of Montivaga? Iam confident the author of this paper never
saw Montivaga, unless under anothername. | It is neither Zgdeis nor Zury-
nome, but the same as Arge Strecker, which last is not Zrinna at all, as
anyone can see by reading the two descriptions. Mr. Mead, who has a keen
eye for resemblances or differences, (alas, that he has gone over to the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

botanists !) on his return from the summer’s collecting in California and
Nevada, 1878, went to Reading, and at once identified Arge as Monti-
vaga, many examples of which he had taken at Tallac, Nevada. The de-
scription supports Mr. Mead’s testimony. Zrimma was unknown till five
years after Arge was described, when the first examples were brought in
from Washington Territory. Neither it nor EHurynome are Californian.
In Butt. N. A., Vol. Il., Zurynome is figured and its egg: in Vol. IIL,
figleis and its egg. Apart from the sufficient distinctness of the imagos,
the different form of the eggs is decisive, though doubtless Mr. Elwes
does not know it. There is no appreciable variation in the shape of the
eggs of any species of Argynnis. Mr. Scudder relies implicitly upon this
fact, even in the characterization of genera. If one is higher than broad,
with a given number. of ribs, all are ; if one is broader than high, all are.
The egg of Zurynome is squat, as broad as high, with twenty ribs ; Zg/eis
is tall, considerably higher than broad, with eighteen ribs. I may say
here that nowhere in the paper do I find the least reference to the plates
in Butt. N. A., except on page 574. When talking of Bzschoffii and Opis,
Iread: ‘In Edwards’ figures I can see no specific characters.” In the
list most of the plates are referred to, but in the text no one would sup-
pose that any of these species had been figured, or that such figures as
are given were of the least use in determining species. The author pre-
fers to trust to his “ authentically named” specimens.

On p. 536, he says he has not /zornafa in his collection, and indirectly
_ that he never saw it, but he ‘cannot recognize it as a_ species.”
Nothing further is said of it, but in the list it is put under Ca//ipfe,
‘©? var. vel trans. ad Edwardsii, vel ad Zerene, Inornata.’ Edwardsii
in no one character resembles Zerene, and is Coloradan, while /nxornata
is found only in California. The plate shows it to be one of the
most distinct species of the fauna. ‘The male is as red as Adiante.
Callippe has no red about it, but is dark and melanic. So that here
ZInornata is put down as related to three wholly unrelated species, under
one of them, and oz its way, “ trans.” to the other two !

A. Hippolyta, which is kept up” (a favorite and charming phrase ! )
by its author as a species, and seems to be something intermediate
between Hesperis and some form of Zerene” (all roads lead to Zerene /)
* Its locality would indicate that it may be nearer to them than to
Atlantis.” (Observe the admission that habitat is worthy of considera-

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tion!) But, in the list, p. 547, Bremnerii is put as a true species and

Hippolyta as a synonymn of it—not even credited as a var.! It strikes
me there is discrepancy between text and list. And Rhodope, also one
of the most distinct species in the fauna, is put under Bremnerii, to which
it has no relation, as “? var. Rhodope.” The ‘authentically named”

specimens have misled the author, and, as usual, the plate would DAYS mA |

him right.

“The species allied to d/onticola, namely, Zerene er Bronte
have puzzled me quite as much as Edwards, Strecker and others. In the
_ damper climate of Oregon * * * a darker form, Bremnerit, occurs,

* * * and might be considered as the Pacific coast form of Atlantis, —

but in the specimens taken at Mt. Hood, the silver is absent, and these
might well be considered a northern and darker form of Zerene.” A
characteristic sample of this author’s hazy views of species! In the first
place, I will say, that Edwards is not and has not been puzzled by the

species in question. In the next place, that Bremnerii is not at all like’

Atlantis. In the third place, I had long suites of the Mt. Hood speci-
mens from Morrison, receiving by pre-contract every variety and every
species taken, and no Bremnerii was without silver. Nor in the
many examples I have seen from Oregon and Vancouver, have I seen
one that was not as fully silvered as Cyde/e. In the fourth place, Mr.
Elwes has never seen a Bremnerii without silver. Doubtless, he is talk-
ing of Zerene. And in the last place, notwithstanding all his bewilder-
ment and error of determination, he actually puts in the list Atonbiete,
Bremnerii and Zerene, as three of his fifteen true species !

A. Behrensii is put under Monticola as “‘? var.,” with this on
comment: “? trans. ad Monticola, vel. ad Bremnerii, nomen vix con-
servandum.” Now, Sehrensii resembles neither ; it is one of the rarest
of our species so far, and in all these years I have seen but four examples
of it. Ido not believe the author ever saw one. Here again the plates
could have enlightened him. ee

So much for ignorance. There is another class of species, differing
radically in colour, size, form, and in the shape and number of the silver
spots, which, to our author’s eye, look all alike. ‘‘ 4. Zefo is a species
which, though undoubtedly nearly alliéd to Cyde/e, is fully as distinct
from it as Mokomis, and may be regarded as its Pacific Coast form in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87

same way as Wokomis is the form (i. e. of Cyde/e) of the dry central
plateau of the continent.” He had already said that Cyde/e and Aphro-
dite, and several others, were all one species, and now gets into the same
corral Leto, Nokomis and JVitocris, which last, he says, is nothing but a
form of Vokomis. And he quotes the wise remarks of his friend and
counsellor, Strecker, with approval: “Ihave always contended that
Nokomis was a pale abnormal form of Cyde/e, of which we have so many
other instances in other species, (I should like to see a statement of these
other instances !) from the dry salt regions of Utah and Arizona,” p. 568.
Pity that Mr. Darwin had not lighted on that explanation of the origin of
species! The dry salt air changes the form of a species, changes its
coloration throughout, changes the form of the silver spots, enlarges or
decreases their number, lines the spots with heavy bars. of black on
- both anterior and posterior sides. Thus a okomis is manufactured
out of a Cybele! Leto is as unlike Cydele in shape, in the silver spots,
their size and number, and in the colour of both sexes, as it is unlike Zerene.
Nokomis female, on the upper side, is of the same pattern as female
Diana, the spots being yellow, which in Déana are blue. e¢o female,
_ in place of the extra-discal oblong spots on hind wings, seen in the other
two species, has a solid yellow band. To me it seems absurd to the last
degree to be talking about the identity or even the nearness of the three
species to each other. I happen to have bred Ze¢o from egg to imago,
and the larva has striking differences from that of Cyde/e. And how any
one can look at the plates of Vokomis and Nitocris, and call them forms
of one species, is past my understanding.

A. Semiramis “to my eye is nothing more than a form of Corovis, in
which the black markings of the upper side have become paler and more
reduced, as might be expected from the arid character of the country
where it is found. It has been taken by Mr. Wright in the mountains
separating the San Bernardino Valley from the Mohave Desert, and was
not out when I visited these mountains in May, 1888.” Why might it
have been expected? ‘That strikes me as on a par with the reason given
for transformation of species in Utah, the dry salt air ; and in Oregon,
the damp climate. As it happens, the region where Semiramis is found
is not on the desert side of the mountains, and Mr. Wright, in answer to
my inquiry, denies the arid character, and says that no mountains are dry

88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

there. ‘ The winds all the year are from the Pacific 5 the desert is 20
miles ‘away, across 5,500 feet of a mountain range.”

“4. Adiante is a form which both Strecker and Edwards consider dis- —

tinct. On the coast of Calif., according to Strecker’s information, it is
now extinct, and all the male specimens (7 have seen no females) in Mr.
Godman’s and my collection were evidently taken many years ago. I
should certainly be inclined to set it down as a variety of one of these
species,” z. e. Zerene or Monticola. “The opinions held twenty-five
years ago, when Dr. Behr was an active collector, are not conclusive.”
(In the list, under the true species Zerene, is set: *? Hydaspe Bdvl.;
? Irene Bdvl.; ? Rupestris Behr.; ? Adiante Bdvl.” Now Hydaspe is

really a var. of Zerene. I have Boisduval’s types of both. Rupestris is —
in no way related to Zerene, and in both these cases the author is unable
to pronounce definitely. He does not know, confessedly, what they are; —
nor whether Adian¢e is a var. or not. In the text, he says he thinks it is

a var. of either Zerene or Monticola. Well, which? Knowing nothing

at all, he puts it as a ? var. of Zerene. Perhaps if one could cut down the ~

wings of Zerene or Montico/a, trim the edges a little, change the hue of
the upper side, reduce to streaks all the heavy black markings or obliter-
ate half of them, wipe out all the marks and spots of the under side, one
could manufacture an Adiante that would seem the real article to the
reviser of the Argynnides. For myself I am content with the species as
nature made it. But this is the process by which 42 species are cut down
to 15.

I could have shown Mr. Elwes recent specimens of Adiante of both .

sexes, and told him where to seek it. In 1889, a correspondent obtained
eggs of it for me.

In the list, p. 545, we have under the head of true species Aphrodite
Fabr.; “? var. Adcestis: Cipris” (put as a mere synonymn of Adcestis),
“? Aphrodite Mead” (which is neither more nor less than what, thirteen

years after Mead’s mention, was separated as Cifris.) But the gem of.

the group is put thus: ‘‘ var. vel bona sp. Vausicaa Edw.” It is either
a var. or a good species,- the author does not know which, but all the
same itstands under Aphrodite, and another species is disposed of. If
the author knows nothing, why not say nothing !

List, p. 541, “‘ Bellona Fab.; var. Bpithore Bdvl.; the fore-wings less

te hr
aks ae Soa Ee See

fe Se Ty

my Pe ae yy es eos

a A Sabet =, SR :
Re Fe a Se Ot eS a ee Flee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89

produced apically, the hind margin convex (in Be//ona it 1s concave or
sinuous), the base less obscured, beneath paler.” If these characters are
t enough on which to found a species, or separate two species, how
much further must we look? But in addition there are other separating
characters.

What are we to think of a transient visitor on the strength of his
desultory experience ‘“‘ going through” such collections as he had access
to, pencil in hand and carpet bag in the hall, and of his “authentically
named ” specimens from “‘ experienced collectors,” making a list after this
fashion? Confessing at every step that he is lost, groping his way by
_ query marks, uncertain whether to call a thing a var. or a good species ;
but, all the same, putting each incomprehensible form under something
else. He laments his trouble, but can’t approve of Edwards’ way of
getting over the difficulty (Elwes’ difficulty) by creating other species,
_ p. 566. Everywhere trans. ad Zerene, vel Edwardsti, vel Monticola, vel
_ Behrensii, vel Callippe, vel Meadii, one species half the time trans. to at
least two others. The result of this floundering is a paper and list on the
lines of, and level with, Strecker’s Catalogue! With a difference, how-
ever, in favor of Mr. Strecker: that no matter how ignorant he is, he
never allows it, but is cock sure that Cybele and Leto and Nokomis are
but the same thing; and Colias Hriphyle, Philodice and Eurytheme ;
and Satyrus WVephele, Ariane, Boopis, Gabbit, Alope, Pegala, Wheeleri,
all one (vide Cat.). We do not find him dealing in query marks or alter-
natives. Such assurarice is at least refreshing in contrast with the painful
uncertainty and confusion of this paper.

Indefinite knowledge is definite ignorance, but when one is in the
latter state, why take the world into his confidence ?

I suppose, before Darwin, all naturalists were perforce lumpers of
species. Each species was a little world with its group of satellites.
But, since 1861, the view is changed, and in this country lumpers are
nearly as scarce as dodos.

I myself am the reverse of a lumper in my method of work, and as ; [have °
always avowed the fact, my position is well understood. “I apprehend,”
says Prof. Owen, “that few naturalists nowadays, in describing and propos-
ing a name for what they call ‘ a new species,’ use that term to signify what
was meant by it twenty or thirty yearsago. * * * * The proposer

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

of the new species now intends to state no more than he actually kung ge
as, for example, that the differences on which he founds the specific —
character are conStant in individuals of both sexes, so far as observation —
has reached,” etc. That is what I act on, and I believe the lepidopterists
of this country do the same, as a body. In Can. EnT., 21, 235, 1889, i
Mr. Lyman says: ‘I hold very strongly that whenever a form is. dis- “
tinctly and easily separable from previously named species, it is entitled De
to be treated as a good species, and to be given a specific name, until it :
' is proved to be only a variety by breeding,” ete. ae
. Dr. Holland writes, after reading Mr. Elwes’ paper: “Your course uae
in applying specific names to constant, or apparently constant, varieties, sae
is proper, no doubt. The species so called may be relegated ata later _
time to the age of a mere variety ; but science has been the gainer by
the process.” Professor Rivers, in his recent paper in Psyche, holds 5 e
same view. So does Mr. Grote in his new Check List. es
In illustration of the two ways of working: In 1876, I described a”
certain yellow Colias from British Columbia as C. Zriphyle, being satis-
fied that it could not be Pi/odice, the then only described yellow species _
of the sub-group. In 1883, I named another yellow Colias from Colorado, :
that seemed to have distinct features, as C. Hagenii. Year after year i:
endeavored to get eggs of the Colorado form, and when at last I succeed- —
ed, the butterflies resulting showed that that Hageniz and Eriphyle were
essentially the same thing, and both were a yellow form of the orange —
species Lurytheme. Weat
Per contra, as an example of lumping without knb wide quite shee |
Mr. Elwes’ own heart: Mr. Strecker, in his Catalogue, puts Philodice as a |
species, and Zriphy/e as a variety of it=not only that, but Occidentalis —
and Chrysomelas as well, though these belong to a different sub-group
from Philodice. Which was the more reasonable proceeding, to lump as
varieties or synonymns several forms of which the lumper knew nothing, ts
or to spot them as separate, and go to work to ascertain the facts?
In the same way I had separated the two orange Colias, Ariadne and
Keewaydin, as species, and when the opportunity came for breeding them, J
they were proved to be polymorphic forms of Zurytheme. So two of the
polymorphic forms of Papilio 47ax were reckoned, not only by me, but
by Dr. Felder, as distinct species, till breeding showed them forms merely,
but deserving a name of course. By naming and separating a probable

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9]

_ species, attention is directed to it, it can never more be lost sight of, and
sooner or later its true position will become established. But if severa]
forms, of which nothing definite is known, are rolled into a lump, who
can say that they will ever again be separated or even noticed !

In Mr. Elwes’ revision of the genus Erebia he enumerated Epipsodea,
and hesitatingly under it (with a query) a var. he thought worthy of a
name, Brucet. He says he did not know whether to call this a var. or a
species. He and Mr. Godman had each one specimen, and “it is so
different from Zpipsodea that, had J more specimens, I should be inclined
to consider it a different species.” So he puts it down as a var. with a
query. If he had had more specimens—say one or two more—he would
_have done exactly what he is holding Mr. Edwards up to public reproba-
tion for, put it as a species! Well, Mr. Bruce sent me eggs laid by the
_ Brucei, and in due time one of them gave a typical Epipsodea imago.
‘The indefinite knowledge has become definite.

On p. 569, larval characters are deprecated as a means of determining
doubtful species, because the larvee “are liable to vary” as much as the
perfect insect. I will put my experience against the author’s, and I say
that the variation in the larve of each species of Argynnis is practically
nothing.* They are as like each other as so many peas. When, there-
fore, I have reason to think, from the imago, that a certain form is a dis-
tinct species, as, for example, the one now known as A. Cipris, and which
was called by Mr. Mead and myself the Rocky Mountain form of Aphrodite,
but on my part always with doubts, if I can get eggs, I may find out the
truth one way or the other. In case of Czpris, the larva and pupa
showed a distinct species, and thereafter I had no difficulty in defining
the geographical limits of Cipris. Aphrodite has a chocolate-brown larva
and brown pupa, with no other markings ; Czgrzs has both stages varie-
: gated and striped with yellow, and is as remarkable in its ornamentation

*There are many cases among the Heterocera, where the larvz alone are relied’
on for distinguishing species, vide Weismann’s Theory, p. 543, Eng. Ed. ‘‘ In the
_Sphingide, cases are not wanting in which the moths are far more closely allied than the
larve. This is especially striking in the genus Deilephila, eight species of which are
allied in the imaginal state, in a remarkable degree, whilst the larve differ greatly
from one another in color, and to as great an extent in marking.” In the case of J.
Euphorbia and Nicea, whilst the larve show great differences *“ * * the moths
cannot be distinguished with certainty. The imago of the rare Vicea is, for this reason,
wanting in most collections ; it cannot be detected whether a specimen is genuine, i. e.,
whether it may not perhaps be a somewhat large example of Auphorbie.”

92 THE oN ENTOMOLOGIST.

as Jdalia. Suppose I had followed the example of the lumpers ‘dol

Cipris had been overlooked altogether! What gain would have accrued ? a
I will lay down another rule that is infallible in Argynnis. Each

species has its own style of silver spots, and there is practically no varia- 4
tion throughout the species, or in the range of it. Coronis Behr. abounds
in South California, flies in all the intervening States to Montana, andin —

Oregon and Washington, and varies as much in coloration of both sur- — x

faces as anv American species. But take it where we may, the great egg- . |
shaped spots are always the same. “It does not follow, though, that every

‘specimen with egg-shaped spots is therefore a Coronis. Cybele always 4
has silver spots of its own type ; so has Leto, so Nokomis. Innocase

does one of these species approach the other. In J/acaria the spots are

at their maximum, in C/zfone at their minimum ; yet, in the list, both are ee
put down as vars. of one other species. I weniid commend a besten = a

course of study in these points to the author of! the paper. | e

Mr. Elwes is sure that Mr. Edwards “ will one day regeey s Mi having
‘‘in his earlier years created a great number of synonymns.” I am sorry
that he should be pained on my account. Iam as much of a sinner in

my later years as in my earlier, and have within a week described two —_—

species of Argynnis, which Mr. Elwes will regard as either “ vars. or

bona sp., or trans. ad Zerene.” “ His later views, as expressed in such eo

papers as he has written on ?. Vapi and its vars., and in Lyc. Pseudar

giolus, give evidence of a correct appreciation of the variation of species,” _ q
for which condescending and patronizing approval I am duly grateful.

But the illustration of L. Pseudargiolus is not so pat as was intended. I

named both L. Violacea and NVeg/ecta as species, and figured them as such _ a

in Vol L., Butt. But, when eggs were got, the whole curious and com-
plicated relationship was made out, and these forms and several others
were proven to be polymorphic forms of the one species Pseudargiolus. .
And I will venture to say I proceeded scientifically from first to last.
With regard to /. Vapi, all I attempted to do was to show how a

parent species could originate distinct derivative forms, and though I , a

called all 1vapi, yet the derivatives, every one of them, are good and true
species, or dimorphic forms of species, breeding true, not intermixing,
and in the next edition of my Catalogue I shall put them down as such.
I think I can see how the derivation from a single form occurred, but the
derivatives are now species, and at present entirely separated. from the
parent Vapi.

?
”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93

Anyone who has collected, and studied, and bred butterflies for years
have ideas as to the limits of variation in each species, and he will
judge forms newly presented to him by those which he already knows.
‘The eastern Argynnids—seven species—show little variation except in
“size, and it is only Cybele and Aphrodite that show that, according as
‘they are northern or southern. The others are remarkably constant.
Neither of these species, whatever its variation, runs into another, or
approaches another. No one but a novice can possibly mistake one for
another. Judging by what I see of them, I do not expect to find
‘much variation in the genus elsewhere, and in fact if there are any variable
species in our fauna, they form the exception, not the rule. The
_ greater part are certainly as well defined as Aphrodite and Adlantis. I
believe all the 42 described species, unless perhaps C/o, to be good
species, constant to type, breeding true. C/o may turn out by breeding
to be a dimorphic form of Zurynome. I should be delighted to be the
means of proving it, but till it is proven, I hold it as separate. As to
_ Artonis, that it is distinct from Lurynome and CZio I have no doubt
whatever. I know it is found abundantly where Zurynome does not fly,
and of course it breeds to its own type.

On page 535, in this remarkable statement, when speaking of the
Argynnides of all the world: ‘‘ The difficulties in this genus are not so
great as in Colias and Erebia, except im the species inhabiting the Rocky
_ Mountains and Pacific States of North America, which run into each other
- in a most extraordinary manner. Most of the European species, though
closely allied, are fairly distinct, and I have only marked one species out of
America as doubtful.” So far As relates to all the world, then, except these
western districts of America, the rule I laid down holds good by Mr.
_ Elwes’ own admission, that the several species of Argynnis vary only
within certain limits, and nowhere run into each other.

Mr. Elwes had only to make sure of his American species, which he
could easily have done by seeing the original types, and he would have
_ found his rule held good universally. But ignorant of the types, he
started wrong, and trusting to what he calls authentically named speci-
mens, received from experienced collectors, together with his lack of know-
ledge of the preparatory stages, or of what are the most important features
_ of the imagos, he has landed where we find him.

-S

04 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF LAGGAN, N. W. T.; Fre
CERTAIN SPECIES INHABITING THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS IN LATITUDE 51° 25’.

BY THOMAS E. BEAN, LAGGAN, ALBERTA.

Tue Locatity.—Laggan is a telegraph station of the ans d
Pacific Railway, 956 miles west of Winnipeg as the railway runs, and six |
miles east of the British Columbia eastern boundary. A mile west of —
Laggan the railway leaves the Bow River Valley, and turns more directly
west into the valley of Noore’s Creek to cross the central range of the —
Rocky Mountains, the summit of the pass being six miles from Laggan. as
Directly east of Laggan, Pipestone Creek, flowing from the north, joins
the Bow ; its sources are about twenty miles to the north, among the
crags of thie Sawback Range, only a few miles distant from the headwaters 3
of the Red Deer River. A short distance west of Laggan, Noore’s Creek.
enters the Bow: this stream, although scarcely ten miles long, carries, on
warm days, a great volume of water, derived from an extensive snow field
on the eastern face of the Waputtehk Range. The Bow River itself, ris-
ing about latitude 51° 45’, flows southeast for a long distance in anele-
vated shallow valley parallel to the axis line of the Rocky Mountains, and ea
close to the basal slope of the central range of peaks. At Laggan, the 4
surface of the river, at its ordinary summer level, is but three hundred feet “ag
below the elevation of the summit of Kicking Horse Pass. = i .

i sco

ES > ee yee
Oe arr ery, oR I FE

The entomological ground, whose butterflies I propose to speak of is 3 4
chiefly a limited district immediately: around Laggan, comprising, on the ae 2
east, the valley of the Bow to a distance of four miles, and on the west ae
the same valley for two miles ; embracing on the southwest the valley of 4
Noore’s Creek, and the summit valley of Kicking Horse Pass to a point |
about three miles west of the British Columbia boundary ; and extending
on the north from the level of the Bow to the peaks of the nearest of the
“Slate Mountains.” A less complete examination has been made for
nineteen miles east along the railway, and above timber line upon moun- — y
tains at Stephen and Hector ; also between the Bow River and Emerald :
Lake, three miles south.

As regards continental position, Laggan is about one banded and 4
sixty-five miles north of the international boundary, on a line with the 3
western boundary of Montana, in the same longitude as the Great Slave

ea 1 2 ae re Me: fou tts st

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95

Lake and the peninsula of Lower California. It is approximately in lati-
tude 51° 26’ north, and its elevation above the sea is recorded as 5,005
feet, only 290 feet less than that of the railway summit at the head of
_ Kicking Horse Pass, while it is nearly a thousand feet higher than Morley,
at the edge of the mountain district, and over three thousand feet more
exalted than Regina, in the region of the central prairies.
To aid an estimate of the climatal and zoological conditions of the
‘Laggan district, certain facts may be mentioned, partly of a general nature
_and partly local. The latitude of Laggan brings it about in line with the
_ Aleutian Islands, Moose Fort on James Bay, and York Point, Labrador,
_ while it is almost two degrees more northerly than Anticosti Island, and
about four and a-half degrees further north than the city of Quebec. The
district is thus seen to be considerably more northern in position than any
other equally accessible North American entomological field which has
been as fully examined. This district is on the warmer side of the con-
_tinent. Although so much further north than Mount Marcy in the
Adirondacks, on which timber line occurs at 4,850 feet, and the White
Mountains of New Hampshire with timber line at 4,250 feet, yet the
mountains about Laggan lift their forests to a far greater altitude, the
uppermost fringe of larches illuminating timber line in September with a
soft yellow glow at a height of 7,000 feet. The difference in the climate
of western British America from that of the eastern side is illustrated by
the occurrence of rattlesnakes at the ‘‘ Forks of the Red Deer River,” in
the warm plains east of the mountains ; the locality is nearly due east
from Laggan, and is in the latitude of Southern Labrador.
The /oca/ conditions of the Laggan district, however, are distinctly of
a boreal tendency. So great is the altitude of the Bow Valley that the
_ railway grade is but 2,000 feet below timber line ; in the vicinity of Pike’s
- Peak, Colorado, an equal relative position would be met with at an
altitude of 9,700 feet. The valley of the Bow, indeed, is but a compara-
tively narrow pass, parting two great systems of chaotic upland, where
peak is frozen to peak by an almost unbroken line of glaciers—every sun-
less height a field of snow, each shaded alpine abyss a gulf of ice. As
may well be supposed, these frigid environments powerfully affect the
summer climate of the region, and exert a controlling influence upon the
night atmosphere even when the days are warmest.
Among the noteworthy features of the scenery may be mentioned :

hin

as the species, I am positive, will be found, whenever the male is dis-

"6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

snouts

1 ie

Mount Hector, in the northwest ; Mount Temple, about eight miles south-
west, with a great field of snow and ice on its summit a mile above He
valley ; Mount Lefroy, seven miles to the south, and the glacier of
Noore’s Creek, nine or ten miles west; also Emerald Lake, three miles
south of the Bow, and the various epids and canons of the Bow, and :
Pipestone. & y
For names and figures made use of, I am indebted chiefly to ibe :
“ Geological Survey of Canada” and “ Gannett’s Dictionary of Altitudes.” — oF
Preliminary to a consecutive list of the Laggan butterflies, to be —
written when all the material is sufficiently understood, I propose now to
present such details as are likely to be of interest in regard to Some of |
the least familiar of these Western Alberta autochthones. | ae:
Coxtas Exits Strecker ; its seasons and variations, with information i in eG
regard to the male :— Bee 7
This fine butterfly was first collgaaed by Capt. Geddes, who reconie”
the capture of the female at Laggan, on Aug. 1st, 1884—the only definite —
date I find in print. The reason the Captain did not find the male Was ©
because it was not lost, but gone before. Capt. Geddes also catalogues :
Colias Meadii Edw., as collected at Laggan in the season of 1884. |
Mr. Strecker’s Beleription of Elis may be found in “Proc. of the
Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Phila for 1885, PP: 24-25. Mr, ee
Strecker says :— |
“‘ Capt. Geddes took about fifteen examples, all females, nine of the .
orange form, and about six of the white ; but nothing that could possibly —
be considered as the male. The other examples of Co/ias captured in
the same locality were lemon-coloured males and females probably of one —
species, and allied to Pe/idne, but bearing no kinship to the above. The —
most remarkable and distinctive feature of this C. eds is the white female ; _

covered, to belong to a group in which albinous females are unknown, its —
congeners being Hecla, Hela, Staudingeri and Eogene, species in which
no instance of the pale female has yet been known to occur ; all of which
are found only at great altitudes, or at the North Polar Resim and are ©
in the male distinguished from the other red or orange species. by the ab-
sence of the mealy kidney or oval-shaped spot on the upper surface of the |
costa of secondaries near the body.
“Jt is curious, in regard to these albinous females of the Coliaden,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Q7

ronnie inmates — acre gene renee

_ that in one group they should occur in one species only, whilst in another
_ there should be but one species, C. \/eadit, found also at great elevation,
in which they do not occur ; and in yet another species, C. Vautierii, of
the same group with the last mentioned M/eadi?, found in Chili, the female
_is always white, such a thing as a red one being entirely unknown.”
I find nothing in print from Capt. Geddes as to the elevation at which
he found his specimens of #77s. Mr. Strecker states it as ten thousand
feet, but that is evidently incorrect : timber line in the region occurs at
- about seven thousand feet, and the habitable belt extends but little more
than a thousand feet above that elevation, while comparatively few of the
ultimate barren peaks reach a height of ten thousand feet. Zs is by far
‘most frequent at a little over five thousand feet, and is often met with in
appropriate localities up to about six thousand feet ; it is rarely seen much
_ higher than about six thousand feet, and never in my experience found
__ above the tree line.

In regard to the distribution of 77s, I have little information. It is
known to me only as inhabiting a very limited district. Eastward it
becomes less frequent quite abruptly, and I have not seen it further east
of Laggan than four or five miles ; it probably drops out of the fauna
entirely on the east within ten miles of Laggan. ‘To the southwest, across
the summit, I have found it only as far as Hector siding, three miles west
of the height of land ; beyond Hector its territory cannot extend far, as
_ the decrease of altitude on the west slope at the head of the pass is very

rapid, amounting to one thousand feet in the first six miles. The entire
extent of the range of #//s from east to west, as known to me, is not more
than thirteen miles, As to the distribution north and south, along the
central line of the mountains, nothing is known, but in that direction its
empire may be extensive. An interesting problem it is: How far the
domain of #/zs extends north and south from its thinly settled reserve on
the Bow ?—how far northward along the narrowing angle of the upper
Rockies toward the wide-spread country of /ec/a ?—and southward, how
- far‘across a thousand miles of intervening mountainous wilderness toward
the ancient villages of J/eadii on Colorado’s cloudy summits? Within
the narrow limits of its known district, és is of general occurrence in
localities where its food plant grows, though at few points is it ever any-
_ thing but rare. A part of the best locality known to me was devastated
by the fires just east of Laggan in June, 1889. /is has partially estab-
lished itself upon the high flats and hills between Laggan and the nearest,

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mountains north, a district burned a a years ago, and will, no dowdy
become more frequent there in future years, as its food plant is abundant. —
At the summit, this butterfly and most others were well nigh exterminated -
in the summer of 1886 by the storm of fire which raged through the pass, : 4
sparing nothing but the little marshes and their inhabitants. Collecting — :
there several times in 1888 and 1889, I saw scarcely a butterfly other —

than the two species of Chrysophanus, which live at the edges of the little
| swamps. ‘These were as frequent at the summit as I found them in their ae
resorts elsewhere. The larger butterflies, however, were lacking or were an
excessively rare, excepting only Pieris occidentalis, which seemed to have
in some degree regained a footing. - —

The 3 of Ziis flies chiefly from about the 28th of June to the oe of
July. My initial date in 1886—an early season—was June 23.
July few fs are seen, and those few not newly out of chrysalis.
2s are abroad during a period about equal to that of the gs, but
ning and ending a few days later ; my collection dates indicate a term of :
about five weeks, say from July 6th to August roth or 12th. The tis
most frequent near the middle of July, and the 2 a week or ten days —
later. The total period of the imago, including both sexes, varies’ in.
different seasons from a term of thirty-five to oné of forty-five days Blew: es
ing the last five to ten days there are seen none in good condition—the -
females appear in faded finery, and rarely a tattered male lingers among —
the asters. There is but one flight in a summer. No indication of —
hybernation in imago or pupa has come to my notice. All the geese :
so far obtained tends to show that the larva invariably hybernates at a
very early stage, almost certainly at first stage, and that the — in its”
habit of development, is a strict biennial.

Admitting 477s to be a distinct species, it is without doubt silieed. |
near to Meadzii, far closer than to any other well known form ; this the..Z:
especially proves. Probably its description as a distinct species was im-_
mediately due to the incident of failure to collect 2s in the first instance. —

DeFINITE CHARACTERS OF THE §,.—Material examined, twenty-nine
caught specimens. The smallest measures 48 mm., or’ 1.9 inch ; the
largest is 57 mm., equal to 2.24 inches. These measures are obtained by
adding the length of the two primaries (measuring from apex to centre of
base of wing) and the breadth of the body. Average expanse of the
twenty-nine individuals 51.2 mm., or 2.01 inches. This is a larger butter-

y than Meadii or Hecla, It is smaller than Christina, or even Alex-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 99

andra, being nearer the expanse of Adusa, Myrmidone and Thisoa, and
to the last one it has a more than superficial resemblance. The border
f primary varies greatly in breadth in different individuals, ranging from
2.5 to 4.5 mm. in my specimens, measured at middle of outer margin : this
is an important point of contrast from Meadii fg, in which the breadth
‘of the border of primary, in different individuals, is peculiarly uniform.
At apex the border is not usually so broadly produced proportionally as
in Meadii, but more nearly as in Hecla. At inner angle, the border is
generally much produced, in which it follows the method of Meadii and
differs from H/ecda. As a general statement, the border of both wings is
_ telatively much less produced in 7s than in Meadii. In the shape of
_ the border of primary, Z/7s differs from MMeadii definitely, though
slightly, but its difference from /Yec/a is emphatic and essential. A more
_ detailed comparison between £/is, Meadii and Hecla may be attempted
later, with a more ample material of M/eadii for inspection. At present
- it may safely be said that 277s is on upper surface partly near A/eadzi, and

in part more like Hec/a ; that its resemblance to Aec/a is comparatively

superficial, while in essentials it is nearer M/eadii, yet is not quite identi-

cal in the method of its pattern. On under side the differences between

£ilis and Meadii are not definite, nor very considerable. The cell-spot —
above ptimary is uniformly small, often sub-linear, and in six of the
twenty-nine it is almost obsolete. Under hind wing the cell-spot is also
small, but in five of the twenty-nine specimens it is faintly double. The
presence of submarginal dark spots on under surface is scarcely to be
called a feature of 77s, though slight traces of this submarginal row occur
in twelve of the specimens. The same is true as to the “ patch,” or
cluster of dark scales, found on costa beneath secondaries in many
species of Co/ias; in Z/is it is but feebly exhibited, traces of it being
found in only seven of the twenty-nine males, Details of this kind do not
constitute very interesting reading, but they are important. Such features
as the cell-spots of both surfaces, the submarginal row of spots, and the
costal “ patch” on under side, and the nature of the marginal border on
upper surface of wings,—when their averages in the several Co/éas forms
_ have been fully collated from ample representative material of both flown
and bred specimens—will prove to be efficient criteria in determining the
standing of these forms.
ek (To be continued. )

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIID OF TEM- :
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES. 2
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 75, Volume xxii.)
Genus NEMEOPHILA Steph.

1830—Steph., Ill., Brit. Ent., Haust., IL, 72.
1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 623. ,
Head small, not retracted, with rough vestiture. Eyes small, ‘yet “ :
somewhat bulging or prominent. Tongue moderate in length, but weak.
‘Palpi short, straight, scarcely projecting beyond the clypeus, clothed with
short, thin vestiture. Ocelli present. Antenne moderate in length, the oat:
@ rather lengthily bi-pectinated. Legs unarmed, subequal, the posterior
longest, rather closely scaled, the spurs distinct. %
Primaries with accessory ceil distinct, giving off 7-10 from its apex, oe
4 and 5 close together, well separated from 3. ge
Secondaries with 3, 4 and 5 almost equidistant from the end of the fas
submedian ; 6 and 7 together from the end of the subcostal, which latter re
gives off 8 from about the middle of its course. |
The species in this genus are variable and the relation of the hescaihed
forms is by no means fixed. As usual I follow Mr. Grote’s List, without,
however, intending to subscribe to the correctness of the synonym

LV. geddest Neum.
1883—Neum., Papilio III., 137, Memeophila.
Habitat—N. W. Brit, Col.

NV. modesta Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 113, Platarctia.
1882—Grt., New List, 16, Vemeophila.

Habitat—California.

LV. petrosa Wik.
1855—WIk., C. B, Mus., Lep. Het., III., 626, Vemeophila.
1872—Pack., 4th Rept. Peab. Ac. Sci., 85, Wemeophila.
1874—Streck., Lep. Rhop., et Het. L, 79, =plantaginis,
1878—Streck., Pr. Dav. Ac. Sei, II., 272, pl, IX., ff. 2-4, = pian-

taginis Linn.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief Eng., 1878-79, V., p. 1859, = plantaginis.
1882—Stretch, Papilio, II., 92 (variations), Vemeophila.

var. cespitis Grt. & Rob. °

pes Se

Beet oe a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 101

1868—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., [., 337, pl. ola, t 43;
Niwioaaitte.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 75, wide
1873—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., 248, Memeophiva.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief Eng., 1878-79, V., 1859, ==var plantaginis.
var. cichériz Grt. & Rob.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1., 338, pl. VI., f 44,
: Nemeophila.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 75, Memeophila.
1873—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., 428, Memeophila.
1879—Strk., Rept. Eng., 1878-79, V., 1859, —=var. plantaginis.
var. geometrica Grt.
1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IV., 318, pl. II., £ 1, Zupsychoma.
1872—Pack., 4th Peab. Rep., 86, =/etrosa.
1875—Pack., Rept. Geol. Surv. for 1874, 559, Wemeophila.
1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., IL, 272, pl. IX,. f. 3, p/antaginis.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief Eng., 1878-79, V., 1859, plantaginis.
1879—Grt., Can. EntT., XI, 209, Memeophila.
geometroides G. & R.
1868—Grt. & Rob., List N. A. Lep., p. VIIL, Aupsychoma.
ab. hospita Schiff. |
1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., IL, 272, Phd Mee
Habitat—Calif., Rocky Mts., Colo.

A very variable species. Mr. Strecker mentions the early stages in
his paper in the Rept. Engin. for 1878-79, and refers everything to
plantaginis. How far he is correct I will not venture to say at present ;
but this much I can say, I have never in all the series seen by me found
anything which was like the series of European specimens. That all
these names refer to one variable species is not, I think, disputed.

NV. scudderi Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Ill , 113, Platarctia.
1872—Pack., 4th Rept. Peab. Ac. “ 86, Memeophila.
Habitat——Brit. Amer., Calif.

N. selwynii Hy. Edw.
1885—Edw., Can. Enr., XVIL, 65, mrenecp hile,
Habitat—Ontario.

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus SEIRARCTIA Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 119.
1873—Stretch, Zgy. & Bomb., 8r.

Antenne of 2 short, with joints marked but scarcely sertate: the sides

ciliated. Head moderate in size, closely applied to the thorax, but not i

sunken. ‘Tongue obsolete. Palpi short, third joint equal to the second

in length, not much exceeding the first ; straight. The eyes are rather

large, but not prominent. Ocelli present. | Vestiture long and hairy.
Legs short, fore-tibize shorter armed with a long claw at tip, middle and

’ posterior tibiz nearly equal in length, each armed with a pair of pret <

terminal spurs only.

No male has been under examination, and I cannot therefore speak of a

the characters of that sex. |
Primaries without accessory cell, seven to ten on a stalk out of the
end of the subcostal at the same point with six ; ten from nearest to base

of stalk to costa ; seven next to outer margin ; eight and nine forking close ~
to tip, the former to apex, the latter to costa ; four and five together from a
the end of median ; three from median some little distance before the end. —
Secondaries six and seven together from end of subcostal ; four and five

together from end of median ; three some little distance before the end ;
eight, as usual, from about the middle of subcostal. a
These studies were all made ona 9, S. echo.

S. clio Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, III, 120, Seérarctia.
1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bombs ae, pl. 3, f./1, Seirardia.
1882—Behr.,* Papilio II., 187, biol. notes.
Habitat—California.
Food plant—Apocynum androsentfolium.

S. echo Sm. & Abb.
1797—Sm. & Abb.*, Ins., Ga, IL., 135, pl. 68, Phalena.
1816—Hiibn., Verzeichniss, 184, 2stigmene.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 668, Spz/osoma.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 531, Wyphantria.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 342, Spi/osoma.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 120, Setrarctia.
1865— Wik., C. B. Mus., Lep., Het, XXXII, 352, Wpphantria.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103

1889—Slosson*, Ent. Amer., V., 153, larval habits.
1890—Slosson*, Ent. Amer., VI., 8, larval habits.
Habitat—Georgia, Florida, Dist. Col.
_ Food plants—-Oak, Persimmon, Palmetto : omnivorous.
_ Seirarctia bolteri does not belong to this genus, and has been referred
__ by its describer to Hadisidota ambigua.
Genus Zctypia Clem.
: 1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil, XII., 520.
£. bivittata Clem.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil, XIL., 539 Ectypia.
nigroflava Graef.
1887—Graef., Ent. Amer., IIL, 43, Spzdosoma.
. Habitat— Texas.

A poor specimen of this species is in the collection U. S. National
Museum, also from Texas. I did not recognize it as Clemen’s species
until I had identified it with Mr. Graef’s description. Mr. Hy. Edwards
_ subsequently called Mr. Graef’s attention to the probable synonymy, and
there remains no doubt that Clemens’ species is again known in collections.
I have no notes on the genus, and believe it will either not prove a good
one or some other must fall in with it.

Genus PyrRRHARCTIA Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 120.
; _ Head small, somewhat retracted. Tongue short and weak. Palpi
4 very short, scarcely reaching the front. Antennz very short, simple in
both sexes. Legs stout, moderately long; spurs short, middle tibia with
one, posterior with two pairs. Fore tibia without armature. Claws with
tips toothed. :
§ In venation this species does not differ from Zeucarctia, which will be
_ fully described in this respect. The remarkable male characters of this
_ genus have been described and figured ne me.

P. isabella Sm., Abb.

: 1797—Sm., Abb.*, Lep., Ga., II., 131, “ 66, Phalena.
ES 1816—Hiubn., Gietiniss, 184, Estigmene.
1833—Harris, Cat., Ins., Mass., 591, Arctia.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 59, Arctia.
1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 611, Spz/osoma.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 531, Spz/osoma.

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1862—Harris*, Inj. Ins., Flinted., 335, f 170, Arctia.
1862— Morris, Synopsis Lep. Supplt., 340, Arétia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 352, Spz/osoma.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 16, Spz/osoma. <
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 121, Pyrrharctia. :
1869—Saund.*, Can. Enr., I., 26, Spilosoma.

1870—Riley*, Am. Ent, [., 48) Arctia,

1871—Riley*, Am. Ent., I1., 182, f. 112, Arctia.
1872—Riley*, 4th Rept. Ins.,-Mo., 113, f. 65, Arctia.
1873—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 187, 370, Pyrrharetia.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 37, 297, Pyrrharctia.
1878—Mann*, Psyche, II., 270, Spi/osoma.

1880—Riley*, Am. Ent., IIL, 133, f. 51, Arctia (life hist.).
1881—Riley*, Gen. iridex to Mo. Rep., 55, 2yrrharctia,
1882—Coleman*, Papilio, IL., 18, Pyrrharctia. |
1883— Weed, Papilio, III., 84, Pyrrharctia.

1884—Bean*, Can. EnrT., XVL , 67, Spilosoma. ~*~ 2 a ogg

1886—Smith, Ent. Amer., II., 79, Pyrrharctia. ks
1888—Dimmock (A. K.)*, Psyche, 1V., 281, Spice .

Coleman, Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc., L, 28, Spilosoma,
californica Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent, Soc., Phil, ail, 121, Pyrrharctia.
1872—Pack., 4th Rept. Peab. Ac., 86, pr. syn.
1873—Butler, Cistula Ent., I1., 39, pr. syn.
Habitat— United States and Canada.
Food plants—Omnivorous. |

a be continued. )

CORRESPONDENCE.

ee

ERRATA TO THE REVISED CHECK LIST OF N. AM. NOCTUIDA,

Dear Sir: Although the list was nearly three months in press, from
end of December to beginning of March, and I had a large number of
proofs, I find that three mistakes escaped correction which I desire to
note in this place :—No. 211, for Harv. read Harr. ; No. 359, for Harv.
read Harr.; No. 802, for Grt. read Morr, Students using the list will
please note these necessary changes.

April, 1890. A. R. Grore, Bremen, Caan y:

Mailed May 2nd,

ih gS Re) a Neg MT oie pe

Bamber ccs ies as sara ME le = a iw

eee Ore ape ee Meta tere Me Popes Om ad) he ceed Salas

The Canaitiay B stawolagit

VOL. XXII. LONDON, JUNE, 1890. No. 6.

THE NOCTUIDA OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA
COMPARED.

(Seventh Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

We have now passed in brief review the bombyciform JVoctuide, or
Thyatirine, and the typical Noctuidae, or Noctuine ( Noctue nonfasciate ).

The former group differs in certain details of the neuration, and the ques-

tion comes up as to the value of this character for classification. In all
other respects, this small assemblage of moths must be considered as be-
longing to the (Voctuide. The palpi, though short, have the Noctuid
form. The eyes are sometimes naked, sometimes hairy. The legs, though
somewhat short, are not unlike those of other owlet moths ; the fore pair
have a tibial epiphysis so far as known to me. ‘The fore wings are sub-
triangular with pointed apices. The resemblance to the WVofodontine is
seen in the neuration of primaries where vein five is intermediate, though
this vein is sometimes wanting in the Bombycid group. But in Vo/aphana,
which Fitch considered a Tortricid, Zeller at first a Nolid, vein five seems
also intermediate. This character of vein five of fore wings is, perhaps,

of more value than the variations of the secondary costal veins. The

difference in the position of vein seven of hind wings is, perhaps, not so
important when we see that, in S¢/bia and Rivu/a, vein eight springs
from seven, the upper margin of the median cell. This is also the case
with Cerathosia, and we may briefly consider the position of this moth.
The name is derived apparently from the Greek eras, a horn, in allusion
to the clypeal tubercle perhaps ; and ¢hosia, whatever that may be, I
know not. It looks like a piece of Zithosia, a name derived from the
Greek /ithos, a stone, so that it might seem as though Mr Smith intended

5 eae

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mt 4 ———

to classify the moth as a Lithosian before asserting it to be an Arctian,
‘next to Utetheisa.” I have already pointed out Mr. Smith’s misstate-

ments as to the neuration. These corrected, we have before us a Noctuid —

in all structural characters, except that the secondaries have vein eight of
seven ; but thus also paralleled by S¢z/éia. On the fore wings vein five
originates near four, and runs nearer four than six. The clypeal tubercle
and the legs, with a claw on fore-tibie, recall, as I have said, the Stiriini,
and, so far as I can see from my six specimens, the tegulz do not lie
close to the thorax. But the squamation resembles that of Z arache, and
we may place the moth after this group and before Spragueia and the

Lustrotiini. Since 1868, I have been occupied in bringing our Woctuide |

into natural genera, founded on characters exposed by Lederer, characters
used also by prominent recent specialists, such as Prof. Fernald and Lord
Walsingham. It is therefore ridiculous for Mr. Smith to accuse me of

ignorance of Lederer’s definitions. But it will be better not to discuss

any further Mr. Smith’s remarks on this genus. The question whether
relatively slight variations in the neuration can establish natural families
in the Lepidoptera, is not to be decided after the fashion of-Mr. Smith,
but must be reasonably discussed. I have shown cases of individual
variation in neuration, and science has not yet removed the scales and
studied the veins of all the species of moths. | We must not fall into the
fault of tucking away an insect under a scientific label, but constantly
occupy our minds with its various characters until its affinities become
clear to us.

We may now enumerate the tribes into which I have divided the
Noctuine. It may be premised that the genera thus associated may,
in some instances, need transference. The limits between certain of these
tribes seem faint, and I have had to rely often on somewhat vague and
general characters for their definition. Unlike the Coleoptera, the in-
vestigator of the Lepidoptera is often at a loss to find structural features,
so uniform is the general character, so soft the body parts, clothed with
dense hair and scales, difficult to remove so that the external skeleton
be studied. I have recognized the divisions of tribes, sub-families and
families, and have endeavored to follow Leconte in his classification of the
Coleoptera in my nomenclature. I think we should make a distinction
between the characters employed for these divisions, and that we should
not allow for a subordinate structural character a “family” value. On

Pn Ee See RR Neat) SMe teen ra

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Pee Re FO ee a a ee LS es ee

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107

_ this head the student is referred to a most valuable paper by Dr. Packard
on the Moctuide, published in the Proceedings of the Portland Society of
_ Natural Sciences, I., 153. This paper should be reprinted. It speaks of
_ the natural value of the great families of moths, and contains statements
_ of fact and admonitions to students, which can only be disregarded to the
detriment of the study. From the relative intangibility of the structural
characters of butterflies and moths, arises some necessary latitude of
opinion. In no case is there any excuse for an improper criticism of the

opinions of older or of more experienced writers. Rather is there room

for a gentler treatment of this subject of our moths, these pretty locks of
nature’s fleece, so tender and so fleeting! In the paper above alluded to,
Dr. Packard complains of the effect of amateurism on the literature of the
science. No doubt in one sense the remark is well founded, but this
amateurism is rather a proof of the attractiveness of the study and its
aesthetic value. For my part I should be glad of the largest possible ac-
cession to the ranks of butterfly hunters and students, and I have tried
always to do what I could toward creating a larger interest in this field,
Elsewhere I have drawn attention to the greater general interest felt in
England on the subject, and how valuable an addition to the charms of
life the collection of butterflies and moths is proved to be. For this
reason I have favored the gradual use of English names, and I have
looked forward to the time when the distinction between “amateurs ”
and “scientists” should be obliterated by good work being done on all
hands. Far more do I incline to disapprove of the work of those, whose
temperament and training allow them to misrepresent what others have
said and done, in order to ease their wounded vanity, or rise by improper
criticism. Let us forsake such conduct. We are, as Mr. Scudder would
call us, Aurelians, although this title smacks a little of the hobby, and it
were well if our kinship in interest would make us kind. There cannot
be an agreement, as the world is infinitely diverse.

‘The tribes of Noctuine I have defined are:—1, Bombycoidi; 2,
Apatelini, including Bryophi/a, although the disposition of the American
genera is not settled between these two first tribes; 3, Agrotini; 4,
Dicopini*; 5, Hadenini; 6, A rzamini*; 7, Nonagriini; 8, Scolecocam-
pini; 9, Nolaphanini*, only Nolaphana; 10, Caradrini; 11, Orthosiini;

* These groups do not occur in the European fauna,

Satie
ie Fa

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

12, Calocampini, only Lithophane (Xylina), Lithomia, Calocampa and
Xylomigis ; 13, Cleophanini, only Cleophana. I regard WVyctopheata as

a Heliothid; 14, Cuculliini; 15, Eurhipiini ; 16, Zngurini*; 17, Ano-—

miint*; 18, Litoprosopini*; 19, Calpini; 20, Stiriini; 21, Plustint; 22,
Heliothini; 23, Tarachini; 24, Cerathosiini; 25, Eustrotiini; 26,
Hybleini,

There remain to be considered the geometriform Noctuide, or re
Catocaline (Noctue fasciate), the pyralidiform JVoctuide, or the Del-
toidine and a small sub-family group, the Brephing, containing only two
genera, with few species, found in northern latitudes and elevations over
Europe, Siberia and North Ametica, a relic of a preglacial fauna. ene
genera are Brephos and Leucobrephos.

As may be drawn from the above names applied to the leading groups,
the JVoctuide are a large family, with various resemblances to the sur-

rounding families of moths. The Owlet moths touch the Spinners, the

Spanner and Sparkler moths, while the typical Voctuine, from their total
form and embryology, bring the whole family, in a linear arrangement,
between the two first. In number of species and structural variation the
Noctuide yield to no other in interest, and its large representation in
North America commends it to the attention of the student. For the
student I have at least originally shown the way his studies in this group
should be carried on. The matters of detail have not always seemed so
important to me as the method, and this method I have originally intro-
duced into the study, combining my reading with observations under the
microscope. There is growing up a tendency, especially in Europe, where
the living material is wanting, to engage in a sort of book working of
nature. The new student constructs, out of the writings and pictures of
others, some new turn to our views of life and variation, fancying even
that Darwin may be damaged by such methods. _It is vanity displayed
in vain. |

Sub-family. Catocaline.

The earliest recognition of this group which I find in literature is that
of Borkhausen, who calls this Voctue fasciate, in contradistinction to the
Noctuine, or Noctue nonfasciate. These terms are clumsy and had
better give way to those proposed by Packard (Proc. P.S. N. H., Vol. L.,
153, et seq.). The wings are broad ; primaries triangulate ; secondaries

P
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

full, tending to be marked by continuous bands. The eyes are naked ;
antenne generally simple ; body usually untufted ; abdomen smooth and
tapering ; the dorsal surface rarely crested ; the tibiz not unfrequently

| armed. Packard says that the epicranium is longer than in the JVoctuine.

The basis of this sub-family is comparative form. No single structural
feature holds the genera together, and Lederer does not recognize its
existence.. Nevertheless the moths and larve seem to me more or less
readily distinguishable, and that we may retain the sub-family term. Dr.
Packard says (I. c.) that these two sub-families “‘agree in the main with
the Zrifide and Quadrifide of Guente, though the use which he makes
of the venation seems to us to lead to artificial distinctions, The very
constant venation of this family does not admit of any variation in the
grouping of these veins and their branches, and hence they offer characters
of secondary importance.” With this statement my experience fully
agrees. I do not think that the venation alone should decide family
position. There are already too many exceptions known to the system of
Herrick-Scheeffer, which is, in some cases, considered the test of family
character by Lederer. I regard this paper of Dr. Packard’s as of funda-
mental value in the study of the Voctuide ; the author, however, excluded
the Deltoids, which, I think, from a// their characters are WVoctuide. It
is not at all clear also, whether Dr. Packard considers the Zhyatirine as
a distinct sub-family group. Probably not, and that they are merely a
tribal division of the JVoctuine. To this view I should not seriously
object, although I do not venture to decide upon it. The unequal
characters by which we separate the Zhyatirine and Brephine from the
rest of the Voctuide@ are an objection to Lederer’s classification. In the
present series of papers the object is mainly to compare the fauna and
the full discussion of this and similar points, must be left to a future
occasion. Primarily this sub-family falls into two groups :—First, the
tribe Catocalinz, in which the secondaries, though often gaily coloured,
are covered by and subordinated to the primaries. The European genera
belong chiefly to this tribe. Secondly, the Pheocymini ( Pheocyma,
Homoptera, Erebus, etc.,) in which the secondaries are partially exposed
and marked like the forewings, decidedly geometriform moths. The
larva thus first becomes geometriform as we recede from the higher
Woctyide, and then the perfect insect follows suit,

i
110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEW NORTH AMERICAN HOMOPTERA.
BY E. P. VAN DUZER, BUFFALO, N. Y.

IDIOCERUS CRATZAGI, 0. sp.

Soiled white. Antennal depression, a dot on each ocellus, a pair of ’
large round spots on the vertex, an angular spot behind each eye, the

basal angles of the scutellum, the tergum and disc of the pleural pieces,
‘ black ; the elytra whitish hyaline eeu with fuscous nervures. Length

about 6 m.m.

Front slightly convex, the sides gradually converging to the rounded —

apex. Clypeus narrow, at the apex abruptly but not widely expanded ;
lore rather narrow ; outer margins of the cheeks feebly concave. Prono-
tum short, hind edge obscurely concave, the posterior angles rounded.

Colour soiled whitish ; tinged more or less with yellowish green on the
margins of the vertex and face, sides of the pronotum, scutellum, basal

and costal nervures of the elytra, and on the connexivum. A curved —

longitudinal cloud on each side of the front, and two subtriangular oblique
spots between the ocelli, brown ; these marks may be obsolete, or they

may be deepened to piceous black in places. A narrow triangular spot —

below the antennze, a dot on each ocellus, and a large round spot above
the latter on the vertex, deep black. Eyes brown. Antenne white, setae
brown. Pronotum with an oblong black spot on the anterior margin
behind the inner angle of each eye, disc sometimes with an indistinct
brownish cloud. Scutellum with a large triangular spot within each basal
angle, and two dots before the transverse depression, black ; the middle
of the anterior field sometimes clouded with brown. Elytra whitish
hyaline, ordinarily with heavy brown nervures ; the shoulder, commissure
and claval suture yellow, costal nervure at base brown. Wings slightly
smoky, iridescent ; nervures brown. Pleural pieces black, edged with
pale yellow. Legs soiled white, tarsi black. Tergum black ; connexivum
yellow ; venter yellowish, sometimes clouded with brown, laterally ;
pygofers in both sexes black, edged with pale.

Genital pieces, male: Last ventral segment large, subtrlelin con-
yex, longer than the two preceding, and covering the pygofers for about

lle st Si,

Fane Hy EY ieee an SD

Re ee

et Soviet ak BS) Fo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111

, half their length ; the latter broad and short, almost cylindrical, meeting
on the ventral aspect nearly to their tips, thus forming a small opening

around the anal style, a little separated basally beneath the ultimate ventral
segment ; plates slender, weak and flaccid, but slightly exceeding the
pygofers in length, fringed with long soft hairs. Female: Last ventral

_ segment as in the male, except that the apex is truncated or slightly con-

cave ; pygofers short and thick, the blunt apex but little exceeded by the
ovipositor,

Buffalo; N. Y., July and August, occasional on thorn bushes ; Hassil
ton, Ont., James Johnston, Esq. Described from five male and six
female examples.

Allied to Z. dachrymadis, from which it can be readily separated by its
smaller size, different markings, and the form of the genitalia,

L’Abbe Provancher, in his Petite Faune Ent. du Canada III., p. 288

(Jan. 1890), describes a very pretty little species of Zdiocerus as Bythos-

copus cliteliarius Fitch, with the reference ‘“‘ Third Rept. Inj. Ins. p. 69”;
this should have read*No. 69, and may be found on p. 365 of the Trans.
N. Y. State Agl. Soc. for 1856. Fitch, however, here refers to Jassus
clitellarius Say, a species of Thamuotettix and not to the insect described
by M. Provancher, for which I now propose the name Jdiocerus Pro-
vancheri. This conspicuous little insect pertains to the group repre-
sented by 7. maculipennis Fitch. It is not uncommon here at Buffalo on
oak and other bushes through June, July and August. I have also taken
it at Muskoka, Ont., and have seen examples captured at Hamilton, Ont.
by Mr. James Johnston.

Since the publication of my paper on Pediopsis in Ent. Am, for Sept.,
1889, I have received from M. Provancher a pale example of Bythoscopus
Senestratus Fitch., labelled Pediopsis flavescens Prov., and accompanied by
a note stating it to be a typical example. It agrees well with his des-
cription in the Nat. Can., IV., p. 376, Dec., 1872, and it is the insect de-

scribed as Pediopsis flavescens on p. 295 of the Petite Faune Ent. du Can.,

Feb., 1890. This, therefore, leaves the insect described by me as the
fiavescens (Ent. Am., V., p. 173, No. 7) without a name. It is a well
characterized species, and may be called Pediopsis canadensis,

~

eae

112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PLATYMETOPIUS FRONTALIS N. sp.

Smaller and shorter than P. a@eutus. Blackish fuscous, sparingly
irrorate with pale ; face pale yellow. Length about 4 m.m.

Vertex shorter than in acu¢us, one-quarter longer than broad between
the eyes, with a longitudinal depression, apex obtuse. Cheeks broader, —

and the clypeus shorter and broader than in acutus, the sides of the latter
almost rectilinear. Head, scutellum and abdomen, closely punctured,
Pronotum smooth, obscurely transversely wrinkled. Last ventral seg-
ment of the male rather deeply concave, valve large and rounded ; plates

‘ triangular, on the impressed suture about as long as the valve, apex sub-

acute, margins sparsely ciliate ; pygofers elongated, surpassing the plates.

Last ventral segment of the icalg broad, slightly keeled and compressed

apically, the hind edge feebly notched on the middle, pygofers short and
broad, scarcely exceeded by the ovipositor.

Colour fuscous, or almost black ; posterior disc of the vertex, -prono-
tum, scutellum, and all beneath, minutely but sparingly irrorate with pale ;
vertex and venter of the male almost immaculate.. Apex of the vertex
whitish, with some irregular fuscous lineations on either side of the central
line ; face yellow, cheeks infuscated exteriorly, base of the front with but

faint indications of the concentric lines characteristic of our other species. —

Pronotum, with five whitish longitudinal lines, faintly indicated. Nervures
of the elytra bordered with interrupted pale lines that sometimes form re-
ticulations on some of the areoles ; costal area outwardly whitish hyaline,
crossed by about eight oblique blackish veinlets ; apical areoles, except-
ing on their base fuscous, the extreme edge pale. Elytra normally with
about fifteen round whitish dots placed on the ends of the areoles, but
more or less of the basal are frequently wanting. Wings sordid hyaline,

nervures fuscous. Tibiz spotted with pale; tarsi pale, the joints tipped

with black.

Described from two # and five 9 examples. Buffalo, N. Y,, June
and September ; Ames, Iowa, (H. Osborn).

I have swept this species from low bushes and weeds with P. acutus,
from which it may readily be distinguished by its smaller size and blackish
colour. . acutus has the sides of its clypeus concave, and the apex of
the valve of the ¢ obtusely pointed. £. modestus Steel is unknown to me,
as is also 2. magda/ensis Prov., but these are larger pale species,

r.

eel en Sey we ee ee ee yen ye ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ARGYNNIS FROM
: CANADA,

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.
Argynnis Alberta.
Belongs to the Chariclea group.

Male.—Expands 1.9 inch. Upper side pale yellow-fulvous ; the
markings as in /e/ena, but pale black, reduced ; the mesial stripes on
both wings interrupted, macular ; the extra discal rounded spots on
primaries minute, the sub-marginal crescents wanting, and represented by
small clusters of scales at the summits only, leaving a clear space to the
margin, which margin is edged by an even stripe ; on secondaries the
rounded spots are larger, and the crescents are represented by larger
clusters of scales ; the marginal border is extended on each nervule so as
to encroach on and make narrow the clear space. Under side of prim-
aries pale red-brown, uniform from base to margin; the black markings
obsolescent or altogether wanting. Secondaries brown (without the red
shade) ; across the disk a belt of same form as in Chariclea and He/ena,
a shade only lighter than the ground, and all of one hue (no white as in
the allied species); the rounded spots and clusters of scales repeated
faintly, and behind each of the latter a pale, undefined patch.

Female.—Same size. Brown, dusky, inclining to melanism, some-
times of a slaty hue rather than brown, and always with a peculiar smooth
surface, suggestive of grease which had been removed by benzine ; the
markings pale, diffuse ; the mesial stripe, on primaries, has become a

broad band reaching from margin to margin, and the sub-marginal clusters

of scales are merged in a continuous stripe ; on secondaries, all the
markings about base and on disk are obsolescent, the sub-marginal
clusters are large and diffuse, and the margin is edged by a crenated band.
Under side as in the male.

From one # and two @ sent me by Mr. Thomas E. Bean, and taken
at Laggan, Alberta. He writes: ‘‘ This Argynnis, I think, occurs strictly
above timber line, and not very near it either, though also not at the
highest points of the mountains. In 1888, on one mountain, it was
decidedly frequent, but in 1889, I saw not one. The females all present
the same slightly shining surface, whether brown or slate in color, but it
is not grease. The examples I sent you were not in the least greasy, nor

~

114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

are any that I have.” (This was in direct reply to my question, suggested
by Dr. Holland, who was confident they had been greased and cleaned.)
“T do not notice this shiny surface especially in the males ; they are all
fulvous, and none show melanism. All the females tend to obscuration,
and more than half are about as melanie as those sent you, one or two
perhaps a little darker. Some few are clear enough for the fixed lines to
show. ‘This form does not at all frequent the same localities as Chariclea,
which only occurs below timber, so far as I know.”

Alberta is wholly unlike any member of the group known to me. It
does not at all agree with Chariclea, var. obscurata McLachlan.

In the delicacy of its markings the male is nearer AHé/ena than
Chariclea, but these are interrupted and reduced. Aé/ena is an alpine
species, and found above timber line, But it retains at every elevation
which it frequents the same features. The examples under view are
larger than any /Ze/ena, and equal the largest Chariclea.

ree

NOTES ON SIGALPHUS CURCULIONIS AND SIGALPHUS
CANADENSIS.

BY C. P. GILLETTE, AMES, IOWA.

I reared from Conotrachelus nenuphar last summer a number of
parasites, which were determined for me by Dr. Riley as Sigalphus cur-
culionis Fitch, and S. curculionis, var. rufus. ull descriptions of both
of these may be found on page 27 of Riley’s Third Missouri Report, and
upon page 67 of the Supplement to the Missouri Reports.

The variety rufus appeared much more abundant than curcudlionis in
my breeding cages the past summer, These two forms differ so much
from one another, and in some respects, especially in the number of joints
of the antenne, from Riley’s descriptions, that I have made the following
notes upon them :—

Three females of the dark form, bred by myself, and two males loaned
me by Prof. Osborn, have the ocelli in every case, not touching, but dis-
tinctly separated. The two males have respectively 29 and 30 joints in
the antennz, ‘Two of the females have 29 joints each, and one 28 joints
in the antenng. The largest female measures just .14, and the males

PERRO yh eet iene Trea a ae ae ee a

ee Ne

Ys) Ae ee re Ee eee Reg theme

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 115

measure a scant .13 of an inch in length. The ovipositor is exserted in
one case .11, and in two cases .12 of aninch. Length of wing .14 of an
inch ; length of antenne .125 of aninch. The breadth of the head, as
compared to rufus, is as five to six.

In the eleven specimens of rz/us now in my collection the ocelli are
in every case distinctly separated. In five cases the antenne are 32-
jointed ; in four cases they are 31-jointed, and in two cases they are 30-
jointed. All are females, and in no case do they vary much from .15 of
an inch in length. The shortest measurement of exserted ovipositor is
.14, the average is .18, and the longest is .20 of aninch in length. The
breadth of the abdomen, as compared to curculionis, is in the proportion
of four to five. Length of wing .15 of an inch; length of antenne .15 of
an inch. xufus is decidedly more robust and larger in every case than
curcudionis, and, were it not for the fact that so eminent an authority as
Dr. Riley considered them the same species, I should think that rufus
ought to be raised to the rank of a species.

Sigalphus canadensis.—Three specimens of S. canadensis were reared
by me. the past summer from the plum gouger Anthonomus scutellatus
(prunicida). How this little braconid can deposit her egg within the hard
pit of the plum, Iam unable to say. It can not be that it is deposited
there before the pit becomes hard, for the larva of the gouger does not get
entirely through the pit until the latter becomes very hard, and the para-
site does not attack the larva of the gouger in time to prevent its complete
development and pupation, as was found by cutting into the plums con-
taining parasitized pupze of Anthonomus scutedlatus. When the larva of the
gouger becomes full grown it gnaws a hole through the pit, out of which
it can escape when it has changed to a beetle, and the parasite is de-
pendent upon this provision of the larval gouger for its own escape.
Possibly the parasite does not deposit the egg until the opening has been
made in the pit ; but, if this is the case, it must go through its transform-
ations in a very short time. And how would the female know at what
part of the plum to insert her ovipositor to strike the small opening in the
pit? Although but three of these parasites were secured, it was not un-
common to find a plum with a small exit, such as is made by the mature
parasite in escaping, and which is much too small for the exit of the
gouger.

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIID OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B, SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 10g, Volume xxii.)
Genus LEPTARCDA Stretch.

1873—Stretch, Zygeenide and Bombycide, 118,

Head small, hardly retracted ; eyes inconspicuous, bulging ; oot

distinct ; vestiture thin, loose and divergent ; tongue weak and short,
spiral ; palpi weak, short, drooping, with thin divergent vestiture ; legs
sub-equal, posterior slightly the longest ; ; middle and posterior tibiz each
with minute terminal spurs only. The thorax is short, stout, convex with
thin hairy vestiture. The antennal joints of the female have the joints
marked, scarcely serrate ; in the male they are bipectinate. The primaries
have 7 to ro out of a long stalk from the end of the sub-costal, 6 from a
short spur out of the same point ; 3, 4 and 5 are nearly equi distant from
the end of the median, and quite close together. On the secondaries 8 as
usual, 6 and 7 from the end of the subcostal; 3, 4 and 5 rather close

together from the end of the median. I had intended to give a review of

Mr. Butler’s work on this genus (1881, Ann. Mag., N. H., ser. 5, VIIL.,
312), but the excellent paper by Mr. French in the November-December,
1889, numbers of the Can. Env. has rendered this unnecessary, and I
simply give the bibliography, using Mr. French’s sequence of species or
varieties. Whether in a genus like this, where no two specimens are alike,
so many names are desirable is a question. Twice the number could be
as justly applied. - A large series of specimens is in the United States
National Museum, one lot bred from eggs produced by a 2 stretchié with
a 2 /ena—the extremes of the series as arranged by Mr. French,

L. stretchii Butler.

1881—Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII, 312, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. ENT., XXL, 222, f. 12, Leptarctia.
& dimidiata Str.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., pl. V., f. 9, Zeptarctia.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 312, ¢yp. pr.
Habitat—Oregon, So. California,

CEN Ga eae i foie
acy ea Se RES

Ce a eee aN ae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 117

| L, boisduvalii Butler.

1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII, 313, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. ENT., XXI. , 222, f. 13, Leptarctia.
decia Stretch.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., pl. V., f..15, Leptarctia.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 313, typ. pr.
Habitat—Oregon.

L. dimidiata Stretch.

7 1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 123, ff. 7-10, Laon:

; 1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 313, restr. to f. gar 8.
: 1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 222, f. 14, Leptarctia.
‘Habitat—Calif,, Oregon, Boloradil

4 L. albifascia French.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 232, f. 15, Leptarctia.
a Habitat—California.

3 L. occidentalis French.
1889—French, Can. ENT, XXI., 223, f. 16, Leptarctia.
Habitat—Northern California.

| L. latifasciata Butler. :

g -1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 313, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 223, f. 17, Leptarctia.
Habitat—Oregon, So. California.

; L. fulvofasciata Butler.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIIL., 313, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent, XXI., 22 3, f. 17, Leptarctia.
lena Stretch.
-1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., pl. 5, ff. 13-14, Leptarctia.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 313, typ. pr.
Habitat—Oregon, Truckee Calif.

3 L. california Walker.
1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus, Lep., IIL, 625, Memeophida.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 240, =/ena.
1881—Butler, Papilio, I., 130, av sp. id. lena.

- 1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII, 312, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can, Ent., XXI., 223, ff. 18-19, Leptarctia.

118 THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST.

lena Badv.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 73, Lithibtias
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., pl. V., ff. 11 and 16, “aa
adnata Bdv.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc, Ent., Belg., XII.), 73, Lithotia.
187 3—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 120, pr. syn.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 313) pr. syn.
Habitat—Calif., Oregon.

L. wrightii French.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 224, ff. 18-19, Lenensetie

L. decia Bdv. .
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 72, Lithosia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., rat, pl. 5, ff. 1, 2 and 15, Leptarctia.
1878—Strecker, Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., II., 273, Leptarctia.
1881—Butl, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 314, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XX1I., 224, ff. 20, 21, Leptarctia.
Habitat---California, Oregon.

L. lena Bav. |
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann Soc. Ent., Belg., XII), 73, Lithosia, |
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb, 120, 240, pl. V., ff. 3-6, 11-14, 16.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII, 314, restr. to f& 3 and 5
1889—French, Can. ENT., XXL, 224, f. 22, Leptarctia.
Habitat—California, Oregon, Colorado.

This arrangement, giving each of the forms equal value, is of course
not to be taken as indicating the specific distinctness of any. The indi-
cations are all that there is but a single species with a wide range of
variation. It remains only to state that in Mr. French’s paper he gives
the life history of the species, describing all stages.

Genus Koprosoma Stretch.

1873—Zyg. & Bomb., 67.

This genus contains a series of forms of doubtful distinctness, none of
which I have been enabled to study. The species seem excessively rare,
and there are no specimens of the genus in the collection U.S. National
Museum.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119

_K. eavesii Stretch.

-1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 69, pl. IL, f. 6, Kodiosoma.

. Habitat— Nevada.

K. fulva Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bombh., 67, pl. 2, f. 7, Kodiosoma.
Habitat—California.

XK. nigra Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 68, pl. 2, f. 8, Kodiosoma.
Habitat—California.

K. tricolor Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 68, pl. 2, f. 5, Kodiosoma.,
Habitat—California.

Genus PHRAGMATOBIA Steph.

1830—Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., II., 73.
1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., IIL, 628.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 346.

Head small, retracted; tongue weak and short, palpi rudimentary.
Vestiture woolly. Antenne simple in both sexes. Legs weak and rather
short ; tibial spurs distinct and normal in number. The anterior and
middle claws seem simple ; posterior with a decided tooth at tip. The
tarsi are very feebly spinulose.

Primaries with 7 to 10 out of a stalk from the end of subcostal ; 7 and
10 from about the same point ; 8 and g forking just before the apex ; 3,
4 and 5 are about equi-distant from the end of the median.

Secondaries veins 6 and 7 together from end of subcostal, 8 from its
middle ; 3, 4 and 5 from the end of the median rather close together; 4
about twice as far ftom 3 as from 5.

P. assimilans Wik. :
1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 630, Phragmatobia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil,, XII, 536, Phragmatodia.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 346, Phragmatobia.

- 1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 23, Phragmatobia.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 122, =rubricosa.
1889—Slosson, Ent. Amer., V., 85, az sp. dist. rubricosa.
Habitat—New Hampshire.

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This species—if species it is—has languished among the synonyms,
ever since Dr. Packard referred it there in 1864. A specimen taken in
1888 by Mrs. Slosson seems to justify its claim to recognition as a
species, and it is so recognized here.

P. rubricosa Harris.
1841—Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., 253, Arcéza.
1852——Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soe, Ent. Fr.), 49, Arttia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sei, Phil., XII., 541, =Crocota rubi-

cundarta.

1862—Harris, Inj. Ins., 356, f. 171, Arctia.
1862——Morris, Synopsis Supplt., 341, Arctza.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 24, Phragmatobia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 122, Phragmatobia.
1883—Edw.*, Papilio, IIL., 1a Phragmatobia.
1887—Edw.*, * Ent. Amer., III., 168, Lhragmatobia.
Suliginosa t net.
1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.), 40, Arctia.
1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 628, Phragmatodia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 539, Phragmatobig.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IIl., 71, pr. syn.
Habitat—Mass., New York, Maine, California, Canada.

It is not admitted by some of our old collectors that rubricosa refers to
a form really distinct from the European /fu/iginosa. Superficially they
undoubtedly resemble each other very closely; but how nearly they will
agree when closely compared is another question.

P. dubia Wik.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep., Het., III., 682, Cyenia.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 72, Phragmatobia.
Habitat-—H. B. Terr. ss dettan

This species has dropped out of our list ; but I cannot find that it has
been referred as a synonym anywhere, Messrs. Grote and Robinson in
their notes (supr. cit.) say: ‘Wings semitranslucent, brown or mouse
color ; veins on both wings whitish above ; eyes margined narrowly with
white ; legs shaded with whitish outwardly ; abdomen (greasy in the
specimen) with three rows of brown spots.” There should be no difficulty
in identifying this species should it-turn up.

(To be continued. )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 121

FOOD PLANT OF MELITAA TAYLORI, EDW.

Having been asked by Mr. Jas. Fletcher, of Ottawa, to look for the

larva of 7. Tay/ori, with the purpose of discovering its food plant, &c., it
was with much pleasure that I accepted the commission, and now have the
gratification to inform you of my success.
I began searching on March roth, but found everything very back-
ward, owing to the severe winter experienced on this island. Being
determined, however, not to miss an opportunity of succeeding, I con-
tinued making a close examination of the declivities of the coast at
Beacon Hill (thinking it probable that the larve had not reached the
top of the bluff before hibernating) ; but after several attempts to locate
it, I turned my attention on March 3oth to the level land above the cliff,
and was rewarded by finding it feeding in numbers on the Rib-wort
Plantain ( Plantago lanceolata, L.)

One peculiar fact I must mention of MZ. Zaylori is that the larve
evidently avoided the old plants, and fed solely on the younger ones,
instinctively knowing, perhaps, that they would be less exposed to the
attacks of their natural enemies, as the young plants were mostly hidden
by the dead grass of last year’s growth; however, when the first was
found it was an easy matter to follow them up, with the result of capturing

about two dozen in half an hour.
7 They varied considerably in size, some being 6 lines, while most of
them were ro lines in length. I found a cast-off skin showing that they
had moulted since “ feeding up” this spring ; and also that had I looked
in the right place a few days sooner I should, without a doubt, have found
them. They generally feed singly, but as their food plant grows in large
patches it was possible to collect a dozen or more without changing one’s
position. ,

They occur all along the coast immediately fronting Beacon Hill, and
Ihave found them a mile away from where they were plentiful ; but, in
that case, they were very few and far between, although I have collected
several dozen during the few hours I could spare from business. They
are day feeders, and naturally very slow in their movements.

The following table gives, dates of capture with result :—

March 30 took 23 in % hour.
6“ 31 o: 3a ey 66

1) Ee ST

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

April 6 took 11 in 2 hours.
‘* 1 & 12—heavy. snow storm.
‘« 14 took 5 in 1 hour.
‘“ 17 ieee (Cm 66
The larve are doing well in the breeding cage, and at some future
time I shall be glad to submit my observations as to habits while in cap-
tivity. Meanwhile am pleased to contribute the above facts.

W. H. Dansy, 57 Government Street, Victoria, B. C.

ns SRR ecg NS
, i Me a i a
TS ria

ARGIOPE RIPARIA AND ITS PARASITE ICHNEUMON ARA-
NEARUM, AND ITS PARASITE A CHALCID FLY.

BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK.

The nests of Argiope riparia were unusually abundant last autumn in
the neighborhood of this city. During the preceding summer this gayly
colored, but atrocious looking spider, could be seen stationed in the cen- —
tre of its well formed geometric web on nearly all of the low shrubbery
in the. uncultivated portion of Central Park. Merciless to every insect
caught in her web, her household is nevertheless oftentimes greatly -
reduced, if not altogether destroyed by /chneumon aranearum, a fearless
and victorious enemy. Among a large number of nests collected last
autumn, those obtained in the latter part of September and as late as the
1oth of October contained ova: a single cocoon possessing by actual
count 1,277 eggs ; those found later in October, and as late as November 4
3rd, contained young spiders. Only a few of those collected in October a.
had suffered parasitic attack, but the greater number of such as were
gathered later in the autumn, contained the larvee of /chneumon aranearum
feeding upon the spiders, or else spun up in their cocoons sometimes to
the number of forty. May we not infer from these facts that the parasite
deposits her eggs in the nest of Argiope after the eggs of the latter have
hatched, or at least, whatever may be the time of depositure, the larva of the
parasite feeds upon the spiders ? °

In examining the cocoons of this Ichneumon an interesting exhibit of
secondary parasitism was revealed. In several of the nests of Argiope
containing each some thirty cocoons of the Ichneumon, I found that each
larval inhabitant was being devoured by from — to ten larve of a
Chalcid fly,

‘€ Great fleas and little fleas have i ite fleas to bite em,
The smaller fleas have lesser fleas, so on ad infinitum,”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123

CASES OF LONG PUPAL PERIODS AMONG LEPIDOPTERA.
: BY R. R. ROWLEY, CURRYVILLE, MO.

In May, 1888, I received from Mr. W. H. Edwards, of Coalburgh,
two larve of Anthocharis genutia which were feeding on pepper grass.
On the 22nd (May), both larve pupated, having suspended two days
before. 7

_As the imagoes did not appear in a reasonable length of time,
I communicated the fact to Mr. Edwards, and he informed me they
would remain chrysalids till the next May. The summer of 1889 came
and went and still my little Gezutia pupe slept on and entered upon the
second year of their fast. I then learned of the tendency in the genus ~
Anthocharis to remain two years in the chrysalis state.

The pupe were kept through the past two winters in a closet adjoin-
ing a warm room, and the first imago, a beautiful male, appeared March
7th, 1890, the other, a female, five days later (12th), after a pupal period
of nearly twenty-two months.

In a recent letter from Mr. Edwards, I was informed that the Cali-
fornian species of Anthocharis often remain two years as chrysalids, but he
does not state that he has ever known a Genutia pupa to go so long.

Another case.—On the 13th of February, 1888, I received four cocoons
of Callosamia angulifera from Miss E, L. Morton, of Newburgh, N. Y.
These cocoons were spun in the mid-summer of 1887. Three of them

roduced imagoes the following May, but the fourth remained over till
the 19th of the next April (1889), having passed twenty-one or twenty-
two months in the pupal state. I have had pupe of Zriptogon modesta,
Philampelus pandorus, Citheronia regalis and LEacles imperialis to fail
to give imagoes in the spring, living through the summer, and lingering
even till early autumn before death overtook them, but never knew one to
survive till the second summer.

Ls °

NOTES.

A Rare ButTTerRFLy.—We learn from the Ottawa Naturalist that five
specimens of Lrebia discoidalis Kirby, one of the rarest in the Canadian
fauna, were taken by Mr. John D. Evans, at Sudbury, Ontario, on the
r2th May last. The perfect insect is figured and described in Edwards
“Butterflies of North America,” 3rd Series, Part VII.

ae

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

TWO INTERESTING MONSTROSITIES. °
BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

. : . oy ’
Many minor malformations of wings, elytra, etc., have been observed
in examining insects, but recently I have met with two monstrosities

which seem worthy of record. ‘The first insect is a 9 Fenus tarsitorius

Say., given to me by my friend, Mr. Guignard, and captured by him on
24th June, 1885. In this specimen the left posterior tibia becomes trifid
about one-fourth of its length from the base, the side branches diverging
_at an angle of about 30°. The three portions are symmetrical, of nearly

equal size (but slightly smaller than the tibia of the opposite leg), and

bearing the terminal spurs, etc. The three tarsi issuing from them are

perfect in every particular of size and colour. The femur is swollen and _

gives an impression of three agglutinated, while the trochanter and coxa
are also enlarged. ;
The second specimen was noticed a few days ago while I was putting
sex labels on some Carabide, and isa 2 Pterostichus lucublandus Say.
In this insect only the last joint of the left middle tarsus is in triplicate,
and while the parts are equal in size to one another, they are individually
under the normal size. The fourth joint is widened (like three small ones
joined laterally), while the remaining articles are somewhat shortened and
thickened. The tibia is also slightly modified ; the spines being irregular,
and one of the terminal spurs flattened and bifid.

*

CORRESPONDENCE.

——_——=

HEPIALUS QUADRIGUTTATUS.

Dear Sir: In a letter to me, dated October 7, 1864, the late Mr.
Francis Walker wrote as follows: “Your guadriguttatus is, as you
suppose, identical with my 1. argenteomacudatus var.” I have myself no.
doubt that these two Hepiali are distinct species. In Agassiz’s Lake
Superior, Harris gives guadriguttatus as the same as the eastern argenteo-
maculatus, which latter Mr. Mead took in the Catskills, N. Y.

A. R. Grore, Bremen, Germany.

Mailed June 4th.

ERA 5 ee : or Z
A i Oe A OE ae ee

The Canaitian Hontomolagist

VOL. XXIL LONDON, JULY, 1890. No. 7.

APHIDIUS GRANARIAPHIS, n. sp.
BY PROF. A. J. COOK, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN.

Black above, yellowish brown beneath. The antenne are black, the
front, mouth parts and legs yellowish brown. Rarely the femora and
tarsi are dusky, and the ventral surface quite dark. Very rarely the dorsal
surface is brownish, except the pedicel and tip. The occiput or collar is
brown. ‘The antennz are sixteen-jointed in the female, and seventeen in
the male, and are cylindrical, recurved, and thickly set with short, light
colored hairs. The first two joints are shorter and larger than the others ;
the succeeding joints are cylindrical, close together, and equal in length,
except the last, which is longer and conical. The abdomen is lanceolate,
and all the segments are freely moveable on each
other, so it can be easily bent under the thorax.
The venation of the wings—see figure—is simple,
and the first discoidal cell incomplete. We know
from the simple venation of the wings that this is
a Braconid. It belongs to the genus Aphidius,
as the first discoidal cell is incomplete, the abdo-
sm men lanceolate, the antennz sixteen or seventeen-
W jointed, and the ventral valves in the female
simple. It is 2% mm. (1-10 in.) long.

This species differs from Aphidius avenaphis

Fig. 3. _ Fitch, as that spécies has nineteen or twenty joints
to the antennz, is honey yellow where this is brown, and the first two
joints of the antenne, the pedicel of the abdomen, and a spot on the su-
ture between the first and second joints of the abdomen are honey yellow
and not black as in Granariaphis. The joints of the antennz are also less
pedicelated, or closer together than in the Avenaphis. |

This species is interesting from the fact that it was the principal agent
in exterminating the countless millions of grain Aphides last season—1889
—in Michigan and adjacent States. While Aphidius avenaphis and other
enemies, like Syrphus flies, Coccinnelids and Chrysopa fly larve were

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

~

numerous and very active. Yet, by far the greater part of the louse de-

struction here was accomplished by this new species—Aphidius gran-

ariaphis. June 30th.—The heads of :
wheat were thronged with healthy
vigorous lice, with but few of the light
colored rounded parasitized lice—see
figures. Ten days later the lice were
nearly gone, and the parasitized ones
were largely in the majority. Rapidly
as the lice increase, they seem to be
no match in this respect for the parasites.

I think the grain lice Aphis (Siphonaphora) avenz destroyed at —

least one-third of the wheat crop of Michigan last year, and greatly
injured the balance of the crop. Had it not been for these parasites we
should have had, I think, no crop at all.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF LAGGAN, N. W. T.; ACCOUNT OF —

CERTAIN SPECIES INHABITING THE ROCKY |
MOUNTAINS IN LATITUDE 51° 25’. .
BY THOMAS E. BEAN, LAGGAN, ALBERTA.
(Continued from page 99.)

DEFINITE MARKS OF THE ?.—Observation of 62 caught specimens
enables me to supplement, in some degree, Mr. Strecker’s description.
The smallest measures 46 mm., equal to 1.8 inch. The largest is
58.5 mm., or 2.3 inches: The average expanse of the 62 is 52.5 mm., or
2.07 inches. The cell spot above primary is larger than in the males,
and has never that semi-obsolete appearance which it presents in some of
the males ; it varies from a small but definite spot of .5 mm. in diameter

to a spot of 1.5 mm., is usually sub-rotund, sometimes sub-linear, and is —

frequently centered with yellow in moderate degree. On under side hind
wing the dark nucleus or “ patch” of costa is lacking in all, and the sub-
marginal series of dark spots beneath both wings is found to be plainly
presented only in three specimens, with slight traces in fifteen others.
Elis 2 varies greatly as to condition of border above primary ; a few of
my specimens have a completed dark border, much as in an average
Flecla, with the yellow spots small and entirely enclosed. These, how-
ever, are extreme instances. At the opposite extreme are er

E

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 127

_ with only the outer side of the border formed, the inner side lacking, but
_ with the row of yellow spots tolerably conspicuous in contrast to the
orange ground of the disk. Between these two extremes occur numerous

intermediate degrees. The most qualitative distinction of the fore-wing |

Ae border is that the yellow spots are in general nearly of equal size in the

same individual, and especially that the spot at anterior median interspace ~
is usually almost as large as the others; this is the spot which in most
forms of Co/ias is usually much smaller than the adjoining spots, and
which tends to become obsolete in proportion as the border is more com-
pletely developed. :

The special type of 2 Mr. Strecker drew his description from, with
seven yellow spots in fore-wing border, is not the more common variation.
Usually the two spots near apex are obsolete ; an occasional specimen,

however, with all the seven spots neatly defined, attests the accuracy of

the printed description.

_ Mr. Strecker also describes an “ Albinous 2 form” of £Z7is, stating
that about six of the albinous and nine of the orange form were taken by
Capt. Geddes. This proportion of six albino to nine orange, indicates
that the ‘‘albinous 2?” was based on an error of identification. In the
course of several summers’ collecting, and also in breeding #//s pretty
freely from the egg, nothing resembling an albino has been found, while I
have seen wimety orange 2s. The 2 of another species must have been
mistaken by Mr. Strecker for a white form of Z7cs. In the district oc-
cupied by 7s occurs a co/ias rather less frequent, the 2 usually nearly
white, but with a variety still more rare which is a. bright clear yellow.
It seems likely this white Co/as, about size of a small #/zs, may have
been the original of the supposed ‘‘ white 477s.” The status of this form
is somewhat in doubt. It is near to Felidne and Scudderi, as its &
sufficiently demonstrates, and of course not specially close to Z7/zs; its 9,
however, has some resemblance to Zs 9.

One important character of //cs remains to be mentioned, which is,

that the 7? is characterized by the presence of the so-called ‘‘ glandular

space” on upper surface of hind wing on costa near base of wing. This
structure appears, under moderate enlargement, as a dense cluster of
much tilted scales of special form. Its function (if it has one) is probably
mechanical rather than physiological. So far as the Co/zas forms are con-
cerned, it is found especially, if not exclusively, in the higher forms, and

128 THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST.

wanting in the more primitive, being apparently a modern improvement ie :

adapted to some purpose of mechanical utility and developed only at an
advanced stage of Coliad progress. Perchance ’tis a refinement in the

mechanism of flight, or mayhap some new sort of musical implement, —

dispensing ultimate atoms of harmony inaccessible to our coarse sense as
the ‘music of the spheres.” Of the North American forms of Co/ias

only three beside #/7s are possessed of this peculiar apparatus. These are —

Meadii, Cesonia and Eurydice, and the possession of this character brings
them into very good society indeed, comprising such fine species as
_Lesbia, Aurora, Vautieri, Fieldit and Electra, in all of which I have
‘examined this structure, as also in Adusa and Myrmidone. In Elis it
appears in all the males I have obtained, whether bred or caught. This
‘“‘ glandular space” is not peculiar to Coééas. I have noticed it in several
species of Catopsi/ia, among them Rurina, Trite and Pyranthe. In

Gonopteryx clorinde § the structure is well developed, being in the ~
specimen I examined 17 mm. long, and 2 mm. broad in the middle ; the :
colour pale brown. In Cotas eis the “ glandular space” varies from a

pale—slightly greenish—yellow to a bright orange.
The foregoing parts of this description, relating to the size and propor-

tions of the butterfly, the breadth of the dark borders, and the size of the .

several spots and marks on the wings, have been taken from captured
butterflies, because bred specimens seldom present the natural averages,

but instead exhibit differentiations constituting either type retardation or

race progress resulting from and proportioned to the conditions under
which they are reared ; conditions usually diverse from those of nature.
It will not be necessary to adhere to this discrimination in describing the
colors and the minute details, and these can more profitably be derived

from observation of the bred specimens, where they are displayed | ina

perfection almost impossible to find intact in flown specimens.

The material of Z7/s bred during three seasons, 1887 to 1889 inclusive,
consists of three families ex ove, and four butterflies matured from larvee
found wild—altogether 37 and 289, not to mention a lot of parasites
from one of the estray larve. These bred specimens mostly show a de-
parture from the average type developed under ordinary out-of-doors con-
ditions. In general this diversion is a progress, an advance of type, a
presentation of the ideal instead of the practical Z//s. In natural con-
ditions //zs is subject to somewhat severe limitations. The caterpillar

Barat est i edo

;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129

‘issues from the egg early in August in average seasons, and its term of
hibernation, beginning soon after the middle of August, continues until
approximately the beginning of May, so that ordinarily hibernation lasts
somewhat more than eight months. Emerging from its winter shelter
early in May, the juvenile larva re-enters active life, still a literal infant
though over eight months old*.

So chilly are the May nights, and many of its days also, that more
_ than half this active period of the larva must be passed in a state scarcely
_ different from actual hybernation. The conditions of life are doubtless
somewhat restrictive, and a removal of these disabilities, by rearing the
caterpillars in a warm house, is like an introduction into the tropics.
~The result of this culture in an improved climate, other circumstances
being favorable, is a notable progress of type, an outcome of butterflies
definitely in advance of the ordinary averages.

One of the bred families illustrates well this immediate improvement
of type. This lot comprises nine 7s and ten Qs, and is a natural family
from eggs of one 9. The increased size of these. specimens, as compared
with the caught lot, is decisive. The twenty-nine caught ¢s average

51 1-5 mm; the nine 2s of this family show an average expanse of 532/
mm. Only one of the #s of this family expands less than the average of
the caught Z's, each of the remaining eight exceeding that average. The
ten 9s average 5734 mm., against 5214 mm., as the average measure
of the 62 caught 9s; indeed, each of the ten ?s of this brood is decidedly
beyond the average of the caught 2s, none being under 5514 mm. One

of the 2s, measuring sixty mm., is slightly over 2.36 inches, is the largest

_ £lis in my series. These nineteen specimens are as much superior to

the caught material, in average of pattern elaboration, as in size. Ata
first general view they might almost suggest the idea of a distinct species,
so superior are they as a body to the general mass of the caught set.
But the difference would become intelligible to any careful observer, on

___ inspection, as a simple advance of one set beyond the average development

of the other ; a difference in degree, not a change in method. This dis-
tinction between quantitative and qualitative differences is the vital point in

Ot, eee ee

E *I hope none of my younger readers entertain the absurd medieval superstition that
ys hibernating caterpillars pass the winter in a frozen condition. In successful hibernation
4 they do not get near to such a condition ; but if they do absolutely freeze, then are they

. oo caterpillars. Valkyria gives them sleep, unmixed with dreams, and they wake in
: alhal

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

estimating the status of closely related forms. With fully representative — j

material of any two forms to compare, the pattern on the wings tells the
story, if the observer can read in the butterfly alphabet. The errors of
interpretation come chiefly from the primary fault of mistaking a contrast
between less and more for a diversity of like from unlike, or the reverse.
In frequent comparisons of /7zs and MJeadii, my chief effort has been to
ascertain the nature of the difference between them, and my resulting im-
pression is that #7és is a valid species, near as it is to Meadiz. I do

not find an overlap of closely similar specimens uniting them, and the —

two forms appear to have a somewhat diverse plan of pattern, a somewhat
dissimilar method of variation, indicating that they are travelling different.
roads. ‘They are, I take it, already a little different in kind, not merely in

degree. In comparing the nineteen A/is of the family above mentioned,

with the set of caught 77s, however, the difference is one which need
not be misread, even were the circumstances of origin unknown. It is a
difference large in amount, but not signifying alienation. The overlap
between the two series consists chiefly of a small proportion of males ;
several of the most finely developed of the caught set being about of the
same rank as several of the least developed males in the bred family.
Among all the caught females only one compares in size and fine develop-
ment with the average of the ten females of this family. Evidently, in
this signal advance in race character, the females showed more tendency
to depart from type than the males. All the females in this family except
one, and more than half the males, far surpass the average of caught set
as to breadth of dark borders, and it is a genuine progress, entirely free
from that erratic over-development of dark markings often occurring in
bred specimens ; in these specimens the effect is completely harmonious
and symmetrical. In this family there are two colors, both of males and
females. Four of the males are yellow-orange, the other five bright red-

orange, one of them very fiery orange. Eight females are of the red shade,

several being almost of as intense a shade as the most brilliant male ; the
remaining two are yellow, not so clear and light as the yellow-orange
males, but slightly tinged with ochre. The reddest males and females are
unlike any M/eadii in my collection ; clearer red than any, and lacking
the burned-brick tinge of one very red female Meadii. Only two, both
feinales, of the caught £77s, are quite of this pure red-orange hue. ‘The
caught Z/is do not specially differ from J/eadiz in the color of disk above
primary, and are in general somewhat tinged with ochre ; one female is

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131

‘unique in color, being greenish-yellow, but is not otherwise variant from
usual form.

Another family consisting of twenty-five js and thirteen 9s, from
eggs laid by one female, scarcely, if at all, surpasses the averages of
_ the caught material as to expanse. The twenty-five ¢s show an
_ average of only 5034 mm., while the caught males average 51 1-5 mm.
The thirteen 2s average slightly larger than the caught females, 53 mm.
against 52% mm. As to pattern, the females present a rather more
perfected type than the out-door average, but the males are scarcely
equal to the natural average.

_ The relation found in these two bred families between the numerical
3 _ proportion of the sexes and the degree of type development, lends some |
support to the hypothesis that favorable conditions during larval growth
tend to a greater production of females, while less favorable conditions
produce an increased outcome of males. The proportion of males to
females in these two broods is in great contrast. The brood which shows
such improved averages contains slightly more than an even share of
females ; and the family averaging sae y up to nature’s mean level
contains a large overplus of males.

Additional to the direct evidence derived from inspection of the
butterfly, there are several circumstances which add somewhat to the
probability that #77s is a good species. Of some little weight, perhaps,
is the argument from geographical distribution, that so far as known there
is a great gap of country between the district of the form Z/is, and the
territory in which dwells A/¢adii proper. Should later discovery be made ©
of #/is considerably further south, or of AZead?z much more to the north
than at present known, the probability of their distinctness would be some-
_ what lessened. Another and better argument is the inference from
relative altitude. d/eadii is normally an alpine butterfly, Zs is sub-
alpine. All accounts agree that J/eadii lives above timber, though like

other alpine habitants, it may in peculiar circumstances make excursions
toa lower level. Just such an incident may have originated Z/is. One
needs not an india-rubber imagination to suppose that somewhere in its
_ mountain line of territory, under specially favoring conditions, Meadzi
_ may have established a colony below timber line. That accomplished,
and the feeble colony proving able to maintain itself in the changed con-
ditions, all the elements of the case would combine to speedily separate
the new from the old, in kind. Perhaps hardly in any other way could

ee eae Ue bot” 2 ee

132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a distinct species be so rapidly evolved. The ties between the old and

the new forms would either be immediately and permanently sundered,
or at least greatly enfeebled, as the only means by which these ties of
consanguinity could be preserved would be in recurrence of such unusual
incursions as that by which the colony had at first been established. The
direct influence of the new conditions would be especially effective in pro-
ducing modification, because the change of conditions would be an un-
usually great one. However, this is but conjecture. As facts, we know
that MWeadii lives above timber, and Z/zs, ata great distance to the north,
below timber ; and that they differ, although not broadly. They are not
known to live next door to each other, anywhere. The geographical relations
of Zlis to Meadii may prove more interesting and important than the ques-
tion as to the exact biological ties. Should the name of A/is prove to be
‘* Dennis,” it is but one more skeleton to stand upon end with the rest of
the weird monuments up on Synonym Mountain ; but, in either event,

one would like to know just why Afs and Jeadii live at different relative —

altitudes,

The nature of the difference in the imago between Z/is and Meadiii is
the chief reason for considering them distinct. At first sight, I did not
expect Z/is would prove distinct from Meadiz, After obtaining gradually
an ample material of 77s, and becoming quite familiar with its mode of
variation, such differences between Avis and Meadii became evident, that

I was obliged to consider the two forms as probably distinct. By the ©

kindness of Mr. David Bruce, I have lately obtained an additional fine
series of Meadiz, and after repeated comparisons find my previous im-
pression strengthened. I suppose that a new species of butterfly may be
considered inaugurated, so soon as a varying form has acquired a visible
diversity in the method of its biological progress, as compared with the
method of the proximate species ; and that our earliest recognition of this
acquired diversity will be by observation of a correlant diversity in the

method of the color-pattern of a representative series of the new species,

as compared with the method of the proximate species. I think fie ON
reached this point and that it is a valid species,

Meadii, as such, does not occur at Laggan. My set of six male and
eleven female A/eadii compare with the caught £7?s, in average size, as
follows: JMeadii, males 47 7% mm., females 48 5-7 mm.; caught Z/is,
males 511-5 mm., females 52! Ya mm. 5 ‘fair count and no favour.”

E RRATUM. —Page 96, lines 1 and 2, “Mount Temple about eight miles south-
west "for “south-west” read “south-east.”

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 133

SOME NEW MOTHS.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Crocota Rosa, nov. spec.

Expanse .80 of an inch.

Upper surface of fore wings, thorax, collar, upper and front of head
and terminal joint of palpi pale yellow-brown or fawn color, the only trace
of a discal dot is a little duskiness at the end of the cell. Hind wings
red, pale, a little dusky, somewhat rosy tinted. Abdomen concolorous
with the hind wings ; fringes concolorous with the wings.

Beneath, hind wings concolorous with the upper surface ; fore wings
more red, uniformly so except that the costa is ochre ; legs dusky ; abdo-
domen as above, without marks of any kind ; under side of palpi yellow-
ish red ; eyes black.

One example from Texas and one from Ohio.

This species is close to Rubicundaria but lacks the black terminal
border to the hind wings and the black marks on the abdomen. __ Besides
this the fore wings are a little narrower.

Hemaris Brucet, nov. spec.

Expanse 1.55 inches.

Top of head, thorax and basal two joints of abdomen, olive, not very
dark, the shoulder tufts yellowish, only a little lighter than the adjacent
parts ; the third joint black, with the lateral hairs bright pale yellow, the

_lateral tufts of one and two the same color, and a faint line of the same
on the posterior margin of these joints for a short distance above the tufts ;
joints 4, 5 and 6 bright pale yellow, the last one slightly rusty, the lateral

tufts the same ; the terminal,joint with its tufts, both lateral and central,
jet black. Palpi beneath very pale yellow, almost white, above blackish,
only a few black hairs laterally ; eyes with a circle of white hairs ; body
beneath black but sparsely covered with yellow hairs, except the terminal
joint where the hairs are black. Wings as in the Senta group, the terminal
and costal borders dark bruwn, narrow, somewhat dentate on the inner
edge, the most so near posterior angle ; the outer two-thirds of the basal
patch dark red, a small red apical patch that does not reach the apex, a
few olive hairs at the base. Hind wings with the margins dark brown,
the inner one sparsely overlaid with olive, a red anal patch. Under side
of fore wings with the borders about the same shade as above, the basal
portion overlaid with pale yellow, the same scattered well over the costa,

134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a mere trace of the red on the basal patch, the apical red patch as above. -
Hind wings with the basal-internal patch overlaid with pale yellow the
same as the fore wings, two red stains, one at the anal angle and the other ~
toward the base, the outer border with a slight red tinge, but no more so
than above. Antenne black. |

One male from Colorado, collected By David Bruce, and dedicated to
him in the name. |

Platycerura Gigantea, nov. spec.

Expanse of wings 2.25 inches.

Head, thorax and abdomen rather dark gray, much darker haz its
‘ally Furcilla, the head and collar with a mixture of brown scales, the
abdomen also mixed with brown, except the lateral semi-tufts and the
terminal joint. ‘The fore wings with a basal half line and three transverse
lines as in /urcid/a, the second representing the transverse shade of the
Noctuide, all black; the t. a. line is not quite so much angled on.
median vein as on /urcil/a, the line broader ; the shade line or second a
little more wavy, curving outward on median vein and outward again on —
submedian, not touching the t. p. line but more separated from it than in
Furcilla ; reniform a black slightly curved mark, shaded a little outward-
ly ; t. p. line takes the same course as in its ally, but not bent inward
quite so much below the cell, bordered externally with a very slight pale
shade ; s. t. line a very faint pale shade taking the same course as in
furcilla, and scarcely noticeable only for the slight internal shading of
darker gray, this shading more prominent in its anterior third. The wing
is almost a uniform gray, except the black transverse lines. Hind wings
sordid white, the veins and the internal margin smoky, the costal margin
sprinkled with dark scales. Fringes gray, checkered at the end of the
veins, the fore wings only faintly so. Under side pale gray, the transverse
lines of the fore wings subobsolete, only distinct as black spots on the
costa, but the t. a. line and the shading in connection with the s. t, line
crossing the wing ; hind wings with two black shades extending backward
from the costa and a discal spot, the latter showing faintly above. Body
below concolorous with the wings. The palpi are short like those of |
furcilla, the terminal joint blackish; the antennz with the shaft gray
above, the pectinations and all parts below ochre.

One male from Colorado, received from David Bruce. He writes me
that he took a half-dozen examples at light. In size this is more nearly

YHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135

| that of a female that I have from Texas that I have called Furci//a, but
_ which may possibly be the female of this species. This example expands
a little over two inches, the fore wings are a little lighter than the one
from Colorado described above, and the t. p. line and the median shade
line are united. The hind wings of the Texas specimens are darker than
the Colorado, and the fringe of the hind wings is white.

ON THE LISTS OF COLEOPTERA PUBLISHED BY THE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, 1842-1888.

BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

During nearly fifty years the Geological Survey of Canada has been.
engaged in exploration, and since Confederation it has had practically an
unlimited field for its operations. The investigation of the fauna and
4 flora of the Dominion, and the formation of a museum of natural history,
: are included in the plan of its present organization, but its equipment has
hitherto permitted but a partial accomplishment of these departments of
its work. Geological investigations and collections have largely absorbed
the members of the staff, and systematic work outside of these has been
chiefly in ethnology, botany and ornithology. In the museum, entomology
is as yet represented but poorly, the only order in which there is a credit-
able collection being the Lepidoptera, of which the diurnals are well
shown by the collection purchased from Capt. Geddes. Any collections
made by the officers of the Survey have been in addition to their daily
- duties, and have been, in consequence, neither very numerous or extensive.
~The lists of Coleoptera, which are thinly scattered through the Reports
of Progress, have, however, a considerable value as having been made in
many instances in remote districts, and before the influx of settlers ;
thereby giving mostly species indigenous to the various localities, and
__ Offering good records for the study.of distribution. The fact, also, that
all but three short recent lists were furnished by LeConte, renders the de-
7 terminations of additional value and interest.

_As the publications of the Survey are inaccessible to very many ento-
mologists, and as their cost, even when obtainable, prevents their pur-
chase merely for the few entomological lists they contain, it is thought
that a reproduction in the CanapiaN ENToMoLocistr will be appreciated
by its readers.

SP a Oe, aes Se ~

i staat

Ee. ta C? oe nae

DG eS a ae, AE | a EE cee ae
* 3 ea ph i gal i ;

136 THE CANADIAN. ENTOMOLOGIST.

The lists of LeConte’s determinations have been collated so as to pre-

sent a complete catalogue of the species and show the localities where
each occurred. The omission of the names of describers (except in lists
A. O., L’O., St. L. and N. C.), and occasional clerical or typographical
errors have-made the identification of some species difficult, and in a few

instances so doubtful that they have been allowed to remain as in the —

original, and will appear in italics inthe catalogue. The list of the British
Columbia species was especially puzzling in this respect.

The catalogue, collated from the twenty lists which follow, contains
. goo references to 469 species (including about a dozen varieties or races),
which belong to 216 genera of 40 families. Of these references 300, or
exactly one-third, are to 137 species of Cicindelide and Carabidae, while
many of the other species in the catalogue are such as one might expect
to be found by collectors whose attention would be largely directed to the
ground. ‘The following are the lists which have been collated :—

Report of Progress, 1858, pp. 233-237 and 247-249.

A.O.—Catalogue of Coleoptera, collected by Mr. D’ Urban, i in ae
Counties of Argenteuil and Ottawa, in 1858, (99 species
named, and following not determined Gyrinus, Dineutes,
Homalota, Tachyporus, Philonthus, Stenus, Epurea, Cis,
Cistela, Nyctobates, Apion, Tomicus),

L’O0.—List of Coleoptera from L’Original and Grenville, collected —

by Mr. R. Bell, (34 species).

St. L.—List of Coleoptera, collected by Mr. R. Bell, on the south:

east side of the St. Lawrence, from Quebec to Gaspé, and

in the Counties of Rimouski, Gaspé and Bonaventure, —

(69 species, besides Brachinus, Aphodius, Tomicus and
Galeruca).

Report of Progress, 1875-76, pp. 107-109.

B.C.—List of Coleoptera, collected during the expedition of Mr.
Selwyn to British Columbia in 1875, (146 species, besides
Elaphrus, ‘‘ probably n, sp., unless described from Siberia,”
HHydnobius, Boletobius, Philonthus, Meloe, Sitones and un-
determined genera). Collection placed in museum of weg
Natural History Society of Montreal.

Sot age Page, EEN

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137

he Report of Progress, 1878-79, pp. 65, 66c.

N. C.—List of Coleoptera collected by Dr. R. Bell, in 1879, on
the Nelson and Churchill Rivers, (37 species and Gyrinus ).

_ Report of Progress, 1879-80, pp. 70, 74¢.

List of Coleoptera collected in 1880 in Manitoba, and between
Lake Winnipeg and Hudson’s gh (by Dr. R. Bell, in four
localities).

Y. F.—York Factory, Hudson’s Hy. August and September, (24
species, also Amara, Hydroporus, “near Schonherri of
Europe,” and Graphoderes “to be described by Dr. Sharp”).

N. O.—Norway House to Oxford House, July, (39 species, Anis-
otoma and Graptodera).

W.—Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba, June and July, (38 species).

C. L.—Cross Lake, Nelson River, July, (35 species and Amara).

Report of Progress, 1880-81-82, pp. 29, 39c.

List of Coleoptera collected in 1881 by Dr. Bell and others in the
Lake Superior district, and in the Northwest Territories, east of
112th meridian and south of the 6oth parallel. :

; The species given in Lists I. to VII. were collected by Dr. Bell ; those

4 in VIII. by Mr. William Isbister, and those in IX.-XI. ee Mr. A. S.

Cochrane.

| S. M.—I, Sault Ste. Marie, between Lakes Huron and Superior,

Lat. 46° 31’, Long. 84° 20’, (96 species).
M.—II. Mouth of Michipicoten River, Lake Superior, Lat. 47°
56’, Long. 84° 51’, (9 species).

H. M.—III. Head Waters of the Michipicoten River, Lake
Superior, Lat. 48° 30’, Long. 84° 00’, to Lat. 48° 30’,
Long. 84° 10’, (28 species).

M. F.—IV. From Missinaibi House, north-east of Lake Superior
to Flying Post, Lat. 48° 29’, Long. 83° 35’, to Lat.
48° 02’, Long. 82° 20’, (18 species and two Graf-
todera).

O. K.—V. Oba and Kabinakagami Lakes and Rivers, north-east

of Lake Superior, Lat. 48° 30’, Long. 84° 27’, to Lat.
49 45’, Long. 83° 45’, (43 species).

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

T. L.—VI. From Thunder Bay to Lake-of-the-Woods, west of
Lake SrEerion Lat. 48° 25’, Long. 89° 10, to Lat.
49 25’, Long. 95° 00’, (23 species).

O.—VII. Oxford House, between Lake Winnipeg and Mudie
Bay, Lat. 54° 53, Long. 95° 44’, (67 species and hae
ptophagus and Graptodera ).

N.—VIII. Nelson River House, near Churchiil River, Lat. 55°

50’, Long. 99° 30’, (51 species). 4
C. C.—IX. From Cross Lake, on the Nelson River, to Custer ;

land House, on the Saskatchewan, Lat. 54° 40’, Long.

98° 00’, to Lat. 54° 00’, Long. 102° 22’, (19 species).

C. R.—X. From Cumberland House to Reindeer Lake, Lat. 54°
oo’, Long. 102° 22’, to Lat. 58° 30’, Long. 101° oo (19
species).

R. A.—XI. From the north end of Reindeer Lake to dhe west end noe

of Athabasca Lake, Lat. ial 30°, Long. 101° 00’,
to Lat. 58° 30’, Long. 101° 00’, (Long. 111° 00’ ? 8
species).

Catalogue of the Coleoptera determined for bie Geological ge of 2

Canada by Dr. J. L. LeConte :—

CICINDELIDA.

Cicindela longilabris Say. A.O., St.L., B.C., S.M., M.
purpurea O/ztv. S.M., T.L.
var. to-notata Say. B.C.
vulgaris Say. A.O., St.L., S.M., H.M.

repanda Dej. [baltimorensis /dsz.]. A.O., St. L. “s
var. 12-guttata Dez, St. L., B.C., S.M., H.M.
CARABIDA,

Trachypachys inermis A/o¢s. B.C.
Cychrus nitidicollis Chev., var. Brevoorti Zec. A.O., St. L.
Carabus Meander /isch., [palustris Fisch.| [Lapilayi Zec.]. St. L.,
N.O., C’L, O., NZ 7
Chamissonis Fisch. Y.F., O., N.
tedatus Fab. B.C., N.C., Y.F., O., N.
race Agassii Lec. W., C.R., R.A.
serratus Say. St.L., B.C,, C.L. ’

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139

Calosoma calidum fad. St. L., M.
tepidum Zec. B.C.

Elaphrus Clairvillei Airdy. B.C.
riparius Zinn, St.L., O.
race californicus Wann. B.C,

Opisthius Richardsoni A7zrdy. B.C.

Notiophilus sibiricus AZo¢s. [punctatus Zee.|. A.O., C.C.
Hardyi Putz. N.O.,C.L., O.

Nebria Sahlbergi Fisch. B.C., N.C., N.
Mannerheimii Fisch. B.C.

E

; Pelophila rudis Zec. O.K., N.

4 ; Ulkei Horn. N.

2 Nomius pygmzus De. H.M., O.K.

4 Bembidium punctatostriatum Say. <A.O.

; carinula Chd. [impressum /ad,]. A.O., O.K., O.
. littorale O/iv. [paludosum Sturm]. B.C.

erasum Lec. [Mannerheimii Zee]. B,C.
dilatatum Zec. St. L.

concolor A7réy [salebratum me W.
quadrulum Lec. B.C. 7

planatum Lec. B.C.

complanulum JZann. B.C.

funereum Lec. B.C.
bimaculatum A7zrdy. N.O., C.L., O.
lnaidum Ze A.O., St. L., Bags Y-F.

5 picipes Kirby. T.L. ,

a Grapei GyZ/. [nitens Zec.|. C.L., O.

: incrematum Zee. B.C.

; patruele De. A.O., B.C.

3 _ nigripes Kirby. B.C., O.
, :

sis ET oe ee RS See EN he

versicolor Lec. B.C.

sulcatum Lec. B.C.

; connivens Zee. B.C. |.

- mutatum G. & ZH. [axillare Zee.]. B.C., O.
quadrimaculatum Zinn. C.C.

Cree ete 6 ee at he ee le See eae hoes SL ne
ee, (eng

pn Pe) a,

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Patrobus longicornis Say. A.O., St. L., S.M.
septentrionis De/. rhyberigang De} O.K.
rugicollis Rand. St. L.
aterrimus De. B.C.

Pterostichus honestus Say [fastidatus Dej.|. A.O.

coracinus Mewm. [adjunctus Zec.]. L’O., St. L., H.M., MF,
O.K.

punctatissimus Rand. Y.F., N.O., O.K., O.

lucublandus Say (Pecilus), A.O., St. L., W., S.M., T.L.

caudicalis Say. A.O., St L., W.

corvinus De7. St. L.

scrutator Zec. (Lophoglossus). A.O.

orinomum Leach. A.O., St. L., B.C., N.C., Y.F., N.O., W., C.
L., S.M., H.M., M.Biga).K., O., Ni, CoC. Cay

Luczotii Dey. (“ var. prec?”). A.O., St. L, “

erythropus De. L’O., St.L., S.M. :

patruelis De, A.O., St. L., T.L.

empetricola De. N.C. |

mandibularis Kzrdy. St. 7. Cr, O.

Amara avida Say. W. |
similis Kirby [hamatopus De.|. N.C.,.N.
rufimanus A7rdy |reflexus Putz.|. Y.F.? N.O.
cylindrica Zec. N.O., W., C.L., O.
elongata Lec. N.
latior Kirby [libera Zec.|. St. L., T.L.
angustata Say.. LO.
pallipes Kerby. St. L.
impuncticollis Say. L’O., St: L., S.M., O.K., O.
littoralis Wann.- C.R.
fallax Zec. St. L., B.C., Wa, Gil.
protensa Putz. N.O.
erratica Sturm. B.C., H.M., T.L.,N.
interstitialis Dey, St. L., C.L., T.L., O., N.
obesa Say. W.,5S.M.
musculus Say. W.,N.

=

(To be continued. )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 141

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF-THE ARCTIID OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.

(Continued from page 120, Volume xxit. )
Genus Anrarctia Hbn.

1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 192.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent..Soc., Phil, III., 122.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., rgt.
‘The head is small and retracted ; tongue obsolete, palpi very small
_and weak ; antenne moderately long, bipectinated in the male, simple in
the female: the pectinations are long and extend to the tip ; legs short
and weak, all the spurs present, but very short: the two pairs of the pos-
terior tibiz close together. The tarsal claws are as in Spi/osoma, and,
indeed, there is no structural difference between these two genera. <Ant-

arctia has shorter, broader wings, somewhat longer vestiture, and is not
white !

Primaries with 7 to 10 stalked, the branches arising in pairs ; 3 to 5
from the end of the median, and about one-half closer to 5 than to 6.
Secondaries 6 and 7 together from the end of the sub-costal ; 8 rather
closer to base than usual ; 4 and 5 together from the end of the median,
3 very close to the end. be

A. punctata Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc Ent. Soc., Phil, III., 123, Antarctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 192. =vagans.
1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 188, Antarctia.
rufula & Bdv. :
1855—Bdv., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1855, Bull., p. 32, Memeophila.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Cat. Lep. N. A., Memeophila.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 79 Arctia.
1870—Grt. & Rob, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IIL, 175, pr. syn.
1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 367, pr. syn.
1881—Neum., Papilio, I., 80, pr. syn.

var. proba. Hy. Edw.
1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 39, Antarctia.

_Habitat—Sierra Nev., California, Oregon.

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A. rubra Neum.
1881—Neum., Papilio, I., 79, Antarctia.
1881—Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., Ser. 5, VIII., 311, Antarctia.
Habitat—Oregon, California.

A. vagans Bdv.

1852—Bdyv.*, Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2 ser. X., 322), 50, Arctia.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het. III., 630, Phragmatobia.
1860—Clem., Pr. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. XII., 336, Mechs abcd |
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 346, Phragmatobia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III., 122, Phragmatobia.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Cat. Lep. N. Am., Phragmatobia. |
1869—Bdv., Lep. Calif. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 79, Avctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 192, pl. VIII., ff. 8-12, Antarctia.
pteridis Hy. Edw. |
1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 264, Antarctia.
1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 367, pr. sym.

var. rufula Bdv,
1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 80, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 192, pr. syn.
1881—Neum., Papilio, I., 79, pr. var.
Habitat—California, Vancouver. |
Food plant—Zupin (Stretch).

A. walsinghami Butl.

1881—Butl., Ann. & Mag. N. H., ser. 5, VIII., 311, Antarctia.
Habitat—Oregon.

The synonymy in this genus is far from settled. There are probably
fewer species than are given here. At all events, I do not see why rufula
must not replace punctata Pack., for, though the male was a mere variety
of vagans, the female referted to a good species, and the name cannot be
dropped, because in part a synonym. I have not made the change here,
but content myself with calling attention to the necessity for it.

Genus LEeucARCTIA Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 124.
Head small and retracted ; vale short ; tongue short and ‘weak.
Antenne short, pectinated'in both sexes, the pectinations in the female

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143

_ short, but nearly as long as those of the male. Legs short and stout,
anterior tibise with a short stout spine at either side of tip ; middle and
- posterior tibiz with minute terminal spurs only. The claws of tarsi are
_ toothed in both sexes. i

Primaries with 7 to ro from a stalk in the order 10, 7, 8, 9; 3 to 5
from end of median, 4 nearer to 5 than to 3.

Secondaries 6 and 7 from same point at end of sub-costal ; 8 from sub-
costal half way to base ; 3 to 5 almost equidistant from end of median.
4 Moeschler, in 1876, Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXXVII., 297, makes this
a synonym of Spi/osoma. .

L. acrea Drury.
1770—Drury, Exot., I., pl. IIL, £ 2 (2) and 3 (2f), Phalena.
1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., III., 1, 451, Bombyx acria.
1797—Sm. & Abb*, Ins. Ga., II., 133, pl. 67, Phalena acria.
1816—Hiib., Welsiu nine. 184, Estigmene.
1820—Hiib., Samml. Auss. Schmett, IL, pl. 404, Beiincae acria.
1823-—Harris*, Mass. Agr. Repos. & Journ., VII., 323, Arctia.
1833—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 591, Arctia.
1837—Westw., ed Dru., I., 7, Spzlosoma.
1841—Duncan*, Nat. Live, XXXIL, 171, pl. 20, ff. 1-3, Spilosoma.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil.}’XII., 53, Spi/osoma.
1862—Morris*, Synopsis Supplt., 342, Spzdosoma.
1862—Harris*, Inj. Ins., Flint, ed. 351, f. 169, pl. VI., ff 9 (f) and
| 10 (2), Spilosoma.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 125, Leucarctia.
1869—Badv., Lep. Calif. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 78, Arctia acria.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 99, pl. 4, ff 1-3, and pl. ro, f. 6,
Leucarctia.

1874—Morrison, Psyche, I., 21, Leucarctia.
1875—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 368, Leucarctia.

1883—Weed, Papilio, I1I., 84, Leucarctia.

} 1883—Grt., Papilio, III., 84, Leucarctia.

1883—Stretch, Papilio, III., 141, Lewcarctia.
1884—-Bean*, Can. Ent., XVI., 66, Spz/osoma.
1886—-Smith, Ent. Amer., II., 79, Leucarctia.

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

es

>

pseuderminia Peck.
1823—Peck., Mass. Agr. Rep, & Sourn., VIL, 328, pl. a Aria.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, I., 7, pr. syn.
1855—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lepy ‘Het., III., 667, Seilosoinas
caprotina Drury.

1770—Dru., Exot, I, pl. 3, f 3 Phalana,

1782—Cram., Pap. Exot., III., 170, pl. 287, £ C, Phalena.
1797—Sm. & Abb., Ins. Ga., yy 133, pr. syn. -
1837—Westw., ed. Dru., I, 7, Ar. syn.

californica Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, IIL. ., 125, Leucarctia.
1872—Pack., 4th Rept. Peab. Ac., 86, pr. syn.

packardii Schaupp.

1882—Schaupp, in Check List BkIn. Ent. Soc., 8, Spitecoma. |
Habitat—United States and Canada.

Food plant—Omnivorous.

L. albida Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 203, pl, f. 23, Leucarctia.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., IL., 6; an sp. dist. virginica ?
1876—Stretch, Rept. Geol. Surv., west roo merid., ‘ 798: pl 40,
ff 4 and 5, Leucarctia. | :
Habitat—California. “AAT | ' a
The Arctia scuirus of Boisduval was referred by Grote and Robinson
to acrea, but is now recognized as referring to Luchaetes collaris ! The —
peculiar male characters of the acre@a have been described by Mr. Mor- a
rison, and later figured by myself, ,.. ve |
Leucarctia permaculata Pack. is an Lepantheria, and is rétcbted to
under that genus. I do not find the species in Mr. Grote’s list, but
perhaps it may be referred to in some paper which I have not seen.

(To be continued. ) “e

ye
2 nt ES fy

Mailed July 4th.

The Canailiay Hntomolagist :

"VOL. XXII. —- LONDON, AUGUST, 1800. No. 8.

THE NOCTUIDZ OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA
COMPARED.

(Eighth and Last Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.
Tribe Catocalini.

In this tribe the secondaries are oftenest gaily coloured (mostly yellow)
and banded, still subordinated to the primaries which show, more or less
adequately, the usual Noctuidous ornamentation. ‘The abdomen is rarely
tufted. On account of the shape of the primaries, the form of the abdo-
“men, the abdominal tuftings, the pattern of the wings beneath, the
approach to Ophideres, I regard the genus and species Euparthenos
nubilis, Ann N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., as entirely distinct from Catocala
sp. The most important genus is CatocaZa, in Europe with 22, in North
_ America with upwards of 100 species, A division of this genus on the
peculiarities of tibial armature (as I have suggested in Agrofis) was stated
to me as possible several years ago by Mr, Smith, and has more recently
been attempted by Mr. Hulst. I must think that his observations need
verifying, judging from his published opinions on the value of the forms
of Catocala, which I have shown to be in a number of instances incorrect.
_~ The Ophidering and Toxocampine of my Check. List are probably not to
be separated from this tribe, in which the anterior ventral feet of the
larvee are more or less incomplete. The genera become gradually
broader winged and concolorous as we approach the next tribe. )

Tribe Pheocymini.

This comprises the ZLrebiine of my Check List. The wings are
marked by rivulous lines crossing both pair and recalling the Spanner

F

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ae
—_— . — mus a
' moths. The tibiz are variously armed, but become unearned in i ie :
weaker genera, Homopyraiis, etc., and as we approach the Deltoidine.
In Europe this tribe seems represented only by Pericyma and Zethes:
As we go southward the moths of this tribe become more numerous and
we find the largest Woctuide among them in Erebus and Thysania. The
tribe is tropical and subtropical, and some of the species are summer — ;
migrants from the South, not becca in the Middle and Eastern ae”
or Canada. :
There remain to be considered certain tropical forms which are fhana
in Florida, or accidentally on our coast, such as Hexeris enhydris,
Syllectra erycata and Brotis vulneraria. These probably are to be —
separated as affording distinct tribal types, but I cannot at the moment
compare their structure with that of their South American allies. The i
tribe Pangraptini, with the frail genera Pangrapta and Phalaenostola,
seems to close the series and lead to the Deltoids. The North American
genera must be compared here with their tropical allies. This element a
of our fauna comes from the south, and, as we have ii ae is sia
wanting in Europe. >

Subfamily De

This sub-family was formerly regarded as belonging to the Adee. |
In the vernacular the Deltoids are called ‘‘ Snout Moths,” from the long
labial palpi. But Herrich-Scheffer showed that in their essential char-
acters they conform to the Noctuid type; they are pyralidiform Woctuide.
The wings are usually pointed at the tips, the colours are gray and dusty,
the usual Noctuid ornamentation is hardly to be discerned. The eyes
are always naked. ‘They fall into two principal tribes. The character
of this sub-family becomes again largely European. As the name
*Snout Moths” refers to this sub- faa. I have called the rae By -
the name of Sparkler Moths,

Tribe Herminiini.

The type of this tribe is the European Herminia tentddadarits to
which our North American Pii/ometra is related. The wings are con-
colorous, marked with continuous lines, reminding us of the Pheocymini
and the Geometridz. The antenne are often furnished with sexual
nodosities. The species fly in grass upon which the larvee generally feed.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147

of the most variable Noctuide known to me belongs to this tribe,
lognatha fevigata. Our species resemble generally the European,
put are much more numerous. :

Tribe Hypenini,

The type of this tribe is the European AHyfena proboscidalis. The
t Wings are unicolorous and subordinate to the primaries, which show
the usual Noctuid markings more or less distinctly. The body is some-
times tufted, the brush-like antennz are simple. In Bomolocha the eyes
are lashed, but this character has nothing to do with the hairiness or
nakedness of the eye itself, which, in the De/toidine, so far as I know, is
always naked. This nakedness is a general characteristic of the lower
moths. I know of only one Geometrid with hairy eyes. The genera in
my Check List, down to ypenu/a, referred to this tribe, eens probably
be included in the preceding.

Sub-family Brephine.

The members of this small sub-family group are boreal or sub-boreal
in their habitat, and resemble certain Geometride, inhabiting similar
zoological zones, in their hairy body, a more or less marked diurnal flight,
and the 16-footed larve. The ocelli are wanting, and this character
excludes the Californian genus Anaphila, which is really related to
Eustrotia (Erastria), but has a certain resemblance in colours to this sub-
family and the Cafoca/ini. Our single species, Brephos infans, is found
from Labrador to New England. Another form, Leucobrephos brephoides,
T identified originally from Hudson’s Bay. It may be the same withsa
species described by me from Wisconsin, and, among the figures of
Siberian moths which I have examined, is one which, I think, represents
a form belonging to this North American genus. Europe has three
_ species of Brephos Hiibn. (nec. Ochs.). The name Brephos, like Agrotis,
etc., was originally proposed by Hiibner. Through neglect and corruption,
‘Hiibner’s names became credited to other European writers. I have
done my best to clear up the generic synonymy by indicating the types
in my Buffalo Lists. The student is referred to these for special infor-
mation on this point. |
Although the Owlet moths are quite numerous in the east, yet
‘the Western States of North America seem richer in genera and

”

148

species. The different elements among the numerous genera. “need
bringing out, but it has been sufficiently shown here where the general
lines of relationship are to be sought. °» Like the Hawk moths, these too 4
have been redistributed by climatic changes, the most important of which
was the Glacial Epoch. We receive a large accession from the south, 3
but the bulk of our Woctuide show a northern parentage. Thecommon
ancestors of certain of the European and American Owlet moths of to-day
had, at one time, a common sporting ground. I have shown the existence |
of every grade of resemblance from undistinguishable species like Scoliop-
_ teryx libatrix and Dipterygia pinastri, through slightly modified forms —
like Apatela occidentalis, Dianthoecia bella, Copimamestra occidenta,
Agrotis normaniana, Lithophane T) haxteri, to forms readily distinguish-
able in all their stages by the experienced student. The mass of species
is so great that detailed observations on each particular one must await
time ; but I trust I have laid down the lines by which our Owlet moths
are to be studied until our information with regard to them is perfected,
Some idea of the preponderance of Catocaline i in North America may
be given by the statement that in Europe there are about fifty-six species —
belonging to about sixteen genera, while i in North America there are about _
two hundred and fifty species belonging to about fifty-six genera. These
latter figures may be changed by new observations with us, but hardly
diminished. In the De/toiding the proportions are more in conformity
with the numerical relations in the typical group, the Noctuine. The
reason I have given for this preponderance of the Catoca/ine, lies in the
physical geography of the continent, the prevailing atmospheric and ocean
currents, all of which favor the introduction of southern or tropical lepi-
dopterous forms. And we must consider the Catocaline as tropical in
general character in the same way as we consider the other groups of the
Noctuide as belonging to temperate regions of the earth’s surface, —

In a general view of the evolution of the Lepidoptera we may conceive
it as represented by an inverted and spreading bell of net work, in hang-
ing threads of unequal lengths, branching variously and in different direc-
tions, and ever widening in departure and circumference. The depend-
ing tips of the threads represent the existing species, all connected with
the past, and the task before us is the tracing of the threads, always run-
ning here and there together, grouping themselves about thicker strands,
converging in the hand of time. The means at our disposal for the un-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149

velling are the characters of existing species in a// their stages, and the
dly imperfect, almost failing, record of fossil species. To add to the
culty, the species have been distributed and redistributed, affected by
ogical changes, modified by differences in temperature, moulded by
the winds. It is clearly impossible to arrange existing species in a linear
jes and thereby express also their probable descent. We can only
yup them according to natural characters and for purposes of con-
ience. Undoubtedly our categories, through their characters, corre-
pond vaguely to the general plan of evolution. But the arrangement of
yur catalogues and collections must remain artificial in the main, con-
ditioned by our own physical limitations. Our mental picture of these
nsects remains relatively imperfect, but enlarges through new studies and —

fresh thoughts.

_ Errata ET ADDENDA.—Vol. XXL, p. 123, line 10, for Woctuide read
Noctuine ; id., p. 155, line 30, for Dasychinine read Dasychirine. The
first three North American genera in the list, on p. 157, I refer to the
tribe Bombycoidi, the rest to the Apatedinz; the tribal divisions accident-
ally omitted. Id., p. 189, line 34, for merely read mainly. In connection
with my remarks on Gortyna, p. 192, I refer to my paper on this genus
and Ochria, p. 139, written subsequently. Id., p. 229, line 19, insert
“apices of the” before ‘still pointed primaries”; id., p. 230, line 29, for
pyramided read pyramidea ; id., p. 230, after saucia insert clandestina ;
Vol. XXIL., p. 29, line 23, for Calopharia read Calophasia; id., p. 30,
line 2, for ics read tribe ; id., p. 30, line 9, for slimy read shiny ; id.,
‘id., line 17, for Hatney ey Hatuey; id,, p. 28, line 3, dele “or
Morrisoni.” Dr. Thaxter inclines to consider sidus =vinulenta, while I
sought for it in red forms of Wadkeri. The latter species is nearer the
European sate//itia, which tristigmata also resembles. Without Guenée’s
type I think no certainty can be obtained. While I think the outlines of
amore correct classification of the family are here given, certain points
remain to be discussed, such as the separation of Zngura as a distinct
tribe, while the location of certain genera will be altered when minuter
comparisons can be made and the full life history of the species is known.
As nature did not produce these creatures in a linear series, one after
another, we can only approximately exhibit their relations in our cata-
_logues and collections,

150 THE CANADIAN ; samamaih —

A: REPLY TO MR. w. H. EDWARDS.
BY H. J. ELWES, PRESTON, CIRENCESTER, ENGLAND.

I am surprised to see in the May number of the Canap1an EnTOMo- eS
LOGIST a Criticism of my paper on “Argynnis” in a style which is not
easy to reply to, and which is certainly not justified by the paper itself.
Mr. Edwards seems to think that no one has a right to question his opin-
ions on butterflies until they have seen the so-called types from which his
original descriptions were made, and that the practical monopoly which he
has lately held in the description of new species in the United States
gives him the position of an oracle. He accuses me of haste and care- —
lessness, of not having taken the trouble to see what I could easily have
seen, and implies that I have not seen the species I have written about. .
I will only ask those who may be interested, to read my paper* in full and ~
not to judge ‘from the abridgement of it which was published in the March
number of Psyche. I will also ask them to refer to Papilio, Vol IIL, p. 152.
It will there be seen that I have for seven years been collecting all avail-
able material for the better understanding of a genus which, naturally
difficult in itself, has been rendered doubly so by Mr. W. H. Edwards. It
will be seen that in 1883 I had publicly, as well as privately, asked him
to inform me how I could identify species which had been described
by him, often from very imperfect or scanty specimens—sometimes in such <
inaccessible publications as ie/d and Forest, and usually, if not always, _
without giving any characters by which the species could be distinguished
from its near allies. To these questions I have received no reply. My |
valued correspondent, Mr. H. Edwards, “ whose judgment in doubtful —
cases Mr. W. H. Edwards relies on above all persons,” had kindly sent 3 4
me a considerable number of the rarer western forms named by himself.
Mr. H. Strecker, who certainly has as good an eye for, and as good a :
judgment of species as almost any one I met in America, sent me many @
more, and in various ways I had éolleeted all the known so-called species
except four, of two of which I had seen the types, so thatI have, as I
believe, a larger and better series than any one in Europe or in any of the ©
collections I was able to examine in America. I did not therefore write
hastily or carelessly, and the numerous queries in my synopsis show how —
uncertain I still felt of the proper position and specific value of many of

Se ed ee

nee ie eo ae
SN Se a eee ee ss

Bac tane: eco

y
a
a
iy

* A copy will be sent, as pie Sa they last, to any Entomologist who will write for -
it to me at Preston, Cirencester, England.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151

he western forms. After having repeatedly tried to find in Mr. Edwards’s
mublished figures, all of which I have carefully studied, any help in separat-
-these doubtful forms, I had visited and examined the collections of
rt. Holland (who, I was informed, had acquired Mr. Edwards’s types), of
‘the Harvard Museum ; of Messrs. H. Edwards, Strecker, Neumogen,
Hulst, Scudder and Dr. Behr, to all of whom my best thanks are due ;
fter having gone through all the American and European literature and
‘museums, and written to every one from whom I hoped to learn anything,
and after having collected personally in Southern and Northern California
nd the Yellowstone Park, I am told I have no claim to know anything
about “ Argynnis,” as I have seen mostly second or third rate collections.
(Where then are the first rate ones that I did not see ?)

I am pleased to learn, that whatever Mr. Edwards’s opinion of my
work may be, it is not shared by all of his countrymen, from three of the
most able of whom I have received flattering approvals of my attempt to
enable others to understand this genus, and to arrange their collections on
amore rationa] basis. Mr. Edwards implies that I pay no regard to local
variation, that I do not allow that locality is any help in deciding the
name of a species, and am generally inclined to lump everything that I
do not know. :

Will he then see how slight a difference is sufficient in my eyes to
_ separate a local variety, as in the case of the Himalayan form of A. /athonia,
- ora local race worthy to be called a species, such as A. montinus, and
how I have tried to make these slight differences clear to my readers, as
in the case of A. helena ?

__ Let him do the same with Chitone, Cipris, Inornata, Hippolyta and
~ others, and he will find me the most appreciative of his followers.

But when he rambles on in the way he sometimes does, failing to re-
cognize his own species when they are sent to him for name from unex-
= pected localities, as I am told he has done, I can only say that the fact of
a butterfly being confined to one station is not enough to separate it speci-
fically unless it has through isolation or climatic influences developed
‘some peculiarity by which it may invariably be recognized as having come
from that place. I do not blame him for describing such things twenty
years ago, but I say that now, after he has himself proved by breeding
the extraordinary amount of variation to which many species are subject,
he has no right to expect anyone at once to recognize as a species such a

152 THE CANADIAN eas

form as Argynnis Alberta, which he ‘has just described from one ea ‘and a
two 2 sent him by Mr. Bean. iy a

It would be useless for me to reply in detail to his remarks upon par- 3
ticular species, because he will always fall hack upon his so-called types,
whilst others must rely on his published work, if they can get it, and if
not, upon the best materials they can get. No doubt there are many errors
in my arrangement which only time and better knowledge can clear up.
I shall welcome the criticism of any one who will show me where I am
wrong, and who has better means of coming at the truth than I have, but
I am quite content to live under Mr. ‘Edwards’ Ss aspersions in such good
company as that of Dr. Hagen, and hope that Mr. Edwards will think ;
better of us both when he gets cooler,

A NEW PSEUDOSCORPION. Ws ts le

BY NATHAN BANKS, ITHACA, N. Y.

Upon looking over the specimens of this family, which 1 had collected :
during the past few years near Ithaea, I discovered a new species of
Chernes, which may be characterized as follows :— A

Chernes pallidus, nov. spec. Length about 2 m.m.; body ovate tbe a
long ; cephalothorax a little broader behind than in front ; finely serrulate _
on the margin; body finely granulate and furnished with chore yellowish, a
clavate hairs. Abdomen pale yellowish ; ; cephalothorax reddish near
anterior end; palpi a uniform red ; legs yellowish ; no light median line
on dorsum. No eyes ; palpi stout, longer than the body ; 3rd joint near-—
ly as long as cephalothorax, and three times as long as 2nd ; 4th a little
shorter than 3rd; hand large and stout, fingers a little curved. Larger E
than C. Sanborni H. and C. oblongus Say, the palpi larger and longer,
and the legs much stouter than in these species. Inc. Sanborni H. the
3rd joint of palpi is but twice as long as the 2nd. C. oblongus i is smooth
not granulate ; one specimen, Ithaca, °

The following species are also found near Ithaca: Chernes Sanborni |
H., several specimens ; Chernes oblongus Say, more common; Chelifer
cancroides \..,in houses ; Chelifer muricatus Say, one specimen; Obisium
bruneum H., several specimens ; Chthonius pennsylvanicus H., three a
specimens. oe

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153

N THE LISTS OF COLEOPTERA PUBLISHED BY THE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, 1842-1888.

BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.
(Continuced from page 1go, Vol. xxii.)
_ Diplochila major Zec. [Rhembus]. A.O.
_ Calathus gregarius Say. L’O., St. L.

| ingratus De. N.C., C.L., O.K., O., N., R.A.
race confusus Lec. B.C: |
mollis Zsch., race lenis Mann. B.C.
impunctatus Say. St. L.

Platynus maurus Mots, [stygicus Lec]. Y.F.
Binuatus Dez, A.O.; St. L.; B.C., C.L., T.L, O:
extensicollis Say. St. L,
anchomenoides Rand. B.C.
tenuis Lec. St. L. :

-melanarius De. St. L., B.C., C.L.
afinis Kirby. M.F.
metallescens Zee. O.K., O.
deceptivus Zee. O.K.
cupripennis Say. L’O., St. L., W., S.M.
perforatus Zec. O.
placidus Say. St. L., W.
cupreus De. W.,S.M., C.C.
Bogemanni Gy//. [obsoletus Say]. A.O., W., S.M., M.F., O.,
N., CLR.
race strigicollis Wann. B.C.
quadripunctatus DeG. W., O.
sordens Kirby. T.L.
ruficornis Zec. N.C., N.
retractus Zec. A.O., St. L., B.C., W., O.K.
picipennis Kirby. St. L.
lutulentus Zec. St. L.

Ecbia cyanipennis De. B.C.
viridis Say? A.O.

Metabletus americanus De/. [borealis Zimm.|. B.C., N.O.

popnindis cribricollis Dey. [reflexa Zec.]. L’O., St. L., B.C, N.O,

H.M., O.K., C.R.

|

154 THE CANADIAN

Chlenius sericeus Forst. L’O., Sei. S.M.
leucoscelis Chev. [chlorophanus Dej.|. St. L.
tricolor De7. L’O., St. L.’ Fs ,
pennsylvanicus Say. O.K.
impunctifrons Say. A.O.
Agonoderus pallipes /ad. W.
Harpalus amputatus Say. W.
viridizneus Beauv. St. L. .
pennsylvanicus DeG. 1’O., W., S.M.
megacephalus Zec. St. L.
pleuriticus Kirby. St. L., W., C.L., S.M., O., N.
herbivagus Say. LO., N. 0. Ww. S.M.
cautus De. B.C. 5
rufimanus Zec. St. L. :
oblitus Zec. B.C. 2
basilaris Kirby. B.C. ©)
ruficornis (misprint ?). B.C.
Stenolophus conjunctus Say. B.C., S.M.
Bradycellus cognatus Gy//. O. Ka
rupestris Say. W.
Tachycellus nigrinus De}. [Bradgllus], ay
Anisodactylus piceus A/én. B.C, _
rusticus De, L’O. : :
californicus De7. [confusus Lec:} B.C. 8 a
Harrisii Zec. L’O., St.L. ie
baltimorensis Say. L’O., S.M.

HALIPLID&.

Haliplus cribrarius Zec. A.O..
ruficollis DeG. (immaculaticollis Harr.). A. 0.

DyrisciDa.

Laccophilus proximus Say, C. ly

Ccelambus inequalis “ad. [Hydroporus]. H. M.
ovoideus Zec. [Hydroporus], Y.F.
impressopunctatus Sch. [Hydroporus]. Y.F.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 155

Deronectes depressus Fad. [Hydroporus rotundatus Zec.]. O.K.
griseostriatus DeG. |Hydroporus]. B.C.
Hydroporus proximus Avédé. A.O.

sericeus Zec. H.M.
alpinus Payk. O.

tartaricus Lec. Y.F.
tristis Pay. [subtonsus Zec.]. Y.F.
- modestus Audé. Y.F.
Ilybius confusus 4vdé. H.M., N.
Coptotomus interrogatus 7ad. A.O.
Agabus parallelus Zee. O.K,
serlatus Say. A.O., St.L.
punctulatus Audé NN.
anthracinus AZann. [scapularis Mann. }. B.C.
infuscatus Aubé. B.C.
Erichsoni G. & ZH. [nigroeneus Zr.] [lutosus Cr.]. B.C., N.C.,
0 ee
dissimilis Sah/. [Gaurodytes longulus Lec} YF.
Rhantus binotatus Harr. [Colymbetes]. B.C., S.M.
tostus Lec. [Colymbetes].
Colymbetes sculptilis Harr. [Cymatopterus]. B.C., M., H.M.,O.K., N.
Dytiscus circumcinctus Afr. [anxius Mann.]|. B.C., N.C.
dauricus Ged/. [confluens Say]. St.L., N.C., M.F., O., N.
Harrisii Kirdy. H.M.
lapponicus [Gy//?]. O.K.
Acilius semisulcatus 4udé. H.M.
fraternus Harr. LO.

‘

GYRINIDA,

Gyrinus confinis Zec. M.F.
limbatus Say. H.M.
ventralis Kirby. B.C., O., C.C.
affinis Aubé. M.F.
pectoralis Zec. H.M.
borealis Audbé. H.M., N
picipes Audbé, B.C.

Dineutes emarginatus Say. O.K.

156 THR CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. |

i -
HyYDROPHILIDA.:

Helophorus lineatus Say. Y.F. —
Berosus striatus Say. W. e
Philhydrus cinctus Say. A.O. ¥

perplexus Lec, Y.F., T.L.. a

Hydrobius fuscipes Zinn. B.C., Y.F,

SILPHIDA,
Necrophorus Sayi Zap. [lunatus Zee]. A.O.
marginatus Fad. [Silpha]. A.O.
vespilloides Hést. |pygmzus Kirby]. A.O., M., O., N.
tomentosus Wed. [velutinus Fad.]. St.L.

Silpha surinamensis 7ad. L’O., T.L. ‘
lapponica Host. St.L., B.CgN.C., N.O., C.L.,.M.; aM, 0. N.
trituberculata Kirby. N.C., C.L.
americana Linn. S.M., M.F, es

Choleva basillaris Say [Spenciana, 7) B:C., MB, ORG

Liodes globosa Zee. S.M.

1
STAPHYLINIDA.

a
4

Quedius fulgidus Fad. B.C. ios :
levigatus Gy//. T.L. = ae
Listotrophus cingulatus Grav. W., S.M. | ee
Creophilus villosus Grav. Step StL. B.C., N.O., cC as O.
Philonthus eneus Zossz. S.M.
cyanipennis fad. A.O. ae
Lathrobium simile Zec, N.C. | | a.
Peederus littorarius Grav. L’O.
Tachinus fumipennis Say (conformis Dej.). A.O.
Tachyporus jocosus Say. O.
Oxytelus pennsylvanicus Zr. A.O,
Porrhodites fenestralis Ze¢#. OO.
Olophrum rotundicolle Sah/s. O. ee
Anthrobium pothos Mfamn. A.O., BC. . i

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 157

CoccINgLLID/.

Anisosticta strigata Thunb. O. :

_ Hippodamia s-signata Kirby. B.C., N.C., N:

: 13-punctata Linn. L’O., N., C.C.

Coccinella trifasciata Zinn. B.C.,§.M., N.
g-notata Hbst. [novemnotatem Fad,]. St. L.
transversoguttata Fad. [5-notata Kirby]. B.C., N.

Harmonia picta Rand. [Coccinella]. A.O., B.C., H.M., M.F., T.L.
12-maculata Ged/. [Coccinella]. N. C.

Mysia pullata Say. S.M.

_ Anatis 15-punctata O/iv. N.O., N., RA.

_ Psyllobora 20 maculata Say. B.C.

CucujID&.

Pediacus fuscus Zr. (planus Zec.): A.O., St.L., N.O., S.M., O., C.C.
Cucujus clavipes Aad. A.O.
puniceus Mann. B.C.

DERMESTIDA.

Dermestes caninus Germ. [nubilus Say]. O.
talpinus Zann. B.C., N.O.
lardarius Zinn. A.O., S.M., N.
_ Attagenus piceus O/iv. [megatoma Fad.]. O.
Trogoderma tarsale Me/sh. [inclusum Lec.]? O.
Anthrenus museorum Zinn. (castanese Me/sh.). A.O.

HISTERIDA.

Hister abbreviatus 7ad. S.M.
depurator Say. B.C., S.M.
perplexus Zec.? L’O.
parallelus Say (Platysoma). A.O.

Dendrophilus punctulatus Say. S.M.

Saprinus oregonensis Zec. N.O., S.M.
fraternus Say. S.M.
mancus Say. S.M.
estriatus Lec. B.C.

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

N ITIDUEIDR,

Carpophilus niger Say. A.O.
Epurea rufa Say. S.M.

immunda Sturm. O.K.
Nitidula bipustulata Zinn. S.M.
Omosita colon Zinn. St.L. ,

discoidea Fad. B.C. | |
Ips fasciatus O/iv. (4. picmata Say) eoertates Fab.|. VO., T.L,

TROGOSITIDE.

Peltis ferruginea Linn. B.C. ro
Calitys scabra Zhunbd. [dentata Fae B.C.
Thymalus fulgidus Zr. C.R.

BYRRHIDA.

Cytilus sericeus Furst. (varius Fad. i L’0. : :
trivittatus AZe/sh. B.C. a ea
Byrrhus Kirbyi Zec. [picipes Kirby], uStL.; B.C: ae

DASCYLLIDA. :

Scirtes tibialis Guér. N.O.
Cyphon variabilis Zhunb. S.M.

ELATERID.

Adelocera rorulenta Zee. B.C.
profusa Cand. B.C. Ps . a
Cryptohypnus abbreviatus Say [silaceipes Germ.). A.O., B.C.,S.M. —
Elater nigrinus Payk. O.K., N. Rees om
luctuosus Lec. O.
apicatus Say. W., SM.
Agriotes mancus Say. S.M.
stabilis Zec. (Dolopius). A.O,
fucosus Zec. (Dolopius). A.O., W., S.M.
oblongicoilis Me/sh. S.M.
Dolopius lateralis Zsch, S.M.
Sericosomus incongruus Zec. B.C., N. oe

THE CANADIAN oar: 159

Corymbites virens Schr. [eeneicolli i) oB.€., OK; 0., N.
resplendens Esch. N. |
spinosus Zec. O.
caricinus Germ. [umbricola &sch.]|. B.C.
- ochreipennis Zee. O.K., N., R.A.
triundulatus Rand. A.O., N.O.
cruciatus Zinn. B.C.,S.M.
Suckleyi Zec. B.C.
eripennis Kirby. B.C., C.L., O..
| ‘metallicus Payk. O.
Asaphes memnonius /ds¢. S.M.

BupRESTID&,

_ Chalcophora virginiensis Drury. S.M.
Dicerca prolongata Lec. B.C., W., C.L., O., N.
tenebrosa Kirby. B.C., M., ‘0.
Buprestis consularis Gory. SM, |
Nuttalli Kirdy, N.C., N.O., O., N., C.C.
maculiventris Say (Ancylochira), A.O., St.L., M., O.K.
rusticorum A7zréy. C.L.,S.M., H.M., O.
fasciata Fab. S.M.
# race Langii Mann. W.
y Melanophila acuminata DeG. ldgipes Say| [appendicula Faé.]
tC. WM, N., CCE CR,
Drummondi Kiriy. eG.; N.C.
_ Anthaxia eneogaster Za. [ingrnata Rand.|. B.C.
-Chrysobothris dentipes Germ. S.M. |
trinervia Kirby. N.C., N.O.,5.M., O.K.

LAMPYRID&.

Calopteron terminale Say (Digrapha). A.O.
Celetes basalis Lec. O.K.
Eros simplicipes Zann. B.C.

aurora Host. [coccinatus Say]. A.O., B.C,
Plateros caniculatus Say. S.M.
lictor Vewm. (mollis Lec.). A.O,

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Ellychnia corrusca Zinn. A.O., StL., N.C, S.M., .M.F,, Ome 2 es
O., Ni; : ao

race lacustris Lec. <A.O., Y.F.

Pyractomena angulata Say. A.Q. —

Photinus ardens Lec. S.M. ¥

Photuris pennsylvanica DeG. L’O,, s, M.

Podabrus modestus Say. A.O., W.
piniphilus Zsch. B.C., N.C., (allied to piniphe aig .
puberulus Zee. N,O., S.M.
levicollis Kirby. B.C.

Telephorus fraxini Say. A.O., B.C., N.C., N.O., S. M.
carolinus fad. A.O. ;
nigritulus Lec. N.O.
scitulus Say. S.M. ; ee
rotundicollis Say. A.O. me hie abr
Curtisii Kirby. B.C. BROU ;
grandicollis Zec. B.C. . : ee. pe ‘A

MALACHID&.

Collops tricolor Say. O.K.
vittatus Say. C.C. | | ;

CLERIDA. es

Trichodes Nuttalli Xirdy. LO.
Clerus spegeus Fad. B.C.
Thanasimus dubius fad. L’O.

undulatus Say [Clerus]. B.C, Y.F., N.O., C.L., $M., 0. |
Hydnocera humeralis Say. R.A. —
Necrobia violaceus Zinn. [Corynetes]. B.C., T.L.

PTINID&. :

Hadrobregmus foveatus Airy (Anobium). A.O., O.
Dinoderus substriatus Payk. C.R. )
_ LUCANIDE.

Platycerus depressus Zec. A.O., St.L., B.C., S.M.
(To be continued.)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 161

RELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIID OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.

(Continued from page 144, Volume xxit.)

Genus SpiLosoMA Steph.

1830—Steph., Ill. Br. Ent., Haust., IL, 74.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 663.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci, Phil, XII., 531.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 130.

Head small, retracted ; tongue short and weak, membraneous ; palpi
very short and feeble. Legs moderate, rather short ; tibial spurs present
_ but very feebly developed. Fore tibiae unarmed. Antennz moderately
_ long, bipectinated in the male, simple or serrate in the female. The
_ tarsal claws are toothed in all the species examined. In virginica the
posterior tarsi only, in vestadis all are toothed.

The primaries have the cell somewhat shorter than usual, veins 7 to
‘to on a stalk from the end of the subcostal in the order 10, 7, 9, 8;
to 5 are from the end of the median, 4 rather closer to 5 than to 3.

Secondaries with 6 and 7 together from the end of the subcostal, 8
_ from same rather past the middle, 3 to 5 from the end of the median, 4
- much closer to 3 than to 5.
4S. antigone Strk.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief Eng., 1878-79, V., p. 1860, Spzlosoma.
1883—Grt., Can. ENT., XV, 9, =congrua.
1886—Hulst., Ent. Amer., I1., 162, =congrua.
: 1889—Smith, Ent. Amer., V., 121, am sp. dist. congrua.
4S. congruat Grt.
1883—Grt., Can. Ent., XV., 9, Spz/osoma.
1886—Hulst*, Ent. Amer., II., 15, Spz/osoma.
1889—Soule & Elliot*, Psyche, V., 259, life hist.
Habitat—Mass., N. Y., Ga., Colorado.

i My reasons for this synonomy are given in Ent. Amer., V., rar.
_ Walker’s description does not apply to antigone at all, while it does apply
_ to cunea, a specimen of which, according to Butler, was of the “ types.”

162 , THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. | Co

S. latipennis Stretch. H Wee,
1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 133 fol 6, Bigg? Stoel
1874—Lint., Ent. Cont., III., 144, Spilosoma.
1883—Edw.*, Papilio, III., 190, Spz/osoma.
1884—Hulst*, Bull. Bkln. Ent. $oe., VIL, 120, Spilosoma. ©
Habitat—Buffalo, Albany and L, L, N. Y.; Mass., N. J. i

This species seems to favor damp, almost swampy meadows. I have
taken specimens in such localities very peennaly: ! eer:

S. niobe Strk. .
1884—Strk., Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil, XXXVL, ioBas Spitesoma
Habitat—Florida. Bani:

This species I do not know at all. ee

S. prima Slosson. ' aod ite Wee
1889—Slosson, Ent. Amer., V., 40, Ss sivosonea
Habitat—Franconia N. H., June : .

Mrs. Slosson’s captures at this locality indicate that there. isa great; ei;

deal yet to be done by the thorough collector in the mountainous On of 4

New England. . |

S. vestalis Pack. "
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, iit. 12h, Spilosaee Ne poe
1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 133, pl. 6, ff 7.( 3) and 8 ee)

Spilosoma. |
1876—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Soiy VII, 22, Soiaebna
Habitat—California.
Food plant—Lufinus sp.

S. virginica Fabr.
1798—Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppl., 437, Bombyx.
1833—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 591, Arctia.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins. Mass., 248, Arctia.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III, 668, SpéZosoma.
1857—Fitch, 3rd Rept. Ins., N. Y., Spilosoma. :
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 531, Spilosoma.
1862—Morris*, Synopsis, Supple ‘» 342; Seiloscme.
1862—Harris*, Inj. Insects, 350, ff. 167~168, Arctia.
1862—Morris in note to Harris, L ¢., Spilosoma.
1863—Saunders, Syn. Can. Arct., 14, Spé/osoma.
1871—Riley*, 3rd Rept. Ins. Mo., 68, f. 28, Spz/osoma.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 163

1871—Riley*, Am! Ent., II., 272, £ i70, Spilosoma.
1872—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 131, pl. 6, f. 6, Spilosoma.
1873—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci:, V., 187, Spélosoma.
1878—Lint.*, Ent. Cont., IV., 143, Spélosoma.

1880—Saund.*, Can. Enr., XII., 56, f. 9, Spz/osoma.

1883—Saund.*,. Fruit Insects, 271, f 281, Spilosoma.

1884—Bean*, Papilio, IV., 66, Spilosoma.

1887—Bruce*, Ent. Amer., III., 140, Spé/osoma.

1888—Dimmock, A. K., Psyche, IV., 281, Spilosoma.

Habitat—U. S. generally, Canada, Nova Scotia, H. B. Terr.
This species is the most widely distributed of the genus ; its biblio-
graphy is very much more extensive than above given, if the economic
literature be taken into account. The larva is omnivorous.

Genus HypHantrRia Harris.

1841——Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., 255.
1860——Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 530.
1862—Harris, Inj. Insects, 358.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 204.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXXVIL., 297.

Head small; tongue weak and short ; palpi mere rudiments. An-
_ tennz moderate in length, shorter and simple in the female, bipectinated
inthe male. Legs short and rather slender. Spurs of middle tibia very
short and weak ; posterior tibize with small terminal spurs only ; anterior

tibize with a small spine each side of tip. Claws simple.

Primaries with 7 to ro on a stalk, ro very close to the base of the
stalk ; 7, 8 and 9g close together near the apex ; 3, 4 and 5 from the end
of the median; 4 and 5 from the same point, or on a short stalk, 3 very
— close to 4.

Secondaries, 8 from subcostal past the middle ; 6 and 7 on a long
stalk from end of subcostal ; 4 and 5 from the same point from end of
median ; 3 somewhat remote from 4. ,

__ Despite its superficial resemblance to Spi/osoma this is really a strong-
ly marked genus.

HI. cunea Dru. .
- _1770—Drury, Ex. I., XVIII., f. 4, Bombyx.
1816—Hiibn., Verzeichniss, 184, Cyenia.

iy oes

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1825—Hiibn., Zutraege, 203, ff 405, 406, Cycnia.
1837—Westw., ed. Dru., I., 34, Spilosoma.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het, IIL, 669, Spilosoma.
1856—Fitch.*, 3rd Rept. Ins., N.Y., 384, Ayphantria. .
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 531, Hyphantria
1862—Clem., in Morris Syn., 3 oe LHyphantria.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 343, Spilosoma.
1865--Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXII., 352, Ayphantria.
1873-—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 205, pl. VIIL., ff. 18-20, pgeRe
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., IL, 32, Myphantria.
1881—Graef., Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., III., 14, Spzlosoma.
1881—French, Bull. Bkin. Ent. Soe., IIL., 31, Spzdosoma.
1887—Riley*, Bull. X., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agl., Hiphantria,
HI. punctatissima A. & S.
1797—Abb. & Sm.*, Ins. Ga., IL, +» 139, pl. 70, Phalena.
1825—Hiubner, Tetuege: 203, pr. syn.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, I., 34, pr. syx.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 255, yphantria.
1862—Harris*, Inj. Ins., 358, Ayphantria.
1862—Morris, note to Harris, l.c., pr. syn.
1871—Saund.*, Can. Ent., IIL., 36, Ayphantria.
1881——Graef., Bull. Bkln., Ent. Soc., III., 14, pr. sym.
HT. congrua Wik.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Het., III., 669, Spi/osoma.
1860—Clem., Proc, Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 532, Splosoma.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 343, Spz/osoma.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 72, Spi/osoma.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 130, Spilosoma. |
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., II., 33, =cunea.
1883—Grt.t, Can. Ent., XV., 9, Spélosoma.
1889—Smith, Ent. Amer., V., 121, =cunea.
H. punctata Fitch,
1856—Fitch, 3rd Rept. Ins., N. Y., 387, Hyphantria.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 344, Spz/osoma.
1874—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 204, Hyphantria.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., II., 33, pr. syn.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

1881—Graef, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soe., IIL., 14, px. sy.

_ 1881—French, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soe., III., 31, pv. syn.

A. textor Harris.

___-:1828—Harris*, New Engl. Farmer, VII., 33, Arctia.
1833—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 591, Arctia.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins. Mass., 255, Hyphantria.
1856—Fitch*, 3rd Rept. Ins., N. Y., 387, Hyphantria.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., IV., 834, Zuproctis.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 530, Wyphantria.
1862—Morris, Synopsis Supplt., 344, Spz/osoma.

- 1862—Harris*, Inj. Ins., 358, pl. VII., ff. 10-12, Hyphantria.
1862—Morris, in Harris 1. c. note, Spz/osoma. ,
1865—Walk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXII, 351, Hypantria.
1870—Riley*, Am. Ent., I., 59, Hyphantria.
1871—Riley*, 3rd Rept. Ins., Mo., 130, f. 55, Hyphantria.

-1871—Walsh*, 2nd Rept. Ins., Ills., 18, Zyphantria.
1871—Saund.*, Can. Enrt., III., 69, Wyphantria.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 206, pl. VIIL, f. 21 (¢), Hyphantria.
1875—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sei, VI., 187, Hyphantria.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., II., 33, Hyphantria.
1881—Johnson*, Can. Ent., XIL., 18, Hyphantria.
1881—Graef, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., III., 14, =cunea.
‘1881—French, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., III., 31, =cunea.
1881—Riley, Gen. Index to Mo. Reports, 55, =cunea.
1883—Saund.*, Fruit Insects, 71, ff. 66-68, Hyphantria.
1888—Dimmock”*, A. K., Psyche, IV., 280, Hyphantria.

A. candida Wik. :
1864—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXI., 291, Spi/osoma.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IL, 84, pv. syn.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., II., 33, am sp. dist ?
Habitat—United States and Canada.

An elaborate list of food plants is given in Bull. X. of the Division of
Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, to which reference is made
above. The synonymy is the generally accepted one, except as to
_ congrua, which is added for the first time. In Mr. Grote’s list of 1882,
textor and punctata stand without number but in Roman letters, and
therefore not asjsynonyms. ‘There is no doubt at all of the identity of all

166 THE CANADIAN oO

these forms. Prof. Riley has proved iiss to demonstration, if proof were ©
required to the statements of earlier writers. __ 5

Genus EUPSEUDOSOMA Grt.

1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, 240. o -
This genus I do not know autoptically. Mr. Grote, describing a
male, gives the character, from which the following notes are made:
Body stout; finely scaled, squammation close and short ; head prominent,
eyes large ; tongue moderate, palpi finely scaled, not excel the front ;
legs rather stout, finely scaled, provided with minute spurs; antenne
long, biserrate, tapering to the tips, the serrations short, acute and rather :
distant ; primaries large, triangulate, apices produced, costa very straight,
external margin oblique ; discal cell open ; veins 3, 4 and 5 bt | neers a
from one point, 2 not greatly removed from 3. |
Unfortunately, Mr. Grote does not describe the arrangement of the ;
costal series, but it is probably not different from Spilosoma. The vena-
tion of the secondaries is not descr Our only described species is :
E. floridum Grt. :
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 187, Eupseudosoma. as
Habitat—Florida. it eee
Said to be closely allied to the Cuban Z. niveum. 3

ij

Genus EucHaetTes Harris.

1841—Harris, Rept. Ins., Mass., 257.
1860—Clem., Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci, Phil., XII., 532.
1862—Harris, Inj. Insects, 360.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 185, sym. spec.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 19 SYN. Spec.
Pygarctia Grt.

1871—Grt., Can. Enr., III., 124,

Head moderate or rather large, closely applied to the thotan s eyes :
large, but not prominent. Palpi slender, not exceeding the middle of the
front ; third joint moderate. ‘Tongue long, corneous. Antenne long, in —
the # rather lengthily bipectinated. Legs with rather close vestiture,
posterior but little the longer, spurs normal. Vestiture hairy, but rather —
close. Abdomen exceeding secondaries, cylindric, obtusely terminated.

Primaries with 10 out of the subcostal before the end, 7 to 9 on the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167

stalk, 8 and 9 dividing just before the apex; 6 out of the same
with the stalk bearing 7-9 ; 3, 4 and 5 close together from the end
the median.
condaries: Subcostal rather long, forking to give rise to 6 and 7
ose close to apex ; costal very short from the subcostal beyond its
dle ; 3, 4 and 5 very close together out of the end of the median.
These studies were made on Z. eg/e. In Mr. Grote’s paper on the
us in Can. Ent., XIV., 196, is an excellent table of the species at
t time known, which renders their recognition easy. Several have
since described. From what we know of the early history of some
the species, dimorphism occurs in the genus, and some of the described
forms may yet prove synonyms.
abdominalis Gtt.

1871—Grt., Can. Enr., III., 124, Pygarctia.

1873—Grt., Buff. Bull, 1., 34, Pygarctia.

-1882—Grt., Papilio, IL., 111, Euchaetes.

-1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, Euchaetes.

baat Alabaina. :

£. bolteri Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 106, Euchaetes.
s Habitat—Texas.
i collaris Fitch.
_-1856—Fitch, 3rd Rept. Ins., N. Y., 265, Hyphantria.
-__1862—Morris, Synopsis, 344, Spilosoma.
1864—-Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 130, =egde.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., Ey; 75, seeite
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 188, pl. 8, f. 5 ¢, Auchaetes.
1874—Lint.*, Ent. Cont., III., 146, Zuchaetes.
1877—Van. Wag.*, Can. Enrt., IX, 171, “fe hist.
1880—Jewett*, Can. Ent., XII., 228, Zuchaetes.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, Buchaetes.
1883—Edw.*, Papilio, III., 146, Zuchaetes.
Ee. antica Wk.
& 1857—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Pa. Het., VIL, 1745, Zanada.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 75, =egée.
_ _1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 188, pr. syn.

_ 1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., Il., 37, p7. syn.

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

EF. scturus Bdv. 3
1868—Bdv., Lep. Calif. (Ann. See Ent., Belg., XIL.), 79, dre
1869—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent, Soc., III., 174, =Z. acre@a.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 188, =co//aris.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., IL, 37, ==col/aris.

Habitat—Canada, New Tock. Ohio, California. |
Food plant—Apocynum androsemifolium, and Asclepias sp.

£. egle Drury.
1773—Dru., Exot. II., pl. XX., f 3, Bombyx.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, II., 38, Spz/osoma.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 257, Euchaetes.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het, III., 669, Spz/osoma.
1860—Clem., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 352, Huchaetes.
1862—Harris*, Inj. Ins., 359, ff 172-174, life hist.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 343, Spilosoma.
1862—Clem., in App. to Morris, 352, Zuchaetes.
1869—Harris*, Ent. Corresp., 288, pl. 2, f. 5, (larva), sas temp
1872—Strk., Lep. Rhop. et. Het, L., 3, Zuchaetes.
isis tint Ent. Cont., IL, 136, Buchaetes.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 186, pl. 8, f. 4, Huchaetes.
1874—Pack., Rept. Geol. Surv., 1874, 558, Zuchaetes.
1880—Andrews*, Psyche II., 271, Huchaetes.
1880—Jewett, Can. Ent., XII., 230, Zife hist.
1882—Grt., Can, Ent., XIV., 196, Zuchaetes.
1883—Hy. Edw.*, Papilio, III., 147, Zuchaetes.
1884—French*, Cit ENT., XVL, 221, Luchaetes.
, Habitat—New York, New Jersey, Mass., pees Ills., Colorado,
Canta. |
Food plant—Asclepias porotul etc. | on |
E, eglenensis Clem. 3
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII, 533, Buble
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., II., 37,2? =eg/e.
1882—Grt., Can. ENT., XIV. , 196, Luchaetes.
1882—Grt., Papilio, IL, Tit, Bhades.
1883—Hy. Edw.*, Papilio, IIL, 147, Zuchaetes.
Habitat—-Texas.
Food plant—Asclepias sp.
(To be continued. )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169

——- =

A MONTH ON VANCOUVER ISLAND.
BY H, F. WICKHAM, IOWA CITY, IOWA.

____ But little seems to have been written on the fauna of this interesting

island, and therefore I hope that a few notes bearing on the subject may
mot be without interest to the readers of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
It was my good fortune to spend nearly a month in the vicinity of Victoria
Jast summer, and I append some account of observations made at the
time.

The Cicindelidz are represented only by two species of Omys and by
Cicindela oregona, the latter flying on the beach. Omus audouinii also
frequents the beach, hiding under logs high enough up to be out of the
the way of the water, while O. dejeanii dwells in the woods, and may be
- found under damp logs.

Two species of Cychrus—angusticollis and marginatus—are found in
the heavy forest, and may be dug out of very rotten logs, or found in hol-
low roots of trees. They both seem to be rather common in places, as
I dug over fifty angustico/lis and a number of marginatus out of a single
log. The former species emits a very strong and ent odor when
‘disturbed by handling.

Carabus oregonensis seems to prefer rather more open spots, and I
took it mostly in the lanes around the outskirts of the town. These
specimens are larger than those from Oregon and Washington, and have
lighter colored elytra—resembling a specimen shown to me as coming
_ from Sitka. Many other Carabide are common, especially Aéethisa,
| ~Notiophilus, Leistus, Nebria and Bembidium.

4 Seashore collecting yields a rich return here, and nearly every log
thrown up by the waves out of reach of the tides has its colony of beetles
underneath. They are of various species and represent nearly all the
_ darge families, though, perhaps, Staphylinide are the most abundant.
The large Hadrotes crassus may be seen under any log or bunch of kelp,
which is damp enough to suit. Then we see Cafius represented by three
species and numerous specimens of a little 4/eochara, these living mostly
in seaweed, along with Cercyon fimbriatum, a widely distributed species
which I found in plenty at San Diego. The little Trichopterygid with
the formidable name—Motschulskium sinuatocolle—may be seen on the
under surface of logs on the beach, and the omnipresent Dermestes looks
out for whatever the sea may give up of its dead.

Occasionally a good E/aterid is found. I got my only specimen of

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Corymbites carbo on the beach, and in dead wood Hadrobregmus gibbi-
collis makes its burrows. The curious little Malachiid known as Endeodes
coliaris runs on the salt sand, and an occasional Ceruchus sig ve seen
under the drift. fe

I found no maritime Chrysomelids, but the Tenebrionide Settialy an
Eleodes and a Coniontis together with an occasional Phaleria. Anthicide
were rare here, though common further south, but in the bis
some very interesting species were found.

In this group I found Agaspherops nigra and Amnesia decorata Boek
on the beach, and once came across a little colony of Emphyastes fucicola,

one of the most curious looking weevils Ihave ever seen. The testaceous

color of this species seems to be shared by a gréat many others, which
are strictly confined to a life on the beach. LZ/assoptes marinus is com-

mon under logs, boring in them from the lower surface, in company with 3

a species of Rhyncholus.

Just back of the beach, near the park, is a nearly level space over-
grown with various plants, a large majority of which are leguminous, and
in the pods of these breed Apion antennatum and a species of Bruchus.
With a sweep net vast numbers of these may be taken, along with numer-
ous individuals of a species of Ceutorhynchus. In the lanes the sweep
net may be used to great advantage, and some good species are certain to
be taken—mostly Elateridz in June, the month in which my. work was
done. These Elaterids form one of the most striking features in the

fauna of the island, and are numerous both in species and individuals.
Corymbites and Athous seemed the most plentiful of the larger fonmh,

while Dolopius and Megapenthes represented the smaller. |
Serica anthracina and Odonteus obesus were the only Scarabaeids of
note that I found, and these both, but rarely Zepture were the common:

est longhorns, though a few others came to hand in beating: Aumichthus .

edipus on flowers, Molorchus longicollis and Xylotrechus annosus on
willows.

tains of Arizona in 1888 and have D. catarius from Michigan, so these
forms are both very widely distributed. /agiodera oviformts occurs on

low ground with Prasocuris vittata and the familiar green of se, aes

helxines shines on the willows.

Selecta eeny ee Radio oe nee ice oa

Chysomelide are also rather backward in showing themselves. I fake: 4
only one Donacia by careful search, and the only Cryptocephalids seem. 2
to be Diachus auratus and D. catarius. 1 took D. auratus in the moun- a"

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171

In the meadows I found a few specimens of Zpicauta puncticollis, but
that was all I saw of the Meloide. We could hardly expect to find many
of them so far north however. ,

- Having a love for Rhyncophora I bet pains to get as large a series
as possible, and was rewarded by finding quite a number of species.
_ Rhynchites bicolor lives on roses there, as I believe it does everywhere in
North America, in fact I doubt if there is a spot on this continent where
foses grow, that Rhynchites bicolor does not inhabit too. Besides A.
nigra and A. decorata previously mentioned, other species of Otiorhy-
-nehids may be found, and of these Amnesia granicollis and Sciopithes
_obscurus are the most plentiful. The former is found in moss or around
_the roots of grass under logs, while the latter lives on various bushes,
- preferring blackberry, I think. In company with the Ammesia may be
found large numbers of a species of Sitones, which may some day require
the attention of thé economist. ‘The injury done to the roots of grass by
this little beetle must, I think, be considerable.

~ I took one Plinthodes taeniatus from a rotten log, and two or three
Trichalophus didymus on low ground among a lot of willows. Apion
__ has already been spoken of, Zepyrus is common on willow with Dorytomus
_ brevicollis, D. mannerheimii, Magdalis salicis and Orchestes niger.
Sweeping in a field yielded a fine specimen of Zrachodes quadrituber-
culatus, one of Phytonomus setigerus and two or three, of a new Anthon-
emus. Ceutorhynchus furnished two or three species, Pe/enomus one,
and Phytobius one, probably P. velatus Beck, a very interesting species
_ of wide distribution, occurring in Michigan and Illinois as well as in
_ Europe. I found no signs of Centriné and no Sphenophorus. ‘The Scoly-
tide taken were all ae two species unispinosus and Hylesinus
aspertcollis.

be: There seems to be a preference among water-beetles for small bodies
E-of water, and often after sifting the waters at the edge of a lake or stream
with little or no success, I have thoroughly cleaned out a little spring or
puddle and found it swarming with them. This experience, repeated so
_ often before, was gone through again at Victoria and I made quite a col.
lection of aquatics in the course of a couple of hours. The species
were few in number—not over twenty probably—but there were a good
_ many examples of some of them. The genera Aidessus, Deronectes,
Agabus, Dytiscus, Helophorus, and Aydrobius hold the bulk of the
species.

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Before closing J wish to speak of*the results of sifting, a method of
collecting which is sadly neglected by many collectors, but which yields
some of the rarest and most interesting species. I had expected a good
deal of material to result from the use of the sieve here and was not dis-
appointed. Putting in a good-sized bundle of moss and rubbish I shake
it over a white cloth and out tumble the beetles faster than I can take care
of them—little Staphylinide in abundance, now and then a Zychus cog-
natus or Batrisus zephyrinus, dozens of Cyphon exiguus and single
specimens of various kinds. Once in a while some weevil falls out or a
Simplocaria, Bembidium is racing around the cloth, and so are the little
—almost invisible—Trichopterygide, in which the fauna of the Island is
rich. Many Latridiidz also fall through the wires.

I would recommend this Island as a fine field for investigation by any
Entomologist who wishes to spend his summer in a spot charming in itself
and rich in insect life. While the fauna of the Island is in some degree
marked by one of the peculiarities, of the Pacific coast—i. e. a less num-
ber of species occupying a given small area than is the case in the East—
there are enough to keep one always happy by finding something new or
of interest, and material from this.region is in good demand among stu-
dents of our North American fauna, therefore duplicates find a ready ex-
change. My own work was done mostly in the Coleoptera, but insects of
other orders seemed to be plentiful, with the exception of Lepidoptera.
There may be more of these however at other seasons of the year. —

THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

will be held in the rooms of the Society, at London, on Wednesday, August
27th, at 9.30 a. m.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE A. A. A. S.

will meet in a room to be assigned by the local committee in the Capitol © .
building at Indianapolis, Indiana, Wednesday, August 2oth, at 9 a.m., !
when members will register and obtain the Club badge. Members intend-
ing to contribute papers will send the titles to the President, Prof. A. J.
Cook, Agricultural College, Michigan, or F. M. Webster, Lafayette,
Ind. It is to be hoped that members will contribute freely, not only to
the proceedings of the Club, but also to those of Section “ F”.
F. M. Wessrer, Sec. Ent. Club A. A. A. S.

Mailed August 6th.

SY Sa eee ee
F ~~ 52, a ptie >

LONDON, SEPTEMBER, 1890. No. 9.

A Pe GESTION AS TO THE GENERIC NOMENCLATURE
OF INSECTS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, LONDON, ENGLAND.
‘Mr. Scudder’s recent admirable work on the butterflies of New Eng-

“generic nomenclature, without, however, leading to any very decisive
sult. Mr. Scudder’s views on the sub-division of hitherto-accepted
neric units are certainly extreme, and probably few will be found to

W. #H. Edwards’s genera require some sort of sub-division, and would
compromise matters by admitting some, and rejecting others, of Mr.
Scudder’s divisions. Mr. Edwards himself, in his 1884 catalogue, has
numbered sub-divisions of many larger genera; thus of Zycena we get
groups I. to VII. But these numbers are not adopted by others, partly
because different authors treat the subject differently, thus creating con-

instead of a name.

_ So we come to this conclusion: It is necessary that the larger genera
should be sub-divided, but it is highly unadvisable to call all those sub-
divisions genera. We therefore need a system of section or group-names
which shall be uniform, used generally,—not, like the numbers, variable
according to the fancy of the author,—and yet not of the nature of genera
or r sub- -genera.

In the treatment of Carex by the botanists I think we see a similar
problem solved. Carex is a huge genus, which even after a reasonable
amount of subgeneric division, needs further grouping to be made in-

telligible. So, Fries, Drejer, Tuckerman and others have proposed
_section-names: Flexiles, Panicee, Sigitate, etc. These names are
always in the plural, and have nothing to do with sub-genera or genera
properly speaking, nor does any trouble arise about priority, provided the
name has not been used before in the same genus. ‘The groups may not

ind has, naturally enough, given rise to fresh discussion of the question ©

follow him entirely. On the other hand, many no doubt feel that Mr. |

usion, and partly because it is ‘not easy or convenient to use a number

~

174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

be all of equal value, and there are sections again sub-divided into sec-
tions. This system is not new, and I believe it to be very useful, allow-
ing us to recognize the natural sub-divisions of genera, without being
obliged to make genera of them. I have already adopted these section-
names in a list of North American land-shells now ready for printing, and
have thereby been able to reduce the number of so-called sub-genera
without refusing to notice the natural groups they represent. I derived —
my section-names when convenient from a prominent species of the group, ne
or in other cases, by adopting a descriptive term, or rie a sub- ae
generic name into a plural section-name. |
Before writing this paper, I wrote to Mr. W. H. Edwards, cite hia 5
of my idea for getting out of the present difficulty. He comments favour- —
ably on the suggestion, and writing of Mr. Scudder’s “ genera,” made by
sub-division of Co/ias, etc., he says: ‘*I consider them groups ‘merely, |
or sub-groups. All Anthocharis, I think, should be one [genus], all:
Argynnis one, all Colias one. If numbers can’t be accepted, I am per-—
fectly willing to try the section-names as you suggest * * *. ‘By-and-by
I propose to give a new edition of my catalogue, and then I may adopt :
the Bien throughout. It would save us from fifty genera. in Fane: at .
once.” (ix litt., May 17, 1890.) ora i
Should Mr. Edwards decide to adopt section-names, we can h rd ly ae ie
better than leave him to decide about the sections and choose appropriate
names ; but to illustrate the ce I will here. treat a few “genera” as
a baie =

. H. Epwarps. SCUDDER, PROPOSED Sucrion-NAME, c
Sea, group V. Jasoniades. Turn. ;
Colias, group I. ~~ Zerene. Ceesonize. a
Vanessa, pars. Euvanessa. Antiope. —_,
Pamphila, group II., pars. — Erynnis. Erynnes. 3
Thecla, group IV., pars. Incisalia. Incisalie.
Lyczna, group V. Rusticus, Rustic.
Chrysophanus, group III. —_ Heodes. Chrysophanuli.

As will be seen, the first three names are taken from prominent —
species ; the second three from the so-called genera, and the last from a
character of the group. It may be found advisable, at least as often as”
possible, to adopt the name from a species ; but some specific names, as
poweschich, pawnee, etc,, would be rather difficult to render Pe 3 not to

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175

| “PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES. |
% a BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
es (Continued from page 168, Volare xxU, sd

! ans ‘Str.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 189, pl. 8, f. 6, Zuchaetes.

187 5—Butler, Cist. Ent., Il, 37, Auchaetes. —

1876—Stretch, | Wheeler’s Rept. Surv., west roo mer., V., 797, pl.
ie 40, ff. 5 and 6, Zuchaetes.

-1882—Grt,, Can. Enr., XIV., 196, ZLuchaetes.

- Habitat—California, Owens Valley.

EB. immaculata Graef.

é -1887—Graef,, Ent. Amer., III., 42, Hachietes

Habitat—F lorida.

inopinatus Hy. Edw.

.1882—Edw., Papilio, II., 13, Euchactes.

_ Habitat—Florida.

murina Stretch.

1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 106, Euchaetes.

: 1887—Graef., Ent. Amer, IIL., 142, Luchaetes.

__ Habitat—Arizona, Texas.

E oregonensis Stretch.

_ 1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., ie: pl. a be Vers

~ 4874—Lint.*, Ent. Cont., II, 145, Zuchaetes.
Urlabitat_Orepon, Texas, New Yer.

E. _perlevis Grt. ;

1882—Grt., Can. Enrt., XIV., 196, uchaetes.

a - _1882—Grt., Papilio, II., 131. Eigahadtes :

pea Ae

Bend

E. pudens Hy. Edw.
1882—Edw., Papilio, IL., 126, Ei
1882—Grt., Can. Enr., he 19
Habitat—Texas. Eg

E. scepsiformts Graef. Cs

| 1887—Graef, Ent. Amer., III., 4,

a8 Habitat—Texas. Re >

Se E. spraguet Gre cae ee :

| 1875—Grt., Can. Enr., VIL., 20¢

1877—Grt, Can. Enr., IX., 85,

- 7882—Grt., Papilio, IL.ais, & icha

$882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., rg
Habitat—Kansas, Texas.

£. vivida Grt.
18382—Grt., Papilio, Tit 131, Euch

- 1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV.,
vo eee

. “yosemite Hy. Edw.

: oto Papilio, Ul. 146,

& aol Grt. Pe
1882—Grt., Papilio, ee 131, E
1882—Grt., Can. ENt., XIV., I
_ Habitat—Arizona. :

I have examined. The oe and
than Arctiid.

1837—Hiibner, Zutrege, 457.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 8 3
Head very small, retracted ; palpi

longer than the head. Legs short an
in number, but very short,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177

Primaries with 7 to ro on a stalk, Lo branching a very short distance
the end of the subcostal, 7 to 9 branching rather beyond the middle _
ae a vein ; 3, 4 and 5 almost equidistant from the end of the

Piaies with 6 ee forking fain the subcostal slightly before
end of the cell ; 3, 4 and 5 very close together from the end of the

oe

The antennz are sie in both sexes, and the tarsal claws are also

“Habitat—California, Edlerado.
Food plant—Lupinus sp.
aulea Geyer.

1837—Geyer, Zutraege, 913, 914, Arachuis.

1860—Clem, Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil, XII, 526, Arachnis.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 78, Acpantheria.
1873-—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 86, Arachnis.

1876—Moeschler, Stett. Ent. ie XXXVII., 298, Arachuis.
_incarnata Wik.

—1855—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III, 690, Ecpantheria.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII, 524, Acpantheria.
1865—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXI., 300, pr. syn.

, Habitat—California, Mexico.

Whether we have here to do with one or two species is a question ?
ackard, in describing his species, does not refer tu au/ea at all.

oeschler says the difference between the two is that in p/cfa the costal
rgin of primaries beneath: is yellow, whereas in au/ea it is red.

Whether or not the Mexican form is different from the Californian ex-
ples must be settled by those who have the material. All the California
specimens I have ever seen refer to the fécta variety. |

Genus EUERYTHRA Harv.

1876—Can. Ent., VIII, 5.
_ 1887——Smith, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X., 335.

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Head moderate in size, scarcely retracted ; tongue weak ; palpi:
longer inthe @. Antenne of f bipectinated, of the ? simple.
almost equal in length, spurs normal in number but short. :

Primaries with 7 to 10 stalked, out of the same point with 6 from the
end of the subcostal; 3, 4 and 5 from the end of the median, a more
- remote from 3 than from 5. | |

Secondaries without costal vein, ‘subcostal extended some ike dis-
tance beyond the end of the cell and forking to give off 6 and 7 ; :
5 from the end of the median, 5 rather more remote from 4 than is 3.

For further details I would refer the student to my ee in as
S. Nat. Mus., X., 335. ,

E. phasma Harv.
1876—Harv., Can. Ent, VIIL, 5, Liuerythr a. |
1887—Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X., 336, Euerythra. <
Habitat—Texas. ales
E. trimaculata Smith.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., IIL, 17, Luerythra. oer
1887—Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X., 336, Euerythra.
Habitat—Texas.
The two species are closely allied, but are, I believe, distinet.

Genus EcpanrHeria Hbn.

1816—Hubner, Verzeichniss, 183.
1855—Walker, C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 668.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 347. :
1873—-Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 174.

Tongue very short and weak. Legs short and stout, “pabeita ine :
length ; middle and posterior tibia with minute terminal ue only
Tarsi short, the claws split nearly to fhe base in both sexes. _ Antenn
the male serrate, of the female simple. — , ae

Primaries with 6 to 10 stalked out of the end of the . subcostal,
branching off almost immediately, 10 a little further on, 7 more than hal
way to apex, while 8 and 9 divide just before the apex ; 3, ‘ and 5 fro
the end of the median, 4 nearer to § than to 3. ean

Secondaries with 8 from the subgostal unusually closes to 0 base § 6 an

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179

m the same point at the end of the subéostal ; 4 and 5 from the same
t at end of median, 3 very close to the same source.

le wing form of the genera has not been described very generally in
e notes, but in this genus it may be added that the secondaries are
oportionately small and tend to become caudate.

permaculata Pack.

1872—Pack. , 4th Rept. Peab. Ac. Sci., 86, Zeucarctia.

reducta Grt.

1877—Grt., Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., III., 799, Zcpantheria.
$87—Bruce, Ent. Amer., III., 14, Acpantheria. —

ceca Strk. |

1884—Strk., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil, XXXVI., 283, Acpantheria.
: Habitat—Colorado, Arizona, So. California.

Yr. Packard’s term fermaculata seems to have become lost in some
~ It is not referred to in Mr. Grote’s list, and Mr, Edwards does not
tion it in his additions in Ent. Amer., III. It refers without doubt
the reducta of Grote. ‘Mr. Bruce has taken it quite abundantly in

-1787—Stoll*, Sup. to Cramer’s Pap. Ex., f. 177, pl. 41, f. 3, Phalena,
1816—Hbn., Verzeichnis, 183, Acpantheria.
82s—Hbn., Samml. Ex. Schmett., pl. 403, Acpantheria.
~185s—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III, 689, Zcpantheria.
-1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII, 523, Hcpantheria
-1862—Harris*, Injurious Insects, 349, Lcpantheria.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris, Syn., 347, Ecpantheria.
-1863—Saund.*, *, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., I1., 28, Acpantheria.
1863—Saund.*, Syn. Can. Arct., 22, Ecpantheria.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil, HI., 127, Zcpantheria.
- 1868—Badv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent, Belg., XII), 78, Acpantheria.
- 1872—Riley*, 4th Rept. Ins. Mo., 141, ff. 63, 64, Ecpantheria.
-1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 174, pl. 7, ff 20 (2g) and 21 (@),
| LEcpantheria.

1882—Saund’*, Can. Ent., XIV., 113, f 12 and 13, Acpantheria.
-1888—Slosson, Ent. Amer., IIL, 85) Ecpanther ta.
oculana Fabr.

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pe Syst. Ent., 564, Bombyx.

1781—Fabr., Sp. Ins., I1., 177, Bombyx.

1757—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 112, Bombyx.

1791—Oliv., Enc. Meth., V., 44, Bombyx.

1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., III., 1, 425, Bombyx. Lee

1797—Sm. Abb., Ins. Ga., Il., 137, Phalena oculatissima. —

1855—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 689, pr. syw.

oculatissima Sm. Abb. |

1797—Sm. Abb*, Ins. Ga., II., 137, pl. 69, Phalena.

1841—Duncan, Nat. Libr., XXXII., pl. 30, f. 4. :

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil. III., 127, pr. syn.

cunegunda Cramer. Se ey

1782—Cram., Pap. Exot., IV., 104, pl. 344, £0. tea Presa

1805— DeB., Ins. Afr. et. Am., 134, pl. 24, f. 4, Bombyx. ot

1865-—Grt. & Rob., Ann. ok N. Y., VIII, 368, or, hee

var. denudata Sidssdn. tis Se

1888—Slosson, Ent. Amer., Iie 212, Ecpantherta, | =

Habitat—Canada to Florida, to Texas, to California. a
Food plant—Omnivorous. | 3

I do not see why the term ocu/ana Fabr. should not be restored oe
this species, but do not make the substitution lest there be some reason
I have not yet discovered, to prevent it. Walker makes the reference, but
retains the later name. Packard cites Walker, but does not refer at all to-
oculana, although oculatissima is referred to in the synonymy. Smith an
Abbot refer to ocudana as identical with their form, and also cite Cramer’
figure of cunegunda, which also antedates seribonia. “3

£. sennettii Lint. |
1884—Lintner, Papilio, IV., 147, Ecpantheria.
Habitat—Texas.

Genus NELPHE Boisd.

I do not know this genus at all, either autopticaliy or by description
The only described American species is :
N. carolina Hy. Edw.
1886—Edw., Ent. Amer., II., 166, WVe/phe.

(To be continued, )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 181

re

OTES ON ARGYNNIS FREYA, CHARICLEA AND MONTINUS.
BY H. H. LYMAN, MONTREAL.

As is well known to readers of the CanaptaN ENroMmo.ocist, Mr.
udder, in his sumptuous work on the Butterflies of New England
cently published, stated that Mr. Edwards had confused the two
rthern species, A4rgynnis Freya and Chariclea. This was denied by
Mr. Edwards in the April number of this journal and Mr. Butler’s
wuthority was invoked to prove that Mr. Scudder had himself transposed
ese names. Here the matter rests, but as I think that I can throw
ome additional light on the question I shall endeavour to do so.

In the preface to Mr. Scudder’s work he states that ‘‘ twenty years
igo the present work was definitely planned, announced and begun and
the greater part of it has been written for fifteen years,” though he adds
hat much of it was rewritten within the past few years.

On page X. of the same preface, in speaking of the appendix in
which certain butterflies not found in New England are described, he
Says: “It was, l:owever, an afterthought not entering into the original
plan * * * * it has; indeed, been written during the printing of
he work.” This fact that the first volume was written fifteen or more
years ago and the third only last year, no doubt explains the contra-
‘dictory statements in reference to the affinities of Argynnis Montinus :
which appear in these volumes.

On page 604 of the first volume Mr. Scudder, in speaking of A.
Montinus, says: ‘This species is certainly distinguishable from B.
-chariclea (Schneid), or B. chariclea boisduvalii (Somm.), both of which
forms have been found by Mr. Couper on the northern shore of the Bay
of St. Lawrence. Whether it should be looked-upon merely as a geo-
graphical race, Or as a species, is a question about which there may be
easy difference.” This certainly implies a very close connection between
these forms, and in the original description of Montinus, in Scudder’s
List of the Butterflies of New England,” published in the Proceedings
of the Essex Institute in April, 1863, reference to which he curiously
_ enough omits from his recent work, he began his description with “ Very
similar to 4. Chariclea.”

___ So far so good, but on turning to the appendix in the third volume,
page 1807, under the heading of Brenthis freija Thunb., which is the
‘same as /reya Hiibn., he says: ‘‘ This species is very closely allied to

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

B. Montinus.” Now, these two statements are quite irtecoriclee for
while it is quite true that some so-called species stand so close together
that a third may be quite correctly described as very close to both, this is _
certainly not the case with the species in question, which are very distinct.

I think it will therefore be conceded that Mr. Scudder is wrong in one of 4

these statements, and we can therefore proceed to examine which is
erroneous, and I believe it will be found that in this case second sheen a
were not best. ;

Both Chariclea and Freya occur in Europe and have been studied
and illustrated by European entomologists. veya, or Freija, is figured 4
and described in Boisduval’s cones, p. 100, pl. 19, fig. 4, 5, and in the
same work there is a description and figure (p. 98, pl. 20, fig. 5, 6) of 4.
Boisduvailii, which all the authorities that I have been able to consult, —
with possibly one exception, concede to be but a variety of Chariclea.
Both of these references were omitted by Kirby from his catalogue and
the former was overlooked by both Edwards and Scudder, but both are —
given in Strecker’s catalogue. The figures in Boisduval’s work, though
inferior to those to which Messrs. Edwards and Scudder have accustomed
us, are still sufficiently accurate to prove that it is truly Charéclea, as
stated by Mr. Scudder in his first volume, to which 4. Montinus is allied.

Mr. Scudder also makes the mistake of giving, doubtfully it is true,
M. Tarquinius Curtis as a synonym of A. Boisduvalii, while all the ©
other quthorities give it as a synonym of /reya. From its description in

the appendix to the “ Narrative of Sir John Ross,” it must certainly be 4

very close to /reya, and is probably identical with it, but it has no con-
nection with Chariclea or its variety, Boisduvaliiz. It thus appears that
Mr. Scudder must have confused these species, and so transposed their

names, a very curious mistake, and apparently similar to that which he _

formerly made in regard to Phyciodes Harrisii and Vycteis, to which I —
called his attention in 1878.
As there are doubtless many readers of this journal who are not
familiar with these northern species of Argynnis, a few descriptive | notes ©
may not be out of place. ae
Chariclea may be described as somewhat like AZprina upon the upper |
side, though the markings are heavier, especially upon the secondaries,
and it is rather more deeply shaded at the bases of the wings. There is, —
however, a very striking difference in’ the fact that in Charéclea the cres-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183

ent-shaped markings on the hind wings open outwards, while in Wyrina
‘they are much lighter and open inwards. There is, of course, no simi-
larity between these species on the under side.

Freya is strikingly different from Chariclea upon both the upper and
‘the under surfaces, Above the colour is duller and the bases of the
wings are very heavily shaded ; in fact, in the case of the secondaries,
this shading extends over nearly the half of the wing. In Chariclea the
black so-called mesial band is composed of a series of almost straight
bars placed rather irregularly, while in Ayeya it is made up of a series of
_ deep lunules. A like difference may be observed onthe secondaries, but
it is not quite so marked. On the under side of primaries similar differ-
ences are observable, although the markings are lighter; but the under
; side of secondaries show the most marked differences, for the beautiful
band of pearly lunules crossing the wings just outside of the mesial black
_ bandin Freya has no counterpart in Chariclea and the course of the
black band in its deep lunules is also very distinct.

. There are many other points of difference between these species, but
- it is not very easy to indicate them clearly without going into a tedious
description.

Mr. Scudder’s descriptions ac these species being reversed, what he
says of Freija belongs really to Chariclea, and vice versa. ‘These de-
scriptions are given in great detail and are generally correct, but contain
several curious errors. For instance, in describing the primaries of his
Freija, but really Chariclea, he says: ‘* Within the mesial band are
three narrow transverse bands crossing the cell, the innermost not reach-
ing the median nervure ; within these is a small lunule opening outward.”
Surely he should have said inward, as the concave side of the lunule is
towards the base of the wing. I might also allude to the fact that he says
that the mesial band starts “a little beyond the middle of the costa”; as
it really starts at a point very nearly two-thirds from the base of the wing
I consider his statement rather loose for a man as particular as Mr. Scud-
der is known to be. _ Similarly in describing Freya, or Freija, he says
that the black mesial band of primaries starts at the middle of the costa,
while it is really not less than three-fifths from the base. In describing
_ this form he omits to mention the small lunule inside the three bars cross-
ing the cell, though it is recognizable, at least in my specimens, in spite
_of the heavy shading just inside of it, and he also fails to observe that the

# x 2

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

black mark below the first divarication of the median nervure is angulated _
in a similar manner to that in the other species. But the most curious
statement is that which he makes in speaking of the underside of
primaries, where he says that “ the sagittate spots are more delicate, and —
the nervules beyond them are distinctly yellowish or white,” whereas these

yellowish or white lines are on the creases forming the centres wid the inter-

spaces and not on the nervules at all.

There are other slips in these two descriptions, but mention of ae
is sufficient to show that Mr. Scudder’s descriptions, though laboured, are
not always quite accurate. Mr. Scudder also speaks of these species as ~
\flying—one in May, or early in June, and the other late in August, or
early in September. At Laggan, however, where my specimens were col-_
lected by Mr. Bean, the difference of seasons was not so marked, as Freya
was obtained May r1th and 16th, and Charic/ea June 2gth to July 18th.
The latter occurs, howover, later than this, and is doubtless found aD to 4

the end of August.

ON THE LISTS OF COLEOPTERA PUBLISHED BY THE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, 1842-1888.
BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

(Continued from page 160, Vol. xxii. )
SCARABAIDA.

Onthophagus Hecate Panz. A.O., W., S.M.
- Aphodius fossor Zinn. St.L.
validus Horn. W.
fimetarius Zinn. A.O., St.L., T. L.
ruricola Me/sh. W.
feetidus Fab. T.L.
pectoralis Zec. B.C.
granarius Zinn. S.M.
leopardus Horn. Y.F., N.O., O.
Geotrupes Egeriei Germ. <A.O.
Dichelonycha subvittata Zec, A.O., St.L.
Backii Kirby. B.C., M
Serica tristis Zec. S.M.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

‘Diplotaxis brevicollis Zec. B.C.
Lachnosterna fusca Frék. 1’0., St.Li, B.C., S.M.
Osmoderma eremicola Anoch. 10.
S scabra Beauv. A.O.
_ Trichius piger Fad. A.O.
affinis Gory. N.O., W., S:Mg O-K.

. SPONDYLIDA.
Spondylis upiformis AZann. B.C,

CERAMBYCIDE.

: Orthosoma brunneum Jors?. (unicolor Drury). LO.

- Asemum atrum Zsch. B.C.

Criocephalus agrestis Kirby. N.C., Y.F,, C LSet; Ne, COR.
-Tetropium cinnamopterum Xzrdy. O.
Gonocallus collaris Kirby. C.R.

Hylotrupes ligneus Fad. [Physocnemum]. st.L., 0,

Phymatodes dimidiatus A7zrdy. B.C.
Merium proteus Xirvdy. B.C., Y.F.,N.O., C.L., O., N., C.C., C.R.
Xylotrechus undulatus Say. N.C., N.O., C.L., S.M.,O, N., C.R.
Neoclytus muricatulus A7zrdy [leucozonus Lap.]. N.O.
Desmocerus palliatus Jorst. S.M.
_Encyclops ceruleus Say. A.O.

- Rhagium lineatum O/iv. O.

Pachyta monticola Rand (Evodinus). A.O.
liturata Kirby. B.C., C.L., N.
Achmeops proteus Kirby. A.O., N.O., O., C.R.
pratensis Zaich. N.C., N.O., S.M.
Leptura subargentata Kirby. B.C., N.C.
var. similis Kirby. N.O.
sexmaculata Zinn. N.C., O., C.R.
nigrella Say. C.R.
canadensis Fab. A.O., O.K.
chrysocoma Kirby. N.C.,S.M.
proxima Say. A.O.
vittata Germ. A.O.
pubera Say. A.O.,5.M.

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mutabilis Vewm. A.O.
aspera Lec. S.M. ee Rae
Monohammus maculosus Ha/d. S.M. og 4
scutellatus Say. A.O., St.L., N.C., Y.F., N.O., S. M., Mz, H. iM ..
M.F., O.K., Oy N., C. Re | |
race oregonensis Lec. B.C.
confusor Kirby. A.O., St.
marmorator Azrdby. H.M.
Pogonocherus penicellatus Zec. -H.M., O.K., O.
mixtus Ha/d. N.C. |
Saperda vestita Say. L’O.
tridentata Oliv. A.O.

CHRYSOMELIDA.

Donacia pubicollis Suffr. O.K.
palmata O/tv. A.O. eine
hirticollis Kirby. C.L., M.F., N. : oe
magnifica Lec. C.L., C.C. ee a
proxima Kirdy. N.O., C.L,EF,, C.C., R.A.
subtilis Kunze. A.O., C.L., HM., C.C., R.A.
equalis Say. O.K.
cuprea Kirdy [pusilla Say.]. A.O., T.L., N.
aurea (? misprint for aurifer Zec.. =var. cuprea]. M.F.

. flavipes Kirby. A.O., T.L. @e ,

Orsodacna atra Ahr. [Childreni Azrdy]. B.C., N.C.

Syneta ferruginea Germ. [tripla Say]. A.O., B.C.

Cryptocephalus 4-maculatus Say. C.C. :

Adoxus obscurus Zinn. |vitis Fad.|. A.O., B.C., N.C., O. K, N.

Chrysochus auratus fad. <A.O., S.M.

Graphops marcassita Cr. S.M.

Entomoscelis adonidis Mad. B.C.

Prasocuris Phelandrii Zinn [Helo trivitta Say]. 10.
varipes Lec. S.M.

Doryphora clivicollis Kirby |Chrysofiela trimaculata Fab.|. WO.
ro-lineata Say. S.M.

Chrysomela scalaris Zee. A.O., St.L.
philadelphica Zinn, S.M., T.L.

ee hes Ree ’
Ee enc cng = 3 ae Sean es +5 gare =

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187

var. spiree Say. A.O., N.C:
multipunctata Say, race verrucosa Suffr. B.C.
Plagiodera oviformis Ze. B.C. ~
-Gastroidea polygoni Zinn [Gastrophysa]. —
cyanea Me/sh [Gastrophysa]_ W., N. :
Lina lapponica Zinn [Plagiodera interrupta Fad.|. A.O., B.C., C.1...
, ©.K C.R., var.

_ seripta fad. O.K.
Gonioctena arctica Mann. N.C.

pallida Zinn |rufipes DeG.|. B.C., Y.F., N.O., O., N.
_Phyllodecta vitellinz Zzzn. . A.O.
Phyllobrotica decorata Say. A.O.
_Galeruca sagittarie Gy/ A.O., B.C. ?var., N.O., C.L., H.M.,
hoe OK oh. hy C.C. |

_ Hypolampsis pilosa 77/7. C.L.
Oedionychis lugens Lec. B.C.

scripta [? misprint for scripticollis Say var vians ///.|. C.L.

Disonycha collaris Fad. [Haltica]. L’O..
Haltica bimarginata Say |Graptodera]. B.C., N.C., N.O., M.F.

_ evicta Lec. [Graptodera]. B.C.
_Crepidodera mancula Zec. BC.
Systena frontalis /ad. A.O.
_ Chelymorpha argus Zecht. [cribraria Fad.|. L’O., W.

TENEBRIONIDA.

-Phellopsis porcata Zec. B.C.
-Coniontis ovata [? misprint for ovalis Zsch.|. B.C.
_ Eleodes cordata Esch. B.C.
_Nyctobates pennsylvanicus DeG. (Ipthimus), LO,
Ipthimus opacus Zec. S.M.
Upis ceramboides Zznn. (reticulatus Say). A.O.,St.L., B.C., C.L.,
: SM, O.K.,0., N., CORRAL
Tenebrio molitor Zinn. L’O, N.O., W., S.M.
tenebriodes Beauv. S.M.
Blapstinus moestus Je/sh. S.M., H.M.
| interruptus Say. S.M.
_ Hypophlceus punctatus [misprint 2]. B. eh
Boletotherus bifurcus 7aé. (Bolitophagus cornutus /.). A.O,

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLUGIS?.

CISTELIDA.

{somira quadristriata Coup. S.M.
Hymenorus pilosus AZe/sh. S.M. :

LAGRIIDA.
Arthromacra nea Say. S.M.
MELANDRYIDA.

Penthe obliquata Fad. M.F. :
Serropalpus barbatus Schad/. | substriatus Ha. \. St by Gh
Stenotrachelus arctatus Say. N.C., M.F., O.

PYTHIDA.

Crymodes discicollis Zec. B.C.
CEPHALOIDA.
Cephaloon tenuicorne Lec. B.C.
MORDELLID&.
Mordellistena vitis [? misprint for vilis Zec.]. B.C.
nigricans A/e/sh. A.O.
| ANTHICIDA.
Corphyra lugubris Say. S.M.
collaris Say. (Pedilus). A.O.
MELOID.

Meloe angusticollis Say (rugipennis Lec.) A.O., St.L., N.
americanus Leach. N.C. : B;
Macrobasis unicolor Kirby. S.M., O.K. oe 4
Cantharis cyanipennis Say. B.C. | “s
OTIORHYNCHID&.

Evotus naso Lec. B.C.
__ CURCULIONID&.
Sitones flavescens Marsh. (lepidus Gy//.). A.O.
Trichalophus alternatus Say. B.C.
Lepyrus gemellus Azrdy. N.
colon Zinn. B.C., N.G.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ~ 189

-Pissodes strobi Peck. H.M.

-- costatus ann. B.C.
dubius Rand. H.M.

Hylobius pales Hést. A.O., S.M., O., C.R.
confusus Azrby. S.M.

-Hypomolyx pineti 7a. [pinicola Cowp.|. A.O. (near pineti), O., N.,

: OB) | 2 |

-Lixus caudifer Zec. B.C.

Dorytomus laticollis Zec. B.C.

Acalyptus carpini “dst. Y.F.

Baris confinis Zec. S.M.

: : _ CALANDRID.
Dryophthorus corticalis Say. S.M.
| SCOLYTID.

Xyloterus bivittatus Azrdy. T.L.
Dryoccetes septentrionis JZann. B.C.
Dendroctonus rufipennis A7zrdy [obesus Mann.|. B.C.

ANTHRIBIDZ.

Gonotropis gibbosus Lec. C.C.
Report of Progress, 1882-83-84, p. 62d. ae
List of Coleoptera collected by J. R. Spencer, at Fort Churchill,
(determined by Mr. J. B. Smith for Mr. James Fletcher, 14 species). -
Carabus chamissonis /isch., var. baccivorus Fisch.
Pterostichus hudsonicus Lec.
Amara hyperborea De/.
similis Kzrby. -
Agabus [Gaurodytes] griseipennis £ec.?
-Colymbites sculptilis Harr. |
Dytiscus dauricus Geb/. [confluens Lec. ].
Cryptohypnus abbreviatus Say.
Criocephalus obsoletus Rand.
Neoclytus conjunctus Zee.
Pachyta liturata A7zrby.
Acmeops proteus Xzrdy.
Two species unknown to Mr. Smith.

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Annual Report (new series), Vol. L, 188 5, p. 26dd.
List of Coleoptera collected in 1885, by Dr. Robert Bell, in con-
nection with the Hudson’s Bay expedition, (determined by Dr. G.

H. Horn for Mr. W. H. a Io species).

Stupart’s Bay.
Amara hypoborea Dej7. Over 100 specimens.

Pterostichus hudsonicus Lec.
Hydroporus longicornis Sharp. Occurs in Europe.
perplexus Sharp. 3
Agabus dissimilis Sa//d. [longulus Lec. ?]. Fifty specimens. |
After the list was printed, Dr. Horn sent specimens of this species,
which he had referred with doubt to dongudus Lec., to Dr. Sharp, whé de-

termined them to belong to dsstmzlis Sahlb.

Cape Chudleigh.
Nebria Sahlbergi /’sch. |
Amara hyperborea Dey. : ek a
Lepyrus colon Zinn. ee 4
Cape Digges.
Amara hyperborea Dey.
Agabus dissimilis Sa//d. {longulus Lec. ? |.
Criocephalus agrestis Kzrdy. ee

Blane Sablon. ; bie :

Nebria Sahlbergi ésch. ERE :
Pterostichus Luezotii Dey. : :
Quedius sublimbatus J7@h/.

Annual Report (new series), Vol. III., p. 75).
List of Coleptera taken on the South Coast and Islands of James)

Bay, by Mr. J. M. Macoun, in 1887, (determined by Mr. Janice 4
Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, 21 pane. =

Cicindela r2-guttata Dey.

Calosoma frigidum Arby.

Chizenius sericeus /ors?.

Silpha lapponica /7és7.

Buprestis maculiventris Say.

Asemum meestum //a/d.

Criocephalus obsoletus Rand.

Xylotrechus undulatus Say.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191

-Rhagium lineatum O/iv.
Pachyta liturata Kirby.
Acmeops proteus Kirby.
Leptura chrysocoma Kirby.
Monohammus scutellatus Say.

_ Orsodacna atra Ahr.

Adoxus obscurus Linn. [vitis Fad. ].
Lina lapponica’ Zinn.

- Gonioctena pallida Linn.

Upis ceramboides Zinn.

-Lepyrus colon Zinn.

_ P.S.—Line 18, page 155, should read ep Lec. {[Gaurodytes].
YE.

BOOK NOTICE.

! THE PHYCITIDZ OF NORTH AMERICA, BY GEO. D. HULST,

This valuable paper forms number 2, volume 17, of the Transactions
of the American Entomological Society. The author not only gives us
what has been done on this family by others, but also the results of his
own critical and long continued study and investigation.

_ He complains of difficulties in the study of these insects owing to the
fact that so many of the types are in European museums, and further,
that so many are in private collections. There may be some question
_ whether this last is not an advantage, for, as a rule, private collections
are more easily accessible than public ones, and the visitor is not ham-
pered by stringent rules. There is but little use to attempt the study of
microlepidoptera in a museum where the rules forbid the removal of an
insect from the trays, as is the case in many.
| The Phycitide are given family rank “in the super-family Pyralidz,”
and after the family characters, the literature of the subject is quite fully
and very fairly given, which is always a difficult task. Mr. Hulst divides
_ the family into two sub-families, based on the presence or absence of the
_ lower anal plate, and differs from Ragonot, who divides them on the de-
_ velopement of the tongue. From my own studies I am inclined to agree
with Mr. Hulst.

_ The structure of the imago is treated thoroughly and exhaustively.

>

#

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This part of the work is a model worthy of imitation by other systematic
writers. When all our insects have been studied in this careful manner
and then monographed, we shall have a sound basis for further work. —

A vast field is open for future investigation on the early stages of these
insects, and undoubtedly our economie entomologists will, in time, give
us much valuable information in this direction now that the way is made
clear.

The author states that he ‘ takes little interest, comparatively, in the
guesses which are made of the ancestry of any group of the Lepidoptera.”
I am greatly surprised that he should decline to enter upon this fashion-
able field of conjecture. A person may as well be out of the world as
out of fashion!

There are given synopses of the Sub: families and of the genera, and
under each genus is a synopsis of the species. A valuable feature is the
giving of the type under each genus and the full synonomy. A list of
undetermined species is also given with the original descriptions. Seven
of these are Walker’s species and the‘remaining three were published by
Clemens. It would have been a great satisfaction if Mr. Hulst had given
us the correct pronunciation of the generic. names, especially those of
Indian origin, for some of us may fore our Latin so far as to pronounce
some of them incorrectly.

Under Notes on other Species, p. 221, by a slip it is stated that Ne-

phopteryx intractella Walk. is a synonym of Blepharomastix ranalis

which is itself asynonym of Botis similal/is Guen. As the information
went from me, and I may have made the slip myself in writing, I take this
occasion to correct and say that ephopteryx intractella Walk. is a syn-
onym of Vymphula similalis Guen., and is given in Grote’s Check-List
under the name of Eurycreon rantalis Guen. See Ent. Am., Vol. 5, p. 211.

At the end is given a catalogue of the Phycitide of North America,
comprising 71 genera and 201 species, followed by three plates of struc-
tural details. :

On the whole this is one of the most satisfactory papers on the micro-

lepidoptera I have ever seen, and it is “ devoutly to be wished” that Mr.
Hulst will immediately take up the Geometride and treat them in as
thorough and complete a manner as he has the Phycitide,

C. N. FERNALD.

Mailed September rith.

te Ganatiay. Entomologist

OL. XXIL. LONDON, OCTOBER, 1890. No. ro.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE
| AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE.

The Club assembled in the State House at Indianapolis, Ind., on
Wednesday, August zoth, 1890, and began its regular sessions at 9 o’clock
a. m., the President, Prof. A. J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich., in
‘the chair.

There were present during the roitetines :—W. B. Alwood, Blacksburg,
if Va. ; ; Geo. F. Atkinson, Columbia, S. C.; W. S. Blachley ; P. Carter;
_ Prof. E. W. Claypole and K. B. Claypole, Akron, Ohio; F. S. Earle,
Ocean Springs, Mich.; S. G. Evans, Evansville, Ind. ; James Fletcher,
Ottawa, Ont. ; H. Gabiaa: Lexington, Ky.; Mrs. O. Hanney; C. W.
Hargitt, Oxford, Ohio ; Thos. Hunt; John Marten, Albion, Ill.; Miss
_ Mary E. Murtfeldt and Miss Augusta Murtfeldt, St. Louis, Mo.; W. W.
Norman; Prof. Herbert Osborn and L. H. Pammel, Ames, Iowa; R. S.
oF F. Perry ; C. Robertson, Carlingville, Ind. ; Prof. J. W. Spencer, Athens,
- Ga.; James Troop and Prof. F. M. Webster, Lafayette, Ind.; Dr.

7 Clarence M. Weed, Columbus, Ohio, and others.

' The President, Prof. A. J. Cook, delivered the following address :—
ON TEACHING ENTOMOLOGY.

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,—I con-
gratulate you that another year has passed, and our number has not been
_ broken in upon by death. While our ranks have been much enlarged,
no one has been called to that undiscovered country from whose bourne
no traveller returns. I also congratulate you upon the great increment in
our force of working entomologists. I think I may say, with no fear of
contradiction, that no year in the history of America has been so remarkable

jn this respect as has the last. This is a cause for special felicitation, not
only to entomologists, but to all our people, Ours is a tremendous
_ country—by ours I include, of course, our Canadian brothers, for we, as
| “scientists, know no line of separation—and to spy out the entire land
needs an army of workers or observers, all trained to keen sight and

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ready apprehension. But more than this the magnitude of our country

is fully equalled by the magnitude of the insect hosts, and to know allof
these, with their full life history, requires an incalculable amount of closest
research. But our business economy demands this for all our species :
for so wonderful is the balance of nature, so close the relations of all
species of life, that really we may hardly divide insects into those im-
portant and those unimportant in our agricultural economy. All are
important ; and so from an economic, no less than a scientific standpoint,
it is desirable that all such research be widely encouraged, and it is a
_ Most hopeful omen—the rapid increase of earnest and trained workers. __
‘I shall not in this address occupy time by giving the peculiarities of the __
season in respect to insects, nor yet call attention to interesting dis-
coveries, like the importation of the Vedalia cardinalis. All these will
be brought out in papers and discussions. I must, however, refer to the
new association for the advancement of economic entomology, which was :
organized at Toronto a year ago, and which held its first meeting at
Washington last November. This meeting, under the Presidency of Dr. e
Riley, was a valuable one; and that society promises much for the
science of entomology, as wefl as for its economic development. Itis
also a matter of much interest that a new paper—“ Insect News ”—is
started at that great centre of entomology—Philadelphia~—which will also
do much every way for our science. This, with the very excellent o
periodical “Insect Life,” published by the Entomological Division of ;
the Department of Agriculture, can'but give new impetus to entomo- i
logical research. In addition to these, we have an addition to Prof.
Comstock’s admirable work, which, when completed, will form a most
valuable adjunct in the development of entomology. If we may judge
from what we already have, this will be invaluable in every entomological
laboratory. When the Society of Economic Entomologists was organized ;
a year ago it was remarked by one of our first entomologists that that
move sounded the death-knell of this Club. I then remarked that such :
ought not to be the case. That Society is to be composed only of those
interested in economic entomology, and of course will only put emphasis
in the direction of the practical aspects of the science ; this more or less
of entomologists in a wider sense, and:so will include those interested in
practical entomology and also in the science without relation to utility.
The Club then may well continue. I believe it will live and thrive, and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195

ill be most helpful to entomologists.and to our science. While the
other Association will discuss economic questions, this Club will place no
limit on either its discussions or its membership, only so far as entomo-
logy shall be its aim and purpose. No one doubts but that he who has
a thorough training in the science of entomology will be far better pre-
pared for practical work, and so there can be only the most cordial
relation between the Association of Economic Entomologists and this
Club. Indeed, many of our most active entomologists will be members
of both. I have already stated the truism that only can he do the best
_ practical work in entomology who is thoroughly well grounded in the
_ general science of entomology. As we now have a great call for entomo-
- logists in our experimental stations, agricultural colleges, and as State
entomologists, not to speak of the fact that every farmer and _ fruit-
grower would be more successful if he were well informed in this
science, it goes without saying that there ought to be in training men
for just such work. It seems to me that it needs no argument
to show that our agricultural colleges are just the places where
this training should be given. They were founded to teach those
_ gubjects which would be most serviceable on the farm. Entomology is
one of the chief of these. Thus it follows that every student of
agriculture should have a thorough course in this science, with the
practical aspect of the subject kept in the foreground. In thus presenting
this science to large classes—-I have from thirty to forty each year
who study this subject in the course—the teacher will find some in each
class who are specially fitted to succeed. They enjoy the study and work
most earnestly just for the love of the pursuit. They have quick
observation, and are very accurate and honest in all their work. It needs
no prophet to bespeak success in this field for such students. Our
agricultural colleges are just the places to discover the men who have
great possibilities in this direction ; just the places to give the training
that shall best fit men to do the most valuable work. It will be my
purpose in the remainder of this address to describe the equipment for
such work, and to explain the method which I believe will give the best
results. Of first importance is a good library ; this should contain all the
standard works, periodicals and monographs, so that students who may
decide to study any insect or genus, may find what has been written on
the subject. Of course this cannot be had at once, but it is so essential

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

that no effort should be spared to build up a complete entomological
library at the earliest possible moment. Z7ye, the scientist should study
things, not books, but he will find a wide use of books most helpful in
his study. Next to a library, such‘colleges should have good collections,
which are often of more value than the library. A small show collection,
illustrating the families and orders, and the several stages of the most
injurious species of the place as well as the groups of beneficial ones
should be open to the public. ‘This will be studied and appreciated by
the practical farmer, who, as he visits the college, will find it helpful, and
will also interest and stimulate the under-class men, who will thus have
their attention called towards insects before they commence the regular
study, which will not occur till they are well along in the course. Draw-
ing, botany, microscopy, and French and German, if thoroughly under-
stood, will be great aids to the student who commences the study of
entomology. Thus this study will come late in the course and the show
collection will be whetting the appetite of the under-class men from the
time they enter college until they commence the study. I would also
have what I call a student collection—this is a pretty full collection from

the locality of the college. This I would hang upon the wall of the lecture :

room, which I would have dark, except when in use, so as to preserve the
colour of the specimens. I would have this in rather small cases, with
glass in front and also back where it is desirable, as in case of Diurnals,
to study both under and upper sides of the wings. This collection
should show at least types of each group in all stages, from egg to imago,
as well as nests, cocoons, etc. This is an object lesson ever before the

student, is ever ready for use by the teacher to illustrate his lecture, and ~

is at the disposal of the students in naming their own collections or in
closer study of any group. It seems to me such a collection should be
in every college. Lastly, I would have a laboratory collection which
should be a biological collection, and the fuller the better. This is in
large, tight, glass-faced drawers. I use the Harvard case. ‘This is for the
use of teachers and post-graduates who desire to study further in the
science. It is too valuable for general use by the student or to be kept
to satisfy general curiosity,

‘““THE COURSE OF STUDY.”

As I have before remarked, before the student commences the study
of insects he should have had a good course in free-hand drawing, should

arte neh ei ae OL Re RON herent ai MAR eee

pies ee see

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197

—_—_ apenas

have had instruction in the use of the microscope and in preparing
microscopic specimens and slides, and if he has a ready use of German
and French it will be very helpful to him in his study. It is also desir-
able that the student should have had a full course in botany. The
_ students of our college have had three terms of botany, one devoted entirely
__ to microscopic botany, before they begin the study of entomology. I con-
? _ sider this very valuable preparatory work. Entomology is very close pre-
cise work, and the laboratory work if carried on for a less space than
three hours at a time is not satisfactory. But three hours of such close _
work is very wearying unless the student has had a fitting preparation.
‘Thus I am pleased that our students have had vertebrate dissection with
human and comparative anatomy and physiology before they commence
entomology. I know this seems the reverse of the natural method ; as
__ nature proceeds from lower to higher ; vertebrate dissection is lighter and
___ less trying to eye and brain than is the study of insect anatomy ; thus I
am pleased to have Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates precede that
of the Arthropoda in our course. In our College the student attends a
course of sixty lectures on the anatomy and physiology of insects,
systematic entomology and the economic bearing of the subject. These
lectures are illustrated by use of models, the student’s collection of
insects, already referred to, by microscopic preparations, mostly prepared at
the College, and elaborate charts and drawings also prepared specially for
ouruse. In connection with this course there are 36 hours of laboratory.
Each student works three hours one day each week for twelve weeks. In
this time they are able to study the internal anatomy, and to examine
carefully and accurately one insect of each order. In connection with
this several insects are traced to the genus by such keys as Leconte and
Horn, Cresson, Williston, etc. Besides the above, each student makes a
collection of from ten to twenty-five insects of each order, all neatly put
up with date and locality label ; each order by itself and all labelled as
far as time will permit. Many students succeed in naming a large
number of their specimens. Each student is also required to mount
insects in all the approved ways. Small insects mounted on triangular
pieces of cardboard or rectangles of cork with silver wires, while the
_ larvee are put in bottles of alcohol with rubber corks and also prepared

_ by eviscerating and drying, while distended with air, in a heated oven.
The students are also encouraged to prepare biological collections, in

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

which they preserve the eggs, larvee after each moult, pupa, cocoon, imago yy

of both sexes, and of various sizes and the several variations. Some of
our most enthusiastic students work out several such life histories,
describing not only the separate stages, but the several parasites that work
to destroy the insects. I regard this work as very valuable. It is
excellent discipline for the mind and observation, gives accurate informa-
tion of the most interesting kind, and arouses enthusiasm for the study as
nothing else can. It is such work as this that will tell for the future of
entomological research, that will.make entomologists, who will honour
alike the fields of pure and applied entomology. But such study ought
not and will not stop here. Post-graduates will avail themselves of the
opportunities which such laboratories offer. Last winter during our long
vacation—ours is an agricultural college and our vacations must needs

occur in winter, when farm operations are largely at a standstill—I had

ten special students of entomology in my laboratory, one from South
Dakota, one from Indiana, one from Ohio, one from Japan, one from

Wisconsin, and the others from our own State. Nearly all were college .

graduates. Six special students, all graduates from colleges, have spent

the year in my laboratory in special entomological study as post-graduate —

students. It seems to me that such are the young men who are going to

develop the entomology of our country. They are the young men who
can and will do grand work in our colleges and experimental stations.

These young men each take up some special family or genus of insects,
to which they give the major part of their time and study. They collect
in all orders and give special attention to biological work, tracing the
life histories of insects, identifying as far as possible the insects they
capture and try to become familiar with entomological literature, so far as

they are able. The students are mutually helpful to each other. As the
laboratory may be said to be a sort of perpetual Natural History, or more

accurately Entomological Society, thus the students become familiar with

the general laboratory work, in fact, they each become a factor in some a

degree of carrying the work forward. Here I will close by explaining
briefly the mode of our labaratory work, which differs in some degree

from the admirable plan which Prof. Forbes explained at the Washington ul
meeting of Economic Entomologists last November. Our labels give in

compact space locality, date, accession and species number. The
accession number agrees with a number—serial number—in our accession
catalogue for the special year. Thus, ac. 400 shows that the insect or

Las aly) yr

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199

ects bearing that label were the 4ooth collected during that season.
The sp. number is given as the insect is determined, and is the number
of the insect in the catalogue which we use. Thus, sp. 25 is “ Cicindela
urpurea,” as the beetle is numbered 25 in Henshaw’s catalogue of
Coleoptera. In case the catalogue is not numbered, as is the case with
re sson’s list of Hymenoptera, then we number it. We have a column
in our accession catalogue for date, collector, person who named the speci-
men, and also for remarks. This last column is wide, and in it we can
usually write all necessary information which we received in the collecting.
If we are experimenting with or studying the insect, our notes are kept on
rds. These are numbered to agree with accession catalogue, and are
pt in serial order until we know the species when we add the species
- number as well. We now index the card and place it in its correct
alphabetical position in our card collections. Thus we can very easily
find our notes on any specimen, either by accession number or by the
name of the species. This plan works well, and, it seems to me, is very
; economical in respect to time. Of course our students all see this scheme
and become familiar with its workings,

Dr. C. M. Weed had listened with much pleasure to the President’s
s address and approved of most of the points brought forward. He con-
: sidered a knowledge of French and German of the utmost importance
from the frequent necessity of consulting works in those languages when
_ working up the life-histories of insects, He did not, however, like the
5 label submitted by Prof. Cook, thinking that it entailed too great an

_ expenditure of time. He had adopted Prof. Forbes’s system of labelling,
and had found that it answered all purposes.

_ Prof. Herbert Osborn approved very highly of the course of instruc-
tion in entomology outlined in the address.

Dr. C. M. Weed then read a paper upon the life-history of the even-
ing primrose curculio ( Zy/oderma foveolatum) which he had bred from
the stems both of GEnothera and Epilobium in large numbers.

Prof. F. M. Webster had listened to the paper with much interest ; as
stated by Dr. Weed he had given some study to the insect in question,
and was pleased to hear these further observations. He had found that
when a plant was infested the beetle occurred in all its stages, and that
those near the base were always further advanced towards maturity.

_ The meeting adjourned.

(To be continued, )

Put metres eee

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ON THE FOOD-HABITS OF NORTH AMERICAN
RHYNCHOPHORA.

BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

In the present paper I have attempted to bring together all the Food-
Habits of North American Rhynchophora (except the Scolytidz) that
have been placed on record in the various entomological publications,
with the addition of my personal observations on the subject.

Eugnamptus collaris and £. angustatus I have found plentifully upon
the foliage of hickory and butternut trees.

Rhynchites bicolor may be found on various species of wild roses.

Pterocolus ovatus I have beaten from live oak trees at Kissimmee,
Florida, May, 1887.

Attelabus bipustulatus lives on oak, rolling up the leaves (Murtfeldt,
Can. Ent., IV., p. 143). A. analis and A. nigripes also live on oak.
The latter species I have beaten from live oak at Kissimmee, Florida, in
April.

Graphorhinus vadosus feeds in the imago state on the leaves of
clover, according to Mr. F. M. Webster (Am. Nat., 16, p. 746). )

Epicerus imbricatus, according to Dr. C. V. Riley, is injurious to apple
and cherry trees and gooseberry bushes, by gnawing the twigs and fruits ;
also said to be found on onions, radishes, cabbage, beans, i aah
cucumbers, beets, squashes and potato, etc.

Exomias pellucidus. 1 have first taken this European beetle at
Astoria, L. I., in the year 1884, and again on Staten Island in 1886. In
Europe it lives on the strawberry. The food plant in this country has
not yet been detected. (See Ent. Am., III., p. 188.)

Ophryastes vittatus is chiefly found on “ greasewood,” as is also O.
sulcirostris and O. datirostris, according to Mr. Wickham (Ent. Am.,
V., P- 77):

Panscopus erinaceus occurs on wild grape. (Schwarz, Bull. Bklyn.
Ent. Soc., VII., p. 84.)

Diamimus subsericeus was taken around the roots of cottonwood by
Mr. Wickham (1. c., p. 78).

Otiorhynchus sulcatus. This European species is destructive to a
variety of horticultural plants. In the larval stage it attacks the straw-
berry, devouring the roots. 0. ovatus also infests the roots of this
plant.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 201

_ Aragnomus griseus was recorded by Dr. C. V. Riley as an enemy to
pear trees in Oregon. (Insect Life, Vol. I., p. 16.)
Pachneus opalus is injurious to the orange in Florida. P. distans
feeds on oak. (Riley, Am. Nat., 16, p. 916.)
Tanymecus confertus appears to be polyphagus, without preference for
any particular plant. (Riley, l. c.)
Anametis grisea in the larval stage lives under the bark of apple and

& “pear (Riley, |. c.)

Pandeletejus hilaris lives in the trunk of the white oak. (Harris,
Inj. Ins., p. 70), also found on beech trees by Mr. F. M. Chittenden.

Brachystylus acutus is only found on the persimmon. (Riley, 1. c.)

Neoptochus adsperus feeds on oak. (Riley, |. c.)

Artipus floridanus is injurious to the orange. (Riley, 1. c.)

Aramigus tesselatus, according to Mr. E. A. Popenoe, infests the
sweet potato. (Industrialist, May 29th, 1886.)

_ Avramigus Fulleri feeds on the roots of roses. (Riley, Rep. Dept.
Agricul., 1878.)
_ Aphrastus teniatus lives on the paw-paw. (Riley, |. c.)

Scythropus elegans is found on the pine, according to Mr. W. H.
Harrington. (Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, Vol. I., No. 2, p. 33,
1881.) Mr. F. H. Chittenden also found the insect in abundance on
pine (P. strobus) at Ithaca, N. Y.
Eudiagogus pulcher and E. Rosenscheldi both feed on Cassia ocei:

a dentalis and C. obtusifolia. The former species I have found in large

numbers at Enterprise, Fla., in May.
Sitones lineellus and S. flavescens are injurious to the clover and
lucerne in Europe. 5S. 4ispidulus also lives on the roots of clover.
Plinthodes teniatus 1 have beaten from small alder bushes in the

4 _ Orange Mts., New Jersey. Whether the species lives on this plant I am

unable to say.

Ithycerus noveboracensis is found on white and burr oaks. The larva
bores in the tender twigs. I have also found the insect on hickory. Mr.
W. H. Harrington found it on beech trees. (Rep. Ent. Soc., Ont., p. 52,
1880.)

Apion herculanum occurs on the flowers of Viburnum acerifolia,
according to Dr. Hamilton. (Can. ENT., 20, p. 67).

Apion rostrum infests the seed pods of wild indigo ( Baptisia tinctoria ).

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bo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

br

Apion nigrum sometimes depredates the leaves of locust (Robinia
pseudacacia). A. fraternum was observed upon two species of Lespedesa
by Mr. F. H, Chittenden. A. segnipes was obtained from the seeds of a
species of Astragalus by Say. (Le Conte, Ed., p. 265.)

Podapion gallicola makes a spherical or ovoid gall on pine (Pinus
inops), Riley. (Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., V1, p. 61.) I have also found
the galls in the vicinity of Washington, D. C., last June. :

Phytonomus punctatus lives on the leaves of clover. I have found it
in abundance on timothy grass this season. P. nigrirostris also feeds on
_ Clover and Buphthalmum Salicifolium. P. comptus lives on Polygonum,
and P. eximius on Rumex. (Riley, Rep. Dept. Agricul., 1881-82, p. 171.)

Listronotus latiusculus was found by Mr. C. M. Weed in all stages m
the stalks of Sagittaria variabilis. Mr, F. M. Chittenden found JZ.
tuberosus, L. caudatus and L. appendiculatus while sweeping a small patch
of aquatic plants composed entirely of Sagittaria and a species of
Carex. L. appendiculatus, it is said, was.found by Mr. William Julich
breeding in the lower parts of the stems of some species of reed, I
have also taken two species of Léstronotus on the flower heads of
Sagittaria at Shingle Creek, Kissimmee, Florida, April.

Pissodes strobi is sometimes very destructive to the white pine. The
larva and imago were first figured by Peck, in 1817. (Mass. Agricul.
Reposit., IV., pp. 205, 211, pl. 1.) 2. afinis is also found on the pine.

Pachylobius picivorus is placed by Mr. W. H. Harrington in a list of
insects found on pine (Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, I, p. 33).

Hylobius pales lives in pine trees beneath the bark, burrowing into
and destroying the inner surface of the bark, and the tender newly
formed wood, often doing great damage to pine forests.

Lixus rubellus has been observed in considerable numbers clinging to
the leaves and blossoms of Polygonum amphibium. (Webster, l. c.)

Lixus parcus is said by Dr, Riley to form galls in the stems of —

Amelanchier. (Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., I., p. 33.)

Lixus concavus. Glover has observed this insect burrowing in the foot
stalks of rhubarb or pie plant. (Rep. Com. Agri., p. go, 1865.) I have
also found it on a species of Rumex, and also producing a gall in the
stalk of the thistle, from which I raised the species. Mr. Webster also bred
it from wild sunflowers. (Ent. Am., V., p. 11.)

Lixus macer, Dr. Riley reared this species from Chenopodium

zi a
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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203

hybridum. Coquillett observed it ovipositing in wild sunflower, as also
did Mr. Webster. (Ent. Am., V., p. 11.)

Barytychins discoideus breeds in the flower heads of Helenium
tenutfolium. (Schwarz, l. c.)

B. amenus was found on ragweed by Dr. Hamilton. (Can. Enr.,
18, p. 114.)

Smicronyx griseus and S. tychoides occur on ragweed (Ambrosia),
according to Dr. Hamilton (I. c.)

Anchodemus angustus has been found by Mr. Harrington eating the
leaves of a species of Sagittaria. (Can. ENv., 16, p. 118.)

Strophosomus corylt has been found by Mr. Bailey on sweet birch
(Betula lenta), Jilich (Ent. Am., V., p. 56). In Europe, the species
lives on oak, beech, pine and hazel.

Lissorhoptrus simplex lives on the roots of rice. (Riley, Rep. Dept.
Agricul., p. 130, 1881-82.)

Magdalis barbita has been found ovipositing in fallen hickory ( Carya
amara), by Mr. Harrington. (Ent. Am., L, p. 18.)

Magdalis olyra burrows under the bark of oak. MZ. armicollis
inhabits the elm.

Magdalis alutacea probably bores in the terminal twigs of Pinus
inops. (Riley, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 62.)

Coccotorus scutellaris attacks the fruit of the plum.

Anthonomus quadrigibbus punctures the fruit of the apple and pear.
The larva lives in the heart of the fruit, and feeds around the core.

Anthonomus suturalis attacks the cranberry, laying its eggs in the
bud, and the larva living inside the fruit.

Anthonomus sycophanta was bred from the galls of a sawfly on willow.

Anthonomus musculus is very destructive to the strawberry.

Anthonomus pusillus lives in the seed pods of the frost weed
(Helianthemum canadense). Blanchard (Ent. Am., III., p. 87).

Anthonomus gularis oviposits in the flowers of Cassia marylandica.
(Schwarz, 1. c.) Anthonomus flavicornis was found by Mr. Schwarz,
inquilinous in a globular acarid gall on the leaves of Sodanum eleagnifolia.

Otidocephalus chevrolatii occurs on elm and hickory, according to
Mr. W. H. Harrington. (Can. Ent, 16, p. 118.) O. daevicollis was
hatched by Dr C. V. Riley from the galls of a species of Cynips on oak.
| Elleschus ephippiatus. 1 have taken this species in abundance on

willow ( Salix fragilis ).

(To be continued.)

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDE OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 180, Volume xxii. )
Genus Ha.isipota Hiibner.
1816—Hiibn., Verzeichniss, 170.
1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep Het., II1., 732.

1862—Morris, Synopsis, 347. .
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 87, fig. venation.

Head rather well developed ; palpi exceeding front ; tongue moderate,

but somewhat variable in the species. Antenne of f long, lengthily bi-
pectinated to the tip, a single branch to each side of each joint. Legs

short and stout, posterior longest and weakest ; spurs normal, but short ;~

claws of tarsi simple.

Primaries with v 10 out of the subcostal before the end of the cell ;
7-9 on a stalk from the same point with 6; 8 and 9 branching just before
the tip; 4 and 5 from the same point at the end of the median ; 3 from
the median some distance before the end of the cell.

Secondaries with 8 from about the middle of subcostal and very ae s
6 and 7 from the same point at end of the subcostal; 4 and 5 together
from the end of the median ; 3 from the median before the end of the cell.

H. carye@ served as the subject on which the above studies were made.
It is not improbable that there may be some difference in details of
structure in the species. | Many of the described forms I have seen but
casually, and of a few I have seen large series. This is, in my opinion,
the most difficult genus in the Arctiide. There is a phytophagic variation
in the larva, and the larve are not all of the same type. From the
material in the National Museum collection it would seem, too, that larvee
widely different in type, not color merely, produce insects that are super-
ficially almost indistinguishable. The synonymy is involved, and I give it
exactly as I have found it.
HT, agassizii Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 128, Hadzisidota.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 87, 102, pl. IV., ff. 8 and 9, and pl.
! X., f. 7, Halisidota.

es

i

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205

.. 1873—Edw., Proc, Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 187, Hadisidota..
var. a/ni Hy. Edw. :
1875—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., VII., 129, Halisidota.
Habitat—California.

Food plant—Willow, Alder.

HT, ambigua Strk.

1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., IL, 272, pl. IX.,f. 7, 2, Halisidota.

4 bolteri Hy. Edw.
1884—Edw., Papilio, IV., 121, Seirarctia.
1888—Edw., Ent. Amer., III., 182, Ar. syz.
Habitat—Colorado, New Mexico.

HT. argentata Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 129, Hadisidota.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 87, pl. 6, f. 12, 9, Halisidota.
1873—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 187, 369, Halisidota.
Habitat—California, Vancouver.

Food plants—Pinus pondorosa and P. lambertiana.
Hi. californica Wk.

_ 1865—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXI., 311, Halisidota,
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 102, = agassiziz.

angulifera Wik.

1866—Wlk., Lords Trav. in Vane. App., 335, Hadisidota.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 102, =agassiziz.

salicis Bdv.

1868—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 81, Phegoptera.

1869—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., III., 175, pv. syn.

Habitat—British Columbia, Vancouver, California.

Mr. Grote, in his list of 1882, does not follow Stretch in his reference

of this species to agassiziz, but in a note, p. 63, suggests that ca/ifornica,
agassizit and argentata may be the same species.

HZ. cary@e Harr.
1841—Harris*, Rept., Ins. Mass., 258, Lophocampa.
1855—Fitch*, 1st Rept., Ins. N. Y., 159, Hadisidota.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., XII., 533, Hadisidota.

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1862—Harris*, Inj. Insects, 361, pl. vi., ff. 1 and 2, and f. 175, :
Lophocampa. :

1862—Morris in note to Harris l. c., Hadlisidota. 4

1862—Morris, Synopsis, 349, Zalisidota.

1863—Saund., syn. Can. Arct., 20, Ha/isidota.

1872—Pack.. 4th Rept. Peab. Ac., 87, Hadisidota.

1873—Stretch*, Zyg. and Bomb., 87, 140, pl. VI. f. 11, Halisidota

1874—Lint.*, Ent. Cont., III., 148, Halisidota.

porphyria H. Sch.

1855—H. Sch., Lep. Exot. sp. nov. f., 283, Phegoptera.

1858—H. Sch., l. c. p. 81, Halistdota.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent., Soc., Phil, III., 128, pv. syn.

annulifascia Wk.

1856——-Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., IIL, 743, Haveszdota.

1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 533, Hadisidota.

1862—Morris, synopsis, Supplt., 349, Hadisidota. fe

1862——Clem., in Morris Syn., 352, pr. syn.

1864--Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 128, pv. syn.

Habitat—Maine, New York, New Jersey, Mass., Arizona, N. Mexico,
California, Canada. .

Food-plants—Elm, hickory, Ash.

HT. cinctipes Grt.

1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, V., 242, Hadisidota.

' 1866—H. Sch., Corr. Blatt, Regensb., XX., 130, Halistdota. —
188-—Gundlach*, Cont. Ent., Cuba, 269, Hadisidota. sey
1884—Hy. Edw., Papilio, IV., 76, Hadisidota. pias. ‘
tessellarist Wik. :
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 733, Hadlisidota.
1869—Grt. and Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 72, Ar. syn. 4
Habitat—Texas, Florida (?), Mexico, Cuba. | ; q
Food-plant— Hibiscus (Gundlach), MS :

I have in some way mislaid my original reference to Gundlach’s von

and do not find the date in the copy. aL :

#1. davisit Hy. Edw. :
1873—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 365, Halisidota. | :
Habitat—Arizona. ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 207

HI. edwardsiti Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 129, Hadésidota.
1873—Stretch., Zyg. and Bomb., 88, pl. III., f. s, Hadisidota.
1875—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., VII., 21—egg and young larva.
translucida Wik.

1865—Walk , C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXI., 310, Hadisidota,
1868—Grt. and Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Sci., II., 85, Av. sya.

quercus Bdv.

1868—Bdv., Lep., Cal. (Ann. Soc, Ent., Belg., XII.), 81, Phegoptera,
1869—Grt. and Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IIL, 175, A”. syx.
Habitat—California.

#7, ingens Hy. Edw.
- 1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 39, Hadlisidota.

Habitat— Arizona.

H. labecula Gtt.

1881—Grt., Papilio, I., 174, Hadisidota.
Habitat—New Mexico.

H. laqueata Hy. Edw.

1886——-Edw., Ent. Amer., II., 166, Hadisidota.
Habitat—Texas.

A. maculata Harr. .

1841——Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 259, Lophocampa.
1860—Clem., Proc., Ac. Nat. Sci., XII., 534, Hadistdota.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 349, Haliszdota.

1862-—Harris*, Injurious Insects, 363, Lophocampa.
1871—-Saund.*, Can. Ent., III., 186, Hadisidota.
1873—Stretch., Zyg. and Bomb., 87, Hadisidota.
fulvoflava Wik.

1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 733, Hadéstdota.
1858—H. Sch., Lep. Exot., sp. nov., 71, Phegoptera.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 534, (?) pr. syn.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, App., 349, a/isidota.
1862—Clem., in Morris Syn., 352, (?) pr. syn.

| 1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 21, Hadisidota.

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 128, px. sy.
guttifera H. Sch.
1855—H. Sch., Lep. Exot., sp. nov., f. 284, Phegoptera.
1858—H. Sch., l. c., p. 71, pv. sym.
Habitat—Nova Scotia, Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, New York,
New Jersey, Illinois, California.
Food Plant—QOak.
Halisidota megaphyrrha, Wik., XXXI., 308, which should come in
“here has been referred to by-Messrs. Grote and Robinson as not North
‘ America.
H, minima Neum.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 138, Halistdota.
Habitat—Arizona.

Hi. mixta Neum.
1882—Neum., Papilio, II., 133, Hadisidota.
Habitat—Arizona.

(To be continued. )

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

The Annual Meeting of the Society was held in the rooms, Victoria
Hall, London, on Wednesday, August 27th. The following officers were
elected for the ensuing year :—President, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, D.C.L.,
of Port Hope ; Vice-President, Mr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa ; Secretary.
Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London; Treasurer, Mr. J. M. Denton, of
London. Directors—Messrs. W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; J. D. Evans,
Sudbuty ; Gamble Geddes, Toronto; A. W. Hanham, Hamilton; J. A.
Moffat, London. Curator and Librarian, Mr. J. A. Moffat, London.
Editor of the CaNaptan Entomovocist, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port
Hope. Editing Committee, Mr. W. E. Saunders, London; Rev. T. W.
Fyles, Quebec ; H. H. Lyman, Montreal. Delegate to the Royal Society
of Canada, Rev. T. W. Fyles, Quebec. Auditors, Messrs. J. H. Bowman
and H. P. Bock, London. The President’s address and a full account of
the proceedings will be published in the Annual Report of the Society.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

THE BUTTERFLIES OF INDIA.*

Some three years or more ago, we noticed a work on the above sub-
ject by Marshall and de Nicéville, of which two volumes had been
published, the last by de Nicéville alone. A third volume of over 500
compact pages has just come to hand, the most notable thing about
which, at least to a dweller in temperate regions, is that it is wholly con-
cerned with the Lycaenidz, of which eighty-two genera and over four
hundred species are described. Such wealth in these pigmies among
butterflies is a striking fact. The author, however, beyond the generic
collocation, has made no attempt to classify this immense assemblage,
contenting himself with only distinguishing certain groups of genera by the
name of one of the included genera, as the ‘‘ Thecla group,” etc., which
groups are characterised in a general but not formal way in the body of the
work. These agree tolerably well with the groups Doherty had previously
characterised from the egg alone, but are about twice as numerous and
are established mainly upon the structural features of the imago. This
is better than Distant’s artificial divisions, but there is plainly an open
field here for investigation, and one which there is apparently no need for
great delay in occupying, since (excepting the egg) the early stages of
Lycaenine appear to offer less service to the systematist than in any
other group of butterflies. ‘

What will surprise one in this volume, is the very considerable
addition to our knowlege of the early stages of the Lycaenine, for
excepting the Hesperide, this group is in general the least know of
butterflies. Yet something is recorded of no less than thirty-four genera,
much of it new, and in many a good deal of interesting history is related.
This is a great improvement on the preceding volumes. One particular
case, that of the pomegranate butterfly, whose history was briefly and
partially given by Westwood, seems valuable enough to reprint for the
benefit of American readers ; and another, Curetis thetis, may well be
mentioned here :—“ The twelfth segment [of the larva] bears two most
extraordinary structures, which consist of two diverging, cylindrical,
rigid pillars, arising from the subdorsal region and of a pale green colour.
When the insect is touched or alarmed, from each pillar is everted a deep
maroon tentacle as long as the rigid pillar, bearing at its end long

*The Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon. By Lionel de Nicéville, Calcutta,
Vol. 3. 12+503pp. 6pl. 1890. 8°

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

parti-coloured hairs, the basal third of each hair being black, the upper
two-thirds white. The maroon tentacle with its long hairs spread out
like a circular fan or rosette is whirled round with great rapidity in a
plane parallel to the body, its use being almost certainly to frighten away
its enemies, as this larva, as far as I am aware, is not attended by pro-
tecting ants and lacks the honey-gland on the eleventh segment present
in so many lyczenid larve which are affected by ants.”

Ants have been found attendant upon half a dozen genera, and in |

many cases they have been identified by Dr. A. Forel, of Switzerland.
At least a dozen species are concerned, and they are about equally
divided between the Formicide and Myrmicide.

Spalgis, it appears, is another instance of a carnivorous lyczenid com-
parable to our Feniseca, the larva associating with and feeding upon the
“‘mealy bug” of the planters, a species of Dactylopius. De Nicéville in
no way favors Edwards’s belief that Feniseca belongs to the Lemoniine,
and adds nothing, as we had hoped he might be able to do, to Holland’s
suggestion that Liphyra, too, might be carnivorous, though he points out
that the two genera differ in their perfect state in the number of subcostal
nervules, and are therefore not so closely allied as Dr. Holland thought.

The seasonal dimorphism of many Indian Lyczenide is well brought
out, the dry and wet season taking the place of our spring and summer ;
indeed, it occurs in no less than eighteen genera, and this will be a revel-
ation to many, and seems to bid fair to renovate the study of tropical
butterflies. But while in India proper, “the seasonal forms seem to be
chiefly restricted to two, a wet and a dry,” in the Himalayan district of
Sikkim ‘‘ the dry season form which occurs at the end of the year differs
somewhat from the dry season form which occurs in the spring, so that
with regard to some species there may be said to be three forms—a
spring, a wet season, and a winter form.” Sexual dimorphism on the
contrary is very rare among tropical Lycenidz, de Nicéville stating that
he does not know positively of any case, though he suspects it in a species
of Zephyrus. On the authority of Doherty (a native of Cincinnati by the
way, working most industriously in the east,) he credits half a dozen or
more species as mimicking others of the same or neighboring groups of
Lycenide. Much attention is also paid to the secondary sexual char-
acteristics so far as their gross appearances are concerned, and they are
noted in no less than nineteen genera.

;
uy
a
si,
j

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211

, Finally, we may call attention to the very interesting general chapter
on the Lycenidé at the beginning of the volume, which is of more than
usual interest and rather exceptional in a work of this kind. The work
itself must serve a very useful purpose ; its execution is remarkably even
and shows great skill and balance on the part of the author. There are
half a dozen plates like those of the former volumes and executed by the
same parties, excepting that two of them are chromo-lithographs, but we
could wish that some plates of the early stages might have been added,
and the direct purposes of the book for the Indian student would have
been served by others giving structural details.

SAMUEL H. ScuDDER.

PARTIAL PREPARATORY STAGES OF ERYCIDES
BATABANO, LEF.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, RHINEBECK, N. Y.

Ecc.—Nearly spherical, the base flattened a little. Around the sides
are eighteen vertical ribs, every other one shorter, not reaching the sum-
mit. The natural color could not be ascertained. :

* * * * are ale *

Tutrp (?) Larvat Sracr.—Head much larger than joint 2, flat
before, broadly excavate at the summit, minutely granulated. Colot
wine red, blackish on the lower third, with a large round orange spor
before the eyes on each side. Width of head 2.5 mm, The body tapers
to each extremity. Its color is wine red, with a darker shade over the
dorsum centrally, and seven transverse orange stripes on the upper half
of the body on joints 5 to 11, anteriorly, the posterior ones interrupted
dorsally. Venter a little whitish. Length of larva about 10 mm. It
forms a place of concealment in the manner of Lndamus tityrus or £.
proteus by folding over a portion of the leaf and securing it by threads.

FourtH Larva Stace.—Head much as before but the black shade
is less and the granulations more distinct. Width 3.8 mm. Body mark-
ed as before ; very minutely pilose and with small semi-obsolete circular

212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

spots. Spiraclés small and whitish. The cervical shield covers the
upper half of joint 2, is smooth and wine red. Length of larva 20 mm.
When disturbed, it ejects from its mouth a large quantity of dark red.
fluid.

FirrH LarvaL Stace.—Mature larva. _Head pale brown, blackish
around the mouth with a large round orange spot before the eyes. It is.
granulated and pilose, the hairs small, and appearing frosted on the upper
part of the head. Width 6mm. ‘The body is much contracted, and
much smaller at the extremities. Cervical shield pale brown, smooth,.
hidden when the insect is at rest. Joint 2 is pinkish below. The body
is bright frosted white, thickly covered by little circular depressions, in
the centre of each of which is a minute frosted hair. These hairs are
longer on the anal plate, and the depression there less deep. Thoracic
feet pale brown. Venter and abdominal feet white, without the marks of
the dorsum. Length of larva 40 mm., greatest width of body 12 mm.,
greatest height 10 mm., width of joint 2 4.5 mm. Its place of conceal-
ment, at this stage, is formed of several leaves spun together and lined
with silk. Immediately after the moult, the body is colored as in the
previous stage, but the white color appears ee in the course of
several days.

The leaves the larva has spun together serve as its cocoon, and the
pupa is held by several transverse threads around the boys with the
cremaster fastened in others.

Pupa.—Robust ; abdomen large, eves prominent. Two short pro-.
minences on the head between the eyes. The leg and antenne cases
form a point extending below the wing cases. Cremaster excavate below,
with ridges at the sides above, curved downward, blunt, and terminating
in a number of brown hooks. The pupa has many small, rounded de-.
pressions, and is minutely pilose. Color creamy white, a greenish tint —
on the thorax and cases, and a yellow stripe on the upper part of the eye,
Length 32 mm., diameter of the abdomen 10 mm., diameter of thorax 9.
mm., width through the eyes 6 mm.

Foop PLant.—Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle; larve from Dade Co.,
Florida, Iam not sure that the larval stage here first described is the
third, but consider it most probable.

Mailed October 6th,

“aoe

The @anaitiay Fantomologist

VOL. XXII. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1890. No. 11.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE.

(Continued from page 199.)

_ The Club met again at 5 o’clock, August zoth. Mr. J. Fletcher pre-
sented some notes upon injuries caused by the Hessian Fly, the Wheat-
stem Maggot and an undetermined species of Oscinis. He said that the
note was presented with the object of eliciting further information upon a
subject which had proved of great interest to him. During the past
season he had endeavored to determine the number of broods of the
Hessian Fly for the Ottawa district, and had found, first, that the Hessian
Fly, the Wheat-stem Maggot and Oscinis were all found at the same time
and in the same plant, and further, that, speaking generally, they passed
through their stages contemporaneously. Of the three the last had proved
much the most destructive. From root shoots of wheat sown on the 14th
of April he had bred Hessian Fly and Oscinis at the end of June, and a

month later Meromyza had appeared. He had also noticed in some fields

at Ottawa that a large quantity of spring wheat was attacked by Hessian
Fly in the ground shoots, or stools, in the same manner as fall wheat is
attacked in the autumn. It was frequently the case that on plants which
had made from fifteen to twenty stools but one would be left, all the others
having been destroyed by the insects. He had procured adult Hessian
Flies at Ottawa during this season in the beginning of May, at the end of
June, and in August, and they would probably appear again in September.
He had not been able to find the Hessian Fly breeding in any of the
grasses, and would like to know if others had done so. Meromyza and
the Oscinis had been most troublesome pests in the experimental grass
patches at Ottawa; some grasses being almost exterminated by them. It
was remarkable that the spring appearance of Meromyza had been so
enormous as to have caused fear of a serious destruction of the wheat

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

crop. Asa matter of fact, however, there had been less injury, both to -
small grains and grasses, than for many years previously. This diminution .
he could only explain by the supposition that the eggs had been destroyed —

by some predaceous insect. The eggs must have been laid in large num-
bers, but there was very little evidence of the presence of the larvee, either
in the standing wheat or barley, or in the root-shoots of barley. The
Oscinis he had been unable to identify ; but, through the kindness of Mr.
John Marten, of Illinois, he had learnt of some work which had been done
by Prof. Garman in Kentucky, upon what was probably the same species.
_ This, Mr. Marten said, had been doubtfully identified by Dr. Williston as
' O. variabilis.

Prof. Garman stated that he had studied what appeared to be the

same species, and had prepared an article for publication. He also gave

some notes upon the life history and anatomy of the insect.

Prof. Osborn had taken at Ames, Iowa, numerous specimens of Oscinis,
one of which closely resembled that exhibited by Mr. Fletcher.

Prof. Alwood had studied in Ohio an Oscinis infesting oats, and had i
published his results in Bulletin 13, Division of Entomology. Hehad

found the eggs, from two to eleven in number, were forced beneath the
sheath of the leaf, and that just prior to pupation the larva gnawed through
the epidermis and the pupa protruded so as to admit of the easy escape
of the adult.

Mr. Fletcher, referring again to Meromyza, stated that in many in-
stances he had found the egg deposited in the field upon the upper surface
of the leaf some distance from the stem, and asked if others had observed
this to be the case elsewhere. ee

Prof. Garman had found that the eggs were laid just above the sheath, | :

or sometimes pushed beneath it.
Prof. Webster stated that the eggs of the Hessian Fly bad in the

spring of the present year, throughout Southern and Central Indiana, been 4
deposited near the roots, the “ flax-seeds” being found in that portion of

the plant; while in the northern part of the State the case had evidently

been different, as the “ flax-seeds” were there almost invariably located

about the second joint.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Edward L. Graef, of New York, ;
upon the American Silk Worm Moths or Spinners, in which a serious

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215

attack upon the shade trees of New York by P. cecropia was recorded:

and the suggestion made that this and other species might be turned to

account, if any means could be devised for manufacturing and utilizing

their silk. As a stimulus to this industry, Mr. Graef generously offered a

prize of fifty dollars for the best essay and model of apparatus for carrying
this suggestion into effect.

Thursday, August 21st.—The Club met at 8 a.m. Dr. C. M. Weed
read an interesting paper upon the clover-stem borer, Languria mozardi.
__ Fifteen species of plants were reported upon which the larva had been

found feeding. This paper was discussede by Profs. Cook, Alwood,
Osborn and others. |
: ~ Prof. Alwood spoke of tobacco insects, of which he was making a
special study. He had observed a stem borer which was very injurious.

Dr. Weed had learned of a tobacco root-louse in Southern Ohio.

: Prof. Garman spoke of the mouth parts of several species of some
_ families of Thysanoptera, and stated that some recent studies had shown
him that the figures published did not agree with his material. He then
read the following paper :—

AN ASYMMETRY OF THE HEAD AND MOUTH PARTS OF THYSANOPTERA.

_ Ina brief paper in the Bulletin of the Essex Institute I have recently
called attention to peculiarities in the structure of the head and mouth
parts which set this group quite apart from other orders of Hexapoda.
[This has no reference to affinities upon which, I believe, we are not pre-
pared to pronounce until this and several other groups have been more
completely studied.| In that paper it was claimed that the endocranium
of the species examined was not symmetrical, being deficient on the right
_ side; that the labrum was one-sided ; that there was a developed mandi-
ble on the left side, with, at most, a rudiment on the right ; and that the
mandibles of authors were probably lobes of the maxillze.

At the.time the paper was written I had not examined sufficient ma-
_ terial to enable me to say whether the features pointed out were limited
_ to certain species or were common to all members of the group. Since
_ then many additional forms have been examined, all, however, belonging
to the families Stenopteridz and Coleoptratide, and in no case has there
been found a departure in essentials from the structure of the head and

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mouth parts as they were described in the paper referred to. It is pro-
bably safe to assume, threfore, that the asymmetry noted is characteristic
of these two families at least. .

Of the group Tubulifera no representatives have been studied, I shall
not be surprised, since this is the lowest of the suborders, if examples of
Phleothrips are found to be more nearly symmetrical. |

As an interesting fact, though in no way related to the ee :
of this communication, I may mention that the solitary mandible of 4
Limothrips and Melanothrips is perforate, like the jaws of larval :
Chrysopa, of Dytiscidz, and of Myrmeleon. In specimens of Coleoptra-
tide examined, both labial and maxillary palpi are composed of three
segments. 2

Note-—Since my return to Lexington from the meeting of the
American Association I have secured a couple of very young Phleothrips. —
My examination of these is not completed, but I have succeeded in —
demonstrating the single jaw on the left side. The parts are greatly |
elongated, and remind one of the same organs in Hemiptera. The
styliform parts are especially long, extending, when retracted, into the
cranial cavity towards the eye, thence bending posteriorly and extending
along the posterior wall of the head to the mouth-opening. Both
mandible and styliform parts are perforate (or possibly grooved). |

Two unmistakable tarsal claws are present in this genus. From their
relation of position to the pads the latter would seem to be modified
pulvilli.

_ Prof. Osborn was much pleased with what Prof. Garman had stated:
He had also observed some of the points mentioned in a special study
which he had made of these insects, and hoped Prof. Garman would
publish his results as soon as possible.

Dr. Weed presented a short paper on the oviposition of ZLéstronotus
latiusculus. The eggs are laid in clusters of from five to ten upon the leaf
stalks of Sagittaria variabilis, and are covered with small pieces of the
epidermis which are nibbled off by the adult beetle. This was discussed
by Messrs. Garman, Fletcher and Webster. |

Mr. Charles Robertson, of Carlinville, IIL, read a most interesting

note upon the habits of the bee Amphor bombiliformis, which was
originally described by Cresson as a Me/issodes, but Paton, in revising the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27

genus, raised it to Hmphor. This bee, it was stated, confines itself
almost exclusively to Azdiscus, chiefly HZ. dasiocarpus. The appearance
and habits of the bee were described. It was stated that in collecting
_ these bees it is important to catch those flying around the plant without
alighting, as these were generally the males, whilst those visiting the
_ flowers for honey and pollen were the females. On August 5th, when
walking along a dam with water on one side, he had noticed a female
standing upon the water ; she then flew to a bank, and he observed that
she was carrying water to facilitate the excavation of hard ground, into
which she was burrowing to build her nest. Sometimes one pellet of
earth would be taken out after such an application of water, but at others
three or even four. An interesting discussion followed which was parti-
cipated in by Messrs. Osborn, Cook, Weed, Fletcher and others.

Prof. Osborn read the following note ‘ On a Peculiar Form of Coleop-
- terous larva” :—Eleven years ago, while a student in college, I found a
peculiar form of larva boring in the twigs of ash trees, and it was de-
scribed at the time in the students’ journal at the college (The Aurora,
May, 1879, page 5,) under the caption “ A Grub With Legs on its Back.”
The description is as follows: “ The specimen was found boring in the
pith of a small twig on an ash tree near the road west of the college, ap-
parently beginning at or near the tip of the twig and working downward.
Numerous twigs were found that had been inhabited in this way, but only
one specimen of the borer was found—this about a quarter of an inch
long, quite slim, and nearly white. Its great peculiarity consists in the
disposition of its locomotive apparatus. ‘The first three segments follow-
ing the head are provided with the usual pair of legs, each in the normal
position—that is, on the ventral surface. The following six segments are
provided each with a pair of pro-legs, similar to those found on many
caterpillars, but, strange to say, these are arranged upon the dorsal
surface, exactly the opposite of the usual arrangement, while the number
six is different from either the caterpillars, where there are four or five, or
the saw-fly /arve, which have eight. The remaining three segments have
no propellers whatever. The beauty of this arrangement, for the con-
ditions of the borer, can at once be seen, for it has as much foot-hold above
as below. Placed upon a flat surface it could make no advancement, but
wriggled awkwardly about, evidently seeking its double foot-hold. Placed
between two thin plates of glass, it moved rapidly, using all its legs, and

218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

going with equal facility backward or forward, either side up. If provided .

‘with some support at one side it was possible for it to travel by means bes
the legs on its dorsal surface alone.” ye

During the present season an example of a similar larvahas come to

my notice, specimens being first observed by Prof. L. H. Pammel, occur- 2

ing in the stems of Hedianthus. Their possessing similar locomotive

organs upon the back called to mind the peculiar larva noticed years ago. —

They differ, however, somewhat in colour as well as in the plant on which
they occur, and I find that they attacked voraciously dipterous larva that
‘were living in the same stems. Whether they are normally carnivorous

remains of course to be determined, but there can be no question of their _

attacks upon these larve, and apparently with the intent of obtaining food
from them. These specimens are of a light bluish colour, possessing pro-
legs upon segments 4-9, inclusive, and a pair of tubercles on the ventral

' portion of the anal segment, as well as a dorsal tubercle on the terminal
portion of the same segment. In general appearance there is a striking -
resemblance to the Languria larva, as shown in figure exhibited by Dr.

Weed, but in his drawing there is no indication of the dorsal feet. |
The Club convened at 5 p.m., and considered the following resolu-

tion :— ee :
Resolved, *‘ That it is the sense of the Club that the meetings of the

Association of Economic Entomologists and of the Entomological Club —

would both be benefited by holding such meetings, if possible, at the
same time and place as the meeting of the American Association for the

Advancement of Science.”

After discussion by Messrs. Fletcher, Osborn, Cook, Alwood, Weed
and others, the resolution was unanimously adopted.

The Secretary read a paper by Prof. D. S. Kellicott, of Columbus, On
upon the “ Preparatory Stages of Hustrotia caduca.” He had collected

the larva upon Wuphar advena at Rives Junction, Michigan, in 1876.

From these he had bred a moth, afterwards named by Mr. Grote
£. caduca in the CANADIAN EnTomotoeist, Vol. 8, p. 207. During July

of the present year he had.again collected the insect at Corunna, Michi-

gan, and had succeeded in breeding and describing all the stages, which
were submitted herewith.

The larvae found in 1876 were feeding in the fruit, but those studied —

/

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219

during this summer were found upon the leaves. If these latter were
floating, the larvee were exposed on the upper surface, in other cases they
were beneath or concealed in folds. A different habit of swimming to
that of Arzama obliguata, which progresses by horizontal undulations
was noted. Z. caduca swims strongly, but by an entirely different motion.
The posterior third of the body is bent downwards like the tail of a
crayfish and then quickly pushed ict a thus driving the insect
_ ahead by jerks.

Discussed by Messrs. Weed, Webster and others.

Prof. Cook reported having bred Agrotis C-nigrum through all its
stages upon black currant, the eggs having been laid in a cluster upon
leaves of that plant on 1st of June—the perfect insect appearing on the
Ist of August.

Prof. H. Osborn read a note on the “ Period of Bovclonment in
Mallophaga.” ‘The habits of the species of Wad/ophaga render accurate
observations upon the time required in development of the eggs a matter
of considerable difficulty. While in some of the species upon very
common birds it is possible to get an abundance of material, in other
cases the opportunities for obtaining such material are very rare. But in
the most common species the difficulty of determining the exact time of
deposition of eggs, and then of keeping individuals in such conditions as
to insure a normal development, makes positive observations difficult.
‘This being the case, any observations which may add to our knowledge
of the subject seem of interest, and the present note is offered as one
such contribution.

The species chosen in the present case is the MVitsschia pudicare,
which is almost invariably to be found in abundance on the common
chimney swift (Chetura pelasgia). This bird is an abundant resident
of the building in which my laboratory is located, and being readily
obtained on account of its tendency to fly in at the windows, I suggested
to Mr. P. H. Rolfs, a graduate student in biology, that he attempt the
rearing of larvee from eggs with a view to determine length of develop-
mental period in connection with studies of its embryology.

3
AS
Bye

meek

xq

? For this first purpose he secured on two separate occasions a number
of the eggs, and kept them, part in a tight paste-board box, which
was kept warm by the heat of his body, the others were enclosed in

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

cotton-plugged tubes under a hen that was kept in the laboratory at the
time for incubating eggs for embryological work. Of the first lot, all kept
in pocket, secured July 27th, two eggs hatched Aug. 4th, five between
Aug. 8—13th, one Aug. 16th, the last giving twenty days, the longest period.

Of the second lot secured, Aug. 3rd, six hatched between the 8th and
13th, four hatched Aug. 14th (three in box and one in tube), two Aug.
15th (one in box and one in tube), part not hatching, and the longest
period in this case being thirteen days,

Assuming that those requiring the longest time had been deposited
but a short time before the experiment began, we should have from
fifteen to twenty days as the ordinary time required for the eggs to nasa
for this species.

Mr. F. S. Earle presented some interesting notes upon the injurious
insects of the season in Southern Mississippi. Déabrotica 12-punctata
was a very abundant insect, and in addition to its weil known food plants
it had been a serious pest to peach trees and cabbages. Leaves of the
latter, bitten by the insect, at once decayed from the point of injury. Cut-
worms were very destructive in gardens, and cucumber and melon vines
were much injured by a plant-louse. Potatoes had been much attacked
by a black flea-beetle, and the tomatoes by the boll-worm in the err, and
on the leaves by the sphinx larvee.

Prof. Cook would like to hear the experience of those present as to a
practical remedy for the attack of the boll-worm upon the fruit of tomatoes.

Prof. Osborn said that Mr. Tracy had tried arsenical mixtures with
some success, and also had attracted the perfect insects to light.

Miss M. E. Murtfeldt read the following paper :—
SOME EXPERIENCES IN REARING INSECTS.

In rearing insects, as with many other enterprises in life, we climb the
ladder to success by the rounds of successive failures, having in many
cases to exhaust an almost infinite range of “how zot to do it,” before
arriving at its happy converse.

Many and great are the disappointments of the entomologist ; but
does he succumb? Never! What single point in the biology of a
species has been relegated to the absolutely undiscoverable? I do not

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 921

know of one, no matter how obscure the subject or how little advance has

yet been made in the direction of its elucidation.

“‘ Hope springs eternal” in the breast of the entomologist, and patience

: and perseverance have in him their ‘‘ perfect work,” until Nature relents,

or is caught “ off guard,” and the secret, so carefully hidden, is revealed.
I am tempted to enumerate some of the discouraging circumstances

encountered by the biologist in this field.

Among the Lepidoptera, a majority of the Bombycide, Geometridae

-. and JVoctuide adapt themselves readily to the conditions of the rearing

cage. They accept the food provided and make the best of it, even after,
it has become a little dry, which must sometimes occur when the care-
taker is pressed for time. They thrive in the closer and darker air, and
take such exercise as they require within their parrow walls of glass and
wire-cloth, and when the metamorphic impulse comes they contentedly
weave their cocoons in the corners of their prison, or bury themselves in
the two or three inches of cemetarial earth in the bottom of the cage, and
safely pass those mysterious transformations which give to this class of
beings their pre-eminent interest.

But there is a great deal of individuality, or rather, specificality, in
insects, and not infrequently specimens of larve are found for which the
collector taxes his ingenuity in vain to provide. Not the freshest of
leaves, the cleanest swept earth or the most well-aired of cages will seem
to promote their development. They wander about the cage with an ex-
hausting activity that pathetically suggests a realization of their imprisoned
condition. They nibble languidly at their food, and aimlessly spin mats
of web in inconvenient places, over the cracks of the door or cover, for
instance, and, before long, comes the morning when they are discovered
dead and discolored in the bottom of the cage, and no more of them to
be obtained until another season. Or perhaps the cocoons are spun or
the transformation to pupze safely effected under ground, and the ento-
mologist has full confidence that in due time he will obtain the much
desired imago, and, when it may be expected, watches hourly for its
emergence, and is rewarded by the appearance of an Offion or a swarm
of Zachina flies, or of some still smaller enemy, whose existence he did
not even suspect.

Again, the collector may be obliged to delegate his cares temporarily

aie

222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to another, who, unused to the almost constant supervision necessary, :
suffers the precious larva to starve, or, by an oversight, tosses it out with
the withered leaves, or crushes it in the hinges of the door, or, still more

aggravating, thoughtlessly raises the cover and allows some long looked
for imagine to dart out and escape through an open window. All that he

will remember for the benefit of the person chiefly concerned, will be that — |

it was a moth and ‘‘ seemed something peculiar.” As the entomologist
cannot afford a separate cage for each species, and as he had probably

put his choice unknown in with some well known forms of which he —
wishes simply to increase his duplicates, he probably grasps at the hope

that the escaped insect was one of the latter, and so defers the full realiza-
tion of his loss until weeks and months have passed and all his expected

species have emerged, and then he hopes for better success another year, —
and finds “ life well worth living” for this and similar reasons, which only

an ardent naturalist can appreciate.

In some respects too much care is as subversive of success as too
little. For instance, the very natural curiosity which the student feels to
examine into the state of the insect after it has been buried for a short
time in the earth. So he sifts the soil in his cage, and though he handles
it with all caution, the frail earthen cell in which his treasure is enclosed

falls in pieces, and the poor caterpillar in complete helplessness squirms

in the loosened earth. Despairingly he tries with clumsy fingers to re-
inclose it in the fragments of its cell, or attempts to form a substitute by

packing the earth so that it may not be smothered. In vain. In mae: ;

nine cases in a hundred he never sees the imago,
While the hardy pupz of most noctuids will bear any amount Se

handling, and by their activity will beat hard the earth about them at any ~ 4

time, a few species absolutely resent the least disturbance. I think that
for seven or eight successive years Dr. Riley and I tried in vain to obtain
the imago from a beautiful larva found every autumn in greater or less

numbers on Guaphadium, and occasionally on the Asters and some other —

Composite. Not being able to associate it with its species we designated
it the ‘pretty cut-worm.” It was Dr. Riley’s practice to have the earth
in his cages sifted occasionally during late autumn and winter to see how
the pupa were fareing, and to have each species collected into its par-
ticular corner or side of the cage, which was designated by the sage on
the door.

(Sells SEI Bon had A ag
NS HEE oO mee ce ay Sechne 4
ire st oe Prete SO ae ak a Viet

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223

But in the case of this particular species this orderliness was fatal.
After Dr. Riley went to Washington, I resolved on the “let alone”
policy. I put the larva into a cage with clean earth with an admixture
of sand which I dampened slightly and only at considerable intervals
during winter, kept the cage in a very cool place, and the next summer
was rewarded with several fine specimens of J/amestra legitima, my only
disappointment being that it was a species by no means uncommon.

With me Scopelosoma sidus behaved in an almost equally capricious
_ manner, but was, after many trials, finally reared by adopting the same
_ methods as with /egitima. I now make it a practice to sift or change the
_ earth in my cages only in the spring and autumn before the hibernating
pupze are formed. Of course, if I wish to note pupal characteristics, I
have to run the risk of the disturbance, but this is only occasional. I
_ have found that frequent dampening, when the cages are kept in doors, is
also detrimental, and that hibernating larve and pupe are far less likely
_ to suffer from drought than from dampness.

In rearing the Micro-lepidoptera —in which I have an especial interest
—various tactics must be pursued, and the imagination is often vainly
taxed to suggest a provision which the delayed changes and general un-
rest of the insect plainly call for.

- Under natural conditions it is very difficult to keep track of these

small creatures. The leaves or flowers or fruits on which they may be
found feeding on one day will be deserted by the next, and during the
darkness they will have betaken themselves to parts unknown, the most
‘assiduous search failing to discover them. In the rearing jar some
_ species adapt themselves very kindly ; others will crawl about for days
spinning threads of silk over sides and cover and finally dry up without
effecting their transformations.

An accident to which the student is liable, and against which he can
with difficulty make provision, is to have the larva, which he has perhaps
just described and figured, escape. How often have I taken up a bottle
in which I had been rearing a particularly precious unknown, and found
a tiny hole in the muslin cover, or perhaps a little flap cut at the edge of

the bottle, telling only too surely of the loss and delay which a further
examination verified. ‘The annual brooded species which appear in the
spring are the Jdefe’s noir of the Micro-lepidopterist, especially such

224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species as pupate on or just beneath the surface of the ground. They
have to be cared for during the long, hot summer, as well as the autumn
and winter, and to keep the safe middle course between the Scylla and
Chaybdis of drought and of the dampness which would promote the
equally fatal mould, requires the most. careful attention, The annual
brooded species which later fold or mine the leaves, or feed in the fruit
capsules of various plants, or bore the stems, are comparatively easily
reared, with a few exceptions. It was a number of years before I suc-
ceeded in obtaining the moth from an interesting larva which fed in the

capsules of Pentstemon. ‘This was owing to the peculiar change of habit ©

during hibernation. After eating ail the seeds from both divisions of the
capsule, it would thoroughly line one all with silk, after cutting an apera-

ture for escape, and ensconce itself, as might reasonably be supposed, for

its winter’s sleep. But no; the neatly lined cell was only a temporary
abode, which, during the inclemency of mid-winter, was to be deserted
for an entirely different one. Where, in the state of nature, 1 have not
yet been able to discover. In my rearing jars it perished, year after
year, to my inexpressible disappointment, until finally I wintered a num-
ber out of doors in a small wire cloth box closed with a cork. From this
collection I at last obtained the moth—a beautiful Conchy/is—from a
larva that had bored into and transformed within the cork. But for two
or three years I had only the single specimen, and next to the aggravation
of utter failure I rank the possessor of an unknown unique. It may be
new, and if sent to a specialist he will generally feel somewhat aggrieved
if you reserve the right of description and further impose upon him the
duty of returning the specimen. Then there is the danger of its destruc-
tion, either in the mail or express, to be braved, and yet, so long as one
does not know the species, or be assured that it is new, one never can
take full satisfaction in having bred it.

Last year I had the satisfaction of obtaining nearly a dozen imagines ©

of the Conchy/is in question by providing a number of bits of pith and
cork in which the larvee bored after their desertion of the capsules where
they had fed. oe
Wherever I can make satisfactory arrangements for keeping track of
them, I winter my Micro-larve and pupe out of doors. Such species as
bore the pith of stems are very easily cared for, and leaf miners and
webbers I enclose on the surface of the ground, in some sheltered situa-

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formed or transferred to the cyanide bottle.

I must confess that I have never had signal success in rearing such
species of the Zenthredinide as transform under ground. I have in mind
more than a half dozen species—the larve of which are most interesting—
_ of which I have so far failed to obtain the imagines, in spite of my utmost
care.

The leaf and root-feeding beetles have always developed satisfactorily
for me, but the Cerambdycide, which feed on growing wood, have given
me much trouble, and, in many cases, failed me utterly.

Orthoptera require but little care, as also do leaf-feeding Hemiptera,
but the Cannibal species of both these orders are more difficult to cater
to, and often refuse a diet that one would think would be irresistible.
This is especially true of the carnivorous bugs which I have found require
large space and ample provision to preserve them from fraternal rapacity.

With the aquatic orders I have had but little opportunity for experi-
ment, but think they must furnish many very interesting subjects.

I believe that costly insectaries are being constructed by many ento-
mologists, and no doubt will afford room for much thorough study of
forms and habits. But such costly appliances aré not absolutely
necessary, and sometimes make observations more difficult than when the
conveniences are more primitive.

A secure enclosure, fresh food, fresh air and clean water in the bottles
are almost the only requisites in rearing the herbivorous species, and the
more constantly the cage or jar is under observation the more thoroughly
of course are the history and habits of the species revealed to us. When
I wish to know all about a species, I keep the cage or jar on one corner
of my desk and watch its occupant in the intervals of other work.

I cannot hope that I have conveyed much information in these notes
_ to those who have gone over the same ground, but I am at least sure that
I have recounted some of the experiences of every biological student of
insect life, and can sympathise in his disappointments and appreciate the
- gatisfaction of his successes.

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Friday, August 22nd.—The Club met at 8.30a.m. Dr. Weed pre- = 4
sented a short paper on the habits of Lixus concavus. : ee #
As reported in the bulletin of the Ohio Ex. Station, Mr. Alwodd had a

:

found this insect injuring the stems of rhubarb. During the past summer _

he had bred it from all parts of the stem of the common curled dock. - 4
Prof. Alwood stated that he had observed the larve of Gortyna nitela .

eating those of Lzxus. S |
Dr. Weed read a paper upon the habits of Psephenus Lecontei. — ea

Prof. Webster and Mr, Fletcher also spoke on the habits of this beetle. -

Prof. Hargitt read a note upon a large foliaceous gall which dots”
the tips of the stems of various species of Sodidago at Bloomington, |
Indiana. In many instances as many as ninety-nine per cent. of the flower ae
stems had been destroyed. Gets

Prof. Hargitt read a note upon the Canker Worm. He sie . ‘
attention was drawn to an orchard near Oxford, Ohio, which, for three or
four years, had been seriously affected by this pest. In May, 1890, I
went to examine the orchard and found it thoroughly over-run by the ~
larvee, many of the trees being actually dead, and several others ina very __
weak condition. The orchard, viewed at a distance, had the appearance
of having been burned, the leaves being brown and dead. ‘The trees — Be
were most attacked upon the outer rows, particularly those adjoining a _—
wood. I recommended spraying with one of the arsenites, but it was too
late for the present season. I observed several small birds in the orchard
actively engaged in feeding upon the larve, amongst them the cedar bird, —
blue bird, summer warbler, chipping sparrow and field sparrow.”

Prof. Hargitt also read a note upon Cermatia forceps. He had found
that this Myriapod had become abundant in houses and the college
building at Oxford, Ohio, during the past two or three years. He had
experienced the same difficulty in keeping the insects alive in captivity, —
as was mentioned by Dr. Lintner in his 4th Report. He had succeeded
in keeping them for several days and inducing them to take prey by
keeping them in dark quarters in a tin canister during the day, When
so confined they had fed freely upon house-flies, and other insects sup-
plied them.

Prof. Webster spoke of the predaceous habits of C. forceps, ame | its |
special fondness for the Croton-bug ( Zctobia germanica). , 3

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 927

_ Mr, Fletcher had observed the insect when visiting Mr. Howard at
Washington, D. C., who had described to him its remarkable habit of
_ capturing the Croton-bug by springing over it and thus encaging it beneath
its many curved legs. He was of the opinion that those who had failed
_ to keep this insect in captivity had done so from omitting to supply a
sufficiency of moisture, and thought that Mr. Hargitt’s success in the
instance mentioned, where the insect was put ina tin can, was more due to
this cause than to the darkness. /yriapods are generally found in damp,
_ dark places. .

_ The Club proceeded to elect officers for the ensuing year. Prof.
Cook, the retiring President, congratulated the members upon the
e harmony which had existed throughout the sessions, and was glad to find
that, although some old and pessimistic members of the Club had pre-
dicted that it had run its course and would soon flicker out like a spent
candle, he was glad to find that the present meetings had not only been
_ the best attended for many years, but that the discussions and papers
had been equally interesting to those of any meeting which he had had
the pleasure of taking part in. He wished the Club every success and
trusted that it would grow stronger and stronger every year. The follow-
ing officers were elected :—

President, Prof. Herbert Osborn, Ames, Iowa.
| Vice-President, Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt, St. Louis, Mo.

Secretary, Dr. C. M. Weed, Columbus, Ohio.

_ Prof. Osborn, at the invitation of the President, introduced the subject
_ of the use of contagious diseases in combating injurious insects. He said
that he had already published a paper in the Transactions of the Eastern
Iowa Horticultural Society for 1886, pp. 400-405, upon this subject ; but
that it was of such importance that he desired to hear it discussed by the
members of the Club. He first mentioned the well-known fungous and
bacterial diseases which attack insects, as Muscadine, Grassen or Jaun-
dice, Pebrine, Flacherie or Flaccidity, Foul-brood of Bees, Fly and
Grasshopper Fungus, and the White-grub Fungus, and called attention to
the fact that we were already able to control those which affect important
_ domestic species, as Silkworms and Bees, and that to some extent at
least we are able to control those available as agents in destroying

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

injurious species. After considering the various conditions limiting the

applicability of this means, he drew the following conclusions :— _

(1) That there are diseases amply sufficient as a basis for economic
work, the bacterial forms giving the most promise for all cases where
early results are desired, while those due to fungi, so far as present
knowledge goes, propagating slowly, can only be used as slow but
efficient checks to injurious forms, the most that we can do with them
being to introduce them in localities where they are not already found. —

(2) That the diseases can be controlled to the extent of preserving the
germs for a season and transporting them from place to place to use for
inoculation, but that their spread in nature will be affected by conditions
beyond control, while only such insects as occur gregariously, or live in
mingled hosts, can be attacked to advantage.

(3) That the cost of application would prevent its de: except in
certain forms.

(4) That we must consider this method of contending with insects at

best as but one of a number of profitable methods to be used in certain

cases where other methods are insufficient, and to supplement other
methods when it can be done to advantage. With this end in view,
the diseases of insects are worthy of the most careful study, and will not,
he thought, disappoint the investigator in their final results.

Mr. Fletcher thought that the chief difficulty with regard to these
fungous diseases was their cultivation so that they might be available at the
time when needed. One trouble with him had been carrying them over
the winter.

Prof. Hargitt spoke of a fungous disease which had attacked the
canker worm. ee

Prof. Cook thought the greatest difficulty in making use of contagious
diseases for the destruction of insects was the fact that the insects which
it was desired to treat were not always in a susceptible condition. -

Prof. Garman thought that although fungous diseases were difficult to
introduce, bacterial diseases would probably be more controllable.

The meeting adjourned till 5 o’clock.
Prof. Atkinson spoke on the “Injurious Insects of Alabama.” A

bud worm had been extremely injurious to young corn, piercing the
central shoot and destroying its growth. Déabrotica 12-punctata had

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229

also been injurious in the same manner ; and, if there were not sufficient
food in the stem, the larve descended to the roots and tunnelled out
irregular channels on the surface. They pupated in the ground. A new
_ attack had been observed on the “‘Irish potato,” viz , by the Cabbage Plusia,
which had attacked the leaves. The same insect had been very injurious
to cabbages. In the Southern part of the State more harm had been
done by the Plusia than by the cabbage worm. At Mobile farmers had

complained that 50 per cent. of their melons had been injured by a
worm. Scolytus rugulosus had been very abundant at Auburn in the
_ spring, attacking trunks which appeared to be perfectly sound. Onions
had been badly injured by a species of Thrips. Another species had also
_ been injurious to cotton plants.

_ Prof. Cook stated that he had also seen a Thrips injuring onions in
Michigan. :

Prof. Webster stated that he had studied Scolytus rugulosus and had
found that it invariably attacked trees which were injured. In a single
instance, where the beetles had commenced operations on a sound tree, —
he found that they afterwards left it. |

Prof. Cook made some remarks upon the effect of mild winters upon
insect presence. He had found cut-worms and saw-flies very abundant
in Michigan during the present season. He had also bred a new borer
from the black currant, z. ¢., the small longicorn beetle Ayperplatys ma-
culatus.- He had also found that the larve of Aegeria tipuliformis had
been largely destroyed by a fungous growth like that of the white grub.
The leaves of cherry, pear and quince had been badly attacked by the
larve of saw-flies, but they had been easily.kept in check by applications
of road dust.

Dr. C. M. Weed presented a paper upon the “ Oviposition of Dectes
spinosus upon Ambrosia trifida.” He also gave some account of the in-
- sect, in all its stages, from specimens which he had bred.

During the meeting a most interesting set of photographs was exhi-
bited by Prof. Webster, showing a likeness of Thomas Say, his birthplace,
the house where he lived during the greater part of the time he was writ-
ing his works, his tomb and an autograph. Prof. Webster had a few sets
of the photographs struck off when his own were printed and is willing
to let entomologists have them at the actual cost of production.

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA! OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES,

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 208, Volume xxit. )

H. roseata Wik.
1866—Wlk., App. to Lord’s Trav. in Vanc., 336 (?), Hadisidota.
cinnamonea Bdv.
1868—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc., Belg., XII.), 80, Phegoptera.
1869—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Ann. Ent. Soc., III., 175, Ar. syn.
Habitat—Vancouver, Calif.

As the description of this species is not readily accessible to students,
I reproduce it here :—

“ Female rosy red; body densely clothed, and partly pale yellow
beneath ; head with a pale yellow band on the front; palpi extremely
short ; thorax with six longitudinal pale yellow sieeuien ; abdomen rosy,
lanuginous and partly yellow to the base, extending much beyond the

hind wings; fore wings with some pale yellowish streaks toward the

base, with three exterior whitish macular, very oblique bands ; spots
mostly cuneiform ; costa straight; tips slightly acute ; exterior borders
slightly convex, extremely oblique ; first and second inferior veins con-
tiguous at the base ; third very near the second ; fourth remote from the
third ; hind wings whitish cinereous, slightly hyaline; veins and fringe
slightly yellowish. Length of the body, 7 lines ; of the wings, 20 lines.
‘This species may form a new genus. It differs somewhat from
Halisidota in the structure of the veins of the fore wings.”
HZ. scapularis Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I, 106, Hadistdota.
Habitat—New Mexico.
H. significans Hy. Edw.
1888—Edw., Ent. Amer., III., 182, Hadisidota.
Habitat—-New Mexico.
H. sobrina Stretch. ; 7
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 87, 135, pl. VI, f. 10, ff,
Halisidota.
1873—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 369, Ha/isidota.
Habitat—California,
Food-plant—Pinus insignis.

:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231

fT, tessellaris Sm. Abb.
1797—Sm. Abb.*, Ins. Ga., II., 149, pl. 75, Phalena.
1816—Hbn., DE cichiss, 170, Halisidota.
1837—Geyer, Zutr., No. 470, ff. 939-940, Halisidota.
1833—Harris, Cat. Ins., Mass., 592, Arctia.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 260, Lephocampa.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 732, Hadisidota.

_ 1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII, 534, Hadisidota.
1862—Morris, Synopsis App., 348, Hadisidota.
1862—Harris*, Inj. Insects, 364, Lophocampa
1863—Saund.*, Syn. Can. Arct., 19, Halisidota.
1864—Walsh*, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., [X., 289, Hadisidota.
1870—Walsh*, Am. Ent., I., 205, Lophocampa.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 87, 137, pl. VL, f. 9,2, Hadisidota.
-1882—Grote, New List, 16, Halisidota obit
antiphola Walsh.
1864—Walsh*, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., [X., 288, Hadisidota.
1864—Walsh*, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 412, 413, Wadisidota.
1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III, 536, pr. syn.
1865—Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 197, pr. syn.
var. harrisit Walsh.
1864—Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IIL, 430, Hadisidota.
1865—Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 197, px. var.
1870—Walsh, Am. Ent., I., 205, Lophocampa,
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 137, pr. var.
Habitat—Canada to Texas ; Illinois, Indiana, Missouri.
Food-plants—Oak, sycamore, beech, hornbeam, plane.

EZ. trigona Gtt.

1879—Grt., No. Am. Ent., I., 46, Hadisidota.
1881—Grt., Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci., VII., 64, Hadlisidota.
Habitat—New Mexico.

Genus EUHALEsIDoTA, Grt.
1865, Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, V., 243.

Head moderate; eyes large, not prominent; tongue of medium
length, corneous ; palpi short, scarcely exceeding the front; terminal
joint very short ; antennz long, in the male heavily pectinated ; legs
increasing in length posteriorly ; spurs normal in number and moderate in
length.

232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In venation I can find no notable differences from Ha/isidota, and the
only examined species, /omga, alone considered, I cannot find any
difference save in the wing form. In Zwhalisidota the primaries are
longer and more pointed. Mr. Grote, in describing the genus
originally, had only a single rubbed female before him, and pointed out
some distinctive characters which seem inconstant.
E. longa Grt.

1880—Grt., Can. EnT., XII., 213, Rudaiisious.

Habitat—Florida.
£. pura Neum.

1882—Neum., Papilio, II., 133, Zuhalisidota.

Habitat—Arizona.

Genus ALEXICLEs, Grt.
1882—Grt., Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci., VIII., 46. |
Eyes hairy, head produced ; the thick clypeal vestiture conceals ‘the | a

small palpi; abdomen short, male antennz pectinated; wings rather
long and narrow, entire, sub- diaphanous. Cell in primaries cles his
3-5 arising near together.

The above genus is unknown to me, and the characters: gives are
from Mr. Grote’s description, and all.that he gives. He says, ‘‘ In plac-
ing it among the Arctzans I have probably not found its best place.” No
family characters are given, so it is impossible to guess where the genus
belongs. The neurational characters given are as much noctuid as
arctiid, while the origin of vein 8 of secondaries, which would have
probably decided the propriety of its reference to the Arctians, is not
mentioned at all. In fact, except by the identification of the species, the
genus is not recognizable. The species is 4. aspersa Grt.

1882—Grt., Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci., VIII., 46., Alexicles.
Habitat— New Mexico.

I have now gone over all my notes in the family. The bibliography
is probably not complete, but it embraces references to the descriptions
of all the species and nearly all the genera. by far the greater number
of references are original, and nearly all have been verified. The notes
on the structural characters have gradually accumulated, as I rarely lost
an opportunity of making an examination of a species coming into my
hands, nor of noting the contents of books which I found occasion to
examine in my studies on the noctuide. In arranging the Arctitde of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 230

the National Museum collection it became necessary to examine some of
_ the species for determination, and the facts gleaned in this way were
noted. The localities given are very incomplete, as here I failed. I
_heglected localities for structure, and the list does not, therefore, give a
_ fair idea of the distribution of many of the species.

The economic literature has been almost entirely omitted, since it
rarely became necessary for me to refer to it. Mr. Hy. Edwards’s list of
the early stages will supplement the present catalogue in this respect.
_ The object sought here is to bring within reach of the student the
_ knowledge of where the literature of the family can be found, if he
desires to study it systematically. I have also given my own observations
which may serve as a starting point for others, and may aid in determina-
‘tion and a knowledge of the characters upon which the genera are based.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

1. Front tuberculate or * gianae ae ae cee os Pils ee ae
ON. bi ee pe 3
2. Anterior tibia deed ; accessory cell wanting.......... .-Cydosia
Anterior tibia with a claw at tip; primaries with an acces-
ee re ee Oh ee . Cerathosia
3. Vein 5 of secondaries wanting or very faint................+.. 4
_ Vein 5 of secondaries present......... ; 5
4. Primaries long and narrow, sacondanes tieoad aad ae . Lmydia
__ Primaries broad, secondaries smaller, proportionate ........ Crocota
5. Vein 8 of primaries wanting ; 11 veins........ jaeickec tose co ©
meee Or iaries present ; 29 VOU. iii ein cee wade 9
6. Vein 10 of primaries from the subcostal; 3 and 4, and 6
_. and 7 of secondaries stalked............ les oe. «s Gaophala
Veins 7 to 10 of primaries on a stalk out of the end of the
cell ; veins on secondaries not stalked............... Epicallia
9, Vein 10 Of primaries from the subcostal .......... 0.0.0.0 550 8
Veins 7 to 10 of primaries stalked out of the end of cell........ 13
ie, Mocestory Cel oredent ON Primaries co oii eek ee ees nie oe 9
Accessory Gell wanting on primaries. . 6. eee ee 10
®. Antenne of ¢ bipectinated......--........ oreeeer s+ LMemeophila

Antenne of % with single lateral bristles only.
Primaries narrower, parallel, apices rounded ; secondaries
ee, ON eu ees eee Utetheisa

2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Primaries broader, trigonate, apices marked ; secondaries |
proportionate «2.03.5... os cee Vie gee Se oe Caltimorpha |

1o. Tongue weak and short........ a eas i a ee oe

Tongue moderate or long . ee Lives ee

11. Fore tibia with a small spine at t tip, wings broad and ae

Fore tibia unarmed. ;
Wings broad, size large ......... eel eiuw hy. <5 -Platarctia

: Aria. .
Wings.moderate, size smaller... 0c p.ivaet pas ee a Colle in 1

12. Primaries broad, apices not Bee secondaries propor-
fonate a. nba me eS ge buhae
Primaries broad, apices produced, acute, serqncacae. -

givin: css oe cea ee ee So ay .. Eupseudosome, :
Primaries p narrow, with ee produced pikes sec- e0-{ Halisidota
ondaries still smaller. . eee 4 Ss Euhalisidota —
Primaries still narrower, size smal iy ee .Nelphe
13. Vein 8 of secondaries wanting ................ .Eucrythra =
Vein 8 of secondaries present... 2.7 of... eee ee cee see T4 a
14. Median spurs of hind tibia wanting..:...........45.. 3 ce
Median spurs’of hind tibia present ¢. 5502... :4.5..5, Re ee oS
1s. Anterior tibia armed at tip ....., 727 cus ie er ay a6
Anteriot tibia unarmed at tip .......40....... 3.0. er
16. Tibial armature consisting of a long claw........ ay -Begpin

Tibial armature consisting of a stout spine each side of —
tip; 2 antenne pectinated.. nee ee Leucarctia 2

Tibial armature consisting of a smal spine at each side ek

of tip; ¢% antenns simple ..i,452...; .:,. _. Hyphantria -

17. Primaries broad and obtuse, secondaries proportionate. . esters
Primaries long, apices acutely produced ; secondaeas ;
SMAll, CANRGE 4 o stot sis eg beta k. «2% ss Bante

18. Antenne of # pectinated........ cee oes ce oa ds oe
Antenne simple in both sexes... .igvessss- ss ees

19. White species with more produced apices...............Spilosoma
Tawny species with broader, more obtuse wings..........datarctia

20. Primaries narrow, elongate, apices acute; secondaries eee
rounded ; vestiture dense ; color tawny............2yrrharctia

235

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

23 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Primaries broader, apices marked, but hardly acute ;

vestiture thin ; color reddish............. _. Phragmatobia
Primaries still broader, apices long acute ; @eindarivs subes. a
caudate ; size large ....... Vek aa oe ie eee Uric

The synopsis shows plainly the clone relied of some of the genera,

though the series is arbitrary in its arrangement. Excluding the

Cydosiine, which perhaps indicate a tendency to the Noctuidz, we have
two fairly distinct series. In the one we find a usually small head,

somewhat retracted, and more or less obsolete tongue. The antennz are

_ moderate in length or short. In the other series, the head is larger, more
free, the tongue stronger and longer, and the antenna are usually longer

and more prominent. The position and origin of vein 10 serves as a
good basis of division, and this corresponds to some extent with the
other characters. The entire family needs further revision. The genera
allied to Arctia are scarcely sufficiently distinguished, and so winston

seems scarcely distinct from Ha/isidota.

Melanchroia, Daritis and Kodiosoma are not inghidews in the synopsis.
Ectypia and Nelphe are placed partly by guess, from lack of bl i ia
examination.

Eupseudosoma has been sent me by Mr. Conradi, and is a ‘close ay |

of Ha/lisidota, differing in the broader primaries, and very long ie 8
outer margin.

Finally, the present paper consists rather of a series of notes prepara-
tory to a study of the family, than a critical study. With a good collec-

tion at hand, there should be no difficulty anywhere in the family, oe

perhaps in Hadlisidota.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

1. Venation of Gnophela hoppferi. 8. Venation of Phragmatobia rubricosa.
2. 43 ‘* Crocota ferruginosa. 9. x ‘* Antarctia vagans. 2
3. ** Utethesia bella. 10. “id ‘* Spilosoma virginica,
4 " ‘* Epicallia virginalts. Rig cae ‘ Hyphantria textor,
5 e ‘* Euprepia caja. Arctia 12. e ‘* Euchetes egle. ee

does not differ, 13. ai ** Arachnis picta,
6. 4 ‘© Nemeophila. 14. - ‘© Ecpantheria scribonia,
7. rs ‘* Setrarctiaecho. Leucarctia 15, . ‘* Haltsidota carya,

and Pyrrharctia do not

differ.

Cydosia and Cerathosia were figured in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mux: for 1888 5

Callimorpha and Euerythra were figured in the same publication the year previous. Oye

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 937

NOTES ON COLEOPTERA—NO. 6

BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA.

Corymbites nigricornis Panz. (metallicus Payk. nitidulus Lec.)
This species is widely distributed in North America, from Hudson Bay
to Massachusetts, and westwardly to the Rocky Mountains, through which

it extends to New Mexico. It also inhabits Siberia, Central and Northern
Europe. The typical form (European) is described as metallic black, with
the two basal joints of the antenne and the feet rufous. The American
forms found in Northern Michigan and at Sudbury, Ontario, agree with
this description, except that I have seen no example with more than the

_ first basal joint of the antennz rufous. Moreover, specimens occur with
_ the hind angles of the thorax rufescent, and the feet varied in different

‘ways from rufous to entirely brown. From the more southern parts of
Canada and from Massachusetts comes a form with a narrow margin and
the hind angles of the thorax, its inflexed sides, the prosternal lobe, the
epipleura of the elytra, sides of the abdomen and narrow posterior mar-
gin of the ventral segments rufous ; the feet varying in colour, as in the
typical forms.

Except in colour there appears to be no other separative, but this is
so striking that it is not obvious, without some study, that the forms are
all one thing. No such variation seems to have been recorded among the
European forms.

- Petalium bistriatum Say.—This is a very small thing, from .o4 to .08
inch in length, black, with rufous feet and antennz, and is frequently
beaten from bushes by the collector. There is a form raised abundantly
from dead hickory of two years, that is entirely castaneous, with the other
characters noways different, except that the dorsal striz of the elytra are
fairly well marked, the intervals with rows of fine soft hair, and the 8th
joint of the antenne, though still short, can be seen in life with a lens ;
_ whether this i¢ sufficient difference to be the basis of another species is
left to the future monographer. The genus is readily known from all
others in this difficult family by the large metasternum projecting forward
separating widely the middle cox, and by the second ventral segment of
the abdomen being as wide as the remaining three conjointly. The in-
sects of this family have a very provoking habit of tucking away the an-
: tennz and folding the legs so as to elude observation without a trouble-

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

some process. I find it very satisfactory to collect them alive and to place

them on the slide of the microscope in a drop of chloroform, which quiets

them for a minute, and when reviving the antennze and legs are ares
slowly and may be seen rather better than by dissection.

Raised from the same wood with the above was a specimen of Hadro-

bregmus .18 inch long with eleven jointed antennz, which if not pumi/us”
is a new species, the size constituting the principal difference observed. :

Several examples of Xy/etinus pe/tatus were likewise bred from this
_ wood. ae

species is not uncommon here, and this season numerous examples were
bred from hickory wood deadened two years and one-half ago. In the

catalogue it is set down as a variety of Aumeralis Fab., but the reason is

not very obvious. It is smaller, .45 to .65 inch, (Haldeman gives, .50 to
.75 inch, but in over 100 examples I never coe one over .65 inch, .50 to.55

Purpuricenus axillaris Hald. (Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X., 31). This Pe

inch being the usual length) ; cylindrical in’ outline ; thorax modecmely vate

foveate-reticulate ; elytra sparsely moderately bunches on the basal

third, which is mostly of a pale lemon color to orange yellow ; the apical

two-thirds is entirely black, the anterior portion of which is punctured a
little more finely than the yellow portion, and the posterior very finely
and densely ; a black hair arises from each puncture forming a dense pile
that completely conceals the punctuation ; the underside is moderately
finely sparsely punctured; the black and the yellow portions of the

elytra are separated transversely by an irregular border, though the

black has no tendency to advance ss the suture, but rather the
reverse. Ce ee
Humeralis is larger, .70 to 1.0¢ inch, considerably pee and
broader in proportion to the lengths ; the thorax is very rugosely foveate-

reticulate ; the elytra on basal third are coarsely sparsely deeply punc-

tured ; the punctures on the apical black part are somewhag finer but not
dense, and are not concealed by the black hairs ; the underside is coarsely
punctured ; the apical black of the elytra advances normally along the

suture to the scutellum, leaving a triangular basal space on each side ~

extending to the marginal third of a bright scarlet color, but sometimes
orange. In some individuals the basal spot becomes dilated posteriorly
so as to be separated only by a black sutural line, and then the specimen

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239

ee

resembles axi//aris, but only in coloration. To me they are separate
species.

= Dorcaschema nigrum Say.—This species requires two years for
development, breeding in dead hickory limbs, from a barrel of which
more than 500 specimens were obtained from June 3rd to 25th. The
larve live under the bark till May of the year in which the beetle
_ appears. As the time for pupation approaches they develop an enormous
appetite and eat broad cavities in the wood under the bark through
_ which their dust is ejected by a perforation. Some of them pupate in
these cavities in which they partition off a suitable space with a wall of.
_ compacted dust ; but the greater number bore obliquely into the wood to a
greater or lesser depth and distance and then outwardly again till near
_ the surface, packing their burrows solidly. The larve do not bore
_ entirely to the outside, but stop short one-eighth to one-sixteenth of an
_ inch, leaving the remainder of the wood and the bark to be cut through
__ by the matured beetles, which are just as capable of boring a hole as the
larve. And in this connection I would state that I have ascertained
this season that in the case of Saperda Fayi and S. concolor, the beetles,
and not the larve, bore the holes to escape by. In the pupa state the
very long antenne are coiled into a spiral of three and lie on the wing
pads. In the development probably one-fourth of the beetles are unable
to free the entire antennz from the envelope and appear with one or
both deficient in some of the external joints.

_ Tymnes metasternalis Crotch.—This species appears to be rare among
collectors. Crotch described it from Illinois briefly : “‘ Very similar to the
preceding [tricolor, the bronze variety], but elytra more sparesly punctate,
subcostal ; metasternum and ventral segments closely and deeply punctate.
L. .22 inch.” This season 1 took twenty-five examples of a form that
suits this description well enough, except that in length they measured
from .16 to.1g inch, which represents a much smaller insect, but which for
the present may bear the name. In ¢rico/or the metasternum is scarcely
sparingly punctate and highly polished, and there are scarcely any ab-
dominal punctures. This, with the much larger size and more convex
form, are sufficient distinctions. With Rhabdoptera picipes Oliv. ( Col-
aspis pretextata Say) it may be very readily, and probably is, often con-
founded, as they are nearly of the same size, colour and sculpture, but the
underside of picifes is smooth like in Z: ¢ricolor and the tibige are not

_bably an exception to its habit.

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

produced at the apex toa point. The beetles were beaten from a small
Crategus growing in a fence corner at the edge of a large grove on June
2nd, 6th and 12th, many of them paired; other bushes of the same
species nearly yielded none. Zymmnes tricolor is rather abundant, vary-.
ing in the colour and sculpture of the upper side ; the bronze coloured is —
the largest and roughest, occurring in June and July, usually on chestnut ;
the green variety is found at the same time on hickory, individuals being
sometimes bright blue and an occasional one bright coppery. I once took
two of the green variety early in April in hibernation, though this is pro- —

Tymnes chrysis Oliv.—This species when found is abowdabe but it.
seems to occur in localities. So far, it has been taken on hickory
sprouts growing from stumps, and occurs in June and July. As it has —
not been described in American works I give a. translation of Olivier’s:
“* Golden-green, thorax and elytra punctate; antenne and feet rufous. a
Like Z. viridis; antenne, palpi, labrum above and feet rufous; 5
body green or brassy-green. Sometimes brassy-green, brilliant, shining;
head, thorax and elytra punctate. New York, Georgia.” Oliv., Vol. 6,
886, No. 16, and figure. 7? viridis Fab, is the green form of tricolor,
which is.more brilliant in the Southern States, whence were Olivier’s
specimens. Olivier’s description is applicable as far as it goes, but a
greater abundance of material shows more variation. The large majority
of examples are greenish blue to cobalt blue, while violaceous and bright _
coppery individuals occur ; in some examples the thorax is of one of these
colours and the elytra of another; the antenne are often darker out-
wardly ; the femora are usually piceous black, with the tibize and tarsi
pale. This is varied in different ways, and sometimes all are piceous. —
The underside is black or piceous, shining, sparsely, finely and irreg-
ularly punctate. Length .18 to .20 inch. This species has the thorax
and elytra smooth and rather closely and evenly punctate, and without the
elytral rugosities of the other species, and arranged by this character it
would be the first or the last of the series, :

Rhabdoptera (Colaspis) picipes Oliv. (pretextata Say).—Olivier —
describes his picipes as having the thorax fimeZy punctured, and as being —
a little Zarger than Zymnes (Colaspis) viridis Fab., the green variety of
L. tricolor. Wt is difficult to find a North American insect in full —
accord with this description if rigidly interpreted. The bronze form of —

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 241

2 bpisador with which it has been united has the thorax not very
coarsely but still not finely punctured, and in this respect does not quite
answer, though usually a little larger than viridis.

Rhabdoptera pretextata Say, with which Dr. LeConte formerly united
it, and more recently Dr. Horn, with the precedence, has the thorax
punctured as in ¢ricolor, and is too small by nearly one-half. Olivier’s
description translated is: “ Beneath piceous; above shining. fusco-
@neus ; antenne testaceous, apex black, a little larger than C. viride Fab.
Antenne testaceous, last two joints fuscous; body above shining,
_ beneath piceous ; thorax finely punctate ; elytra punctate with confluent
punctures. Throughout Carolina.” A figure accompanies this descrip-
tion. |

This is as good a description of the bronze form of ¢ricolor as
Olivier gives of either viridis or chrysis, and as the same exactness of
expression did not prevail then as now, the really not very coarsely
punctured thorax might have been considered fine by him. It seems
scarcely just to Mr. Say to supercede his name, accompanied by a fairly
good description, by one that, according to the describer, applies to an
insect nearly twice the size and which, like a hermit crab, has been
wandering about a long time in search of a suitable shell. In neither of
the two species are the elytra confluently punctured. This species is
distributed from Canada to Florida and westward to the Rocky Moun-
tains. It occurs here abundantly on the Vitacee, especially the wild
grape.

There is an undescribed species of Colaspis or Rhabdoptera (if the
genus is valid) found in North Carolina, of which I have examples, which
_ is of the proper size to suit the description of A/czpfes, has the elytra what
; may be termed rugosely punctured, and the thorax scarcely more coarsely
than ¢ricolor or pretextata; but it is brilliantly green above. There
may, however, be examples, as in nearly all similarly coloured insects, of
_ bright golden or coppery individuals, and if so, it would fit Olivier’s de-
scription better than either of the other species. ‘There is a difficulty that
_ must be met, or satisfactorily explained, before there can be certainty in
fp any assignment, that is; the name “ Azcépes,” and the statement that the
underside is “‘ piceous.” Olivier, in describing the other species, names the
colour of the legs, which he here does not do, and the legitimate inference

242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

may belong to some foreign country.

Haltica ignita I._—This species is so protean in colour,
. the wide range of the vegetation it affects, that it is difficult to

under the name iverata. It is easily separable into ae: hre
two of which occur here in the greatest ee ae

though caaividuil occur with it violet or green.
on Azaleas growing among huckleberry. | A colour va: ati

green, individuals occurring of a coppery and violet colout,

thorax violet, or coppery and the elytra green. The length of
is from .14 to.17 inch; the punctuation of the elytra is compara
coarse and not very close. tas

The second form is much smaller, .11 to .13 inch i
punctuation of the elytra is finer and less distinct ; the -
elongate, and more depressed ; ; the colour of the upper 3

in Florida, but I have met with neither. This species is ‘
from all others except chalybea and nana by the deep ant

sions.

Mailed November 5th.

The Ganadiay Entomologist

VOL. XXII. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1890. No. 12.

THE HABITS OF THE POMEGRANATE BUTTERFLY (VIR-
ACHOLA ISOCRATES) OF INDIA, AS RECOUNTED BY
DE NICEVILLE, (BUTT. INDIA, III., 478-481). *

Larva .8 of an inch in length when full grown; ground-colour
blackish-brown, the constrictions between the segments weil marked, the
head comparatively large, fuscous, covered with rugosities or short semi-
circular tubercles, the segments rapidly increasing in size to the fourth,
then gradually tapering to the thirteenth, which latter is about as wide as
the second segment ; second segment anteriorly flesh-coloured, the third
segment entirely flesh-coloured, the seventh and eighth bearing a large
dorsal square flesh-coloured patch, the three anal segments scutate, all
the segments widely pitted and covered with short but coarse black
bristles, which are more numerous at the sides and whitish. This larva is
very ugly, to be accounted for, perhaps, by its passing its life out of sight
in the interior of a fruit. In Calcutta I have reared the larva on the fruit
of the Randia dumetorum Lamk., which belongs to the Madder family
(Rubiacee). I once found a larva in the fruit of the Loquat (Zriobotrya
japonica Lindl.), of which it ate the hard central seed or stone only. It
emerged on April 4th. Messrs. F. E. Partiger and E. C. Cotes have bred
it from the fruit of the Guava (Psidium guava Raddi.). Its usual food
appears, however, to be the fruit of the pomegranate ( Punica granatum
Linneus). |

Pura of the usual lyczenid shape, brown, marked with a dorsal and
lateral black line, the whole surface very rough, covered with tiny pits,
furnished with a few short coarse bristles, which are most numerous
round the sharp anterior ridge which encloses the head ; the wing-cases
pale ochreous ; head rounded ; anal segment blunt.

“This butterfly [ Virachola isocrates| resides in the larva state in the
interior of the pomegranate, seven or eight atleast [This is very unusual.
I have never found more than one larva or pupa in a single fruit ; two or

244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

three would probably be the maximum ordinarily, even then one or more —
would probably have to emigrate to a fresh fruit before becoming full-fed], —
having been reared in the interior of the small fruit now exhibited. Of
the mode in which the eggs are deposited by the female in the interior of
the pomegranate no information has been received; it is, however, .
probable that this is effected whilst the fruit is in its very young state.
[The eggs are laid by the butterfly in the calyx of the flower of the young —
fruit.| The caterpillars feed upon the seeds and inner part of the fruit,
whiclpis thus rendered weak and unable to support its own weight, and
consequently liable to have its stem broken and to fall to the ground with
the first wind. This, however, would be destruction to the inclosed in-
sects since, in all probability, they would find it impossible to make their
escape were the fruit to be suffered to lie rotting upon the ground. To
obviate this evil, the caterpillars, when full fed, have the instinct to eat a —
hole [this is incorrectly stated, there is always a hole in the fruit for the.
larva to cast forth its dejections,] about a quarter of an inch in diameter —
through the hard shell of the fruit whilst it remains upon the tree;
through this hole they then creep to the stem of the fruit, and spin a
white web, which they attach to the basal part of the fruit as well as. to
the stem, for about the distance of an inch along the latter. This web
is sufficiently strong to support the pomegranate from ai after the
wind has broken the stem near the fruit

“From the circumstance of this specimen of the fruit eahivited:
having as many holes in it as there were caterpillars inhabiting it, it is
most probable that the web thus spun is a joint production of the whole.
It is curious, as evidencing the instinctive impulses under which each of
the inclosed larve must have acted, that, instead of availing themselves
of the first aperture made in the fruit, each caterpillar should be at the
trouble of making a hole for itself, a circumstance which renders it the
more probable that all joined in spinning the web.

“But it will be at once asked, what necessity could there be for the |
caterpillars to secure the fruit from falling after each has bored a hdle,
and thus made its escape? This question is answered by a curious
circumstance that, after so securing the fruit, the caterpillars return again
into the pomegranate, in the hollow interior of which they undergo their ;
transformations to the chrysalis state.

‘‘Here, too, we may notice another interesting fact, namely sabi

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 245

the insect has the precautionary instinct, which acts as a second induce-
ment, to make the aperture in the fruit in that stage of its existence in
_ which it is furnished with organs best adapted for the purpose, for, had the
_ larva omitted taking this step, the consequence would have been that the
poor insect, when come to its butterfly state, would have been a prisoner
_ totally unable to make its escape, being unprovided with any instrument
sufficiently powerful to make a hole in the shell.

«The chrysalides are attached horizontally upon the inner walls of the
pomegranate by means, first, of a patch of silk laid upon its surface to
the centre of which the tail of the chrysalis is attached, and second, of a
‘slender silken thread passing from side to side over the base of the
abdominal segments.

*« Another curious instance of instinct yet remains to be noticed. The
butterfly, so soon as ever it has escaped from the puparium, must make its
escape out of the hole formed by the larva. Delay would be death, as
the wings would soon acquire their full expansion of nearly a couple of
inches, in which state it would of ‘course be unable to creep out.

*‘ In the chrysalis state the belly of the insect is placed in contact with
the inner surface of the fruit ; consequently, as the slit by which the
butterfly escapes out of the puparium extends along the back, the under
surface of the latter remains entire, the anterior lateral portions on each
side of the slit (extending as far as the whole coverings of the wings),
curling up and lying close upon those parts which have covered the
breast and limbs, leaving the abdominal portion in the same form as
when it enclosed the insect. (Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., (L.),

ie E1837.
| “At the time the pomegranate is in flower, and at a very early
period, the Hair Streak may be seen very busily occupied about the
flowers, and I have little doubt that the eggs are deposited at the bottom
of the calyx, from the position in which I have seen the abdomen of the
butterfly placed. As the fruit enlarges the eggs are enclosed, and in this
situation matured.

“In order that I might obtain a perfect insect I surrounded several
of the fruit with fine gauze, but in such a manner as not in the least to
interfere with the caterpillar in its labour of connecting the fruit and stalk
by means of the web, but to my astonishment and disappointment this
never took place. The caterpillars issued from the fruit, and finding their

246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

escape impeded, underwent their change on the external part, and so
soon as this was effected I removed the fruit from the tree for the purpose
of placing it in a mosquito gauze house in my room. Subsequently I
examined several of the fruit, but I never found any chrysalides or the
remains of any inside the fruit. I was very careful in my observations
and I came to the conclusion that the caterpillars in this instance deserted
the fruit when ready to undergo their change.” (Downes, Calcutta,
Journ. Nat. Hist., ii: 408, 1842.) Professor Westwood is quite correct ;
there is no doubt that in nature this butterfly usually pupates within the
fruit ; on opening these I have found at different times dozens of pupz
or pupe skins, but never more than one in each fruit. Mr. Downes is
also partially right, as if the fruit are cut off the tree and placed in a box
the larve, when full-fed, will leave the fruit and pupate anywhere on the
sides of the box or on the fruit. ‘
There is one interesting question still tobe referred to in the life
history of this butterfly—is it attended or not by ants in its larval state,
and has it the special organs affected By the ants? Mr. W. C. Taylor,
of Khorda, Orissa, writes :—‘* Larva attended by the ant, Formica nigra,
who clear away their droppings and act as sweepers, as well as guard the
pupe.” His daughter, Mrs. Wylly, also writes:—‘‘The larva of
Virachola isocrates, though louse-like in shape, differs considerably from
those of Catochrysops cnejus, Fabricius, Azanus ubaldus, Cramer, and
Tarucus theophrastus, Fabricius. The latter are inert and slow, the
former is very brisk in its movements, and with the protrusible long neck,
small head and strong jaws of a beetle grub, is no doubt well-adapted for
the work required in making its home. The length: of the larva when
full-fed is rather more than an inch, and in colour and shape much
resembles a ripe mulberry. It had a glossy, shining skin, very knobby
and indented all over, of a blue and purple colour, and its three
posterior segments covered with a squarish shield with a raised dingy
yellow rim to it. The larva bores for itself when quite young a little
clean-cut round hole from the outer rind of the fruit of Punica granatum
to the heart. In this hole it spends its days with its head inside eating
away at the green or ripening pips, and enlarging the hole as it increases
itself in size. Sometimes three or four larve may be found buried in one
pomegranate. When at rest and not eating it plugs up the outer hole
deftly with the shield on its tail. It is a curious fact that the ants in the
case of this species act as sweepers to the larva, hovering in attendance

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247

round the mouth of each hole and performing all the cleaning out opera-
_ tions with great regularity. The larva never leaves the fruit till full-grown
_ [this is doubtful ; I think it often seeks a fresh fruit, as I have frequently
found a small fruit with the whole interior eaten and quite clean, and no
pupa or pupa-skin, so in all probability the larva which inhabited that fruit
had left it and sought another,| and then it descends the bark and seeks
some crevice, crack or knot in the stem of the tree, and there undergoes its
transformations. ‘The ants, as far as I could see did not convey the
larve to their nest at the foot of the-tree, but as there were many larvae
on the tree and few pupz, some may have been removed to their nest.
[These missing pupz were probably inside the fruit.] I was unable to
find any eggs on the fruit or flowers, nor have I ever observed the ants
‘milking’ any of the larve, nor any appearance of tentacles being
present. The larva spins a slight but strong web from its moutl? with
which it binds the fruit to the stalk to prevent its being blown off by the
wind, and later uses the silk to fasten itself to by the tail when ready to
change to a pupa. The pupa is also attached by two threads flatly to
the trunk, and is of a pinkish-brown colour like the bark of the pome-
granate tree, with various speckles and marks of a darker brown, and a
dark dorsal line dividing it down the centre. The head of the pupa is
covered with a kind of plate rounded in front, straight at the neck.” For
my own part I have never seen ants attending the larve, nor have I been
able to find the special organs affected by them, and without these I fail
to see why ants should take any trouble for the larve.

‘Tt is almost impossible with the net to get a really good specimen
of V. isocrates or of V. perse. They are not only difficult to catch, but
exceedingly swift, wary, and given to settling on high trees, but, when
caught, difficult to secure without injury. There is a delicate bloom on a
fresh specimen which the gentlest touch destroys. It is easily reared
however. As is well known, the larva feeds inside the fruit of the pome-
granate, and sometime before becoming a pupa eats* its way through
the tough rind and fastens the fruit with silk to its stalk, thus
preventing it from falling off in case it should wither before the butterfly
escapes, as it generally does. ‘This operation is performed at night, and
generally repeated night after night. I have taken a pomegranate

*This statement is-slightly misleading. From the very earliest stages the young
larva makes a hole in the fruit, which it gradually enlarges as it grows, and through
which it throws out its dejections. At any period the larva can leave the fruit in which
_ it lives, and in fact not infrequently does so, entering a fresh fruit which suits it better.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CO

24

infested with these larvee (several usually inhabit each fruit) and made it -
stand in an egg-cup ; in the morning it was so securely fastened that in
taking up the fruit I lifted the cup. Of all animal instincts that I have
seen or heard of this is one of the most astonishing and certainly the
most difficult to reconcile with any theory of development. As far as I
have observed it, the larva never leaves its shelter except for the definite
purpose so necessary to its safety, and it taxes ordinary ingenuity to
suggest any possible conditions under which some larve might have per-
formed the act in the first instance without purpose. I have found this
butterfly pretty common in Bombay and Poona from December or
January till March at least.” (Aitken, Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. nes
i: 216, n. 46, 1886.) :
Mr. F. E. Pargiter in 1881 wrote this note :—“ The larva foficRs 94
isocrates| feeds on the leaves [?] and fruit of the Guava tree. It is
rather plentifully clothed with short whitish hair. In the two white spots
at the tail are two small horn-like processes, which the larva continually
protudes and retracts.” This latter note appears to be conclusiveasto
the larva having the special organs affected by ants and tet it is ;
attended by ants, though I have failed to find these. 3
V. isocrates is very common in Calcutta during the winter, much 4

affecting the flowers of the Poinsettia. It appears to occur almost every-
where in the plains of India except the desert tracts, but it isnot found
in Assam or Burma. 4

GELECHIA GALLAZEDIPLOPAPPI (N. Sp.)
BY REV. THOMAS W. FYLES, SOUTH QUEBEC.

Length of body four lines ; expanse of wings eight to nine lines. '

Head white, eyes black, labial palpi recurved; first joint large and
white ; lower half of second joint white; upper brown, with white tip;
antennee filiform, ringed light brown and black.

Thorax reddish chocolate in colour; fore-wings rich chocolate red,
with a white divided fascia near the hind margin ; under side dark grey;
hind wings pale silvery grey ; fringes grey, with a faint brownish gloss. —

Abdomen golden yellow on the upper side of the three first segments,
the rest light brown.

Time of appearance the beginning of August.

Described from four specimens bred from galls on Aster (diplopappus)
umbellatus.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249

NEW NORTH AMERICAN HOMOPTERA.—II.

BY E. P. VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, N. Y.

Pediopsis tristis n. sp.
Cinerous varied with fuscous ; apex of the front and basal angles of
the scutellum black ; pronotal rug distinct. Length 444-5 mm.

MALE.—Face with coarse rugose punctures, arranged in oblique lines
on the base of the front ; front black, cinereous at base and next the eyes,
‘ with a broad, curved, transverse white band, including the ocelli ; clypeus,
7 lore and cheeks whitish, the former sometimes tinged with pale green.
1 Form of the pronotum about as in ‘ws7gnis ;_cinereous clouded with fuscous
on the apex and along the posterior margin, with an elongated black spot
behind the inner angle of the eye ; rugee composed of profound elongated
punctures. Scutellum obliquely punctured on the disc ; cinereous, with a
brownish central band, and black triangular spots within the basal angles.
Elytra uniform greyish-brown, subhyaline ; nervures strong, evenly
margined with fuscous. Wings pale smoky hyaline, nervures brown ;
beneath whitish ; intermediate pectoral pieces with a large black spot, a
smaller one just below the propleura, and on the latter a minute dot.
Venter dull yellowish, obscured next the connexivum and toward the
apex ; tergum more or less embrowned. Legs pale; sides of the femora
and tibiz, and tips of the tarsi brown or blackish-brown. Plates ligulate,
narrowed and somewhat recurved toward the apex; black or piceous,
fringed outwardly with long white hairs. Pygofers white, with a narrow
black apical margin, meeting on the ventral aspect almost to their tips,
leaving a slightly oblique orifice.

Described from three males collected by Prof. Herbert Osborn at
Fairfax, lowa, June 22nd and 24th, 1889, to whom I am indebted for
specimens of this and a number of other interesting western forms.

This sombre coloured species is most closely allied to my insignis,
from which it may be distinguished by its heavy margined elytral nervures,
the large black spot on the apex of the front, and by the rough appear-
ance of the pronotum, contrasting strongly with its peculiar velvety look
in zusignis. Unfortunately there are no females at hand from which to
coinplete this specific diagnosis but there can be no risk in establishing
the species on one sex only.

Pediopsis insignis is now known to me from Kansas, Iowa, Michigan,

Ts CS ee Se ee eee

RAS LO ae ee Pe ee Se ae

250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

New York and Ottawa, Ont. It appears to be subject to very little a

variation.
Thamnotettix lurida n. sp.

Form of Z:) subenea; pale yellow marked with fulvous ; elytra see
fulvous, with a whitish commissural spot. Length 5 mm.

Vertex but little longer.at the middle than next the eye; surface
covered with deep oblique ruge which emit the broad margins and
medial line, and near the hind margin, on either side, is a minutely
punctured area. Pronotum transversely wrinkled. Face fulvous ; a large
\ spot on the apex of the front and four or five lateral transverse arcs, pale
yellow. Vertex and pronotum pale yellowish ; the former with a trans-
verse band connecting the ocelli; the latter, with the lateral angles and
four more or less distinct longitudinal bands, fulvous. Scutellum pale,
with the basal angles and two small spots between them fulvous. Elytra
deep fulvous, opaque, especially on the clavus and base of the corium.
A large commissural spot near the apex of the clavus, and some smaller,
indistinct ones on the discal areoles of the corium whitish. Abdomen

and all beneath deep fulvous 2, or blackish {; the pleural pieces and

connexivum edged with pale ; legs and genitalia of the g fulvous.

Described from two examples, a ¢ received from Prof. Osborn,
labelled ‘“‘ Ames, Iowa, May roth, 1881,” and a 2 from Mr. G. C. Davis
labelled “Agricultural College, Mich., Oct. 24th, 1888.”

This pretty little insect is very near my Z: subenea from ane ae
but it is broader and shorter ; the vertex is not so long as in that species,
and with the pronotum is distinctly wrinkled; the elytra are deeper

coloured and almost opaque; the valve of the 2 is produced medially in

a eee é aps

a short blunt tooth, and the plates are broader, especially toward their @
slightly divergent tips, and are less heavily fringed. In the 9 the central

tooth on the hind margin of the last ventral segment is narrower and
more acute than in its ally.

T. subenea and lurida are characteristic of neither this genus nor
Athysanus, to either of which they might be referred. Genus Phlepsius
could, perhaps, be modified so as to include them, as they want only the
elytral reticulations of being very good Phlepsiids. From Scaphoideus
they are debarred by their shorter antennal sete and broader form, For
a note on this genus see Entomologica Americana, Vol. VI., p. 52.

ee ene

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 251

SUBDIVISION OF GENERA.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

I was pleased to see Mr. Cockerell’s article on this subject in the
September number of the Canapian ENTOMOLOGIST, and hope we may
hear from others on the question. It seems to me that a genus should, as
far as possible, represent a natural division ofa group of plants or animals
so distinct from other groups that the species forming the genus are easily
referred to it. In botany we recognize at a glance such natural genera as
Carex, Rosa, Quercus, etc. The fact that the first of these is a large
genus is, it seems to me, no good reason why any subdivisions of it should
be called genera, for each plant in any one of the divisions is as mucha
Carex as any other one. If the genus is too large to suit the convenience
of the practical worker in some part of his work, I have no objection to a
subdivision of the genus into groups ; in fact every botanist knows that
the species do readily divide into such groups. Perhaps it is best to give
names to these group divisions instead of numbers or letters as is some-
times done. The main objection I can see to this is that some one, in label-
ling the specimens in his cabinet and in making his exchanges, will use these
names as generic, leading to more or less confusion.

But what is the custom among systematists in different groups of
natural history? To answer this question I turn to a few works that come —
to my hand, and find the following :-— ;

In Botany I find that Wood divides Carex into two groups without

names ; the genus Aster into four groups with names. Mann’s Catalogue

makes no division of the genera; published 1868. Gray in his ‘* Manual,”
1856, subdivides fifty-four genera, using names for the subdivisions, five of

these being in the Mosses and Liverworts. In his ‘‘School and Field

Book” he does substantially the same thing. In his ‘ Synoptical Flora
of North America,” 1886, he pursues the same plan, the names in most,
if not all cases, such as had been used for such subdivisions by some other
writer in calling them genera.

In Ornithology I find that Coues in “ Key to North American Birds,”
1872, makes no divisions of the genera. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, in
“History of N. A. Land Birds,” 1874, divide eleven genera by using
subgenera names, and divide one genus by sections that are numbered.
Mr. Ridgway does the same thing in “ Birds of Illinois,” 1885.

—

252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In Conchology I consulted George W. Tryon’s “Structural and
Systematic Conchology,” 1882. In this a large part of the genera are i
subdivided into subgenera and subgenus names are used. If space would
permit, a review of Mr. Tryon’s course in regard to these names would
be interesting.

In Hymenoptera I find Dr. A. S. Packard, ‘‘ Revision of Fossorial
Hymenoptera,” divides five genera into groups by capital letters; pub-
lished in 1865. Dr. Henri de Saussure, “Synopsis of N. A. Wasps,”
1875, divides genera into subgenera with subgenus names, in a few cases
dividing a subgenus into groups and using names for these groups also.
Edward Norton, “Cat. of the Tenthredinide,”’ 1867-69, uses names in
some genera and numbers in others. E. T. Cresson, in his various
publications, divides only a few genera, and part of those are divided with
names and the rest by numbers.

In Diptera I. find Osten Sacken, in his ‘ Cat. of Digtens’: 1878, |
divides two genera into subgenera with names, the genus Z7yfeta into
thirty-seven, and C/orops into six subgenera. I have other works on
Diptera, but they were not consulted.

In Hemiptera, P. R. Uhler, ‘‘ Check List of Hemiptera Hieteroptees w
1885, no subgenus names used. ‘The other works I had access to were

. not consulted.

In Coleoptera only Horn’s and Henshaw’s Check Lists were con-
sulted, and neither of these use any form of subdivision of genera.

In Neuroptera, Dr. H. Hagen, ‘“‘Synopsis of Neuroptera of N. A.” —
1861, divides a few genera by the use of subgenus names, others are divided
by reference marks as in analytical keys.

In Lepidoptera I find P. A. J. Duponchel, ‘‘Cat. of the bie of
Southern Europe,” 1844, divides large genera for analytical purposes,
sometimes using a capital letter. ‘‘Accentuated List of British Lep.”
contains no division of genera ; published in 1858. Boisduval and Guenee,
‘Species General,” 1874, divide genera into groups by letters, numbers
and reference marks, but do not use names. Guenee in his part of the
work does the same thing. Grote, in his new ‘‘ Check List of N. A.

Moths,” divides Apate/a and Agrofis into subgenera, using names. This 4

is the list of 1890. His lists of 1875 and 1882 contain some section
subdivisions, both with and without names. W. F. Kirby, in his ‘“ Cat.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 253

of Diurnal Lep.,” 1871, uses no form of division of the genera. Mr.
Edwards, as we all know, divides the genera into groups and numbers
the groups.

This is enough to show that the custom among the best writers in the
various departments of natural history varies. Quite a large majority
divide the large genera into some form of groups, indicating the relation
of the species to each other in this way, while a few shirk all responsibility
of showing such relation by arranging the species in large genera alpha-
betically. Of those given above who divide genera, about twice as many
use subgenus names as divide the genera without using names, several
using both methods in the same work, and occasionally in the same genus.
I noticed, further, that most of these subgenus names are the names that
have been used by some former writer for genera, the one using them for
subgenus names having either united the genera himself, or taken the
work of some one else in that line. This is in line with what Mr.
Cockerell suggests.

A NEW FORM OF CERURA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY HARRISON G. DYAR, RHINEBECK, N. Y.

Cerura cinereotdes n. var. or n. sp. Head, collar and tegule light
cinereous ; throax above largely mixed with orange and metallic blue
scales, below somewhat paler cinereous; tarsi ringed with black ;
abdomen concolorous with the thorax, the segments banded behind with
paler cinereous, the last segment in the female sprinkled with black scales,
the anal tuft in the male nearly white. Antenne white, the pectinations
dark brown, long in the male and diminishing toward the tip ; short in the
female. Primaries pale, almost whitish cinereous, paler basally, much
the colour of Cerura occidentalis Lintn., and marked after the pattern of
C. cinerea Walk. A minute black basal spot on the submedian, a little
further on another on the subcostal ; an extra basilar row of six small
black spots on the nervules in a curved line, three on the costa close

. together, but separable by a lens, one on median, one on submedian vein

and one on internal margin, the latter, in one female, faint. The median
band composed of black and a few orange scales is faint, much the colour

254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the lower part of that in C. défida Steph. (but not that shape). Its
internal border is arcuate in the male, more angular in the female. Its
outer border is twice indented, once at median vein and again on
submedian. The borders are very faint, hardly to be distinguished from
the rest of the band. Beyond the band are a few black scales on costa,
median and submedian veins. A minute spot on discal cross vein, —
visible only in one specimen. Beyond this a very obscure undulated

diffuse line, hardly to be distinguished at all in the male, and a crescenti-
form line, darkest on the costa preceding the abbreviated blackish

subterminal band, which is broad on the costa, narrows to the first median

venule and borders slightly the crescentiform line to internal margin. In
this line are a series of small venular orange spots, and it is preceded by

a row of seven small venular black spots, the one on the costa elongated,

those opposite the cell faint. Terminal intervenular spots very small,

about as in C. aguzdonaris Lintn.

Secondaries white, with black discal spot and small terminal spots. —

Beneath primaries paler than above, shaded with black to correspond
with the bands. Secondaries white. Both wings have a large discal
black spot, and the terminal spots larger than above. In the female there
is a common macular median black band. Expanse 36-38 mm.

Described from one male and two. females from Los Angeles,
California.

This species approaches C. cinerea most closely of any of the species
in Grote’s list, but may readily be distinguished by its pale cinereous
colour and small marginal spots. Of the species added by H. Edwards *
it is not a/bicoma Strk., nor bifida Steph., both of which are before me.
Prof. Lintner kindly informs me that it can not be near dicuspis Bork.,
as this is allied to doreadis Bd., and it can not be scolopendrina Bd., as
the author describes this as having the wings and collar white—* ses ailes
sont d’un beau blanc ainsi que le collier.” + |

The species, therefore, seems distinct. Since writing the above I Ne
had the opportunity of comparing the larva of this form with that of
C. cinerea, and find the difference between them to be so slight as not to

* Ent. Amer., Vol. III., p, 231.
t+ Lep. de la Cal, p. 86,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 255

warrant specific separation. Cinercoides is the California form of the

species, of which cimerea is the eastern form. The marked difference in

the colour between the two is the same as in other species which are
found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, as for example Zriptogon modesta
Harr., and its variety or form occidentalis Hy. Edw. I shall refer more
fully in another place to the larval stages of cinereoides.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF TOLYPE VELLEDA, STOLL.
. _ BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

_ Egg.—Cylindrical, ends rounded ; .06 inch long by .04 inch in diameter,
smooth. Colour chestnut-brown. Duration of this period about 195
days. :

Young larva.—Length .15 inch ; cylindrical, a little larger at anterior
part; each joint with six tubercles from which arise spreading hairs,
varying in length from short ones, that are not longer than the diameter
of the body to those that are as long as the body, the two kinds distributed
over the whole body; the short ones white and long ones grey ; the
longest hairs at the anterior and posterior parts of the body a little longer
than the long ones on the middle; colour grey, black. Duration of this
period three days.

After 1st moult.—Length .22 inch. Colour lead gray ; a dorsal line
of this colour bordered each side by a pale yellow, not clearly defined, line
that is more or less obsolete on the thoracic joints ; a subdorsal line of
orange-yellow spots, connected by a pale yellow line ; two lateral lines of
pale yellow ; tubercles small, black, those on joint 2 make a sort of collar
for the head ; hairs pale ; legs and venter pale. Duration of this period
four days.

After 2nd moult.—Length.25 inch. Much as in the preceding period ;
mostly lead colour on the back ; dorsal line blackish with a whitish line
each side of it ; subdorsal line yellow, somewhat orange where the orange
blotches were before, and paler between, but this time a continuous line ;
below this a whitish line and still lower two pale yellow lines, the separating
lead line wider than the yellow, the lead line containing the stigmata ; the
ground colour on the sides almost black. There are four tubercles to each

256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

joint ; those on joint 2 all prominent and pointing forward ; the dorsals —
on joints 3 and 4 a little less prominent, those on 5 to 11 small, those on
12 and 13 about the same as those on 3 and 4; lateral tubercles just
above the legs, large, long and pointing outward and downward giving
the body a flattened appearance ; hairs on the dorsum not very long, the
clusters moderate as to number, the anterior and lateral full and long; _
all grey. Head black. Duration of this period seven days.

After 3rd moult.—Length .50 inch. Marked as before but the body
more a series of alternate lines, and the pale lines more a clear yellow
the black lines where wide are mottled with yellow ; a whitish patch on
the posterior part of the dorsum of joint 4 and the anterior part of 5, and
the same on joints 8 and 9, the latter more almond-shaped than the first ;
tubercles, larger; head and venter lead-black. Duration of pr ecigis
thirteen days. e

After 4th moult.—Length .85 inch. General appearance as helene: :
the yellow mottlings in the black more prominent and the light lines less"
conspicuous ; the lateral hairs white, the tufts full and the hairs long;
the dorsal tufts short and spreading ; the tubercles cnt baba 2
of this period fourteen days. 4

After 5th moult.—Length 1.40 inches. The general colour grey, |
composed of a great number of fine alternate longitudinal light and dark
grey lines, giving a paler shade than during the preceding period ; a deep |
black transverse stripe back of joint 4, shaded each side with dark grey,
the black not always showing on account of being more or less covered
by the inter-segmental folds ; the dorsal tubercles on joint 4 large, buff,
studded with short black spines ; all the other dorsal tubercles small and
hairy, with only about six short black spines to each ; the lateral tubercles
large, extending outward, from the upper part of the outer end of the tuber- —
cles about twelve black bristles or hairs as long as the body is wide ; below
these are finer white hairs many of which are longer than the black ones; —
mingled with these white hairs are about a dozen that are tipped with
triangular fan-shaped tips resembling somewhat the tips on the tail
feathers of the peacock; under parts orange with a round black patoh on
each joint.

Mature Larva.—Length 2.25 inches. The markings aid ellceentn

are as at the beginning of this period. Duration of this ead ny
twenty-four to fifty-six days, is tae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 257

, Cocoon.—Outline elliptical, fastened to the flat side of the box; 1.50
_ inches long by .70 inch wide and .30 inch high or deep, a thin film of silk
next to the board between the pupa and the upper side of the cocoon
that extends out beyond the cocoon as though the larva had first covered
an area of the board before forming the other part of the cocoon ; the
outer part compact except next to the head where it is less so, as though
preparing a place to emerge ; the hairs of the body woven into the cocoon
with the silk ; smooth inside ; the pupa not attached. Colour light grey,
yellowish white inside. The larva makes the cocoon by beginning at one
end and working towards the other, and after comenes loosely fastening
4 the entrance.
: Chrysalis.—Length 1.05 inch, width of joint 5.40 inch, depth .30
inch, length to the posterior part of the wing cases .55 inch, these
extending to the middle of joint 5 ; length of tongue case .40 inch. The
shape is oblong, flattened, ventral side more so than the dorsal, rounded
about equally at both ends, no hooks or cremaster at the anal end but
six pointed elevations that are not prominent, a dorsal ridge or pronotum.
Colour chestnut-brown, dorsal line darker, head pale, anterior part almost
greenish-white. Duration of this period about fifty-five days.

There is only one brood in a season, the aggregate of the figures given
in the periods of duration of the different stages amounting to 347 days.
The eggs from which these notes were taken were sent me by my friend
Mr. James Angus, of West Farms, N. Y. The letter accompanying them

stated that the eggs were deposited the latter part of September, 1888,
There were two masses of them, in elongate strings, not quite straight,
one on a Jeaf and the other on a twig of apple. The mass on the leaf
was about 1.15 inches long, the other was about .80 inch. Each string
was a single row of eggs; each egg covered over with black hairs from
the abdomen of the mother moth. They were placed obliquely on their
sides in the string.

During the first part of their larval period they eat about as voraciously
and grow as rapidly as most moth larve, but after the last moult they
feed but little from day to day, the most of the time lying stretched out at
full length on a twig or on the side or top of the box. With the rather
flat body, made to appear much more so by the lateral tubercles and their
tufts of spreading hairs, they simulate perfectly a slight enlargement in an
apple twig or small limb.

258 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIsTt.

ON THE FOOD-HABITS OF NORTH AMERICAN
RHYNCHOPHORA.

BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.
(Continued from page 203.)

Orchestes niger and O. subhirtus are both found on willow when in
bloom. (Harrington Can. Ent. 16, p. 119.)

Orchestes niger and O. pallicornis were taken together in July on the
leaves of low willows by Mr. Chittenden. O. ephippiatus was found in
_ abundance on willow (Salix fragilis) by Mr. C. W. Leng and myself on
Staten Island, N. Y.

Miarus hispidulus has been observed to breed in the seed capsules of
Lobelia inflata. Blanchard (Ent. Am. IL, p 87). :

Cionus scrophularie attacks the fruit of the plum, feeding in the kernel.
The first mention and figure was given by De Geer in 1775 (Mem. V). In
Europe it is found on Scrophudaria and Verbascum.

Gymnetron teter may be found in abundance on the stalk of mullen
( Verbascum Thapsus.) ‘The larva lives in the seed pods.

Rhyssematus lineaticollis may be found infesting the seed pods of
milkweed ( Asclepias. )

Tyloderma fragrari@ lives in the strawberry, excavating the crown
and roots of the plant. (Riley.) ~

Tyloderma faveolatum bores in the stems of evening primrose ( Zz-
othera biennis). Also bred from Zpilobium by Dr. C. M. Weed.

Cryptorhynchus lapathi bores in the stems of willow and alder. —

Cryptorhynchus bisignatus was found by Dr. Packard on the leaves of
oak. Several specimens were taken by Mr. F. H. Chittenden in the latter
part of May at Clifton, N. J., on a chestnut log infested with Leptosty/us
macu/a, and during the last part of June fifteen or sixteen examples were
found on another log of chestnut, some of them copulating; also taken
on the trunk of a living birch tree infested with Scolytids.

Cryptorhynchus parochus lives under the bark of butternut. (Schaupp,
Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., IV., p. 35.)

Pseudomus truncatus is found on dead limbs of old butternut trees,
according to Mr. Harrington. (Can. Enrt., 16, p. 118.) .

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 259

Conotrachelus naso has been bred from the fruit of hawthorn (Cra-
tegus) by Dr. Hamilton. (Can. Enrt., 21, p. 34.) C. crategi also lives
in the fruit of the Crategus as well as that of the plum.

Conotrachelus nenuphar is destructive to the apple, apricot, cherry,
peach, pear and quince, feeding in the fruit. C. jug/andis inhabits walnuts.

Conotrachelus anaglypticus, according to Say, breeds in the fruit of the
walnut (/uglans). C. elegans was obtained by Say on Pinus rigida.
(Leconte Ed. L., p. 283.)

Craponius inequalis is destructive to the grape, stinging the fruit and
sometimes destroying the whole bunch.

Rhinoncus pyrrhopus. A pair of these little beetles were taken by
Mr. F. H. Chittenden éz coztu on a common species of dock (Rumex sp.),
and being confined in a small vial with a part of a dock leaf consumed it
almost entirely within a week. The species has also been observed by
Mr. M. L. Linell on a species of Rumex. June.

Celiodes flavicaudis, according to Mr. Chittenden, occtits iti great
abundance on the common nettle ( Urtica dioica) in May, June and July.
ae acephalus is abundant along the coast of New Jersey on the evening
primrose (@Zinothera biennis). June, July and August.
| Acoptus suturalis Lec. lives in the dead wood of beech trees. Mr. F.
H. Chittenden has found the imagines in the wood March 27th to April
2oth in company with larve apparently of the same species. One of these
larve taken May 26th appeared about to pupate. The beetles were
crawling on the trunk of the tree early in July.

Mononychus vulpeculus infests the seed pods of the blue-flag (/ris).
It also occurs on the flowers of Ceanothus americanus and Verbascum
thapsus. (Say, Vol. I. Lec. Ed., p. 286.)

Ceutorhynchus cyanipennis. According to Mr. Jiilich this insect is
said to be found on grass (Ent. Am., 5, p. 57). In Europe it lives in the
roots of cabbage.

Ceutorhynchus assimilis occurs on the radish and C. rape infests the
rape, and C. septentriona/is is found on mustard (Sisymbrium officinale ).

Trichobaris trinotata bores in the stalk of the potato, causing the
stem to wilt.

260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A sseinbuta sesostris makes a gall on the grape vine, as also does 4
ater. (Riley, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., VL, p. 61.)

Centrinus scutellum-album I found on the flower heads of the pe

Balaninus quercus, B. nasicus, B. uniformis were bred from different
kinds of acorns. B. vbtusus inhabits hazel nuts. B. cary@ lives in hickory —
nuts. 2. proboscideus and B. rectus were bred from chestnuts. The
latter also inhabits acorns. (Hamilton, Can. Ent., 22, p. 1-6).

Cylas formicarius bores in the roots of the sweet potato in Florida.
(Comstock Rep. Dept. Agricul., p. 250, 1879.) ©
\ Eupsalis minuta bores under the bark of oak, chestnut and maple.

Rhynchophorus cruentatus lives in the lower parts of the trunk and
roots of the palmetto. I have takén about one hundred individuals at
Enterprise, Florida, in May. The specimens were caught boring in the
soft pulpy substance in the trunk of a young and freshly cut ——
tree. 2. palmarum also lives in the palmetto.

PERS), Ao COCR Re ea a cee

Rhodobenus 13-punctatus 1 found on evening primrose ( Cnothera).
Probably lives in its larval stage also upon the plant, It also infests the
stems of Ambrosia, Xanthium strumarium and thistle.

Cactophagus -validus has been found exclusively under “decaying
Opuntia leaves, the larva no doubt living within the leaves or roots of
the same plant. (Insect Life, I., p. 199.)

The genus Sphenophorus infests roots or lower parts of the Steins of
various wild or cultivated Graminaceous plants (l.c.). S. parvulus lives in
the roots of meadow grass ( Zimothy ), and .S. robustus in the roots of maize
or corn, and S. ochreus in the roots of Scirpus atrovirens.

Calandra granaria and C. oryz@. Both these species depredate
upon stored wheat, corn, rice and and other grains. .

The genera Vuccaborus and Scyphophorus infest plants of the genus
' Yucca (1. ¢., p..199).

The genera Dryotribus, Gononotus, Macrancylus, Mesites ( ?), Elas-
soptes are strictly maritime, and live in larva and imago states in old
- boards and roots, etc., washed up on the beach. (I. ¢., p. 198).

Cossonus corticola | found in abundance under the bark of dead pine
- trees. At Enterprise, Florida, C. piniphilus, C. concinnus and C, crenatus —
also live under pine bark. (Ricksecker, Ent. Am., L., p. 96). :

;
E
4 ‘

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 261

Cossonus platalea has been found’ by Mr. Harrington in numbers
under the bark of a partly decayed poplar tree. (Ent. Am., p.19). __
The genera Al/omimus, Caulophilus, Amaurorhinus, Rhyncolus and
Stenoscelis live under bark of dead and decaying wood or bore into
decaying wood of deciduous or coniferous trees. (Insect Life, I., p. 198).
_ Dryophthorus corticalis was found under dead pine bark (Pinus
rigida) by Mr. J. Sherman.
Wollastonia quercicola lives in decaying wood of cottonwood,
(Knaus, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., VII., p. 150).
Himatium errans is inquilinous in the galleries of Zomicus cacographus
under bark of yellow pine. (Schwarz, 1.c.) H conicum has been found
breeding under the bark of Tulip-tree, also taken under pine bark by Mr.

Chittenden.

Phleophagus apionides lives in the trunks of wild cherry (Prunus
serotina) and ash. . minor was found on birch, willow and elm by Mr.
F, H. Chittenden ; also taken on ash by Mr. Jiilich, who found the European
P. spadix in water-soaked drift wood at the sea shore of Long Island.

Stenoscelis brevis has been taken from old maple and poplar stumps by
Mr. Harrington (Ent. Am., I., p. 19) ; also found on linden, beech, birch,
butternut, sycamore and willow by Mr. Chittenden.

Rhyncholus brunneus has been found in wood of Prunus serotina by
Mr. F. H. Chittenden.

: Choragus Sayi was found by Mr. Schwarz in the twigs of dead beech
trees which were injured by fungus.

Cratoparis lunatus lives in fungus found on dead oak trees.

Brachytarsus limbatus was raised by Mr. Schwarz from the flower
heads of Helenium tenuifolium.

B. variegatus breeds in the smut of corn. (Schwarz.)

B. tomentosus was found on rag weed by Dr. Hamilton. (Can. Enr.,
18, p. 114). Also taken on the same plant by Mr. J. Sherman.

Euxenus piceus was found on dry palmetto leaves in Florida by Mr.
Schwarz (I. c., p. 85).

-_ NOTE.—I should be pleased to hear from anyone that may be able
to inform me of any Food-Habits of North American Rhynchophora not:
mentioned in the forgoing paper, so that I can notice the same in an
appendix which will shortly appear.—W. B,

262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

BOOK NOTICES.
MANUAL or InyuRIOUS INSECTS, AND METHODS OF PREVENTION: By
Eleanor A. Ormerod. (Second Edition.)

A greatly enlarged and revised edition of Miss Ormerod’s excellent
manual has just appeared. ‘There is so much that is new in it that it can
hardly be considered the same work. As stated by the editors of Znsect
Life :—“ On account of its convenient size, admirable arrangement, plain
language, and abundant illustration, it is almost a model of what such a
work should be.” These merits render it intelligible, and, indeed, indis-
pensable to every farmer, gardener, or fruit-grower who wishes to carry on
his work in the most successful manner. The different kinds of attacks —
are arranged alphabetically under the three headings of Food Crops,
Forest Trees, and Fruit. At the end is an alphabetical list of the insects
mentioned, and as an appendix an Introduction to Entomology, specially
prepared for farmers and others who have no knowledge of the science, in
such a way as to enable “ the observer of a crop attack to tell at least what
kind of an insect is before him.” This is followed by a glossary of ento-
mological terms, and a full index. The whole forms a most readable,
valuable and reliable work of 410 pages, copiously illustrated with 155
excellent figures. 7 . a

A noticeable feature is the adoption of the use of the arsenites in the
warfare against insects, which has only very recently found favour in Eng-
land; this Miss Ormerod boldly and wisely advocates. |

The advance made during the last decade in the science of reducing
the injury to crops by insects, is in a large measure due to the talented
authoress of the above work, which, we think, cannot be too highly praised,

J. F.

BuTTERFLIES OF NorTH AMERICA, Third Series, Part X.: By W. H.
Edwards.

The last part of Mr. Edwards’s superb work has just come to hand,
It is of exceptional beauty and interest. Plate I. illustrates the complete
life-history of Argynnis Alcestis. Plate Il. A. Adiante, 2 2, and A.
Atossa, § @ (n. s.). Plate Ill. Satyrodes Canthus. Complete life-
history. The letter-press is very full. The two first-named species have
a peculiar interest since the appearance of Mr. H. J. Elwes’s “ Revision
of the Genus Argynnis,” and Mr, Edwards’s “ Notes” thereon. (CAN.
Ent., Vol. XXII, p 82.). A. Adcestis is shown to: be distinct trom 4,
Aphrodite in all its stages. _A. Adiante, f is figured from Dr. Boisduval’s
actual type. Most Lepidopterists will, I think, agree with Mr. Edwards,
that this is a good species and quite distinct from A. Zerene or A. Monticola.

J. FLETCHER,

Mailed December 3rd,

as
:

5

‘ .
:

e

2

INDEX TO VOLUME XXII.

A. A. S., 193, 213.

Annual Meeting Entomological Society of |

Ontario, 208
Arctiadz of temperate North America,
preliminary catalogue of,
9, 31, 52, 73, 100, 116,
¥ oo SAR, 10%,:275, 204, 230.
iope riparia and its parasite, 122.
Fe wt : new species from Canada, 113.
wat notes on,
enus” by H. J. Elwes,
; I, 150.
Asymetry of head and mouth parts of
Thysanoptera, 215.
Australian insects and fungus pests, 79.

otis C-nigrum, 219.
etia xylina, 20,

Alexicles aspersa, 232.
Antarctia, sp. of, 141.
Anthocharis genutia, 123.
Anthonomus scutellatus, 115.
Aphidius avenaphis, 125.

un granartaphts, n. sp., 125.
Arachnis, sp. of, 176.

Arctia, sp. of, 10, 31, 52, 73.

Argynnis Alberta, n sp., 113.

_ Argynnis Arge, 75.

Atlantis, 65.
" Chariclea, 61, 181.
" Eurynome, 75.
n Freija, 61, 181.
" Montinus, 181.
" Montivaga, 75.

*€4 revision of the |

Balaninus, its food habit, 1. |

Banks, Nathan, article by, 152.
Bean, Thos. E., articles by, 94, 126.
Bethune, C. J. S., articles by 77, 78.

. Beutenmuller, W., articles by, 16, 36,

200, 258.
Book notices, 77, 191, 209, 262.
Botys fissalis, larva of, 16.
Bruce D., article by, 67.
Butterflies as botanists, 63.
" eggs of, 64.
n Of India, De Niceville, 209,

Annual Meeting Entomological Club A. | Butterflies of Laggan, 94, 126.

" of New England, Scudder, on
een statements in, 61,

181.
Butterflies of North America, Edwards, 262. ’
Butterfly, habits of the Pomegranate, 243.

Balaninus caryz, 4, 7, 260.

" nasicus, 4, 7, 260,

n obtusus, 6, 7, 260.

" proboscideus, 2, 7, 260.

" quercus, 3, 7, 260

" rectus, 3, 7, 260.

" uniformis, 5, 7, 260.
Basilarchia Archippus, 65.

Canker-worm, 226.

Caulfield, F. B., article by, 19.

Cave Fauna of North America, 77.
Cerura, new form from California, 253.
Chrysalids devoured by caterpillars, 20,
Cimbex Americana, parasite on, 76.
Clarkson, F., article by, 122.

Cockerell, T. D. A., articles by, 37, 40,

55, 76, 173.

Coleoptera, lists of, published by the Geo-
logical Survey of Canada,
135, 153, 184.

'" notes on, 237.

" of Vancouver Island, 169,
Coleopterous larva, peculiar form of, 217.
Colorado, insect fauna of high altitudes in,

37> 55s 76.

" Moths, some new, 44.

Contagious diseases, use of against injuri-
ous insects, 227.

_ Cook, A. J., articles by, 125, 193.

Corn saw-fly, 40.

Correction of an error, 20, 75, 80,
Cotton-worm, 20.

Crocota, note on genus, and Prof. Smith,

17.
Croton bug, 226.

_ Callosamia angulifera, 123.
| Cephus pygmeeus, 40.

>.

264

INDEX TO VOLUME XXII,

Cermatia forceps, 226.
Cerura cineriotides, 0. Var,, OF SP., 253.
Chermes pallidus, n, sp., 152.
Colias Elis, 96, 126.
» Eurytheme, 65.
" Harfordii, 65.
" Hecla, 98.
n Meadii, 96, 130.
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 114, 259.
Corymbites nigricornis, 237.
Cossus Angrezi, 45.
» Brucet, n. sp., 44.
‘Crocota rosea, N. Sp., 133.
Cyclocephala immaculata, 60.

Danby, W. H., article by, 121.
De Niceville, L., article by, 243.
" Butterflies of India, 209.
Denton, S. W., article by, 20.
Dyar, H. G., articles by, 211, 253.

Dorcaschema nigrum, 239.

Edwards, W. H., articles by, 21, 48, 61,

75, 81, 113.
" Butterflies of North America,
262.

" reply to, 150.
Eggs of Butterflies, 64.
Elwes, H. J., article by, 150.
Entomological Club, proceedings of, 193,
213.
" News, 79.
" Society of Ontario, 208.
Entomology, on teaching, 193.
Errata, 104, 132, 149.
Erycides batabano, preparatory stages of,
211,
Eustrotia caduca, preparatory stages of, |
218,

Ecpantheria, sp. of, 178.
Ectobia Germanica, 226.
Ectypia bivittata, 103.
Emphor bombyliformis, 216,
Ephestia Kuhniella, 41.
Erebia Discoidalis, 123.

u Epipsodea, 40, 48,
Euchetes, sp of, 167, 175.
Euerythra, sp. of, 177.
Euhalisidota, sp. of, 231.
Eupseudosoma floridum, 166,

| Hyphantria, sp. of, 163.

_Ichneumon aranearum and its parasite,

| Idiocerus crategi, n. sp., 110.

_ Laggan, Butterflies of, 94, 126.

| Long pupal as among Lepidoptera, |

Fernald, C. H., article by, 191.
F letcher, James, articles by, 19, 41, 193,
213, 262.

_ French, G. H., articles by, 44, 133, 251

255.
Fyles, T. W., articles by, 20, 40, 248.

_ Foenus tarsitorius, 124.

Garman H., article by, 21 5.

Generic nomenclature of insects, — ae
tions as to, 173, 251.

Geological Survey of Canada, lists of —
Coleoptera Peas: by,
135, 153, 1

cena C. P., article by, 114. =:

Grote, A. R., articles by, 15, 17, 26, 69,
104, 105, 124, 145.

Gelechia gallediplopappi, n. sp., 248.
Grapta Interrogationis, 40, 64, ds

Hamilton, J., articles by, 1,237. — ao
Harrington, W. H. 5 articles by, 23, 40, . .
124, 135, 153, 184.
Hessian Fly, 213.
Homoptera, new species of North Ameri-
can, 110, 249.
Hulst’s Phycitidze of North America, 19he

Halisidota occidentalis, n. sp., 46,
" Subalpina, n. sp., 46.
" sp. of, 204, 230.

Haltica ignita, 242.

Hemaris Brucez, n. sp., 133.

Hepialus quadriguttatus, 124.

122,
Kodiosoma, sp. of, 119.

Larve, sea of Coleo
"

parson 36.
opterous, 16, "
att, a per me

ae
AE.

123.
Lyman, H. H., article by, 181, —

INDEX TO VOLUME XXII.

265

Leptarctia, sp. of, 116.

Me Leucarctia, sp. of, 143.

Limenitis Disippus, 65.
Limochores Palatka, 62.

Mallophaga, period of development in,
21

9.

Mediterranean Flour-moth, 41.
Melitzea Taylori, food-plant of, 121.
McCook’s American Spiders, and their

spinning work, 78.
Moffat, J. A., articles by, 60, 80.
Monstrosities, two interesting, 124.
Moths, some new, 44, 133.
Murtfeldt, Miss M. E., article by, 220.

Mamestra legitima, 233.
Melitea Augusta, n. sp., 21.
Meromyza, 213.

Noctuidz of Europe and North America
compared, 26, 69, 105,
145.

Nomenclature of insects, suggestions as to
generic, 173, 251.

Notes of the year, 19.

Nelphe Carolina, 180.
Nemeophila, sp. of, 100,

Ormerod, Miss, manual of injurious insects,
202.
Osborn, H., articles by, 217, 219, 227.

Oscinis, 213.

Packard’s Cave fauna of North America,

77:
Phyciodes tharos, food-plant of, 63.
Phycis rubifasciella, larva of, 16.
Phycitidz of North America, Hulst, 191.
Popular and Economic Entomology, 41.
Pseudoscorpion, a new, 152.

Pamphila Dion, 62.
" Palatka, 62.
Pediopsis Canadensis, n. sp., 111.
" Flavescens, III.
" insignis, 249.
" tristis, N. sp., 249.
Petalium bistriatum, 237.

Phragmatobia, sp. of, 119.
Platycerura gigantea, n. sp., 134.
Platymetopius acutus, 112.

" Frontalis, n. sp., 112.
Poedisca nisella, 60, 80.
Pterostichus lucublandus, 124.
Purpuricenus axillaris, 238.

" humeralis, 238.
Pyrrharctia Isabella, 20, 103.

Rainy day on the mountains, 67,
Rare captures, 60, 68, 80, 123.

| Rearing insects, some experiences in, 220,

Reed, E. B., article by. 20.

Reply to Mr. W. H. Edwards, 150.

Rhyncophora, food-habits of North Ameri-
can, 200, 258.

Rowley, R. R., article by, 123.

Rhabdoptera picipes, 240.
" preetextata, 241.

Salebria celtella, larva of, 17.
» contatella, larva of, 16.

Scudder’s paris of New England, 61,
181,

Scudder, S. H., article by, 209,

Smith, J. B., articles by, 9, 31, 52, 73,
100, 116, 141, 161, 175,
204; 230.

| Sphingide, larval ormentation of, 15.

Spiders and their spinning work, Mc-
Cook, 78.
Subdivision of genera, 173, 251.

Seirarctia Clio, 102.
" echo, 102.
Sigalphus Canadensis, 115.
" curculionis, 114.
" var. rufus, 114.

"
Spilosoma, sp. of, 161.

Tachinid parasite of Cimbex Americana,
6

70.
Tenthredinidz collected at Ottawa, 23.

_ Thysanoptera, asymetry of head and mouth

parts of, 215.
Tolype velleda, preparatory stages of, 255.
Trirhabda tomentosa, larva of, 36.
Tryon’s report on insect and fungus pests,
79-

266 INDEX TO VOLUME XXII.

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:

=
:

Thamnotettix lurida, n. sp., 250.
" subaenea, 250,
Tolype distincta, n. sp., 45.
Tyloderma foveolatum, 199.
Tymnes chrysis, 240.
» metasternalis, 239.
n tricolor, 240.

Vancouver Island, a month on, 169.
Van Duzee, E. P., articles by, 110, 249.
Virachola Isocrates, habits of, 243.

Wheat-stem Maggot, 213.
Wickham, H. F., article by, stig
Winn, A. F., article by, 80.

CorRECTION.—Through a clerical error I have given, on page 189,
line 23, Carabus baccivorus Fisch. _as a var. of chamissonis Fisch., instead

of a var. of tedatus Fab.

W. H. HARRINGTON.

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