* 7 _ a oe 2 st . ~ = * a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ; 93 surrounding which the blue is of a somewhat paler colour than on the remainder of the wing; a small patch without blue sealing at costal angle; terminal dark line; fringes on both wings with basal half blackish and outer portion white, except along abdominal margin of secondaries where they are totally white. Beneath both wings pale gray, sprinkled with greenish at base and suffused with whitish rather broadly along outer margin; primaries with the dark discal dash and postmedian row of spots reduced in size as compared with those of typical icarioides (Sierra Nevada region) but broadly encircled with white; subterminal spots obsolete; secondaries with a white lunate discal mark and a curved postmedian row of rather obscure white spots, very faintly centered with black dots; traces of faint whitish subterminal lunules; fringes white. Q. Upper side deep black-brown, basal half of primaries scaled with blue; a narrow, black discal mark; secondaries bluish at base and along abdominal margin; a narrow, broken, bluish line along outer margin, behind which are traces of dark spots similar to those of the <’, partially outlined by blue scaling; no red scaling. Underside very similar to that of the o, with slightly darker ground colour. .Expanse, o and 9, 30 mm. - Holotype.—1 o, Goldstream, Vance. Is., B.C., (May 31). Coll. Barnes. Allotype.—1 9, Goldstream, Vanc. Is., B.C., (May 31). Coll. Barnes. Paratypes.—7 o's, 5 Q’s (same locality and date) in Coll. Barnes, and 7 o&’s, 5 Q’s in Coll. E. H. Blackmore, Victoria, B.C. In the o@ sex the variation of the upperside is inconsiderable, consisting in the greater or less width of the dark border of primaries and the degree of dis- tinctness ef the marginal spots of secondaries which may either become more or less suffused to form a complete border or be almost completely covered by the blue scaling; occasionally a black discal lunule is present on the primaries. In the @ the discal lunule is at times entirely silvered, approaching in this respect pheres; other specimens show a more or less complete row of subterminal bluish lunules on secondaries; in none of our specimens is there anything but the very faintest traces of the red submarginal shading so often seen in typical icartoides. Mr. Blackmore writes us that the food plant of the larva is Lupinus columbianus Heller, and that the race is localized to a small hill, 700 feet high, about three miles south of Goldstream. ADDITION TO THE ODONATA OF FRANCONIA REGION, N.H. In the Canadian Entomologist for January, 1919, (Vol. LI, 9-15) I pub- lished a list of the Odonata of the Franconia Region. Mrs. Slosson had been good enough to send me her complete list of Odonata collected at Franconia a decade or more ago, and her annotations were included in this paper save for the addition of three species inadvertently omitted by the printer. These bring the list to seventy-five species: 73. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis (Walsh). 74. Gomphus abbreviatus Hagen. 75. Tetragoneuria spinigera Selys. Mr. L. B. Woodruff has since the publication of the list sent me also a record of Somatochlora elongata (Scudd.) from Bretton Woods. R. HEBER HOWE, JR. B Thoreau Museum of Natural History, Concord, Massachusetts. April, 1919 a7 -* r Ar SF \ . Se %; ; . ! 94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST A NEW JAPANESE SPECIES OF THE CYRTID GENUS OPSEBIUS. BY F. R. COLE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, FOREST GROVE, ORE. In a collection of Cyrtide kindly loaned for study by the Entomology Department of Cornell University I found one specimen which was collected at Harima, Japan. The specimen belongs to the genus Opsebius and is an undescribed species. As far as I know this is the first Cyrtid recorded from Japan. The genus Opsebius was described in 1856 by A. Costa from a species, O. perspicillatus, collected in Spain. In the following year Loew described inflatus from Spain, and not having seen Costa’s paper erected for it the genus Pithogaster. In 1870 Loew described O. pepo from Spain, and in 1871 described QO. formosus from the locality termed Gallia, probably southern France. The five other described species in the genus are all from the United States. Fig. 13.—Opsebius nipponensis, n. sp. The American species are uniformly blackish in body colour. In the three European species the body is black and yellow, and in the Japanese species described below the body colour is metallic green. All species of Opsebius have a characteristic cross-vein dividing the long cell above the discal. This cell may be an outer first basal or the first posterior. Loew left out this cross-vein in figuring the wing of O. inflatus, but Osten Sacken examined the type years afterward and found it to be present. Opsebius nipponensis, n. sp. ?. Eyes black with a purplish tinge. Head viewed from in front almost round. Eyes with long, dense black pile. Antenne black with the long bristle-like arista characteristic of the genus. Occiput metallic green with long yellowish pile. Thorax and scutellum metallic green with long, almost erect, yellowish pile. Ptero-and metapleure a bluish green, the upper pleurz with yellowish _ pile. Squame semi-transparent and coloured a peculiar shade of brown, the — rims yellowish. a 3a April, 1919 4 ¥ io, hate ey Ser. nae * = a> of % 7" = ‘gee hE > ~ ~ = ‘ = f me ors pe 2 a" 4 » = 5 E Tye ee aa ' - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ; 95 =" > oh d 7 = are ee Abdomen bronze green and clothed with a yellowish pile which is reclinate on the last four segments and thicker on the dorsum near the posterior margins of the segments. The abdomen is swollen in appearance and much larger than the thorax (broken at the base in this specimen). Venter much the same colour as the dorsum. Genitalia yellowish brown Legs honey yellow, the claws black. Wing membrane infuscated, darker toward the base. Veins blackish. Venation near the North American OQ. diligens O. S. Besides the characteristic outer cross-vein in the cell above the discal, there is a supernumerary crcss-vein in one wing of this specimen just inside this vein. Length 8.5 mm. -Habitat—One specimen collected at Harima, Japan, on May 19, 1916. The type is in the Cornell University collection. ‘* A NEW SPECIES OF HYLEMYIA FROM CANADA (DIPTERA, ANTHOMYIIDA:). BY J. R. MALLOCH, F.E.S., URBANA, ILL. The species described in this paper belongs to the genus Hylemyia, sub- genus Pogonomyza S. and D. There are three other North American species of the subgenus known to the writer, all of which occur in the northeastern United States. The type specimen of the species described in this paper is in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, at Ottawa. Hylemyia (Pogonomyza) spinosissima, sp. n. Male.—Black, distinctly shining, entire body with rather dense, brownish gray pruinescence. Orbits, face, and cheeks with white, almost silvery, pruine- ‘scence; second antennal joint reddish yellow at apex. Thorax indistinctly vittate. Abdomen with a poorly defined dorso-central black vitta. Wing yellowish, veins pale. Calyptra and halteres yellow. Head small; eyes separated by a little more than width of anterior ocellus; orbits sparsely bristled on almost their entire length; arista with dense, very short hairs; parafacial much narrower than third antennal joint; cheek not twice as high as width of parafacial; proboscis as thick as fore femur. Presutural -acrostichals weak, 2-rowed; prealar bristle about one-third as long as the bristle behind it; sternopleurals. 1:2 or 1:3; scutellum bare below. Abdomen narrow, parallel-sided, all dorsal segments with long, strong bristles on posterior margins and in a transverse series on disc; hypopygium of moderate size; fifth sternite with very short hairs. Fore tibia with from 2 to 4 bristles on antero-dorsal and on pcsterior surfaces; mid femur not much swollen, with a series of short bristles on entire antero-ventral surface, and 4 exclusively leng, strong bristles on postero-ventral surface, the one furthest from base directed slightly apicad, situated at middle; mid tibia with 1 antero-dorsal, and 4 irregularly placed ‘posterior bristles; hind femur with a series of bristles on antero-ventral surface, and another, weaker, series on basal half of postero-ventral surface; hind tibia “Se ~ with 4 or 5 strong antero-dorsal and 3 strong postero-dorsal bristles, the antero- _ ventral and posterior surfaces each with some setulose hairs. Costal thorn $2 “small; last sections of veins 3 and 4 subparallel. : — Apeit 1919 06. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST aay oe : Rel Tyce Ee" a eee Length 5.25 mm. 3 Type.—Port Hope, Ont., June 13, 1897, (W. Metcalfe). 2 Sata This species is separable from its allies by the bristling of the mid fornia a % the postero-ventral bristles being much longer than in any of the other species, —__ the longest at least twice as long as the femoral diameter. pea) A NEW SPECIES OF CCENOSIA FROM CANADA (DIPTERA, ANTHOMYTID£). : BY ;. R. MALLOCH, F.E.S., URBANA, ILL. j The species described in this paper is one which was submitted for identi- fication by the Dominion Entomologist. The type specimen is deposited in ) the National Collection of Insects, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. i Coenosia fuscifrons, sp. n. ! Male.—Black, covered with dense white pruinescence. Head black, with white pruinescence except on interfrontalia; antenne and palpi black; proboscis 1 : brown. Thorax and abdomen unmarked, apices of abdominal segments yel- lowish. Legs pale yellow, gradually darkened from near base of femora apicad, the tibiz and tarsi usually fuscous, sometimes the bases of tibiz pale. Wings white at bases, distinctly browned beyond to apices. Calyptra white. Halteres yellow. Frons nearly twice as long as bread; orbits narrow, well defined, the bristles long, upper pair shorter than second and ocellars; antenne reach; ing over two-thirds of the distance to mouth-margin, third joint slightly angulate at apex above; arista bare; parafacial in profile almost linear; cheek higher than width of third antennal joint, the margin with a few long, slender bristles. Humeral angle with one long and _ four or five short, stout bristles; presutural acrostichals in an irregular single or double series; intra-alar bristles weak; lower stigmatal bristle weak or absent, when present directed laterad or slightly upward. Abdomen short, cylindrical, dorsum with a few scattered setulose hairs; hypopygium small, retracted; fifth sternite with a large V-shaped excision, the processes short and broad. Legs long and slender, the bristles hair-like; basal joint of tarsi on all legs at least half as long as tibia; fore tibia with one median posterior bristle; mid tibia with the two median bristles very short, situated at about the same distance from base; hind tibia with the antero-ventral bristle very weak and short, the antero-dorsal and preapical dorsal bristles each over one-third as— long as tibia. Inner cross-vein of wing below apex of first vein; third vein ending in apex of wing; apex of fourth basad of apex of third. ae Length 2.25 mm. si Type.—Brockville, Ont., August 12, 1903, (W. Metcalfe). Paratypes, — Ottawa, August 17, 1907, (J. Fletcher); Port Hope, Ont., May 14, 1897, (W.., Metcalfe). ai This species most closely resembles argentate Coquillett of the North American fauna, but may readily be separated from that species by the narrower — frons and the colour of same, which is fuscous instead of silvery. E Mailed April 28th, 1919. Che Canadian Crtomolonist WoL. Lt. LONDON, MAY, 1919. No. 5 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. FRAGMENTS IN THE LIFE-HABITS OF MANITOBA INSECTS. BY NORMAN CRIDDLE, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, TREESBANK, MAN. Field work such as is carried on by the staff at an entomological laboratory naturally presents many opportunities for insect studies apart from the major problems for which the laboratories were primarily established. Thus the odd hours when more important matters are temporarily absent, or the less frequent occasions provided by the stops between trains, present opportunities for numerous minor studies resulting in the accumulation of various more or less disjointed notes which under ordinary circumstances remain unpublished. As such notes might well prove of interest to others, I have taken advantage of the Editor’s request for an article to bring a few of them together under the above heading. Peecilopsis (Apochiema) rachelz Hst. This moth has usually been considered rare but in reality is probably more numerous than is generally supposed. It appears quite early in the spring at the time when the first willows are flowering, though I have never observed it actually resting upon the flowers. It becomes active at the time when the beauties of sunset are darkening into twilight, and for that reason we christened it “the Twilight Moth.” At that time the male moths may be seen flying in a jerky, up and down flight not unlike that of the buck moth (Hemuleuca) and if we watch carefully, the hovering of the male over a certain spot will occasionally reveal the wingless female. The latter, however, is very difficult to find, and more often than not its discovery is due to accident rather than to search. The females have been found resting upon the ground, on the trunks of trees, or on the smaller twigs of shrubs such as willows. Aspen poplar appear to harbour them most frequently, possibly because the moth shows a wonderful colour resemblance to the bark. Willows, too, are often chosen for resting places, and here again the little bundle of fluff, of which the female moth reminds one, is very like a pussy willow. The life-history of A pochiema rachele@ was described in the Canadian Ento- mologist by Mr. Arthur Gibson, Vol. XLV, No. 12, 1913, but the egg-laying habits, of which the strange ovipositor had occasioned considerable speculation, remained in some doubt at the time, and the observations which eventually filled the gaps have remained unpublished since 1915. In that year a female Apochiema was found running actively along the ground in broad daylight on April 13, having probably been disturbed by the building operations taking place close at hand. She was placed in a cage in which a goodly number of twigs, rotten wood, sods and other objects were added for ovipositing purposes. During the day time she remained quiet, but as the shades of evening approached she became active and was used to lure males within reach. Later it became evident that she was seeking a suitable situation for her eggs, and as she showed 97 98 THE CANADIAN wxivYTOMOLOGIST little concern for the dimmed light of a lantern, I was able to watch her mov- ments without in any way interfering with her work. Thus, she was seen to run actively about the cage, climb up and around the various twigs, and when a promising crack appeared test its possibilities with her ovipositor. Eventually reaching a dead twig containing loose bark she became greatly excited, and before long had thrust her ovipositor behind the bark between a crack and deposited an egg upon the wood beneath. Then moving to another spot she repeated the performance. Many of her efforts to reach a favourable situation were, how- ever, without avail, and while she seemed to object strongly to placing more than one egg in the same place, the scarcity of appropriate cracks elsewhere invariably induced her to return to the original twig. It thus happened that while she searched over every object in the cage with great care her entire clutch of eggs was ultimately placed in the cne twig. In all about 40 eggs were de- posited. These, as was to be expected, were somewhat bunched though no egg actually rested upon another, and all were well hidden by the overhanging bark. 3 The foregoing observations provide strong evidence to show that the eggs of Poecilopsis rachele are not laid in masses as was previously supposed, but instead are deposited singly or at most in small numbers. They are placed beneath the dead loose bark, probably on those twigs so commonly found at- tached to the,lower stems of aspen poplars or upon willows which provide many similar conditions. This will, of course, explain why the larve are generally found singly and have a diversity of food plants. It also accounts for the remarkable agility of the female moth and the activity of the young caterpillars. Eggs from the above-mentioned moth hatched on May 10-11, and moths from the resulting pupe on April 20 of the following year. A majority of the adults were, as usual, females. Leucobrephos brephoides Wk. , The remarkable earliness at which this moth makes its appearance in spring- time has often occasioned speculation as to whether or not it was able to force its way through the snow. The adults have frequently been observed flying, and were captured too, while the woodlands still rested under a thick covering of snow and only the extreme uplands were free from its mantle. This seemed strong circumstantial evidence in favour of the supposition that the moths did make their way, though the small amount of visible land always left a doubt as to whether this was actually so cr not. In 1916, however, evidence of a direct nature became available, which left no doubt as to the moth’s habits in this respect. The spring of 1916 was an unusually late one in Manitoba, while the winter preceding it had provided an abnormal amount of snow. Thus up to April 10 no land was visible anywhere, and the woodlands among which L. .brephoides is known to breed presented a solid covering of approximately two feet in depth. Odd thaws had occurred, however, and once the temperature rose to 44° F. in the shade, so that the snow wes actually in a thawing condition. The first moths were seen flying on April 1, and during the succeeding days were observed frequently up to the 10th, some of which we captured. As a rule these moths were noted resting upon bunches of straw, hay or some other material dropped an ee a: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | 99 along the trails, and it was only on the warmer days that they appeared on the snow itself. One of these latter captures, however, presented unmistakable evidence of having recently emerged as it had not yet reached the state when active flight was possible, the wings being soft and not fully developed. It has been suggested that the larve of this moth might pupate in the dead, partly rotten wood as Brephos infans is supposed to do, and so perhaps lie above the snow line. Breeding experiments have failed, however, to show any indication of this. Moreover, the open woods in which L. brephoides breeds were in the above instance practically free from necessary dead material. Perhaps not the least interesting point in this moth’s habits is the fact that it emerges when the temperature registers but a few degrees above freezing and while the ground upon which the pupz rest must be very close to the freezing point. The moth, however, is thickly clothed with hairs which doubtless help to protect it from the cold. Hemileuca lucina var. latifascia B. and McD. This moth is by no means uncommon in the sand dunes near Aweme, Man. The handsome black and yellow caterpillars are at first found in bunches feed- ing upon the low shrubby aspen poplars and later as they attain maturity, scattered singly upon the same type of vegetation. They are often heavily parasitized and, in consequence, the moths only appear in large numbers at intervals of several years. The moth is an unusually handsome one, and its jerky, up and down flight, from whence it gets the name “buck moth,’’ makes it an object of particular interest, flying as it does in broad daylight and during the finer days of autumn. For a long time we found difficulty in securing them. Then in a moment a secret was revealed to us whereby the males were collected with little effort. The moth is, of course, a day flier so that light traps are out of the question; yet, strange as it may seem, fire still provided the at- tractant, though in a totally different way. The means adopted to obtain the desired end were extremely simple and consisted of lighting a small fire from which sufficient smoke issued to drift ‘“down wind” for about half a mile; in other words, to make a smudge of some dead grass and leaves. Then the collectors would calmly sit near and await the coming of the moths, nor were the latter long in appearing. A moth would be seen dodging backwards and forwards across the smoke as if seeking the strongest part of it, but at the same time steadily moving nearer to its source. Soon it was hovering over the fire and shortly after found a resting place in a convenient cyanide bottle. Others quickly followed, perhaps two or three at once, and the sport became fast and exciting. From what distance these moths came is unknown, but doubtless it was from as far as the smoke remained fresh. A bright, sunny day with a breeze sufficient to keep the smoke low provided the ideal conditions. We noted that these moths came towards the fire without hesitation, and that they invariably flew towards its source as if recognizing at once from whence it came. When actually over the fire they hesitated, hovered over it, and at times flew directly into the flames; on other occasions they recognized the heat sufficiently soon to enable them to ‘‘make off’’ before being injured. From the fact that only males were enticed it would seem as if the smoke provided some odour or other attracting properties reminding the male of the opposite sex rather than of food. . But whether this is so or not cannot 100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST be definitely settled at the moment. The habit, however, provides an instance of how the males of this moth might be destroyed in large numbers were they ever to become a pest. Unfortunately the females are not attracted in this way, and it is on them after all that the perpetuation of the species depends most. My brothers and I have since attempted to lure other insects by similar methods, but our efforts for a long time were without avail; indeed, so far as one could judge, most insects had a decided objection to the smoke. Later, however, we found that we had been actually associated with another insect that came persistently though doubtless from a very different motive from the Henuleuca. An account of this is given under the next heading. Musca domestica Linn. The common house-fly needs no introduction and it has been dealt with so frequently, both scientifically and popularly, that one can hardly expect to add much to what has already been written. Our first experience with the house-fly as attracted to camp-fires was many years ago. We thought then that it was the savoury smell of a roasting grouse that induced the gathering, and I am not prepared to say even now that this was not, in part, the case. Later, however, we discovered that the flies came almost, if not quite, as readily when no cooking was in progress. But the climax was reached when we attempted to drive the pest from a building by smoking it out and after being forced out ourselves and permitting the smudge to modify, found to our astonishment that the flies were thicker than ever inside as if waiting a promised feast. It seemed to matter little where the fire was started, be it in the wilds far removed from habitations or close around the farm yard, the smoke no sooner had time to spread than along came a house-fly and soon a small procession was seen rapidly beating ‘“‘up wind.’ Unlike the moth de- scribed above the flies did not fly directly into the fire, but instead seemed to use the smoke merely as a guide that led to other objects more attractive. Further observations convinced us that smoke constituted an invariable attractant for these insects. We also noted that a frequent method of entering a house, namely, by means of a chimney was only utilized when a fire provided the necessary smoke, and not to any noticeable extent when heat alone issued forth. Thus the contention that the attraction was in reality heat and not smoke, does not seem to be warranted from this evidence, and while the gather- ing of flies around screen doors and windows is doubtless, in part, due to warmth it may also be largely influenced by the smells from within, including smoke. Our experiments in the field, in which we provided a maximum quantity of smoke with a minimum amount of heat, in every way confirmed our previous observations as to smoke being the true cause of the attraction. It might be asked why should flies be drawn to smoke and foilow it to its source. What does smoke usually foretell? A habitation or camp fire and these in their turn, man and food. Is it not possible that this reasoning acquired from long associa- tion with mankind, has become part of the fly’s instinctive nature? It seems so to me, but I am content to let others judge. In any case, there are opportuni- ties for some interesting experiments along the lines of this study which would seem well worth while. a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 101 Cicindela limbalis var. awemeana Casey. This insect, in its adult state, is usually found on semi-moist roads, on similar moist areas along river banks or on pocket gopher hills in openings among semi-wooded areas. In autumn it seeks rather higher situations in which to hibernate. The larve occur in much the same places as the beetles, but are more easily discovered on the old gopher mounds that have become firm through the combined action of snow, rain and time. In 1916, I came across a single gopher hill on quite high ground’‘in which were no less than 16 burrows, most of which contained almost mature larve. These were marked for further observation and on August 8th dug up. The result showed 11 beetles about to emerge, 5 empty holes from which adults _ had issued, several parasite cocoons and a dead larva from which were coming numerous minute hymenopterous insects which were secured. These latter were afterwards determined by Mr. Girault, through the courtesy of Dr. Howard, as Tetrastichus microrhopala Ashm. There was also one living larva which would undoubtedly winter over and become a beetle the following year. Pupal cells were always either in, or very close to, the larval burrow and the average length of the two combined was three inches, while the deepest slightly exceeded four inches, and the shallowest two inches. The single larva had a burrow measuring four and a half inches, which represented the height of the gopher hill. This seems to be the usual depth even in winter time, as the larvae, apparently, are unable to dig through the sod found below the mounds. The beetles are alsg content with shallow winter burrows which seldom exceed a foot in depth. Eleodes tricostata Say. While investigating wireworms in grain fields during 1915, a new form of injury was noted which, in many respects, resembled the work of cutworms. This on close inspection, I traced to an active wireworm-like larva having indeed a close superficial resemblance to a true wireworm, but showing structural characters which placed it among the Tenebrionide. Specimens collected were about an inch in length, shiny, brownish-slate in colour above, with a blackish head, a light undersurface and a dark stripe along the ventral side. Pupation took piace about August 18 and adults emerged the second week in September. The habits of these Eleodes larve closely resemble those of ordinary cut- worms, Euxoa spp. They appear above the ground at night, run actively about until they locate a suitable plant for food purposes, and then usually devour the leaves above ground, but at times, cut the stem off close to the surface. Their method of attack is generally told from that of cutworms by the plant being eaten above ground instead of being -partly dragged under and eaten from below. The larve are very general feeders. In a wheat field they preferred lamb’s quarters but ate wheat plants readily also. In captivity they feed upon various plants including red-root, pigweed, lambs’ quarters, Russian thistle, tumble weed, Russian pigweed, wild buckwheat, hares-ear mustard, tumbling mustard, cabbage, turnip, beets, wheat, oats, barley and rye. It is also noteworthy that bran was consumed readily. Hence, there is reason to expect that the usual poisoned baits as used for cutworms would prove equally efficient in the control of this insect. 102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NOTES ON THE GENUS OLENE WITH DESCRIPTION OF :A-NEW SPECIES. BY WM. BARNES, M.D., AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D., DECATUR, ILL. In our Contributions, Vol. IV, No. 2, p. 129, we called attention to two distinct species of Olene Jarva found in Maine; the one we identified as that of vagans B. & McD. and the other as willingt B. & McD. This latter identifica- tion was, however, an unfortunate error on our part; at the time we had only the single 6 type of willing: before us, a rather suffused, poorly marked speci- men, but later Prof. Willing was kind enough to send us for examination the co-type and the larva from which the figure in our revision of the genus (1913, Contr. II, (2), Pl. V, fig. 5) was made. These proved conclusively that our identification of the Maine larva as willingi was incorrect and that our treat- ment in the revision should hold. From information received from Mr. T. Spalding, of Provo, Utah, concerning the larva of grisea B. & McD., we believe that this name also for the present must remain associated with vagans as the two larve agree in lacking the dorsal hair pencil on segment XI; in any case grisea cannot be associated with the Maine species which we wrongly called willingt, the larva of this being at once separable by the presence of the afore- said dorsal hair-pencil. Mr. W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist of Nova Scotia, is about to publish a Bulletin on the life-history of vagans which obviates the necessity for any further remarks on our part concerning this species. During the summer of 1918 Dr. McDunnough was fortunate enough to discover eight more larve of the second Olene species on oak and beech trees in the vicinity of Ottawa, Ont.; these agreed exactly with the specimen found feeding on hazel the previous summer in Maine and eventually hatched out into three o’s and five 9’s; the o’s agreed well with the Maine specimen figured in our Contributions, Vol. IV, Pl. XX, fig. 7; the 9’s proved to be identical with our Q type of vagans, a fact which we had already hinted at in our notes (1. c. p. 129) when restricting the type of vagans to the o& specimen. As the species is without a name we offer the following description based on our Ottawa material. Olene dorsipennata, sp. nov. o'.—Head, thorax and primaries rather even, dull, greenish gray; a straight black basal half-line; t. a. line broadly geminate, angled outwardly slightly in the cell, strongly in the fold and again immediately above inner margin, the included space partially filled with brownish shading; reniform of the usua: broad lunate shape, incompletely outlined in black with traces of white shading within and around the edges, but much less prominently than is usually found in the group; t. p. line irregularly dentate, slightly bulging opposite the ce.l and strongly angled inwardly above inner margin, followed by a diffuse, dull liver- brown subterminal shade which in turn is bordered outwardly by a poorly defined whitish shade, most prominent as a small, white patch above anal angle; an irregular terminal black line slightly interior to the outer edge of wing, especially at anal angle; fringes greenish-gray, faintly checkered outwardly with pale ochreous. Secondaries dark smoky with faint traces of a darker subterminal line. Beneath smoky gray, darker in cell of primaries with large discal dot and diffuse subterminal line on all wings. Expanse 37 mm. May, 1919 = — eee ee ; : 5 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 103 ° .—Similar in coloration to the & but with the brown shading before the t.a. line and beyond the t. p. line more prominent; the reniform is contained in a distinct white patch and the black terminal line is bordered inwardly with white. Expanse 50-55 mm. Holotype.—1 o, Chelsea, Ottawa Co., Que. (July 8-14.) Allotype.—1 o, Chelsea, Ottawa Co., Que. (July 8-14.) Paratypes.—1o’, 2 Q’s from same locality, and 1 o&’, 2 Q’s from Aylmer, Que.; all in Coll. Barnes. We have already noted (1. c. p. 129) the points by which this species may be separated from the very similar vagans, but we must confess that, without a knowledge of the larva, in many cases a definite identification is practically impossible. There is considerable variation in the species, especially in the 2’s; these tend to show an indistinctness of maculation, combined with a diffusion of the pale shades, which gives a general washed-out appearance to the specimens and is quite characteristic of the species. As regards the larva we have nothing to add to the description we published under the name of willingi (Contr. IV, (2), p. 180); we have taken the caterpillars on oak, beech and hazel and have found the empty cocoons on poplar so that the range of food-plants appears to be wide. Of the Olene species feeding on deciduous trees we now definitely know the larvee of meridionalis, vagans, leucophea,atomaria and dorsipennata. Of these meridionalis and vagans are very similar and it may be, when the connecting link, basiflava, from the Southern New England States is known, that these three forms will be regarded as races of one species rather than as distinct species. It should not be hard for some of our New England collectors to settle this question as the larve are quite readily found by searching the trunks of trees in the day time; in most instances they are partially concealed in crevices of the bark. Beating in the early morning or at dusk is also productive of good results, especially in a neighborhood where the species has been definitely located. The following table may be used as a means of separation: Earva entirely ochreous............:..:....:.--+. Bes OS? a re UT iene leucophea. Larva gray or brown With lateral black hair pencils anteriorly only......................atomaria. With lateral black hair pencils anteriorly and posteriorly With long dorsal black hair pencil on Segment XI....dorsipennata. Without hair pencil on Segment XI. Dorsal tuft on Segment XI broad, brown; many black, plumed hairs from lateral tubercles............0........... meridionalis. Dorsal tuft on Segment XI narrow, blackish; only one or two black plumed hairs from each lateral tubercle......vagans. Concerning the pine-feeding Olenes Dr. McDunnough was successful in securing a number of the larve of plagiata by searching pine trunks in the vicinity of Ottawa the last week in May; they were then full grown, pupating in about a week and producing the adults in early June. Mr. J. M. Swaine, of the Entomological Branch, Ottawa, brought in two young larve of the same species in June, obtained by beating young pine trees in the vicinity of Ft. Coulonge on the Ottawa River; one of these fed up and produced the adult in August; 104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the other hibernated half-grown, and is at the time of writing commencing to feed again. It is evident that at least a certain proportion of the larve hiber- nate twice; in the case before us this took place in a slight web uniting two or three pine needles to form more or less of a protective covering; whether this is the natural method or whether the larva descends to the ground ordinarily is unknown to us. Plagiata larva is gray with a decided yellowish tinge; the dorsal tufts on abdominal segments 1—4+ and 8 are deeper mouse gray, intermingled with plumed white hairs; there are also lateral black hair pencils anteriorly and posteriorly as well as a single dorsal pencil arising out of the tuft on the 8th abdominal segment; the dorsal tubercles on the remaining segments show a rosette of short plumed white hairs and a number of longer slightly barbed yellowish hairs; the supra- and subspiracular rows of tubercles are very similar but contain in addition a single (occasionally two) long black plumed hair. Subventrally there is a fairly heavy clothing of long whitish, bipectinate hairs; the eversible dorsal glands are coral red. : Judging by the description given by Dr. Dyar of the larva of pimi (1911 Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XIII, p. 19) the two must be very closely allied and may even be identical; however, as we have had no opportunity for a careful examination of either the larve or the adults of Dr. Dyar’s species the two names may stand for the present as given in our Check List. KIRBY'S INSECTA: VOL. IV’ FAUNA BOREALIPANMERECANA: RESTRICTION OF AN INDEFINIEE-LOCARITS BY ALBERT F. WINN, WESTMOUNT, QUE. Anyone who has occasion to consult this volume about Canadian Insects can hardly fail to notice the oft-recurring words ‘‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby,” and will probably lay the book down wishing that the author had been more definite in quoting localities. While Canada in 1837 was of a very limited area compared with our country at the present day, it was of large extent. Some months ago, having an enquiry as to what part of Canada, in my opinion, the types of a species of butterfly described in this volume probably came from, I tried to get a little light on the subject. The introduction to the work conveys nothing further than acknowledgement and thanks to Dr. Bigsby, of Newark, and Capt. Shepherd, of the Royal Artillery, for records for Canada, and to Dr. McCulloch and Capt. Hull for those of Nova Scotia. In the Redpath Library of McGill University, however, there are three bcoks by Dr. Bigsby. In one of these, entitled, ‘‘The Shoe and Canoe,” by John (Jeremiah) Bigsby, D.D., late Secretary to the Boundary Commission, published in London 1831, I find the following: ‘‘Both my duty and my pleasure took me out of the common track———-——— to Lakes Simcoe, Huron, Superior, etc., into a portion of Hudson’s Bay and up the River Ottawa into Lake Nipissing as well as to the rarely visited Highlands of the St. Lawrence below Quebec.”’ It would seem safe to limit the locality ‘‘Canada” to the districts above mentioned, and wide though they still are, all are within the present boundaries of the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. May, 1919 a ee, a os CAND ENT VOLE le PLATE VII. 5 8 SPIDERS FROM CANADA AND ADJOINING STATES. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 105 NEW SPIDERS FROM CANADA AND THE ADJOINING STATES, No. 2. BY J. H. EMERTON, BOSTON, MASS. The first paper of this series was published in August, 1917, and described a number of spiders from the Pacific coast, eastern Canada and northern New York and New England, part of them collected in the summer of 1916. The present paper describes a few new species collected and identified from the same parts of the country since 1916. In addition to the new species, the male of Pardosa vancouveri, described in the paper of 1917, has been found, and its palpus is now figured. Dzplostyla canadensis Emerton, described in Trans. Conn. Acad., 1882, from Montreal, has been again found, at Lake Tear on Mt. Marcy in the Adirondacks, N.Y., at an elevation of 4,500 feet. Lophocarenum minakianum, n. sp. Hardly 2 mm. long. Light brown with the legs and palpi and underside of the abdomen pale. The whole upper half of the abdomen is thickened and covered with small depressions in which are minute hairs. The head of the male has a hump which carries the posterior middle eyes. It is about as high as wide, and rises abruptly before and behind. It is rounded on top and has a slight groove in the middle, but is not as deeply divided as in L. sculptum Em., (Can. Ent., Aug., 1917,) which this species closely resembles. At each side of the hump is a deep groove as in sculptum and excavatum. The male palpus ‘s much like that of sculptum, but the process on the top of the tarsus is longer and more narrowly pointed. (PI. 7, Fig. 1, a and b.) Minaki, Ontario. Sifted from leaf mould near Minaki Inn. - Ceratinopsis obscurus, n. sp. Male 2 mm. long. Legs and cephalothorax yellow brown and the abdomen dark grey. The cephalothorax is nearly as wide as long and narrowed in front. The male palpi resemble those of C. nigripalpis, but the outer process of the tibia is wide and flat. The tarsus has, asin nigripalpis, a wide, thick ridge on the outer edge, at the side of which is a narrower groove. The palpal organ resembles that of nigripalpis and nigriceps. (Pl. 7, Fig. 2, a, b.) In leaf mould in pine and birch woods at Minaki, Ontario. Grammonata semipallida, n. sp. Scarcely 2 mm. long. Legs pale, cephalothorax but little narrowed in front, pale on the hinder half and darker gray in front. The palpi are also dark grey. The abdomen is gray, pale in front and marked behind with alternate dark and light transverse spots. (Pl. 7, Fig. 3, a.) The male palpi are large and the tarsus round. The tibia has a short, blunt process extending over the tarsus, which has a distinct groove in which the process fits. The tarsal hook is curved in a half circle. The tube of the palpal organ is slender and abruptly curved backward in the middle. (PI. 7, Figs. 3, b, c, d.) Winnipeg, Manitoba, June, 1917. F. W. Waugh. Diplostyla crosbyi, n. sp. Male 4 mm. long. First femur 3 mm. Height of head and mandibles nearly equal to length of cephalothorax. (P1.7, Fig. 4,a.) The cephalothorax and legs are brown and the abdomen gray with light markings in pairs, as in migrina. The tarsus of the male palpus is but little longer than wide. The tarsal hook has a sharp angle near the end and the terminal part is thin and flat and curved, May, 1919 106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST as if to fit against the convex side of the palpal organ. Near the base of the tarsal hook are several long hairs. The basal process of the palpal organ is not as straight as in nigrina, but is turned a little inward, as in inornata, (P1.7, Fig. 4, b,c) and the narrow terminal half is flattened and slightly grooved in the middle. Sifted from moss at 3,500 feet near the mouth of Uphill Brook, near Mt. Marcy, in the Adirondacks, N.Y. One male only. Dictyna quadrispinosa, n. sp. Male 2 mm. long. Colours and markings like muraria. The male palpi have the tibia wider than long. The usual two spines are sessile at the front edge of the tibia on the outer side, they are close together and curved down from the base and upward at the points. Behind the two spines is a ridge somewhat longer than the spines, ending in blunt points above and below.a (Pl. 7, Fig. 5, a, b.) The palpal organ is smaller than in muraria, and the tube and its supports more slender. (PI. 7, Fig. 5, c.) Black Brook, Clinton Co., N.Y., June, 1916. C. R. Crosby. Pardosa vancouveri Emerton, Can. Ent., Aug, 1917. The original description was of the female only, the male has since been found and resembles the female in size, colour and markings, with slightly longer legs and smaller abdomen. The male palpus ( Pl. 7 Fig. 6) has the basal. process very long and flattened and curved obliquely across the palpal organ. The whole palpus is very dark coloured and the details hard to see. Near Lytton, B.C., from W. Taylor, Vancouver. Amaurobius agelenoides, n. sp. Female 9 mm. long. Male a little shorter and more slender. Colours pale yellow and brown in a distinct pattern on the back. The cephalothorax is brown with pale lateral stripes and a pale middle stripe half as wide as the head extending from the eyes to the dorsal groove. (Pl. 7, Fig. 1 a) The legs are pale with fine, dark hairs. The abdomen has a pale middle stripe divided in two in the front half and broken by several indistinct, dark middle spots behind. The rest of the abdomen is brown above and below without any other distinct markings. The upper spinnerets are twice as long as the lower pair, with the terminal joint conical and as wide as long. The cribellum is two-thirds as wide as the lower spinnerets and distinctly divided across the middle. The calamistrum is. three-fourths as long as the fourth metatarsus, but does not show at all in the male, which also has the cribellum narrower and less easily seen than in the female. The epigynum is more open than in sylvestris and pictus, the middle lobe wide and dark coloured. (Pl. 7, Fig. 2b.) The male palpus has two processes on the outer side of the tibia, which show best when seen from below. (Pl. 7,Figs. c, d.) The tarsus is twice as long as wide, widest near the base, and nearly straight on the inner side. (PI. 7,Fig. d.) Immature individuals have long been known, but only in the summer of 1918 were adults secured, the male by C. G. Hewitt at Jasper, and the female by N. B. Sanson at Banff. Clubiona furcata, n. sp. Male 4 mm. long. Pale with the abdomen reddish in alcohol. The size, eye arrangement, and length of legs resemble C. abboti. The male palpus has the tibia short with the long, outer process curved downward and outward with THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 107 a short fork at theend. (PI.7, Figs.7,a.) The palpal organ, (PI. 7, Figs. 7, b), is long and somewhat like that of C. canadensis. Saskatoon, T. N. Willing. Clubiona saltitans, n. sp. Male 3 mm. long. Female 3.5 mm. Cephalothorax 1.5 mm. Colour pale, less red in alcohol than C. abboti. Eyes of the upper row in line with the front row and covering the whole width of the head. (Figs. 14,d.) Length of mandibles equal to width of head and slightly longer than in abboti. The male palpus resembles that of abbott, but is more slender and the outer process of the tibia has the lower branch one-half longer than the upper. (Figs.14,a,b.) It has been found at several places near the seashore under stones and sticks on the sand. It sometimes jumps when pursued. This species has been confused with C. abbeii. In general it is slightly larger, paler and more slender, and the tarsus of the male palpus is distinctly smaller. The mandibles are slightly longer, but the arrangement of the teeth is the same in both species. (Figs. 14, c.) Ipswich, Plum Island and Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Fig. 14 Xysticus acquiescens, n. sp. : Male 5.5 mm. long. Legs very short, the first and second pairs 7 mm. long. The general colour is brown, the first !egs a little darker and the palpi lighter than the rest. The cephalothorax has the light middle stripe much darkened with brown in the front half. The abdomen has the usual markings in pairs, the hirder fairs united into transverse stripes. (PI. 7, Figs. 1,a.) The first and Fig. 15 second legs have the femur, patella and tibia darkly spotted with brown, and the tarsus and metatarsus a little lighter. The male palpus has the two pro- cesses of the palpal organ both small, the basal one simple and the distal one narrow at the base and thickened at the end where it curves toward the other. In front of the two processes is a wide, dark brown ridge. (Fig. 15, b.) Saskatoon, T. N. Willing. 108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Xysticus ontariensis, n. sp. Male4mm.long. First and second legs9mm. Cephalothorax dark brown, showing a middle strip2 very indistinctly. The first and second legs have the femur and patella dark brown, and the rest of the leg pale. The third and fourth legs are spotted as usual but not very strongly marked. The abdomen has Fig. 16 two irregular brown patches on the front half, and three or four transverse stripes behind all with irregular outlines and variable colour. (Fig. 16, a.) The male palpus has the tibia white. The palpal organ has the two processes on the under side, simple hooks turned toward each other as in X. gulosus, with which this species has been confused. (Fig. 16, b.) Cloyne, Ontario, A. B. Klugh; Wellesley, Massachusetts. NOTES ON COCCIDA:—ITf. “G@ENIEP REI rs BY G. F. FERRIS, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA. Continued from Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 332. Genus Stigmacoccus Hempel. 1908. Fernald, Cat. Coccide, p. 20. Monophleboid Coccidein which the adult female possesses mouth-parts, legs and antenne, the latter 7—8-segmented; immature stages without legs and with the antenne reduced to mere chitinized points, with an anal tube formed by the chitinization of the posterior portion of the alimentary canal, this tube terminating at its inner extremity in a series of tentacle-like processes. Abdo- men in adult and penultimate stages with 8 pairs of spiracles. Type of the genus, Stigmacoccus asper Hempel. Notes.—The original description of the type species was based upon the adult alone and the immature stages have not been described. In general the genus appears to be quite similar to X ylococcus, but the very peculiar character of the anal tube alone seems sufficient grounds for its separation. Whether the genus Perissopneumon Newstead is a synonym of Stigmacoccus, as Cockerell has indicated, is perhaps doubtful. Stigmacoccus asper Hempel. Fig. 17. Penultimate stage. Enclosed in a test, as described by Hempel for the adult female. Body more or less spherical, with the anal opening high up on the dorsum. Derm membranous throughout, except for a small, circular, May, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 109 chitinized area surrounding the base of the anal tube, everywhere beset with small, spike-like spines. Legs lacking. Antenne reduced to mere chitinized points. Anal tube of a very distinctive type (Fig. 17A), its inner end terminating in a series of tentacle-like processes (in my single specimen 7 in number), these processes and the tube itself thickly beset with pores. Dermal pores of three types. Of these, one (Fig. 17B) is more or less 8-shaped, with one of the loculi Fig. 17.—Stigmacoccus asper Hempel. A, anal tube, with chitinized area and spiracles at its base; B, 8-shaped pore; C, simple pore, from clusters about spiracles; D, spiracle, external opening at lower end. much smaller than the other. Another resembles the first in shape, but is much smaller and is borne at the inner end of a short duct. The third (Fig. 17C) appears as a simple ring with the enclosed area partially chitinized. The pores of the last type form clusters about the spiracles; those of the first two types are scattered about over the body. Eight pairs of abdominal spiracles present, all of the type indicated in Fig. 17D. The last abdominal pair are situated at the edge of the circular, chitinized area which surrounds the base of the anal tube. Material examined. Part of the type material, this including a single immature individual. Genus Xylococcus Loew. 1903. Fernald, Cat. Coccida, p. 32. 1917. Florence, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., vol. 10, p. 147. : This genus has been assigned by previous authors to the subfamily Margarodinz because of the supposed absence of mouth-parts in the adult female. I have at hand a series of adult females of X. macrocarpe Coleman, and in this series practically every stage from a complete absence of mouth-parts to mouth- perts which are to all appearances functional is represented. It appears from this series that the foundations of the mouth-parts are probably always present, but that in some instances they do not become chitinized. Ihave not observed mouth-parts in the adult females of other species of X ylococcus, but the number of specimens examined is small, and it is not at all improbable that the examination of a long series would reveal conditions similar to those found in X. macrocarpe. It is becoming increasingly evident that the distinction heretofore drawn 110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST between the Monophlebine and the Margarodine on the basis of the presence or absence of the mouth-parts in the adult female cannot be maintained. Xylococcus betulz Perg. 1898. Xylococcus betule Pergande, U.S. Dept. Agric., Div. Ent., Bull. LS at..5. PES. 1917. Xylococcus alnt Florence, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., vol. 10, p. 158. There is, I think, no question that these two species are identical. I have at hand the types of X. alni and specimens of X. betule as follows: from ‘cherry birch,’’ Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada, adult female, intermediate stages and larva; from beech, Ithaca, N.Y., intermediate stages; from beech, Michigan, adult female, intermediate stages and larva. The characters used by Miss Florence for the separation of X. alni are hardly sufficient. The differences in the anal tube of the apodous stages are not con- stant. The first larval stage of alni (in the two specimens examined) has 6-7 median ventral pores and the first stage of betwle (in numerous specimens) has but 5, but in all other respects the two are identical. Whether X. quercis is distinct is questionable. There appear to be certain differences in the first stage, but if these differences be allowed as of specific value it will be necessary to name another species for specimens taken from Quercus californicus. More material is desirable before forming any con- clusions. X. macrocarpe Coleman is very distinct. I would separate this from X. betule by the following characters: Adult female with the derm of the dorsum practically destitute of spines; anal tube of apodous stages with pores at the inner end only; marginal pores of first stage sessile, X. macrocarpe Coleman. Adult female of the dorsum everywhere quite thickly beset with slender spines; anal tube of apodous stages with pores both at the inner end and near the base; marginal pores of first stage borne at the inner end of short ducts.............. ene Mal, aye X. betule Pergande. Genus Kuwania CkIl. 1903. Fernald, Cat. Coccide, p- 30. 1909. Cockerell, Can. Ent., vol. 41, p. 56. Monophleboid Coccide in which the adult female appears normally to lack mouth-parts but with the legs and antennz present; tarsal claw without digitules, the tibia with numerous digitule-like hairs on the inner side at its apex; intermediate stages without legs and with the antenne reduced to mere chitin- ized points, anal tube lacking. Four pairs of abdominal spiracles present in adult and penultimate stages, these on the anterior segments of the abdomen. Type of the genus Kuwania quercus (Kuwana). Notes.—I am inclined to doubt that K. zeylanica (Green) is congeneric with K. quercus. The immature stages have not been described, and it is upon these that the matter will largely depend, the adults of all of these forms being quite similar. I have at hand an adult female of K. zeylanica which differs from the same stage of K. quercus in having well-developed mouth-parts with a distinct mentum, and in having 6-8 pairs of abdominal spiracles. 3 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST i st ba | -Kuwania quercus (Kuwana). Fig. 18 1903. Fernald, Cat. Coccide, p. 30.. 1917. Ferris, Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 377, fig. 39b. The general characteristics of the adult female have been described by Kuwana, but there remain certain points of interest. The mouth-parts appear really to be lacking as they are absent in all of numerous preparations examined It is not impossible, however, that further examination would reveal a condition similar to that found in Xylococcus macrocarpe. There are four pairs of abdominal spiracles (not noted by Kuwana), these of the type shown in Fig. 18. D. Penultimate stage. Oval in form (Fig. 18C). Antennz reduced to mere chitinized points. Spiracles arranged as in the adult but of a quite different Fig. 18.—Kuwanta quercus (Kuwana). A, larva; B, spiracle of apodous stage C, apodous stagé; D, spiracle of adult; E, pore of apodous stage. form (Fig. 18B). Margins of the body with large, circular pores (Fig. 1SE), these mcst numerous toward the head. Anal opening simple, without an anal tube. First stage larva. (Fig. 18A). The description given by Kuwana appears to be accurate except for the statement, ‘‘Margins of the body with capitate hairs.” These hairs do not appear in my specimens. The larva is so minute that I have been unable to detect the arrangement of the spiracles, or, indeed, whether or not they are present. Each abdominal segment bears at the margin a small object that may ke either a pore or a spiracle. Material examined. Preparations from the type material. 112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Genus Cissococcus Ckll. Coccide referable to the subfamily Coccine. Adult female with the anal plates borne at the apex of a low prominence, their dorsal surface beset with numerous small spines; antennez and legs present but extremely small; stigmatic depressions apparently lacking, their presence not indicated by differentiated spines. First stage larva likewise without differentiated stigmatic spines. Type of the genus Cissococcus fulleri Ckil. Notes.—The original description of this genus is much in error. The author states, ‘‘Belongs to the Eriococcini. Larva typically Eriococcine, with rows of dorsal spines. . . Adult . . . witha pair of plates simulating those of the Lecaniine.’’ The larva is in all respects of the type usual in the Coccine (=Lecaniinz) and is entirely without dorsal spines. The anal plates of the adult are very much of the type seen in Ceroplastes, except for the numerous spines on the dorsal surface. In spite of the gall-making habit the genus is indeed possibly close to Ceroplastes. The species described by Ehrhorn as Cissococcus ? oahuensis has nothing to do with C. fulleri and has quite properly been referred by its author to a new genus. : Cissococcus fulleri CkIl. Fig. 19. My single adult specimen is not in sufficiently good condition to permit adding much to the description already given for the genus. The anal plates (Fig. 3C) are rather long, the lateral margin rounded, the tips quite pointed, resembling in this respect the type of plates seen in Ceroplastes. There appear , B Fig. 19.—Cissococcus fulleri Ckll. A, posterior extremity of abdomen of larva, showing the eversible anal tube, which is characteristic of the Coccinae; B, antenne of larva, sete not indicated; C, anal plates of adult, spines of dorsal surface indicated in but one plate. to be no marginal spines. The antenne are extremely minute, with the number of segments undeterminable; the legs are likewise very small but possess the normal parts. : The first stage larva bears a marginal series of short, stout spines (Fig. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 113 19A); the antenne are 6-segmented, rather short and stout; there are no dorsal spines. Material examined. Part of the type material. CORRECTIONS TO EARLIER PAPERS. In my description of Stomacoccus platani (2) the caption for Fig. 38B has been omitted. This is the antenna of the prepupa of the male. On page 376 it is stated that the antenne of the prepupa of the male are 8-segmented, while the figure shows 9 segments. The figure is correct. In the redescription of Cryptokermes brasiliensis Hempel (3), the second line on page 222 reads in part, “posterior portion of anal ring.’’ This should read, “‘posterior portion of alimentary canal.” *THREE NEW SPECIES OF BRACONIDE. BY C. F. W. MUESEBECK, ITHACA, N.Y. Apanteles phigaliz, n. sp. Female.—Length 2.2 mm. Black, shining. Head transverse, broad; mandibles reddish brown; palpi yellowish; face slightly convex, medially punctate, and with a distinct median ridge originating between the antenne; antenne black. Mesoscutum closely punctate; scutellum distinctly but shallowly punctate, slightly convex; both mesoscutum and scutellum shining. Meso- pleura punctate cephalad and ventrad, and with a large, shallow, perfectly smooth and highly-polished area posteriorly, which does not possess the crenulate fovea common to many species of the genus. Propodeum smooth and shining, with a number of short radiating striule extending upward from the middle of the posterior margin; no median carina nor median fovea present. Wings.—Tegule and wing-bases black; veins and stigma brown; radius and transverse cubitus meeting in a sharp angle, with a distinct heel at the point of union, the two veins about equal in length. Legs.—All coxe black, the posterior rather smooth, above with a basal elongate-oval flattened shining area, which has a few scattered punctures; all trochanters dusky; fore and middle femora somewhat dusky at extreme base, the hind femora dusky at extreme base and apex and along the upper edge, the hind tibiz dusky at apex, and the hind tarsi, except on the basal two-thirds of the basal segment, entirely dusky. Abdomen black and shining, moderately broad; first tergite almost twice as long as broad at base, parallel-sided, and rounded off very strongly at apex so that apex is much narrower than base, almost entirely smooth and polished, only the extreme apex being weakly punctate; plate of second dorsal segment triangular, very narrow at base, and three times as broad as apex as at base, three-fourths as long down the middle as broad at apex, and very slightly, or not at all, shorter than the third plate; the basal middle of this plate is smooth and polished, while the apical margin and the apical angles are finely rugulose. The membranous margins along the apical half of the first tergite and all of the second are fuscous, and exceedingly broad along the second plate, the mem- 2. Canadian Entomologist, vol. 49, p. 375-378, figs. 36 to 39, (1917) 3. Canadian Entomologist, vol. 50, p. 221-225, (1918) *Contributions from the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, United States Bureau of Entomology, Melrose, Highlands, Mass. May, 1919 114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST branous portion on either side of this plate being almost as large as the plate itself. Segment three and beyond smooth and shining. Ovipositor subexserted. Male.—Like the female except for the usual sexual differences. Type locality —Melrose Highlands, Mass. Type-—Gip. Moth Lab. No. 12007N-16. Deposited in U. S. Nat. Mus, Type No. 22095 U.S. N. M. Host.—Phigalhia titea Cram. Described from 21 specimens (13 females; 8 males) bred by Mr. R. T. Webber, of the Bureau of Entomology, at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass., from nearly full-grown larve of the above species, June, 1916, the adult parasites issuing the following spring. Cocoons are light brown in colour, parchment-like, and have about eight strong, regular, longitudinal ridges; they are broader at the anterior end and taper considerably toward the posterior end; they resemble somewhat the cocoons of some species of the closely-allied genus Microplitis Foerst., especially those of M. gortyne Riley, but are much smaller. Although this species of Apanteles is gregarious the cocoons are not fastened together, but are formed individually on the back of the caterpillar. The species resembles somewhat A panteles feltie Vier., but differs as well in the paler stigma and lighter legs as in the second abdominal tergite being considerably longer in proportion to its width at the apex. Apanteles compressus, n. sp. Female.—Length 2 mm. Black, shining. Head transverse; face punctate, slightly broader than long; palpi yellowish white; antenne yellowish-brown on scape and basal third of flagellum, darker on apical two-thirds; apical flagellar segments of antenne broad, almost as broad as long and broader than the basal segments. Mesoscutum and scutellum closely punctate, the latter some- what less so medially, only slightly shining; scutellum narrow, distinctly longer than broad at base, very slightly convex. Mesopleura punctate and dull anteriorly and below, smooth and polished above and posteriorly, where there is a long, narrow, finely crenulate, longitudinal channel. Propodeum very finely rugose, the posterior angles deeply sunken and shining; a very weak suggestion of a median carina on the propodeum. Wings.—Tegule and wing-bases black; stigma and veins brown; radius and transverse cubitus forming a rather uniform arc, without the sharp angula- tion at the point of union as found in many species of the genus. Legs.—Fore and middle legs entirely yellowish; hind coxe black, smooth and shining, having only a few distinct punctures at base above; hind trochanters and femora yellow, except the upper edge of the femora dusky on the apical two-thirds; hind tibiz blackish except on basal fourth, where they are yellowish; hind tarsi dusky except at base of basal segment; spurs of the hind tibia not one-half as long as the metatarsus. Abdomen black, shining; very narrow, being greatly compressed at apex; first tergite long, narrow and parallel-sided, twice as long as wide at base and narrower at apex than at base, very finely rugulose, feebly striate at extreme sides; second tergite triangular, only one-half as broad at base as long down the middle, and three times as broad at apex as at base, almost entirely smooth and polished, only the apical angles finely rugulose, this rugosity extending toward THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 115 middle along the margin; membranous margins along apical third of first plate and all of the second, broad, dark testaceous; third tergite and beyond very smooth and shining; ovipositor subexserted. Males.—Agrees well with the female except for the usual sexual differences. Type locality—Lunenburg, Mass. Cocoon mass with the host larva firmly attached collected by Mr. S. M. Dohanian, of the Bureau of Entomology. Paratype localities—Exeter, N. H.; Pelham, N. H.; Bristol, R. I. Type.—Gip. Moth Lab. No. 10697AK. Deposited in U. S. Nat. Mus. Type No. 22094 U.S. N. M. Host.—Evidently a species of Hypoprepia. Described from 24 specimens (13 females; 11 males) bred at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass. Cocoons are pure white, thin, clustered together, and usually firmly cemented to the under side of the host caterpillar. Resembles very closely A. sarrothripe Weed, but the latter has a much less punctate and a highly polished mesoscutum and scutellum; the apical flagellar segments of the female antenna are much longer than broad and much more slender than in the present species; the hind coxe are reddish black rather than black; and the abdomen has more or less reddish on the segments posterior to the second, while in the present species the dorsum of the abdomen is entirely black; also, the venter of the abdomen is more testaceous in sarrothripe, and the second abdominal tergite is broader at base so that the lateral margins are less oblique; the venation of the anterior wings also differs, in that the radius and the transverse cubitus meet in a sharp angle in sarrothripe. From the species phigalie, described above, compressus may be distinguished by the much narrower and more compressed abdomen, by the yellowish fore and middle coxe, by the rougher propodeum, and by the cocoons. Meteorus triangularis, n. sp. Female.—Length 5 mm. Head yellowish; eyes black; antenne yellowish red; stemmaticum black. Prothorax, meso- and metapleure yellowish red; mesonotum yellow except the lateral lobes, which are black; scutellum yellow; pestscutellum blackish; propodeum black, except the apical angles, which are reddish. Legs entirely yellowish, except the hind tibia, which have a dusky annulus near the base and another at the apex, and the hind tarsi, whieh are dusky. Wings hyaline, stigma and veins brownish, the stigma without the dark spot found in some species of the genus; the recurrent vein interstitial with the first transverse cubitus; tegula and wing-bases yellow. Abdomen blackish brown above, except the extreme base of the first tergite, which is yellowish, and a yellowish-brown triangular spot at the base of the second tergite, which extends across the entire plate, but is very narrow laterally; the first tergite is longitudinally aciculated on the apical two-thirds or more, which part is black in colour; the deep fossa, which are found on the upper side of the petiole of a number of species of Meteorus, are wanting in this form. Ovipositor half the length of the abdomen. Male.—Resembles the female except for sexual differences. Type locality.—Mass. (?) 116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Type.—Gip. Moth Lab. ‘No. 6988-1. Deposited in U. S. Nat. Mus. Type No. 22096 U.S. N. M. S Described from eight specimens (4 females; 4 males) reared at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass. In most of the genera of this order and of the Machiloidea, however, the sternite is absent from the 9th segment, but in the latter group the other abdominal sterna, or most of them, show all these parts, although the coxites are separate from the sternite, and basally from one another, only by sutures. In this connection it may be added that Grylloblatta is interesting as giving additional support, if such be necessary, .to the view that the lateral gonapo- physes of the female are prolongations of the coxites of segment 9. Thus in the structure of the 9th sternum of the male, Grylloblatia is not only more primitive than any other Orthopteroid insect, but also more so than the Plecoptera, Embiidina and Dermaptera (together constituting the ‘“Pan- plecoptera”’ of Crampton) in all of which the division into sternite and coxites, and the styli, have been lost. It is also more primitive than any of the true Orthoptera in the absence of a subgenital plate in the female other than the 5. Escherich, K., Das System der Lepismatiden, Zoologica, 1905, Bd. 18, Heft 43, p. 25. — PASE as exe Ets re) ENT., CAN. SEK: STRUCTURAL (PP 138.) A MPODEIFORMIS W DE Taio, a €. GRYLLOBLATTA 138 — THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST unm< dified 8th sternum, and in the details of the ovipcsitor, which are yet to ke described. The immature ovipositor is of a distinctly more primitive type than that of the most generalized Orthoptera of corresponding stage, e. g., Ceuthophilus of the Tettigoniide. This is seen in the form and position of the valvule, the presence of well-marked styli and the more definite basivalvule. In these respects it approaches the Blattidae and Mantide, but the valvule of the 9th segment have not the terminal position, nor have the dorsal valvulz the broad, flattened form found in these groups, in which respects they are apparently the more primitive, at least at this stage. The great reduction or complet2 loss of the ovipositor in the Panplecoptera is, of course, a secondary feature, in which they are negatively specialized, as compared with the majority of Orthopteroi | groups. The male genitalia considerably resemble those of certain Blattoidea and Mantoidea, and also the Phasmoidea, and the fundamental plan of structure seems to be the same in all of these groups, although I believe the asymmetry has been independently acquired in some of them, at least. The true Orthoptera seem at first sight to be constructed upon an entirely different plan, but further investigation tends to indicate that it is a very highly modified form of the same plan. It is my present opinion that the ‘“Panisoptera’’ (Blattoidea, Mantoidea and Isoptera), which is unquestionably a natural assemblage, and the Orthoptera together with the Phasmoidea, represent two main branches of the same stem, originating as a section of the Palaeodictyoptera, and that Grylloblatta is the sole survivor of a twig which separated from this stem before the two main branches had become differentiated. The Phasmoidea also separated very early from the Orthopteran branch. The characters in which Grylloblatta and the Phasmoidea resemble the ‘‘Panplecoptera”’ are all primitive ones, and only indicate the common origin of the two stems. The five-jointed tarsi, which are present in Grylloblatta, the Blattoidea, Mantoidea and Phasmoidea, are characteristic of primitive Orthopteroid insects, but I agree with Crampton’s suggestion that the trimerous type may be, after all, the more primitive for the Class Insecta in general. We never find penta- merous tarsi in the Apterygota, nor in any of the Panplecoptera, so that they were probably acquired very early in the Orthopteroid stock, and probably also in other branches of the Paleodictyoptera. The reduced number of tarsal joints in the Iscptera and true Orthoptera is doubtless a secondary feature. EXPLANATION OF PLATES VIII ann IX. Abbreviations. atg 10—arm of 10th tergite. pm—chitinous process of right lobe. bc—hbasipodite of cercus. of phallus. bs—basivalvula. pr—paraproct. c—cercus. sa—supra-anal plate. cxr, cxl—right and left coxites. st 9—9th sternite. cxp—process of right coxite. tg 9, tg 10—9th and 10th tergites. es—eversible sac. vd—dorsa! valvula. Im—lamine forming part of clasping vfi—valvifer. apparatus. _ vi—inner valvula. ventral valvula. lr, ll!—right and left lobes of phallus. vv THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139 Plate VIII.—Grylloblatta campodeiformis, terminal abdominal segments and genitalia of male. 1, adult, dorsal view; 2, same, ventral view; 3, same, caudal view; 4, same, ventro-caudal view; 5, nymph, stage A, ventral view; 6, nymph, stage B, ventral view; 7, same, caudal view. Plate IX.—Grylloblatta campodeiformis. 8, adult male, right lateral view of terminal abdominal segments; 9, left lateral view of same; 10, female nymph, ventral view of terminal segments; 11, same with ventral valves bent forward to show inner valves; 12, diagram of probable method of coupling; 13, adult male dorsal view; 14, male nymph, stage A; 15, male nymph, stage B. Toe MAY-FPLY OVIPOSITOR, WITH NOTES ON LEPTOPHLEBIA AND HAGENULUS.* BY EMILY REED MORRISON, WASHINGTON, D.C. The biological and morphological information contained in this paper was obtained from field trips made at Cornell University in the early summer of 1917, and from a laboratory study of the material thus collected and of related forms in the University collection. The work was undertaken at the sug- gestion of Dr. J. G. Needham who called the writer’s attention to this may-fly and to the unusual structure present on the seventh and eighth abdominal segments of the adult female, and suggested that it might prove an interesting subject for a summer’s study, an examination of other related species perhaps revealing similar modifications heretofore unnoted. For this original suggestion and for subsequent additions and corrections to the work, the writer is greatly indebted to him. This species was first described by Dr. Needham (3) as Choroterpes bettent from specimens which had been collected by Dr. Cornelius Betten near Hamburg, N.Y., in 1906. Only adults were available for study at that time, and the species was doubtfully referred to the genus Choroterpes. Ten years later Dr. Needham found a swarm of little red may-flies near McLean, New York, which upon examination proved to be the same species; and in the nearby stream were the reddish-brown nymphs which he suspected to be its immature form. An examination of the nymphs showed that they belonged to the genus Leptophlebia. The observations and breeding work of the writer confirmed Dr. Needham’s opinion that both nymphs and adults were the same species, Leptophilebia bettenv. Habitat. The local habitat of this species is rather unique. It lies in the midst of -a series of peat and grass bogs which are located near McLean, New York. Both the fauna and flora of this region are extremely localized, owing to the peculiar manner of the formation of peat bogs. The water in the streams which run through the peat bogs is of a deep coffee colour. Itisin such a coffee-coloured stream which runs from a pond in the midst of the bogs that the nymphs of Leptophlebia betteni live, on logs which have dropped into the stream and have become water soaked and partially rotted. The brown nymphs were found in the longitudinal fissures of these logs, and so closely do they resemble the wet wood in colour that it is impossible to distinguish them when they remain motionless. On the logs with them may be found numerous Parnid beetles, ee from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. une, 191 : 140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Bryozcans and fresh water sponges, together with the comb-horned fish fly, Chauliodes; the green may-fly, Baetis; Chironomid larve; the stone fly Perla; such caddis worms as Hydropsyche; and the Hydrophilid beetle, Hydrobius globosus. This may-fly is also extremely localized in habitat for the imagos were found for a distance of only about twenty feet and were abundant fer only about six feet. The immature forms were found in the stream opposite this place of greatest abundance. At this point the stream Led breaks into gentle riffles in which lives the mollusk, Anodonta footiana, in some numbers. Just above the riffles the stream bed, changes abruptly to soft, black ooze which is filled with another mollusk, Spheriwm. The writer visited the stream on the 25th and 30th of June, hoping to find the may-flies swarming, and if possible to observe mating and oviposition. However, the season had been late and cold and there were no swarms, although the nymphs were transforming; both subimagos and adults were clinging to the herbage and shrubs along the stream. Although no egg masses could be found, there were many of the small brown nymphs on the water-soaked wood, and from some of these which were carried into the laboratory it was possible to rear both sub-imagos and adults. Description of the Stages. Egg. A dissection of the ovaries of a female of this species showed the presence of about six hundred eggs. The following description was made from material thus obtained. The egg (PI. X, Fig. 9) is broadly ovate, .195 mm. long, by .11 mm. wide. The surface of the egg shell is laid off in numerous minute hexe- gonal areas with depressed centres. The dissected material was translucent whitish, and it was necessary to stain the shell to bring out the reticulation clearly. Nymph. The fully grown nymph (PI. X, Fig. 8) is 7 mm. long with the three anal sete 4 mm. long and subequal, and the antenne 1.7 mm. long. The body is elongate, slender, flat below and slightly convex above. It is widest at the mesothorax, while the prothorax is slightly narrower than the head. The wing pads project posteriorly over the margins of the first two segments of the abdo- men. The abdomen is long and narrow, twice as long as the head and thorax combined, widest at the sixth segment and with segments eight and nine pro- duced posteriorly at each lateral margin into a triangular spine, while the caudal margins of segments nine and ten bear a fringe of spines dorsally. The deeply bifurcate abdominal gills are present on the lateral margins of segments one to seven and are all approximately equal in length, with broad basal portion about half as long as each of the slender terminal filaments. The body above is reddish brown in colour and slightly lighter beneath. Mouth Parts of the Nymph. The labrum (PI. X, Fig. 1) is larger than wide and rather deeply incised medially, while on the under surface are a number of fine hairs which aid in straining food particles from the water. The mandibles are very roughly and irregularly triangular in shape, with the articulation and muscle attach- ment occupying about half of the base and with a group of large, erect fangs Can. Ent VovscbI. PEATE 2X: If, Ih, re ily fll My ' | | wii —Ts4 LEPTOPHLEBIA BETTENI (NEEDHAM) AND L. PRAEPEDITA ETN.(?) 142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST projecting at right angles to the axis of each mandible near its apex, while just within this group of fangs is the much smaller movable endopodite, terminating in a tiny brush of differentiated long and short hairs. The molar surface of the right mandible (Pl. X, Fig. 4) is situated on the lateral margin, while that of the left mandible (PI. Fig. 3) is on the outer anterior margin. Each maxilla (Pl. X, Fig. 6) is made up of a basal portion, the cardo, which is roughly broad- triangular in shape and apparently divided into two sclerites. A united galea, lacinia and stipes, oblong in shape, more or less constricted in the middle, with apex diagonally truncate and the base rounded off on the inner side, is ap- parently attached to both sclerites of the cardo. A short suture at the inner apical corner of this combined sclerite marks the only differentiation between the galea and lacinia, while these structures cannot be separated from the stipes. A thick brush of long, fine hairs borders the truncate distal margin of the galea. The four-segmented palpi are attached about midway on the outer margin of this combined sclerite, with the basal segment minute tringular and the remaining segments elongate cylindrical. The second and fourth palpal segments are subequal in length, the third is a little shorter. The apical seg- ment terminates in a cluster of hairs nearly as long as the segment. The labium (Pl. X, Fig. 5) consists of a ligula divided into oval glossee and much wider para- glosse, a pair of large, three-segmented labial palps, and a very much reduced and undifferentiated mentum, submentum and palpifer. The gloss are clothed, except at the base with short, fine hairs, have a row of short, stout spines on the lateral margin, and terminate at the apex in a hook-like spine. The hairs on the distal portion of the paraglosse are much longer than those on the glcssz. The apical segment of each labial palpus possesses a row of rather stout hairs on its inner margin, while there are finer hairs on the outer margins of the basal segments. The hypopharynx (PI. X, Fig. 2) which normally fies closely applied to the labium, is divided into a central piece and two large lateral lobes which have long, fine hairs on their distal portions, while there are two short tufts close to the median margin of the central piece. Adult. (Pl; X) Fig. 10). Dr. Needham (3) has described the adult as follows :— ‘“? Choroterpes bettent “Length 5-6 mm.; expanse 10-11 mm.; sete of the male 5-6 mm., and of the female 414-5 mm.; colour nearly uniform, dark reddish brown, slightly paler on the middle abdominal segments in the female; wings hyaline, veins pale brown; legs yellowish brown, hind femur with two darker bands, fore femur of the female wholly dark; sete pale yellowish with brown rings, three in num- ker, equal; forceps of the male pale brownish, darker beneath with one very long basal and two very short apical joints.”’ x, X, Male Genitalia. The male genitalia follow the general plan of structure which is constant in all of the species of Leptophlebia which were examined. They (Pl. X, Fig. 13) consist of paired penes placed between the forceps, each limb of which is made up of ore lerg stout, slightly tapering basal segment and two small oval terminal segrents, cqual in size. The penes form an unjointed lobe-like pro- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 143 tuberance, akcut half the length of the basal forceps arm, the paired arrange- ment, which shows distinctly in other specics, being indicated only by a deep median cleft. The sperm ducts terminate in a pair of openings at the end of the paired lobes, while from below the middle of each margin there projects upwards and outwards as far as the base of the lobe, an elongate slender struc- ture, slightly clavate near the apex. So very distinct are these variations in structure that they may be used to separate the species. Thus in Leptophlebia mollis (Pl. XI, Fig. 11, 12) the basal portion of the basal forceps segment is decidedly enlarged and there extends from each of the divided penes a distinctly sword-shaped protrusion.. And in a form clcsely resembling Leptophlebia prepedita* (Pl. XI, Fig. 13, 14) there is a smail, additional segment at the base of each forcep limb, and the penes are long with a proportionately smaller lateral extension. The Ovipositor in May-flies. That a modification of the abdominal segments about the egg-valve, (that is ventrally between segments seven and eight) exists in certain may-flies, has previously to the description of L. betteni, been noted apparently by but two other workers. Dr. Hagen (2) seems to have been the first to note the presence of any such mecdification, for he states (p. 2) “Some of the females have a rounded egg-valve at the antepenultimate abdominal plate;’’ and again in character- izing the genus Pofamanthus which included the Leptophlebia of modern writers, he states (p. 17) that the egg-valve is long. Dr. Eaton (1) in his Monograph of the Ephemeride, (p. 2) makes the following statement :— “In the female the oviducts terminate separately in the joining of the seventh and eighth segments; there is no real ovipositor, but in some genera (e. g., Heptagenia) the apex of the seventh segment is produced into a short, rounded flap, and in one Hagenulus this projection takes the form of a spout.” In order to determine if this modification existed in any other forms, the writer made an examination of several species of the genus Leptophlebia, of the related genus Choroterpes, and the genus Heptagenia, all of which had been collected near Ithaca, New York. In Choroterpes and Heptagenia no trace of such a condition could be found, but in two species of Leptophlebia other than betteni there was a marked differentiation in the ventral structure of seg- ments seven and eight between which the egg-valve opens. Leptophilebia mollis shows the simplest condition in this respect. The ventral portion of segment seven extends backward very slightly, as compared with the other abdominal segments, to form a broad truncated lobe, under which lie the two openings of the oviducts. Plate XI, Fig. 10 shows the ventral aspect of the abdomen at this point. In the centre of segment seven are two prominent conjoined ganglia (m) on either side of which lies an oviduct (0) filled with eggs, opening beneath the lobe. The modification of segment eight consists of two rounded chitinous ridges, converging posteriorly, covered with small *“This is the Leptophlebia prepedita (?) Etn. of Needham’s ‘May-flies and Midges of New York’”’ (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 86, pp. 49-51, 1904, Pl. 11, Fig. 1, 2) and the nymph is there described. The gills lack the basal tracheal stubs that are shown in both the forms figured in this paper.’’—J. G. N. 144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST spinules, with a concave area between the ridges, placed on the anterior third of the segment and extending nearly to the truncate lobe of the seventh segment. In Leptophlebia submarginata these last mentioned ridges are closer together and shorter and completely covered by a mid-ventral triangular prolongation of the apex of segment seven. In Leptophlebia prepedita (?) (Pl. X, Fig. 11) the posterior portion of the seventh abdominal sternite is still more elongated, extending outward and backward so as to be distinctly visible from the side. Segment eight is but slightly modified. Leptophlebia betteni shows a further specialization in which both segments seven and eight are conspicuously involved (PI. X, Fig. 12). The greatest development occurs in segment eight, the expanded portion of which is extended ventrally into a long and narrow, distinctly ovipositor-like organ the tip of which is quite heavily chitinized and basally into a short egg guide. A backward prolongation of segment seven forms with segment eight a channel for the passage of the eggs. An internal dissection showed that the oviducts, extend to the egg-valve and open separately at its base. One species of Hagenulus, which is found in Cuba has a much longer ovipositor-like extension (Pl. XI, Fig. 8) than has Leptophlebia betient. A female specimen of this form, which is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., was kindly leaned by Dr. Nathan Banks, and upon examination it was found that segment seven extends beyond the apex of the abdomen, folding together toward the tip in a tubular form with an opening on the upper surface. Three chitinous ridges extend along the under surface, converging to the tip. The oviducts extend and open separately, the eggs passing into the ovipositor in two strings whose identity is lost as they pass out of the aperture in a cylinder. No nymphs of the genus Hagenulus have hitherto been made known; but a specimen collected by Professor C. F. Baker in Cuba and sent to Dr. Needham, in whose slide collection it now appears, dissected and mounted, has enabled the writer to present herewith Figures 1 to 7 of Piate XI. Noteworthy are the inequilateral gills, the form of both labial and maxillary palpi, and most re- markable of all, the extraordinary lateral extension of the labium, its breadth greatly exceeding that of the head. Bibliography. (1) 1883. Eaton, Rev. Alfred Edwin. A Revisional Monograph of Recent Ephemerida or May-flies—Part I by Rev. A. E. Eaton. In the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd Ser. Zoology, Vol. IIT, Part 1 (18838) p. 1-281, pl. 1-63. (2) 1863. Hagen, Hermann August. Synopsis of the British Ephemerida. In the Entomologist’s Annual for MDCCCLXIII, (1863) p. 1-35. (3) 1908. Needham, James ‘s. New Data Concerning May-flies and Dragon Flies of New York. In Museum Bulletin 124, 33rd Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, 1907 (1908), p. 188-198, pl. 10. Can. Ent., Vor. LI. PrArE or HAGENULUS AND LEPTOPHLEBIA; STRUCTURAL DETAILS. 145 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate X. Leptophlebia bettent. 1. Labrum of nymph. 2. Hypopharynx of nymph. 3. Left mandible of nymph. < 4. Right mandible of nymph. MG 5. Labium of nymph. i 6. Maxilla of nymph. Abdominal gill of nymph. 8. Fully grown nymph. 9: _ Eve, ‘* 10. Adult female. Leptophlebia prepedita (?). 11. Lateral view of end of abdomen of female. s Leptophlebia bettent. ‘42. Lateral view of end of abdomen of female, showing an egg partly extruded between the prolongations of segments 7 and &. Plate XI. Hagenulus sp. Figure 1. Hypopharynx of nymph. 2. Right mandible of nymph. 3. Left mandible of nymph. a3 4, Maxilla of nymph. 5. Labium of nymph. 6. Head and labium of nymph. 7. Inequilateral abdominal gill of nymph. Hagenulus caligiatus. 8. Lateral view of end of abdomen of adult female, showing ovipositor bearing extruded egg-mass at its tip. Leptophlebia submarginata (European). 9. Ventral view of segments 7, 8 and 9 of female, 7 and 8 being slightly separated to show prolongations that form the egg-guide. Leptophlebia mollis. ‘ ‘* 10. Ventral view of segments 7 and 8 of adult female. ‘* 11. Lateral view of male abdominal appendages. ‘12. Dorsal view of male abdominal appendages. Leptophlebia prepedita (?). ‘18. Dorsal view of male abdominal appendages. ‘14. Laterai view of male abdominal appendages. DELPHACID4 OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM—ERRATUM. On p.7, line 16, for ‘'3, Pundaluoya simplex Dist.” read “3, Pundaluoya simplicia Dist.” F. Murr. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 147 THE PROPLEURA AND THE PRONOTAL SULCI OF THE ORTHOPTERA. BY E. MELVILLE DUPORTE, MACDONALD COLEEGE (MCGILL UNIVERSITY). A few months ago while studying the musculature of Gryllus pennsyl- vanicus, | was impressed by the evident homology of the muscles of the mess- and metapleura with those attached to what I then thought was simply an entopleural apodeme of the prothorax. It occurred to me that this process might really represent the propleuron which externally is limited to a small ~ triangular sclerite in front of the coxa. Examination of other Orthoptera convinced me of the correctness of this view. Recently Crampton* has shown that in Dissostetra carolina the pleural region is not ‘“‘crowded out”’ but overgrown by the pronotum. This is the first published observation on this peculiar con- dition in the Orthoptera, and it has induced me to ccllect and publish my own notes on the subject. I was pleased that Dr. Crampton in his paper drew attention to the mis- application of the terms prescutum, scutum, scutellum and postscutellum, in re- ference to the areas of the pronotum cut off by the sulci. Since it is generally accepted that the sclerites of the meso- and metathorax to which these terms are applied developed as a consequence of the growth of wings on these segments, - and since there is no evidence that the prothorax has ever borne wings it is evident that the pronotal areas cannot be homologous with those of the hinder segments. . I hope to show that the overgrown pleuron is general throughout the Orthoptera (sens. sir.), and that the sulci of the pronotum are integumental folds which originated as the result of mechanical stress. a. THE PROPLEURON. The Acridiide (Pl. XII, Figs. 1-3, 12). Rhomalea microptera. (Figs. 1 and 2). Externally the episternum is visible as a small, triangular sclerite (Fig. 1, est.) protruding from beneath the anterior half of the ventral edge of the pronotum. The position of the over- grown region of episternum is indicated externally by a darker pigmented and more densely punctate area on the pronotum in front of the third sulcus, and its anterior edge is outlined by a lightly impressed dotted line (Fig. 1). The pronotum can be lifted and cut away from the episternum without difficulty as the two are not very closely united. From within the episternum appears as a triangular sclerite with a convex anterior edge. It extends dorsad nearly half way up the pronotum. Its posterior edge lies against the third sulcus and is inflexed, uniting with the similarly inflexed anterior edge of the epimeron to form the entopleurite (Fig. 2, entp.), a triangular ridge which at its apex near the ventral edge fuses with entosternite or furca. A similar entopleural ridge is formed in the meso- and metathorax of this and other orthopterous insects (cf. Fig. 18, entp. 2). The epimeron (Figs. 1 and 2, epm.) is a very narrow sclerite hardly visible externally except at its junction with the episternum. Its position, like that of the episternum, is indicated externally by a more densely punctate area at *Crampton, G. C., The Thoracic Sclerites of the Grasshopper, Dissosteira carolina, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., vol. XI, p. 347, Dec., 1918. June, 1919 148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the ventral edge of the pronotum. It tapers posteriorly to a point which is attached near the posterior ventral angle of the pronotum. Much the same conditions are found in the other Acridiida examined, viz., Melanoplus, Dissosteira, (Fig. 3) Stenobothrus, Chortophaga, Camnula and Acridium. The Tettigide. (Figs. 4 and 5). Tettix granulatus. A notch in the edge of the pronotum exposes a very small portion of the ventral edge of the episternum (Fig. 4, est). Internally the appearance is similar to that of the Acridiide. The episternum narrows more abruptly and the epimeron is shorter and more narrowed posteriorly. The entopleurite is thin and quite deep. The entosternal arch (Fig. 5, ents.) fuses with the entopleurite near its dorsal end and not, as in the Acridiide, near the ventral end. The Locustide. (Figs. 6, 7 and 8). Conocephalus (Fig. 6). Externally a very small, triangular portion of the episternum may be seen lying cephalo-laterad of the coxa. The greater portion of this sclerite, however, lies on the inner side of the pronotum extend- ing more than half way towards the dorsal median line. The anterior edge is inflexed slightly and almost parallel with the posterior edge; the dorsal edge is rounded. The entopleural ridge projects ventrally and articulates with the coxa. At the dorsal end of the pleuron the epimeron is represented by a very small, narrow sclerite. At the ventral end there is a short, narrow, rod-like sclerite projecting backwards in much the same position as the epimeron in the Acridiide but very much more reduced. The pleural regions of Xiphidium are very similar to those of Conocephalus. Microcentrum (Fig. 7). Here the episternum is triangular, tapering dorsally. The epimeron is very narrow and, as a free sclerite, is confined to the dorsal haif of the pleuron. It projects dorsally some distance beyond the episternum. Ceuthophilus maculatus (Fig. 8). The episternum is broad and deeply bilobed. The entopleural ridge is strong and curved; the epimeron is very narrow, widest at the dorsal end and extending almost to the ventral edge of the pronotum. The Grylliide. (Figs. 9, 10, 11). Gryllus pennsylvanicus (Figs. 9 and 10). The pleuron extends dorsad almost to the rsedian line. It is irregular in shape, and as it follows the curve of the pronotum is itself pronouncedly curved. The episternum is narrow but well developed, and the ventral edge projects slightly below the pronotal edge. The entopleural ridge is deep and projects ventrally, articulating with the coxa by a ball and socket joint. The epimeron is narrow and is best de- veloped dorsally. It does not descend as far as the ventral edge of the pronotum. (Ecanthus nigricornis (Fig. 11). In (E£canthus the pleuron is completely overgrown by the pronotum. The anterior ventral angle projects slightly beyond the membranous integument (shown by the dotted line) connecting the pronotum and the sternal sclerites, so this small portion of the episternum cen be seen on the ventral side beneath the flange-like edge of the pronotum. The episternum is broadly oblong. The entopleural ridge is narrow and but Can. Ent., Vor. LI Pra Xl, ce: ee —_— pronofum PROPLEURAL AND PRONOTAL SULCI OF ORTHOPTERA. (Page 153.) 150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST slightly raised; as in the Locustids and in the other Gryllids it projects ventrally and articulates with the coxa. The epimeron is very narrow, almost as deep as the episternum and practically uniform in width except at the ventral end, where it projects farther caudad. It is entirely an internal sclerite. In the insects described it is possible to trace a distinct gradation in the development of the propleura as ental sclerites. In the Acridiide (Figs. 1-3) the ventral end of the pleuron had undergone but little change and still stretches from the anterior to the posterior end of the prothorax. The epimeron is greatly reduced dorsally, much more so than the episternum. It is possible to lift the edge of the pronotum and show that the episternum is a continuous sclerite overgrown by the pronotum. In the Tettigide (Figs. 4, 5) the epimeron is still further reduced. In the Locustide (Figs. 6-8) the ventral end of the epimeron no longer extends to the posterior end of the segment but is gradually disappearing, the last vestige of it remaining in the Conocephaline (Fig. 6). After this we find the epimeron reduced to a very narrow sclerite, best developed dersally. In Ceuthophilus (Fig. 8), except for the broad anterior lobe the pleuron closely resembles that of the Gryllide (Figs. 9 and 10). In the Locustide and Gryllide, unlike the Acridiide, the episternum is fused with the ventral edge of the pronotum and (at least in the Gryllide) have only a muscular attachment with the inner face of the pronotum, so that the internal portion of the pleuron has the appearance of a process of the small externally visible portion of the episternum; only by comparison with the Acridiida, and by a study of their musculature in comparison with that of the hinder segments of the thorax can their true nature be definitely ascertained. The Musculature of the Propleuron. (Figs. 12 and 13). The reason why the propleuron has persisted in spite of the fact that its position and function as an external lateral wall of the prothorax has been usurped by the overgrowing tergite, probably lies in the fact that important muscles of the leg arise from its inner surface.’ As fewer of these muscles arise from the epimeron this sclerite is accordingly more reduced than the episternum. If we examine the mesopleuron of Gryllus (Fig. 13) we find the following muscles arising from the episternum. 40a. From the basalar sclerite, a detached portion of the episternum, into the anterior edge of the trochanter. An extensor of the femur. 42. From the dorsal edge of the episternum into the anterior,edge of the coxa. An extensor of the coxa. 43. From near the middle of the sclerite zuto, (1) the precoxale, (2) the trochantin, and (3) the anterior edge of the coxa. An extensor of the coxa. The pro-episterum of Rhomalea and Gryllus (Figs. 12 and 13) show homo- logues of these muscles as follows:— 25, homologue of 40a; 26, homologue of 42, and 27, hgmologue of 43. From the proepimeron a single muscle 25a originates. It is inserted into the anterior edge of the trochanter. I have not yet found its homologue in the hinder segments. A similar homology exists between the muscles of the propleuron and those of the metapleuron. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 151 be -DAE"SULcr: Rhomalea microptera (Figs. 1, 2 and 12), having four well developed prenctal sulci gives good material for a study of these structures. The first sulcus (su1) lies a very short distance behind the anterior edge of the pronotum and does not quite extend either to the median carina or to the ventral edge of the pronotum. The three other sulci all cut the median carina; the second (suz) runs about half way down the pronotum and curves forward; the third extends to the ventral edge, and its lower half is coincident with the entopleural ridge formed by the infolding of the contiguous edges of the episternum and epimeron; the fourth runs from the median carina almost to the postero-ventral angle of the pronotum. An examination of Figure 12 will show that the first sulcus lies near the line where the infolded integumental membrane of the anterior end of the pronotum merges into the cervical membrane, and marks the furthest point to which the head may be retracted within the prothorax. This sulcus may be regarded then as marking the extremity of the primitive prothorax, the portion of the pronotum in front of this being probably a later developed growth forming a flange to receive and protect the retracted head. The anterior sulcus represents the fold which would naturally be formed when this flanking piece is pushed back by the retracted head. That this is the case is shown in Tettix granulatus (Fig. 5) where the prosternum has grown forward, completing the flange formed by the pronotum. In this insect the anterior notal sulcus is continuous with a sternal sulcus (s.su) which marks the position of the anterior end of the sternum in other Orthoptera. A similar explanation accounts for the origin of the fourth sulcus (sus). As Crampton (l.c.) has pointed out, the third sulcus originated with the infolding of the contiguous edges of the pleural sclerites to which it is closely attached. This accounts for the origin of the lateral portion of the sulcus, and it will be noted that in Dissosteira and many other insects this sulcus does not extend to the dorsal portion of the pronotum. The dorsal portion of this sulcus in Rhomalea arose as a result of the pull of the muscles which are attached to it, viz., one head of the third pronotal muscle (20) and one of the elevator of the head (4). The origin of the second sulcus (suz) is also due to the pull given the integu- ment by the muscles attached to it. These muscles are an elevator of the head (4), a rotator of the head (8), one head of the third pronotal muscle (19), and an extensor of the coxa (23). At the time the sulci were formed the integument was aronably more flexible and less highly chitinized than it is at present. The method of origin of the second sulcus is well illustrated in the condition which now obtains in the flexible sutural membrane between the pro- and mesonotum. Here the _ pull of the first (XIX) and third (19, 20) pronotal muscles has produced a distinct fold in the integument (Fig. 12 F.). The hardening of this membrane would undoubtedly produce a sulcus exactly similar to those of the pronotum. SUMMARY. 1. The propleuron in the Orthoptera has not been forced out by the downgrowing notum, but has persisted on the inner side of the pronotum which has grown over it. Can. Ent., Vou. LI. : PLATE XIII. PROPLEURAL AND PRONOTAL SULCI OF ORTHOPTERA. (Page 153.) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 153 2. The episternum, epimeron and entopleural ridge can be easily dis- tinguished though in most cases greatly modified. 3. The pleural sclerites have probably persisted because of their muscular attachments. 4. The musculature of the propleuron is similar to that of the mesopleuron and metapleuron. 5. The sulci are integumental folds formed by mechanical stress due to (a) the pulling of the head and mesothorax against the pronotum, (b) the in folding of the pleural suture, and (c) the pull of the prothoracic muscles at- tached to them. REFERENCE LETTERING. fom —Ccoxa. Muscles. epm. epimeron. a 4. Elevator of head. entp. entopleurite. 5. Retractor of head. ents. entosternite. 6, 7, 8. Rotators of head. est. | episternum. 19, 20, XIX. Retractors of the pro- F. fold in sutural membrane. notum. aa base of head. 22, 26, 27, 42; 43. Extensors of the pex. precoxale. coxa. s. su. sternal sulcus. 23. Flexor of the coxa. su. sulcus. 25, 25a, 40a. Extensors of the femur. tii: trochantin. 44. Depressor of the wing. it: trochanter. . ve. veracervix. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. Fig. 1. External view of the pronotum and propleuron of Rhomalea micro- ptera. 2. Internal view of same. 3. Internal view of pronotum and propleuron of Dissosteira carolina. 4. External view of pronotum and propleuron of Tettix granulatus. © 5. Internal view of same. 6. Internal view of pronotum and propleuron of Conocephalus. 7. Same of Microcentrum. 8. Same of Ceuthophilus maculatus. ‘ 9. Same of Gryllus pennsylvanicus. * 10. Anterior view of detached propleuron of G. pennsylvanicus. “11. Internal view of pronotum and propleuron of Oecanthus nigricornis. “12. Musculature of the propleuron and pronotal sulci of Rhomalea micro- plera. “13. Musculature of pro- and mesopleuron of Gryllus pennsylvanicus. Change of Name.—Prof. R. W. Dawson, of Lincoln, Neb., who is making a special study of the genus Serica informs me that my Serica carinata (Cole- optera of Indiana, 1910, p. 950) is preoccupied by Serica carinata Burmeister (Handbuch IV, 2, p. 175). I, therefore, propose for my Indiana species the name Serica evidens, sp. nov. W. S. BLATCHLEY. 154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NORTH AMERICAN SARCOPHAGIDé: FLIES OF GENUS METOPO- SARCOPHAGA TOWNSEND.* BY R. R. PARKER, BOZEMAN, MONT. The writer described the species Sarcophaga pachyprocta in 1916 (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, pp. 171-175). In connection with the description it was noted that the species was considered to represent a form separable from Sarcophaga and possibly should be placed in a distinct genus, but the writer refrained from so doing till it was possible to examine other closely related species. In 1917, however, Townsend made this species the genotype of Metopo- sarcophaga (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 30, pp. 46) but mentioned no other species as belonging to the genus. In the same paper (p. 43) Sarcophaga incurva Aldrich was made the genotype of Thelyleptococnema. It is the writer’s opinion, however, that the two species are congeneric and Metoposarcophaga is hereby designated as the name of the genus. WM. tothilli and M. pachyproctosa, new species of the genus, are described in this paper. The following characters are common to the males of all four species :— parafrontals and gene silvery grey; front broad, very prominent in profile;- vestiture of back of head black or with some light coloured hair close to foramen (in pachyprocta); lateral verticals present, greater ocellars as strong or stronger than uppermost pair of frontals; frontal bristles not numerous (six to seven, sometimes eight or nine); epaulet dark; anterior acrostichals well developed; scutellar apicals absent or weak and hair-like; lower sternopleura with bristles only; vestiture of nota of short reclinate bristles that become longer and more slender ventrally; vestiture of fourth ventral plate erect; posterior surface of anterior tibia with two bristles about one-third from distal end (only one in Sarcophaga and Ravinia); first genital segment much larger than second and its vestiture longer; marginal bristles absent; forceps slender, bent so that prongs are at a pronounced angle to the base; accessory plate at side of forceps (not anterior to them as in Ravinia, etc.), erect and hiding at least part of base of forceps (in fothilli and incurva only tip of forceps visible from side); claspers on each side united basally (not separate as in Ravinia, etc.); posterior clasper with variously shaped expanded base with bristle at upper anterior angle, distally with a curved hook. The genus quite naturally divides into two groups, the pachyprocta group, containing pachyprocta and pachyproctosa, and the incurva group containing incurva and tothilli. The pachyprocta group is distinguished by the following characters :— three pairs posterior dorsocentrals; scutellar apicals absent; first vein bristly; costal spine present; posterior tibize of normal length; ventrally sides of fourth notum with marginal bristles only; profile of genital segments as in Fig. 1; first genital segment grey pollinose. The penes and claspers very similar but not alike, forceps essentially the same. Characters of incurva group:—four pairs posterior dorsocentrals (some- times five); scutellar apicals, if present, weak and hair-like; only third vein bristly; costal spine vestigial; pesterior tibia much shorter than femur or tarsus; ventrally sides of fourth notum clothed with long, slender bristles; profile of _ *Contribution trom the Entomological Laboratory of the Montana State College, Bozeman, Mont. June, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 155 genital segments as in figure 2; first genital segment dull orange, darkened anteriorly; claspers and forceps are essentially alike in both species. Examination of the figures shows that there is a fundamental likeness in the structure of the accessory genital parts of all four species. TABLE OF SPECIES. 1. Four or more posterior dorsocentrals, posterior tibia very shott.................. 2. Three posterior dorsocentrals, posterior tibia of normal length....................3. 2. Posterior femur normal, tibia short, but not distorted................ tothilli, n. sp. Posterior femur very large with protuberance beneath bearing a ‘*brush,”’ EMERGE AIS ISL GCECR ss 2522 22.2 .021 5's eaten ee ee incurva Aldrich. 3. Anterior clasper reversed S-shaped, penis on long, slender = I ee acess ow agig sun 3 Sun deena np on ncaa scene eee pachyproctosa, n. sp. Anterior clasper with distal hook and large expanded base, penis on short Ne acc ooo cdeidan ds dine devas onanotoodssecnaven pachyprocta (R. Parker). Metoposarcophaga tothilli, n. sp. Holotype (male).—Collection of R. R. Parker. Male.—Parafrontals and gene silvery grey; vestiture of back of head black except for some light coloured hairs just below foramen (difficult to see) ; lateral verticals present, greater ocellars well developed, section III of costa about equal to section X; leg vestiture short; anterior face of posterior femur with only upper row of bristles complete; posterior tibize very short, much shorter than either femur or tarsus; anterior acrostichals present; four pairs posterior dorso- centrals (sometimes five); genital segments dull orange except that first is darkened anteriorly. Length 6-10 mm. Head viewed from side parafrontals and gene with dark reflections; trans- verse impression same colour as gene. Breadth of front at narrowest part about three-fifths eye width; cheek height approximately three-sevenths that of eye. Front very prominent; width of frontal vitta variable but at narrowest part of front at least twice width of each parafrontal. Second antennal segment dark; third about twice length of second; arista short plumose about to middle. Vesti- ture of back of head black. Gena with scattering hairs above, below with a row close to lower eye orbit. Chetotaxy.—Lateral verticals present; vibrisszee inserted slightly above line of oral margin; greater ocellars well developed; frontal rows of bristles extending to or slightly below base of vitta, the lower few pairs derergent from edges of vitta. Thorax.—Vestiture of mesonotum black, cilia-like, slightly reclinate. Wings.—Anterior cross-vein more basal than end of first longitudinal; third vein bristly; costal spine vestigial; section III of costa practically equal to section V; calypters whitish, fringed with white hair. Legs.—Dark, vestiture short. Anterior face of posterior femur with com- plete upper row of bristles, intermediate row absent, lower row with a few rather weak distal bristles; tibia very short, beardless, about three-fourths length of femur, much shorter than tarsus, middle femur without ‘“‘comb.” Chetotaxy.—Well developed. Anterior acrostichals present; inner pre- suturals absent; four pairs posterior dorsocentrals (sometimes five); prescutellar 156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST acrostichals present; scutellar apicals absent or scarcely differentiated; three sternopleurals; lower sternopleura with bristles only. Abdomen.—Rather short. Clothed above with short, reclinate bristles, beneath with longer, more erect hair; on each side ventral portion of fourth notum clothed with long, slender bristles (not confined to edge as in most species of Sarcophaga); ventral plates not rounded posteriorly, fourth clothed with erect hair. Chetotaxy.—Second segment without marginal bristles or, if present, short, decumbent and inconspicuous; third with two, sometimes very weak; fourth with complete marginal row. Genital Segments.—Both dull orange except that first is darkened anteriorly. First much the larger, marginal bristles absent: second, flattened, vestiture shorter than that of first; anal area small. Forceps slender, abruptly curved “ i : ; ac, asa i fu p.cs Sigg 78 | Bie Sy Stayer P: 5 ne. Fig. 22.—Metoposarcophaga spp., male genitalia. (Page 157.) at right angles to the basal portion, distal end slightly enlarged with a short tooth directed forward; forceps in profile view except tip concealed by accessory plate. Penis and accessory parts almost identical with those of M. incurva Aldrich. Described from nine male specimens. Range.—British Columbia; Savary Island, July 13, 18, 20, 31, 1917, (R. S. Sherman, collector). Holotype taken in same locality and by same collector on July 18, 1917. The writer has two females which are obviously either M. incurva or M. tothilli and though the posterior tibia is shorter than the tarsus, it is not as short as in the males of these species nor does it present the peculiar structural modi- fications found in M. incurva. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 157 Metoposarcophaga pachyproctosa, n. sp. Holotype (male).—Collection of R. R. Parker. Allotype (female).—Collection of R. R. Parker. This species is so close to M. pachyprocta that a repetition of the description is unnecessary. So far as observed the only reliable differences between the males of the two species are to be found in the characters of the genitalia as here listed. M. pachyproctosa. 1. Anterior clasper reversed S-shaped (Fig. 12). 2. Penis distinctive, but with long, slender base (Fig. 12). 3. Fifth ventral plate distinctive (Fig. 13). M. pachyprocta. 1. Anterior clasper with broad expanded basai portion (Fig. 9). 2. Penis distinctive, with short base (Fig. 10). 3. Fifth ventral plate distinctive (Fig. 7). In addition the second genital segment of pachyproctosa is dull orange throughout, and there is a narrow, posterior, dull orange band on the first seg- ment, whereas in pachyprocta the second segment is more or less greyish pollinose and the grey pollen of the first segment extends to the middle portion of the posterior margin, at least. These characters may well be variable, however. I have three females collected in the same locality as the above males. These females are not separable from those of pachyprocta, but this species has never been found in several lots of materal from Savary Island. The females are therefore assumed to be those of pachyproctosa. Described from two male and three female specimens. Range.—British Columbia; Savary Island, July 9, and Aug. 11, 1916. July 11 and 12, 1917, (R. S. Sherman, collector). M. pachyprocta is known to occur in Mass., N. Y., N.J., Pa., Va., N.C., peer, toa. fa, Ind; Ohio, Col., S: Ds, Calif., Maniteba, Cuba (?) and Hayti (?): M. pachyproctosa and M. tothilli are known only from British Columbia: M. tncurva occurs in N. Mex., Mont., and British Columbia. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 1. Profile view of genital segments of MW. pachyprocta R. Parker and M. pachyproctosa, n. sp. 2. Profile view of genital segments of M. incurva Aldrich and M. tothilli, Nn. sp. 3. Penis of M. tothilli. 4, Claspers of M. tothillt. 5. Forceps-and accessory plate of M. tothilli. 6. Fifth ventral plate of VW. tothilli. 7. Fifth ventral plate of MW. pachyprocta. 8. Forceps and accessory plate of M. pachyprocta. 9. Claspers of M. pachyprocta. 10. Penis of M. pachyprocta. 11. Forceps and accessory plate of M. pachyproctosa. 12. Claspers and penis of M. pachyproctosa. 13. Fifth ventral plate of WM. pachyproctosa. 158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ABBREVIATIONS. a. c. anterior clasper. p. c. posterior clasper. a. p. accessory plate. f. forceps. p. penis. g.s. 1 and g. s. 2 first and second genital segments. 5 v. p. fifth ventral plate. A NEW CISIDE GENUS WITH NEW SPECIES FROM MANITOBA. BY CHARLES DURY, CINCINNATI, OHIO. Dolichocis, new genus. This genus is proposed for a species of narrow and elongate form, having a combination of the characters of Cis and other described Ciside genera. It has the antenne 9-jointed, the elytra finely beaded along suture. The pro- thorax at side edges strongly margined and finely serrate. Dolichocis manitoba, n. sp. Elongate, narrow, oval in form. Brownish piceous in colour, when mature. Vestiture of rather sparse, pale sete. Punctures deep and strong, those of prothorax closer and finer than those of elytra. Head—epistoma subtruncate and margined. Palpi thick, with terminal joint oval and blunt at tip. Pro- thorax as long as wide, with sides rounded, margined and with finely serrate edges. Elytra two and one-fourth times as long as wide. Beneath the pro- sternum is flat between coxe, and long before them. Fore tibize not produced at outer tip. Males with a sharp, round fovea on first ventral. Length 2 mm.; width 07 mm. Aweme, Manitoba. Norman and Talbot Criddle. From fungus growing on ash and elm. Twenty specimens; in the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa, Ont., and in my collection at Cincinnati, Ohio. Cis criddlei, new species. Elongate, with sides straight, colour piceous, vaguely paler on posterior third. Vestiture of conspicuous hairs arranged without order. Head with epistoma truncate and narrowly reflected. Prothorax as wide as long, sides feebly rounded. Hind angles viewed from above almost right angled. Punctures dense and deep. Elytra twice as long as wide, more sparsely and coarsely punctured than the prothorax. Beneath, the male has a large fovea on first ventral segment. Length 2 mm.; width 1 mm. Aweme, Manitoba. Norman Criddle. Eight specimens; in Canadian National Collection at Ottawa, Ont., and my collection, Cincinnati, Ohio. This species is the size and shape of Cis wenzeli, but differs from that and all other species known to me in structural characters. June, 1919 _—-_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 159 ON SOME TINGIDZ NEW TO THE FAUNA OF CANADA (HEMIP.). BY CARL J. DRAKE, SYRACUSE, N.Y.* Corythucha salicis Osborn and Drake. Specimens of this insect were taken on willow, Salix discolor, at Aweme Manitoba, Aug. 13, 1918, by Mr. N. Criddle; other specimens were co.lected at Trenton, Ontario, Sept. 11, 1910, by Mr. Evans. From the United States specimens are at hand from Montana, Wisconsin, New York, Massachusetts and New Jersey. The known food plants are willow, Salix spp., and currants; Ribes sp. Corythucha elegans Drake. Mr. H. Groh took a few specimens of this species at Ottawa, Ontario, Oct. 13, 1908, on poplar, Populus balsamifera; two specimens were collected in Ontario, July 27, 1903, by Mr. Evans. One specimen is before me that bears the locality label “{Mich.”’ The type specimens are from Colorado. During the summer of 1917 and 1918 the writer noted hundreds of specimens, adults, nymphs and eggs, on willow in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake, New York. Corythucha padi Drake. Chilliwack, British Columbia, collected by Prof. F. C. Ewing. This insect breeds upon the western choke cherry, Prunus demissa. Specimens have been examined from Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana. Corythucha parshleyi Gibson. Several specimens, collected on walnut (Juglans nigra), butternut (Juglans cincerea), Japanese walnut (Juglans sibboldiana) and juneberry (Amaelanchier intermedia). It is a common insect in the eastern part of United States, rang- ing from Canada to North Carolina. Corythucha heidemanni Drake. Two specimens, collected at Ottawa, Canada, by Mr. W. H. Harrington. This is a common insect that infests birch in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake, New York. * Corythucha betulz Drake. Two specimens from Ottawa, Canada, collected by Mr. Harrington. Thousands of specimens, adults, eggs and nymphs, have been seen by the writer _on yellow birch, Betula lenta, in Adirondack Mountains, near Cranberry Lake, New York, during the summers of 1917 and 1918. Two specimens have also been examined from Maine. Corythucha immaculata Osborn and Drake. Lilloet, British Columbia, collected by Mr. A. W. A. Phoir. This species infests balsam root, Balsamorrhiza sagittata. Specimens are at hand from Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana and California. Corythucha hewitti, new species. Four specimens, taken on hazelnut, Corylus americana, October 8, 1918, at Aweme, Manitobs, by Mr. N. Criddle. Length 2.78 mm.; width 1.5 mm. Type and paratype in the National Collection of Insects, Entomological Branch, Ottawa; paratype in the author's collection. Named in honour of Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist. Hood moderately elevated, the length slightly less than twice its height. *Contribution from the Department of Forest Entomology, the New York State College of ~; sla) OF al New York. une, 19 160 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Median carina slightly raised anteriorly; outer carine normal. Spines moder- ately long, the tips dark fuscous. Reticulations of the hood moderately large, slightly larger than those of the paranota. Tumid elevations of the elytra normal; costal area triseriate, the outer margin slightly concave. A small spot on the paranota, another on the median carina, and greater part of the dorsal portion of the hood dark fuscous. Body beneath blackish, sometimes slightly tinged with reddish. Nervures whitish. Elytra with a band across the base, another near the apex, a spot on the paranota, part of the inner portion of sutural area dark fuscous.. The apical band of the elytra without large hyaline cells; some cells with tiny hyaline centres. Legs and antenne yellowish white. Readily separated from the hazelnut tingid, Corythucha coryli Osborn and Drake, by the much less elevated hood. Akin to C. bellula Gibson, from which it may be distinguished by slightly longer spines, the globose portion of the hood being much less narrowed dorsally and not distinctly angulate at the crest, darker colour pattern, the apical band of elytra without large hyaline areole. DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. BY S. A. ROHWER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C. Tetrastichus rugglesi, new species. Female.-—Length 1.75 mm. Subopaque dark blue, without sculpture; intraocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; antenne eight-jointed; one ring joint a three-jointed funicle and two-jointed club; funicle joints subequal in length and subequal in length with the pedicle; club one-fourth shorter than two funicle joints, pointed apically, the apical joint longer than the preceding one; mesonotum with a rather faint median furrow; scutellum with two well- defined furrows; propodeum smooth, shining; prepectus sculptured like meso- pleure, i.e., smooth and shining; abdomen ovate, ovipositor sheath slightly exserted; costal margin of hind wing with one spine. Antenne brown; scape, tibia and tarsi and narrow apices of femora yellowish-white (tibiz somewhat infuscated medianly); wings hyaline, venation yellowish. T ype-locality.— University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota. Described from. eleven females (one type) reared as parasites of A griius arcuatus by A. G. Ruggles. Material reared July 24, 1916, (type), July 11, 1916, and September 16, 1915. Type.—Cat. No. 22132. U.S. Nat. Mus. Trigonura hicoriz, new species. Female.—Length 4.5 mm. Head with large umbilicate punctures; area between eyes about one-fourth greater than length of eye; antennal fovez smooth; antenne thirteen-jointed with one ring joint; ocellocular line slightly shorter than the interocellar line, and not much greater than the greatest diameter of a lateral ocellus; thorax with large umbilicate punctures, smaller and closer on the prothorax; the depressed area of mesepisternum in which the middle leg fits transversely striate; legs shining with very fine scattered punctures; hind femora with eight teeth, the three apical teeth close and smaller, the posterior one well removed from the others; abdomen shining, the apical segment with large, irregular setigerous punctures. Black; a yellowish spot on venter; four June, 1919 Fi THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 161 anterior knees and all the tarsi yellowish-brown; wings hyaline; marginal and stigmatical veins black; a brown spot basad of stigma. Male.—Length 4.25mm. Except for usual differences, like female. Venter without yellow. Type-locality.—Syracuse, New York. Described from two females and five males reared from Hicoria glabra by M. W. Blackman and H. H. State and ~under their numbers H-171 (type), H-114 (allotype), H-955, H-134, H-892, H-1367 and H-212. Type.—Cat. No. 22098, U. S. Nat. Mus. Ecphylus hicoriz, new species. Readily distinguished from related American species by its colour and sculpture. Female.—Length to apex of abdomen 3 mm.; length of ovipositor 2.5 mm. Face granular and with irregular transverse, raised lines; frons and vertex with distinct transverse strie; posterior orbits smooth; postocellar line about half as long as ocellocular line; antennz 27-jointed, the third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth; pronotum with lateral angles prominent; prescutum punctured, and with a median impressed longitudinal line; notauli foveolate; scutellum without sculpture; propodeum coriaceous, reticulate in apical dorsal middle, a faint dorsal median longitudinal carina and a transverse carina at top of posterior aspect; recurrent interstitial with intercubitus; first tergite one-fourth longer than apical width, with distinct longitudinal striz, these more prominent laterally so there is a triangularly-shaped median area which is not so coarsely striate, - remaining abdominal segments smooth, polished. Black; abdomen beyond first segment rufous; basal joints of antenne and legs yellowish-ferruginous; pro- notum anteriorly and lower part of mesepisternum rufous (may not be constant) ; wings hyaline; venation dark brown. Male.—Length 3mm. Agrees with female except for usual differences. Type-locality.—Syracuse, New York. Described from three females and one male reared from Hicoria glabra by M. W. Blackman and H. H. Stage, and recorded under their numbers H-972 (type , H-956, H-947 and H-118a_allo- type). Type.—Cat. No. 22080, U.S. Nat. Mus. In the male and in one female the frons are partly ferruginous. Heterospilus blackmanni, new species. Because of the colour and length of ovipositor this new species would be grouped with consimilis Ashmead, but the sculpture is quite different from that species. Female.—Length to apex of abdomen 2.55; length of ovipositor 2.5 mm.; length of abdomen 1.25 mm. Head smooth, polished; ocelli in nearly an equi- lateral triangle; inner margins of eyes parallel, the distance between them somewhat greater than their length; antenna, 20-jointed, the third joint about one-fifth longer than the fourth; scutum and prescutum shining, practically without sculpture; notauli well defined, not foveolate; suture in front of scutellum finely foveolate; scutellum smooth, shining; dorsal lateral areas of the propodeum polished, median carina distinct; posterior face of propodeum finely coriaceous; first tergite about one-sixth longer than apical width, with distinct longitudinal 162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST striae; base of the second tergite longitudinally aciculate; most of the second and all of the remaining tergites smooth, polished ; mesepisternum smooth; sides of the propodeum sculptured fike the posterior face; second abcissa shorter than the first intercubitus; recurrent slightly beyond the intercubitus. Black; mandibles, three basal joints of antenne and the legs yellow; wings hyaline, venation pale brown, stigma somewhat darker. Male.—Length 2 mm. Agrees well with female except the second tergite is yellowish. T ype-locality.—Syracuse, New York. Described from five females and one male collected by M. W. Blackman and H. H. Stage from Hicoria glabra, and recorded under their numbers H-107 (1 type), H-608, H-1141, H-118 and H-608a (allotype). Type.—Cat. No. 22031, U. S. Nat. Mus. NEW NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (RHYPHIDAD AND? ipa. DIPTERA) PART Vit BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY, URBANA, ILLINOIS. FAMILY Rhyphide. Trichocera colei, new species. Thoracic stripes indistinct; wings light grey, yellowish at the base, a faint brown cloud on r-m; male hypopygium conspicuously enlarged. Male.—Length, including the hypopygium, about 7—7.5 mm.; wing 6 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne of the male setaceous, black. Head dark grey. Mesonotum brownish grey without distinct stripes, the posterior half of the scutellum yellowish; postnotum dark. Pleura dark brown, sparsely grey pruinose. Halteres pale, the knobs dark. Legs light brown, the coxe, tro- chanters and bases of the femora paler. Wings with a faint grey tinge, the base of the wing yellowish; stigma brown, diffuse; a brownish cloud on r-m. Venation: Sc ending slightly before 7; Re+3 a very little longer than Re before 7. Abdomen dark brown, the incisures paler. Male hypopygium conspicuous, very large for this genus of flies. Pleurites with a group of sete near the distal end on the inner face. Pleural appendage longer than the pleurite, at the apex enlarged into a blackened lobe which is densely covered with short, erect, yellowish hairs; on the dorsal inner face near the base of this lobe, a slender cylindrical arm. Penis-guard broad at the base, rapidly narrowed to the blunt tip. Gonapophyses in the form of two strongly divergent chitinized horns. Habitat.—Oregon. Holotype—o, Forest Grove, Washington Co., November 11, 1918, (F. R. Cole). Type in the collection of the author. Paratype.—o’, Vancouver, Washington, Dec. 12, 1918, (Wm. Giles); reared from turnips. In the collec- tion of the U. S. National Museum, Chittenden, No. 2772. The conspicuous male hypopygium will easily separate the fly im any of the known American species. The species is dedicated to Mr. Frank R. Cole to whom I am indebted for many favours. June, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 163 Famity 7ipulide. Gonomyia (Gonomyia) mainensis, new species. Related to G. subcinerea O.S.; thoracic pleura striped; abdominal tergites dark brown; male hypopygium with the outer pleural lobe rather short with its apex obliquely truncated; inner lobe bifid, with a posterior flattened blade. Male.—Length about 5 mm.; wing 5.6 mm. Head dark, discoloured in the type. Antenna broken. Pronotum clear light yellow. Mesonotal prescutum pale brown, with three indistinct, dark brown stripes, the lateral margins light coloured; scutum pale brown, the lobes dark; remainder of the mesonotum brown. Pleura light yellow with two distinct, purplish brown stripes, the ventral stripe occupying the mesosternum. Halteres very long and slender, pale, the knobs darkened. Legs with the coxe dull brownish yellow, darkened on the base of the outer face; remainder of the legs light brown, the tarsi darker. Wings with a faint greyish tinge; stigma darker; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc rather long, ending opposite about one-third the length of the radial sector; Rs very long, straight; Re+3 very long, Re correspondingly shortened; deflection of R4a+s puncti- form; cell 1st M2 with the inner end slightly narrowed; basal deflection of Cu beyond the fork of M. Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium yellowish. Male hypopygium with the outer pieural lobe stout, hairy, slightly darkened toward the apex, which is obliquely truncated and produced inwardly into a small tooth; inner appendage bifid, consisting of a posterior flattened blade terminating in a hook, with a single seta on its face; ventral lobe short, terminating in about two stiff sete. Gonapophyses small, curved, strongly chitinized, in the unique type unequal. Habitat.—Maine. ; Holotype.— oo, Fort Kent, Aroostook Co., August 29, 1913. Type in the collection of the author. Gonomyia mainensis differs conspicuously from G. subcinerea in its striped pleura, venation, and, especially, the very different structure of the male hypopygium. Limnophila (Ephelia) angustior, new species. Wings narrow, the brown markings confined to the vicinity of the veins; pleurites of the male hypopygium with a tuft of long, yellow hairs at the apex; outer pleural appendage with a prominent lateral tooth on the outer margin. Male.—Length 6.5 mm.; wing 7.5-7.6 mm. Female.—Length 8-8.4 mm.; wing 8.3 mm. Similar to L. superlineata Doane, differing as follows: Antenne dark brown throughout. Mesonotal prescutum without a lateral brown line, the lateral stripes less distinct, the median stripe entire Wings very narrow, strikingly different from those of either L. superlineata or L. aprilina. Wings light grey with a dark brown and greyish brown pattern, the costal markings relatively small, much narrower than the interspaces; the markings on the disk take the form of narrow seams along the veins and cross- veins; veins dark brown, Sc and R more yellowish. Venation: the super- numerary cross-vein in cell M is inserted so that it lies beyond the end of the 164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2nd anal vein; the wing pattern is not so heavy as in L. aprilina. Male hypo- pygium with the pleurites moderately elongated, covered with numerous sete - that become very numerous along the basal inner two-thirds; outer apical angle of the pleurite a little produced and blackened, provided with a loose tuft of long, yellow hairs that exceed the pleural appendages in length. Outer pleural appendage slender, with a prominent tooth before the apex on the outer margin, distad of this with numerous appressed teeth and a small, stout apical spine. Inner pleural appendage fleshy, stout, blunt at the tip. Habitat.—Colorado. Holotype.-—o, Platte Canon, Jefferson Co., altitude 10,000 feet, June 27, 1915,-((E. \eOslar). Allotopotype.— @ . Paratopotypes.—11 & Q. Type in the collection of the author. Limnophila (Ephelia) apiculata, new species. Closest to L. angustior; pleurites of the male hypopygium without an apical tuft of hairs; outer pleural appendage straight, without a prominent lateral tooth on the outer margin. Male.—Length, about 6.8 mm.; wing 7.2 mm. Very similar to L. angustior, differing as follows: Antennal flagellum with the basal segments light brownish yellow, passing into darker brown on the terminal segments. Mesonotum light grey with four dark brown stripes, the intermediate pair very long and separated by a capillary vitta of the ground colour. Dark tips to the femora and tibiz less distinct. Wings slightly more yellowish, the brown pattern heavier but confined to the vicinity of the veins. Abdomen dull brownish yellow, with an indistinct, dark brown dorso-median stripe. Hypopygium more reddish. Pleurites moderately stout, without a conspicuous apical tuft of long yellowish hairs. Outer pleural appendage black, stout, the apical third along the outer margin with numerous, acute, appressed teeth, the terminal one extended into a free spine. Inner pleural appendage fleshy, pale, covered with numerous stout sete, the apex narrowed and tipped with three or four setz. Habitat.—California. Holotype.—o, Alpine, San Diego Cc., April 8, 1915, (M. C. Van Duzee). Paratopoiyvpe.— oS Type in the collection of the author. Limnophila (Ephelia) edentata, new species. Closest to L. superlineata Doane; size small, wing of the male abate 6.5 mm.; first segment of the antennal flagellum yellowish; wings with a heavy brown pattern, the outer four costal blotches confluent in pairs; outer pleural appendage of the male hypopygium without appressed lateral teeth on the outer margin near the apex. Male.—Length 5.6 mm.; wing 6.5 mm. Similar to L. superlineata Doane but differing in numerous regards: Size very small. First flagellar segment of the antenne yellow, the remaining flagellar segments light brown. The median prescutal stripe is widely divided for its entire length; in addition to the narrow lateral stripes and a dark spot THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 165 at the margin of the sclerite, there is a small, brown line between the lateral and intermediate stripes that crosses the suture onto the scutal lobes. The femoral tips are broadly dark brown, but the tibial tips are but narrowly and indistinctly darkened. The wings are narrower with a much heavier pattern, the markings at Sci and R:1, and at R2 and Rs being confluent behind; a few brown dots in the costal and subcostal cells between the larger blotches; petiole of cell Mi a little longer than this cell. Male hypopygium with the pleurites rather slender. Outer pleural appendage blackened, terminating in a long, curved hook whose outer margin is not minutely tooth as in many species of the subgenus; on the outer face before the tip with a stout spine; a small, black- ened tubercule on the inner margin near the base of the appendage. Inner pleural appendage stout and broad, flattened, covered with numerous sete. Habitat —California. Holotype.-—o, Apline, San Diego Co., April 9, 1915, (M. C. Van Duzee). Type in the collection of the author. Eriocera saturata, new species. Antenne black, the scapal segments brighter; prescutum yellowish gray with four dark brown stripes, the intermediate pair narrow; wings reddish brown; cell 1 lacking; abdomen dark brown, the lateral margins broadly yellowish. ; Female.—Length 13.5 mm.; wing 9.4 mm. Rostrum short, light brown. Palpi black, the basal segments more brownish. Antenne with the scapal segments yellowish brown above, reddish beneath; flagellum black. Head broad, brown, with an indistinct darker median area. Frontal tubercle dark brown. Mesonotal prescutum yellowish gray with four dark brown stripes, the intermediate stripes very narrow, separated from one another by a distance a little less than the diameter of one; anterior portion of the scutal lobes dark; scutellum grey, with the extreme base darkened; postnotum grey. Pleura clear silvery grey, the dorsal pleural region dark brown. MHalteres short, brownish yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxe pale brown, sparsely grey pruinose; trochanters brownish yellow; femora brownish yellow, narrowly darker at the tips; tibia and tarsi brown. Wings with a strong reddish brown suffusion, the colour being a little darker than in E. californica O.S.; a small, brown cloud on 7-m; veins Sc and R brown, remaining veins dark brownish black; stigma indistinct. Venation: Cell Mm lacking; vein Mi+2 beyond cell 1st M2 longer than this cell. ; Abdominal tergites dark brown, the lateral margins broadly yellowish. Ovipositor rusty red; sternites light brown, margined laterally with yellow. Habitat.—California. Holotype.— 2 , Fallbrook, San Diego Co., August 2, 1917, (E. G. Holt). Type in the United States Biological Survey collection. E. saturata is closest to E. velveta Doane from which it may be told by its deep, saturated reddish brown wings with the stigma not darkened, the greater length of the veins issuing from cell /st M2, the colour of the abdomen and other characters. 166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Tricyphona macateei, new species. Antenne black; mesonotum yellowish grey, the prascutum with three stripes of which the median one is divided by a capillary pale line; wings nearly hyaline with a heavy dark brown and grey pattern, the mark at the origin of the sector running into the costal cell; abdominal segments indistinctly banded with yellowish. Male.—Length 8-8.5 mm.; wing 7.8-8.6 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black. Antenne dark brownish black throughout, the intermediate flagellar segments short-cylindrical or almost rounded, the terminal segments smailer. Eyes broadly contiguous beneath, widely separated above. Head small, dark grey. Mesonotal preescutum light yellowish gray, with three brown stripes, the median stripe more or less distinctly divided by a ground vitta, this pale stripe clearer behind; scutal lobes dark. Pleura gray with indistinct blotches of darker Halteres short, pale brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxe dull yellow, the middle and posterior cox sparsely grey pruinose; trochanters dull yellow; femora brownish yellow, the tips broadly dark brown; tibie and tarsi dark brown. Wings almost hyaline with a heavy dark brown and grey pattern, this including about six larger markings along the costal margin, the first sur- rounding the humeral cross-vein, the second Sc, the third the origin of the sector, passing into the costal ceil, the fourth mark at the tip of Sci; small, pale seams along the margin of the wing at the ends of the veins; narrow seams along the cord and m. Venation: Scz about midlength between / and the origin of the sector; Rs very strongly arcuated at origin; cell M1 shallow, its petiole longer than m; m-cu obliterated by the punctiform contact of Cui and M. Abdominal tergites indistinctly banded with dark brown and paler yellowish brown; sternites brown, the posterior half of each of the intermediate segments yellow. The male hypopygium shows the moderately powerful pleurites in- clined toward one another so that the tips are contiguous, the apices with abundant blackened spicules. Habitat.—Maryland. Holotype—, Beltsville, Prince George Co., October 7, 1917, (W. L. McAtee). Paratopotype.—o&. Type in the United States Biological Survey collection. T. macateei is readily separated from T. vernalis (O.S.) by the uniformly dark antenne, the almost hyaline wings with the pattern larger, darker and more clearly defined, the blotch at the origin of the sector including the costal cell, the short cell Mi with a long petiole and other characters. This very interesting new species is dedicated to its collector, Mr. W. L. McAtee. Tipula pendulifera, new species. Belongs to the cunctans group; antennal flagellum dark brown; mesonotum light grey, the preescutum with four stripes; wings with a faint yellowish tinge, the stigmal region and wing-base more suffused; abdomen yellowish with a broad, dark brown median stripe; male hypopygium with a long, pendulous lobe at the ventral angle of each pleurite. Male.—Length 17 mm.; wing 18 mm. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 167 Female.—Length about 20-21 mm.; wing 18.5-19 mm. Frontal prolongation of the head brownish grey. Palpi dark brown. Antennz with the scape reddish brown, the flagellar segments uniformly dark brown. Head dark grey. Mesonotal prescutum light grey with four greyish brown stripes; scutellum and postnotum clear light grey. Pleura heavily greyish white pruinose. Halteres light brown. Legs with the coxe yellowish, sparsely grey pruinose; trochanters and femora light brown, the latter darkened at the tips; tibiz yel- lowish brown, the tips darkened; tarsi brown. Wings with a faint yellow suffusion; base of the wing and the stigmal region vellowish, this latter including the apex of the costal cell, the apex of cell st Ri and most of cell 2nd k:2; costal and subcostal cells brownish; veins dark brown. Venation: Petiole of cell M1 short. Abdomen yellowish; segment eight and the basal half of nine in the maie dark brown; a very distinct, dark brown, median stripe on both the tergites and sternites; on the former it begins at about midlength of the first tergite as a narrow line, gradually widening behind; these stripes are continuous except for narrow yellowish silvery posterior margins to the segments. Male hypo- pygium with the sclerites fused into an almost continuous ring. Eighth tergite concealed beneath the seventh, except laterally. Ninth tergite extensive, the posterior margin with a broad median notch, the lateral angles subacute, black- ened; on either side of the median line is a small obtuse knob; the ventral margin of the ninth tergite bears two median blackened points. Region of the ninth pleurite long and narrow. Outer pleural appendage broad and flattened, pale, very narrow at the base. Inner pleural appendage complicated in structure. At the ventral angle of each pleurite hangs a very long, pendulous lobe, pale, directed ventrad, slightly enlarged distally and here provided with long, coarse hairs; the dorsal end of this appendage is likewise slightly produced. Between these pendulous lobes a flattened, elongate oval disk is visible. The female is similar to the male, differing in the sexual characters; the dorsal abdominal stripe is narrower and attains the end of the seventh tergite. Ovipositor with the tergal valves straight; sternal valves very short, high, obtusely rounded at their tips, a little more than one-half the length of the tergal valves. Habitat.—Colorado (Saguache County). Holotype-—, Cochetopa National Forest, Upper Saguache Ranger Sta- tion, September 7, 1917, (A. K. Fisher). Allotopotype.— @ . Paratopotypes.—3 9Q’s. Type in the United States Biological Survey collection. T. pendulifera is a well-defined species, allied to T. cunctans and T. carinata, from which it is easily told by its larger size, and the ‘conspicuous pendulous lobes of the male hypopygium. Tipula noveboracensis, new species. Belongs to the tricolor group, closest to 7. caloptera Lw.; antennal flagellum short, dark brown; wings with cells M1, M2, Cui and most of Ms brown; male 168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST hypopygium with a powerful curved clawlike horn on either side of the median lobe of the ninth tergite. Male.—Length, 18-22 mm.; wing, 20.5-25.5 mm. Close to 7’. caloptera Lw., differing as follows: Antennal flagellum sHbee darker, almost uniformly dark brown, the first segment a little paler. Ground colour of the thorax, including the pleura, bright silvery white. Preescutal stripes darker, the lateral stripes more or less confluent anteriorly with the median stripe, the pale ground interspaces indicated near the suture. ‘Wings with the brown markings darker and differently arranged: cell 1st M2 and the apical two-thirds of Rs hyaline, cells i, M2, Cui and all but the extreme ; base of Ms brown; in T. caloptera the white area includes the basal half of cell Ist Ms, the bases of cells Mi, M2 and Ms: and the apical half of cell Rs; the brown in the base of cell M is about equally extensive in the two species. The abdominal pattern is more contrasted than in T. caloptera, the broad, lateral stripe being almost black; in the holotype, the ground colour of the tergites is yellowish on the first two segments only, on the remaining segments passing into grey; in the paratypes, however, the bright yellow colour persists to the fifth or sixth segments; in all cases the black, lateral stripes are narrowly connected across the caudal ends of the segments; the lateral margins of the tergites are broadly silvery, more buffy near the end of the abdomen. Male hypopygium conspicuously different from the other members of the tricolor group, the narrow, rectangular, somewhat depressed, median lobe with parallel sides being subtended on either side by a powerful, slightly curved clawlike horn which is sometimes slightly roughened. Habitat.—Northeastern North America. flolotype—o, Power-house Creek, near Gloversville, Fulton Co., New York, altitude 1,000 feet, June 24, 1916, (C. P. Alexander). Paratopotypes, 2 &’s; paratypes, &, Ithaca, Thompkins Co., New York, May 12, 1915, (C. P. Alexander); 1, May 24, 1898, pinned with the cast pupal skin; o"’s, Beaver Dam, New Brunswick, June 23, 1914, (J. D. Tothill). Type in the collection of the author. The type and paratopotypes were found resting on small boulders pro- jecting from the bed of a sntall mountain stream. The flight of these large, beautiful crane-flies is unusually vigorous for a member of this family. Tipula calopteroides, new species. Belongs to the tricolor group, closest to T. caloptera Lw.; antennal flagellum long, clearly bicolorous; mesonotal prescutum with the stripes dull grey, not distinctly margined with darker; wings with the base of cell M clear. Female.—Length about 25 mm.; wing 25.3 mm. Close to Tipula caloptera Lw., differing as follows: Antennz longer, distinctly bicolorous, the basal enlargement of the flagellar segments dark brown, remainder of the segments yellowish. Mesonotal prescutal stripes dull grey, very indistinct, the usual dark margins scarcely evident; the brown median vitta very distinct. Wings with considerably more pale markings than in T. caloptera, more nearly approaching the type of 7. strepens; the brown in the base of cell M practically lacking THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 169 excepting the usual broad brown seam along Cu and its branches; the pale pattern includes the base of cell /st M2, apical two-thirds of cell Rs, base of cells Mi, M2 and Ms, and the centre of cell Cu. Abdominal tergites with the dark brown lateral stripes very broad, about as wide as the yellow mid-dorsal area, this latter most distinct on tergites one to seven. Habitat.— North Carolina. Holotype.— 2 , Canton, Haywood Co., June, 1911. Type in the collection of the author. Tipula manahatta, new species. Belongs to the f¢ricolor group, closest to 7. sackeniana Alex.; antennal flagellum light yellow throughout; mesonotum reddish brown with indistinct prescutal stripes; wings with a strong fulvous tinge with scarcely any pale areas on the membrane; abdomen reddish brown without darker stripes. Male.—Length about 15 mm.; wing 15 mm. Frontal prolongation of the head light yellowish on the sides, darker above, indistinctly lined with brown; palpi short, brown, the basal segments more yellowish. Antennz moderately elongated, the scapal segments brown, the flagella# segments light yellowish throughout, the terminal segment brown. Vertex dark grey; occiput and a very narrow margin around the eye paler. Mesonotum reddish brown, the prescutal stripes very indistinct; scutellum yellow. Pleura yellowish, the mesopleure faintly grey pruinose. Halteres dark brown, yellowish at the extreme base. Legs with the coxe yellowish, faintly pruinose; trochanters yellow; femora and tibize reddish brown throughout; tarsi dark brown. Wings with a strong greyish fulvous tinge, the costal margin and a broad seam along Cu very broad, rich fulvous; there are scarcely any paler areas on the membrane, the obliterative streak extending about to mid-length of cell 1/4; cell Rs, and the bases of the anal cells a little pale. Abdomen reddish brown, the sides of the first segment more yeilowish; abdominal tergites very narrowly and indistinctly ringed caudally with silvery. Male hypopygium as in the tricolor group, the sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous compressed ring. Ninth tergite with the median lobe, prominent, depressed, slightly expanded distally, reddish, the extreme posterior margin minutely spiculose; margin of the sclerites between the tergal and pleural regions light yellowish. Outer pleural appendage large, fleshy, distinctly notched at its apex, covered with short dense hairs. Inner pleural appendage subchitinized, flattened, with a deep split that separates off a posterior hook or lobule whose posterior margin is grooved longitudinally into a scrobe; posterior margin of the anterior appendage with a high, flattened carina; apex broadly rounded. At the base and ventrad of the pleural appendage is a triangular lobe which is densely covered with a short, golden yellow pubescence and, ventrally, a number of long reddish hairs. Region of the ninth sternite extensive, the adjacent margins almost continuous, from between them projecting the straight, slender penis-guard and two small oval, flattened lobes. 170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Habitat.—New York (Suffolk County). Holotype-—&, Yaphank, Long Island, September 3-4, (Charles Schaeffer). Paratopotype.—o’. Type in the coilection of the Brooklyn Museum. Tipula phoroctenia, new species. Belongs to the marmorata group, closest to 7. fragilis Lw.: male hypopygium with the ninth tergite having a broad V-shaped notch; outer pleural appendage without a basal tooth; eighth sternite strongly projecting, shovel-like, the pos- terior margin shallowly notched and with a row of black, comb-like spines. Male.—Length about 13 mm., wing 14 mm. Similar to T. fragilis Lw. in most respects, differing as follows: The preescutal stripes are broader and less distinct, the intermediate pair extending a little farther cephalad, the grey thoracic interspaces narrower. The wings are a little narrower, with the dark pattern less distinct. The abdomen is light yellow with a narrow, dark brown sublateral stripe and silvery grey lateral margins. The ninth tergite and the sixth to ninth sternites are dark brown. The most conspicuous differences are to be found in the structure of the male hypopygium, the ninth tergite of which has a broad, posterior V-shaped notch the caudal margin blackened, with the lobes running out into slender, chitinized points, the space between with a few smaller elevations; lateral notches ex- tensive, not so deep as in T. fragilis. Outer pleural appendage long, slender, somewhat flattened, without a distinct chitinized basal ridge or tooth as in most other species of the group. The fleshy lobes that arise near the ventral angle of the pleurites are very large so that they practically fill this portion of the opening of the genital chamber: they are pale reddish, covered with a short, dense pale pubescence. Ninth sternite with a broad square notch, from the base of which projects a stout, reddish rod, presumably the penis-guard. Eighth sternite extensive, projecting, the posterior margin nearly truncated with a very shallow notch, set with a row of short, black spinous teeth; extreme pos- terior lateral angles of the sternite with a few long yellowish hairs. Habitat.—Maine. Holotype-—&%, Orono, Penobscot Co., in a bog at the edge of a wood, October 3, 1913, (H. M. Parshley). Paratopotype.— 3, indoors, October 16, 1913. Type in the collection of the author. Tipula nebulipennis, new species. Belongs to the marmorata group, closest to T. fragilis Lw.; legs mostly brown with only the femoral bases yellowish; male hypopygium having the caudal margin of the ninth tergite with two flattened divergent lobes separated from one another by a very small notch; outer pleural appendage with a subacute shiny chitinized tooth; eighth sternite slighlty projecting, the posterior margin with a broad, U-shaped median notch. Male.—Length 12-13 mm.; wing, 12.2-13.5 mm. d Frontal prolongation of the head dark grey, the sides more brownish. palpi short, brownish black. Antenne with the scape yellow, the flagellum brownish black; flagellar segments only slightly enlarged basally. Head grey. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 171 Mesonotal prescutum light grey with four brown stripes, the intermediate pair becoming indistinct anterior to the level of the pseudosutural fovez: scutal lobes largely brown; scutellum and postnotum light grey. Pleura grey, clearer and lighter posteriorly. Halteres brown, the extreme base yellow. Legs with the coxe light grey; trochanters light yellow; femora yellowish basally, soon passing into brown, the tip narrowly darker brown; tibiz with the basal half light brown, the apical half darker brown; tarsi dark brown. Wing pattern and venation about as in T. fragilis, the stigma paler brown. Abdomen with the first tergite grey pruinose, the other tergites brown with a broad, dark brown sublateral stripe, ringed posteriorly with yellowish, these rings broadest on the basal segments, becoming indistinct about the seventh segment; sternites one to five bright yellow, the basal segments a little darker laterally; remaining sternites dark brown. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite rather large, divided into two apparent halves by a mid-dorsal impression; each half is produced caudad into an inner flattened lobe, separated from its mate of the opposite side by a very small and narrow notch, the lateral angle of each lobe slightly produced and with a few stout black setz; the tergite is dark, the lateral margins yellowish, the apical lobes orange yellow and pro- vided with a short, dense pubescence. Outer pleural appendage large, greyish, slightly curved, the outer face with appressed black hairs: near the base of the appendage a shiny, flattened, chitinized tooth. Inner pleural appendage com- pressed, flattened, extensive, near its base forming a cup-like hollow. An enlarged, dark-coloured, fleshy lobe provided with numerous pale hairs lies on either side near the ventral angle of the pleurite, extending dorsad along the opening of the genital chamber; the outer basal margin of this lobe is light yellow in colour. Eighth sternite slightly projecting, the posterior margin with a large, shallow, broadly U-shaped notch, the lateral angles of which are provided with long whitish hairs, the outer basal margin of this lobe minutely spinulose, light yellow beneath. Habitat.—Labrador. Holotype.—%, Battle Harbour, August 1, 1912, (G. P. Engelhardt). Paratopotype.— of. Type in the collection of the Brooklyn Museum. Tipula fragilina, new species. Belongs to the marmorata group, closest to T. fragilis Lw.; legs darkened, the femora with a broad, yellowish subterminal ring before the black tip; male hypopygium having the ninth tergite with a wide V-shaped notch: outer pleural appendage with a blunt, blackened basal lobe; eighth sternite carinate, the posterior margin with a very deep and narrow median notch, the margins con- tiguous or nearly so and provided with Iong, yellowish hairs. Male.—Length about 13 mm.; wing 13.3 mm. Female.—Length about 13 mm.; wing 13 mm. Generally similar to T. fragilis Lw., differing as follows: The intermediate stripes of the prascutum are broader and extend further cephalad; the ground colour between the intermediate and lateral stripes narrower. Pruinosity -.of the pleura darker.- Legs darker, the black femoral tips broader and with a 172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST distinct yellow subterminal ring. Hypopygium darker coloured. The most striking differences between this and the related regional species are found in the male hypopygium, as follows: Ninth tergite dark coloured, with a deep, impressed mid-dorsal line; posterior margin with a wide V-shaped notch, the lateral lobes formed terminating in blackened chitinized points, the lateral notches only slightly concave, larger and not so deeply rounded as in T. fragilis. Outer pleural appendage long, slightly flattened, not as stout as usual in the group, pale, almost white in colour, the basal third slightly contracted and produced proximad into a blunt, blackened lobe. Inner pleural appendage a pale, almost white, compressed blade, on the posterior margin near the base bearing a small knob provided with numerous short, black sete. At the ventral angle of the pleurite, jutting dorsad across the face of the genital chamber as a long, slender, slightly sinuous lobe tapering to a point, densely covered with white hairs; this structure is considerably larger than the corresponding one in 7. fragilis. Ninth sternite with a deep notch which is slightly enlarged at its base, the sides parallel or nearly so. Eighth sternite compressed, with a very deep median notch, the adjacent lobes con- tiguous apically, though separated basally, provided with long, yellow hairs. In 7. fragilis, the eighth sternite is spade-shaped, unnotched. Habitat.—Alaska. (Iditarod River Country). Holotype.— o&, Flat, September 6, 1917, (A. N. Twitchell). Allotype.— 2 , Bethel, September 24, 1917, (A. N. Twitchell). Type in the United States Biological Survey collection. Nephrotoma euceroides, new species. Generally similar to NV. eucera (Lw.) from which it differs as follows: Average size much smaller (male, length 14-14.2 mm.; wing 13.8-15 mm.). Male antenne with only 17 evident segments. Thoracic stripes distinct, reddish brown, much darker than in N. eucera. Wings with a more greyish yellow tinge, the stigma poorly defined, pale. Abdomen darker, brownish yellow, the hypopygium brown. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite having the caudal margin evenly rounded with a small, narrow median notch whose nearly contiguous lateral angles are produced beneath into blackened lobes which are densely spiculose. Eighth sternite with a broad, deep posterior notch, the median area of the sternite not so densely hairy as in N. eucera. Habitat.—Northeastern North America. Holotype-—o, Sport Island, Fulton Co., New York, altitude 750 feet. June 16, 1910, (C. P. Alexander). Paratype.—o’, Perth, New Brunswick, June 15, 1915, (F. M. McKenzie), In general appearance, N. euceroides is very similar to N. breviorcornis (Doane) from which it is most easily told by the number and structure of the antennal segments. Mailed July Sth, 1919 Che Canadian Cutomologist ~I VoL. LI. LONDON, AUGUST anp SEPTEMBER, 1919. No. POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. COLLECTING TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS IN BARBADOS AND ANTIGUA, BRITISH West INDIEs. BY DAYTON STONER, IOWA CITY, IOWA. I. Barbados. The data upon which the following notes are based were secured by the writer and Mrs. Stoner during the time spent on the islands of Barbados and Antigua as members of the Barbados-Antigua Expedition sent out by the University of Iowa in the spring of 1918. The time between May 9 and June 17 was spent at Barbados. Collecting at Antigua was done between June 19 and July 19. The island of Barbados is situated in 13° 4’ North latitude and 59° 37’ West longitude, and is the most easterly of the Antillean chain. It is about twenty-one miles long by fourteen broad, with an area of 166 square miles and a popuiation of about 200,000, nine-tenths of which is biack. The strata forming the basement series of Barbados consist of siliceous and calcareous sandstones and clays. About six-sevenths of the total area of the isiand is covered by a cap of corai rock which is more or less flat, and rises in a series’ of terraces to Mt. Hiliaby in the ‘Scotland district,’’ which is 1,104 feet in height. An area of approximately 6,000 acres at the northern and eastern side of the island has received that name on account of its peaked and hilly character. The remainder of the island is low and flat or at most slightly rolling, with few swamps and marshes and but two or three fresh water streams of any importance. Practicaily ali the tillable land is under sugar cane, and but few remnants of the forests which once covered the island now remain. The annual rainfall is about sixty inches, and usually comes in the form of showers during the sum- mer months. The dry season occurs in the winter and early spring months. On account of the slight physiographic differentiation, the almost uniform state of cultivation and the density of the population, Barbados is not a par- ticularly favorable: place for collecting insects. In addition, practically all the grass land is closely grazed by goats and cattle, so that dense growths of vegeta- tion are much restricted. In general the affinities of the insect fauna are with that of South America, but a number of North American and closely allied forms are to be found. A few indigenous forms also occur. Whenever the entomologists started out on a collecting trip, the fact was quickly noised abroad that strange people were collecting butterflies. How the news spread so quickly was somewhat of a mystery in view of the fact that telephone service is seldom available to the blacks. But in a short while groups of children and older persons as well would put in their appearance and express a desire first to know what we were going to do with the insects, and suggesting as a probable answer that perhaps they were to be made into medicine. Having been more or !ess satisfactorily appeased by our answers. the second thought was to be of assistance—for a consideration. After a few usually vain attempts 173 174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ey to secure the particular insects desired the youngsters desisted in their efforts to capture specimens, but often continued to follow at a safe distance to view the strangers. Not always were the followers peaceable, for on one occasion the entomologist was followed for a considerable distance over the hills of the Scotland district by an ever-increasing mob of black children, who drew others from far and near by their shouts of “A German spy.” On another occasion the writer was taken for an escaped lunatic, and three big black fellows armed with a rope were making ready to capture the luckless “‘bug man’’ and escort him within the four walls of the nearby lazaretto. However, the persuasive powers of the intended victim were sufficient to permit him to continue un- molested. Among the men in jiLittle England”’ who take a special interest in ento- mology and who did much to aid us were Mr. Wm. Nowell, Mycologist in the Imperial Department of Agriculture; Dr. J. C. Hutson, the then Acting Ento- mologist in that Department, and who was taking the place of the regular Entomologist; Mr. H. A. Ballou, then absent in Africa on special economic investigations, and Mr. J. R. BovelJ, Entomologist in the Colonial Department of Agriculture. Rev. N. B. Watson, of St. Lucy’s Parish, one of the delightful old-time naturalists, has a fine collection of native insects, and Sir Gilbert Carter, a former Governor of Barbados, has in his beautiful home an excellent collection of native Lepidoptera. A few of the principal collecting places may be briefly referred to here. One of the chief places frequented by insects of various kinds is the more or less protected series of terraces referred to above. Here on the side next the sea the vegetation is somewhat sheltered from the direct rays of the sun, and the more delicate shrubs, small trees, weeds and Solanacez in particular offer a plentiful supply of food for plant-feeding insects, many kinds of which were taken in the sweep net. The high, dry flats between these terraces are often thickly overgrown with the long, dense, sour grass which, however, is harsh and supports few insects other than grasshoppers. It was indeed a pleasure to meet with one of our old friends, Megalla maculata along with many other less well-known forms of Colgoptera, as welJ as an abundance of Hemiptera in the small ditches scattered over the island. These are usually grown over with grass and weeds, and in them, during heavy rains, the water flows in torrents; shortly thereafter they again become dry, but the stimulus given the vegetation by the more than usual amount of water keeps it continually green and fresh. The surrounding country often becomes ex- ceedingly dry, and many species of insects congregate in these welj-watered places on account of the abundant food supply. The semiaquatic vegetation bordering small pools and streams also often furnishes good collecting places, as indeed do the waters and bottoms of the pools and streams themselves. Often along the uncultivated borders of cane fields various kinds of weeds and grasses grow, particularly if in low or somewhat moist and shaded situa- tions. Even the cane fields themselves offer somewhat fimited opportunity for collecting. Nor should the Scotland district with its dense tropical vegetation and THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 175 its rock ledges and bluffs be omitted; nor Calais and other sandy beaches; nor the cliffs and upland flats near Speightstown—each somewhat different in its aspect from the other, and lending some variety to the scenery as well as to the day’s catch. - The Arachnids are extremely well represented on Barbados, and vary in size from spiders with an extent of from four to five inches to the minute Tetranychus. The Barbados tarantula, a tailless whip scorpion, is among the most interesting of the group, and is commonly found under the moist bark of decaying trees. . Myriapods are very common. A black Julid with transverse markings of green and averaging from four to four and one-half centimeters in length is most abundant. On one occasion a sort of migratory movement of these Arthropods was observed. Hundreds of them were crossing the dazzling white coral road in moving from one cane field to another, and alj seemed to be going in the same direction. A small Polydesmid is very common under rocks along the bases of the terraces. Scolopendrids are abundant under sticks and stones in damp places and under the dried leaves of sugar cane, with which some of the fields are covered. These Centipedes are known locally as ‘‘forty-legs,’’ and the natives have 4 great fear of them. The popular belief is that a bite from one of them will cause a “fever” in the victim. The specimens are commonly from th:ee to six inches in length, very active and difficult to handle, and it requires ~nsider- able dexterity to transfer one safely to the killing bottle without beg bitten, Many years ago the Mongoose (Herpestes) was imported int) Barbados for the purpose of destroying the rats. It is now fairly common all over tle island. While it, no doubt, has been responsible for sor-e diminution in che number of rats the experiment has not been a success for in addition 40 1ts destruction of birds of various kinds, particulariy the Ground doves (Caumbi- gallina), the blood-thirsty animal has killed off a geat many lizards and cent- pedes, which are enemies of insects. As a resu:t destructive insects have be- come more abundant on the island since the introduction of this animat, which is now much despised by the natives Of the Hexapoda only the mee conspicuous will be mentioned here. On account of the scarcity of suitable breeding places the order Odonata is not well represented. The vicinity of Indian and Bird Rivers and the large swamp in the suburbs of Bridgetown offer limited opportunity for larval development. The common pond fly (Erythrodiplax umbrata) and the red pond fly (Tramea abdominglis) are probably the most abundant. Four or five other representa- tives of the order occur here also. The order Orthoptera is represented by a goodly number of species. Ear- wigs (Forficula) are common in rocky places in the vicinity of cane fields, and in leaf sheaths and stems of old canes. Cockroaches are abundant in cane fields and houses; a half dozen species are found on the island. One of the most common, and at the same time conspicuous representatives of the group is the large, yellowish, short-horned grasshopper (Schistocerca pallens), which is found commonly on the flats grown up in sour grass. The insect is very difficult to capture on account of its rapid flight and its habit, when closely pursued, of crawling some distance in the short grass before again taking flight, and then 176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST of springing up suddenly in an unexpected quarter and flying off again. Many miles were traversed in pursuit of these elusive insects. Another common Acridiid is Orphulella balloui, which also frequents grass lands. Conocephatids — and Gryllids are not abundant. The Hemiptera is the best represented of any of the orders, both in actual abundance and in number of species. Of the aquatic forms the water strider Gerris marginata is by far the most abundant, and is found in all the permanent fresh-water streams and ponds of any size. Of the other Heteroptera the family Pentatomide is well represented, about twelve species having been coljected . The two most common species are the green bug (Nezara viridula) and the brown bug, known locally as the “‘pea chink’’ (Edessa meditabunda). This latter form is one of the most abundant plant feeding Heteroptera on the island. Two other Pentatomids, Pziezodorus guildinit and Arvelius albopunctatus are also worthy of mention, the former being much the commoner of the two. The cotton stainers (Dysdercus spp.) have not yet made their appearance on Barbados although they are present in all the other islands of the West Indian group. Of the Homoptera there are several kinds of scale insects; Cicadellids and Membracids are common on vegetation in moist or partly-shaded places; a few Fulgorids are found in the wooded Scotland district. Beetles are well represented on Barbados, and a number of them are of considtrable economic importance. Perhaps the most conspicuous species in this Comection is the Scarab«id beetle, locally called the ‘‘brown hardback’ (Phytalus snithi), the larve of which injure the roots of sugar cane, citrus trees, alms and ‘ananas. Effort is being made by the Colpnial Department of Agiculture to control the pest by offering prizes to schools and schoolmasters for \he greatest numer of the insects brought in to the entomologist’s office. In adition, a “bounty” of 2d. per four hundred is paid. The writer saw in a glass laboratory jar in M) Bovell’s office 27,200 live specimens of this beetle which had been collected fo: the bounty offered. In 1916 the collection. of adults on one estate amounted to 589,680. A small Hymenopteron, Ttphia paraiiela, is parasitic on the beetle, but the parasite is not sufficiently abundant to hold the pest in check. A single tiger-beetle (Cicindela suturalie var. hebrea) is found upon the island, and at only one place, Calais beach, southeast of Bridgetown. A long stretch of sand affords a typical habitat for this beautiful white form. Of the aquatic beetles the Dytiscidz are most abundant, though in the larger pools and streams the large black Hydrophilid, H. ater, is not uncom- mon. Among the Coccinellids, in addition to the common spotted ladybird (M. maculata) the red ladybird (Coccinella sanguinea) is also found, and is even more common than the former. Strangely enough carrion beetles are not found upon Barbados, and but one species of short-winged scavenger beetle was collected. Once, upon coming across the decaying remains of a mongoose the carcass was examined carefully for insects, but the net result was a single fly puparium. Two other beetles should receive special mention on account of their abundance. The fine black Tenebrionid Hopatrinus gemellatus is found everywhere under small stones along the bases of the terraces, and the Chryso- melid Homopheta aequinoctinalis is abundant on the common weeds and grasses. Of the weevils the beautiful gray and black striped Curculionid Diaprepes ——. = THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 177 abbreviatus is one of the most common and, at the same time, destructive. The larve are very injurious to sugar cane, boring into the cane bases and some- times completely severing them. This insect is found throughout the West Indies. Of the Rhopalocera there are not many examples on the island, but among them are two of our well-known forms, the monarch butterfly (Anosia plexippus) and the painted lady (Vanessa cardui) both of which are fairly common. The three other common species are Catopsilia eubule, Dione vanille and Junonia genevevd. Moths are moderately common, the Sphingids and Noctuids being best represented. Some of these are present in sufficient numbers to cause con- siderable damage in the larval state. Among these are the tobacco worm (Protoparce sexta and P. cingulata), while the familiar cotton worm (Alabama argillacea), corn ear worm (Laphygma frugiperda) and the boll worm (Heltothis obsoleta), as well as various species of ‘““cutworms”’ (Prodenia spp., etc.), come in for their share of attention from the plantation owners. Perhaps the most common moth on the island is the pretty Arctiid Utetheisa ornatrix, which is particularly abundant on the high grassy flats and in open places in palm groves. -The order Diptera is well represented, and some of its more notorious members are fairly common. Both the filaria mosquito (Culex fatigans) and the yellow fever mosquito (Stegomyia fasciata) are present, the former being the more abundant. Practically all the houses of the white people and the better class of negroes are furnished with mosquito nets over the beds, although neither the doors nor the windows are screened against these or other insects. Numerous cases of the deformity known as elphantiasis or Barbados leg are to be seen among the natives, who sometimes adopt curious methods in an attempt to hide their affliction from the public. Since there is a goodly numbe- of brightly coloured flowering trees and plants on Barbados one naturally expects to find a large and varied hymen- opterous fauna. However, he is somewhat disappointed, for the paucity of flower-visiting forms is very striking. One of the most conspicuous bees is the large bluish-black carpenter bee (Xylocopa aeneipennis), which builds its nest in old posts and decayed branches of trees. A still larger and reddish-brown form (Xylocopa fimbriata) is also quite common. Both are excellent flyers for such heavy bodied insects. Of course, the honey bee (Apis mellifera) is also found in some numbers, although it is not so common as with us.- Of the wasps (Vespide) the “Jack spaniard’* (Polistes annularis) is very common and builds its paper nests on the sides of the rocky terraces. The cow bee (Polistes bellicosus, is found less commonly but in similar situations. The family Formicide is represented by considerably the largest number of species. Aside from the strictly entomological aspect and from the facts already mentioned, two or three items of particular interest stand out in the writer's mind as worthy of special note. Seldom is it that a tropical country is entirely free from snakes but, so far as is known, none now occur on the island of Barbados and but one small worm-like form (Typhlops sp.) has been able to survive the mongoose and other enemies on Antigua. Lizards are, however, extremely abundant on the trees and among the rocks and, of course, form an important natural check to the increase of noxious insects. 178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST As the collector proceeds along his hot and dusty way he suddenly comes upon one of the dazzling white coral roads. Following this for a short distance a large iron hydrant comes into view, and soon refreshing water is to be had. These hydrants, similar in size and shape to the fire hydrants in our cities, are found along the main highways at intervals of from a mile to two miles, and are practically the only means the natives have of obtaining water which is stored in reservoirs far inland and piped to all portions of the island, except the rough Scotland district. Quite a different situation pre ‘ails in Antigua, where prac- tically all the drinking water is collected in great catch basins and the natives in the rural districts must carry it to their homes, sometimes a considerable distance away. (Co be continued.) THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE GOLDENROD LEAF-BUG, STRONGYLOCORIS STYGICA SAY (MIRIDA, HETEROP). BY MORTIMER D. LEONARD, ITHACA, N.Y. During the latter part of May and the first of June, in the vicinity of Honeoye Falls, N.Y., the nymphs of a black leaf-bug are found in great abundance in patches of goldenrod, where they subsist on the leaves of this plant. Little is known concerning the life-history or the seasonal history of this insect. In 1916 on June 5, nymphs of all stages were found in a large patch of goldenrod. Chose of the second stage, however, predominated, and only a few individuals in the fourth and fifth stages were present. Second and third stage nymphs . were noticed as early as June 1, feeding on the tender leaves of the terminal shoots. By July 5, fifth stage nymphs predominated. Following is a description of the several stages which the insect passes through in the course of its development. To Mr. H. H. Knight I am indebted for the determination of the species. The drawings were made from living material by the writer. ; Egg (Fig. 1). The eggs of this species have not been found, but they are undoubtedly inserted into the more succulent portions of the goldenrod stems during late June and July, where they remain over winter and hatch the following May. On June 25, 1915, females, apparently swollen with eggs, were common. On opening the abdomen of some of these eggs, which were undoubtedly mature, were found. The description of such an egg is as follows: length 1 mm.; greatest width .27 mm.; pale yellowish or translucent, shining, cylindrical and slightly curved; somewhat compressed, and with a prominent cap which is narrowly elliptical when viewed from the top. Stage I (Fig. 2). Length .93-.97 mm.; width of head including eyes .33 mm. General colour yellowish; head and thorax slightly tinged with orange or pale brownish; each of the thoracic segments with a pair of darker spots. These spots are usually faint, but vary somewhat in intensity with the individual and as to whether it is newly hatched or nearly ready to molt. Eyes reddish. Antenne tinged with dusky; tip of first three segments often somewhat paler. Tarsi tinged with dusky. Caudal border of meso- and metathorax slightly curved backward. Stage II (Fig. 3). Length 1.3 mm., greatest width (across abdomen) .6 sri Head and prothorax blackish; the hind angles of the mesothorax and August, 1919 CAN, ENT., VOL. LI. PLATE XIV. : 5 STRONGYLOCORIS STYGICA SAY (MIRIDA, HETEROP). 180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the lateral border of the metathorax yellowish brown; a brownish yellow median line on the thorax meets a V-shaped line of the same colour on the head between the eyes. Abdomen yellowish brown with a series of darker median transverse spots in the centre of each segment, becoming successively smaller toward the caudal end; abdominal spiracles indicated by a series of small dark dots. Eyes dark reddish. Antenne brownish yellow, tip of first three segments somewhat lighter. Legs concolorous with antenne; femora, except tip, and tarsi darker. Caudal margin of meso- and metathorax either straight or curved slightly forward. Stage III (Fig. 4). Length 1.6 mm., greatest width (across mesothorax) .7mm. Head and thorax shining black; inner margin of eyes narrowly yellowish; a narrow, yellowish median line on thorax, which, as in the preceding stage meets a V-shaped line of the same colour on the head between the eyes. In the darker specimens this is sometimes but faintly indicated on the thorax. Abdomen dark reddish, marked as in preceding stage, except that in the darker specimens the median spots entirely overlie the ground colour. Eyes dark reddish. Antenne pale brownish; tip of first three segments lighter. Legs dark brownish or dusky; tip of femcra lighter; tarsi somewhat darker. Wing- pads becoming apparent. Stage IV (Fig. 5). Length 1.8 mm., greatest width (across wing-pads) about 1 mm. Head and thorax black, somewhat shining and finely punctate. The narrow median line-on thorax and V-shaped line on head in this stage are reddish. Inner border of eyes narrowly reddish. Abdomen very dark-reddish brown; posterior border of segments narrowly reddish. Eyes blackish. Antenne grayish brown; extreme tip of first two segments lighter. Legs con- colorous with antenne; extreme tip of tibie fighter; tarsi darker; coxe and trochanters pale translucent yellowish. Wing-pads reach nearly to fourth abdominal segment. Venter reddish brown. Beak brownish yellow; tip and base blackish. Stage V (Fig. 6). Length 3.1 mm., greatest width (across wing-pads) 1.8 mm. Much the same as the preceding stage. There is, however, no median line on the thorax or V-shaped line on the head, and the antennz are some- what darker than in the preceding stage. The femora, except the tip, and the basal half and tip of the tibia are dark brownish. The wing-pads now reach nearly to the fifth abdominal segment. r Adult Fig. 7). Length 5 mm. Shining black; membrane dark brownish. Eyes dark brown. Leg markings somewhat variable but in general femora are blackish, tip brownish yellow; base and usually tip of tibiz blackish; some- times only base of front tibize black, and more or less all of middle and hind tibie black. Tarsi often entirely blackish, or with two basal segments some- — what paler. Beak more or less brownish. Venter shining black, nonpunctate, and in certain lights finely clothed with short golden hairs. With the exception of the genetalia there is no apparent difference in the sexes. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. Fig. 1. Egg. Fig. 4. Third stage nymph. Fig. 2. First stage nymph. — Fig. 5. Fourth stage nymph. Fig. 3. Second stage nymph. Fig. 6. Fifth stage nymph. Fig. 7. Adult. : es)! ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 181 NOTES ON THYSANOPTERA FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA. BY R. C. TREHERNE, FIELD OFFICER, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH DOMINION DE- PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, The following notes are submitted herewith to augment our knowledge of Western Thysanoptera, a group which appears to have been sadly neglected by Canadian entomologists. Orothrips kelloggii yosemitii Mouiton. (Plate XV, Figs. 1-3.) A single female of this variety was taken on Mt. McLean at Lillooet, B.C., at an altitude of about 6,000 feet, off Amelanchier, on July 25, 1917. I have been unable to compare this single female with specimens of elloggii or of its variety yosemitii. From the description, however, given by Moulton (1), the the shape of the sense areas on antenna! segments 3 and 4, together with the relative lengths and colours of the antennal joints, clearly place the specimen from Lillooet as belonging to the variety vosemitii. There are, however, certain structural features in the specimen before me which differ from the short de- scription given by Moulton. Antenne.—The measurements of the antennal segments compare with the des¢ription with the exception of segment 4, which compares with segment 3 in length as 74 to 99u, instead, of as 96 to 99u. The constriction in segment 3 is not very apparent, and the base of segment 3 is white or at least lighter in colour than the apical portion of segment 2, which is yellow. Sense areas are present on the apical portions of segments 3, 4, 5 and 6; those on seg- ments 3 and 4 ovoid; those on segments 5 and 6 circular, with a simple trans- parent sense-cone protruding from each. There also appear to be two ovoid sense areas, beside each other, on segment 3, and the same on segment 4. Mouth Cone—Maxiilary palpi 7-segmented, the basal joint large and as long as the remaining six segments; labial palpi 4-segmented.(2)* Colour.—The colour is brown; head and prothorax darker than the re- mainder of the body, which is shaded with orange. It may be seen, therefore, that despite the smail variations noted, the species from Lillooet belongs to the variety yosemitii. Being so, it is interesting, as this record greatly extends the distribution of this insect, which so far has only been recorded from the Yosemite Vajley, California. £olothrips fasciatus Linn. (Plate XV, fig. 4.) I find in my collection two male specimens of this species; one taken off Lithospermum pilosum from Kelowna, B.C., on May 16, 1917; and the other off the bloom of the cultivated dahlia from Agassiz, B.C., on July 14, 1914. The latter specimen was taken in association with females of the same species and with many adults of Frankliniella tritici. In the literature at my disposal I have been unable to find any reference to males of 4. fasciatus. For that reason I submit herewith the following description with the respective measure- ments of the two specimens before me. ZA, fasciatus, 2 males (A and B). Head, length .14 mm. and .14 mm., width .17 mm. and .18 mm.; prothorax, length .15 mm. and .15 mm., width across centre .18 mm. and .20 mm.; meso- *Moulton (2) gives labial palpi 4—segmented in the key, but on pp. 45-46 gives S—seg- mented in the description of the genus and species. August, 1919 182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST and metathorax length over dorsal plates .26 mm. aad .22 mm., width across metathorax .28 mm. and .26 mm.; abdomen, length .84 mm. and .82 mm., width across male appendage on 9th segment .21 mm. and .21 mm.; total length of body 1.39 mm. and 1.33 mm.; antennal length .46 mm. and .37 mm.; length of segments: ] we 5) + 5 6-9 1 Wea es ag ae 52 113 105 87 70 | 5B ER babe A 04 43 78 87 70 61 Colour, uniformly light brown, first few abdominal segments slightly lighter in colour, though blending with remainder of body; male appendage of same colour as the head, intersegmental and body pigment carmine. Antennal joint 1, concolorous with head; 2 brown shading to light brown at tip; 3 light brown at base, brown in upper half with a circle of darker brown at tip; remaining segments 4-9 brown. Legs brown concolorous with head with the exception of upper half of fore-tibie and fore-tarsi, which are light brown. Fore-wings banded with two brown between three white areas. Females have been taken on a variety of plants of which may be mentioned Elymus condensatus, clover, crategus, cherry, Prunus demissa and Amelanchier at various times during May, June and July 1914-1918 at Victoria, Lillooet, Agassiz, Vernon and Kelowna. The distribution of this species in the Province of British Columbia must, therefore, be widespread, inasmuch as it has been taken in localities varying from the humid to the arid. During the summer of 1918 females of this species were observed to be in association with the Onion Thrips (7. tabaci, upon which it is doubtless predacious, on onion foliage at Kelowna, B.C. Williams (3) records this species as predacious on the pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivora West) in Europe, but also notes that it feeds on pollen and plant juices (4). ‘ /Eolothrips annectans Hood (5). (Plates XV, fig. 5, and Plate XVI, fig. 1.) This species apparently occurs commonly in British Columbia. It has been taken on several occasions during May, June and July in the past three years at points in the Okanagan Valley, and in the vicinity of Victoria on Van- couver Island. It has been taken also on a variety of plants, among which may be mentioned, Acer glabrum, Ribes viscosissimum, Sambucus racemosa, Ilex europeus, apple, alder, Lithospermum pilosum, Amelanchier florida, and in sweeping through general vegetation. Possibly the most notable record of its presence in numbers was observed in Kelowna, B.C., during early July (1918) in commercial onion plantations, where many specimens were seen associated with and doubtless predacious upon the onion thrips (T. tabacz). Mr. J. D. Hood, to whom some British Columbia specimens were submitted, agreed that my “determination was correct, though a remarkable addition to its known distribution,’ (April, 1918). According to my information this species thus far has only been recorded from Maryland, Virginia and New York State, 1S Ae (Gh: | Eleven specimens before me clearly agree with the account given by. Hood (5). The presence of slight transverse striations across the occiput constitutes — PLATE XV, CAN. ENT., VOL. LI. * in BRITISH COLUMBIA THYSANOPTERA. 184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST a the only main difference from the published description. The fore-wings are shaded as described, but in addition have their extreme basal portions, (scale and fore-wing), shaded brown-gray. The measurements of the British Columbia specimens may be briefly given as follows: Head, length .15 mm., width across occiput .19 mm.; prothorax, length .15 mm., width at centre .22 mm.; total length of body, 1.7 mm—1.8 mm.; fore- wing, length .94 mm.—1.01 mm.; antennae, length .40 mm.—.42 mm.; antennal segments, length: | Bes fa 21 Me, Sener Soy ae 30 52 105-122 87-96 70 52 In addition, the following notes are added to the description already given by Hood: } Fore-wings.—Cross-veins present; two cross-veins connecting anterior ring vein to first longitudinal vein, one connecting the two longitudinal veins, one and (apparently) sometimes two connecting second longitudinal vein to posterior margin of wing; spines on anterior margin of ring vein 37-41, on first or anterior longitudinal vein 13-16 (arranged 6-8 brown, 2-3 white, 4-6 brown), on second or posterior longitudinal vein 19-21 (arranged 1 white, 18-20 brown); on scale 5—6 on anterior margin and one central. The two wings of the same specimen often vary in the matter of alar spines. Maxillary palpi.—3-segmented, geniculate, basa: joint twice as broad and nearly twice as long as the middle joint, apical small; labial palpi 4-segmented, basal joint as long as the remainder. Eolothrips auricestus, new species. (Piate XV, figs. 6, 7, and plate XVI, fig. 2.) I am indebted to Mr. J. D. Hood, cf the United States Biological Survey, for confirming my beljef, that this species has not been previously described. Measurements.—Head, Jength .18 mm., width across occiput .21 mm.; prothorax, length .18 mm., width .22 mm.; mesothorax, length .24 mm., width 35 mm.; abdomen, length 1.48 mm. Total length of body about 2.08 mm. ; antenne, total length 44 mm.; antennal lengths: DE RIUIEML scr 0h. anes oe BPE 2 3 4 5 6-9 ———— —— es Lenetligs oo Mies 85 61 . 113-122 97-9ieeeeee Colour.—Brown; head slightly darker brown than other parts of the body; antennal segment 1, brown; 2, brown at base (at times light brown at base) shading to white at tip; 3, creamy-white with a circle of brown at tip; 4, pale- brown at base shading to brown at tip; remaining segments similar to segment 1. Legs brown, fore-legs lighter; fore-tibie and tarsi light-brown; abdomen segments 2-6 golden-yellow, last four segments brown, segment 1 light brown shading to yellow on posterior half. Fore-wings banded, with two brown areas between three clear white ones, each area of about equa! width. Hind wings banded, similar to the fore-wings, but the bands of brown are pale and indistinct. Scale shaded brown at base. Head.—Slightly wider than long, about equal in length to the prothorax, slight transverse striations across occiput, covered with numerous small spines; . 7 as ' ‘ : a ' L Pa . ‘ p 4 / t i * i. ly ; 5 ‘ re ; a ' Mi 7 : F 1 : : } ' . i b s - 7 + a - » ' . ; : ; . : i ie : | " ‘y y o a a os : ° y ; * 2 . . ** , * PLrare XVI- eT ENT., VOL. CAN. VAALIONVSAHL VIEINNIOD A HSILIad 4 f } THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 183 eyes large, om ventral surface extending rather more than half way the length of the head, coarsely faceted and sparsely pilose; ocelli three, conspicuous, the posterior pair contiguous with the inner margins of the eyes; mouth-cone reach- ing into the posterior third of the prothorax; maxillary palpi 3-segmented. geniculate, basal joint twice as broad and nearly equal in length to the middle joint, apical small; labial palpi 4-segmented, three apicel joints slightly longer than basal joint; antenne 9-segmented, about two and one-half times as long as the head, all segments clothed with numerous short spines, those on segments 1 and 2 fewer and stouter, spines on all segments about equal in colour to the segments upon which they are placed; sense areas on apical portions of segments 3, 4 and 5, being respectively elongated and inconspicuous, elongated and conspicuous, oval and conspicuous. Prothorax.—Slightly wider than long, about equal in width and length to the head, emarginate midway on each lateral margin, the dorsal surface clothed with numerous stout spines. Mesothorax wider than prothorax, mesoscutum _ striate-reticulate, with eight prominent spines. Metathorax narrower than mesothorax, metascutum reticulate, with four spines on dorsal surface. Legs, front femora thickened, s.ightly lighter in colour to femora of middle and hind legs, all tibia armed at apex, those spines on hind tibiae much the strongest, “hind tibie with 8-10 stout spines on inner margin, each fore-tarsus armed with a stout hook, which is yellow, and a tooth, which is shaded brown. Fore-wings reaching to about the eighth abdominal segment, rounded at tip, cross-veins present, no cross-vein apparent connecting the second longitudinal vein with the posterior ring vein, five to eight minute spines on each brown area on the anterior longitudinal vein, and six to eight on each brown area on the posterior longitudinal vein, right wing often varying from the left wing in the matter of alar spines, al! spines equal in colour to the portion of wing upon which they are placed; scale with one central spine and six to eight inconspicuous spines on anterior margin. Hind wings with a short spine-like fringe on anterior margin reaching from basal fourth to tip, simple fringe along the posterior margin. Abdomen elongate-ovate, conspicuous spines only on the ultimate and penulti- mate sgments. Described from 9 macropterous females, taken by the author from the Western Wild Rye grass, Elymus condensatus, at Vernon and Kelowna, British Columbia, in July, 1917. Brachypterous forms also occur in association with the macropterous forms. Their body characters agree with the above account. The type and cotype have been placed in the collection of the National Coliection of Insects, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. Paratypes are also retained in the coilection of the author. Taeniothrips inconsequens Uzel. (The Pear Thrips.) Plate XVII. During the course of a two-year’s study (1916, 1917) of the pear thrips Taeniothrips (pyri Dan) inconsequens Uzel, on the Pacific coast of British Colum- bia, a number of variable points in the external anatomy became apparent following the close examination of a large number of specimens. Early in the .. study it was apparent that the spines upon the wing, both as regards numbers and position, represented too variable a character alone to certify its specific identity. This observation led to a ciose examination of the essential specific 186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _—_—— _ characters of the species, and the results of this study are recorded herewith, supplementing the description already given by Moulton (2). Head.—Width across the occiput .15 mm., across the eyes .138 mm.; iength 3. mm.; slightly wider than long; cheeks arched; occupit transversely striate, bearing eight minute spines immediately posterior to the compound eyes; a pair of very prominent spines between the posterior ocelli, situated within the margins of the pigmented ocellar crescents; a single minute spine, on each side, near the margin of the compound eyes, in a lateral direction from the anterior ocellus; vertex smooth; compound eyes, prominent, oval in outline black with light borders, coarsely faceted and slightly pilose; ocelli approximate yellow, margined inwardly with orange-brown crescents, posterior ones approxi- mate to but not contiguous with the light inner borders of the eves. Mouth- cone pointed, tipped with black, maxillary palpi three-segmented, each seg- ment about equal in length, the second shortest and the third longest; labial palpi two-segmented, basal segment very short. Antenne eight-segmented, about two and one-half times the length of head (.32 mm.); spines.on all seg- ments pale; a forked sense area on dorsa] surface of segment 3, with. a similar area on ventral surface of segment 4, with a pair of moderately stout spines immediately beneath each area; whorls of minute inconspicuous hairs on posterior portions of segments 3 to 6. Antennal lengths, segment 1, 33u to 36y; 2, 42y to 47; 3, 63yu to 64u; 4, 54u to 64yu; 5, 33u to 42u; 6, 57u to 66u; 7, 9p» to 10y; 8, 124 to 134. Total length .30 mm. to .34 mm. The head characters, thus given, are apparently stable, and represent the typical formation. Three prominent spines of equal and normal length may, however, at times, be found between the posterior ocelli. Variations in the antenne are frequently met with, but these may be classed as distinct de- formities. They often take the form of a reduction in the number of segments from eight to seven or six, either by the fusion of two segments or by the complete elimination of certain segments. Prothorax, length .18 mm.; breadth .2 to .25 mm.; as lpng as head, but wider; dorsal surface smooth; sides slightly arched; a weak spine anteriorly- directed on the anterior angles; a pair of large, strong spines on the posterior angles; from twenty-eight to thirty-six spines scattered over the dorsal surface, . all small and inconspicuous, except a central moderately stout pair on the posterior margin and a single one, of equal strength, on each side, situated im- mediately cephalad of the stout pair in the posterior angles. Mesothorax, sides evenly convex, angles rounded; scutum (mesonotal plate) striate. Metathorax, scutum and scutellum (metanotal plates) faintly striate; four spines along anterior margin of scutum, the inner two the largest. Legs moderately long; spines on tip of fore and middle tibiz weak; hind tibiz furnished with a row of seven to nine strong, light-brown spines and a pair of stout spines borne at the tip of each tibia; tarsus furnished with one comparatively stout Iight-brown spine near the base, and a few pale ones. Wings present, extending slightly beyond the tip of abdomen, about twelve times as long (1 mm.) as wide; pointed at tips; colour very slightly tinted light-brown; costal vein thickly set with from twenty-three to thirty-three long spines; costal fringe twice as long as __ costal spines; fore-vein with twelve to twenty-two spines arranged in groups. On the basal half of wing, on the fore-vein, a single small spine, fokowed by a CAN. ENT., VOL. LI. PLATE XVII. —aq ee SSS See See BRITISH COLUMBIA THYSANOPTERA 188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST group of three spines, followed by a variable group of not less than four and as many as eight spines; on the distal half of wing the spines of the fore-vein are exceedingly variable, both as regards numbers and disposition; hind-vein with twelve to eighteen regularly placed spines; scale five spines; interior of scale one spine. It may be shown, also, that it is the exception, not the rule, to find the two wings of the same specimen equal as regards length of wing, or number and disposition of alar spines. Almost invariably the two wings are dissimilar in some respect. Plate XVII represents outline camera lucida sketches of the right and left wings of ten typical specimens. Rather more than half of the wings examined (59 per cent.) showed the basal portion of the fore-vein with spines ‘arranged in two groups of 3 to 6, respectively,’’ whilst 28 per cent. were arranged in two groups of 3 and 5, 7 per cent. in 3 and 7, 5 per cent. in 3 and 4, and 1 per cent. in 3 and 8. These figures, indicating the differences that are liable to occur plainly, show that the wing characters are of minor value in the quick and ready examination for the determination of the species. Abdomen sub-ovate; 10-segmented, tapering abruptly toward the tip from the eighth segment. Dorsal surface of segment 2 to 8 with from eight to ten spines on each segment, the most prominent being on the lateral margins; posterior margin of segment 8 with a fine comb-like structure consisting of from thirty-eight to forty-four teeth; segments 9 and 10 with about ten of the longest and most prominent spines of the body. Total length from tip of vertex to tip of abdomen about 1.26 mm. Colour, head, thorax and abdomen uniformly dark-brown with connective tissue between segments of the abdomen, the tarsi and tibia shading from tight-brown to yellow. Segment 3 of the antenne light brown. The wings though slightly tinted with tight-brown, when resting over the back, appear, to the naked eye, to be grey in comparison to the dark-brown of the abdomen. Many light coloured specimens, especially those forms which have recently emerged from the soil in the spring, may be frequently observed; this colour difference, however, may be preserved throughout the life of the adult. Thrips physapus Linn. This species is common in British Columbia, under arid and humid conditions, and may be found throughout the entire season. It has been taken commonly off dandelion at Vernon and near Victoria during early April and May, as well as off Rubus parviflorus flowers during June in Vancouver, and recently it has been found in the blooms of partly frozen garden flowers, during December. Carpenter (7) before the Royal Dublin Society in 1900 and again in 1901, draws attention to this species as being destructive to the blossoms of the pear near Dublin, Ireland, causing a failure in the fruit crop. In British Columbia, in localities frequented by Taentothrips inconsequens, Thrips physapus also is found to occur, often in similar positions on like plants, frequently as- sociated in the same blossom. Thrips tabaci Lind. The adults of this species are known as the ‘‘Onion thrips” in British Columbia. The species undoubtedly occurs on a wide range of plants, and is ’ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 189 ——————————— ——-. known to cause considerable commercial loss in onion plantations in the “dry belt’’ of the Province. First generation Iarve developing from eggs laid by Overwintering specimens become first apparent in early June in the Okanagan Valley. This species also occurs on Vancouver Island. Haplothrips statices Hal. This species has been beaten from the branches and foliage of cultivated apple and plum trees, Spir@a discolor, and other native shrubs at Victoria on Vancouver Isfand and at Vernon, B.C. It appears to be the commonest species infesting the flower heads of clover, having been observed in great numbers in such plants, both at Vernon and Penticton, B.C. This insect has been recorded from many widely separated points, including, on the west, Oregon and Cauti- fornia (8). From Montana (9) we receive information that this species has been proven destruction to the set of red-clover seed. Judging from the num- bers that this species occurs in the clover heads, particularly in the ary belts”’ of the Province of British Columbia, it is possible that some injury, not as yet proven, may be caused. Leptothrips mali Fitch. I am indebted to Mr. J. D. Hood for establishing the correct identity of both a nymph and an adult of this species. With this assistance I am able to offer the following few additional notes on the habits of the species: A colony of twelve adults was taken clustering in the empty burrow of some solitary burrowing hymenopteran in a dead twig of an Olivet cherry tree at Okanagan Faile, B.C., on April 10, 1918. It was evident that these insects, which were a few inches from the entrance of the burrow, had hibernated in this position. They were observed first on splitting the twig lengthwise. On August 27, 1917, a group of 5 nymphs and 2 females of this species were taken off the gummy exudation caused by the larva of Anarsia lineatella on a peach tree at Penticton, B.C. They were apparently feeding on the exudate. Specimens of individual adults have been taken at various times during May, July and July off the foliage and branches of Acer glabrum, alder, amelanchier, apple, peach and crategus, at points in the Okanagan Valley be- tween Vernon and Vaseaux Lake, Lillocet, and near Victoria on Vancouver Island. As recorded by Hood (8) this species is widespread in its distribution and common “‘from early spring to late fall.’ He states that for the most part this species lives ‘‘singly on the leaves of various trees.’’ This agrees entirely with the majority of the records noted above. It is only necessary to add that, apparently, adults cluster for hibernation purposes, and that nymphs may, at times, be found closely assembled at one place. Chirothrips manicatus Hal. Males and females of this species occur commonlf at the Coast, and in the Interior of British Columbia on many roadside grasses. I wish in conclusion to thank Mr. J. D. Hood, of the United States Biological Survey, for the assistance he has given me in this group of insects. Further - more, my thanks are due to Mr. Warburton Young, of the Health of Animals Branch, Dominion Experimental Farm, Agassiz, B.C., for his drawings of 4E. aur-cestus and AE. annectans. 190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST REFERENCES. (1) Moulton, Dudley, U.S.D.A. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. No. 21, p. 34, 1911. (2) Moulton, Dudley, U.S.D.A. Tech. Ser. No. 12, Pt. 3, 1907. (3) Williams, C. B. The Entomologist, Vol. 49, p. (277) 13, 1916. (4) Williams, C.B. Annals of Applied Biology, Vol. 1, p. 240, 1915. (5) Hood, J. D. Proceedings Biological Society Washington, Vol. 29, p. 109, 1916. (6) Hood, J. D. Insecutor Inscitiz Menstruus, Vol. 5, p. 55, 1917. (7) . Foster, S.W., & Jones, P.R. U.S.D.A. Bur. Ent., Bull. 173,9p55,,6;1915: (8) Hood, J. D. Insecutor Inscitiza Menstruus, Vol. 5, Nos. 4-6, p. 61, 1917. (9) Cooley, R.A. Montana Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 98, 1914, p. 123-136 (Review of Applied Entomology, Vol. 2, p. 536, 1914). EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE XV. Fig. 1. Orothrips kelloggit yosemitu, maxillary palpi. Fig. 2. Orothrips kelloggi yosemit.i, labial palpi. Fig. 3. Orothrips kelloggi yosemiti, right antenna. Fig. 4. olothrips fasciatus, male. Fig. 5. Molothrips annectans, right wing. Fig. 6. olothrips auricestus, n. sp., maxillary and labial palpt. Fig. 7.. olothrips auricestus, n. sp., left antenna. PLATE XVI. 1. Brachypterous female of Molothrips auricestus, n. sp. (drawn and painted under author’s instruction, by Mr. C. W. Young, Agassiz, B.C.). 2. Macropterous female of olothrips annectans Hood, (drawn and painted : under author’s instruction, by Mr. C. W. Young, Agassiz, B.C.). PLATE XVII. Variations in alar armature of fore-wing of Taniothrips inconsequens (diagrammatic, author’s illustration). APPOINTMENTS—CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH. Mr. Leonard S. McLaine, M.Sc., of the Canadian Entomological Branch, has been transferred from the Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Fredericton, N.B., to Ottawa, and has been appointed Chief of the Division of Plant In- spection and Executive Assistant to the Dominion Entomologist. As Chief of the Division of Plant Inspection, Mr. McLaine will have immediate charge of the work of inspection and fumigating impoited nursery stock, and of the field work against the Brown-tail Moth in Eastern Canada, and such other duties as the enforcement of the insects and pests regulations under the De- structive Insect and Pest Act may involve. Mr. M. B. Dunn, Temporary Assistant at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Fredericton, N.B., has been appointed an Entomological Assistant in the Division of Forest Insects of the Entomological Branch, Ottawa, and , under the direction of Dr. J. M. Swaine he will be assigned to sample plot i in- vestigations in | the forests of Quebec and Ontario. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 191 NEW NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (TIPULIDA, DIPTERA) PART VII. BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, URBANA, ILL, As in the other papers of this series, the types of the new species are de- posited in the collection of the writer, unless stated otherwise. GENus Dicranoptycha OSTEN SACKEN. Dicranoptycha sobrina quadrivittata, new subspecies. Female.—Length 10 mm.; wing 10.5 mm. This variety is similar to typical sobrina, differing as follows: Mesonotal preescutum gray, more yeliowish on the disk, clearer gray along the margin; four distinct dark brown stripes, the median pair longest, indistinct in front, clearer behind, lying parallel and separated from one another only by a capillary gray tine. Tuberculate pits distinct, close together, ving just be- fore the level of the pseudosutural fovezw, separated from one another by a distance a iittle less than the diameter-of one. Pseudosutural foveze very pale, elongate, linear. Lateral stripes short. Scutal lobes dark brown. Pleura grayish above, paler ventrally. Coxe whitish. Wings gray; veins dark brown; wings very long and narrow; Rs_ shorter than cell /s¢ M2, almost square at its origin and running close to Ri; Sc ends just before the fork of the sector. Abdo- minal tergites uniformly dark brown. Habitat —Colorado. Holotype— 2, Peaceful Valley, Colorado, August 25, 1917, (T. D. A. Cockerell). This species was included in some interesting crané-fly material kindly sent me for study by Prof. Cockerell. It is very different in the details given above from the extensive series of typical sobrina in my collection. More material will be needed to determine the true status of the fly. i GENuS Molophilus Curtis. Molophilus squamosus, new species. Antennz of the male short; general coloration dark gray; male hypopygium with the dorsal pleural appendage flattened, very broad, the dorsal face rough- ened; ventral pleural appendage a powerful black arm that is acute at the tip, which is bent ventrad. Male.—Length 3.2-3.4 mm.; wing 4.7—-5 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennz of the male short, dark brown throughout. Head gray. Pronotum dark brown medially, yellowish laterally. Mesonotum gray, the humeral angles paler; scutelum yellowish; postnotum brownish gray. Pleura - grayish. Halteres yellow, the knobs a little darker. Legs with the coxe, trochanters and base of the femora yellowish; remainder of the legs brown. Wings whitish subhyaline; veins dark brown; a very indistinct darker clouding along the cord at 7, r-m and the basal deflection of Cui. Venation: deflection of Ras short, subperpendicular, shorter than the basal deflection of Cu1; fusion of Cui and Ms very long, much longer than Cu: beyond the fork. Abdomen dark brown, the posterior margins of the tergites yellowish, broader on the terminal segments; hypopygium grayish brown. Male hypopy- gium with each half of the tergite contiguous or overlapping at the tips. Dorsal pleural appendage lying transversely, the tip directed proximad and dorsad, August, 1919 192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST very broad and flattened with the dorsal surface minutely roughened into tiny spines or raised scales that are more prominent, subserrate, along the outer margin. Ventral pleural appendage powerful, acute, shiny black, straight basally, suddenly narrowed to the acute tips which are directed ventrad, the concave face weakly toothed. Habitat.—California. Holotype.—o, Alpine, San Diego County, California, April 9, 1915, (M. C. Van Duzee). . Paratopolype.—Sex uncertain. The type is in the collection of Mr. Van Duzee. Additional specimens of a closely related form from the Muir woods, Marin County, California (May 19, 1915, M. C. Van Duzee) agree closely with this species in generai characters, but are much more reddish in their general colour, the dorsal pleural appendage not so broad, and the ventral pleural appendage with about three or four large spinules before the tip. Molophilus squamosus is a small, delicate species, allied to M. paulus Bergroth, but readily distinguished by the very broad, dorsal pleural appendages and the differently constructed ventral appendage. From M. spiculatus Alex., M. comatus (Doane) and other ailied forms it is told by its much smaller size and slightly different structure of the male hypopygium. Molcphilus bispinosus, new species. Antenne of the male short; general coloration light brown; ma.e hypopy- gium with the lobes of the ninth tergite produced apically into straight, slender arms; dorsal pleural appendage elongate, very straight and siender, acute at the tip; ventral pleural appendage powerful, sickle-shaped, the concave face with strong spinules. Male.—Length about 4 mm.; wing 5.5 mm. Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne of the male short, the scape brownish yellow, the flagellar segments dark brown, clothed with a long pale bebeagence. Head with the front yellow, vertex and occiput gray. Pronotum pale. Mesonotum light brown, the tuberculate pits black, widely separated. Pleura grayish brown. Halteres’ pale. Legs brownish yellow, the tips of the tarsi darkened. Wings subhyaline; a faint blotch of dark hairs on the radial cross-vein and another on the radial-median vein; a faint cloud at the basai deflection of Cm; veins dark brown, subcosta yellow. Venation: basal deflection of Ras and r-m in alignment; fusion of Cui and Ms a little shorter than Cui beyond the fork. Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium reddish yellow. Male hypopygium with the tergite profoundly split medially as in the genus, the halves thus formed with the tips rather narrow, directed proximad so as to be almost contiguous on the median line; each Jobe on the sides at the apex produced caudad into a slender, flattened, straight, fleshy lobe whose inner margin is fimbriate.. Dorsal pleural appendage slender, elongate, almost straight beyond the enlarged base, the tips acute. Ventral pleural appendage powerful, strongly curved, the subacute apex directed ventrad, the ventral or concave face with several equi- distant large and acute spinules. Habitat.—California. Holotype. 12H} Berkeley, California, May 25, 1915, (M. C. Van Duzee). * all - aoa THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 193 - GENUS Gnophomyia OSTEN SACKEN. Gnophomyia tristissima cockerelli, new subspecies. Female.—Length about 8.5 mm.; wing 7.2 mm. Similar to typical tristissima, differing as follows: Antenne a little longer. Legs somewhat stouter. Wings hyaline, with a few dark seams along the veins, these seams on Rs, Rais, M, Cu, Ms and second A; cell Sc dark. Venation: Sc ending beyond the fork of Rs; Sci long, about equal to Re+s. Habitat.—Colorado. Holotype.— 2, Campus of the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, September 20, 1917, (Felicita Claer). The distinctly bicolorous, longitudinally streaked, wings is the most con- spicuous character to separate this fly from typical tristissima O. S. of the eastern United States, in which the wings are uniformly darkened. The type was kindly sent me by Prof. Cockerell, to whom the form is respectfully dedicated. In the collection of the United States National Museum there are a few speci- mens of this variety, likewise from Colorado (from the collection of C. V. Riley, taken by Morrison). GENUS Gonomyia MEIGEN. Gonomyia (Gonomyia) aciculifera, new species. Belongs to the noveboracensis group; similar to noveboracensis Alex. but larger; wings with Sc shorter and with Scez at the tip of Sci; Re not so close to Ri: at the wing margin; male hypopygium with the ventral pleural appendage expanded at the apex into a paddle-like blade whose lower margin is minutely toothed. - Male.—Length 5 mm.; wing 5.4 mm. Described from an alcoholic specimen. Rostrum and palpi entirely dark brown. Antenne dark brown through- out, the basal segments enlarged. Head dark. Mesonotum dark, the humeral angles a little brighter. Pleura brownish, brighter posteriorly. Halteres elongated, pale, the ktobs dark. Legs with the coxe dark, the trochanters 2 little paler; remainder of the legs broken. Wings pale grayish yellow; stigma indistinct; veins light brown. Venation: Sc rather short, ending far before the origin of the sector, the distance between the two only a little less than the length of the basal deflection of Cu1; Scz very close to the tip of Sc: and about subequal to it; Rs strongly arcuated; Ra+3s very long as in this group of species, almost straight beyond the origin; Re semiperpen- dicular, short, the distance on the wing margin between the tips of veins Ri and R:z is a little greater than R2 alone; cell R2 a little larger than in noveboracensis; Rats straight, not approaching M12 at the wing margin; basal deflection of Cui at the fork of M. Abdomen dark, the posterior margins of the tergites paler. The colours produced by pruinosity in dried specimens are undoubtedly somewhat dif- ferent from those of the alcoholic type just described. Male hypopygium similar to that of noveboracensis (as figured in the Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1916, Pl. 30, Figs. 79 and 80), but dif- fering in many important respects;the flattened dorsal pleural appendages have but few setz along the truncated or concave apex; the long, slender, ventral arm is expanded into a paddle at the tip, this with the lower margin minutely 194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST — —— eee a nae denticulate, the teeth coarser proximally but very minute and delicate on the distal two-thirds of the blade. The tubercle at the dorsal inner edge of the pleurite bears three very long bristles that are but little shorter than the dorsal pleural appendage. The gonapophyses and penis-guard are fused into a sub- cylindrical tube that is armed caudally with several needle-like points. The arrangement of these chitinized horns is about as in noveboracensis, but their shape and structure is very different; appendage b is almost straight and has the two arms of the bifid tip very unequal, the shorter one appearing as a small spine at about mid-length of the appendage; appendage c appears forked at its very base, the one arm very stout basally, near the apex narrowed and strongly curved; the other fork is shorter, gradually pointed and flattened to the tip, the margin with a thin line of hairs. Below (ventrad of) the tube on either side is a very large, flattened, nearly hyaline plate that is almost invisible in balsam. Habitat.—California. Holotype—¥, Wildcat Cafion, San Pablo, California, September 16, 1906, (J. Chester Bradley). The type is in the collection of Cornell University. The only described Nearctic species that is close to G. aciculifera is G. noveboracensis Alex. (Can. Ent., Vol. 48, pp. 319, 320; 1916) of the northeastern United States. The wing venation and the structure of the male hypopygium will easily separate the two forms. In this group of species, the male hypopygium is very complicated in structure, and I am unable to correlate the remarkable structures that surround the penis-guard, with the gonapophvses found in other groups of the genus. Very few specimens of these two species have yet been discovered, and mcre material is needed to finally decide these homologies. GENUS Tricyphona ZETTERSTEDT. Tricyphona petiolata, new species. Size very small; antenna dark brown, with fifteen evident segments, those toward the tip small and nearly globular; general coloration light buff, the mesonotum with a singie conspicuous median dark brown stripe; wings nearly hyaline; cell Rs petiolate; Re perpendicular, at the very tip of R1; cel! M1 lacking; cell /st Mz open by the atrophy of m; abdomen brown, the hypopygium con- spicuously light yellow. Male.—Length about 5.5 mm.; wing 6 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black, the former very short. Antenne dark brownish black, with fifteen evident segments, short, the first segment elongate, the second enlarged, globular, the first flagellar segment elongate ova ; those toward the end of the organ smaller and subglobular; the last seg- - ment is elongated and constricted medially as though formed by the close ap- proximation of two small segments. Head brownish gray. Pronotum buffy, broadly dark brown medially. Mesonotum light buffy yellow, the prescutum with a single broad, dark brown median stripe that is narrowed at the tip and becomes obliterated before the suture; lateral prascutal stripes lacking. Pleura buffy yelfow. Halteres pale basally, the knobs dark- brown. Legs with the coxe buff; trochanters light yellow; femora brown, paler basally; tibia and tarsi dark brown. Wings nearly hyaline, narrow; stigma lacking; veins yellowish brown. Venation: Sc long, ending slightly i ££ ees oe rs THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 195 beyond the fork of Re+3+4; Rs short, oblique, almost straight; Re+3+4 variable in length, in one wing shorter than the basal deflection of Cui, in the other a little longer; Re (the apparent r cross-vein; see Alexander; A New Interpretation of che Wing-venation of the Pediciine Crane-flies, Ent. News, Vol. 29, pp. 201- 205, pl. 12; 1918) inserted at the extreme tip of Ri, perpendicular; cell Mi lack- ing; ceil /s¢ Mz open by the atrophy of m; petiole of cell Ms nearly equal to the basal, deflection of C21. Abdomen dark gravish brown, the subterminal segments a little darker; hypopygium conspicuously light yellow. Habitat.—Colorado. Holotype—o, Peaceful. Valley, Colorado, August 25, 1918, (T. D. A. Cockerell). This interesting little fly is to all appearances a Rhaphidolabis of the sub- genus Plectromyia, but the number of antennal segments precludes it from that group, and until more material is available J prefer to consider it a Tricyphona to where it will run by the keys. There are only fifteen distinct antennal seg- ments, but the terminaf one is evidently formed by the close approximation of two very small segments. The fly somewhat resembles a very smal] speci- men of Rhapidolabis major Alex., but the size and venation, especially the position of Re and the lack of cell M:, easily separate the two. GENus Liogma OSTEN SACKEN. Liogma nodicornis flaveola, new subspecies. Male.—Length 12 mm.; wing 8.3 mm. Female.—Length 11 mm.; wing 9 mm. This variety is similar to typical nodicornis, but is much more yellowish throughout. Compared with specimens of typical nodicornis, the following differences are apparent: Antenne light brown. Mesonotal prescutum with the ground colour yellowish brown with the three brown stripes rather narrow and scarcely con- fluent; scutal lobes only indistinctly darker; mesonotal postnotum yellowish with only the terminal third blackish. Pleura mostly vellow, a small, circular, dull black area on the mesepisternum behind the fore coxa. The extensive shiny black areas on the mesosternum before the middle coxa are not continuous across the midventral line. Abdomen pale brown. Habitat.—Virginia. Holotype.— o, Great Falls, Virginia, May 19, 1915. Allotopotype.— 2, June 771915. The northern L. nodicornis nodicornis (O.S.) is easily told from the pale yellowish southern race above diagnosed by its much more extensive black thoracic pattern. In the type-material of typical nodicornis, both varieties are represented. As typical of nodicornis in the strict sense the writer selects the lectotype from the material taken in the White Mts., New Hampshire. GENus Tipula LINN2Us. Tipula doaneiana, new name. Ttpula californica Doane (1912), non Tipula californica (Doane) (1908). In 1908, Doane described under the name Pachyrhina californica, a species of crane-fly that both Dr. Dietz and the writer now refer to the pachyrhinoid series of the genus 7ipula. Dietz (1918), under the misconception that it was 196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the 1908 name that was preoccupied, renamed this species Tipula xanthomela. The 1912 species is here renamed as above in honour of Prof. R. W. Doane. Tipula ludoviciana, new species. Belongs to the tricolor group; closely related to 7. sayt Alex. (costalis Say); male antenne very long, bicolorous; wings with a dark costal margin, beneath which is a vitreous streak; a narrow, brown seam along vein Cu. Male.—Length about 13.5-14 mm.; wing 11.5-11.8 mm.; antennz about 13-13.5 mm. Hing leg, femur 9.3 mm.; tibia, 11 mm. Female.—Length about 12 mm.; wing 11.4 mm. Male.—Frontal prolongation of the head moderately elongated, light brown, the nasus slender. Mouth-parts and palpi dark brown. Antennz exceedingly elongate, approximately as long as the entire body, the scape iight brown, the flagellar segments with the basal swelling dark brown, the pedicel light yellow, on the terminal segments more infuscated; the pedicel of the in- termediate flagellar segments is six times as long as the basal enlargements; in addition to the usual black verticils, the segments are provided with a delicate pale pubescence that is easily removed. Vertical tubercle prominent, entire. Head dark with an indistinct darker median line. Mesonotum brown, probably more or less gray pruinose in dry material, the prescutum with three very broad, dark brown stripes; postnotum pale, margined with brown. Pleura pale, probably more or less pruinose in }fe, with indistinct dark markings on the mesopleura, and dark brownish black on the mesosternum between the middle and hind cox. Haliteres slender, brown. Legs with the coxe largely pale; trochanters yellowish, dark brown apically; femora and tibie brown, darkest apically; tarsus brown. Wings gray, the costal region dark brown, this including cells C, Sc, 1st Ri, 2nd Ri, the anterior portion of R, and the outer end of Re; a broad brown seam along vein Cu occupying the space between that vein and the weak degenerate anal vein immediately behind it; a vitreous longitudinal-stripe behind the brown costal margin, this including the posterior portion of cell R, the anterior portion of M, and the base of cells Rs and Rs; veins dark brown. Venation: m-cu short but distinct; petiole of cell Wi about as long as cell 1st Me. Abdominal tergites light brown, the transverse impressed areas on either side near the base of the segments very distinct, bljack ; sternites paler. Male hypopygium smalJ, compressed, as in the tricolor group, with the sclerites fused into a continuous ring. Ninth tergite with the median lbbe very depressed, broad, the posterior margin with a very flattened, V-shaped notch which is black and roughened; no pencil.of hairs on the sides of the median lobe. Outer pleural appendage oval, flattened, pale, with sparse black hairs; inner pleural appendage simple in structure. Ninth sternite carinate. Eighth sternite unarmed. Female.—Similar to the male; antenne shee: much darker coloured than in the male; ovipositor with the tergal valves long, slender, straight; sternal valves short, very compressed, the tips subacute. So Habitat.—Louisiana. Holotype.— 3, Morgan City, Louisiana, June 18, 1917, (Cornell University Expedition, Lot 542, sub. 16). Allotopotype.— 2 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 197 Paratopotypes.—2 o's. The type is in the collection of Cornell University. Tipula ludoviciana is allied to, and superficially resembles, T. sayz Alex. (costalis Say) which has the antenne of the male short, about reaching the base of the abdomen; no dark seam along the vein Cu; the petiole of cell Mt much shorter, and the colorational and hypopygial details different. This new species of Tipula has the male antenna of a length that is quite unique among the known nearctic species of the genus, but which is equalled or exceeded in certain exotic forms. Tipula plutonis, new species. Similar to 7. coracina Alex. of northern Alaska; general coloration gray, the prescutal stripes darker; wings almost clear; abdomen dark gray with the lateral margins of the tergites broadly yellowish; male hypopygium very simple in structure, the ninth tergite broadly transverse, the posterior margin almost straight across with a tiny V-shaped median notch; outer pleural appendage very large and tumid, working transversely across the genital chamber; ninth sternite with.a deep, V-shaped notch. Male.—Length 10.5 mm.; wing 11.5 mm. Frontal prolongation of the head dark brown, the nasus distinct; mouth- parts dark brown. Antenne short, the basal segments paler brown, the flagellum dark brown throughout; segments of the flagellum short-cylindrical with the terminal swelling about equal to the basal enlargement, the segments but feebly constricted at midlpngth. Head light gray, more obscure posteriorly. Mesonotal prescutum dark gray with four indistinct dark brown stripes, the median pair very indistinctly divided by a capillary line. Remainder of the mesonotum dark gray, the scutal lobes indistinctly marked with brownish. Pleura gray, the dorso-pleural membranes more yellowish. Halteres yellowish brown, the’ knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxe dark gray, tipped with _ paler; trochanters yellowish, tipped with blackish; remainder of the legs broken. Wings subhyaline or very pale grayish; stigma distinct, brown;a distinct obliter- ative streak extending from before the stigma through cell ist M2; veins dark brown. Venation: Rs almost straight; cell Mi very deep, the petiole short, _ about equal to a or a little less than r-m; cell 1st Mz pentagonal; m-cu obliterated “——~ T= ir ee by the punctiform contact of Cui on Mss. Abdomen dark gray, the lateral margins of the tergites broadly yellowish, the posterior margins of the tergites and sternites very narrowly and indis- tinctly ringed with silvery. Male hypopygium of very simple structure. Ninth tergite flattened, broadly transverse, almost rectangular, the pcsterior margin almost straight across and with a minute median V-shaped notch. Ninth pleurite very extensive, the suture indicated by a distinct curved line beneath, the proximal ventral angle narrowed and tufted with a few long, silky hairs. Outer pleural appendage very large and tumid, the ventral face blackened, the surface of the appendage covered with a few short appressed hairs; inner pleural appendage represented by a small flattened, subcircular lobe. The pleural appendages work across the genital chamber after the fashion of the Limnobiini, not against the ninth tergite as in most species of the genus. Ninth sternite profoundly notched by a narrow, V-shaped incision. Eighth sternite 198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST unarmed. Eighth tergite, except at the ends, concealed beneath the seventh tergite. Habitat.—California. Holotype-—&%, Alta Meadow, Sequoia National Park, California, altitude: 9,000 feet, Jully 19, 1907, (J. Chester Bradley). The type is in the collection of Cornell University. This primitive little Z7ipula bears a certain resemblance to T. coracina Alex. of Alaska, and the two probably belong to the same group of the genus. The type of 7. plutonis was sent to Prof. Doane for comparison with his types; he notes the general resemblance of the species to 7. spernax O.S., to which, however, the species is at most distantly related. The fused hypopygium of T. spernax with a broad, median tergal lobe will easily separate the species from any other similar member of the genus. Tipula shasta, new species. Belongs to the angustipennis group, close to TI. angustipennis Lw., but with the thorax darker coloured, the wings of a very decided reddish yellow tinge, the abdomen without a black dorso-median stripe, and the details of the male hypopygium different. Male.— Length 20-21 mm.; wing 17-18 mm. Frontal prolongation of the head black, moderately elongated, the nasus distinct; mouth-parts black. Antenne with the first segment black; the second segment and basal two-thirds of the first flagellar segment pale brown to almost black; remainder of the antennz black; flagellar segments with the basal swelling moderate in size. Head broad, gene swollen, eyes small. Head dark brown with a very narrow, pale, whitish yellow line surrounding the eyes. Mesonotal preescutum buffy, more dusky anteriorly, clearer near the suture; preescutum with four very distinct, dark brown stripes, the median pair long, slightly narrowed behind, separated from one another by a more or less distinct 4 capillary line; the lateral stripes, and, less distinctly, the median stripes, are surrounded by a narrow, intensely black border; scutum buffy, the lobes dark brown, surrounded by narrow, black margins; scutellum with three blackish F lines; postnotum dark. Pleura dark brown, indistinctly blotched with still” 4 darker markings. Halteres orange, the knobs and terminal portions of the stem dark brown. Legs with the coxe grayish brown; trochanters brown, femora reddish with the tips narrowly dark brown; tibiee pale reddish, the tips narrowly and indistinctly darkened; tarsi with the basal segments dull reddish, - eradually passing into a dark brown. Wings with a strong, saturated, reddish yellow tinge, clearer, more yellow, on the costal region, especially cell Sc, more brownish on the posterior portion and the, wing-apex in cells Re and Rs; stigma large, dark brown; a small hyaline obliterative area before and beyond the stigma; an indistinct hyaline line across the base of cell 1st Mz; a large pale blotch toward the end of cell M, as usual in this group of species; the only nearctic species of Tipula known to the writer with wings of this colour is T. ultima — Alex. (flavicans Fabr.) of the eastern United States. Venation: cell M: short- | petiolate, the petiole a little longer than r-m; m-cu distinct or punctiform. Abdomen with the first segment blackish; remainder of the abdomen — bright reddish, the lateral margins of the tergites more obscure; third abdominal - tergite usually a little darker in colour than the other segments. Male hypopy-_ ~ ao ” THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 199 gium very similar to that of 7. angustipennis, but more enlarged and com- pressed. Ninth tergite large, gradually narrowed posteriorly, ‘the caudal margin with a very broad and deep V-shaped notch, the apices of the adjacent lobes bluntly rounded, and each tipped with a small, chitinized tubercle. Ninth pleurite complete, large, the posterior angle produced caudad into a broad, flattened, obtuse chitinized lobe; proximal ventral angles of the pleurité each . with a very prominent yellowish fleshy lobe that juts caudad, the apex bifid by a broad notch; outer pleural appendage small, cylindrical to subclavate. with numerous long, pale hairs; inner pleural appendage a large, compressed _ blade whose apex juts into the notch of the tergite. Ninth sternite with the adjacent margins contiguous, from the opening a long, slender, chitinized rod and a few long, coarse, yellow hairs protrude. Eighth sternite unarmed, some- what projecting behind. Eighth tergite entirely concealed beneath the seventh tergite. - Habitat.—California. Holotype.— %, Foothills of Mount Shasta, California, May 17, 1914. | Paratopotypes.—Males with the type, May 16, 17; paratypes two d's, Yosemite Valley, California, May 22, 1908, (E. T. Cresson, Jr.). The type is in the collection of Dr. Dietz; paratypes in the collection of the writer and the American Entomolpgical Society. This beautiful, yellow-winged 7 7pula is related to 7. angustipennis Lw. of northern North America, but is abundantly distinct. The type material was very kindly sent me by Dr. Dietz with the indication that it probably represented a new species. The writer could not reconcile the fly with any of the descriptions, and sent the material to Prof. Doane for his opinion and com- _ parison with his extensive series of Western Tipulas. He also believes the species to be close to T. angustipennis, which is certainly the case, but the two species show numerous constant differences. Prof. Doane writes that he has a female of this species from the Yosemite Valley. pall. i pd ela i alll NOTES ON PELENOMUS SULCICOLLIS FAHRS. (CURCULIONIDA&). BY ROBERT MATHESON, ITHACA, N.Y. During the past three seasons a small patch of some five or six square yards of fringed loosestrife (Steironema ciliatum (L) Raf.) growing on the. bank of a small stream which passes near my house has been badly destroyed by some foliage feeding insect. My attention was attracted to it this season as nearly every plant, and it was aimost a pure stand of this species, was practically destroyed, the leaves having been completely riddled, and many of the stalks badly eaten. Previous eXaminations had shown that a small coleopterous larva was doing the work, but I had not noted them in any considerable num- bers. Late in July (1918) I found numerous small silken cocoons scattered _ over the under side of the leaves of the loosestrife, and on later examination | - found many small snout beetles feeding on the plants. As the beetle seemed to be a species about which very little was known, I reared a few of the larve and made a close examination for the place of egg deposition, My efforts were rew arded and, though rather late in the season, _ I found all stages of the beetle. The beetle was kindly identified by Mr. C. W. ___ Augnst, 1919 ? 200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST = Leng as Pelenomus sulcicollis Fahrs. (Curculionidae), and as nothing has ever been published on the biology of this genus I think these few notes may be of interest. The beetles were very abundant during August and early September, oftentimes five or six beetles being present on a single leaf. They feed largely on the leaf tissue, skeletonizing it; though this year, on account of the almost complete destruction of the leaves by the larve, the beetles were forced to feed on the stems and mid-ribs of the leaves. These they cut into with their mandi- bles, and then eat the softer parts within. During the latter part of September the beetles became fewer and fewer in numbers, and there is no doubt that they hibernate somewhere amongst the fallen leaves and rubbish. After some search I found where the eggs are laid. Just beneath the lower epidermis of the leaves near the veins I found a few empty egg-shells. (Plate XVIII, Fig. 3): The eggs are laid singly and, as a result of the oviposition, the area in which the egg is laid dies and becomes brown. This dead area shows only on the lower surface, evidently the parenchyma not being suffi- ciently damaged. The larve feed on the lower surface of the leaves almost entirely. They destroy the lower epidermis and parenchyma, leaving the upper epidermis intact. This soon dies, and large open spaces are left, giving the appearance shown in Plate XVIII, Figs. 1 and 2. As the larve do not possess legs they evidently move by the action of the large flat surfaces on the ventral side of each segment. These can evidently be moved slightly by muscular action, though I have never seen the larve actually crawl. Fig 23.—Pelenomus sulcicollis Fahrs.; mature larva, pupa and adult. When mature the larve spin small silken cocoons on the under surface or axil of the leaf, and in the destroyed ends of the stem. These pupal cases are rather beautiful, especially when a number of them are formed close together. (Plate XVIII, Fig. 5.) In these silken cells the larve transform to pupz within a few days, and the adults emerge in about two weeks. After emergence the — beetles feed quite extensively before going into hibernation. So far as my observations go there is undoubtedly only a single generation a season. Sits a ie ; . Pe EA A Mia! PPR He bre, Py ae CANVENT, VOEQER. PLATE XVIII, Pelenomus sulcicollis Fahrs.—1. Destruction of foliage. 2. Destruction of plant. 3. Eggs in leaf tissue. 4. View of destroyed plants. 5, Pupal cases on stem and leaves, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 201 DESCRIPTION OF STAGES. The egg —The egg was not observed though egg-shells were found in the place of oviposition. The larva.— The mature larva is dirty white to almost pure white in colour. The head is rather strongly chitinized, and the prothorax possesses a narrow, chitinized area on the dorsal surface. The rest of the larva is soft and possesses no defensive structures, even sete of all kinds being absent. [The head is small, rounded, a:most sphericai: in shape, and about one-half as wide as the thorax. Two black ocelli are present on each side of the head just above the mandibles. The body of the.mature larve is strongly curved dorsally, much wrinkled by transverse depressions, and tapers slightly in both directions. The ventral surface is flattened. Legs are absent. The larva measures 4 mm. in length. The pupa.— The pupa is broad, short and somewhat flattened. It is at first pure white, later darkening, and before transforming assumes the dark colours of the beetles. The wing-pads lie curved under the body, passing between the second and third pair of legs. The prothorax is strongly tubercu.ate, and from the tubercules arise long, chitinized seta, about 14 in ali. Similar setz arise from the distal lateral ends of the femora, the head and beak. These long sete prevent the soft body of the pupa from coming in contact with the pupal cell. The pupa measures 2.5 mm. in length by 2 mm. in extreme breadth. The beetle.— The beetle is a rather pretty snout beetle, and is described by Blatchley and Leng in their ‘“‘Rhyncophora of North-eastern America” as follows:—“Broadly oval. Dark piceous, clothed with brown scales having a brassy tinge and variegated with pale ones, the latter condensed on the sides and on basa: half of dorsai channel of thorax, and formting on the elytra a smali post-scutellar and numerous smailer subquadrate spots; antenne and legs reddish-brown. Beak scarcely longer than head, widened toward apex, densely and finely punctate. Thorax nearly twice as wide at base as long, dorsal, channel entire, widening into a fovea in front; lateral tubercles acute, disc finely and closely punctured. Elytra one-fourth wider at base than thorax, sides broadly rounded, strie punctured; intervals feebly convex, the alternate ones slightly more so. Length 2.3-2.5 mm.” THE SYNONYMY OF HELICE CHAMBERS AND THEISOA CHAMBERS. (MICROLEPIDOPTERA). BY ANNETTE F. BRAUN, CINCINNATI, O. The description of the venation of Theisoa by Chambers in his character- ization of that genus, and his figure in the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History were both made from male specimens, as an examination of material of both sexes shows. Singularly enough, subsequent studies on this genus have also been confined to males, as must be concluded from the published notes by Mr. Busck (cf. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XI, 94, 1909), where, in estab- lishing the synonymy of Cacelice and Theisoa, he refers to the figure of the “characteristic venation” of this genus, as shown in Cacelice permolestella Busck. Observations made by the writer on Theisoa constrictella, T. permolestella and Helice pallidochrella, and presented below reopen the interesting question of August, 1919 - 202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ee the relationship of 7heisoa and Helice. For earlier references to these genera see Dyar’s List, Nos. 5592, 6130, 6182. In Theisoa constrictella, males (Fig. 24-a) in the fore wing, veins 7 and 9 are out of 6, with 8 absent; here the transverse vein is much nearer to 10 than to 9. In the female (Fig. 24-b)8 is present, and 9 separates from the stalk of 6, 7, 8 and 9 sooner than in the male, thus showing a less specialized condition. In the hind wing of the male (Fig. 24-c) the vein apparently forming the upper margin of the cell reaches the margin of the wing just below the apex; if followed toward base, it is seen to curve downward, being more or less distinctly con- nected with lower margin of cell near the middle of the wing by a very short discal vein, from thence to base it is obsolescent. In one specimen,: the hind wing on one side (Fig. 24—d) shows an additional vein lying costalward of this;it is indistinct from base to middle, where it makes a scarceiy noticeabie bend toward the discal vein, and reaches the costa at about two-thirds .the wing length. I consider this vein 7 and its presence in this instance an atavistic character. In the hind wing of the female (Fig. 24-e) the upper margin of the cell extends almost straight from base, reaching the costa almost at apex; it is rather in- distinct in its basal half. Its course in the basal half is exactly that of the “additional vein’’ in one male wing, above mentioned; in its apical half its course is such as to lead to the inference that it is formed by the coalescence of the vein, which normally in the male forms the upper margin of the cell with the “additional vein.” There is no indication of a discal vein in the female. From these observations I conclude that the venation of the hind wing in this species was derived from a type in which both veins, 6 and 7, were present and separate; in the process of evolution, the male and female show a divergence, in direction of development to the extent that in the male vein 7 has disap- peared completely by obsolescence leaving vein 6 to form the upper margin of the cell, while in the female, 6 has coalesced completely with 7, the only evidence of the process remaining being the costal ending of the apical vein as contrasted with its terminal ending in the male. Fig. 24. In order to determine whether the same difference in venation exists be- tween the sexes of Theisoa permolestella, an examination of a series of specimen. was made; this examination revealed that all the specimens of T. permolestella ee en hho Oe eg Ste THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 203 are males. The venation agrees with the usual venation of the male T. con- strictella. No indication of vein 7 was found in the hind wing; vein 6 reaches the marg.n considerably below the apex. Helice ‘pallidochrella is found to be represented by females only. The venation agrees with that of the female Thetsoa constrictella; with slight dif- erences indicating a more generalized condition, viz., in the forewing (Fig.24-f) 9 is separate from the stalk of 6, 7 and 8; in the hind wing (Fig. 24-g) 6+7 is distinct to the base, but its course is exactly that of this vein in 7. constrictella female. My conclusion is that Thetsoa permolestella is the male of Helice pallido- chrella. In the genus Helice we have an extremely specialized Gelechiid genus, -of which the female of one species, in venation the least specialized, has alone retained the characteristic Gelechiid shape of the hind wing. Another factor which argues against the retention of the genus Theisoa as a Cosmopterygid genus, is that the costa of the hind wing does not show a degree of modification in outline corresponding to the specialization in venation. The supposed specific differences separating Theisoa permolestella from Helice pallidochrella, are not confined to either, but are shown in individuals of both. Late summer specimens of males (supposed 7. permolestella) and females (H- pallidochrella) show a dark tornal spot opposite the costal spot at the apical ‘third, which is more or less distinct, sometimes as large as the costal spot. The synonymy of the genera and species under discussion will, therefore, stand as follows: Helice Chambers, Can. Ent., V, 187, 1873 (Type H. pallidochrella Chambers). syn. Theisoa Chambers; Cacelice Busck. 1. pallidochrella Chambers. syn. gleditschigella Chambers; permolestella (Busck). 2. constrictella (Zeller). syn. bifasciella (Chambers). 3. multifasciella (Chambers). NOTES ON SULCACIS LENGI DURY* AND ORCHESIA CASTANEA MELS.,* BREEDING IN FUNGI. BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J. Sulcacis lengi Dury. This species, which was described by Dury in 1917 (Syn. of Col., Fam. Ciside (Cioide) of Amer. N. of Mex.-Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. His., Vol. XXII, No. 2, p. 20) from Vermont and Cincinnati specimens, has recently been found in New Jersey breeding in the following fungi, **—Lenszites betulina L., Polyporus versicolor L., Polyporus giluus Sch., and Polyporus hirsutus Wul., all of which eccur on dead wood of deciduous trees. It was most abundant in Polyporus versicolor at Monmouth Junction, N.J., and occurred only sparingly in Polyporus hirsutus. Hibernation appears to take place in both larval and adult stages, as both r of these forms were found on March 1, but no pupe. By keeping the infested ; *Kindly identified by C. W. Leng. Me Beene vesned by Erdman West. 204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST fungi in a warm room for several weeks, pup were finally secured. Most of the larval feeding was done in the context, and it was here also that pupation took place. Full-grown Larva.—Length 1.7 mm.; width 0.42 mm. Grub-like; slightly curved when viewed laterally; subcylindrical, tapering slightly anteriorly; skin somewhat wrinkled, creamy white except for mandibles and adjacent mouth- parts which are dark; ocelli lateral, one pair and a single one above; body seg- mentation distinct; body bearing a few scattered hairs; first thoracic segment twice as long as second; remaining thoracic and abdominal segments subequal in length; ninth and last abdominal segment bears a dorsal pair of dark, strongly chitinized, comparatively large hooks curved anteriorly; each leg terminated by a fine curved hook. Pupa.—Length 1.22 mm.; width 0.48 mm. Creamy white, sparsely hairy, posterior end terminated by two parallel spines. Orchesia castanea Mels. This species was described by Melsheimer in 1846 (Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sei., III, 57). Blatchley (Coleoptera of Indiana) records it from Indiana in woody fungi and Smith (N. J. State Mus. Rept. 1909) lists it from several points in New Jersey from ‘‘hard fungi’’ on trees. During the first week of March, larve of this species were plentiful in Trametes suaveolens L., on willow at Kingston, N.J., and to a slight extent in Lenzites betulina at New Brunswick, N.J. In view of this it appears that over- wintering takes place in the larval stage. It undoubtedly breeds in other species of fungi as Trametes suaveolens and Lenzites betulina are not what one would call hard fungi, and as Schwarz (Psyche I, 1876, pp. 145-148) mentions it as inhabitating a fungus growing on a dead beech. The larva feeds in the context and tubes, and pupation, which requires about eight days in April, occurs in the context. Full-grown Larva.—Length 7 mm.; width 1.6 mm.; subcylindrical, slightly curved when viewed laterally; sparsely hairy; segmentation distinct; creamy white except for head and mouth-parts, which are brownish; antenna conical, light, three-jointed, distal segment bearing two hairs-on tip; ocelli lateral, five in number, three in a row and two single ones posterior to them; first thoracic segment one and one-half times length of third; second thoracic segment some- what constricted medially; nine abdominal segments; ventral abdominal sur- face wrinkled; legs three-jointed, each terminated by a dark, chitinized hook; each leg bears a few spine-like hairs and a group of short spines on anterior basal portion; spiracles on first prothoracic and abdominal segments one to eight. a) Pupa.—Length 5-6.5 mm.; width 1.8-2.3 mm.; elongate, rounded an- teriorly and pointed posteriorly; creamy white; head and prothorax bearing numerous large and small acuminate spines each with a tuberculate base, each spine bearing a long hair which arises just below the tip, the largest spines occurring near lateral and anterior margins of prothorax; a pair of similar spines: occur on dorsal surface of second and third thoracic segments; each abdominal segment bears a transverse row of dorsal spines, the largest ones being median and lateral; abdominal spines slant posteriorly; last abdominal segment bears a pair of small hooks curved upward and anteriorly. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 205 THE PANURGINE BEES OF NORTH DAKOTA AND = A NEW EPEOLUS. (HYM.) BY 0. A. STEVENS, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, N. DAK. Since 1910 the writer has spent as much time as other duties would permit - collecting and studying the flower-visiting insects, chiefly bees, of this state. A list of the wasps had been published (Ent. News, Vol. 28, pp. 419-423, 1917) Records of some of the bees have been published as follows: Cockerell—Can. Ent. Vol. 48, p. 390, 1911.—Neopasites (Holcopasites) robertsoni Cwfd. and Andrena hirticincta Prov. Crawford—Can. Ent., Vol. 45, pp. 155-156, 1913.—Prosopis stevensi, n. sp.~ —Proc. U.S. Mus., Vol. 48, p. 579, 1915.—species of Panurginus. —Insec. Ins. Menst., ‘Vol. 3, pp. 125-126, 1915.—Holcopasites Stevenst, N. sp. Franklin —Ent. News, Vol. 26, pp. 413-415, 1915.—species of Bombide. Swenk —Univ. Nebr. Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1912.—species of Nomada (3 new). —TIbid., Vol. 15, No. 2, 1915.—species of Nomadide (8 new) and Stelidide. The present paper presents records of the Panurgide of Ashmead, and also a new Epeolus. Prof. Cockerell has kindly suggested that these described species were new and has looked over the descriptions. The types will be placed in the U. S. National Museum. Family MAcCRoPID. Macropis morsei Robertson. (det. Crawford). Fargo, Kensal, New Rockford, Deering, Kenmare, Pleasant Lake and Granville. Mostly at flowers of Steironema; at one time many of both sexes were found sucking nectar at Lactuca pulchella (which was growing near a quantity of Stetronema), Occasional specimens at A pocynum androsenufolium and A. hypericifolium (males), Petalostemon oligophyllum, Onagra strigosa, Solidago canadensis, Symphoricarpos occidentalis and Taraxacum taraxacum; June 26 to Aug. 11. Family DUFOUREID2. Halictoides marginatus (Cresson). (det. Crawford). Fargo, Valley City, Lakota, Rugby, Monango (J. F. Brenckle). Mott _ (J. R. Campbell), Dickinson (C. H. Waldron). A rather common bee, mostly at sunflowers (Helianthus petiolaris, H. scaberrimus and H. tuberosus), also at _ Grindelia squarrosa; Aug. 9 to Sept. 18. , Halictoides maurus (Cresson). (det. Crawford). Cavalier, Valley City, Mandan, Glen Ullin, Leeds, Minot, Marmarth. A fairly common bee at flowers of Campanula rotundifolia; June 30 to Aug. 5. Family PANURGID2. Perdita canadensis Crawford (det. Crawford). Sheldon, Pleasant Lake, Williston and Dickinson (C. H. Waldron). At flowers of Helianthus petiolaris and. H. scaberrimus; July 25 to Aug. 21. Some twenty of each sex and several pairs taken in copula. The male has not been described. The more strongly marked ones agree quite closely with the de- scription of that sex of P. lacteipennis Swenk and Cockerell. In others the yel- low markings are almost entirely absent. The mandibles are usually yellowish- August, 1919 206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST red medially, darker. red apically and greenish black basally. The females agree well with the original description. The spots on the first abdominal segment are often absent, and the bands on the others are sometimes all in- terrupted medilly. Mr. Crawford writes that he is uncertain of the validity of the species. Perdita bruneri Cockerell. k Fargo, Enderlin, Sheldon, Valley City, Jamestown, Bismarck, Pleasant Lake, Rugby, Minot, Schafer, Williston and Dickinson (C. H. Waldron); Aug. 6 to Sept. 15. A common bee and much the most common of the genus in the State. Only four females were taken at Fargo previous to 1917, when it was found in considerable numbers. Mostly at flowers of Grindelia squarrosa; also at Chrysopsis villosa, Aster multiflorus and Helianthus petiolaris. Perdita swenki Crawford. Valley City and Pleasant Lake at Grindelia squarrosa, Chrysopsis villosa, Helianthus maximiliani and Solidago canadensis; Aug. 11 and 13. Taken only the two times, although in considerable numbers at Valley City. These two species determined by Prof. Cockerell some time ago as P. cockerelli Cwfd. and P. bruneri Ckll. Perdita tridentata, new species. (Fig. 25, 1). Male.—Length 4 to 5.5 mm. Head and thorax greenish-blue. Yellow markings as follows: base of clypeus with a broad median and narrow marginal extensions, supra-clypeal spot about half as high as wide, lateral face marks gradually or irregularly narrowed to a point at about the upper level of antennal sockets (see Fig. 1), mandibles except tips, scape and under side of flagellum (less so on first three joints); tegule, wingbases and small spots on pronotum; front half of anterior legs for their entire length, a narrower stripe on intermediate ones, knees of posterior legs and often a very narrow stripe on their tibize; bands on first, fourth and fifth segments interrupted medially, those on second and third slightly notched. Apex of clypeus, labrum, upper side of flagellum and a small spot on apex of scape, light brown; legs and abdomen dark brown; wings clear but nervures dark, apex of abdomen triangular but obtusely rounded. Type No. 6372. The type is from a series of 13 specimens taken on He- lianthus petiolaris at Pleasant Lake, North Dakota, Aug. 11, 1918. Two were taken on H. scaberrimus near Sheldon, Aug. 14, 1916, and one on H. petiolaris at the same place Aug. 21, 1918. ‘“A species of the affinis group,’’ writes Prof. Cockerell. The abdomen is very much like that of P. swenki Cwfd. The clypeal marking is somewhat variable, the central extension sometimes quadrate and covering a large part of the clypeus, but more commonly rounded and shorter, the lateral extension _ sometimes nearly absent. In one specimen the clypeus is nearly all dark and the abdominal bands are considerably reduced. Supra-clypeal mark often notched above, sometimes almost divided. Perdita laticincta Swenk and Cockerell. Sheldon, Pleasant Lake and Dickinson (C. H. Waldron). All at Helianthus petiolaris; July 28 to Aug. 21. Prof. Cockerel! has confirmed the identification of this and the next two species. ’ i THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 207 Perdita citrinella Graenicher. Minot and Granville. At Petalostemon oligophyllum; July 8 and Aug. 22, five females, eleven males.’ Female.—Dark sutures of head and thorax quite prominent; two specimens have tibie dark except knees, middle tarsi dark, ventral surface of abdomen dark medially, and scape and upper side of flagellum dark. Male.—Closely resembles the female. Hind tibia usually dark behind; abdomen usually with dark triangular patches at sides of segments 2 to 5. The males does not seem to have been previously described, although Crawford recorded* a specimen from Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. The markings of both sexes vary quite a little, but there is no suggestion of inter- ’ grading with the following species. In a series of eight males taken at the same time, considerable variation is known. The dark lines next the eyes are shorter than in the female, but the spots between these and the antenne are prominent, sometimes each occupying one-fourth the width of the front; well developed spots are sometimes present at sides of lateral ocelli and small ones behind apex of eyes. Two have lateral brown lines on the mesoscutum, while one has suf- fused brown lines both medially and laterally, and nearly complete bands on abdomen. One has hind tarsi yellow. Perdita perpallida Cockerell. Sand hills near Sheldon, Aug. 12, 1916, and Aug. 21, 1918, at Petalostemon villosum; ten females, seven males. This species would seem to have been expected where the preceding was taken, and vice versa. This plant occurs only in this part of the State and near Pleasant Lake and Towner (not far from where Perdita citrinella was taken); P. oligophyllum and purpureum are common plants throughout the State. Perdita martini Cockerell. 1895.—Perdita martini Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, p. 14, male. Male.—Agrees closely with the original description. The yellow on the face extends about to the middle of the anterior ocellus, its upper line irregular, being depressed under the lateral ocelli and slightly produced next the eye, a narrow line following the direction of its upper border reaching the lateral ocellus. Brown of the antenne above mostly limited to the junctions of the first four or five joints of the flagellum; yellow on cheeks extending fully two- thirds the length of the eyes. Meso-pleure with a broad yellow mark extending from front coxe to mid- way between middle coxe and tubercles; middle tibiz with a dark spot above, posterior tibize dark, and femora on apical half both above and below; posterior tarsi brownish; stigma yellow, nervures brownish. Female.—Length 5 mm. Yellow on clypeus, labrum, a low supra-clypeal _ spot, spot behind base of mandibles, lateral face marks extending from middle of clypeus to slightly above base of antenne with an irregular margin, scape of antenne and lower side of flagellum, tegula, tubercles and a line on prothorax connecting them. Legs with coxe dark, trochanters yellow; anterior yellow except a spot in inner side of femora; middle with a larger spot on femora, and a small one on outer side of tibia; posterior dark except knees. Dark bands of - *Can. Ent. vol. 44, p. 359, 1912. 208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST abdomen rather more pronounced than in male, the first three slightly produced backward at the sides. Minot, North Dakota, Aug. 22, 1915. One of each sex on Grindelia : squarrosa. Allotype No. 9293; male No. 9294. The female runs in Cockerell’s table (1896) to zonalis Cress. or rectangulata Ckll. It resembles the latter in face markings. Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr., has kindly compared these with the type of P. martini and considers them. identical. He notes: “‘yellow of cheeks to Y eye and black of occiput extends nearly to lower orbit level; mid-tibia not darkened,. post-tibie darkened above, all femora immaculate; nervures pale and all pale parts more whitish than yellow.’”’ He also sends a sketch of the pleural markings, which shows a rather greater and more irregular extension of yellow on the fore part of the mesopleure. Greeyleyella beardsleyi Cockerell. (det. Crawford). 1907.—Panurginus malvastrt Swenk and Cockerell, Ent. News, Vol. 16, p. 179. Dickinson, two females July 4, 1912 (C. H. Waldron), two females and a male July 4, 1914; Gascoyne, June 19, 1918, one pair in copula, five males and three females; Mott, July 7, one male. All at flowers of Malvastrum coccineum. To the list of species Panurginus which Crawford has published *, a num- ber of new localities may be added and the complete list is given, herewith. P. innuptus, nebrascensis and renimaculatus are quite common bees, the others less so. Panurginus innuptus Cockerell. Fargo, Nicholson, Valley City, Bismarck, Dickinson (C. H. Waldron), Marmarth, Lakota, Stanley and Minot. At flowers of Helianthus annuus (cult.), H. maximiliani, H. tuberosus and H. strumosus, Brauneria pallida, Ratibida columnaris, Solidago canadensis, Grindelia squarrosa, and Centaurea jacea (cult.); July 4 to Sept. 11. Panurginus renimaculatus Cockerell. Fargo, Jamestown, McKenzie, Bismarck, Dickinson (C. H. Waldron), Sentinel Butte, Grand Forks, Lakota, Crary, Perth, Devils Lake, Minot and Williston. Mostly at flowers of Grindelia squarrosa, occasionally at Aster multiflorus, A. paniculatus, A. chinensis (cult.), Boltonia asteroides, Helianthus maximiliant and H. petiolaris; Aug. 5 to Sept. 22. In addition to the characters given by Crawford for the male, the wings are clear, and the dorsal surface of the first abdominal segment closely punctured up to the depressed apex (nebrascensis has smoky wings and first segment with more or less of a smooth shining space before the depressed apex, and a smooth, slightly raised median line.) Panurginus nebrascensis Crawford. Fargo, Valley City, Jamestown, McKenzie, Bismarck, Lakota, Crary, Devil’s Lake, Granville, Minot, Tolley, Williston. Mostly at flowers of Grindeha squarrosa, also at Chrysopsis villosa, Cuscuta gronovii (1 male), Petalosteon oligophyllum, Solidago canadensis and Taraxacum taraxacum; Aug. 5 to Sept. 28. Panurginus simulans Swenk and Cockerell. Fargo, Williston and Dickinson (C. H. Waldron). At flowers of Helianthus annuus (cult.), H. maximiliani, H. petiolaris and Taraxacum taraxacum; July 28 — ee a ee ny : j ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 209 to Sept. 8. I have never been quite satisfied with the disposition of this species, but Mr. Crawford writes that he has twice compared it with the types. Panurginus piercei Crawford. Fargo, Valley City, Dickinson (C. H. Waldron), Monango (J. F. Brenckle). Mott (J. R. Campbell), Wales, Lakota, Crary and Perth. At flowers of Grindelia squarrosa, Helianthus annuus (cult.), H. maximiliani, H. scaberrimus, H. tuberosus and Solidago rigida; Aug. 8 to Sept. 16. = Two other species of Panurginus have been collected but not yet determined. One is a species related to P. parvus Rob. flying in July; the other is autumnal and probably related to some of the eastern forms. 2 Fig. 25.—1. Perdita prideuiiin fave markings of type. 2 and 3. Hesperapis carinata—dorsal (fig. 2) and laterol (fig. 3) view of seventh and eighth abdominal segment. Hesperapis carinata, new species. Male.—Length 10-11 mm. Black with dense ochraceous pubescence, which is paler on the face and pleurz, also on the thorax above in some speci- mens; face narrowed below, about as long as the median width; vertex smooth and shining, produced but very little beyond the eyes; antenne not elongate, black; the flagellum reddish beneath, its joints scarcely longer than wide except the first and last which are slightly so, the second half as long; maxillary palpi about 750 microns, the six joints subequal; joints of the labial palpi about 425, 425, 275 and 275 microns; mandibles toothed. Mesoscutum rather dull, the punctures of moderate size and separated by slightly more than a puncture width; propodeum rounded, the central area very smooth and shining, the sides dull and hairy; tegule reddish yellow; wings hyaline, nervures and stigma honey colour, the subcosta darker; first submarginal one-half longer than second, the second narrowed a little more than half; cubital nervure very straight throughout, also the second transverse-cubital, and the basal nearly so; the basal received a little anterior of the transverse medial; legs not thickened, dark, tarsi reddish yellow, the claws deeply cleft. Abdomen dull, first segment more shining and with a thin ochraceous pubescence; the others with short black hairs and a few scattered ochraceous ones especially on the second and third; all with prominent apical ochraceous bands; seventh dorsal segment punctured at the base and with ochraceous pubescence at base and on the sides, testaceous, smooth and shining with a high, Y-shaped carina; eighth ventral somewhat narrowed and rounded at apex. (Fig. 25—2, 3). Ten males, at flowers of Helianthus scaberrimus in the sand hills near Sheldon, . North Dakota; August 12,1916. Type No. 9681. Also six males at H. petiolaris, same place August 21, 1918. This runs in Cockerell’s table (Psyche, 1916, p. 176) to Jarree, but Prof. Cockerell writes that the superficial resemblance is 210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST rather to rhodocerata— has quite the appearance of some Hesperapis, but is a peculiar and isolated species.’ The finding of a species of this genus previously known only from the southwestern United States, presents another interesting question in the status of this group. The first lot were taken early in the fore- noon on a misty day and were inactive. The second trip proved too much the same to shed any further light on their habits. Calliopsis coloradensis (Cresson). Fargo, Valley City, Jamestown, Bismarck, Sentinel Butte, Lakota, Crary, Devils Lake, Perth, Granville, Minot and Williston. A common bee, usually at flowers of Grindelia squarrosa, also at Chrysopsis villosa; Aug.'4 to Sept. 10. Specimens of this species have been examined by both Cockerell and Crawford. Calliopsis nebrascensis Crawford. (det. Crawford). Valley City, July 26, 1913. A number at flowers of Verbena hastata. Calliopsis andreniformis Smith. (det. Cockerell). Fargo, Aug. 24 and 26, 1912. One female and two males at flowers of Melilotus alba. Another female on Solidago canadensis, Fargo, Sept. 11, 1917, is referred by Cockerell to var. rhodophilus Ckll. Protandrena asclepiadis Cockerell. (det. Crawford). Minot, Aug. 22, 1915, 2 females; Marmarth, July 4, 1918, eight females, ten males. At flowers of Lactuca pulchella, Petalostemon oligophyllum, Sym- phoricarpos occidentalis and Astragalus gracilis (males, about sunset). Epeolus dacotensis, new species. Female.—Length 12-14 mm., stout, black with four white abdominal bands which are broad, entire and nearly straight; sparse white appressed pubescence on margins of mesoscutum especially anteriorly, on collar, metano- tum, tubercles and a small patch behind them, a few on base of abdomen and sides of fifth segment; otherwise entirely black; a few erect, black hairs on upper part of face, vertex, cheeks, pleuree and mesoscutum. Clypeus with close, shallow punctures and scattered larger ones; Hace slightly narrowed below; maxillary palpi with only one evident free joint which is about .3 mm. long; central lobes of mesoscutum large, low and rounded, the lateral ones small, indistinctly pointed; mesonotum coarsely and somewhat confluently punctured; wings dark, the second submarginal narrowed nearly to a point, third not narrowed; abdomen broad, band on first segment broader than the rest, concase medially (from the base of the abdomen); last two bands slightly curved at the sides; fifth segment with a large differentiated area which is scarcely at all flattened. Male.—Entirely similar, length 12-13 mm.; apex of abdomen truncate. Williston, North Dakota; one female (type No. 8969) Aug. 8, four males Aug. 14, 1915; one of the males on flowers of Helianthus petiolaris, the other, at a clay bank; Marmarth, North Dakota, July 4, 1918, two females on Lactuca pulchel a and one on Helianthus petiolaris. A very distinct and striking species probably parasitic on Anthophora occidentalis and A. neomexicana, colonies of the former nesting at Williston, the latter at Marmarth. One of the Marmarth females has the pale pubescence more abundant on the mesonotum, and extend- — ing considerably on the mesopleure and a little on the outer sides of the legs, especially the tibia. 4 8 - Foe 2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 211 ON THE USE OF THE NAMES LACHNUS AND LACHNIELLA. (HOM.) BY A. C. BAKER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C. In aphid literature much confusion has existed in the use of the two names mentioned in the title of this note, and it seems worth while to give the history of the names at the present time in order that entomologists may have the facts before them. The genus Lachnus was erected in 1835 by eurmeister, and five rather diverse species were included in the genus, but no type was set. Of these species fagt L. and quercus L. were removed as the types of other and more recent genera. Various species were from time to time set as the type of Lachnus: These are as follows: 1840. Aphis roboris Lin. by Westwood. 1863. Lachnus pinicola Kalt by Passerini. 1908, Aphis nudus De Geer by Mordwilko. 1910. Lachnus punctatus Burm. by Wilson. 1911. Lachnus fasciatus Burm. by Wilson. Now the first three fixations are invalid, since the species were not included in the original genus.- The first valid fixation, therefore, is that of Wilson 1910, when he set punctatus as type. According to the rules of nomenclature, this species must remain the type of the genus Lachnus. Unfortunately there is no uniformity of opinion as to what punctatus really is. In other words, the genus Lachnus must remain unknown until punctatus is definitely determined. In 1911 Wilson wrote as follows: ‘‘A careful study of Lachnus viminalis Boyer, Boyer’s description of that species and Burmeister’s description may (?) show that L. viminalis Boyer is identical with L. punctatus Burm. In that case Lachnus will be definitely established with L. fasciatus as type.” According to the present writer’s reasoning it would be definitely established with L. punctatus (=viminalis) as type, the species set by Wilson in 1910. Later in his 1911 paper Wilson assumed that the two species punctatus and viminalis were the same and, following his argument as just quoted, he made L. fasciatus the type of Lachnus, disregarding his earlier fixation. This was evidently done because L. viminalis had been fixed as the type of Tuberolachnus by Mordwilko in 1908. In a recent paper (1919) Wilson makes the simple statement that fasciatus is the type of Lachnus. The writer contends that if the identity of punctatus and viminalis is con- ceded to be established, then according to our rules Tuberolachnus will become a synonym of Lachnus having the same species punctatus (=viminalis) as type. And this is a species very different from fasciatus. The writer holds no brief for either species, but contends that without special action suspending the rules in this case it is impossible to consider fasciatus the type of Lachnus. He is as anxious as any other worker to have the genus Lachnus definitely established, but he feels that if a change of type for the genus is desirable, considering all the facts, it can be had only through action by the authorities properly qualified to suspend the rules. The genus Lachniella was erected by Del Guercio in 1909, but no type was set for the genus. In 1911 Wilson-stated this fact, and then placed the genus as a synonym of Lachnus in the following way: August, 1919 212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST - 7. Lachnus Burmeister. Syn. Lachniella Del Guercio. Type L. fasciatus Burm. Since no type had previously been established for Lachniella, and since the genus contained a number of diverse species the placing of it thus, according to the writer’s reasoning, indicates fasciatus, one of the included species of Lachniella as its type. Otherwise there would be no reason for so placing the genus. In his most recent paper (1919) Wilson has used Lachniella in quite a different sense, and would exclude fasciatus from the genus. This species, the present writer contends, is the only one that has in any way been suggested as type of Lachniella, and he believes that it is the type of the genus. Otherwise the genus is without a type. This leaves the genus Lachniella of Wilson without a name, and to this genus we give the name Wilsonia and fix Lachniella gracilis Wilson as its type. The different genera with designated types will thus stand as follows, at least until some definite ruling has been made changing the present ligitimate type of Lachnus. Genus Lachnus Burm.—Type Lachnus punctatus Burm. Genus Lachniella Del Guercio—Type Lachnus fasciatus Burm. Genus Wilsonia Baker—Type Lachniella gracilis Wilson. REFERENCES. 1835. Burmeister—Handbook Entom. II, p. 91. 1840. Westwood—Int. Mod. Class. Insects II, Synopsis, p. 118. 1863. Passerini—Aphididz Italice, p. 62. 1908. Mordwilko—Ann. Mus. Zool. de L’Acad. Imp. Sci., Vol. XIII. 1909. Del Guercio—Redia, Vol. 9, p. 286. 1910. Wilson—Ent. News, Vol. XXI, p. 147. 1911. Wilson—Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., Vol. IV, p. 54. 1919. Wilson—Can. Ent., Vol. LI, p. 18. NEW COLEOPTERA. VIII. BY H. C. FALL, TYNGSBORO, MASS. The receipt of a very distinct new species of Ochthebius from California which it is desirable to make known, affords the opportunity for recording one or two errors in the literature of this genus. Descriptions of a few other new species are added. All types are in the author's collection. , Ochthebius martini, sp. nov. Form very broad, aeneo-piceous, side margins of elytra explanate through- out and paler in colour. Labrum deeply triangularly emarginate. Prothorax one-third wider than long, widest at anterior third, sides arcuate in basal half, then suddenly deeply sinuate, nearly as in rectus (See Horn’s figure), transparent ~ border extending from apex to base, becoming very narrow in front of the middle, the sides strongly obliquely convergent from the point of maximum width, feebly arcuate to nearly straight basally; median line deep and entire; discal fovee rather small and not very conspicuous, well separated, the posterior narrow and about twice the length of the anterior; lateral impressions deep and subparallel sided; surface rather densely, coarsely, evenly punctate, distinctly alutaceous throughout between the punctures. Elytra not more than one- August, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 213 eighth longer than wide, strial punctures. moderately coarse, intervals feebly convex, wider than the stria on the disk, scarcely so at sides, finely transversely wrinkled. Legs pale, femora more distinctly punctate than usual. Length 2 mm.; width 1.2 mm. A good series of this very fine species was taken at Redwood Park, Cali- fornia, by my friend Mr. J. O..Martin, to whom it is a pleasure to dedicate the species. Of our previously described species, puncticollis alone possesses an equally broad form, but in it the thorax is much less conspicuously narrowed behind than in martini, and the surface is not alutaceous. The terminal joint of the maxillary palpus in the present species is unusually short, not, or only just perceptibly longer than wide, not narrowed apically, the tip broadly arcuato- truncate. In this respect it differs from every other species with which I have compared it, though most nearly approached by puncticollis. In this connection it may be remarked that the very unique marine Ochthebius lapidicolus, recently described by Van Dyke, has also aberrant maxillary palpi, the terminal joint very small, short and pointed. O. fossatus Lec. An examination of the type of this species described in 1855 from Ft. Yuma, Cal., shows that it is not the same as nitidus, with which it was united by LeConte, but is really identical with the closely allied tuber- culatus and foveicollis, described in 1878, the former from New Mexico, the latter from Florida. Horn correctly united tuberculatus and foveicollis in his revision of the genus in 1890, choosing to retain the latter name, although tuberculatus takes page precedence. Both these names, therefore, fall into synonymy, and fossatus must be restored to the List. O. nitidus Lec. This seems the proper place to say that the drawing of the thorax of this species, Fig. 7, in the plate accompanying Horn’s paper shows that the author must have had something entirely different in hand. The thorax in nitidus is closely similar to that shown of foveicollis, Fig. 2, differing only in the discal foveze being smaller and more widely separated. The textual description of the thorax harmonizes completely with the plate; in the de- scription of the elytra, however, special mention is made of the unusually smooth apex, which is the most characteristic feature of the true mitidus. Whether this latter character was taken from the specimen in hand or was merely trans- cribed from LeConte is now a question. Saprinus rugosifrons, sp. nov. (Horn’s Group IV). ~ Rather broadly oval, convex, polished black, the legs dark rufous. . Head rather densely substrigosely rugose, marginal stria feebly traceable at sides of the front. Prothorax distinctly less than twice as wide as long, punctures rather closely placed throughout, rather abruptly longitudinally strigose in about the lateral fifth, much finer toward the middle, with coarser punctures along the base, and a few in a vague longitudinal median impression, which is most evident basally. Elytra about one-third wider than long, sides broadly arcuate, more strongly so about the humeri, finely punctate basally, becoming gradually more densely and coarsely so at apex, where the interstitial surface is finely alutaceous. First dorsal stria attaining the apical fourth; second, third and fourth strie progressively slightly shorter, the fourth arcuately joining the sutural which is slightly abbreviated at apex; oblique humeral well impressed 214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST and almost attaining the internal subhumeral which parallels the posterior half of the first dorsal; external subhumeral entirely distinct from the marginal. Pygidia alutaceous, closely punctate, with a slight tendency toward substrigosity, especially at apex. Prosternum moderately convex at summit, striae long, parallel, abbreviated in front. First ventral plate concave at middle and with a small tubercle near its posterior margin; last ventral with a transverse flattened tumidity which is obtusely prominent at its lateral limits. Length (to elytral apex) 3.15 mm. Width 2.6 mm. Aweme, Manitoba. A single example sent by Mr. Norman Criddle. This species is to be placed near obscurus of Horn’s Group IV. It is at once separable from any described species of the group by its rugose front and strigose sides of the pronotum. The remarkable ventral modifications are without doubt sexual in nature. Saprinus castanipennis, sp. nov. (Horn’s Group IV). Broadly oblong-oval, black, elytra castaneous, legs rufous, surface polished throughout. Head finely, rather closely, punctate. Prothorax and elytra punctate over the entire surface, sparsely finely so medially, the punctures becoming much coarser and closer at the sides of the thorax where they are separated by less than their gwn diameters, also toward the elytral apex where they are of the same size as at the sides of the thorax, but separated on the average by their own diameters. Prothorax a little less than twice as wide as long, sides rather strongly convergent and straight in basal two-thirds. Elytral stric strong, rather feebly punctate, first attaining the apical fourth, second and third nearly as long, fourth nearly reaching the apical third, strongly arched at base and joining the entire sutural. Pygidia rather densely punctate. Pro- sternum moderately convex, the striae parallel and terminating about one-fourth from the apex. Anterior tibia multispinulose. Length 2.3 mm. to the elytral apex, 2.5 mm. over all; width 1.85 mm. Aweme, Manitoba, 21-VI-1918, (Criddle). Judging from the description this species. is nearest Casey’s laramiensis, which is, however, a much larger insect (3.-3.4 mm.) with darker legs and with the thoracic punctuation “‘only slightly closer laterally.” Saprinus iris, sp. nov. (Horn’s Group VIII). Not very broadly oval, polished areas with viridi-aeneo-cupreous lustre, the dull punctured areas bluish, legs dark rufo-piceous. Head smooth, a feeble transverse impressed line above the frontal margin. Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, sides moderately converging and feebly arcuate, surface not densely strigoso-punctate at sides and in front, leaving a triangular discal polished impunctate area; side margins very narrowly smooth, base with the usual coarse marginal punctures. Elytra rather more than one-fourth wider than long; striz finely punctate, the first nearly as long as the elytra and curved = at its extremity, second three-fourths as long as the elytra, the third and fourth slightly passing the middle; fourth hooked at base, sutural interrupted widely at base in the type, feebly joining the fourth stria in a second specimen; oblique — humeral fine and nearly parallel with the first stria; internal subhumeral cccupy- F ing the middle third of the elytra, with basal appendix nearly joining it to the ~ oblique humeral; external subhumeral not distinct from the marginal; disk rather finely, not densely punctate in somewhat less than apical half, the punc- — THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 215 ee ——— tured area finely alutaceous and dull, the impunctate area between the first and fourth striz also slightly dull owing to an extremely fine, scarcely visible ground sculpture; area between the fourth striz highly polished. Propygidium and pygidium evenly rather closely punctate, the punctures becoming gradually a little smaller toward the pygidial apex. Prosternal lines approximate, gradually convergent anteriorly, becoming subconfiuent and evanescent at about the anterior fourth. Length (to elytral apex) 2.1 mm.; width 1.75 mm. Described from two examples submitted by Mr. Norman Criddle, who took them at Aweme, Manitoba, V—31—1909 (type) and VII-1-1915. I thought on first sight that these might be small specimens of the rare seminitens of LeConte, to which they are certainly allied. On comparing them, however, with the unique type of the latter I find it to be not only much larger, but also a much more coarsely and densely sculptured species with brown bronze surface lustre (not at all bluish) external subhumeral stria distinct from the marginal, the fourth stria joining the sutural and strongly impressed all the way around. None of the more recently described species of Blatchley, Wolcott and Casey agree very closely with the present one. Telephorus neglectus, sp. nov. Very similar to cavolinus with which it is likely to be found mixed in most ccllections. It may easily be recognized by the following comparative charac- a te Nee 4 LCT Se Neglectus. — . Carolinus. Size smaller, averaging 8-9 mm. Size larger, averaging 9-10 mm. Antenne a little shorter, Antenne a little longer, joints 4-10 each, about three joints 4-10, about four times as long as wide. times as long as wide. Front, before the antenne, ' Front, before the antennz broadly infuscate. more narrowly infuscate at middle Prothorax more strongly Prothorax less strongly transverse. | transverse. Claws with a rather strong Claws “‘cleft’’; the basal but acute basal tooth. tooth long and narrow. The types (oc, 2), mounted on one pin, bear labels “‘Framingham, Mass., V-23-10, C. A. Frost and ‘‘Beating oak.’’ Other specimens before me are from Sherborn, Hopkinton and Tyngsboro, Mass., and Berkely, R.I. I am indebted to Mr. Frost for calling my attention to the difference in the claws, which led him to separate his carolinus material into two species. The two species are about equally common in Eastern Massachusetts, and it would be interesting to know how widely meglectus is dispersed beyond the type region. The form with cleft claws, which is doubtless the true carolinus, is quite widely diffused, the material in my own cabinet ranging from New England to Nebraska and North Carolina. 216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Pedilus parvicollis, sp. nov. Very elongate; black; prothorax, labrum and front coxz rufotestaceous; palpi dusky testaceous; legs varying from brown to piceous, the tarsi paler. Head rather small, tempora wanting, eyes large, separated by a distance equal to their own width as viewed from the front; front closely punctate, vertex and occiput sparsely so. Antenne (0) strongly flabellate; joint 1 of the usual form, 2 very short, transverse, 3 equal to 1 and 2 united and with a branch slightly shorter than its own length, 4-10 shorter, the outer ones with branches about four times their own length, 11 about as long as the branch of the preceding joint. Prothorax of same width as the head, sides strongly rounded before the middle, oblique and nearly straight posteriorly, surface polished and rather finely sparsely punctate. Elytra nearly parallel, nearly twice as wide and six times as long as the prothorax, less finely and more closely punctate than the latter. Pubescence fine and sparse. Body beneath shining, finely punctate, last ventral segment very broadly obtusely rounded posteriorly. Claws with a small obtuse basal angulation. Length 6 to 7 mm. Habitat.—California Sierras. : Described from four males, two of which, including the type, were taken by Mr. G. R. Rilate at Monache Meadows, Tulare Co., 8,000 to 8,300 feet.; the other two by Mr. Hopping at Round Meadow in the Giant Forest region. This species can only be compared with P. flabellata, with which alone it agrees in the flabellate male antennz and in the form of the thorax. In flabellata, how- ever, the antennal rami begin on the fourth joint, the third being small and similar to the second, and the prothorax is relatively larger with the sides less strongly rounded than in the present species. The absence of tempora, and the head and thorax of equal width distinguishes parvicollis from every other species of our fauna. GIFT TO THE LIBRARY The Rev. Dr. Fvles, of Ottawa, a Life-member and former President ot the Entomological Society of Ontario, has most generously presented to the Library a remarkable original work, ‘‘as a token of his appreciation of the great pleasure and profit his connection with the Society has afforded him.” It is a large folio volume, handsomely bound in leather and entitled, ‘‘Illustrations in Natural History.’’ It contains 107 water-colour drawings, chiefly of insects but including a few depicting flowers, birds, reptiles and other animals. The pictures were originally prepared to illustrate popular lectures, and are accord- ingly of large size and strikingly coloured in order to be visible to the whole of a numerous audience. Manv of them were exhibited for this purpose at the annual meetings of the Entomological Society. The volume is a highly-prized addition to our Library, and will serve as a lasting record of the author’s artistic skill and devotion to nature in all its aspects. To many also it will bring back memories of delightful addresses by the now venerable author. — C. J. 5S. BETHUNE, Librarian. . Mailed September 2nd, 1919. Che Canadian Cntomalanist VoL. LI. LONDON, OCTOBER, 1919. No. 8 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. COLLECTING TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS IN BARBADOS AND ANTIGUA, BRITISH WEstT INDIES. BY DAYTON STONER, IOWA CITY, IOWA. (Continued from p. 178.) Pa ANTIGUA. The island of Antigua is situated in latitude 17° 6’ N., and is the principal island of the Leeward group of which it is the political capital. It is roughly oval in outline, twenty-four miles long by about fifteen broad, with an area of 108 square miles and a population of about 36,000. The central part of the island is low and flat and the soil more or less clayey; the southern and south- western parts, in the vicinity of English Harbour, where a large share of the collecting was done, are volcanic and mountainous and covered, in many places, with dense forests. The greatest elevation is about 1,500 feet. To the north and northeast the soil is composed of calcareous marls and coarse sandstones. Extended periods of drought often visit the island, and the average annual rainfall is a little less than fifty inches. Asa result of the nature of the soil and the protracted dry periods the uncultivated vegetation is largely of a xerophytic nature. However, the soil where it can be worked at all is fertile and retains well the small amount of moisture. Sugar is the principal industry although corn, yams and pineapples are cultivated on a small scale. Antigua is not under so high a state of cultivation as is Barbados; neither is itso thickly populated as that island; natural enemies of insects .are not numerous—all these conditions make for a more abundant and varied insect fauna than we found at Barbados. The majority of native Antiguans living in the rural districts and small villages are extremely poor, but they are neither so inquisitive nor so insistent on offering their services in collecting specimens as are the Barbadian negroes. This was a great relief to us, and much less trying on our temper and vocabulary. While the Imperial Department of Agriculture maintains some of its activi- ties on Antigua there is at present no resident entomologist, and we came upon none of the inhabitants of the island who were particularly interested in ento- mology as a science. Of the lower forms of terrestrial Arthropods, scorpions and tarantulas, as well as other forms of Arachnids, are abundant. In low-wooded areas, under dried leaves, we found considerable numbers of a large brachypterous cock- roach, but in reaching out to seize these agile fellows it was necessary for the collector to look sharply in order to make sure that a scorpion or two did not lurk close enough to be dangerous. Centipedes are not uncommon in moist places. In addition to the large cockroach above mentioned, two other forms, Periplaneta australasie and P. americana are also very common. A greater 217 218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST variety of both Acridiids and Locustids was secured here than at Barbados, the large Schistocerca pallens being among the former. The Phasmid Bostra maxwelli is very common in some portions of the wooded districts. There are few fresh-water streams and ponds on Antigua. However, one of these ponds, situated about three-fourths of a mile from the Dockyards at English Harbour, was made the object of a rather intensive study. Among the more interesting forms of insect life found here is the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa sp.) which we had not discovered at Barbados. The mud shores of the little pond in some places were literally undermined by the tunnels of these peculiar insects. Other groups represented in the pond were Gerrids, Notonectids, Hydro- batids, Belostomids, Hydrophilids and Dytiscids, dragon-fly and damsel-fly larve and adults, various species of dipterous larve—in fact, the place was found to be a veritable storehouse of interesting entomological material. Of course, such ponds offer excellent breeding places for mosquitoes, and we found great numbers of both larve and pupe. Needless to say, mosquito nets are a part of the furnishings of every well-ordered house on the island. The low, grassy lands towards the centre of the island furnish a great variety of insects, particularly in Hemiptera and Orthoptera, and collecting with a sweep net was very productive of results in such situations. At the south end of the island, where most of our collecting was done, many localities are heavily wooded. Small cultivated and semi-cultivated places on both high and low lands offer excellent collecting grounds. In many places highly xerophytic conditions prevail, particularly on the hills in the in the vicinity of English Harbour. Here the soil is very thin, although it is able to support many harsh and spiny plants. On the mud flats near the harbour at the foot of the hills are to be found great numbers of the elusive tiger-beetle Cicindela trifasciata var. tortuosa. The same white form (C. suturalis var. hebrea) that we found at Barbados was also discovered on the sand beaches at Half Moon Bay. In walking through the wooded districts about Antigua the newcomer is at first struck by the great number of what appear to be climbing vines on the trees. Upon closer examination it is discovered that these ‘‘vines’’ are really the covered galleries through which the termites travel from place to place. These tunnels are everywhere, winding about over the trunks and branches of the trees, and usually terminate in a nest of some size either on the ground or in the trees themselves. The termites are usually sightless, and, being averse to the light, construct tunnels when it becomes necessary to cross an open surface. Both the nests and tunnels are made of pellets of chewed wood fastened together with sticky saliva secreted by the insects, and turn grayish after short exposure to the elements. When thoroughly dry the nests are very tough and resistant, being of about the consistency of hard rubber. The gal- leries are much more fragile A most interesting and, to the writer, unusual place in which to find insects is in the great epiphytes or air plants locally known as wild pineapples which grow, sometimes in great numbers, on the manchimeel and other trees in the wooded districts. Upon carefully removing one of these “‘pines” from the tree to which it is ordinarily loosely attached and turning it upside down, the co lector is often well repaid for his efforts. Spiders, scorpions, beetles and cock- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 219 roaches are sure to be found. The large leaves of this plant form a receptacle for water, and it is not an uncommon occurrence to find mosquitoes, both larve and adults, in such situations. Among the commonest insects on Antigua are cotton-stainers (Dysdercus spp.) of which two or three forms occur on the island. Adults were found in copula in late June and early July at which times also nymphs in all stages of development were taken, particularly along the edges of cultivated fields and on low grasses in open places near woods. By preference these bugs feed on the bolls, seeds, leaves and tender shoots of the cotton plants, but when cotton is lacking they will feed upon other related plants. In addition to lessening the vitality of the plant by extracting the juices, cotton-stainers have been found to transmit a fungous disease which has become serious in some of the islands of the West Indies. Indeed, these pests are responsible, in large measure, for the almost complete abandonment of the cotton-growing industry in Antigua. The name stainer arises from the fact that the cotton lint is discoloured by the excrement of the insects and by the fungous disease which gains entrance through the punctures as well as by the crushing of the insects themselves in the gins. Other kinds of Hemiptera, both Homoptera and Heteroptera, were taken in great numbers from the grasses and bushes in the cultivated and partly cleared areas all over the island. In fact, the hemipterous fauna exceeded that of any other group of insects, both in variety and abundance. One of the principal families of Heteroptera represented is the Pentatomide, of which more than fifteen species were taken. Of these, Solubea pugnax, Piezodorus guildinti and FEuschistus crenator are perhaps most generally abundant. In favourable localities Mormidea vosilon is often abundant on Solanaceew. Open fields in the central flats yielded great numbers of Thyanta antiguensis, and on the low grass within the crumbling walls of Fort Barclay the peculiar Mecidea longula was extremely abundant. A colony of the beautiful steel blue and red Vulsirea nigrorubra was found on a small tree along a trail leading through the woods. The cleared spaces in and near the woods offer good collecting grounds for butterflies. On ascending Monks Hill from the south side by one of the numerous trails great numbers of gaily coloured Hesperids, Nymphalids and Lycaenids are to be found in the neighbourhood of the little truck patches. In the low cultivated fields along the hills great numbers of larve and adults of the boll-worm (Heliothis sp.) and the cutworm (Prodenia spp.) were found, and some injury was being done to various plants, including corn and sweet potatoes. In such places also the familiar Chrysopa larve and adults are very common. Small Chrysomelids are not uncommon, Homopheta aequinoctialis and Chaetocnema sp. being among them. Very often moths of different kinds were attracted by the lights in our quarters at night, the mest notable of these being several forms cf Proloparce and a specimen or two of the interesting noctuid, the black witch (Erebus odora). With such a variety of habitats and faunas represented, collecting was indeed a pleasure, and many localities still remained to be investigated at the expiration of our allotted time upon this interesting tropical island. Although one often associates large, striking or bizarre forms of insect life with tropical countries, particularly with tropical islands,such forms are, with few exceptions, lacking on both Barbados and Antigua. 220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST A great mass of material was secured, and as soon as it is put into proper shape for examination will be submitted to specialists for detailed study and report. As might be expected, the Antiguan material is much in excess of that secured at Barbados. FOUR NEW AFRICAN MEMBRACIDA.* BY W. D. FUNKHOUSER, LEXINGTON, KY. 1. Anchon gunni, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 and 2). Near A. nodicornis Germar but lacking the anterior tooth on the angle of the posterior process, and differing in the markings of the pronotum and tegmina. Slender, black, punctate, sparingly pubescent; densely white tomentose behind suprahumeral horns and on sides of thorax; suprahumeral horns long, broadly foliaceous at tips which are strongly decurved and sharply pointed; posterior process strongly angular at base, depressed at centre, tip just reaching apex of abdomen; scutellum about as long as broad, strongly bidentate at tip; tegmina smoky-hyaline with ferruginous margins; legs and under surface of body brown, tarsi flavous. Head broader than long, finely punctate, rather densely pubescent with white hairs; base strongly convex, slightly sinuate; eyes prominent, gray-black; ocelli large but not conspicuous, sordid gray, about equidistant from each other and from the eyes and situated about on an imaginary line drawn through centres of eyes; inferior margin of gene strongly sinuate; clypeus twice as long as wide, black, punctate, pubescent, extending for more than half its length below inferior margins of gene, tip rounded and weakly pilose. Pronotum black, finely punctate, rather sparingly pubescent with white or silvery hairs; metopidium perpendicular, somewhat convex, about as broad as high, narrowest at bases of horns; humeral angles very prominent, triangular, acute; median carina strongly percurrent; suprahumeral horns long, narrow at base but broadly foliaceous at tip, practically contiguous at bases, extending upward and outward, the tips flattened, triangular, sharp, and suddenly bent outward and backward; posterior process rising well above scutellum, then bent sharply backward, sloping downward to meet internal angles of tegmina and then following margins of tegmina to a point about as far caudad as the end of the abdomen, tip very sharp and slightly decurved; scutellum about as long as broad, black, punctate, gradually narrowed towards the apex which is strongly bidentate; a dense linear patch of white tomentose pubescence extends backward from the posterior base of each suprahumeral horn over the pro- notum and on to the base of the scutellum. Tegmina long, narrow, smoky-hyaline, much wrinkled; base narrowly brown, punctate and pubescent, internal apical margin tinged with ferruginous; tips pointed; costal margin not marked with brown; five apical and two dis- coidal cells. Hind wings with three apical cells. Under surface of body dark brown; sides of mesothorax and metathorax densely white tomentose; hind trochanters not armed with spines; femora and tibiz brown, tarsi flavous; claws brown. ~ *Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Kentucky. October, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2Ar = Length including tegmina 7 mm.; width between tips of suprahumeral horns 5.8 mm. Type.—Female. Locality.—Pretoria, South Africa. Described from a specimen collected by Mr. David Gunn on January 8, 1915. Type in author’s collection. I take pleasure in dedicating this species to Mr. Gunn, who has so kindly furnished me with a large number of interest- ing species of Membracide from South Africa. The genus Anchon is apparently well represented in South Africa. Mr. Gunn has sent me specimens of A. senegalensis Fairm., collected at the same locality and at the same time as the above. 2. Anchonoides minutus, sp. nov. (Figs. 3 and 4). Small, black, punctate, densely pubescent; suprahumeral horns short and very thick; posterior process raised above scutellum, strongly sinuate but not angulate, extending beyond internal angles of tegmina but not reaching apex of abdomen; scutellum entirely exposed, longer than broad, bidentate; tegmina smoky-hyaline faintly tinged with ferruginous, base brown; under surface of body black; legs dark brown with tibiae somewhat ferruginous and tarsi flavous. Head wider than long, black, finely punctate, densely pubescent; much swollen in front; base convex and sinuate; eyes large, prominent, brown; ocelli small, pearly, conspicuous, somewhat protruding, about equidistant from each other and from the eyes and situated about on a line drawn through centres of eyes; inferior margins of gene sinuate, lobed at margins of clypeus; clypeus longer than wide, extending for half its length below inferior margins of gene. Prothorax very dark brown in front, black behind, finely punctate, very densely pubescent with silvery hairs; metopidium higher than wide, narrowest at base of suprahumeral horns, brown on upper two-thirds, black just above head, very roughly sculptured, swollen along central line; median carina per- current; humeral angles large, prominent, triangular, acute; suprahumeral horns very thick, heavy, short, roughly quadricarinate, extending almost directly out- ward, about as long as the distance between their bases, tips sharp and decurved; posterior process long, very slender, strongly sinuate, smooth, tricarinate, base raised high above scutellum, tip sharp and decurved, extending beyond internal angles of tegmina but not reaching apex of abdomen; scutellum entirely exposed, a little longer than wide, brown, punctate, densely pubescent, gradually narrowed toward tip which is strongly bidentate; a linear white tomentose patch extending backward over the pronotum from the base of each suprahumeral horn and covering external basal angle of scutellum. Tegmina smoky-hyaline, wrinkled; a ferruginous spot at internal angle, another at distal end of basal costal cell and a faint fascia at apical margin; base brown, coriaceous and punctate; tip rounded; veins strong, ferruginous, marked with brown in central areas; four apical cells. Hind wings with three apical cells. Under surface of body black; sides of thorax densely pubescent; margins of abdominal segments ferruginous; coxz, trochanters and femora dark brown, tibize ferruginous and minutely spined, tarsi flavous. Length including tegmina 5 mm.; width between tips of suprahumeral horns 3 mm. 222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Type.—Female. Locality.—Pretoria, South Africa. Described from a specimen collected by Mr. David Gunn on Nov. 3, 1914. Type in author’s collection. 3. Otinotus pilosus, sp. nov. (Figs. 5 and 6). Large, brown, very densely pilose; suprahumeral horns short, heavy, blunt, extending outward and upward and no longer than the distance between their bases; posterior process long, slender, sinuate, impinging on tegmina and extending toa point about half-way between internal angles and apices of teg- mina; tegmina hyaline, wrinkled, base narrowly brown; legs and under surface of body uniformly brown. Head twice as wide as long, subquadrate, dark brown, finely punctate and densely pubescent; base sinuately convex; eyes large, prominent, brown; ocelli large, prominent, glassy, transparent, considerably nearer to each other than to the eyes, and situated about on a line drawn through centres of eves; inferior margins of genz rounded; clypeus nearly three times as long as wide, extending for three fourths its length below inferior margins of the gene, margin adjoining gene angulate, tip brcadly rounded. Pronotum dark brown, finely punctate, densely pilose with yellowish hairs; metopidium about as broad as high, nearly perpendicular above the head, slightly convex; median carina distinctly percurrent; humeral angles very large, prominent, triangular, blunt, extending almost as far lateral as the suprahumeral horns above them, suprahumeral horns short, heavy, blunt, somewhat com- pressed dorso-ventrally, strongly tricarinate, extending outward and slightly upward, tips as seen from above roughly truncate; scutellum well'exposed on each side, apex yellow, smooth and bidentate, base ferruginous, punctate and densely pilose; posterior process long, slender, sinuate, tricarinate, impinging on tegmina, base not elevated above scutellum, tip acuminate, decurved and black, extending to a point about half-way between internal angle and apex of tegmen but not reaching extremity of abdomen. Tegmina hyaline, wrinkled; base narrowly brown, coriaceous and punctate; tip pointed; five apical cells. Hind wings with four apical cells. Legs and under surface of body uniformly dark ferrguinous brown; sides of thorax densely white tomentose; tibiae closely pilose with long, white, bristly hairs. Length including tegmina 9 mm.; width between tips of suprahumeral horns 4.7 mm. Type.—Female. Locahity.—Dutch East Africa. Type in author’s collection. This species is apparently close to O. nigrorufus Distant, but differs in colour, in the markings cf the tegmina and in the structure of the base of the posterior process. 4. Otinotus arcuatus, sp. nov. (Figs. 7 and 8). Large, robust, ferruginous-brown; suprahumeral horns short, pyramidal, sharply angular, extending outward and upward and about as long as the dis- tance between their bases; posterior process long, heavy, strongly arcuate, the XIX. NEW AFRICAN MEMBRACIDAE. 224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST base slightly raised above the scutellum, tip sharp and extending to a point about midway between internal angles and tips of tegmina; tegmina sordid hyaline, wrinkled, base brown and punctate; legs and under surface of body ferruginous- brown. Head twice as broad as long, bright reddish brown mottled with black, roughly sculptured, sparingly punctate, sparsely pubescent with silvery hairs; base regularly rounded; eyes large,prominent, dark brown; ocelli large, reddish, somewhat protruded, conspicuous, much nearer to each other than to the eyes and situated about on a line drawn through centres of eyes; inferior margins of gene nearly straight, sloping downward; clypeus nearly three times as long as wide, lobed at angles of gene, extending for three-fourths its length below margins of gene, tip swollen and subtruncate. Pronotum reddish brown, finely and closely punctate, sparingly pubescent with whitish hairs; metopidium broader than high, swollen in centre, perpen- dicular above the head, a large irregular callosity above internal angle of each eye; median carina strongly percurrent; humeral angles large, prominent, triangular, blunt; suprahumeral horns short, straight, heavy, strongly tri- carinate, acute, extending outward and upward, about as long as the distance between their bases; scutellum broadly exposed on each side, brown, punctate, pubescent, gradually narrowed to apex which is smooth, white and bidentate; posterior process long, heavy, strongly arcuate, tricarinate, the base slightly upraised above scutellum, the tip acuminate and extending to a point about midway between internal angles and apices of tegmina, but not nearly reaching extremity of abdomen. Tegmina hyaline, wrinkled; base brown, coriaceous and punctate; veins prominent and brown; no maculations; five apical cells. Hind wings with four apical cells. Legs and under surface of body uniformly ferruginous-brown; sides of thorax densely white pubescent. Length including tegmina 8 mm.; width between tips of suprahumeral horns 5.8 mm. Type.—Female. Locality —Pretoria, South Africa. Described from two females collected by Mr. David Gunn on January 11, 1915. Type and paratype in author’s collection. The South African species of the genus Ofinotus bear a strong superficial resemblance to the old genus Centrotus (Fabr.), but may be at once separated from the genus by the difference in the number of apical cells of the hind wings. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX. Fig. 1. Lateral outline of Anchon gunn, sp. nov. 2. Frontal outline of Anchon gunnt, sp. nov. 3. Lateral outline of Anchonoides minutus, sp. nov. 4. Frontal outline of Anchonoides minutus, sp. nov. 5. Lateral outline of Otinotus pilosus, sp. nov. 6. Frontal outline of Otinotus pilosus, sp. nov. 7. Lateral outline of Otcnotus arcuatus, sp. nov. 8. Frontal outline of Otinotus arcuatus, sp. nov. Ce THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 225 ———— ee ee REPORT ON A SECOND COLLECTION “OF NOVA SCOTIAN EUPTERYGID LEAF-HOPPERS, INCLUDING DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW VARIETIES. BY W. L. MCATEE, WASHINGTON, D.C. Like a previous collection* sent to the writer by Professor W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist of Nova Scotia, the present is reported upon in print, because it contains undescribed forms. All specimens are in the collection of the Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture. List OF SPECIES. Alebra albostriella var. fulveola Herrich-Schaffer.—Digby Co., N. S., Aug. 14, 1918. Empoasca atrolabes Gillette.—Digby Co., N.S., Aug. 3, 1918. : obiusa Walsh. “ * es aphates ae Tee - pergandei Gillette.— “ . “ ag eae. Se : unicolor 5 . ae 4c ae ae ae if Typhlocyba querci Fitch. This is a robust Typhlocyba, measuring up to 5 mm. in length. The length of vertex in proportion to width of space between inner margins of eyes (synth- lipsis) is as 7-8: 14-16. The ground colour usually is pale yellow. The colour varieties including those hereafter described may be separated by the following key: A. Elytral markings in the form of small dusky spots. B. With spots only in apices of the discal cells of SLOPE FS RS SEs eat ara var. querct Fitch. BB. With three pairs of spots along the commissural CET BIS Wi a aaa var. 6-notata Van Duzee. AA. Elytral markings in the form of cross-bands or lengthwise vitte. C. The most conspicuous markings are cross-bands. D. Anterior cross-band narrow, directed backward-on the sides. (var. bifasciata Gillette and Baker MORALE) is Wes ee oe a var. gillettex Van Duzee. DD. Anterior cross-band broad, directed forward on the HSi See ee var. volans, n. var. CC. The most conspicuous markings are lengthwise. E. Clavus except extremities and adjacent corium dusky; no Pesretioe cLoss-bane. 21-60 iis te. hl ae var. grata, n. var. EE. Elytron with a lengthwise streak connecting anterior and posterior cross-bands...... Ap ee var. Scripta, n. var. In the present collection are represented: Typhlocyba querct var. querci Fitch.—Digby Co., N.S., Aug. 3, 1918. Typhlocyba querci var. gillettei Van Duzee.—Digby Co., N.S., Aug. 8, 1918: Victoria, B.C. July 17, 1918. Typhlocyba querci var. volans, new variety. With two dusky cross-bands, much broader than in variety gillettei Van Duzee, the posterior over the cross-veins, the anterior over middle of clavi, sloping forward on the corium parallel to anterior edge of elytron. In var. *See Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 11, 1918, pp. 369-361. October, 1919 226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST gillettet this band is narrower, nearer apices of clavi and slopes obliquely back- ward, not forward. One 2 specimen, Digby Co., N.S., Aug. 18, 1918. Typhlocyba querci var. grata, new variety. Scutellum dusky; elytra with a large dusky saddle-spot, occupying most of the clavi, and a portion of each adjoining corium; no posterior band or clouding. One @ specimen, Digby Co., N.S., Aug. 14, 1918. Typhlocyba querci var. scripta, new variety. Scutellum chiefly dusky; elytra with dusky bands at middle and on cross- veins, as in var. gillettei, apical cells smoky, and with a longitudinal dusky stripe on clavus and overlying claval suture connected with band over cross-veins. These markings leave the margin anteriorly and the tip posteriorly, of the clavus, of the ground colour. One @ specimen, Digby Co., N.S., Sept. 5, 1918. Typhlocyba rose Linneus.—Digby Co., N.S., Aug. 3, 5, 8, 13, 15, 1918; Truro, N.S., July 24, 1918; Royal Oak, B.C., Sept. 29, 1917. Erythroneura obliqua Say.—Acaciaville, N.S., May 16, 17, 1917. DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR CATOCALA LARV. BY R. R. ROWLEY, LOUISIANA, MO. Among a number of mature Catocala larve, taken under the bark of hickory trees in the early part of last summer, a dozen or more proved of unusual in- terest, one a lachrymosa, previously undescribed, another a typical obscura, a third and fourth showing the slight differences between the closely related species retecta and flebilis, while still ancther gave judith, but the description was misplaced. Other larve were of angust and its variety lucetta, hardly distinguishable from habilis. Of six angust moths, five were var. lucetta, only one being a typical angusi; a like ratio existing in the woods here between the variety and present form. The species, however, is usually rare. Catocala flebilis—Mature larva 21% inches long, leaden gray with lighter tubercles. The mid-dorsal band lighter than the general body colour, con- stricted at the segment edges, forming a series of spots of chain-link appearance. . The spots on the first, second and fifth abdominal segments bordered by a black encircling line (on three sides). A dark cross-band covers the back half of the fifth abdominal segment. A black-cross line behind the eighth abdominal seg- ment. The sublateral line or narrow band is dark or quite black above the spiracles. True and pro-legs general body colour. The lateral line of sete composed of so few and short bristles as to be hardly noticeable. Head gray, round, with short lateral mouth dash of black. Ventral colour soiled white with faint red blotches about the row of mid- ventral black spots. Larva taken under bark of Carya alba (shag-bark hickory). Cocooned June 15th, and gave imago July 20th. Catocala retecta.—Mature larva 2'/ inches long, dark leaden brown. A mid-dorsal longitudinal ‘‘chain link’’ like narrow band, a little lighter than the general body colour. Still narrower bands of darker hue bound the mid-dorsal band and, beginning with the second abdominal segment, these bounding bands October, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Re are very dark brown, almost black, for three or four segments. No dorsal hump. Lateral sete very short. Head rounded, mottled gray and brown with a short, lateral black dash. Tubercles whitish. Ventral surface pale with greenish tinge except mid-ventrally where the black spots are set in pink patches, A wavy, longitudinal line or narrow band along the line of lateral sete is dark or quite black. Taken under the bark of Carya alba (shag-bark hickory). Spun cocoon June 11th, and gave imago July 15th. Catocala lachrymosa.—Full-grown larva 2!/ inches long, very dark brown with a lighter cross-band (irregular) over the first abdominal segment, and a less pronounced one behind the fourth pair of pro-legs. No dorsal hump. Head light gray mottled with darker markings. True and pro-legs dark. Tubercles very dark reddish brown. Lateral fringe of rather long bristles. Head round and full. Ventral surface pinkish, with the characteristic black spots. Larva taken under the bark of Carya alba (shag-bark hickory). Began spinning cocoon June 29th, and gave imago August 2nd. Catocala obscura.—Larva 2)/2 inches long, leaden gray. with only dash lines No hump, no lateral row of setae. Head round and streaked as in other hickory larve. Tubercles pale yellow or quite white, giving the body a speckled ap- pearance. Ventral side of body white with tinge of green. Central row of black spots. Larva taken in hickory bark but fed through to maturity on pecan (Carya oliveformis). Larva cocooned July 8th, and gave moth August 7th. The imago has white fringe on back wing. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. The Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Society will be held at Ottawa, Ont., on Thursday and Friday, the 6th and 7th of November. All the sessions will be held in the Carnegie Library, (Metcalfe Street). On the evening of November 7th the members and visitors will be the guests of the Officers of the Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, at a smoker, the place of meeting to be announced later. Members or visitors having papers which they wish to present will please send the title of the same to the Local Secretary not later than October 18th, and state time required for presentation. It is requested that no paper exceed 20 minutes in length. If a lantern is required this fact should also be Stated. L. Caesar, President, O.A.C., Guelph; A. W. Baker, Secretary, O.A.C., Guelph; Arthur Gibson, Local Secretary, Entomological Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa. Charles W. Leng, Secretary of the New York Entomological Society and Research Associate in the American Museum of Natural History, has been ap- pointed Director of the Museum of the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. Mr. Leng has been interested in the natural history of Staten Island, where he was born and lives, since boyhood. Entomologists and other natural- ists, visiting New York City, can reach the Museum of the Institute by a pleasant half hour’s sail across the bay on the Staten Island ferry, and thus inspect the collections in all orders that have been accumulated. 228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ———. eee MISCELLANEOUS APHID NOTES: 1. BY JOHN J. DAVIS, WEST LAFAYETTE, INDIANA. Heteroneura, new genus. Erected for the species A phis setarie Thomas, which is herewith designated the type. The genus may be characterized as a typical Aphis excepting the venation of the hind wings which have but a single cross-vein (Fig. 26). The filament of antennal segment VI is quite long, being 6 to 8 times the length of the base of this segment. Heteroneura is analogous to Carolinaia in the venation of the hind wing and bears the same relation to the genus A phis as Carolinaia bears to the genus Rhopalosiphum (Siphocoryne). The late Theo. Pergande recognized this as a distinct genus, and used the name here adopted on his slides of sefarie. Fig. 26.—Heleroneura selariz Thos. Hind wing. Aphis scotti Sand.t is a synonym of setarie. The description of Aphis prunicoleus Ashm.? is a clear characterization of this species and should be listed asasynonym. Aphis bituberculata Wilson ** is also a synonym of selari@ as determined by a comparison of the types by Wilson. The writer’s collection contains sefarie from Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas and Wisconsin and our host records include, in addition to the reported hosts, the following: corn, sugar cane, Eragrostis sp., Sorghastrum nutans, Pani- cum capillare, Paspalum dilatatum, and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Aphis heraclella, n. n. This new name is offered for Aphis heraclit Cowen, preoccupied by A phis heraclet Koch. Aphis rociadz Ckll. What is considered the same as Cockerell’s Aphis rociade* was found abundant on the flower stalks of Delphinium tricorne at Lafayette, Indiana, May 9, 19138. The original description included only the apterous female, but certain characters are so unusual and prominent there appears to be little question as to the identity of our species. Winged viviparous female: Head, thorax and abdomen very dark brown, apparently black. At base of each cornicle brownish. In some specimens the abdomen is distinctly shining dark brown. Antenne and eyes black. Legs pale brownish, blackish at apices of femora and tibiz, and tarsi black. Cornicles moderately dark brown. Wing veins black. 1.- Bull>Ga. St. Bd? Ent., No: 17,-p.995. Oct, 1905: 2. Pacific Rural Press, Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 8, July 2, 1881. 2a. Ent. News, Vol. 25, No. 7, p. 298, 1 pl., July, 1914. 3. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. 29, p. 115, 1908. I have since had an opportunity to identify gee species with certainty by comparing with the type, kindly loaned by A. C. Baker. October, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 229 Antenne reaching to or beyond tip of abdomen; segment III with 4 to 8, usually 5, round sensoria, and segments V and VI with the usual ones; filament of VI quite long, being more than half longer than III and seven times the length of VI base (fig. 2a). Beak reaching almost to coxe of third pair of legs. Cornicles (fig. 2b) of moderate length, being approximately half the length of antennal segment III, cylindrical, and flaring at the tip. ‘Cauda (fig. 2c) broadly rounded and scarcely visible. Wing veins dark brown, the second branch of discoidal branching about !/2 the distance from tip to where first branches, Fig. 27.—A phis rociade Ckll. A, antenna; B, cornicle; and C, cauda, of winged viviparous female. Wingless viviparous female: Entire body very dark shining brown, ap- parently black, excepting posterior end of abdomen which is of a slightly lighter brown. Antenne apparently black excepting segment III, which is brownish. Legs as in winged female. Cornicles pale brown and black at tip. Cauda not apparent. The antenne similar to those of the winged female, except that they lack sensoria on segment III. Cornicles moderately short and cauda not exposed, but visible as a broadly rounded organ through the transparent body wall when mounted in balsam. Since writing the above I have received from J. R. Parker sexes of what I believe may be this species, collected in Montana on larkspur. The males are winged and the noticeable differences from the winged viviparous female are as follows: Antennal segment VI, filament longer than III, but not one-half longer; segment III with 60 or 70 small, somewhat tuberculate sensoria, irregu- larly placed; IV with 12 or 15, and V with 10 similar sensoria; cornicles less prominent, being paler and less conspicuously shaped. The apterous oviparous female differs from the apterous viviparous as follows: Antennal segment VI filament, longer than III but not one-half longer; segment III with 15 to 20 small sensoria, irregularly placed on basal two-thirds; antennal hairs longer; cornicles as in male; and basal third of hind tibia swollen and bearing numbers of small inconspicuous sensoria. Aphis cuscute, n. sp. This typical aphis which appears to be undescribed, was collected by P. H. Timberlake at Kaysville, Utah, on dodder (Cuscuta epithymum) growing on alfalfa. Live specimens were received from Timberlake Oct. 21 and Nov. 10, 1914, from which the following descriptions are made. It might be noted here that from this live material we reared (Lysiphlebus) Aphidius testacetpes Cress. (Gahan det.) and a syrphid (Syrphus opinator O.S., Aldrich det.). 230 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Winged viviparous female: Head and thorax black, abdomen pale green with three dusky spots on each side anterior to the cornicles and one at the base of the cornicles, an impressed dusky dot on each side of each segment, a brighter green transverse area on each side of the dorsal median line of the segments anterior to the cornicles, a small dusky spot on the dorsal median line of the cornicle-bearing segment, and a similar transverse dusky to blackish marking on the penultimate and last abdominal segments. Antenne black. Eyes dark reddish brown. Beak black at tips. Legs with femora pale dusky to blackish at tips, tibia brown to blackish at tips and tarsi black. Cornicles, cauda, and anal plate black. oS B Fig. 28.—A phis cuscutz, n.sp. A, antenna; B. cornicle, of winged viviparous female; C, cornicle of wingless viviparous female. Antenne reaching about to base of cornicles, segments III and filament of IV subequal, the former being slightly the longer, III subequal in length to IV and V combined, segment III with about 40 to 50 circular, slightly tuberculate sensoria scattered irregularly over the surface, and the usual sensoria at distal end of segment V and VI base (fig. 3a). Beak not quite reaching to coxe of the middle pair of legs. Wings normal, veins narrow, and blackish, the branch- ing of the third discoidal nearer the tip than point where second branches. ° Cornicles moderately long and reaching just a little beyond tip of body in live specimens (fig. 3b). Cauda typical of the genus, being slender, conical and constricted near the middle. The prothorax with a tubercle which is hidden by the mesothorax in mounted specimens; also a rather prominent tubercle on each side of the first abdominal segment. Measurements: (Averages) Length of antennal segments III, 0.508; IV, 0.238; V, 0.228; VI, base, 0.122; VI, filament, 0.405 mm.; cornicles 0.379 mm.; cauda, 0.151 mm. Pupa: Head dusky, thorax pale yellowish green and abdomen marked as in apterous form, but lacking the black markings and bearing a row of rather conspicuous pulverulent spots on each side of the median dorsal line, and the entire body covered with a fine inconspicuous pulverulence. Antennz dusky to blackish, excepting segment III and base of IV, which are whitish. Eyes dark reddish brown, almost black.. Beak not quite reaching coxe of middle pair of legs. Wing-pads blackish at tips. -Legs whitish, the tips of tibia and femur and all of the tarsi blackish. Cornicles black and not quite reaching to tip of cauda. Cauda pale with an almost imperceptible duskiness. Wingless viviparous female: General colour pale green (Smith colour key) and entire body covered with a very thin pulverulence. Head and prothoracic segment dusky to blackish, second thoracic segment dusky on either side of dorsum and a fainter dusky area connecting the two. Abdominal segments THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 231 anterior to cornicles with an impressed dusky dot on each side and a brighter green transverse marking on each side of dorsal median line; also marked with a black dot at base of each cornicle and a transverse dusky band on the dorsum of last abdominal segment. Antenne black excepting basal two-thirds of III which is whitish. Eyes apparently black. Legs with fore pair whitish excepting at joints and the tarsi which are black; middle and hind pair similarly coloured except the femur is dusky to blackish. Beak pale with tip dusky to black. Cornicles black, and cauda pale greenish to blackish, Antenne with relative lengths of segments as in winged form, no sensoria excepting the usual distal ones on segments V and VI, base. Prothorax bearing a moderate tubercle near the base on each side. Beak reaching a little beyond coxe of the second pair of legs. Cornicles moderately long, curved outwards (fig. 3c) and in live specimens reaching beyond tip of cauda. Cauda conical and typical of the genus. Measurements: (Averages) Length of antennal segment III, 0.486; IV, 0.230; V, 0.226; VI, base, 0.122; VI, filament, 0.452 mm.; cornicles 0. 527 mm.; cauda 0.191 mm. Cotypes in the collections of the U. S. and Canadian National Museums, and in the writer’s collection. Siphonophora achyrantes Monell. The type slide (Monell number 125x) of the species described under this name was examined by Monell and the writer in February 1914, and it was ol EEE ESB : a A Fig. 29.—"Siphonophora achyranthes Monl."’ A, antenna; B, wing; C, cornicle; and D, cauda, of winged viviparous female. Drawn at St. Louis, Mo., Feb., 1914, from type specimen. agreed that it was the same as Myzus persice Sulz. The frontal tubercles and abdominal markings were typical. Other important characters shown in the accompanying drawings (fig. 4) made from the type. Macrosiphum ribiellum, n. sp. What is here considered as a new species was originally described by the writer as Marcosiphum cynosbati Oestl.4 Since writing this description the writer has had an ‘opportunity to examine the type of cynosbati, and finds it _ 4. Studies on Aphidide. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. 2, 1909, p. 38, figs. 232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST quite a different species, a typical Myzus. This species will be discussed in a following paragraph. M. ribiellum (fig. 5) seems to be quite different from any previously de- scribed species occurring on Ribes. It is not a typical Macrosiphum but probably can best be placed in that genus. From other species occurring on Ribes it may be separated as follows. The slightly swollen cornicles and fewer sensoria on antennal segment III of the apterous distinguishes it from Macrosiphum lactuce Schr. We are not familiar with M. ribicola Kalt., but Theobald gives it as a synonym of M. lactuce Schr. Rhopalosiphum lactuce Kalt. has much greater swollen cornicles which are conspicuously club shaped. Whether R. sonchi Oestl. is a synonym of lactuce Kalt. is questionable in my mind. In examining specimens which appear to be typical sonchi collected on Sonchus and typical lactuce collected on Ribes, I can make out no constant character to distinguish the two except that the filament of antennal segment VI in all my sonchi specimens is approximately one half longer than segment III, while in Fig. 30.—Macrosiphum ribiellum, n.sp.—A, cornicle of apterous viviparous female; B, antennal hair; C, antennal segments III and IV of winged viviparous female; D, antennal segments III and IV of apterous viviparous female. lactuce filament of VI is only very slightly (1/7 to 1/6) longer. Rhopalosiphum brittenit Theob. has large swollen cornicles like Jactuce which at once separates this species. Myzus ribis L. bears numerous sensoria on IV and V, and has very slender cylindrical cornicles which easily separate it from Macro. ribiellum. Myzus whitei Theob. is separated by the occurrence of a number of sensoria on IV and V, but resembles ribiellum in the character of the cornicles. Myzus dispar Patch also resembles ribiellum in the character of the cornicles, but dispar differs by having antennal segment VI filament twice the length of seg- ment III. We have not seen Rhop. ribesina v. d. G., but the cornicles are said to be distinctly club-shaped and the antenne to bear sensoria (10-15) on antennal segment IV. Myzus cynosbati Oestl. and M. houghtonensis Troop have more sensoria on segment IV and the cornicles are short, cylindrical and typical of many species of the genus Myzus. Aphis (Myzus) neomexicanus Ckll. is characterized by antenne much shorter than body, cylindrical cornicles which do not reach tip of abdomen, and by black markings on abdomen of winged female. Myzus ribifolii Davidson is readily separated by the cornicles which — are typically Myzus. se CAN. ENTE, VOL. LI. PLATE XX, Myzus cynosbati Oestl. A, head; B, antenna; C, cornicle; D, tip of cornicle much enlarged; E cauda; F, side view of cauda: much enlarged, of winged viviparous female. Drawn from type specimen in collection of Prof. O. W. Oestlund. Myzus houghtenensis Troop. G. cornicle; H, tip of cornicle much entarged; I, cauda; J, antenna; » head; L, wing; and M, antennal hair, of winged viviparous female. Drawn from type slide 9919a in the collection of The United Siates Nationa! Museum. 234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Myzus cynosbati Oestl. As already stated the species. described as cynosbati by the writer® is a different species. The accompanying figures (fig. 6, a-f) were made from the type slide through the kindness of O. W. Oestlund. The type slide is labeled 17/86" and bears dissected winged viviparous female. Antennal segment III bears 50 and 53 sensoria, respectively, (two antenne on slide) irregularly placed the entire length of segment, segment IV 22-24 sensoria, V with 3 and the usual distal one. One of the wings on the slide is deformed, having the dis- coidal vein only once branched; the other wing with the second branch notice- ably nearer apex than where first branches. Head mounted on side and view of tubercules not obtainable. Cornicles Myzus-like, imbricated at tip, slender and relatively short. Cauda also short as shown in figure 6e. Legs rather long. Sensilla of antenne slightly swollen at tip but very inconspicuously so. Myzus cynosbati we have collected on flowering currant (Ribes aureum) at Oak Park, Ill., June 23, 1909. A species closely related which may prove a synonym of cynosbatt was described by J. Troop as A phis houghtonensis*. We have had the opportunity to examine the type slide of houghtonensis through the kindness of A. C. Baker. The types differ from the types of cynosbatt by having fewer sensoria on seg- ments III and IV of the winged female, having 25 to 28 on III and 2 to 7 on IV, while cynosbati has 50 to 53 on III and 22 to 24 on IV. Also the antennal sensilla are conspicuously knobbed in houghtonensis and only slightly so in cynosbati. (See figure 6, g to m). However, we have seen specimens sent us by R. H. Pettit collected on gooseberry which show all variations between the types of these two species. Further study and breeding work seems necessary to settle the question of synonymy in this case. Myzocallis alnifoliz Fitch. The species referred to by the writer under the name Callipterus alni Fabr.? should be alnifolie Fitch according to Baker’s key’. Saltusaphis elongata Baker. The original description of this aphid was for the oviparous females only®. In the writer’s collection is a slide of this species bearing a number of apterous viviparous females collected by J. G. Sanders on Scirpus sp. at Madison, Wis., July 18, 1912. It readily runs to elongata in Baker’s key” and differs from the oviparous female only slightly as follows: Hind tibia not swollen nor bearing sensoria; antennal measurements, III, 1.34; IV, .65; V, .53; VI, base, .25; VI, filament, .42 mm., the total length noticeably more than that of the body. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. 2, 1919, p. 38. Ent. News, Vol 17, No. 2, p. 59-60, 3 figs., Feb., 1906. Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. 3, p. 416, Oct., 1910. Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. 10, p. 423, Aug., 1917. 9. Can. Ent.,; Vol. 49, No. 1, p. 4, Jan., 1917. 10. yaLocxeit= pe: o> Or we ™ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Zan NOTES ON ALLOGRAPTA FRACTA O.S. (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE). *BY W. M. DAVIDSON, U. S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA. During the spring and early summer of 1918 the writer was stationed in the Imperial Valley of southern California, and was afforded good opportunity to observe the habits of the predaceous fly, Allograpta fracta O.S. Previous to the first settlement and cultivation, some twenty years ago, the Imperial Valley was a flat, almost treeless, dry plain and, therefore, was not a habitat congenial to Syrphidz, a family most of whose members prefer moist forested localities. In 1918 with several hundred thousand acres under cultiva- tion to grains, corn, alfalfa, cotton and grapes and with canals everywhere a fairly rich syrphid fauna might have been expected. This was not the case, and with three exceptions the writer failed to observe during five months’ time other than aphidophagous types and some of these, the species of Melanostoma, abundant elsewhere in California were conspicuous by their absence. The three exceptions above mentioned consisted of the species Mesograpta geminata Say, M. marginata Say, and Ceria sp., the last-named breeding in wounds in the trunks and limbs of cottonwood (Populus fremontii). From February to July Allograpta fracta was without doubt the most abundant species present, and the larve were very beneficial, acting as an undoubted check upon the barley and corn aphis (Aphis maidis Fitch). So mild was the winter that numbers of adults were observed January 3rd, on the occasion of a visit to the valley. After the middle of February, when the writer took up his duties, until the end of June, when he !eft the valley, the adult flies were seen nearly every day, often in abundance, about barley and corn fields infested with aphids. The first larva was observed February 19th, and thereafter larvae and pupz were to be found at any time first on barley and later on corn. The larve were especially beneficial to barley from March 15th to April 30th, at which date most of the grain had ripened, and to corn during May and June. In some fields they were more abundant than in others, and in those in which they especially abounded it was found that about 25% of the infested heads had larve working on the aphids. Experiments on the number of aphids a larva could destroy -indicated that one could in its life-tin-e eat all the aphids on from three to four heads of grain of average infestation. It therefore appeared that if at any one time larve were found to be worl:ing in a quarter of the infested heads in a field they might be expected to wipe out in due course between 75% and 100% of the infestation of aphids. In one field of 20 acres examined on a number of occasions, it appeared that A. fracta was responsible for an almost total de- struction of barley aphids. Larve of Eupodes volucris O.S., Syrphus americanus Wied., Allograpta obliqua Say, and Catabomba pyrastri L. were present in the barley and corn fields, but in much smaller numbers than those of Allograpia fracta. In the Los Angeles district of southern California Allograpta obliqua is very abundant and A. fracta comparatively scarce, whereas in the Imperial Valley the reverse evidently holds true. /racta is common in the San Diego mountains. In 1918 fracta was not bred from any other host than Aphis maidis, except that a single larva was taken attacking Aphis pseudobrassice Davis. Aphis *Published with the permission of the Secretary of Agriculture October, 1919 236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST brassice L., Myzus persice Sulzer and Macrosiphum pisi Kalt. colonies were searched frequently, but in vain, for larvee and pupe of the syrphid. Stages and Parasitism. At El Centro 8 ova of fracta deposited March 22nd hatched 4 in two, 4 in three days, and two resultant larve pupated after a stage of 11 and 12 days; one individual emerged as an adult fly 8 days after it pupated. Six other individuals varied in the pupal stage from 5 to 12 days in April: From March 22 to April 30 the minimum daily temperatures ranged from 50 to 63 F., and the maximum from 71 to 96 F.; the average daily minimum was 58 F., and the average daily maximum 86 F. Between the middle of February and the end of April 45 large larve and pupe of Allograpta were collected in the field; of these 12 died in the pupal stage, 14 yielded mature A. fracta, 1 yielded mature obliqua, and 18 yielded parasites. From two of the parasitized puparia several imagoes of Pachyneuron issued, and from the other 16 puparia single Ichneumonid adults emerged. Most of the latter were Eiplazon laetatorius Fabr., adults of which were com- monly observed flying about the fields. The puparia of the parasitized flies turned brown almost immediately after pupation. Within the puparia the parasites developed a little more slowly than the hosts. DESCRIPTIONS The egg is white, microscopically sculptured, elongate oval, in length about 85 mm.; in diameter about .25 mm.; deposited by the parent beside a colony of aphids. Eggs observed on barley plants were all placed so that their long axis was aparallel to the long axis of the blade. At birth the larva is nearly cylindrical, widest at the middle, whitish in colour, the mouth-parts gray. Each segment bears small, fleshy, conical eleva- tions. The posterior respiratory tubes are short, not fused, and divergent; they are whitish, tipped with light brown. The transverse folds of the body are faint. After feeding the colour of the larva during the first instar becomes grayish white, the area about the dorsal vessel pink. After the first moult the larva measures about 4.5 mm. in length, and 1 mm. in breadth. The green colour which persists until the pupa is about to give forth the imago is now obvious. Each of the fleshy conical elevations of the integument is surmounted by a short pale bristle. The posterior respira- tory tubes become lengthened, basally fused mesad, divergent at the apices, twice as long as their combined basal width, pale green tipped with brown. For a few days after the first moult the pink dorsal stripe is apparent, gradually fading away. The fat bodies show through the integument as two narrow whitish stripes running longitudinally one down either side of the narrow dark dorsal vessel. The full-grown larva is 8 to 9 mm. in length, 2 mm. wide, and about 1.2 mm. in height; elongate oval, somewhat flattened on dorsum, the anterior end drawn out to a point when the insect extends itself; integument finely papillose, transversely wrinkled, the fleshy conical elevations surmounted with pale spines, colour green, with two narrow whitish longitudinal stripes flanking the dorsal vessel, posterior respiratory tubes fused mesad, .5 mm. long, the combined base about 27 mm. wide. The structure of the stigmal plates is very similar to THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST SBT that of the larva of Allograpta obliqua as shown by Metcalf (1)*, except that the anterior interspiracular spine beside the circular plate is much less prominent in A. fracta than in A. obliqua. The larva pupates commonly on the plant surface, generally close by the place where it last fed. On blades of barley and corn the pupze were almost always oriented parallel to the long axis of the blade. The puparium is green; the two whitish larval stripes apparent for a day or two; as the true pupa inside takes on the black and yellow cclour of the adult fly the colour of the puparium changes until all the green van’shes. The anterior face is bulbous, the outline of the dorsum convex, curving downward to the base of the pesterior respiratory tubes, not concave anterad of the tubes, the venter is gently concave, sides narrowing posterad. Armature consists in the pale inconspicuous bristles of the larval integment. Length of puparium 5 to 6.5 mm., maximum breadth 2 to 2.3 mm., height 1.7.to 2.1 mm. (7 indi- viduals). Adult Female. Oval. Vertex shining black, continued as a broad stripe to base of antenna, thence as a narrow stripe to, or almost to, mouth cavity, face narrow, pale yellow or white, the light colour coming up on the sides almost to the ocelli, cheeks pale yellow, in front below the eyes a small brownish spot; pile of face short, pale yellow; pile of frons chiefly light-coloured, but some examples have considerable black pile in the middle; profile of face below antennze gently con- cave to the base of tubercle; occipital pile silvery, above fulvous. Antenne reddish yellow; third segment blackish or grayish along the upper edge, oval in shape, but little longer than wide in middle; arista brown, lighter basally. Thorax shining metallic green, with short fulvous pile; a pale, yellow lateral stripe from humerus to suture, three yellow spots on the pleure; scutellum yellow, the extreme anterior corners black, pile light yellow except for a few black hairs on the disc. Wings hyaline, stigma brownish yellow. Legs yellow, posterior femora with a brown ring near apex, posterior tibiae with brown rings at basal third and before the apex, hind tarsi reddish brown, last three joints brown; pile light-coloured. Abdomen narrow, oval; first segment metallic black, anterior and lateral margins pale yellow, sometimes almost half the dorsal surface of the segment is yellow; remaining segments with shining black crcss-bands, one on anterior, one on posterior margin, the central black part opaque; second segment with a slightly arched yellow cross-band, reaching the sid¢s fer its full width, about one-third as wide as the segment, constricted and sometimes interrupted in the centre, in some individuals continued up the sides to the anterior angles of the segment; third segment with a similar cross-band, wider and more con- spicuously arched, not constricted, between one-third and one-half as wide as the segment; fourth and fifth segments with two median longitudinal, narrow, yellow stripes, and with two obliquely placed yellow spots, the latter on the fourth segment rarely coming in contact with the central stripes and reaching the lateral margins in their full width about apical fourth of the segment. Pile of abdomen short, except on the sides cf the two basal segments; colour light _ yellow, on the disc black and yellow mixed. *Figures in parenthesis refer to Literature Cited. 238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Length 6 to 7 mm.; length of wing 5 to 5.5 mm. Described from 12 specimens taken in 1918 at El Centro and Alhambra, al. Adult male (after Williston’s quotation of Osten Sacken) (2). i Length 7 mm. Face, including the frontal triangle, pale yellow, slightly opalescent; a bluish black stripe extends from the oral edge to the antenne, forming a semicircle above them. Antenne reddish, third segment brown along the upper edge, vertex black. Thorax bright metallic green, a pale yellow stripe on each side between the humerus and the root of the wings; ante-scutellar (post-alar) callosity yellowish; scutellum of a saturate yellow, the extreme corners dark; halteres with yellow knobs. First abdominal segment metallic greenish black, its extreme anterior margin only yellow; the rest of the abdomen black, opaque; an interrupted yellow cross-band on the second segment equal to about one-third the segment in breadth; a somewhat broader, slightly arched, and not interrupted yellow cross-band on the third segment; on the fourth, two narrow, parallel, longitudinal lines in the middle and an obliquely placed, large, oval spot on each side of them, yellow; the narrow fifth segment shows a yellow picture, somewhat resembling that of the fourth segment. Legs yellow; tip of tarsi brownish; hind femora with a brown ring before the tip; hind tibize with two such rings, one before the middle, the other before the tip; hind tarsi brown, except the under side of the first joint. Wings hyaline; stigma brownish yellow.” Fig. 31. A, B.—Allograpta obliqua, female, dorsum of abdomen and front view of head. C, D.—Allograpia fracta, female, dorsum of abdomen and front view of head. Osten Sacken (3) described the species from a single male collected at Santa Monica, Cal., in 1876. There are before the writer 22 males from southern California; of these 20 have the cross-band of the second segment constricted in the middle and 2 have it interrupted, so that normally this band is not divided as in the type specimen. Also in these 22 males the coloration of the first abdominal segment varies as in the females, some having considerably more than the ‘‘extreme anterior margin only’’ yellow. In the males the cross-band of the third abdominal segment is on the average broader, and the oblique spots of the fourth segment larger than in the females. Williston (2) indicated the differences between Allograpta obliqua and A. fracta to consist in the faint brownish facial stripe and yellow first abdominal THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 239 segment of the former as compared with the narrow, bluish-black facial stripe and blackish first abdominal segment of the latter. In the writer’s series of both species the facial stripe colour character holds good, although many obliqua specimens have the brown stripe hardly ‘‘faint’’ but quite prominent. In the fracta series no individual has as much as half the first abdominal segment yellow above, while in the obligua series all specimens have considerably more than half the segment yellow, in fact only the posterior margin is black. The scutellar pile is a good character for separation; in obliqua it is all black, and in fracta almost all yellow. In both species the picture of the fourth segment is variable, but all the fracta females have the longitudinal stripes divergent anteriorly, while all the obliqua females have these parallel the whole length. This character does not hold for the males, owing to some of the fracta males having stripes not divergent. A. fracta is a smaller species than A. obliqua. The immature stages are virtually indistinguishable. The only known extra-Californian record for A. fracta is that of Metcalf (4) for Blowing Rock, N.C. This record suggests a transcontinental range for the species. PITERATURE ‘CITED (1) Metcalf, C. L. Syrphidze of Maine. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 253, 1916, p. 234 and fig. 31. (2) Williston, S. W. Synopsis of the North American Syrphide. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 31, p. 97. (3) Osten Sacken, C.R. West. Dipt., p. 331. (4) Metcalf, C. R. A List of Syrphide of North Carolina. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Dec., 1916, p. 102. OBITUARY. F. H. WOLLEY DOD. On the 24th July, of enteric, at 49 Hospital, Chanak, Frederic Hova Wolley Dod, of Midnapore, Alberta, Sec. Lieut., Yorkshire Light Infantry, attached Macedonian Labour Corps. Naturalists are born, not made, and if ever there was an enthusiast—a zealous seeker of scientific truths, it was our good friend who is gone. But to F. H. Wolley Ded even his beloved study of entomology had to take second place in his thoughts after the outbreak of war. He must go, and serve! and handicapped by his years, and his unfitness as a fighting man, he finally over- came all obstacles; obtained a commission; and served as a lieutenant in a Labour Battalion in Macedonia. His last letter to me was joyous in the Allied victory, and full of plans for the future. ‘‘He must set up his Macedonian material, do a little collecting in England for old times sake; and then for Canada, and a trip into the mountains for alpine stuff. Would I go with him?’’ Aye, gladly would I go! Dod was the pioneer worker in Alberta on the Ledpidoptera, with a special leaning to the Noctuide. For many years he contributed regularly to The Canadian Entomologist, the first of his long series of paper ‘‘ Preliminary List of 240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the Macro-lepidoptera of Alberta’ appearing in June, 1901. Five or six years ago he again went through his list, publishing additions and corrections. He also published papers in The Entomological News. His great trait was thoroughness; and a bookcase of his notes on the type specimens, made on the occasions of his periodical visits to South Kensington, etc., not to mention his fine private collection, bear witness to his diligence. In the end he would take nothing for granted; and believe nothing unless sub- stantiated by proofs. Nor can he be blamed for his incredulity when his own side of the case was told, viz., the confusion and added difficulties of his work in the early days, due to the snap judgments and incorrect identifications of the specialists of that time. So thoroughness begat real knowledge, and in the end he enjoyed an international reputation as an authority, if not the greatest authority, on the North American Nectuide. A member of a well-known English family, and of excellent education, he loved his Alberta ranch at Midnapore next only to the Empire, and the science to which he devoted his lesiure hours for so many years. As a scientist leaving an irreparable gap in the ranks, his death could be deplored, and as a friend I could find it in my heart to bitterly begrudge his loss. But neither of these would be worthy nor characteristic of the man—cf the sacrifice he so gladly made, and the life he was so ready to give. He, I know, would have but one request to us all: ‘‘Continue the good work!” BR. Cow. Mr. W. Downes, Temporary Assistant at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Victoria, B.C., has been appointed a Junior Entomologist and will assist Mr. R. C. Treherne, Entomologist in charge for British Columbia, in the investigations on small fruit insects that are being conducted on Vancouver Island and the Lower Fraser Valley. Edmund H. Gibson has resigned his position with the U. S. Bureau cf Entomology, and is entering upon a new field of endeavor for himself. Be- lieving that entomology can be put on a dignified professional business basis the same as law, medicine, engineering, etc., he is taking the initial step, and believcs that after a certain amount of pioneering work the field should open up to other entomologists. Mr. Gibson’s headquarters, for the time being, will be Alexandria, Virginia. His professional card is worded ‘Consulting Entomo- logist and Agricultural Engineer.”’ —_—.. Mailed October 14th, 1919 The Canadian Entomologist Vo. LI. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1919. No. 11 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. FURTHER REMARKS ON COLLEMBOLA. BY CHARLES MACNAMARA, ARNPRIOR, ONTARIO. A very remarkable feature of the Collembola is their amazingly wide dis tribution. They are found all over the world, and as Dr. Folsom: remarks’ ‘‘may be expected to occur wherever there is a soil that supports vegetation.” The one condition fatal to them is dryness. Some of the scaled kinds are said to live in comparatively arid situations, but the vast majority can exist only in a decidedly moist atmosphere. Given a modicum of humidity, however, they can make themselves at home anywhere. You can collect them on cloud- capped mountains, under the dense shade of forests, over grassy plains, along the sea shore, or in your own wood-shed at home. They are perhaps most abundant among the moss, dead leaves, and rotten logs of woodlands, but they are common also in fields, gardens, and green-houses. They shelter under the bark cf trees, (I have found them living at the top of a 75-ft. maple)—they are _ plentiful in long grass and damp soil, and certain over-ripe toadstools often swarm with them. They are counted among the unbidden guests in ants’ nests, and one species is known in the United States as a household pest, though admittedly a very minor one. Many frequent caves,—some species occur nowhere else—others find their way deep down into mines, and one ghastly white Isotoma (J. sepulcralis Fols.) makes its hideous habitation with moulder- ing human bodies in the grave. Some occur along the sea shore, and may be submerged by the tide for hours every day without hurt. Others live on the banks of fresh-water streams, and many venture out on to the surface of ponds. A curious accident sometimes happens to these aquatic kinds. The “‘surface skin’’ of the water is for them a firm floor which they cannot break through, but occasionally an adventurer among them, by crawling down the stem of a water plant, penetrates beneath the surface. If he returns by the same road, good and well; but if he lets go of the plant, he at once floats up against the under side of the water film, and being as unable to break through from be- neath as he was from above, he perishes miserably. Quite as remarkable as this ‘‘sub-ubiquity”’ of the order is the exceedingly wide range of certain genera and species. The name of the springtails common to the whole Northern Hemisphere is legion; indeed no other order of animals is known to show such a large proportion of Holarctic species. Isotoma palustris Mull., to mention only one, abundant on water in this country, is domiciled also in California, Great Britain and Siberia. Other species range even farther. Sminthurus hortensis Fitch, which you are sure to find in your garden in May and June if you look for it, is a resident also of Scotland, Bohemia, Japan and Tierra del Fuego. Achorutes armatus Nic., plentiful everywhere in our woods, is recorded from Greenland, Spitzbergen, Great Britain, Switzerland, North 241 242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST te bes $e Africa, Brazil and Chile, Ceylon, Sumatra, and New Zealand. I once heard a shantyman describing the camp he worked in as being in such an out of the way place in the woods, that even the chickadees had not discovered it. If this man’s tastes had been entomological, he would certainly have found that he was not beyond the range of A. armatus. The genus Isotoma, however, holds the distributional record. It is not only known all over the globe from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the remote islands of the Antarctic, but one of its species, Jsotoma klovstadi Carpenter, shares the honour with another Collem- bolan, Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni Carpenter, of constituting the entire land fauna of the’ great Antarctic continent. Excluding as essentially pelagic the sea-birds that visit those desolate shores merely to’ nest, these two tiny and primitive insects are, so far as known, the only indigenous form of terrestrial animal life on Antarctica. How these delicate, wingless insects have reached such widely separated. stations is an interesting question. They are feeble and uncertain travellers, and their dispersal by their own efforts must be very slow. They have, of course, been transported to a certain extent by man along trade routes, but Dr. Folsom regards running water as the chief means of their spread over land areas, and some may be carried for limited distances by ocean currents along coasts and. to outlying islands. But this does not explain how they have managed to cross vast ocean spaces and reach far distant and isolated archipelagoes in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. Their presence in the nests of gulls and puffins on de- tached rocks on the coast of Ireland, as noticed by Carpenter, indicates the possibility of their transfer in some instances by birds. But the fact, also recorded by Carpenter, that they are plentiful on the ancient granite-formed islands of the Seychelles while nearly absent from the more recent coral islands of the same group, would suggest that their spread by birds must be both slow and limited in extent. It seems most probable that in some cases they have travelled to their present stations by land connections that have since disap- peared. It is significant, too, that only the Arthropleona, the more primitive of the two sub-orders, have been found on-the Seychelles and Hawaii. Ap- parently these islands were cut off from the rest of the world before the more specialized Symphypleona had been evolved. The Collembola are of an ancient race, and were old settlers in the world even in the inconceivably far-off days of those strange continents that geologists tell us existed where the oceans are now, and which they map out to the bewilderment of plain people who have been brought up on Mercator’s Projection. Heat and moisture, in some degree, are absolutely essential to all forms of life, vegetable or animal. The Collembola evidently regard moisture as a prime necessity, but many of them are not so particular about heat, and low temperatures affect them less than any other hexapod. This is shown by the habit of numerous species in coming out on the snow—a practice which has earned for them the popular name of ‘‘snow-fleas.” Like most popular names, the designation is inaccurate, for the Collembola are not in any way related to the true fleas (Siphonaptera) and the species that come out on the snow occur in the summer also. But as the term is convenient to distinguish the insects in their snow-frequenting phase, its use persists. — i. - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 243 A considerable number of arthropod sare recorded as having been taken on the snow, including mites and spiders and members of almost every order of insects. The occurrence of a good’ many of these creatures, however, is purely accidental and involuntary, and is due to their having been evicted in some way from their winter shelters. On the other hand, others come out regularly and with intent, or, if you prefer, as the result of some tropism. But with the doubtful exception of Isotoma saltans Ag., reported from the glaciers of the Swiss Alps, no hexapod, so far as I know, makes its permanent habitat on the snow. There are some micrcscopic rotifers and some curious worms (Oligocheta) that seem actually to live and breed in the snow of glaciers, but the snow-frequenting hexapods merely emerge from the soil and surface detritus for a few hours, more cr less, and those that do not perish on or in the snow, eventually retire again to their subnivean shelters. In this class may be mentioned in addition to the Collembola, the Mecopter genus Boreus, and some of the stone-flies, (Plecoptera). I have seen thousands of the latter coming out of the Madawaska River at Arnprior about noon on a fine day in March, and all setting off southwards in obedience to a pcsitive heliotropism that headed them straight into the sunlight. But the best known and most regular frequenters of the snow are certain species of Collembola. The term ‘‘snow-flea’’ is sometimes used as if it designated a single species. Doubtless the title was first applied to Achorutes socialis Uzel, by far the most frequent and abundant species on the snow. But it is necessary nowadays to widen the application of the name; for at least eight genera of Collembola including more than thirty species, have been recorded as appearing on the snow in Europe and North America. Here again, however, we must distinguish between mere chance appearances and regular occurrences. Authors generally have paid little or no attention to this point, but there is no doubt that a good many springtail species appear on the snow, not in the course of a normal life activity, but as the result of an accident. Of the eleven species I have collected on the snow in the vicinity of Arnprior, four had obviously fallen out of logs or been washed from the ground by the running water of a thaw, and the individuals were either-dead or numb with cold, although at the same time, the hardier species were quite active on the surface. But even allowing this, the Collem- bola have still a far larger number of snow species, both actual and proportional, than any other order of insects. It is remarkable that practically all the snow habitués among the spring- tails belong to the more primitive of the two sub-orders; the Arthropleona. The only record I can find of a Symphypleona on the snow is given by Schétt, who speaks of Sminthurus aureus Lubb. as having so occurred in Sweden. But while he mentions no date, the context of his statement leads to the suspicion that the snow fall was an unseasonably early one, and that the creatures were there by accident. It is also worth noting that, so far as my observations go, none of the white or light-coloured species ever come out in the winter. The snow frequenters are of various shades of blues, browns, yellows, reds, greens and purples, but the colours are all so dark that nearly all the insects look virtually black on the snow. The celebrated Count Rumford, giving practical effect to his studies 244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ee in heat and light,dressed in white in the winter, on the principle that, as he was a warm-blooded animal, this costume would reduce to a minimum the radiation of heat from his body. Conversely, the snow-flea being a cold-blooded animal, with no bedily heat to lese, finds its dark pigmentation advantageous in assist- ing it to absorb heat when it comes to the surface in winter. A great many species of Collembola survive the northern winter, but the snow-frequenting habit is sharply confined to certain kinds, while other clesely allied species never emerge while the snow is on the ground. Available North American and European records credit about one-half of all the snow appearance, accidental or intentional, to the genus Isotoma. The other genera represented are Entomobrya, Achorutes, Onychiurus, Anurophorus, Orchesella, Tomocerus and Sminthurus. My experience in this district also is that Isotoma can claim more species on the snow than any other genus, Jsotoma nigra MacG. is the mcst abundant of the genus here, and it is sometimes found over many acres of open woodland or beaver meadow, with a frequency of one or two specimens to the square yard. JI. palustris Mull., more local in its distri- bution, often reaches about the same frequency in swampy places. J. mac- namarat Fols., which affects wet places also, is scarcer, and it usually takes some searching to collect a dozen or so specimens. J. viridis Bourl. var. riparia Nic. I have found only towards spring. Once I collected 25 or 30 specimens in April on the snow covering a rather dry pasture, but mostly they are found sparingly in woods. A couple of other Isotomas of undetermined species are represented by only a specimen or two, and the appearance of one at least was accidental. Also a few odd specimens of Tomocerus sp., Orchesella sp. and Entomobrya sp. had evidently not come out of their own accord where I found them. Among the real snow travellers, however, we must class Achorutes armatus Nic. It never emerges in very large numbers, but I have found it active on the snow in the vicinity of small streams from November to March. Very seldom do any of the species mentioned so far ever appear on the snow in sufficient numbers to attract the attention of the casual wayfarer; no one but the entomologist who is looking for them is likely to notice them. This does not mean, however, that the insects occur only sparingly, for many people are extraordinarily insensible to phenomena that do not affect them directly, and even when in large numbers, snow-fleas are often passed by unnoticed. One morning, crouched on my snowshoes in a narrow pathway through a cedar swamp, I was picking up Isotomas with a small brush and dropping them into a vial, when I heard another snowshoer come crunching over the crust towards me. It was a labouring man of my acquaintance with his axe on his shoulder, taking a short cut to his work across the Ottawa River. He gave me a polite ““good-day,’’ but looked so curiously at my occupation, that in order to preserve at least the remnant of a reputation for sanity, I thought it well to explain to him what I was doing. He was greatly surprised to see the insects on the snow. They were plentiful that morning, and for some distance he had been crushing scores of them under his snowshoes at every step, but he had not noticed them until I pointed them out to him. ‘Well, by gosh!” he said, “‘I often heard tell of snow-fleas, but I never seen them before.’’ A worthy man. as I know, though imperfectly instructed in grammar. i alia i THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 245 But the most heedless passer-by cannot overlook Achorutes socialis Uzel when it makes up its mind to come out. The vast swarms literally blacken square yards of the snow around the principal foci from which they emerge. On level surfaces they may be as thick as 500 to the square foot, while in hol- lows and depressions in the snow—such as foot-prints—from which they cannot easily escape, they sometimes accumulate in solid masses that could be ladled out with a spoon. (I find the mark of a No. II shoe-pack an admirable snow- flea trap,—and to prevent unkind inferences | hasten to point out that in winter this footwear calls for at least four pairs of heavy socks.) Spreading out from these centres, the distribution becomes thinner, though fcr acres the insects often run from 10 to 50 to the square foot, and examination of a yard or so of the surface anywhere over miles of country is almost certain to show two or three specimens leaping and clambering among the snow particles. Mest writers speak of snow-fleas as occurring in the spring, and it is true that some species of them seem to come out only at that season, and in general they are most abundant towards the end of the winter. But it is the effect of the mild weather whenever it occurs and not the season that brings them out, for most of them can be found on the snow every month from November to April whenever the rising temperature approaches the freezing point. Those excellent field-naturalists, the Red Indians, noticed this. Among the native weather lore recorded by F. W. Waugh in his ‘‘Iroquois Foods,”’ the snow-fleas are said to indicate mild weather, and the Onondagas, Mr. Waugh says, called them ‘‘soft weather fleas.”’ But it should be borne in mind that while the snow-flea tide rises in direct relation with the temperature, the soft weather is not the determining cause of the insects’ emergence. The real factor is the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. In mild weather, the large quantity of water vapor released by the melting snow soon brings the humidity, both relative and absolute, to a high figure, and the snow-fleas, finding a more (To be continued.) NEW APHIDS FROM OAKS. *BY W. M. DAVIDSON, U. S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA. Vacuna californica, sp, nov. : Vacuna dryophila Schrank?. Davidson, Journal Econ. Ent., Vol. X, Apr., 1917. In April, 1917, issue of the Journal of Economic Entomology, the writer referred this species doubtfully to dryophila Schrank of Europe, only a single winged individual having been taken up to the time the article (Little-known Western Plant-Lice II) was submitted for publication. Since that time more winged insects have been collected, and all prove to differ from the typical dryophila in the same manner as the first. It appears, therefore, that the Californian insect is worthy of specific rank. *Published with the permission of the Secretary of Agriculture. November, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 246 ‘aA0qe Wor; je [vue ‘FT SaAoqe WOIJ VpNLS ‘s) FapoTUIOD “WT ‘euuaque jo TA WWIOl ‘| : (III 0} J Sur0f) & *aAOqe WOIf BPN ‘ :uUsMTOpge JO sJo1oqn} [B197e| ‘g ee a ee ee ae Se uudajue 3a] pue peay ‘q ‘Aou ‘ds ‘270fi94anb sujos0zh py “H-C ‘euuojue 1a] pue pray ‘y {:aou ‘ds ‘pa1uW40fyp9 DunaD A ‘D)-Y¥—' SE “SIA | lle ae ari 4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 247 The two species differ as follows:— V. dryophila V. californica 4 or 5 sensoria on antennal III. Only the apical sensorium on anten- nal III. About 9 long hairs on antennal III. 3 or 4 long hairs on antennal III. Mesothorax appearing as single chitin|/Mesothorax appearing as partially plate. divided into lobes. Dates of collection of winged forms are as follows: May 16, 1915; April 29, 1916; May 8, 1916; Quercus lobata Nee, Walnut Creek, Cal., May 14, 1917; Quercus macrocarpa Michx., Sacramento, Cal. Myzocallis quercifolii, sp. nov. Alate viviparous female. General colour light green; antenne pale green with narrow brown annu- lations at apices of joints, filament of joint VI brownish; head and thoracic lobes olive green; wings hyaline, stigma very pale with dusky brown spots at base and apex; legs pale green, base of tibiz with a brown ring, femora brownish near apex, tarsi and tibial apices brown; tubercles of thorax and abdomen paler than body colour; cornicles pale green; cauda and anal plate pale green; beak pale, extreme tip brown; venter light green. Antenne on short frontal tubercles, slender, longer than body, base and filament of joint VI subequal; joint III with one or two circular sensoria near the base; antennal spines rather stout; the forehead bears 8 stout prominent pale capitate spines, in length equal to half the width of the forehead. Pro- thorax and mesothorax each with a pair of tubercles on the dorsum. Abdo- men narrow, with three pairs of conical tubercles on the dorsum and with three pairs of blunt tubercles on sides. Cornicles slightly longer than wide at base, somewhat constricted in centre. Cauda globular, spinose. Anal plate deeply cleft, spinose. Beak reaches to the second coxe. Wings longer than body. Measurements.—Length of body (mounted specimens) about 1.25 mm. Width cf body about .45 mm. Antenne, joint lengths: III .61 mm., IV .35 mm., V .32 mm., VI .28 mm. (.145 mm. plus .135 mm.). Length of wing 1.94 mm., of cornicles (085 mm., of cauda .08 mm., of beak .23 mm., of hind tibia 1.06 mm. Described from 3 individuals collected on the leaves of Blue Oak (Quercus douglasu H. & A.) by Mr. F. B. Herbert, Los Gatos, Cal., June 4, 1917. This species is closely related to Myzocallis quercus Kaltenbach, M. pasanie Davidson, M. californicus Baker, and M. californicus Baker var. pallidus, below described. The prominent capitate spines on the forehead will distinguish it from others. The following key will separate the above species: CS SS SE Sct al 0] Ete) re Myzocallis quercus Kalt. PITRE ILO UE IIOUL...0.¢. 02... eescrtechetcs...chscedsevocedeccocsccecessscsvesesevdecsenteccersess 2: 2. Forehead of winged vivipara with prominent capitate MERE MATa Wc pau aie, ccs dssnidlenc sel -vf eadecedscescsne Myzocallis quercifolit, sp. nov. Forehead of winged vivipara with spines non-capitate or indistinctly eco FE Sa CT. cE cdo ce. Cacgsacccncsdequlvaclessdsne;SeansavatcvesJeerecnuan totes 3. 248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 3. Distal antennal joint about .58 mm. in length... ie tee ee eee Myzocallis pasanie Davidson. Distal antennal joint about-.34 mm, in lengthy -..,...22 4) sts. 4, 4. Distal sensorium of antennal III at or beyond middle of Journ ia Ses sears eee ee ieee ee Myzocallis californicus Baker. Distal sensorium of antennal III hardly one-third of the length of the joint from! Dases.vce ree? Myzocallis californicus Baker var pallidus var nov. Myzocallis californicus Baker var. pallidus var. nov. This form differs from var californicus in the sensoriation of the third antennal joint, pallidus having 3 or 4 sensoria all in the basal third of the joint, whereas californicus has from 4 to 6 sensoria more widely distributed and oc- cupying the basal half or more of the joint The structure of the body includ- ing the dorsal tubercles is very similar Var pallidus is pale green in colour, smaller in body than californicus; it was collected January 5, 1918, on Quercus dumosa Nutt, an evergreen scrub oak, near Jacumba, Cal. A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS TACHYDROMIA FROM ILLINOIS (DIPTERA, EMPIDIDZ:). BY J. R. MALLOCH, URBANA, ILL. The type series of the species described herein is deposited in the collec- tion of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. Tachydromia harti, sp. n. Male and female.—Glossy dark brown. Head black; antenne yellowish testaceous; palpi brown. Thorax brown, paler anteriorly; propleura with white pruinescence. Abdomen yellowish at base of venter. Legs yellowish testaceous, darker in female, hind femora and tibie except bases, mid tibiz at bases, and apices of basal three and all of apical two joints of all tarsi in both sexes blackened; fore tibia in male with two deep black spots on the inner or anterior side, one, heart-shaped, beyond middle and the other, round, at apex. Wing with two broad, black fascia as in schwarzi Ccquillett, but the apical fascia extending nearer to apex of wing. Knobs of halteres white. Eyes distinctly separated in both sexes; third antennal jcint not large than second; arista terminal. Dcrsum of thorax nude; scutellum with two bristles. Ventral sclerite of abdomen in male in front of hypopygium with a number of curved bristles, apex of hypopygium with a few similar bristles. Fore femur much swollen; fore tibia cf male very much dilated from base to apex. Venation as in schwarzt. Length 1.5-2 mm. Type—male, Havana, Ill., June 5, 1918, (J. R. Malloch). Allotype and paratypes topotypical. One male and three females. This species is mcst closely allied to schwarzi Coquillett, but may be sep- arated from it by the breadened fore tibia of the male and the very much closer approximation of the subapical fascia to the apex of the wing. Named in honour of my late colleague, C. A. Hart, who did some of his best work in the locality where the species was taken. November, 1919 7 i sel THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 249 NOTES ON COCCIDE—IV. (HEMIPTERA).* BY G. F. FERRIS, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA. In an earlier paper of this series I called attention to the artificial character of the genus Sphaerococcus, and began the process of transferring the included species to other genera. At that time specimens of the genotype, S. casuarine Maskell, were not available for examination, but since then (through the kind- ness of Professor Cockerell) I have been enabled to see specimens of this species. The suspicion that I then expressed to the effect that this species is merely an _ Antonina is nearly, if not quite, substantiated, for it is certainly of this type. However, there are certain points upon which the genus Sphaerococcus may, for the present, be maintained. __ Iam here redefining the genus. Also, I am removing from this genus three mcre species, one of which, S. obscuratus Maskell, I refer provisionally to the genus Kuwanina, another, S. leptosbermi Maskell, which I refer to the genus Amorphococcus, and another, S. pirogallis Maskell, for which I name a new genus, Eremococcus. I may note here that Sphaerococcus sylvestris Ckll. and King, is probably nothing more than an immature stage of some species of Kermes. Genus SpHAEROCOcCcUS (Maskell). Coccide referable to the subfamily Dactylopiine (of the Fernald Cata- logue) and belonging to the Pseudococcus group, that is, possessing dorsal ostioles. Adult female resembling the female of Antonina; apodous; with the antenne reduced to mere vestiges of three or four minute segments; with the posterior end of the abdomen invaginated to form a short tube at the inner end of which is the anal ring, this bearing six short sete. Differing from Antonina (if at all) only in the fact that the legs are present in the penultimate stage of the female. First stage larva with six-segmented antenna, with six hairs on the anal ring, with dorsal ostioles. Type of the genus, Sphaerococcus casuarine Maskell. It is probable that none of the other species now referred to this genus are congeneric with the geno-type. Notes.—As I have pointed out in the description given above, this is essen- tially an Antonina, differing only in the fact that the legs are retained in the penultimate stage. However, this point needs investigation. I would call attention to the fact that in one species now referred to Antonina (A. parrottt Ckll.) the anterior pair of legs alone are retained in what has been described astheadult. In specimens of A. indica Green, the legs are lacking in the penulti- mate stage. Sphaerococcus casuarinae (Maskell). Fig. 33. There is little except detail to add to the description given by Maskell. The species resembles the various species of Antonina except that it is more nearly circular. The anal ring bears six short sete and is not hairless, as asserted by Maskell. Beyond this the material examined does not permit me to gO. *Continued from Canadian Entomologist, vol. 50, p. 113, (1919). November, 1919 250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST The first stage larva is quite as in Antonina. The antenne are six- segmented. The anal lobes (Fig. 33) bear a single stout spine, a short seta and the usual long seta. ; Material examined. From Casuarina quadrivalvis, Australia. Genus AMoRPHOCOCCUS Green. But two species are at present referred to this genus, one A. mesue Green, from Ceylon and another A. acacie Brain, from South Africa. With these Fig. 33.—Sphaerococcus casuarine (Maskell); dorsal Fig. 34.—Amorphococcus leplospermi (Maskell); A, tubular aspect of portion of caudal extremity of duct; B, anal rings and surrounding structures, left first larval stage. half dorsal, right half ventral. Sphaerococcus leptospermi Maskell appears to be strictly congeneric. All are gall makers, the galls appearing as twig swellings. Amorphococcus leptospermi, (Maskell). Fig. 34, Habit.—Occurring in a twig gall, this gall being merely a swelling with a small, pore-like opening at the top. 4 Morphological characteristics—Adult female apodous and with the an- tenne reduced to mere vestiges, which show three or four minute segments. Derm membranous throughout. Pores of the 8-shaped type small and rather few, scattered over the body but mcst numerous in a narrow zone extending about the lateral margin of the body. Tubular ducts likewise relatively few, of the type shown in Fig. 834A. Anal lobes rather prominent, each bearing one moderately long and two much shorter sete. Anal ring borne at the inner end of a quite deep cleft, apparently at the end of a short invagination, rather small, bearing six slender setee. The mouth of the invagination (Fig. 34B) is surrounded by a narrow chitinous ring. From this ring a chitinized areaextends posteriorly along each side of the cleft. Immature stages not seen. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 251 Material Examined.—Specimens from Leptospermun sp., Australia, de- termined by Froggatt at this species and agreeing in general with the original description. Notes.—Assuming this determination to be correct (as it doubtless is) the original description is in error in the statement that the anal ring is hairless. Also the original description hints at the presence of abdominal spiracles, which are certainly lacking. This species appears to differ from A. mesu@ and A. acacié in the much deeper anal cleft and the form of the chitinized areas about the anal opening. Genus Kuwantna Cockerell. Kuwanina obscurata (Maskell). Fig. 35. Habit.—Occurring in galls which are mere swellings of the bark. Morphological characteristics —Adult female (Fig. 3A) apodous and with the antenne reduced to mere vestiges with three or four minute segments. Form broadly oval or subcircular. Derm everywhere heavily chitinized. Anal opening appearing on the ventral side, small, heavily chitinized and only slightly cellular, bearing six very small spines. The opening is covered by a small, cauda-like flap. Constrictions between the abdominal segments very Fig. 35.—Kuwanina Obscuraia (Maskell); A, adult female, venteral aspect; B, pore-like structures of the intersegmental furrows; C, antenna of first stage; D, antenna of penultimate stage. deep on the dorsal side and extending somewhat to the ventral side. In these constrictions there appear numerous pore-like openings which communicate with invaginations of the derm (Fig. 35B). These invaginations show no evidence of internal pores and are, therefore, hardly to be described as ducts. They are confined to the intersegmental furrows of the abdomen and are most numerous toward the posterior end, forming a continuous, transverse row on the last 252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST four cr five segments. Anterior.to these segments they appear only toward the lateral margins. Abdomen with a few rather stout, conical spines arranged in transverse rows. Spiracles not unusually large, associated with a few very small, circular pores. Behind each of the posterior pair there is a small, cribri- form plate or tubercle. : Penultimate stage-—In form resembling the adult but without the con strictions between the abdominal segments, without the pores in the inter- segmental furrows and less heavily chitinized. Antenne and legs present, the former (Fig. 35C) quite stout, six-segmented, the latter of ordinary character, the tibia somewhat shorter than the tarsus, the claw with a small tooth. Anal ring as in adult but at the tip of the abdomen. Body with a few, scattered conical spines and a very few, small, multilocular pores. First Stage-—Antenne (Fig. 35D) six-segmented, the last three segments each with one or two long, stout, curved spines. Anal ring with six slender sete. Anal lobes each with a single slender seta and two short spines. Derm with a few small, stout spines and multilocular pores. Specimens examined.—From Eucalyptus, New South Wales, Australia. Collected by Kcebele and received by me from Mr. Ehrhorn. They agree in all respects with the original description. Notes.—While it is possible that this species is not strictly congeneric with K. parvus, | am inclined to think that it belongs in the group with that species. It will at least rest better in Kuwanina than in Sphaerococcus. It differs from K. parvus in the nature of the first stage and in the entire absence of the tubular ducts which are a conspicuous feature of K. parvus, while it agrees in the presence of the pair of cribriform plates or tubercles behind the posterior spiracles. Genus EREMOCOCCUS, new genus. Coccide referable to the subfamily Dactylopiine (of the Fernald Catalogue) but of doubtful pcsition within this group. Adult female apodous and with the antennz reduced to mere unsegmented vestiges; anal orifice simple, minute, borne on the dorsum; dorsum of adult flat, heavily chitinous, venter mem- brancus; mouth-parts with internal framework unusually large and heavily chitinized; first stage larva with anal ring small and simple as in adult, with the antenne composed cf a single very large segment (and possibly one or two minute basal segments), with the anal lobes obsolete and not marked by a long seta. Dorsal ostioles lacking; tubular ducts lacking. Type of the genus, Sphaerococcus pirogallis Maskell. Notes.—I am unable to throw any light on the relationships of this genus. I would suggest that possibly its nearest relatives are to be sought for in such forms as Sphaerococcopsis and Pseudoripersia. Eremococcus pirogallis (Maskell). Fig. 36. Habit.—Enclosed within a small, pear-shaped gall which has a minute opening at one side near the base. The insect lies in a saucer-like elevation at the far end of the gall. J Morphological characteristics.—In addition to the characters given in the - description of the genus I may add the following. The female of the early adult stage is entirely membranous but at maturity the dorsum becomes heavily — THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST yas chitinized and the venter becomes much expanded (Fig. 36A). This dorsal, chitinized area is destitute of spines and pores except around its margin where there are numerous slender sete and pores of the type shown in (Fig. 36B). There are also numerous setz about the vaginal orifice. The antenne (or what appear to be the antennz) are a pair of small, tubular, wrinkled, chitinous structures, usually appearing behind the mouth-parts and presenting no traces of segmentation. The internal framework of the mouth-parts in unusually Fig. 36.—Eremococcus pirogallis (Maskell); A, adult female, from dorsal aspect; B, type of pore. large, and the rostrum is borne upon a prominence, the derm of which presents a somewhat papillate appearance. I have been unable to detect any trace of tubular ducts. The first stage larva is as described under the genus. My material is not in sufficiently good condition to permit the presentation of figures. Material examined.—Specimens from Froggatt and from Ehrhorn, de- termined as this species and agreeing with the original description. WILSONIA—A CORRECTION. A curious case of lapse of memory occurs in my article, Canadian Ento- mologist, Vol. LI, p. 212. Although I know several species of Wilsonta I used this name for a genus of Aphids. Both Dr. Cockerell and Mr. Criddle have called my attention to it. It is inexcusable. I herewith substitute the name Dilachnus. A. C. BAKER. 254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST A NEW OAK GALL FROM ARIZONA. (HYMEN., CYNIPID4). BY LEWIS H. WELD, EVANSTON, ILL. Andricus splendens, n. sp. Female.—Head a clear, dark red, finely shagreened, with whitish hairs on lower face and cheeks, slightly broadened behind the eyes, concave behind. Eyes black, bare, coarsely granulate. Antenne 14-segmented, the third and fourth slender and equal, the last slightly longer than the next to last, distal half darker. Palpi 5- and 3-segmented. Mesonotum reddish with a median black area enclosing the two anterior parallel lines and a smooth, black area over base of each wing (but sometimes almost uniformly infuscated). It is one and a half times as long as the width of the head, its surface finely coriaceous (best seen in balsam mount) with scattered punctures bearing short whitish hairs. Scutéllum is rugose behind with setigerous punctures, has a medio- dorsal smoothish area behind the two distinct black polished shallow pits and a steep triangular impression on each side. Mesopleure polished, bare except for pubescent area above. Legs lighter in colour, yellowish, with middle and hind coxz infuscated, hind femur normal, tarsal claws small but in balsam showing a distinct tooth. Wings hyaline with distinct brown veins, surface short brown pubescent and margin short ciliate. Median segment with two distinct outwardly curved ridges enclosing a smooth area which is narrowed at the top. Abdomen darker, smooth and polished, not compressed, as deep as long and with a pubescent area on each side at base. Ventral spine about three times as long as broad, slightly pubescent. Ovipositor (when dissected out) a little longer than length of antenna, eggs well developed, nearly globular with long pedicel. Using the width of head in widest part in balsam mount as a base the length of wing ratio is 4.61-4.78; length of antenna ratio 2.75- 2.93; length of ovipositor 2.71-3.00. Range in length of 350 dry specimens measured by optical methods to nearest tenthof amillimeter was 1.3-2.4mm. Other constantsforthe group were calculated. Mode 1.950 mm. Mean 1.926-0.007. Median 1.933-0.008. Standard deviation 0.181-0.005. Coefficient of variability 9.40%-0.24%. Average deviation from median 0.147 mm. Quartile deviation 0.127 mm. Described from two balsam slides, 84 pinned specimens and others in vial dry. Type and paratypes in U.S.N.M. Type No. 22328. Paratypes de- posited also in N. Y. State, American, Cornell, Field and Harvard Museums, and with Wm. Beutenmuller and author. Related to Andricus rileyi Ashm. (to which it runs in the Dalla Torre and Kieffer key in Das Tierreich) which is a larger species from east of the Rockies without a tooth on tarsal claw. Type Locality.—Prescott, Ariz. Host.—Quercus grisea Lieb. Gall.—Single or scattered on the under side of leaf. Cylindrical with ends and middle slightly swollen, 2 mm. in diameter and 3-5 mm. high, covered with short stout blunt spines from which run faint decurrent ridges. Sessile, often lop-sided, spines more numerous on basal third. The rosy red colour with a straw yellow band.around the middle and some yellow at either end, together November, 1919 > THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST psi) with its crystalline appearance make it a very beautiful ee and suggest the name. The basal third is solid, then comes the thin-walled larval cell in the middle of the gall leaving the distal third or more tubular with the open end slightly flaring. The exit hole is made into the hollow portion. The gall was figured by Dr.E.P. Felt in his paper on ‘“‘Gall Insects in their Relation to Plants” in Sci.Mo. 6:515, Fig. g (June,1918), and again in the Ottawa Naturalist 32:130, Fig. g, and was also characterized by him under the above manuscript name in his “Key to Am. Insect Galls’’ in Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 200:106. Habitat.—The species was first brought to my attention by three specimens sent by Dr. Felt, collected by Messrs. Bethel and Hedgcock two miles S.W. of Prescott, Ariz., in the fall of 1917. These were cut open on Dec. 5, 1917, and gave three living adults, one of which was selected as the type.- On Apr. 11, 1918, while collecting for the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Division of Forest Insects, I took galls near Williams, Ariz., on a hillside N.W. of Supai siding, and flies began to emerge before Apr. 16. On Apr. 13, 1918, a lot more were taken near Prescott, and flies emerged by Apr. 20 and continued to come out until the last of May. The larve evidently transform to adults in the fall but remain in the galls all winter and emerge the next spring. An alternating sexual generation produced in an early summer gall is suspected but not known. The U. S. National Museum possesses galls of this species, found on an unknown oak from Durengo, Mexico. Ge CATORAMA NIGRITULUM Lec.,} AND ITS FUNGUS HOST. BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.]. This member of the family Ptinide was recently found at Springfield and Monmouth Junction, N.J., breeding in the sporophore or fruiting body of Fomes applanatus.2, Smith*® records it only from Woodbury, July 7 (Brn.) and Blatchley* states that it is scarce in Vermillion and Lawrence counties, Indiana, May 24~-June 13. Fall in his ‘‘Revision of the Ptinide of Boreal America’’® records it as occurring in Mass., D.C., Va., W. Va., Ohio, Mich., Tenn., Miss., — Territory and Texas, and writes as follows about the genus Catorama,—'‘‘very little is known as yet concerning the life-habits of the species of this genus. Certain species are known to inhabit galls while others have been found in the seeds or stems of various plants.”’ At Springfield, N.J., on April 8, several specimens of the beetle were taken from the fungus Fomes applanatus. More than a month later,or on May 30, numerous adults, several pupez and many larve of all sizes were found in an- other specimen of the same fungus at Monmouth Junction, N.J. Both the context and tubes of the fungus were bored by the insects, but most of the feeding appeared to have taken place in the tubes. The pupal cells also were found in the tubes. Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Wallr., occurs on old logs and stumps of de- ciduous trees in various parts of New Jersey. Overholts in his ‘‘ Polyporacee 1. Kindly identified-by Mr. C. W. Leng. 2. Kindly identified by Mr. Erdman West. 3. Insects of New Jersey, N. J. State Museum Report, 1909, p. 307. 4. Coleoptera of Indiana, p. 880. S.- tie. Am. Ent. Soc., a eae 1905, p.’97—296. November, 1919 256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST of the Middle. Western States’’® records it from Mich., Ohio, Ky., Ind., IIL, Wis., Minn., lowa, Mo., Kan., Neb., N. Dak. Heald’ describes a disease of the cottonwood due to Fomes applanatus, but Von Schrenk and Spaulding® consider it as a saprophytic form. Full-grown larva.—Length 2.5 mm. to 3 mm. Width 1 mm. Colour whitish or dirty white; body soft, curved, resembling a miniature white-grub, strongly convex above and flattened beneath, skin transversely wrinkled. Head whitish, mouth-parts dark. Body and head sparsely hairy. Median dorsal surface of thoracic segments elevated into a distinct ridge. This ridge not as pronounced in immature larve. Dorsal portion of abdominal segments supplied with transverse group of minute stiff hairs or spines. Fewer similar spines on dorsal surfaces of thoracic segments. Legs short and weak. Pupa.—Length 2.2 mm. Width 1.4 mm. Suboval, white or yellowish white, smooth. Posterior end prolonged into a somewhat flattened blunt process armed at each posterior, lateral edge with a transverse leg-like ap- pendage, each appendage terminated by a chitinous hook. Adult.—Catorama nigritulum Lec., (Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1865, 241). The following description is by Blatchley. ‘‘Elongate-oval, moderately robust, less than twice as long as wide, not narrowed behind. Black or piceous; pubes- cence sparse and very fine. Head and thorax finely, closely and evenly punctulate without intermixed ccarser punctures. Elytra finely punctulate with scattered larger punctures. Eighth antennal joint broadly triangular. Length 1.7-2.4 mm.” =o A NEW SPECIES OF PHORID FROM ILLINOIS (DIPTERA). BY J. R. MALLOCH, URBANA, ILL. The species described herein was taken by me in 1918, and the type is deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. Beckerina luteola, sp. n. Female.—Testaceous yellow, shining; third antennal joint orange yellow; frons brownish; dorsum of thorax with 3 faint reddish vitte; pleura with a small, dark spot below base of wing; dorsum of abdomen except the anterior and pcstericr margins of each segment brown; apices of hind femora infuscated ; wings clear, veins pale brown; halteres yellow. Frons about 1.5 as broad as long, the surface with sparse, erect setule in addition to the strong bristles; preocellar series of bristles almost straight, second series following contour of anterior margin of frons, slightly curved; postantennals two in number, divergent, erect, moderately strong; third antennal joint rounded, about one-fourth as large as eye; arista longer than width of frons, pubescent; palpus larger than third antennal joint, with a few bristles along lower margin; proboscis short, stout, fleshy. Dcrsum of thorax with dense, short, pale hairs; scutellum much broader than long, with two bristles; mesopleura bare. Abdomen with a few weak bristles on lateral margins of second and third dorsal segments. Legs stout; fore tarsi slender; all tibiz 6. Wash. Univ. Studies, Vol. III, Part 1, No. 1. 7. Nebr. Agr. Sta. Rept. 19; p. 92-100, 1906. 8. U.S. Bur. Plant Industry, Bul. 149, p. 58. November, 1919 Tea Cee Oe ep ts OTE ere ee ee ae ru . es. rs i" + THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 257 rounded, without dorsal setulae. Costa extending nearly to middle of wing, noticeably thickened from near base to apex, the setule rather close, not much longer than diameter of costa, first section slightly longer than 2+3, third about half as long as second; fourth vein arcuate, ending well in front of apex of wing; — all thin veins evanescent at apices. Length 2.25 mm. Type.—Cobden, Ill., May 9, 1918. One specimen. This species differs from the only described North American one, orphne- philoides Malloch, in being yellow instead of black, in the armature of the frons, and the much shorter costal vein. A BUTTERFLY NEW TO KANSAS. BY HORACE GUNTHROP, WASHBURN COLLEGE, TOPEKA, KANS. The capture of a specimen of Eresat texana Edwards in the city of Topeka by Prof. W. A. Harshbarger on October 24, 1918, adds a new species to the list of Kansas butterflies. The specimen, a female, was caught on a hedge,on West Sixth St., near the city limits. According to Holland*, this species: ranges from Texas into Mexico, so its presence as far north as Kansas must be looked upon as accidental rather than as an extension of its normal range. It is probable that the chrvsalis was carried here upen some shipment of goods on the railroad, or by some other human agency. ‘ ——— PISCATORIAL ENTOMOLOGY. Entomologists not familiar with the classification of insects more or less current among fly fishermen, may be interested in a brief review of the subject based chiefly on an American book. The classification rests essentially upon the works of various English fly-fishermen but has been applied to American insects, worked out and illustrated in the book to which we refer, namely, ‘‘American Trout-Stream Insects,” by Louis Rhead (1916). The names for insects orders which differ most from those in ordinary use among entomologists are: drakes for the may-flies, browns for the stone-flies, duns for the caddis-flies, and spinners for the crane-flies. The nomenclature of species is more or less fanciful, for instance: brown buzz, nobby spinner, yellow sally, black dose. However, names of this sort cannot be entirely ignored by entomologists for among them are some genuine vernacular terms, viz., redbug for Aphodius fimetarius in the Catskill region of New York. Since common names for insects are so rare, yet desirable, all those actually in use should be noted. Fishermen are not to be severely criticized for inventing a classification and nomenclature especially adapted to their special needs, but it should rest upon accurate observation, and reasons urged for adopting it should be the real and perhaps justifiable ones, honestly stated, not unfounded allegations regarding the lack or unreliability of scientific system. *W. J. Holland. The Butterfly Book. New York, 1904. November, 1919 258 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST The author here reviewed commits all these errors, and his book would have been better without them. As examples of mistakes in observation, we n —— So ee may point out the following: April Insect Chart., Fig. 1. The figure is said to represent one of the Trichoptera, which it illustrates with a caudal appendage having two pairs of branches, something no North American insect of any order has. May Insect Chart, Fig. 14. A crane-fly is drawn with netted venation a character which the artist should have restricted to his browns, duns and drakes, August Insect Chart, Fig. 14. This ‘‘fluffy spinner,”’ said to be one” of the Diptera, but is drawn with only four legs (all insects having six). The original of this sketch probably was a Pterophorid moth. The author speaks a number of times of his faithful representations of the insects and especially of getting the colours true, but to those accustomed to good entomological illus. trations, these are crude, and the colours, as reproduced unsatisfactory. Now, as to reasons for not adopting the classification of scientists Mr. Rhead says: ‘‘European entomologists have divided insects into various orders; each season finds them making new classifications so conflicting as to bewilder the lay mind,” (p. XVII). Taxonomy has had to bear many reproaches, but this is the first we recall, to the effect that the insect orders are changed each season. Other reasons given by the author for disregarding scientific classi- fications are expressed in the following sentences: ‘‘I was asked by an angling expert who was examining my drawings, ‘‘Why don’t you give the proper Latin names to each fly?’ My answer was, “I would do so, but no ento- mologist has yet made any effort to classify American trout insects into orders or divisions, families and species as has been done in France and England.” (p.. 102): It appears, therefore, that the works of Hagen and of Banks, culminating in the latter’s catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (1907), which includes all the browns, duns and drakes of Rhead, go for nothing, so far as this author is concerned. Similarly, the works of Osten-Sacken, and of Alexander and the Aldrich Catalogue of Diptera (1905) take care of all of his spinners and other flies, but he knows it not. Our author makes the remarkable statement also that “Inquiries from— various State entomologists failed to locate a single volume or treatise on trout- stream insects’’ (p. VII). He surely did not inquire of his own State ento- mologist, for the fact is, that New York State issued long before the date of Rhead’s work two very valuable and well illustrated reports on this very sub- ject. These are Needham and Betten’s ‘‘Aquatic Insects in the Adirondacks’”’ (1901), and ‘‘ Aquatic Insects in New York State,’’ by Needham, MacGillivray, Johannsen and Davis (1903). The shorter papers bearing more or less on trout stream insects, and publications on kindred topics are numerous. Another work entitled ‘Fishing with floating flies’ (S. G. Camp, 1913), varies somewhat from the book reviewed in nomenclature of insects, calling the May-flies duns and the caddis-flies sedges. It has the commendable feature, however, of quoting most of its entomological material from a standard work, namely Kellogg’s ‘‘American Insects” (1905).—W. L. MCATEE. . a - S ig _— aa * Pe: oe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 259 oS RECENT CANADIAN PUBLICATIONS. CLASS BOOK OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY—By Wm. Lochhead, (P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia). : This compact book of 436 pages, many of them in reduced type, covers a wider scope of Entomology than any text book we have seen. Part I (65 pages) deals with the structure, growth and economics of insects: and is of special interest and value, not only because it describes in much more detail than usual the external and internal anatomy—especially the various types of mouth-parts—but also because it brings together in a clear and concise way much valuable data on such interesting subjects as beneficial insects, dis- tribution of insects, insects and disease, and methods of studying insects. Part II contains tables for the identification of insects injurious to farm, garden and orchard crops, separate tables being made for each host plant. Cross references are also given with each insect to the pages in the latter part cf the- book where such insect is described in more detail. This enables the student to verify his determinations. Tables of this nature though difficult to construct and seldom satisfactory would appear to be a valuable feature in a book of this nature. Part III, the main part of the book (280 pages), deals with the classification, description and control of common insects. The old classification has been revised and brought up to date. Each order is treated in considerable detail and keys given not only to the families likely to be met with by the student, but also in many cases to the genera and in a few cases to the most common species. These keys should prove a boon to teacher and student. Under each family the insects of economic importance are described and an account given of their life-history and the method of control. The total number of insects thus dealt with is large, possibly somewhat larger than necessary. ; Towards the end of this part a few pages are assigned to the near relatives of insects, especially such pests as red spiders, sow-bugs, millipedes, slugs and eelworms. Control measures for these are also indicated. Part IV discusses, in a general way, the control of injurious insects under such subjects as factors of control, cultural or preventive methods, artificial methods, insecticides, spraying, etc. Although there are 257 illustrations, all of them good and valuable, more would have added to the merits of the book even though this meant an increase in size. The compilation of a work of this nature, embracing so many aspects of Entomology, must have involved an enormous amount of labour and time, and the author is to be congratulated on the clear, concise way in which he has accomplished his task. The book has many merits and should be of great assistance in furthering the study of Entomology. Its chief defect so far as one can judge without having tested it in the class-room, would appear to be that an attempt has been made to include too many subjects, and while most of these have been well treated, the so-called strictly economic aspect of the work—the life-histories ‘and control measures—have been somewhat sacrificed to the necessity for brevity. L. CAESAR. 260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF Nova SCOTIA FOR 1918.— . No. 4. February, 1919. 89 pp., 7 plates. In this volume we again have proof of the vigorous condition of our Mari- time Branch. It contains 13 papers, many of which are important contributions to Canadian Entomology. Six of these papers deal mainly with the life-histories of particular insects, four with general questions of natural and artificial control, while only one is strictly taxonomic. The following is a list of these papers:— f A few notes on ant history and habits. By Rev. H. J. Fraser. Pp. 6-9. The meaning of Natural Control. By John D. Tothill. Pp. 10-14. An analysis of the factors operating in the natural control of Lepidoptera, with special reference to the Forest Tent Caterpillar and the Fall Webworm in New Brunswick. Tables are. given, showing the average history of an egg- mass of each of these species during certain years. Further notes on the Apple Maggot (1918). By W.H. Brittain. Pp. 15-23. In this paper tables are given to show the dates of emergence of 640 adults during the season of 1918, with maximum and minimum temperatures and associated climatic conditions. The time of emergence in early spring is prac- tically the same, whether the season is early or late. Two other tables give dates of emergence according to the variety of apples infested. Experiments were also made to determine the length of the pre-oviposition period, under conditions of control in cages and in the open. It is shown that in certain orchards formerly infested by the apple maggot, but which were rid of the pest by spraying, these insects are now increasing, owing to the orchards having been untreated for two years. The Salt Marsh Caterpillar (Estigmene acraea Drury). By H. G. Payne. Pp. 24-31. A-detailed account of the life-history of this “‘woolly-bear,’’ with descriptions of all the stages and a table giving dates of hatching, lengths of instars and other data on the seasonal history. The paper is illustrated by an excellent half-tone from a photograph. A Copper Dust. By G. E. Sanders and A. Kelsall. Pp. 32-87. Gives the results of experiments with a mixture of powdered dehydrated copper sulphate, arsenate of lime and hydrated lime, containing 5 per cent. of metallic copper and 2 per cent. of metallic arsenic. Methods of preparation, storage and cost are also discussed. According to laboratory tests this mixture does not decrease the killing value of arsenicals to the same extent as liquid Bordeaux. Late. potato blight was effectively controlled by it. Notes on the life-history and immature stages of three common Chrysimelids: By W. E. Whitehead. Pp. 38-50. The species discussed are Disonycha 5- vittata, Chrysomela scalaris and Gastroidea polygoni, all of which are illustrated on plates 2 and 3. Full data on the seasonal history of each is given in tabu- lated form. A modified Bordeaux mixture for use in apple spraying. By G. E. Sanders. and W. H. Brittain. Pp. 51-61. An extended discussion of the properties and actions of the various formule used in the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, particularly with reference to the proportion of lime in its effect on the mixture as a fungicide. Conclusions believed to be correct for Nova Scotian conditions are given on pp. 59-60. Se Re ee ge ey ee eee vs ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 261 Some notes on Olene vagans B. and McD. in Nova Scotia. By W. H. Brittain and H. G. Payne. Pp. 62-68. Gives a full description of the life-history of ‘this little-known tussock moth, with tables giving duration of stages. These are well illustrated on plate 4, from a photograph. Some miscellaneous observations on the origin and present use of some in- secticides and fungicides. By G. E. Sanders and A. Kelsall. Pp. 69-75. A useful article dealing with the properties and uses of the more important in- secticides and fungicides, with particular reference to Nova Scotian practices. Notes on Lygus campestris Linn. in Nova Scotia. By W. H. Brittain. Pp. 76-81. Discusses the distribution, host plants, injurious habits, life- history and control of this Mirid. The stages are illustrated on plate 5: Life-History and immature stages of Abbottana clemataria, Smith and Abbott. By H. G. Payne. Pp. 82-85. The various stages are shown on plate 6, from a photograph. Key for determining the Crambine of Nova Scotia. By E. Chesley Allen. Pp. 86-88. The key is based chiefly on the colour-pattern, and the 20 species listed are all illustrated on plate 7 by life-sized figures. A treehopper new to our list. By W.H. Brittain. P.89. Gives notes on Enchenopa binotata Say, recorded from Nova Scotia for the first time. Tue Apple Bup-MoTHS AND THEIR ContTrRoL IN Nova Scorta. By G. E. Sanders and A. G. Dustan. Bull. 16, (Technical Series), Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture. March 1, 1919. 39 pp., 14 figs. in text. This is a very thorough account of the habits and methods of control of the four commonest and most injurious species of Bud-moths found in the apple orchards of Nova Scotia, viz., the Eye-spotted Bud-moth (7 metocera ocellana), the Oblique-banded Leaf-roller (Cacoecia rosaceana), the Lesser Bud- moth (Recurvaria nanella) and the Green Bud-moth (Argyroploce consanguinana): “The bud-moths are the most serious orchard insects in Nova Scotia, probably causing more injury to apple orchards than all the other insect enemies com- bined. ‘‘It is estimated that in unsprayed or poorly sprayed orchards in Nova Scotia they reduce the crop about 30 per cent. About 75 per cent. of the bud- moths can be destroyed and the crops increased about 22.5 per cent. by two thorough applications of poisoned spray applied before the blossoms open, with a nozzle throwing a coarse driving spray. “Open planting and thorough pruning help in the control of the bud- moths by allowing the wind to blow away and destroy many of the adults when they are on the wing in June and July.” The Eye-spotted Bud-moth is by far the most important of the four species, over 90 per cent. of the ldarve infesting buds being usually of this species. Considerable difference exists in the susceptibility of different varieties of apple to bud-moth injury, the varieties having wrinkled twigs being almost invariably more heavily infested than those with smooth twigs, owing to the better hibernating quarters offered by the former to the half-grown larve. Accurate data are given on the injuries to the buds and set of fruit, e. g., _ the exact reduction in the set as determined by counts of infested blossom clusters in the same variety of apple in the same orchard; the comparative size of the 262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST apples from infested and uninfested clusters; the relation between spring and fall injury, etc. The control of bud-moths is discussed at length, the measures recom- mended being based on a long series of experiments on different varieties of apple, using different sprays and nozzles. The latter part of the paper is taken up, with the detailed descriptions: life-history and habits of the four species discussed. THE FRuIT WorMS OF THE APPLE IN Nova Scotia. By G. E. Sanders and A. G. Dustan. Bull. 17 (Technical Series), Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture. March 1, 1919. 28 pp., 9 figs. in text. The fruit worms discussed in this report are the larve of a number of Noctuid moths belonging to the genera Graptolitha, Conistra and Xylena. They are important enemies of the apple in Nova Scotia, and the damage which they effect by eating into the young fruit or the set of the apples causes the dropping of about 72 per cent. of the injured fruit and the deforming of about 78 per cent. of the remainder. The commonest species is Graptolitha bethunet. The life-history of the various species is so similar that a general account is given which applies to all. The moths appear in the autumn, hibernate and deposit their eggs on the twigs of the apple during May. ‘These eggs hatch about the time the apple buds are beginning to show pink. The larve feed for two first two weeks on apple leaves and blossoms, and drop to the ground very readily when disturbed. After the first two weeks the larve feed more on the fruit than the leaves, causing an immense amount of injury.”’ Pupation takes place in the ground in early July. Fruit worms are difficult insects to poison, and their control is largely mechanical. The authors find that an arsenical spray applied immediately before the blossoms is the most valuable, while that applied immediately after the blossoms comes next in importance. The pre-blossom spray should be applied at a high velocity in serious outbreaks: The latter part of the report consists of descriptions of the earlier stages of the nine species of fruit worms discussed. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BOT-FLIES, GASTROPHILUS IN- TESTINALIS, DEG., G. HAEMORRHOIDALIS, L., AND G. NASALIS, L. By S. Hadwen. D.V.S., (Dominion Pathologist, Health of Animals Branch) and A. E. Cameron, M.A., D. Sc., F.E.S. (Technical Assistant, Entomological Branch), Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa. Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. IX, pt. 2, Sept., 1918. An investigation into the life-histories and habits of the three species of horse bot-flies that occur in the western provinces. Detailed descriptions are given of the eggs and the manner of their deposition, the young larve and their method of entering the host. Experimental evidence is given to show that the eggs of G. nasalis and G. haemorrhoidalis are capable of hatching spon- taneously, and that the larve probably penetrate directly into the integument of their host. The eggs of G. intestinalis, on the other hand, require moisture se eS eee " ee eee ee eT oe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST - 263 and friction in order to hatch, and the larve experimented with failed to enter the skin but succeeded in entering the buccal mucosa. The distribution of these flies in Canada, the habits of the adults and the period of activity is also discussed. As a preventive measure against the attacks of G. haemorrhoidalis a nose fringe is recommended, consisting of a leather band around the nose and cut. into strips long enough to cover the lips of the horse. An additional flap is attached to the band to protect the nose, and a piece of canvas, extending from the nose band to the throat, may be used to ward off attacks of G. nasalis. Some NEw SPECIES OF TACHINID# From Inp1A.—By John D. Tothill. Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. IX, pt. 1, May, 1918. Pp. 47-60, with 16 text figures. This paper gives descriptions and figures of eight new species of Tachinid flies, which constitute the major part of a collection received from Dr. A. D. Imms. They belong to the genera Gymnochaeta, Servillia (2 species), Gonia, Paraphania, Chaetoplagia, Frontina and Lophosia. Some NoTEs ON THE NATURAL CONTROL OF THE OYSTER-SHELL SCALE (LEPI- DOSAPHES ULMI L.). By John D. Tothill. Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. IX, pt. 3, March, 1919. Pp. 183-196, 7 figs. in text. This study is based on an examination of about 18,000 egg-masses collected between September, 1916, and April, 1917, from representative places through- out Canada. It was found that the most important single factor in the control of this scale is the predaceous mite Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer, a species of European origin, which feeds upon both the eggs and the growing scales. In some locali- ties, e. g., Moncton, N.B., where the scale has been very abundant, it has been almost exterminated by the mite. In British Columbia, on the other hand, it has not yet been found. “As hundreds of the mites can be sent through the mail on an apple twig it should be possible to colonize it in scale-infested places and countries where it may prove to be absent from the local fauna.”’ Other important factors in the control of the summer stages of the scale are overcrowding of the scales and the Hymenopterous parasite A phelinus mytilaspidis LeBaron, which in one locality was found to have destroyed 75 per cent. of the scales. E. M. W. (To be continued.) CORRECTION (APHIDID£:). _ lam obliged to Dr. A. C. Baker for the information that Heteroneura, recently described by the writer in Canadian Entomologist, (1919, page 228) as a new genus to include A phis setariz Thos., is preoccupied. I am, therefore, proposing a new name, namely, Hysteroneura, as a substitute for Heteroneura. Joun J. Davis. 264 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NOTES ON THE LARCH CASE BEARER (COLEOPHORA LARICELLA HBN.). BY H. T. FERNALD, AMHERST, MASS. During the present season (1919)the Larch’ Case Bearer has made its ap- pearance in Northampton, Mass., apparently at the same place where it ap- peared in 1886, as recorded by Hagen (Can. Ent., XVIII, 125). A number of good-sized larches have been injured, the outer half of the leaf being thoroughly mined, causing the trees to look quite badly. By the middle of June all work was at an end and no moths could be found, and it is probable that at this time the insect was in the pupa stage. On July 18th another examination was made, and eggs and newly-hatched larvee were found in abundance. The egg is rather dome-shaped, its diameter at the base being about .8 mm., and its height the same or slightly less. It is of a grayish or brownish colour, apparently determined by the age of the embryo within, the more advanced eggs being darker. The centre of the top © is irregularly roughened and about a dozen ridges diverge from. this area toward the margin of the egg, the exact number of ridges varying somewhat in different examples. The surface between the ridges is minutely roughened, resembling the surface of an orange. The egg may be placed on either side of the leaf, but most frequently upon the upper one, and somewhere on its outer half. The larva on hatching appears to enter the leaf, and forms its mine along ~ one edge, working sometimes toward the tip, sometines in the other direction. At this time no trace of a thoracic shield could be found in any of the specimens examined, though quite high power lenses of a compound microscope were used, nor were any prolegs or spines on the body visible, except two or three of the latter on the head and prothorax, so small as to be extremely difficult to locate. The general colour of the larva was brown, but under the microscope appeared mottled with dark reddish. Unfortunately, it was not possible to carry the observations farther. Mailed Novemober 20th, 1919 5 a ; a . ty 7 ae a. eS oe, ee The Canadian Entomologist VoL. LI. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1919. No. 12 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. FURTHER REMARKS ON COLLEMBOLA. BY CHARLES MACNAMARA, ARNPRIOR, ONTARIO.* (Continued from page 245.) and more grateful air, come out in constantly increasing multitudes. Experiments showed that a temperature of zero Fahrenheit killed Achorutes socialis in less than an hour, while at 5° F. they survived indefinitely. But although 5° F. seems to do them no harm, they never expose themselves volun- tarily to that degree of cold. The lowest temperature at which I have seen them on the surface was 18° F., and that was very exceptional. Asa rule they do not appear until the thermometer approaches 25° F., and from 30° F. up- wards they reach their greatest abundance. Their reaction to a rising tempera ture is rapid. Even when the snow lies two feet deep or more, they are out within an hour or so after the milder weather begins, and after 24 hours cf thaw they may be looked for in large numbers. No marked difference in response to temperature changes can be noticed between the various snow frequenters, and usually three or four different species can be found at the same time. In this district Achorutes socialis is generally in excess of all the others, but oc casionally, for some reason or another, the mild weather fails to attract it, and Isotoma nigra or I. macnamarat may be the predominant species on the snow. Outside of temperature, the other weather conditions have little influence on them. Provided the day is mild, they come out as readily in wind, pouring rain cr heavy snow as in calm sunshine. During a snow-storm it is interesting to watch how they keep constantly climbing to the surface in order to avoid being buried by the falling flakes. It is quite possible that sometimes the insects reach the surface by com- ing up straight through the snow. Their integument is far too delicate for any forceful burrowing, but snow lying loosely as it falls, always has interstices between its particles amply wide enough for the free passage of these minute creatures. This mode of emergence, however, cannot very often be used in mid-winter, for generally the snow stratum, when it attains any thickness, includes one or more layers of crust that are quite impervious to the soft-bodied springtail. Nevertheless, another exit is open to them. Around every stalk of grass, brushwood stem, tree trunk or other object projecting through the snow, there is always a clear space, no matter how deep the snow, resulting partly from the shrinkage of the snow as it settles, and partly from the radiation of absorbed heat by the object. It is from these sally-ports that the snow- flea hosts principally issue. * We regret the awkward division of Mr. Macnamara’s article. Through an unfortunate oversight the concluding sentence of the first part in the November number was left unfinished. 265 266 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST = — ao — This method of reaching the surface together with other snow habits of the insect were well illustrated in an enormous outbreak of Achorutes socialis. Uzel that I observed one day in February, and which may be taken as a good example of snow appearances in general. But here, in order to explain how I came on the insects on this occasion, I must make a slight digression. Achorutes socialis has a strong and distinctive but inconstant smell. I have never seen any reference to it in literature, but Dr. Folsom tells me that he has noticed it both from A. socialis and from the closely allied A. packardt. It is not easy to describe, but it reminds me most of the smell of that favourite fruit-salad of the small boy: a slice of raw turnip. Sometimes the scent can be caught from half a dozen captives in a vial, at other times a hundred of them give off no appreciable odour whatever. Similarly, during an extensive emergence, sometimes no smell at all can be noticed, and sometimes it is so strong that it is possible to discover an outbreak of the insects by the sense of smell alone. The first time I experienced this I was walking through a hardwood bush one morning in December, and not thinking particularly of springtails, when it suddenly occurred to me that a few moments before I had smelled Achoriutes socialis. I retraced my steps, and about 50 feet back there they were to one side of my path, coming out of a mossy log in thick, blue-black agglomerations. It was in the same way that I discovered the insects this day in February. A favcurite winter trail of mine at one place goes down the middle of a beaver meadow about half a mile long by 200 yards wide, through which in summer a small, sluggish stream meanders to a sandy bay of the Ottawa River. The meadow is bordered by an open growth of moisture-loving shrubs and trees, such as speckled alders, black and white ashes and soft maples. These occupy a strip a couple of hundred feet wide, and on the drier ground behind, cedars, spruces, hemlocks and pines are mixed with elms and hard maples. The temperature had been above freezing point for the preceding 24 hours, and three inches of wet snow had fallen in the night, bringing the total depth on the ground up to 18 inches. At noon the thermometer stood at 36° F., the sky was overcast, and the relative humidity was 91 per cent. It was not the kind cf day that most people would chocse for a snow-shoe tramp fer the snow was very wet and the going heavy, but it was ideal snow-flea weather, so I was out bright and early. There was the usual sprinkling of Jsotomas in the drier woods and Achorutes in the damper situations, but I found nothing out of the common until I reached the beaver meadow. Here, while pursuing my ac- customed track, as I paused a moment to pick up a specimen, in an instant I caught the familiar smell of Achorutes socialis, wind-borne from the south side of the meadow. I followed up the scent and among the ashes and soft maples I found them. They were coming up to the surface through the spaces in the snow around the trees and shrubs, some climbing the snow wall, and some the trunks and stems. Most of the latter sprang off on to the snow, but a good many remained on the trees, and either gathered in blue patches here and there or went wander- ing up the trunk, although not to any height, for above 10 feet I could find none. The principal area cf emergence was between 50 ft. and 100 ft. wide, and extended all along the south side of the marsh,—a distance of about 800 yards. Over this space there were from 50 to 100 insects to the square foot. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 267 Their movements as usual seemed to lack decision, but the net effect of their apparently purposeless walking and aimless leaping was to spread them out from under the trees in the direction of the light, and they thinned out towards the open meadow into successive bands of approximately 25, 10 and 5 insects to the square foot, until at last in the middle of the marsh only an occasional jumper was to be seen. While the boundary of this edge of the outbreak was indefinite, the other edge, as I had often noticed before in similar cases, ended sharply at the dark evergreens, and not a snow-flea was to be found in the shadows beneath these trees. The insects are evidently possessed of a positive phototropism, although it does not work with the accuracy and directness of the similar tropism of a great many other invertebrates. Another factor in snow-flea distribution is the wind. I once saw the insects blown out on the snow in a long comet tail radiating from the base of an ironwood around which they were emerging during a strong wind, and on this occasion I am sure the fresh southerly breeze aided their spread over the meadow. By pacing the distances and carefully estimating the average number of insects to the square foot, I calculated that there were not less than 9,000,000 to 10,000,000 A. socialis disporting themselves on the snow along this narrow half-mile strip. They were of a well-grown generation, most of them reaching a length of 1.5 mm. with here and there a few 2 mm. individuals, which is the maximum length of the species. A. socialis seldom pays any attention to the close approach of the observer, but this day they were more alert than usual, and when I bent to examine a crowded alder stem with my magnifying glass, the occupants all flung themselves off on to the snow,and when, in focusing a wide procession wandering up a tree, I brought my face close to the trunk, a rain of the insects pattered down on my cheek and ear, and the raw turnip “smell was very evident. It was 11 o’clock in the morning when I reached the beaver meadow, and up to 5 p.m. there was no very apparent change in numbers or distribution of the multitude. They kept ceaselessly crawling and leaping, but without seem- ing to get anywhere in particular. About 5 o’clock, however, a slightly lower temperature set in, and with the first cool breath, the insects began to leave the surface by insinuating themselves between the snow particles, and by 5.30, when I had to leave for home, the numbers visible were noticeably diminished. The temperature was still above freezing, and it was evidently the downward trend and not the absolute degree that drove them to shelter. For although the thermometer registered no lower than 28° F. during the night, and stood at 31° at 9 o’clock next morning—temperatures at which the insects often emerge abundantly—when I got back to the marsh about half past nine, not a single Achorutes was to be found on the trees, and 95 per cent. of those on the snow had disappeared, as I ascertained by counting the few individuals remain- ing on areas I had marked out the day before. In the course of the next few days I visited the place several times to study the further behaviour of the insects, and my observations may be conveniently summarized as follows: When the colder and drier weather drives the snow-fleas to shelter, those on the trees and shrubs reach the soil by walking down the way they came up. The insects on the snow, however, show no tendency whatever to go back to 268 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the openings by which they reached the surface, they simply work their way into the snow wherever they may be. Probably when the bed of snow is shallow and soft, they soon get down to the ground, but on this occasion their progress earthwards was decidedly slow. For more than a week after they had left the surface they were still to be found scattered through the snow at various depths. Trenches dug in the snow at several points revealed three crusts— the result of thaws earlier in the winter—each about an inch thick and separated one from the other by from three to seven inches of loose, dry snow. The tiny creatures seemed to have had little trouble in finding passages through the upper crusts, but the bottom crust was solid ice, and here in the first days of my investigations I found the snow-fleas accumulated in considerable numbers. Later on, these insects gradually disappeared. Although lacking any direct evidence, I am of the opinion that by degrees many of them worked their way along through the snow until they encountered some twig or root that pierced the crust and enabled them to crawl down to the earth. There is no doubt, however, that a very large number of the adventurers perish. The fact is that in six years’ observation of their winter habits, I have never seen two large emergencies occurring in the same locality,indicates that a great destruction of the insects must take place on every excursion. After all that has been said about their appearances in the winter, it might be thought that the insects only come out when the ground is covered with snow. The truth is that in favourable weather they emerge just as readily when the ground is bare, but, of course, they do not then attract attention as when they are set off by the vivid background of the snow. One calm misty morning in that golden prime of spring when the first wild flowers are all out and the mosquitoes aren’t, I came down through the woods, leafless as yet, to a marsh that was flooded a couple of feet deep with the high water from the Ottawa River. The whole half mile of swamp, I remember, was ringing from end to end with an astonishing chorus of frogs,—a great volume of sound, but so steady and sustained that presently, like the music of the spheres, it went out of my consciousness, until suddenly I was made aware of it again by the startling abruptness with which it stopped: a marsh hawk sweep- ing over the water had struck the massed choirs instantaneously dumb. As I worked my way through the alders along the edge of the water, I noticed a good many A_ socialis climbing in the withered ‘‘beaver hay,” the blue black colour of the minute insects rendering them conspicuous in the yellow grass As I advanced they became thicker, and here and there strings of them floated down runlets from the woods. And then I came on the springtail metropolis. It was a large, moss-covered log so rotten that its species could not be determined, but it was probably a pine. It was bedded on the dead leaves of yester year just at the edge of the water, and from a crevice in its brown crumb- ling side, A. socialis were emerging in solid dark blue masses. The easiest way to appraise them would have been by dry measures. There must have been something over an imperial pint of them visible, and more were continually coming out of the log. On the damp leaves they were gathered into several patches six inches in diameter and fully half an inch thick. I filled a number of collecting tubes chockfull by merely scooping two or three times into these masses. A fine spray of leaping insects played continually over the side of the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 269 log, and the characteristic smell was very apparent. And strange to say, the insects made themselves unexpectedly manifest to another sense also. Rivalling the fairy-tale hero who could hear the grass growing, to my surprise I found I could hear the springtails leaping on the dead leaves. So many hundreds of them were jumping at the same moment, that the myriad simultaneous impacts became audible even to the coarse human sense of hearing, and sounded like the tiny rain we must suppose fell in Lilliput. Watching any general movement of these insects is like watching the hour hand of a clock. They were evidently spreading out from this focus, but so slowly in spite of all their leaping and crawling hither and thither, that very little change could be noticed during the thirty or forty minutes that I observed them. When I returned to the spot the evening of the following day, they had as usual nearly all disappeared. On the leaves were many white patches of cast skins, and a few stragglers were still crawling over the log, but the millions of yesterday were gone. These eruptions of Achorutes socialis and its congeners are due to over- crowding of the domicile, and in that respect they parallel the swarming of the bees and ants. But there the resemblance stops, for, of course, the spring- tails have no special organization whatever, and those found living in colonies are merely kept together by a common. interest in some food supply or other favourable condition. When the place becomes too small to support them, practically the whole population leaves at the same time, each individual to seek his own private fortune, and the old home is completely abandoned. One obvious advantage of the movement, in addition to a mcre abundant forage, is the cross-breeding that takes place between different colonies. The in- creased vigour of the race which accrues no doubt more than counterbalances the large mortality among the emigrants. The Collembola as an order have never attracted many students, and it is not likely that this article will do anything to increase the number, but ‘‘should one heart throb higher at its sway,’ it would-be a pity not to encourage the aspirant to springtail lore, and so I will say something about collecting methods. The Collembolist’s collecting outfit is simple, inexpensive and not at all bulky, but as the insects are found in a variety of situations, several different pieces of apparatus are necessary to capture them. Among the first requisites are the small straight-sided bottles without shoulder or lip, known as shell vials. For general use in collecting and for storage purposes, round-bottomed shell vials about 50 mm. !ong by 10 mm. in diameter, as recommended by Dr. J. W. Folsom, are best. But for very minute specimens even smaller bottles than these are often desirable, and I usually carry a few vials 40 mm. and 25 mm. long by 6 mm. or 7 mm. in diameter.” If not obtainable from stock, any dealer will have such bottles as these made to order at a small cost per gross. In summer a small fragment of damp, rotten wood or a piece of a moist, dead leaf tamped down into the bottom of the vial will keep the specimen from dying of aridity until you get them home. In winter, when everything out- doors is dried up by the frost, my bottles are furnished with a scrap of filter paper, which can be moistened when required by dropping a granule or two of snow on to it. But one must be careful not to get the bottles too wet inside, or the insects will drown in the water film. 270 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST The Collembola, being all very soft-bodied, must be handled with great delicacy to avoid injuring them. The best implement for the purpose is the fine red sable brush used for oil painting, American size No. 1, (English size 00 or 0), preferably of the round shape, but the flat will do. The long handles may be cut down to a length of three or four inches convenient for the pocket or vial case. In a pinch an emergency brush can be made by chewing the end of a small succulent twig into fibres. A great many Collembolans live under the bark of more or less rotten logs and stumps, and when collecting in this habitat a large pocket knife is very useful to separate the layers of bark. Also the student, unless he has exceptional eyesight, will find a watchmaker’s glass necessary to discover the smaller speci- mens. A glass of two and a half inch or at most two inch focus is strong enough. Any higher magnification leaves too small a working distance. To prevent dewing of the glass in cool weather, two or three holes of about 4 mm. diameter should be bored through the mounting. As any small object dropped into forest litter or long grass is very hard to find, I tie the collecting brush and the watchmaker’s glass at either end of a fine string about 18 inches long This insures their safety, leaves the hands free, and enables the brush to be found without taking the eye off the quarry. Of course, like every other good thing, the arrangement has its drawbacks. But when the cord catches on some obstruction just as a particularly fine speci- men has been sighted, and the glass is jerked out of the collector’s eye, curses both loud and deep will be found to afford considerable relief to many temper- ments. The very ingenious collector devised by Berlese is an admirable instru- ment for automatically extracting springtails and other small creatures from the debris of forests and such like materials But for adequate results the apparatus must be employed on a larger scale than is possible for an amateur without any special laboratory. And so, while I have used a small Berlese collector with some success, I prefer to sift for the insects in the open. My sieve consists of a wooden hoop 12 inches in diameter and one inch deep, to which is attached a sleeve of ticking about 10 inches long, while the netting is wire cloth of 12 meshes to the inch. A black silk handkerchief and a white linen one complete the outfit. In practice, one sits down in a likely place, puts a couple of handfuls of dead leaves into the sieve and shakes it over the handkerchief spread on the knees. Then by means of the brush, the dislodged Collembolans are transferred to a vial. Changing occasionally from the black to the white handkerchief, or vice versa, often reveals many minute and un- suspected insects of the contrasting hue. For springtails of a different milieu a very useful device is a tin funnel 31/, inches or 4 inches in diameter at the mouth, such as can be bought at any hardware store for a few cents. A fair-sized, straight-sided bottle is corked to the tip of the funnel, and the implement is used to sweep herbage, the surface — of pools, wet sand and similar formations. The leaping insects are caught in the funnel, and a sharp tap from time to time shakes them from the slippery sides into the bottle. Also the easiest way to capture specimens on loose pieces of bark is to shake them off into the funnel. And the catch can be safely trans- ferred from the funnel bottle to the regular collecting tube by inserting the THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 271 point of the funnel into the latter, and emptying the contents of the larger bottle into the funnel. When he comes to use the brush, the collector soon sees that his manipu- lation must be varied according to the habit of the different species. The active high-strung Jsotoma and the nervous Tomocerus must be “‘flipped’’ or herded into the bottle with a dry brush, while the non-leaping kinds, such as Neanura and Onychiurus and stolid genera like Achorutes and Xenylla can be picked up on a moistened brush without any trouble. Whatever others may say, the enthusiast sees no objection to moistening the brush with the lips. The absorp- tion of an odd Collembolan that this practice may sometimes entail is entirely negative in result, as I can testify from several years’ experience. The insects are brought home alive, and are best killed, as Dr. Folsom advises, by theapplicationof 95 percent. alcohol heated almost to a boiling point. They may be then transferred to 80 per cent. alcohol for preservation. Spring- tails should never be mounted on points, as they soon shrivel up. Microscope preparations in Canada balsam, Dr. Folsom says, tend to shrink, and he sug- gests a mixture of glycerine jelly and acetic acid as the most satisfactory medium. An invaluable tool for “setting up’ springtails and all other minute insects was discovered by Mr. J. M. Swaine, of the Entomological Branch, Ottawa, in the fine-pointed flexible wire instrument used by dentists to extract nerves, and known technically as a “‘broach.”’ As doubtless many collectors have discovered for themselves, the best work is done when one is alone. Unless your companion is equally interested with you in the particular insect you are after, his impatience and desire to move on distract, and his lack of sympathy chills you. I know people who could not watch one hour while a log was being examined with a magnifying glass, and whom even the discovery of a rare Pseudachorutes left quite cold. fne BERS OF GOLD HILL, COLORADO. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. Gold Hill is a small mining town in the mountains of Boulder County, Colorado, with an altitude of about 8,600 feet. It is rather well known in zoo- logical circles because it was the residence of an indefatigable student of birds and mammals, Denis Gale. At Ward, a few miles away, Gale discovered the mouse which Merriam named Evotomys galei. On July 13, 1919, my wife and I spent the forenoon collecting bees at Gold Hill, on the dry hill immediately east of the town. Twenty species were obtained, listed below. The fauna is by no means entirely of the boreal type; one species, Andrena prunorum, ex- tends to Southern New Mexico. Prosopis varifrons Cresson. Females at Rubus. Colletes kincaidii Ckll. _ Both sexes abundant at flowers of Frasera (Tessaranthium). Sphecodes eustictus Ckll. Female at Geranium. Halictus cooleyi Crawford. Common, visiting Frasera. Halictus lerouxti Lepeletier. One male. Halictus nigricollis Vachal. One male. Described by Vachal from a male December, 1919 272 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST tn ee in the Vienna Museum, collected by Morrison in Colorado, and not previously recognized by me. Halictus arapahonum Ckll. One male, this sex previously unknown. It is like H. provanchert nearcticus (Vach.), but the abdomen is olive green, with very distinct, faintly ochreous hair bands. Femora light ferruginous, with- out dark markings. Halictus pruinosiformis Crawford. One female. Halictus ruidosensis Ckll. One female; a rather large form with strongly dusky wings, perhaps separable. Halictus galei, n. sp. @. Length about 4.5 mm.; head and thorax bluish green, not bright, somewhat shining but not polished; hair of head and thorax white, not dense; head oblong, facial quadrangle much longer than broad; front minutely excessively densely punctured all over, but this does not extend to the region between the ocelli; antenne black, flagellum obscurely reddish beneath toward end; tegula dark, not punctured; wings clear hyaline, nervures and stigma testaceous; mesothorax micrcscopically tessellate and with distinct punctures, about the diameter of a puncture apart; area of metathorax with very irregular strong plice, and smaller ridges between, the apical part hardly sculptured{ its surface microscopically reticulate; legs black; hind spur with three long}spines; abdomen black, shining; sides of second segment (especially basally) and all of the following covered with white hair, not so dense as to entirely hide the shining surface, the little hairs beautifully plumose; hind margins of second and following segments narrowly pallid. In my manuscript key to the subgenus Chloralictus this runs to H. perdz- fficilis Ckll., which it resembles in the hairy abdomen. It differs from perdifficilis by being very much smaller, with narrower head, and also in coloration. The narrowerface, with straighter inner orbits, at once separates it from H. ruidosensis, but the peculiarity is not carried nearly so far as in H. longiceps Rob., which I have from Southern Pines, N. C. (Manee). Andrena lupinorum Ckll. Commcn on flowers of Rubus, and also collected from Potentilla. 1 had only the type cf this fine species. Andrena apacheorum Ckll. One female at Potenitilla. Andrena prunorum Ckll. Female at Rubus; scape red, clypeus mainly red. Melissodes confusiformis Ckll. One male at Geranium. Epeolus hitei Ckll. One male at Geranium, differs from the female by hav- ing the first two antennal joints black, and the third red only in part. I had only the unique type of female. Anthophora smithit Cress. One male. Chelynia elegans Cress. One male at Geranium. Osmia armaticeps Cress. One female at Gazllardia. Megachile pugnata Say. Both sexes at Gaillardia. Bombus juxtus Cress. Workers common cn Frasera. The Rubus referred to is R. melanolasius Focke. Summing up the principal results; the morning’s collecting gave us one new species, two previously unknown males, one species described in Europe and not before recognized by us, and several specimens of a species of which we — previously had only the single type. Also, the M. confusiformis was the first male in good condition. In connection with Mr. Sladen’s recent interesting & 4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 213 observations on the relation between climate and characters, it may be of in- terest to note that in a considerable series of Chloralictus, the tegule are dark in those species which come from the north and the mountains, light in those from the south and lowlands. Thus: Tegule dark. H. cressonti, nigroviridis, viridatus, perdifficilis, versans, ruidosensis, hortensts, planatus, etc. Tegule light. H. semibrunneus, sparsus, floridanus, ashmeadii, versatis, zephyrus, gemmatus, brunert, exiguus, etc. A LIST OF SYRPHIDA OF NORTHERN INDIANA. BY M. R. SMITH, RALEIGH, N.C. The following is a list of Syrphids collected in the vicinity of Plymouth, Indiana, during the summer of 1918. As the writer does not think he will have opportunity to collect in this region again, this short list is being published with the hope that it may be of interest to the Syrphidologist and to those interested in working up the State’s fauna. To Mr. J. M. Craig much credit is due for assistance in collecting. The writer also wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. C. L. Fluke for a number of the determinations. UPLAND SPECIES. MARSH SPECIES. Fristalis tenax Linn. Helophilus stmilis Macq. E. arbustorum Linn. H. latifrons Loew. E. transversus Wied. E. dimidiatus Wied. Sphaerophoria scripta Linn. S. cylindrica Say. Paragus bicolor Fabr. P. tibialis Fabr. P. angustifrons Loew. Allograpta obliqua Say. Mesogramma marginata Say. M. geminata Say. M. polita Say. Syrphus ribesit Linn. S. americanus Wied. S. xanthostomus Williston. S. abbreviatus Zett. Syritta pipiens Linn. Milesia virginiensis Drury. Spilomyia hamifera Loew. S. longicornis Loew. Baccha fascipennis Wied. Xanthogramma flavipes. December, 1919 H. divisus Leew. H. chrysostomus Williston. H. conostomus Williston. H. laetus Loew. Volucella evecta Walker. Xylota fraudulosa Loew. X. equncida Say. Tropidia quadrata Say. T. calcarata Williston. Pyrophaena rosarum Fabr. P. granditarsus Fabr. Platychirus quadraius Say. P. hyperboreus Staeger. Melanostoma mellinum Linn. M. obscurum Say. Neoascia globosa Walker. Chrysotoxum pubescens Loew. Pterallastes thoracicus Loew. Eristalis bastardt Macq. E. flavipes Walker. 274 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : ee ee THREE NEW CANADIAN ANTHOMYIIDZ:. (DIPTERA). BY J. R. MALLOCH, URBANA, ILL. The three species described in this paper were submitted to me for identi- fication, and in order to include them in synopses which are ready for the press, they are now described in full. The generic name Aricia R.D., is preoccupied and the next available one Helina R.D., is used in this paper. Helina fletcheri, sp. n. Male.—Black, so densely covered with gray pruinescence as to appear opaque gray. Orbits, face and cheeks with silvery pruinescence, antenne and palpi black. Thorax without vitte. Abdomen with a faint dark dorso- central vitta, and a pair of small brown spots on segment 2 and another on ‘segment 3. Legs black. Wings clear, veins pale, yellow at bases. Calyptra and halteres pale yellow. Eyes bare, separated by about 3 times the width across posterior ocelli; interfrontalia at its narrowest part a little wider than either orbit; each orbit with 3 or 4 strong bristles and one or two weak hairs parafacial at base of antenne about as wide as third antennal segment, a little narrowed below; cheek not over twice as high as width of parafacial, with a series of bristles along lower margin, 2 or 3 of which, below anterior margin of eye, are upwardly curved a bristle above vibrissa; longest hairs on arista a little shorter than width of third antennal segment. Thorax without strong presutural acrostichals or prealar bristle; postsutural dorso-centrals 3; sternopleurals 3, in a nearly equilateral triangle. Abdomen cylindrical, slightly tapered behind; tergites 3 and 4 each with transverse median and apical bristles; hypopygium large but not protuberant, fifth sternite with a rather wide, deep, wedge-shaped posterior excision, a few long bristles on each lateral extension. Fore tibia with or with- out a median bristle, only the dorsal apical bristle strong; fore tarsus about — equal in length to fore tibia; all pulvilli longer than apical tarsal segment mid femur with a complete series of long, strong bristles on postero-ventral surface, the antero-ventral surface bare; mid tibia with 1 weak antero-dorsal and 2 or 3 posterior bristles; hind femur with a series of long bristles on postero-ventral surface and another on apical half of antero-ventral; hind tibia with 2 or 3 short bristles on antero-ventral and postero-dorsal surfaces and 2 longer bristles on antero-dorsal, the apical antero-dorsal bristle long. Costal thorn small, outer cross- vein straight; veins 3 and 4 divergent apically; last section of fourth vein over twice as long as the preceding. Length 5 mm. Type.—Radisson, Sask., July 30, 1907, (J. Fletcher), in the Canadian National Collection. This species has the appearance of a Coenosia. It differs from any other North American species known to me in having the eyes widely separated,the femora very strongly bristled and the postsutural bristles 3 in number. Hylemyia pedestris, sp. n. Male.—Black, slightly shining, densely gray pruinescent. Head black, orbits, face, and cheeks with white pruinescence; palpi largely yellowish basally. Thorax with 5 black vitta—a narrow median, two narrow submedian, and two December, 1919 —— ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 275 broad lateral. Abdomen with a narrow black dorsal vitta, which is obsolete on apical portion of basal segment; hypopygium glossy black. Legs yellowish testaceous, cox, femora and tarsi largely fuscous, sometimes the femora almost entirely fuscous, or almost entirely pale. Wings slightly grayish, yellow at bases. Calyptra and halteres yellow. Eyes separated at narrowest part of frons by a distance equal to width of anterior ocellus; parafacial at base of antenna about half as wide as third antennal joint, much narrowed below; cheek as high as width of third antennal joint, with a few long bristles along lower margin, one of which is upwardly curved, antenne reaching nearly to mouth-margin; arista with very short pubescence. Thorax with 2 or 3 pairs of presutural acrostichal bristles and a few intermixed setulose hairs; prealar less than half as long as the bristle behind it. Abdomen short, depressed, parallel-sided; hypopygium large; fifth sternite in both specimens before me projecting downward, large, the processes slightly curved, rounded at apices, their inner halves furnished with dense, erect black hairs, a rounded elevation laterad of base of each process on each of which there are a few bristles. Fore tibia with a short, sharp apical posterior bristle; mid femur with a few bristles near base on postero-ventral surface; mid tibia with 1 postero-dorsal and 2 posterior bristles; hind femur with antero-ventral bristles long and widely. separated, the postero-ventral surface with a rather closely placed series of short bristles on basal three-fifths; hind tibia with 1 antero-ventral, 2 antero-dorsal, and 2 postero-dorsal bristles; mid and hind tarsi shorter than their tibie. Costal thorn small, cuter cross-vein slightly curved, veins 3 and 4 subparallel apically, the former terminating almost in the apex of the wing which is slightly pointed. Length 5.5 mm. Type and paratype, Godbout, Quebec, Canada, ve 25,. 1918. (Ha Wee Walker). Named in honour of the collector. The series of short bristles on basal two-fifths of hind femora and the fringes on processes of fifth abdominal sternite distinguish this species from any known to me. Type in the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto. Hylemyia quintilis, sp. n. Female.—Black, shining, rather densely gray pruinescent. Head entirely black, the orbits and parafacials with white tomentum, the remainder of head with less dense pruinescence. Thorax with 5 poorly defined brown dorsal vitte. Abdomen more distinctly shining than thorax, with a large patch of gray pruinescence on each side of each tergite posteriorly. Legs black. Wings with a yellowish brown tinge, veins dark brown, yellow basally. Calyptre white. Halteres vellow. Frons over one-third of the head-width, a little widened anteriorly, orbits well defined, each about one-fourth as wide as interfrontalia at anterior ex- tremity of ocellar triangle, and with 3 bristles in front of lower supraorbital bristle, otherwise bare, interfrontalia with a pair of strong curciate bristles, and a few microscopic hairs on each side, ocellar triangle with 2 long bristles and ‘several long setulz, parafacial at base of antenne wider than height of cheek and a little wider than third antennal joint, narrowed below, the vibrissal angle much produced, anterior upper margin of mouth forming a sharp ridge which 276 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST projects well beyond the line of anterior margin of frons; lower margin of cheek with a few strong bristles in a single series and some short weak hairs, the series of strong bristles widely interrupted below parafacial; third antennal joint broad, about twice as long as second, arista almost bare, second joint longer than thick, third swollen at base. Presutural acrostichals 2“rowed, one pair strong, prealar bristle long; sternopleurals 2:2, the lower anterior one weak. Abdominal tergites with strong bristles on posterior margins; sternites 3 to 5 each with strong bristles on lateral margins, basal sternite bare. genitalia with two slender processes at apex. Fore tibia with a strong median posterior bristle, basal joint of fore tarsus nearly as long as the other four combined, third, fourth, and fifth joints broadened, third twice as long as fourth, the latter one-third as long as fifth, which is about three times as long as broad, mid legs lacking, hind femur with about 8 bristles on apical three-fifths of antero- ventral surface, and 1 bristle near base on postero. ventral; hind tibia with 3 short antero-ventral, 3 moderately long and 4 short antero-dorsal, and 3 long and 5 or 6 short postero-dorsal bristles. Costal thorn short; veins 3 and 4 subparallel apically, last section of the latter not much longer than the pre. ceding section. Length 7 mm. Type.—Godbout, Quebec, Canada, July 25, 1918, (E. M. Walker). This species resembles the female of latipennis Zetterstedt, in having the apical fore tarsal joint dilated, but Jatipennis has the fourth joint much longer, distinctly longer than wide, the hind femur with 2 or 3 bristles on apical fourth of antero- ventral surface, and the hind tibia with 3 long bristles on the postero- dorsal surface, the short bristles being absent. Type in the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto. NOTES ON PLATYDEMA ELLIPTICUM FAB., AND ITS FUNGUS HOS BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J. During the middle of September, larvze and pupe of this species were quite abundant in the fungus Polyporus giluus at Union, N.J. Many of the larve were full grown at this time, and adults had just started to emerge. Larval burrows were found throughout the fungus, but most of the pupal cells were located in the base of the fungus clcse to the bark of the tree. Polyporus gilvus is a woody fungus which is extremely common in Eastern Canada and Northern United States, occurring on dead deciduous wood. Full grown larva.—Length 12 mm. Greatest width 1.7 mm. Elongate, subcylindrical, somewhat hard, whitish or with dark contents of alimentary tract showing. Head and anterior portion of first thoracic segment dark, reddish brown. Faint to dark transverse chitinized areas on dorsal surface of each segment. Head with a fine, white, U-shaped line which connects with a fine, median, dcrsal line extending to first abdominal segment. Head bears a few punctures within the U-'shaped line and many without. Head and body sparsely hairy. Legs bearing several spine-like hairs. Last abdominal seg- ment bearing a row of five minute spines on its posterior edge, the middle spine being the largest. December, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Pathe Pupa.—Length 7 mm. Width across wing-cases 3 mm. Whitish, sub- oval, rounded anteriorly, gradually tapering posteriorly. Head, thorax and ventral surface sparsely hairy. Dorsal surface bears a number of fine, minute hairs. Hairs on anterior and lateral thoracic margins long and fine. Lateral body hairs longest. Sides of abdominal segments two to five produced into somewhat flat, plate-like, subrectangular, expanded tubercles. Anterior and posterior transverse edges of each expansion or tubercle chitinized and serratu- late, the distal corner ending in a minute spine. Lateral edge of expansion bears a minute, median spine with a long hair arising from below the tip. The lateral expansion on the first abdominal segment has a heavily chitinized posterior edge, a minute, median, lateral spine but the anterior edge is not chitinized nor serratulate. Lateral expansion on sixth abdominal segment is smaller than the others and lacks the posterior edge. Last abdominal segment termin- ated at each edge by a comparatively prominent, pointed spine. Adult.—Platydema ellipticum. This was described by Fabricius in 1801 (Syst. Eleut., II, 1801, 566). The beetle is elongate-oval, about 6 mm. long, black, each elytron having an oblique irregular reddish spot extending from the humerus to the suture. The thorax is finely and sparsely punctate, the elytra finely striate and the striz with fine, distant punctures. It is generally distributed throughout New Jersey and occurs according to Smith (Insects of N.J., N.J. St. Mus. Rept. 1909) under the bark of fungus-covered trees. Blatchley (Coleoptera of Indiana) states that it is frequent in the southern half of Indiana beneath bark on fungus-covered logs. Up to the present time this species has been found associated only with Polyporus gilvus in New Jersey, but it is extremely probable that it breeds in other woody fungi also. A NEW ANTHOMYIID FROM LABRADOR (DIPTERA). BY J. R. MALLOCH, URBANA, ILL. The species described herein I have placed in the genus Helina Robineau Desvoidy (Aricia auct.) with some hesitation. The genus is, however, de- cidedly composite and pending a satisfactory subdivision of it the present arrangement is the best available. Stein in all his more recent papers on Antho- myiide uses the name Mydaa for this genus, but that name is, as I have pointed out in several of my papers, properly applicable to the small group of which pagana Fabricius is the type. Helina tuberculata, sp. n. Male.—Black, shining, with conspicuous gray pruinescence. Head entirely black. Thorax with 4 broad, black vitta. Abdomen with a pair of large, ill- defined, subtriangular black spots on second and another on third segment. Legs black. Wings slightly brownish, more distinctly so along the courses of veins, yellowish basally. Calyptre and halteres orange yellow. Eyes distinctly hairy, separated by about width across posterior ocelli; parafacial at base of antenna at least as wide as third antennal joint at apex, not narrowed below; third antennal joint broadened apically, second with several long bristles above; arista short pubescent. Thorax with or without a pair of long presutural acrostichals; prealar bristle at least half as long as the bristle behind it; postsutural dorso-centrals 4; hypopleura bare; sternopleurals: 1: 2; scutellum bare below and on sides. Abdomen ovate; first sternite bare; December, 1919 278 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST fifth sternite with a broad shallow posterior emargination, a number of long bristles on each side at base of emargination, the lateral projections bare. Fore tibia without median bristle; mid femur gradually thickened to beyond middle, then rather abruptly attenuated to apex, a group of strong bristles at apex of swollen part on antero-ventral surface, and two or three bristles near base on postero-ventral surface; mid tibia slightly distorted, with about a dozen strong bristles on basal half of posterior surface, a small tubercle one-third from apex on same surface, and dense, short bristles on ventral surface from base to and covering the tubercle; hind femur slightly curved, slender basally, with a num- ber of long bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface; hind tibia very slightly curved, antero-ventral surface with about 9 short bristles, antero-dorsal surface with five or six short bristles, the posterior surface with about eleven long bristles on apical three-fifths. Third and fourth veins much divergent apically. Lower calyptra about twice as large as upper. Length 9 mm. Type.—Rigolet, Labrador, July 18, 1906. This species has the hind tibia armed almost as in pectinata Johannsen, but the peculiar mid tibia separates the species from it and all other species known to me from this country or Europe. This specimen was sent to me by Mr. C. W. Johnson, and pending its final disposition the type is in the collection of Illinois Natural History Survey. A PLEA FOR MORE ACCURATE TAXONOMY IN MORPHOLOGICAL AND OTHER STUDIES. BY MORGAN HEBARD, CHESTNUT HILL, PA. It has been noted by the author that morphologists and students interested in specialized studies of certain species are often inclined to give imperfectly or inaccurately the necessary taxonomy for the material treated. This is understood only when we realize that the subject treated is of great interest in such papers, the proper name for the material studied often of little or no interest to the morphologist. That the correct name is of very great importance it would seem must be admitted by all, when it is pointed out that from different species, though some- times apparently very closely related, different results are often obtained, even from morphological studies. It is true that the systematic work of the past has often left much to be desired, and many changes have been necessitated thereby. That, however, should not warrant slurring systematics any more than that equally unsatis- factory past work of morphologists and reversal of conclusions should cause interest in morphology to wane. The advance of all science is built in part upon the correction of past errors. Another excuse for lack of proper taxonomic assignment is that it is often difficult to secure the required names from a systematist. This is indeed some- times true, but, in the great majority of cases, one fiftieth the time and effort expended in preparing the material in question for study, would have Snes the necessary determinations. As a concrete instance, we would note Mr. E. Melville Du Porte’s recent article, ‘‘The Propleura and the Pronotal Sulci of the Orthoptera.”(@) (1) Can. Ent., LI, pp. 147 to 153 (1919). December, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 279 This excellent paper treats, in a masterly way, a most interesting subject. It is marred solely by inaccurate or incomplete taxonomy The taxonomic faults may be summarized as follows: Acridude = Acridide. Rhomalea = Romalea. Tettigide = Acrydine. Tettix granulatus = Acrydium granulatum. The references in this paper to Acrydium are correctly referable to that genus, of which granulatsum is a member. Locustide = Tettigoniude. Conocephalus = Neoconocephalus, a genus including but few North American species. It has been recently revised and the specific determination would, in consequence, have been easily made‘ Xiphidium = Conocephalus. Microcentrum. As there are but two, widely distributed, North American species of this genus, Jaurifolium and retinerve, the specific assignment could have been readily made. Gryllus pennsylvanicus =Gryllus assimilis. The taxonomy in this paper could have been corrected by a systematist in a few minutes. Would it not be desirable to have all such papers correct throughout, rather than satisfactory as far as the subject being studied is con- cerned, but full of inexcusable taxonomic flaws? NOTE ON MR. HEBARD’S ARTICLE. The Editor, having given some attention to the taxonomy of the Orthoptera, was aware that the nomenclature followed in Mr. Du Porte’s paper was not up- to-date, but considered it inadvisable to alter it, since the names employed have long been in common use, and are more or less familiar to the general student, for whom the paper is intended. The nomenclature of Orthoptera has undergone numerous changes in late years, and some of these changes, though doubtless necessary, if the law of priority is to be followed, are of a most unfortunate character. Many old familiar generic terms have been abandoned, cr what is more confusing, transferred to other forms. For example, the little ‘‘grouse-locusts,’’ generally known as Tettix are now Acrydium, while the large locusts formerly called Acridiwm are now Locusta, a name which used to ke employed for insects of another family. Again, the name Cono- cephalus, so long and appropriately given to the large ‘‘cone-headed grass hoppers’’ must now be shifted to the little meadow grasshoppers familiar to all as Xiphidium, the cone-heads becoming Neoconocephalus. Such changes as these are, of course, very confusing to all but the specialist. Were they really permanent, it would indeed be desirable to promote their use as rapidly as possible, but what guarantee have we that they will remain more than a few years? They are not even universally accepted by specialists. Is there such a thing as ‘‘correct taxonomy?’’ We think, at least, that systematists are inclined to over-estimate its importance; and while we agree with Mr. Hebard’s contention that morphologists are too apt to be careless in regard to taxonomic matters, we think that the converse is equally true, that the systematist is usually very inaccurate in the use of morphological terms, and indifferent as to the morphological significance of the structures he describes. 280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST RECENT CANADIAN PUBLICATIONS. (Continued from page 263.) THE AppLE Maccor.—By L. Caesar, B.A., B.S.A., Provincial Entomologist; and W. A. Ross, B.S.A., Entomological Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture. Bull. 271, Fruit Branch, Ont. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 1-32, with 17 figures in text. The investigation upon which this excellent bulletin is based was com- menced in 1911, when the apple maggot was abundant in many parts of Ontario, and has been continued during each succeeding year. It contains a detailed account of the life-history of this insect, with full data on its seasonal history, habits, distribution, influence of environmental factors and methods of control. Although normally the life cycle is completed within a year, a certain num- ber of pupe remain in the soil during a second winter, the flies emerging the following summer. There is also in the warmer parts of Ontario a partial second brood in some seasons, though a very insignificant one. The time of emergence of the flies, which begins as a rule about the first week in July, and continues throughout most of August, is not influenced by the time of pupa- tion, i. e., flies from pupe from early varieties of apples do not appear to emerge any sooner than those from later varieties. Natural control seems to depend mainly upon weather factors, parasites being apparently of very minor importance. Hardening of the soil surface, as a result of heavy rains followed by drought, may either prevent the flies from emerging or the larve from pupating beneath it, and large numbers may perish in these ways. Much variation exists in the susceptibility of different varieties of apples and crabs to infestation. The most effective control measures are found to consist in spraying with arsenicals, the mixture recommended being arsenate of lead paste, 2!/ Ibs. to 40 gallons of water, without any molasses or other sweetening. ‘‘ The first applica- tion should be given as soon as the flies begin to emerge, so that they may be killed before they can lay eggs,” the proper date of application in an average season varying according to the district, from June 25, in the warmest parts of the province, to July 7 in the more northerly localities. A second applica- tion should be made as soon as the first shows signs of disappearing, and a third may be necessary if heavy rains should wash off the second, and is recommended in all cases the first year after a bad infestation. Good figures from original photographs are given to illustrate the dif- ferent stages of the insect and its work on the apple. REPORT OF THE PROvINCIAL MusEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE YEAR 1918, Province or British CoLumBIA.—Victoria, 1919. Pp. T 1-16, with 2 plates. Entomology. By E. H. Blackmore. Mr. Blackmore’s article constitutes the greater part of the report (pp. 6-13), and consists chiefly of notes on the occurrence of uncommon insects taken in British Columbia during the season of 1918. These include 12 species, belonging to several orders, that were described as new during the year, and a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 281 considerable number of Lepidoptera, 20 species of which are illustrated on the two plates by excellent half-tones from photographs. Four species of this order are reported as having been present in the province in destructive numbers, viz., the forest tent-caterpillar (Malacosoma pluvialis), the tortoise-shell butterfly (Aglais californica), the alfalfa looper (Autographa californica) and a tussock moth (Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa), which was dev- astating Douglas Fir at Chase, B.C. REPORT OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1913-18.—Vol. III—Insects. Southern Party 1913-16. Ottawa, 1919. Six parts of this volume have thus far been issued. Most of the collec- tions in all the orders were made by Mr. Frits Johansen, and a large part of the material was collected at Bernard Harbour, Dolphin and Union Straits, Northwest Territories, and at Nome and other localities on the Arctic coast of Alaska. Part A, Collembola. By Justus W. Folsom. Pp. 1-29, including 8 plates with 72 figures. This is a very full report on the 12 species and varieties of springtails taken by Mr. Johansen. All the species are described and the characters well illustrated. An extensive bibliography is also given. The species are distributed among the following genera: Podura (1); Achorutes (2, 1 n. sp.); Onychiurus (1 n. sp.); Tetracanthella (1); Isotoma (2 sp.); Ento-@f mobrya (1); Lepidocyrtus (1); Sminthurides (1). Part B, Neuropteroid Insects, by Nathan Banks. Pp. 1-5 with 1 plate. Only two orders are represented in the collection, the Plecoptera and the Tri- choptera, three species of the former and four of the latter having been taken. One species of each order is described as new, a Capnia and an Anabolia, but other new forms may be present as the specimens are not all specifically de- terminable. ‘Part C. Diptera. Craneflies; by C. P. Alexander. Mosquitoes; by H. G. Dyar; Diptera (excluding Tipulide and Culicide); by J. R. Malloch. Pp. 1—90, with 10 plates. Craneflies.. The collection is relatively rich in these forms, there being at least 16 species represented, including one Rhyphid (a Trichocera, represented by larve only) and 15 Tipulide. Five of these belong to the Limnobiine, embracing 4 genera, and 10 to the Tipuline, representing 3 genera. The largest genus is Tipula with 7 species. With but two exceptions the craneflies of this collection all belong to new species. All the species, including larval forms, are fully described and figured. Mosquitoes. Only two species are represented among the 134 specimens in the collection, both belonging to Aedes (Ochlerotatus). One of these, taken in large series and also reared is described as new, A. nearcticus. The other species is represented only by females and was left unnamed. Diptera (exclusive of Tipulide and Culicide); pp. 34-90, pls. VII-X. These belong to 18 families in which they are distributed as follows: Sciaride, 3 sp.; Chironomide, 16 sp. (with a new species each in Tanypus and Diamesa); Simuliidz, 6 sp. (1 n. sp. each in Prosimulium and Simulium); Leptide, 1 sp.; 282 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST = Empidide, 7 sp. (all Rhamphomyia, 5 new); Dolichopodide, 6 sp. (1 n. sp. each in Dolichopus and Hydrophorus); Phoride, 3 sp. (all Apiocheta, 2 n. sp.); Borboride, | sp., a new Leptocera; Syrphide, 8 sp.; Oestride, 2 sp.; Tachinidae, 2 sp. (1 new Peleteria); Calliphoride, 4 sp. (1 new Phormia); Anthomyiide, 26 sp. (n. sp. in Phaonia, 1 Mydeina n. gen., 1 Aricia, 1 Hydrophoria, 1 Alliopsis, 1 Hylemyia and 1 Phorbia); Scatophagide, 8 sp. (1 n. sp. each in Gonatherus and Cordylurella, n. gen., Dasypleuron n. gen., and Allomyia n. gen.; Helomy- zide, 3 sp. (1 n. sp. each in Oecothea and Neoleria); Piophilide, 1 sp. (a new Piophila) and Chloropide, 1 sp. Much of the material in the collection was specifically indeterminable, so that it is probable that it contains a considerable number of undescribed species. This paper also contains keys to the genera of Phaonine and Anthomyiine, and to those of the entire family of Scatophagide and Helomyzide. Part D, Mallophaga and Anoplura. Mallophaga; by A. W. Baker; Ano- plura, by G. F. Ferris and G. H. F. Nuttall. Twenty species of Mallophaga are listed from 13 bird hosts and one mammal. All belong to described species with the possible exception of three species which were too immature for specific determination. Four of the species are illustrated on the plate. Only three species of true lice or Anoplura were taken, one of these being the human head louse, collected from the head hairs of copper Eskimos. Part F, Hemiptera, by E. P. Van Duzee. Pp. 1-5. ‘Tite scarcity of Hemiptera in the Arctic regions is indicated by the small size of the collection, which consists of but 12 species. Only 6 of these were specifically determinable, one species being described as new, viz., Euscelis hyperboreus, n. sp. Part H, Spiders, Mites and Myriopods. Spiders, by J. H. Emerton. Acarina, by Nathan Banks. Chilopoda, by Ralph V. Chamberlin. Spiders (pp. 1-9, pls. I-III). The collection of spiders include 13 species of which three are described as new. They are distributed among the follow- ing genera: Erigone (1), Typhlocrestus (1), Tmetocerus (2, 1 n. sp.), Microveta (2, 1 n. sp.), Epeira’ (1), Dictyna (1), Lycosa (2, 1 mn. spe Pardosaete) sma Xysticus (1). Descriptive and distributional notes are given on many of the species and structural details of most of the forms are figured. Acarina, (pp. 11-13). The mites belong to 7 families, 14 genera and 17 species, only one of which is described as new. (Stigmeus arcticus, figs. 1 and 2). They belong to the genera Rhagidia (1), Bdella (3), Bryobia (1), Stigmzus (1), Trombidium (1), Evlais (1), Hydrophantes (1), Thyas (1), Lebertia (1), Laminipes (1), Curvipes (1), Parasitus (1), Galumna (1), and Scutovertex (2). Chilopoda (pp. 15-22, pl. IV). Two species of Chilopods, one belonging to the Lithobiomorpha, the other to the Geophilomorpha, are the only Myrio- pods collected by the Expedition, and both were taken in the Cape Nome region, Alaska. Mr. Chamberlin, however, gives a list of all the Alaskan Chilopods (14 species), a key to the genera of the family Chilenophilidz, and a full de- scription of Cryophilus alaskanus. n. gen. et sp. Ethophilus integer, n. sp., though not represented in the collection of the Expedition is also described, a subspecies (alaskanus) having been reported from Alaska. The typical form comes from Washington and Oregon. E.M.W. (To be continued). Index to Volume LI. Achorutes armatus, 75, 79, 242. socialis, 76, 79, 243, 245, 265. Aeolothrips annectans, 182. auricestus, n. sp., 184. fasciatus, 181. Aeschnide from the Franconia,. N. H., region, 12. Aeshna, species from the Franconia, N. H., region of, 13. Agentella eximia, n. sp., 83. Agrilus cupricollis, 29. “ floridanus, 29. Agriogenia, n. gen., 83. Agrion, species from the Franconia, N. H., region of, 9. Akilas, 8. Avpricu, J. M., article by, 64. ALEXANDER, C. P., articles by, 162, 191. Allograpta fracta, notes, on, 235. ir obliqua, 235. Amaurobius agelenoides, nu. sp., 106. Ambarvalia, 6. Amorphococcus, characters of, 250. leptospermi, 250. Anax junius, 13. Anchon gunni, n. sp., 220. Anchonoldes minuius, n. sp., 221. a clarkella, 124. cockerelli, 129. gwynana, 130. “ hattorfiana, 129. ¥ species from Gold Hill, Col., of, 271. fe wilkella, 124. Andricus splendens, n. sp., 254. Andrimus brunneus, 67. ZL parvulus, n. sp., 67. Anoplius depressipes, n. sp., 81. similaris, n. sp., 82. Anthomyiidez, new species of ,95, 96,274, 277. Anthonomus costulatus, 68. a sexguttatus, 68 Anthophora furcata, 125. ee collecting terrestrial arthropods in, “ce Anurida maritima, 80. A panteles A gee n. sp., 114. a phigalia, n. sp., 113. Aphid notes, miscellaneous, 228. Aphids from oaks, new, 945. Aphis cuscute, n. sp., 229. “ heraclella, n. n., 228. ‘* sociade,; 228. Aphodius bicolor, 31. Apis mellifera, 127. Apochiema, see Poecilorsis, 97. Apple Maggot in British Columbia, 2 2. pi in Ontario, 280, Argia rita, n. sp., 17. species from the Franconia, N. H., region of, 10. Arizona, a new oak gall from, 254. Arthropleona, 74. Arthropods, collecting in Barbados and Antigua, 173. BAKER, A. C., articles by, 211, 253. Banks, NATHAN, article by, 81. Barbades, collecting Terrestrial Arthropods in, 173 Baris scintillans, 68. Bark-beetles, 23. Barnes, W., article by, 92, 102. Basieschna janata, 12. Beckerina luteola, n. sp., 256. Bees, Canadian representatives of British, 124. Bees, new and little-known American, 26. of Gold Hill, Colorado, 271. of North Dakota, Panurgine, 205. Belgium, an appeal from, 62. BETHUNE, C. J.S. , article by, 4 BLATCHLEY, W.S. ’ articles by, 28, 65, 153. Bombus borealis, 126. distinguendus, 126. lapidarius, 130. lapponicus, 127. lucorum, 127. occidentalis, 127. pennsylvanicus, 128. terrestris, 126. terricola, 126. Book NOTICEs: Caesar's Apple Maggot, 280. Comstock’s Wings of Insects, 47. Hadwen and Cameron’s Cortribution to the Knowledge of Botflies, 262. Lochhead’s Class-book of Economic Entomology, 259. Proceedings of the Entomological So- ciety of N. S., 260. Report ‘of the Canadian Arctic Ex- pedition, 281. Report of the Provincial Museum of BC. 280: Sanders and Dustan’s Apple Bud- moths and their control in Nova Scotia, 261. Sanders and Dustan’s Fruit Worms of the Apple i in Nova Scotia, 262. Swaine’s Canadian Bark- bectles, Part es: Tothill’ s Natural Control of the Oyster- shel! Scale, 263. Brachys aerosus, notes on life-history of, 86. lugubris, 30. ss ovatus, notes on life-history of, 86. Braconide, new species of, 113. BRAUN, Miss Bork, article by, 201. Breathing spell, a, 1. British Columbia, a new Parajulus from, 119. the Apple Maggot in, 2. Bruchus, species from Florida of, 66. Buprestidae, 50. CAEsAR, L., article by, 259. Calandra linearis, 69. Calliopsis coloradensis, 210. nebrascensis, 210. Calochromus perfacetus, 30. CALVERT, P. P., article by, 62. CaMERON, A. E., article by, 47 Canadian Entomological Service, appoint- ments, 190, 240. Canadian Publications, Recent, 23, 259, 280. Canyra, 6. 284 INDEX TO VOLUME LI. Catocala flebilis, larva of, 226. 7 lachrymosa, larva of, 227. larvee, descriptions of four, 226. obscura, larva of, 227. retecta, larva of, 226. ulalume, 130. ulalume \s. carolina, 16. Catorama nigritulum and its fungus host, moe Caulophilus latinasus, 69. Cerambycida, 50. Ceratinopsis obscurus, n. sp., 105. Cerceris abbreviata, n. sp., 84. me completa, n. sp., 83. interjecta, n. sp., 84. snowt, n. sp., 84. yakima, n. sp., 85. Ceuthophilus maculatus, propleuron of, 148. Chaetocnema cribrifrons, 66. Chalcodermus inzquicollis, 69. Chalepus nervosa, probable food plant of, 118. Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus, 30. Chirothrips manicatus, 189. Chloriona fuscipennis, n. sp., 38. Chromagrion conditum, 11. Cicindela limbalis awemeana, habits of, 101. Cis criddlei, n. sp., 158. Ciside genus, a new, 158. Cissococcus, characters of, 112. = fulleri, 112. Ciaycomks, G. B., article by, 25. Clisodon terminalis, 125. Clubiona furcata, n. sp., 106. " saltitans, n. sp., 107. Coccid on cocoanut palm, a new, 116. Coccidz, notes on, 108, 249. CocKERELL, T. D. A., articles by, 26, 271. Cockroaches in Antigua, 217. C1 lioxys clypeata, var. a., 27. crassula, n. sp., 27. - deplanata, 27. nigrofimbriata, n. sp., 26. panamensis, n. sp., 26. , ribis, 128. Coenagrionide from the Franconia, N. Lal region, 10 Coenosia fuscifrons, n. sp., 96. Coug, F. R., article by, 54, 94. Coleophora laricella, notes on, 264. Coleoptera, Florida, 28, 65. — in Antigua, 218. oo in Barbados, 176. e new, 212. Collembola, remarks on, 73, 241, 245, 265. Colletes cunicularia, 124. ‘inaequalis, 124. Columbiana Iloydi, n. gen. et. sp., 35. Conocephalus, propleuron of, 148. Conotrachelus belfragei, 68. es seniculus, 68. “ce ae Consualia, 6. Copris inemarginatus, 31. Cordulegaster diastatops, 12. x maculatus, 12. Cordulia shurtleffi, 14. Corizus, key to N. American species of, 89. ‘“ “notes on N, American species of, 89. Corythucha betule, 159. a elegans, 159. _ heidemanni, 159. es hewitti, n. sp., 159. immaculata, 159. os New England records of, 70. Corythucha padi, 159. ze parshleyi, 159: salicis, 159. Cotton-stainers in Antigua, 219. Crane-flies, new nearctic, 162, 191. Cryptarcha strigata, 29. Cryptokermes brasiliensis, 113. Cryptorshynchus apiculatus, 69. & schwarzi, 69. Cyrtide, 54, 94. ae Davipson, W. M., articles by, 235, 245. Davis, J. J., articles by, 53, 228, 260. Delphacide in the British Museum, 6. é some new American, 35. Delphacodes guianensis, n. sp., 38. = subfusca, n. sp., 38. Dianthidium bicoloratum, 28. i multifasciatum, 28. Dicerca punetulata, 29. pean sobrina quadrivittata, n. subsp., Pictyna quadrispinosa, n. sp., 106. Dilachnus, n. n., 253. Diplostyla crosbyi, n. sp., 105. Diptera, in Barbados, 177. as American, described by Swederus, 23. Disonycha leptolineata, 65. Dog days, 49. Dolichosis manitoba, n. gen. et. sp., 158. Dorocordulia libera, 13. Downes, W., article by, 2. Dragonflies from the Franconia, N. H., region, 9. DRAKE, C. J., article by, 159. Drosophila, variation in, 122. DuportE, E. M., article by, 147. Dury, C., article by, 158. Earwigs in Barbados, 175. Ecphylus hicoriz, n. sp., 161. Elater manipularis, 29. Eleodes tricostata, habits of, 101. EmErTON, J. H., article by, 165. Enallagma, species from Franconia region of, 10. Entomological Society of Ontario, 227. % i Annual Meeting of, 4, Entomological Society of Ontario, gift te Library of, 216. Entomologist’s Handbook, an, 53. Entomology, piscatorial, 257. Epeolus dacotensts, n. sp., 210. “< hitet, 272. Epibidis, 6. Epitrix parvula, 66. Eremococcus pirogallis, 252. Eresai texana, 257. Eriocera saturata, n. sp., 165. Eupactus obsoletus, 30. FAL, H. C., article by, 212. FERNALD, H. T., article by, 264. FERRIS, G. F., articles by, 108, 249. FRENCH, G. H., articles by, 16, 130. Funxuouser, W. D., article by, 220. Furcaspis hematochroa, n. sp., 116 ~~ ————- ~~ _) ie) — INDEX TO VOLUME LI. Galerucella nympheez, 65. Gipson, E. H., article by, 89. Gnophomyia tristissima ‘cockerelli, n. subsp., Goldenrod leaf-beetle, immature stages of, 178. Gomphicephalus hodgsoni, 242. Gomphus, species from the Franconia region of, 12 Gonomyia aciculifera, n. sp., 193. bs mainensis, n. sp., 163. Grammonata semipallida, n. sp., Greeyleyella beardsleyi, 208. Grylloblatta campodeiformis, male and im- mature stage of, 131. Gryllus pennsylvanicus, propleuron of, 148. GunTHROP, HORACE, article by, 257. 105. Hagenulus, larval characters of, 146. ovipositor of, 143. Halictoides marginatus, 205. maurus, 205. Halictus galet, n. sp, 272. “species from Gold Hill, Col., Hapalornelus, characters of, 8. Haplothrips statices, 189. HEBARD, MorRGAN, article by, 278. Helice and Theisoa, synonymy of, 201. Helina fletcheri, n. sp., 274. “ tuberculata, n. sp., 277. Helocordalia uhleri, 13. Hemileuca lucina latifascia, habits of, 99. Hemiptera i in Antigua, 219. Barbados, 176. Hemiptera-Heteroptera, New England, 70 Hesperapis carinata, n. sp., 209. Heterachthes pallidum, 32. Heterocerus beetles, habits of, 25. bi pallidus, 25. tristis, 25. Heteroncura, n. gen., 228. satariz, 228. Heterospilus blackmanni, n. sp., 161. Himantosoma sugens, 64. Hister, Florida species of, 28. HoweE, R. H., articles by, 9, 93. Hylemyia pedestris, nesSps O74. a quintilis, n. sp., O75. ‘. Spinosissima, n. sp., 95. Hymenoptera, four new peresitic, 160. in Barbados, 177. Hymenorus dichrous, n. sp., 66. difficilis, 66. sabalensis, Deispes Oi. sobrinus, 67. _Hysteroneura, n. n. for Heteroneura Davis, 263. Ilburnia, 6. Illinois, a new Tachydromia from, 248. Imitomyia, the Dipterous genus, 64. Indiana, Syrphide of Northern, 273. Insect larvae and pupe, method of pre- serving, 117. 5 Insects, the variation of, 121. aay aes from the Franconia region oO Isotoma klovstadi, 242. macnamarai, 244, 265. 4 nigra, 244, 265. * palustris, 244. 4 saltans, 243. viridis riparia, 244. of, 271. we ae ‘ 285 article by, 117. article by, 32. Jackson, F. S., JOHNSON, (Ce W., Kalpa = Delphacodes, 8. Kansas, a butterfly new to, 257. KENNEDY, Care , article by, lif ones s Insecta, "Fauna Boreali- Americana, 104. Kuwania, characters of, 110. ss quercus, 111. Kuwanina obseurata, 251. Labidomera cliv icollis, 65. Labrador, a new Anthomyiid from, 277. ie ate of the genus Lachniella, some new, 8, 41. Lachniella arizonica, n. sp., 22. % atlantica, n. sp., 21. burrilli, n. sp., 492. caudelli, He Sp. 45. edulis, n. sp., 44. gracilis, n. sp., 20. inoptis, n. sp., 18. montana, n. sp., 42. montanensis, n. sp., 45. nigra, n. sp., 41. pacifica, n. sp., 21. pergandet, n. sp., 46. pinivora, n. sp., 44, schwarzi, n. sp., 46. synonym of Lachnus, 7A thunbergi, n. sp., 19. vandyket, n. sp., 19. Lachnus and Lachniella, use of the names, ALL. Larch case bearer, notes on the, 264. LEONARD, M. D., article by, 178. Lepidoptera i in Barbados, 177. Leptinotarsa, variation in, 1. Leptophlebia betteni, habitat of, 139. af life- history cf, 140. ns mollis, 143. a praepedita, 143. Leptostylus parvus, 65. Leptothrips mali, 189. Lestes, species from the Franconia region of, ce ce Leucobrephos brephoides, habits of, 98. Leuc opelmonus, characters of, 33. confusus, 33. Leucorrhinia, species from region of, 15. Libellula, species from the Franconia region of, 14 Limnophila angustior, n. sp., 163. . apiculata, n. sp., 164. zs edentaia, n. sp., 164. the Franconia Liogma nodicornis flaveola, n. subsp., 195. Listronotus floridensis, 68. Longitarsus fuscicornis, n. sp., 65. solidaginis, 65. Lophocarenum minakianum, n. sp., 105. Lopidea, New England records of, 72 McATEE, W. L., article by, 225, 257. McDunnoueu, J , articles by, 92, 102 MacGIitiivray A. D., article by, 33. MACNAMARA, C., articles by, 738, 241, 265 Macromia illinoiensis. 13. Macropis morsei, 205. Macrosiphum ribiellum, n. sp., 231. 286 INDEX TO VOLUME‘LI. Ma ttocu, J. R., articles by, 95, 96, 248, 256, 274, 277. Manitoba, a new Ciside from, 158. Manitoba irsects, fragments in the _life- habits of, 97. Mestogenius subcyaneus, 29. MATHESON, R., article by, 199. Matutinus, 8. May-fly ovipositor, the, 139, 143. Megachile inermis, 125. ’ ligniseca, IPaay notes on latimanus group of, 85 Megaly bus crassus, 58. gracilis, 60. obesus, 60. pictus, 58. subcylindricus, 61. synonym of Thyllis, 54 subcylindricus, 61. ry tristis, 60. Megamelus timehri, n. sp., 36. Megilla maculata, 174. Membracide, four new African, 220. Meteorus triangularis, n. sp., 115. Metopsarcophaga, characters of, 154. incurva, 155, 157. pachyprocta, 155, 157. pachyproctosa, n. sp., 155, ae ae 157. Metopsarcophaga tothilli, n. sp., 155, 157. Microcentrum, propleuron of, 148. Molophilus bispinosus, n. sp., 192. . squamosus, n. sp., 191. Molerchus semiustus, 65. Morphological studies, a plea for more ac-' curate taxonomy in, 278. Morris, F. J. A., articles by, 1, 49. Morrison, E. R., article by, 139. MUESEBECK, C. F. W., article by, 113. Murr, F., article by, 6, 35. Musca domestica, attracted by smoke, 100. Mycetophagus pini, 28. My riopods from British Columbia, 119. 4 in Barbados, 175. Myzocallis alnifoliz, 234, ‘i californicus, var pallidus, n. var., 248. My Z0ce allis quercifolit, n. sp., 247. quercus, 247. My Zus cynosbati, 233, 234. dispar, 233. houghtonensis, 233. a cibitolits233. y eo utibisa2oa: neomexicanus, 232. Nannothemis bella, 14. National Collection of Insects, 53. Nehalennia irene, 11. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 65. Nephrotoma euceroides, n. sp., 172. New Hampshire, Odonata from, 9. Nicentrus grossulus, 68. Nicoray, A. S., article by, 86. Nilaparvata = Delphacodes, 7. Nova Scotian Eupterygid leaf-hoppers, 225. Oak gall from Arizona, a new, 254. OsiTuARY NOTICES: Dop, F. H. WoxLLeEy, 239. WILLIsTON, S. W., 39. Ochthebius martini, n. sp., 212. Odonata in Barbados, 175 “of the Franconia region, N. H., 9. “of the Franconia region, addition to, 95. Oecanthus nigricornis, propleuron of, 148. . Olene dorsipennaia, n. sp., 102. notes on the genus, 102. table of species, 103. Onkelos, 6. Onthophagus alutaceus, n. sp., 31. Ophishoniny us, species from Franconia region ore 12! Opiconse va = Delphacodes, 7. Opsebius nipponensis, n. sp., 94. Orchesia castanea, breeding i in fungi, 204. Orothrips kelloggii yosemitii, 181. Orthoptera in Antigua, 217. e ‘“ Barbados, 175. : ; propleura and pronotal sulci of, oe 147. Osmia fulviventris, 125. ‘purpurea, 125. Otidocephalus dichrous, 68. Ottnotus arcuatus, n. sp., 222. “ -ptlosus, n. spi 222. OUELLET, J., article by, 118. ee ee Panurgine bees of North Dakota, 205. Panurginus, innuptus, 208. iP nebrascensis, 208. piercei, 309. renimaculatus, 208. simulans, 208. Parajulus hewitti, n. sp., 119. Pardcsa vancouveri, 105, 106. PARKER, R. R., article by, 154. PARSHLEY, H. M., article by, 70. Pear thrips, in British Columbia, 185. “” occurrence in Ontario of, 85. Pedilus parvicollis, n. sp., 216. Pelenomus sulcicollis, habits of, 199. ES stages of, 201. Pentarthrinus atrelucens, 69. Perdita bruneri, 206. canadensis, 205. ‘““ citrinella, 207. ‘““ ~ Jaticincta, 206. martini, 207. ‘““ perpallida, 207. ““ swenki, 206. tridentata, n. sp., 206. Phengodes floridensis, n. sp., 30. Philanthide, new, 81. Phoride, a new species from Illinois of, 256. Piscatorial entomology, 257. Pissonotus megalostylus, n. sp., 36. Plathemis lydia, 14 Platydema ellipticum and its fungus host, 276. , Plebeius icarioides blackmoret, n. var., 92 4 Podura aquatica, 75. : .) Peecilopsis rachela, habits of, 97. Polyphylla occidentalis, 31. Pompiloides canadensis, n. sp., 82. Populer and Practical Entomology, 2, 25, 49, 73, 97, 121, 173, 217, 241, 265. Psammochares ‘lasiope, n. sp., 'g1. Psammocharide, new, 81 Psithyrus ashtoni, 127. s vestalis, 127. Pundaluoya, 7. cc a ae INDEX TO VOLUME LI. 287 Rhagoletis pomonella, 2. Rhinogastrophilus nasalis, oviposition of, 120. Rhinomacer pilosus, 68. Rhomalea microptera, pronotal sulci of, 151. propleuron of, 147. Rhopalosiphum britteni, 232. lactuce, 232. - sonchi, 232. RouWER, S. A., article by, 160. Ross, W. A., articles by, 16, 85. Row ey, R. R., article by, 226. Saltusaphis elongata, 234. Samia, variation in, 123. Saprinus castanipennts, n. sp., 214. S iris, n. sp., 214. rugostfrons, n. sp., 213. Saskatchewania canadensis, 64. Serica evidens, n. n. for S.carinata Bl., 153. Siphonophora achyrantes, 231. SLADEN, F. W. L., articles by, 85, 124. Sminthurus hortensis, 75. Situ, M. R., article by, 273. Snow, Collembola on, 242. Sogata, characters and species of, 8. Somatochlora, species from the Franconia region of, 14. Sophropompilus quadrispinosus, n. sp., 82. Sphzrococcus casuarine, 249. characters of, 249. Spiders from Canada and adjoining States, new, 105. Stelis aliena, n. sp., 27. STEVENS, O. A., article by, 205. Stigmacoccus asper, 108. characters of, 108. Stomacoccus platani, 113. STONER, D., articles by , 173, 217. Strongylium anthrax, 66. pee coors stygica, immature stages of, aa Sulcacis lengi, breeding in fungi, 203. Swederus, N. American Diptera described by, 32. eee, species from Franconia region of, 15. Symphypleona, -74. Syrphide of Northern, Indiana, 273. Tachydromia harti, n. sp., 248. Tachygonus lecontei, 68. Taeniothrips i inconsequens, 185. occurrence in On- tario of, 85. Taphrocerus agriloides, 30. albonotatus, n. sp., 29. Taxonomy in morphological studies, a plea for more accurate, 278. Telephorus carolinus, 215. # neglectus, n. sp., 215. Tetragoneuria canis, 14. Tetrastichus rugglesi, n. sp., 160. Tettix granulatus, pronotal sulci of, 151. propleuron of, 148, Thecodiplosis mosellana in Ontario, 16. Theisoa, synonymy of Helice and, 203. Thrips, pear, 185. “occurrence in Ontario of, 85. physapus, 188. ok tabaci, 188. Thyllis, the Cyrtid Genus, 54. Thyllis compressa, 56. © Strassa, 50800: ‘“ obesa, 56, 60. oe turgida, 55. Thysanoptera from British Columbia, 181. Tingide, some new Canadian, 159. Tipula calopteroides, n. sp., 168. fragilina, n. sp., 171. ludoviciana, n. sp., 196. manahatta, n. sp., 169. nebulipennts, n. sp., 170. noveboracensts, n. sp., 167. ‘“ pendultfera, n. sp., 166. phoroctenia, n. sp., 170. “ plutonts, n. sp., 197. ‘‘ shasta, n. sp., 198. Tomocerus flavescens, 76. TownseEnp, C. H. T., article by, 120. Toxotropis floridanus, 68. Toya = Delphacodes, 8. TREHERNE, R. C., article by, 181. Trichocera colei, n. sp., 162. Tricyphona macateei, n. sp., 166. i petiolata, n. sp., 194. Trigonura hicorie, n. sp., 160. Trogosita hubbardi, 29. Trout-stream insects, American, 257. Tyloderma levicollis, n. sp., 69. maculata, 69. Typhlocyba querci, key to varieties of, 225. var. grata, n. var., 226. var. scripta, n. var., 226. var. volans, n. var., 225. ae ae ae ae ae Ugyops, 6. Upachara, 6. Vacuna californica, 246. ‘““ dryophila, 247. Variation of insects, the, 121. Vespa carolina, 129. WALKER, E. M.., articles by, 23, 39, 131, 260, 279, 280. Wess, H. B., articles by, 86, 203, 255, 276. WELD, L. H., article by, 254. Wheat Midge in Ontario, identity of, 16. WHITEHOUSE, F. C., article by, 239. WItson, H. F., articles by, 18, 41. Winy, A. F., article by, 104. Xy lococcus betulez, 110. characters of, 109. X ysticus acquiescens, n. sp., 107. ‘« ontariensts, n. sp., 108. Zuleika, 7. Mailed December, 20, 1919 QL The Cenedian entomologist 719 Vv. 50-5] Als! PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET CB ne en UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY mee A : : Sone ome 0 a eras eee > fate A RE le yl eee AE pete ~~