g
> owe _
Moe CA, 29 R
~
*

hd — AS
at er

wei :

f . ie
a eS atta 8

ae
Fs
\

oF

Tha 1e a ty
ae wee aa
gs ay

Et

RETURN TO

LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

LOANED BY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

THE CANADIAN

a TOMOLOGYS i.

VOLUME XIII.

Edited by Gilliam Saunders,

LONDON, ONTARIO.

ASSISTED BY

Rev. C. J. S. aw ris A., Port Hope, Ont. ; E. B. Reed, London, Ont.,
Gf. Bowles, Montreal, Que.

London :
PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY.
1881.

; aici AOE ne

¥

4 LOI OME _

"EL MO LO |

a

“entre 1 ag hig

pedi cocci Fel te)

oe

a 5 at taetee aA. ee

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME.

PASSAT BIAND see WIM Eliopsras = acrecrerstoieteseics «cic sae JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.
LEVANSYS) A Po [ool Deh ac ao a 8 WATERBURY, CONN,
ESE Ves err PANIES yin Din once fy ccerspets, send eck sists Mpepeavana sv, = soko BELLEVILLE, ONTARIO.
BD Eee RUUN ES RCE Vie. Cage Siac eae snes Stratis wet «3100 Port Hopr, ONTARIO.
(CAN UUI)G3 0) YD EA DS GD Se, « pela eee ck, ee Re MONTREAL, QUEBEC.
CIVANEBERISS Viet tice. aces < i . : GAS COVINGTON, KENTUCKY.
IPA VIR OILED E a, Whitest eiskoe oe cis. aioe YELLOW SPRINGS, OHIO.
COMSTOCK AE eens c= tn ciscie ere corneag WaAsHINGTON, D. C.
COOK SA Was. a0! fone) do Cen RTE ee SO POE LANSING, MICHIGAN.
COOUMEICH HARD). Wino nccnes oc Ses bet sets WoopsTock, ILLINOIS.
1/2 WP] DLR a) Uo Bn Sele 5 i dl ee a NEw HAVEN, CONN.
iULON DG Oe Cre Ny ae ois a Ce ee we GLENCOE, NEBRASKA.

Py WRG GEWA'S wan fo. 8. lye ee Shi -0 SS CoE AVONDALE, OHIO.

LID ANANSI D Sho a9) os ar ae ot ee COALBURGH, WEST VA.
BAUS eG ANS vette Sates ine lstieco Se omeere ocare ore OLp Town, MAINE.
DIEING leg Garplden | Sepsis ac Se eist ond Sens « oorars CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS.
(EXQ1O) 0 Bi DA DAE 1 PEE eee a a ee AMHERST, MASss.
GOCE ey Aly Ra es eh eo oe eee ene ate eg 7 ......NEW BRIGHTON, NEw YORK.
ECAC BAING SIDR, BETae HAN a Sc tse ice ede plese wc .. CAMBRIDGE, MAss.
ELEUS TIES, CAROLINE, Biccccsess caceoe ao sane CARLETON, ST. JOHNS, N. B.
ELO THE NMBTSHI RG “AG Wis s.s)cie aelehe. Hoek s as ..-.ForT MApIsoN, JOWA.
LEQ SNI SUI DW RR Re eS ee <a WASHINGTON, D. C.
HOTINS ONS: JAMES! Shc. 2 citi cton aie a ere tee. «oe FRANKFORD, PENN.
KSEE Oa aa Sees a: 2) eae eee. «pO DUBRATON INE WaVORKe
LECONTE, “a | Jota! Ooi eee Sha lee er ett ae, PHILADELPHIA, PENN.
LINTNER, J. gu tania stage ede? At 2.2) ate ALBANY, NEW YORK.
MEAD, eee i Bs eee 8 ons oe NIE OR I

AACE pe ON. 2 ts soe! Bn e's HAMILTON, ONTARIO.
INTL OTES STO STE Stee Sig (hee i a Sa a CR ea FAIRBURY, ILLINOIS.
NURSE) Te VGAIR SY) Bp Sse ee 2 Sagat KirkKwoop, St. Louis, Mo.
OSE SA CBN NClORY a Bren ea ooo HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
je /ANTSYO) DOSY 1S ee oe Rae ie ee en CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS.
OOD IES: Ben no ab Oe RO EOE oe ee LONDON, ONTARIO.

ROU CIS Oa NESS Se Ae nese. nt rr re WASHINGTON, D. C.
SAIN EIR Sa Wi (her Pditor) etree oie oie 6 as, alae LONDON, ONTARIO.
STAGES CLSMES es IN iret ce ae eee ere, Mee ee READING, MAss.
PIPAUIE IES ATINTiaV Vs ctINI =.) Pe ont tics are Eatin oie ie cs sare CoLUMBUS, OHIO.

Dy MELT SPON.| DR Si. W techn rh tes pene cic NEw Haven, Conn.

WOR EDINGTON: (G2 By. . e 5 ES,-0 5 PORTER Oe CHICAGO, ILLINOIs.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. -Xill. LONDON, ONT., JANUARY, 1881. Norn

TO OUR READERS.

A happy greeting to all. That the year may bring prosperity in its
train to evéry one of our members is our sincere wish. We enter on our
thirteenth year with confidence ; long experience of the sincerity of the
friendship and heartiness of support of our many friends and contributors
in the past, inspires trust for the future—a trust which, we feel sure, will not
prove misplaced. We want the cordial support of all to make our journal
for 1881 more useful and more widely read than it has ever been before.
We hope to hear from all our old friends and many new ones. Please
send in your subscriptions promptly to the Secretary.

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

BY THE EDITOR.

The Indian Cetonia: Euryomia tnda.

This is a stout, hairy beetle (fig. 1) which makes its appearance early
in spring, usually towards the end of April or beginning of May, flying
about in open fields and about the borders of woods, with a
loud buzzing sound, resembling that of a bumble bee. It
belongs to the flower beetles, most of whom live on pollen
and the honey of flowers, and are fond of sweets.

This insect is of a brownish-gray color, dotted and spotted
with blackish and thickly covered with short greenish-yellow

Fig. t. hairs. It measures half an inch or more in length. During
the summer it disappears, but a second brood comes out in the fall, usually
during September, when they may be found feeding on the pollen of
flowers and also upon the sweet sap of plants and trees. Not content
with this, they attack our finest and most luscious fruits, eating their way
into the richest ripening pears and burrowing into the finest peaches so
deeply that only the tips of their bodies are visible, and in this way spoil-

2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ing the fruit and inducing rapid decay. They also attack grapes and other
sweet fruits.

The Abbot Sphinx: Thyreus Abbotit.

This very pretty Sphinx moth has in the past been very rarely met
with in Canada ; it seems, however, to be gradually spreading and becom-
ing more common with us. It was first taken some years ago in the
neighborhood of Hamilton, and is now reported as quite common there.
‘This season a specimen
= lias been captured in
London by Mr. J. M.
Denton, the first re-
corded capture in this
neighborhood.

The caterpillar (see
fig. 2) is found on the
grape vine and also on
the Virginia creeper
(Ampelopsis — quingue-
folia), feeding on the
leaves of both these
vines.. In) color At
varies froma dirty yellowish to a reddish-brown, marked transversely with
fine black lines and longitudinally with patches of dark brown. ‘There is
also a dark line along each side. In place of the horn at the hinder
extremity of the body which usually adorns the caterpillars belonging to
the Sphinx family, there is in this instance nothing more than a polished
knob or tubercle. ‘The under side is paler than the upper, with a reddish
tinge along the middle. The moth (fig. 2) is very pretty and adorned
with soft rich colors. The fore wings are pale brown, variegated with
brown of a deeper and richer shade. ‘The hind wings are yellow with a
broad blackish border ; both wings are notched on the margin. ‘There is
but one brood of the moths each year, and they appear about the time
the Lilacs are in bloom in the spring.

The winter is passed in the chrysalis state. When the larva is full
grown it descends to the ground and constructs a rough cocoon on or near
the surface in some sheltered spot, and within this changes to a blackish-
brown chrysalis.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a

OBSERVATIONS ON SEVERAL SPECIES OF AEGERIAD/
INHABITING THE VICINITY OF BUFFALO, N. Y.

BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, -N. Y.

In this communication it is my purpose to record such of my obser-
vations on some local species of the “ clear-wings” as it is deemed are
real contributions to our knowledge of the group. I shall say more or
less about the following species: <Aegeria tricincta, pini n. s., pictipes,
acernt. pyrt, tipuliformis, exitiosa and Trochilium denudatum. ‘There are

other species known in our fauna, but these only have been encountered
in the fields.

Aegerta tricincta Harris.

During June and July last I obtained several examples of this moth
from larvz secured in April. These larvee were taken from branches,
suckers and small trunks of Popzlus candicans growing on low lands along
the Niagara below the city. The smaller ones were sometimes found in
the sap-wood or just beneath the bark, but the larger ones were generally
in the centre or pith of the stems ; on the smaller stalks they cause con-
siderable galls, quite as prominent as those upon the willow branches made
by the larva of the Tortrix, very abundant in the same locality. These
poplars are badly infested by the larvee of Saferda moesta,and I am of the
opinion that the moth places her eggs in the deserted burrows of the
beetle, the young caterpillars thus easily gaining access to the wood, its
home for at least a year. The swellings on the branches caused by the
beetle become more enlarged by a second occupation. I have taken them
from the stem just above ground, and from limbs of trees many feet high.

The lasve, when taken, April 15, were of two distinct sizes, the larger
measuring from .g to 1.1 of an inch in length, the smaller .5 of an inch
and less. The former appeared to increase but slightly before pupation.
The color is dull white with a darker line along the dorsum; head quite
strongly bilobed, light brown, jaws and clypeus black; the first ring smooth,
slightly clouded with brown, two irregular oblique marks from posterior
border outwards to front edge. Body somewhat attenuated toward either
end ; transverse wrinkles, especially on thoracic rings, well marked ; in
the small ones there is a slight medio-dorsal indenture ; there are also
lateral sub-stigmatal wrinkles. Stigmata elliptical, brown, last pair large,

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

placed sub-dorsally and posteriorly. | Above the anal feet, directed back-
wards, there are two black chitinous teeth ; in the younger specimens they
are more prominent and upturned. The scanty brown hairs arise from
slight papille. |

The larva before transforming prepares a way for final escape which
it carefully guards by means of a silken membrane, reinforced by fragments
of wood ; it then lines its burrow with silk and spins a firm cocoon about
itself,

The pupa is light brown. ‘The clypeus is armed with a sharp wedge-
shaped process, strengthened by ridges at its four angles and also by a
median dorsal ridge. The abdominal rings are furnished, as usual, with
two transverse rows of teeth, except the anal and pre-anal segments,
which have but one row each. The terminal ring is obliquely truncated,
bearing several teeth. Length .6 of an inch.

The moth is described by Harris in Silliman’s Journal, Vol. 36, 310, as
follows :

“Blue black; fore wings opaque ; hind wings transparent, with the
border, fringe and transverse line near the middle black ; palpi at tip,
collar, a spot on each shoulder, and three bands on the abdomen yellow;
antennze short, black ; the four posterior tibiae banded with orange ; tarsi
yellow tipped with black ; tail flat with two longitudinal yellow lines.
Expands from i to 1% inch.”

He says further that “this species seems to come near the European
asiliformis, but the male has only two abdominal bands, while asi/i/formis
male has five.”

I am able to add the differences between the sexes and to mention
some characteristic marks not referred to above. ‘The male is consider-
ably smaller ; the antennz are strongly pectinated to the apical portion,
which is smooth and enlarged to nearly twice the diameter of the middle
part ; the processes of the joints are hairy with a long fascicle at the
apex ; the minute apical cone also bears a fascicle of hairs. ‘The antennz
are blue black and scaled above, below pale bay. ‘The abdomen has
four yellow bands. No “longitudinal yellow lines in the tail.” Both
sexes have a conspicuous white spot bordering the eye in front; four
small yellow spots on the upper part of the thorax; two below the base
of fore wings, also a_ yellow line at the outer edges of the
collar; the outer edge of the coxz of the first pair of legs, also
those of the second and third pairs are of the same color. ‘The fore

~

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9)

wings are more or less washed with red on the basal third. The second
abdominal band alone appears on the ventral side ; in front of it below is
a yellow line.

I have not seen the European asiliformis (bespiformis, Br. Mus. Lists
vili., 14), but have carefully compared our species with the descriptions
of Stephens (Haust. vol. 1, 139) and Walker, and find the closest agree-
ment, except perhaps in the coloration of the legs, and in size ; ¢ricincta
is a little larger. Besides, Stephens says asliformis is “ occasionally
taken on poplars near London in June.”

I can not omit mentioning the very close mimicry of /ricincta after
certain wasps ; it is so close that different persons to whom it was shown
when alive pronounced it a wasp, and this, too, after being cautioned that
a hasty conclusion might put reason to the hazard. ‘This close mimicry
results from their form and color, in general hue, abdominal bands,
thoracic and head markings ; also by their motions and attitudes, the
buzzing of their wings, the alternate up and down strokes of their
antenne, the position of their wings at rest, their threatening attitude
when disturbed, etc. These are often sufficient to deceive even a prac-
ticed eye.

AEGERIA PINI, n. s.

When studying the larval habits of Penzpestis Zimmermani in 1878-9,
I met with the larva and pupa skins of two moths evidently different from
ihe pine pest,yet having quite similar larval habits. During the past sum-
mer I succeeded in getting the moth of one of them; it is an Aegerian,
as I think, undescribed, but I would not venture upon describing it had I
only the imago ; but as I am able to give mainly its history, and having
done so much tramping and climbing for its sake that I have come to feel
a proprietary right, I undertake to name and describe it as new. As its
proposed name implies, the larva inhabits the Pine, boring under the bark
and into the superficial layers of the wood. From the wounds thus made
pitch exudes, which through the action of the larva and the warmth of the
sun forms hemispherical masses over its burrows ; in these masses the
pupa cells are finally prepared and the inactive stage passed. The larva
occurs more frequently than elsewhere just below a branch ; sometimes
about the border of a wound made by the axe or where a limb has been
wrenched off by the wind ; rarely in the axil of the branch. It appears
to attack larger trees than the Zimmerman’s pine pest, and more fre-

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

quently occurs at considerable altitude. I have taken them thirty to forty
feet from the ground. While they sometimes, perhaps as a rule, take
advantage of the broken cortex, I have found them where it appeared
that they had worked through the same into the soft layer.

I have found the larva in the following localities: “Hastings Center,
N. Y.; Portage, N. Y. ; Buffalo, N- Y. (?); Point Abino, Ontario. At
the first named place they were found in several instances numerous
enough to seriously injure trees of moderate growth.*

I have taken the larve in autumn from.25 to .75 of an inch in length ;
they finally attain a length of 1 to 1.1 inch; diameter quite uniform, .18
of aninch. Color white ; head light brown, flattened ; first thoracic ring
slightly clouded with brown, smooth; no trace of an anal shield ; true
legs scarcely colored, pro-legs prominent crowned with two rows of about
eight hooks each. The brown hairs arise from papillz, the base of_each
hair being surrounded by a brown annulation. The spiracles are but
slightly elliptical, last pair large, placed sub-dorsally.

Before transforming they prepare a cell in the extruded pitch mingled
with their debris; this they line with silk, but spin no other cocoon.
While in their burrows they move through the soft pitch with impunity, but
if removed from the same they soon die from the encumbrance of the
hardening pitch adhering to them.

Ihave found the pupa the last of May ; the moth appears from the
middle to the end of June. It may be that others come in July and
August, for I have found larve apparently full grown in July. On the
15th of July I brought to my rooms devoted to the rearing of insects,
some blocks of wood containing such apparently mature larvee, expecting
them to complete their transformations in a few weeks at most ; they are
still in their pitch cells unchanged (Nov.) Is it a case of retarded devel-
opment due to the drying of the bark and wood ?

The pupa has a length of .73 of an inch. Color light brown with the
extremities dark. Over the dorsal portion of the abdominal rings are the
usual rows of teeth ; those on the anterior margins scarcely extend below
the spiracles. The clypeus is without a pointed process ; the medio-
dorsal ridge of the thorax is unusually prominent.

* For definite direction to collectors I mention Mallory, a station near Hastings
Center, on the Syracuse Northern Railway, where they may be found in force in pines
thirty rods south from the station,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. i

When about to transform it bores through the pitch wall and escapes,
leaving the pupa skin protruding.

The moth (female) expands 1.2 inch. Fore wings opaque; hind
wings transparent. Color blue black as follows : fore wings, the clothed
portions of hind wings, head, palpi, thorax, upper part of abdomen,
antenne and legs. |The neck fringe and the sides of the collar are orange,
also the ventral side of the abdomen and the tail fringes. —The antenne are
long, slightly enlarged toward the end ; there is a decided orange line on
the under side of the antennz for one-third their length ; the tarsi are
smoky. The male not seen.

Aegerta pictifes G and R.

I have found this species common enough at Buffalo wherever there
are old plum trees. In some instances I have found it doing grave injury.
It works also in the cherry trees. Its history has been given recently by Dr.
J. S. Bailey (North Am. Ent., I, 17) with so much exactness that any
further notice here seems unnecessary. I make mention, however, of
finding Zzctifes in the wild black-cherry (Prunus serotina) and the wild
red-cherry (P. Pennsylvanica) in June and July last, at Hastings Center,
N. Y. Numerous larve and pupx were taken from beneath the bark ;
imagines were taken fiying about the trunks.

Aegeria acerni Clemens, likewise has been carefully described by Mr.
C. V. Riley in the Mo. Ent. Rept., vi, 107. He says, however, that the
pupa is unarmed, which is not the case with those obtained here, if
‘unarmed ” refers either to the dorso-abdominal teeth or to the corneous
pointed clypeus. The larve of this moth are annually doing much
damage to the hard maples (4cer saccharinum), planted so generally in
this city for shade ; they are less destructive to the soft maple (4. rubrum),
It appears that they seldom attack uninjured trees, but depend upon acci-
dents to afford them opportunity to enter the inner bark and superficial
wood : when once established they keep at the scar or wound year after
year, thus preventing recovery and causing the trunks to become rough
and unsightly ; in many cases the trees are thus almost ruined. The moths
appear most numerously from May 2oth to June r5th. I have not been
able to find, after patient search, this borer in our forest maples.

Exitiosa and tipuliformis are both sufficiently abundant in this vicinity
to be destructive to peach tree and currant bush. I have imagines of the
former which escaped late in September from chrysalids given me by Mr.

§ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

C. D. Zimmerman, so the moth does appear from early summer until
autumn. Mr. A. S. Fuller (Am. Ent. vol. 1, N. S., page 11) believes that
“the grubs go a much greater distance from their burrows before passing
into pupa state than is generally supposed.” This from the fact that he
found “at various times during the summer in almond trees larvae of all
sizes and no pupae.” _I have rarely found their cocoons at any distance
from their burrows, frequently in them covered with gum or bark. From
observations on other species it appears that larvae apparently full grown
at midsummer may hybernate without changing.

Fyri is a rare form here, so far as ascertained after search and inquiry.

Trochilium denudatum Harris is also rare; June gth last I found one
pupa skin, presumably of this species, protruding from an ash shade tree
in this city, but no further evidence of its presence could be obtained. I
have one moth taken here June 13th, which is doubtfully referred to this
species.

NOTES ON COCCID~.
BY J. HENRY COMSTOCK, WASHINGTON, D. C.

There occurs in certain orange groves in southern California a species
of Aspidiotus which infests the bark, leaves and fruit of the orange and
which from the extent of its ravages has created great alarm. This insect
is popularly known by the fruit growers of that section as the red scale,
although this name does not well describe its color. This species as yet
occurs in only a few df the Californian orange groves, but is more to be
feared than any other scale insect. I have conclusive evidence that it
was introduced into that State from Australia. It is, I believe, as yet
undescribed, and I offer the following diagnosis :

ASPIDIOTUS CITRI, n. sp. Scale of the female.—The scale of the
female in outline is much flattened, varying in color from a light brownish
gray to a bright reddish brown. In fresh specimens there is a white
nipple-like prominence which is nearly central and is the remains of a tuft
of cottony excretion, beneath which the first larval skin was shed ; sur-
rounding this and occupying one third of the diameter of the scale is a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2

ring which is slightly darker than the remainder of the scale and indicates
the position of the second larval moult.

Female.—The female is light yellow in color in the adolescent stages,
becoming brownish as it reaches maturity. When fully developed the
thorax extends backward in a large rounded lobe on each side, projecting
beyond the extremity of the abdomen, giving the body a reniform shape.

Scale of male.—The scale of the male resembles that of the female,
excepting that it is only one fourth as large, and the posterior side is pro-
longed into a flap which is quite thin.

Male.—The male is light yellow ; thoracic band brown ; eyes purplish
black.

The species described by Mr. Ashmead in the November number of
the American Entomologist under the name of Chrysomphalus ficus Riley
MS. is simply a species of Aspfidiotus ; and is not that known as the red
scale in California, as is indicated by Mr. Ashmead. Although I have
carefully explored many orange groves both in Florida and California, and
have had extensive correspondence with orange growers, I have been
unable to find Asfzdiotus ficus in the last named State, and only in a single
grove in Florida. Here it was first observed by Mr. G. M. Holmes on
some sour orange trees imported from Cuba. On sending specimens of
it to a friend at Havana, I received others from that place and the infor-
mation that it is a very common species in the public gardens of that
city. The species can easily be distinguished from Asfidiotus citri by an
examination of the scale alone, which is much darker, being sometimes
almost black.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
, PAPILIO PHILENOR, LInn.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

EGG—Spherical ; the surface much covered with a rough crust which
rises to a summit, either small and pointed, or rather large and truncated ;
the sides of this crust irregularly melon-ribbed ; color of surface russet,
of the crust bright ferruginous. Duration of this stage 7 to 9 days.

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

YOUNG LARVA—Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, thickest anteriorly
and tapering from 2 to 13; color ferruginous ; marked longitudinally by
many rows of low, conical, black tubercles, each of which sends out a
black hair, and a few on the side on anterior segments several hairs ; of these
rows four are dorsal, two being close together on either-side of dorsum,
and they run from 3 to 13; three are lateral, the upper two being on
upper and middle part of side, and running from 5 to 12; the lower, or
infra-stigmatal row, from 2 to 12; besides-these are two short rows, one
of two small tubercles on segments 3 and 4, placed a little below dorsals,
the other of three on 2, 3 and 4, between the lines of the upper two long
rows ; on 21s a dorsal chitinous band, with five concolored tuberculous
points and hairs on each side; feet black, pro-legs red-brown ; head obovoid,
a little depressed at top, shining black, with many black hairs.

As this stage proceeded a change in the appearance of the larva took
place, and shortly before the next moult this reached its height. The
tubercles of the two outermost of the dorsal rows became prominent and
conical, the tops crowned by the black shields which at first had been at
the surface of the body. Seen lengthwise these two rows now formed
elevated, sharp ridges. The tubercles of the two inner dorsal rows rose
scarcely if any at all, and were almost within the bases of the other rows
and stood a little in advance of them. The tubercles of the second short
row on 2, 3, 4 became still more prominent, that on 2 especially, and it
was turned forward so that its end was even with the front of the head.
At same time one tubercle of the upper lateral row, viz., that on 5, and
one of middle row, viz., that on 6, also became prominent, and these five
all gave out several divergent hairs from their summits ; so the remainder
of second lateral row gave out three hairs, the other tubercles but one
hair each. To first moult from 4 to 9 days according to the season.

After 1st Moult—Length .12 inch, same general shape; color red-
brown ; at the outer edge of dorsal area on either side, corresponding to
outer dorsal row of first stage, is a row of fleshy appendages, :one to each
segment from 3 to 13; these are thick, tapering, bluntly rounded at top,
and from base up are beset with short black hairs ; those on 3, 4, 5 are
longest, next those on 11 to 13, the others are short; on the lower part
of side on 2 to 4 and on 6 is a demi-row of similar appendages, the two
anterior ones longer than any dorsal, and the pair on 2 turned forward so
that the tips are about even -with front of head; on 5, a little above the
line above this demi-row, is another but very short tubercle ; over the legs

Aas i Reena xa

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11

from 7 to ro and continued to rz and 12 is another demi-row, all very
short and pointing downward ; (this arrangement of the appendages con-
tinues to last larval stage) ; the dorsals are reddish, with a fiery glow, the
others are color of body; 2 has a chitinous patch with fine tubercles and
hairs ; under side darker brown; head subcordate, flattened frontally,
surface black, shining, much covered with fine and short black hairs.
Duration of this stage 3 to 4 days.

After 2nd Moult—Length .22 inch ; shape much as before, the seg-
ments well rounded, each having one or two vertical depressions on the
side ; color chocolate-brown, with a reddish tint ; the appendages on side
of 2 much elongated, measuring .o4 inch, and as the stage progresses
reaching .o8 in.; the dorsals on 3 to 5 and 11 to 13 are longest, sub-
conic ; more or less of these dorsals are fiery red, sometimes a single pair,
and so to four or five pairs, and the others have a dull red hue ; head as
before. To next moult 3 to 4 days.

After 3rd Moult-—Length .6 inch; color silky black-brown ; the dor-
sal appendages from 5 to 11 are bright red ; the front of the ridge on 2 is
of same red; the dorsals on 11 and 12 are curved forward; the long
side spur on 2 is now .16 inch, tapering and flexible. To next moult 4
to 5 days.

After 4th Moult——Length .8 inch ; color now silky-black ; as the stage
proceeds it changes to dark brown, and loses much of its gloss. At about
five days after the moult the larva reaches maturity.

MATURE LARVA—Length at rest 1.6 in, in motion 1.8 inch;
color uniform black-brown ; shape cylindrical, thickest at 4 and 5 ; each
segment curved, the highest point being in the line of the appendages, or
a little back of the middle of the segment ; furnished with several rows
of fleshy tapering appendages, bluntly rounded at top, and disposed as
before described under the first moult; these are mostly concolored with
the body, and are thickly beset with short black hairs ; the dorsals on 3
to 5 are moderately long, on rz to 13 long, and the two last are bent
forward ; the rest are short ; from 3 to to they are bright yellow or some-
times orange-red ; of the anterior demi-row, the one on 2 measures about
-34 inch and is slender, tapering, flexible, and is moved much like an
antenna ; the one on 3 is scarcely half as long as the other, and the two
on 4 and 6 are shorter still and equal ; on 5 resembles the short dorsals —
and is colored like them, either yellow or red; those of the posterior and
lower demi-row are bent down, and when the larva is at rest have their

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

extremities even with the claspers ; segment 2 is broad, covered dorsally
by a chitinous patch which is surrounded mostly by a fleshy ridge ; on its
anterior side is a yellow or red patch; surface of body smooth, but with
one or two vertical creases to each segment and some depressions near
the summit ; under side brown; feet black, legs brown ; head sub-cordate,
flattened in front, the depression at top slight, the vertices not being much
elevated ; color dull black, much covered with short black hairs. At 8
days from 4th moult the larva suspended, and in two days thereafter
pupated (in August). :

CHRYSALIS—Length 1.1 inch ; the abdomen anteriorly very broad,
measuring .34 inch; the thoracic segments narrow ; bent in a double
curve, the head and thorax being thrown back, the abdomen arched and
turned down at end ; head case much produced, narrow, widening at top,
compressed transversely and bevelled roundly and equally to a sharp
transverse ridge, the top of which is a little incurved ; the sides at top
triangular and at the edges ridged ; at base of head case on either side is
a small pyramidal projection ; mesonotum high, rounded, and having on
the summit an elevated, three-cornered process, rounded bluntly at top,
the sides excavated so as to form three sharp ridges, two across and one,
on upper side, in medio-dorsal line ; the wing cases flaring, especially on
lower half, the middle being depressed ; on the abdomen are two sub-
dorsal ridges, on each of three segments produced to a high thin circular
appendage ; on either side of abdomen a low ridge ; color variable, being
either wood brown, finely veined or reticulated with darker, the ventral side
of uniform hue; the top of head case, mesonotum and dorsal side of
abdomen being a little yellowish, all the ridges being darker; at base of
head case on dorsal side, and along” the edges of the wing cases, is a
sprinkling of small deep yellow spots and points. Or the general color
is green, which prevails over the whole ventral side, the ridges everywhere
being of a darker green ; the mesonotum yellow-green, and all below to
end of abdomen light yellow; a yellow patch at base of head case, which
sometimes includes a crimson spot; and sometimes, on either side of
mesonotum, is a small round crimson spot. Duration of this stage 15
days.

Philenor is a very common butterfly in this region, to be seen from
early spring to frost, in successive broods, and yet I rarely find its cater-
pillar. Aristolochia, the vine upon which it feeds, is.not rare in our
forests, but is confined to them, Undoubtedly the caterpillar feeds on

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1

some other plant, as Mr. Mead observed a female ovipositing on the
leaves of a slender, low-growing vine in a thicket near my house, some
years ago. We neglected at the time to ascertain the name of this vine
and I have since been unable to re-discover it, or to find any plant except
Aristolochia upon which the larvz in confinement would feed. Abbot
figures Aristolochia serpentaria as the food plant of this species, and Dr.
Boisduval says the butterfly is found especially where A. sevpentaria grows.
The larve feed upon A. szfho as readily. An old and very large vine of
this species covered the front of the house in which I formerly resided at
Newburgh, N. Y., and every year was nearly denuded of its leaves by
caterpillars of Pfz/enor. How much further north the butterfly lives I am
not advised, but to the south and southwest, and-on the Pacific coast, it
is abundant. So also throughout tropical America and in the West Indies.
The eggs are laid in one or two rows of from five to ten in the row, on
the under side of the leaves, and are not close together, but separated by
narrow spaces. The young larve betake themselves to the edge of the
leaf, and ranging themselves at right angles to this, side by side, feed after
the manner of the large Bombycide. No other species of N. American
Papilio with whose early stages I am acquainted has this gregarious habit.
This continues till they are half grown, when they separate. They are
very active in their movements, far more so than any other of our Papilio
larvee, and can travel with great rapidity, and when in motion constantly
vibrate their long, flexible, antennz-like appendages. I have found them
somewhat cannibalistic in their propensities, devouring each other at
times, when the lack of proper food was not the occasion of it.

I have been in error for several years as to the number of larval
moults of Philenor, and several times have spoken of the species as
exceptional in this respect—as having five moults, when all our other
Papilios have but four. And suspecting a mistake, I have taken great
care to ascertain the fact the past season. There are but four moults, as
hereinbefore described. The figure of the larva of PAz/enor in Abbot is
fairly correct, but the chrysalis is much out of drawing. Boisduval and
LeConte profess to have figured after Abbot, but the larva cannot have
been copied from the Insects of Georgia. It is absurdly wrong. There
is no sign of the demi-row of lateral appendages, and the long pair on
segment 2, which should form part of this row, appear to come from the
dorsum, and look like the prongs of a thorn-locust tree. There is also
given a lateral row of red knobs like those on dorsum, and which have

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

no existence in nature. The chrysalis also is badly done, and instead of
the broad bevelled ridge at top of head case, we see a square flat-topped
process, much like a wooden plug driven into the head.

NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS.

BY A. R. GROTE.

(Continued from Page 258, vol. x11.)
Graphiphora agrotiformis, n. s.

&. This form reminds one of Agrotis collaris or versipellis. Eyes
hairy ; tibiz unarmed ; tuftings obsolete. Fore wings blackish brown to
the continuous, black, upright, uneven subterminal line ; beyond with the
fringes brownish. Median lines geminate, faint. Orbicular round, paler
than the wing; reniform moderate, outwardly excavate, upright, pale-
ringed with dark centre ; the cell between the spots black-shaded ; the
stigmata are comparatively small. No trace of the claviform. Hind
wings pale brownish fuscous, concolorous ; fringes a little lighter and more
reddish. Beneath secondaries paler, with discal dot and uneven exterior
line ; fore wings dark fuscous to terminal space, which is pale with the
fringes dark. Head and thorax like the fore wings; collar a little paler.
Body rather slender; costa of primaries a little depressed centrally.
Colorado ; expands 34 mil. Differs from the described species quite
strongly ; from JZamestra by the untufted body parts.

Fleliophila oxygala, n. s.

Allied to Zallens- Fore wings light yellowish ochrey ; the interspaces
beyond the cell and below the median vein indeterminately shaded with
blackish. The veins paler; a small black dot at the end of the cell
alongside of the median vein. ‘The outer line reduced to a small black
dot on vein 2 and vein 5. Fringes concolorous. Hind wings blackish
fuscous, a little paler at base; fringes pale. Beneath both wings shaded
with fuscous, leaving the costa of primaries and the fringes pale. _ Breast
shaded with fuscous; thorax and abdomen yellowish ochrey. This
species is more yellowish than pallens, with the fore wings shaded with

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - 25

blackish. Eyes hairy; clypeus smooth. Expands 32 mil. Colorado.
One specimen in Mr. Tepper’s collection, one ¢ in my own.

Under the name odusta, I believe that Gueneé has described a form
of pseudargyria in which the primaries are suffused with zed.

Fleltophila flabilis, n. s.

&. Very pale ochrey or straw color shaded with fuscous. The pale
longitudinal shades extend along the cell over the interspace between
veins 5 and 6 nearly to the margin ; a short pale shade on the interspace
above and extending nearer to the margin. From the base a wide sub-
mesial pale shading extends outwardly to the margin. A black dot marks
the reniform at median vein ; an extra-mesial row of dots on the nervules,
not prominent. ‘The veins are indistinctly paler. The darkest portion
of the wing is along the median vein, and a fine black streak runs along
the interspace between veins 4 and 5. Hind wings whitish, vaguely
soiled with fuscous exteriorly. Thorax concolorous with primaries ; no
lines on the collar. Beneath without marks. This species recalls in
ornamentation /ap~edaria, but is more diffusely shaded ; the outer line of
spots more numerous, the hind wings darker, the body more slender.
Eyes hairy ; clypeus smooth. Long Island, near the sea shore, in May ;
Mr. Tepper. Expands 33 mil.

fleliophila farcta, n. s.

$. Allied to adjuta and /afidaria, but much stouter. Fore wings
unicolorous pale ochrey with a warm or reddish tinge and without longi-
tudinal shadings. Median vein paler. A dot on vein 2 and one on vein
5 indicate the extra mesial line. A small faint dark shade subterminally
about vein 5 opposite the cell. Hind wings white with slightly ochrey
fringes ; no marks above and beneath. Collar lined. Head and thorax
concolorous with primaries ; femora darker within. Eyes hairy. Length
of primary t9 mil. California, Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 168.

The following is a list of the North American species of Zarache
(Acontia), as far as known tome. I have seen the type of obatra Mor-
rison ; it appeared to me to belong to Spragueia. The new variety vir-
ginalis differs from the type by the absence of the subterminal blackish
shading on the primaries.

1. crustaria Morrison, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil.. 70, 1875. Colorado ;
Nebraska.

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

2. flavipennis Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S., 1, 153. California ; Oregon.
3. aprica Hubn. 371; Guen. Noct. 2, 219; Var. dzp/aga Guen., Noct. 2,
218. Southern States. .
4. abdominalis Grote, Can. Ent., 9, 157. Texas.
5. danceolata Grote, Can. Ent., 11, 198. Texas.
6. angustipennis Grote, Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil., 426, 1875. Texas; Col
orado ; Calif.
7. sutrix Grote, Can. Ent., 12,154. Colorado; Nevada.
8. ¢enuicula Morrison, Proc. B. S. N. H., 218, 1875. Texas.
9. erastrioides Guen., Noct. 2, 218. Canada; Eastern and Middle
States.
10. candefacta Hubn., Zutr. 587-8. Canada; U.S. east of Rocky Mts.
11. * debilis Walk., C. B. M., 786. ‘Texas.- Var. praec. ?
12. t+ arizonae Hy. Edw., Proc. Cal. Acad. 1878. Arizona. Coll. Hy. Edw.
13. edegantula Harvey, Can. Ent., 8,55 ; Zar. semtopaca Grote, Bull. U.S.
Geol. Surv. 4, 182. Montana; Nevada.
14. dinocula Grote, Can. Ent. 7, 224. Var. virginalis Grote. Texas.
15. cretata G. & R., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 3, 181, pl. 2, fig. 78. Texas.
ib: Jaciipennes Warvey, Can. Ent. 7, 135% Bull? BYS) NvS. 2) a0, places
Hees. Lexas,
17. déecta Walk., C. B. M., 799 ; metallica Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil.
4, 321, pl. 2, fig. 7. Southern States.
18. terminimacuata Grote, Bull. B.S. N.S. 1, 153. Eastern and Middle
States.

Staudinger enumerates six species of Zarache (Acontia) in the Euro-
pean fauna. As above cited we have eighteen. Of these, two, Nos. 12
and 13, were originally described under 7halpochares ; one of them I have
not been able to examine critically (Avizonae). Ihave seen the type in
Mr. Edwards’ collection ; it is frail and small, in ornamentation recalling
elegantula, of which I have been able only recently to see the type also in
Mr. Edwards’ collection. Both these species need neurational study to
determine positively their generic location ; of edegantula I have only a
single perfect individual, the type of semzopaca, and cannot sacrifice the
specimen. Our fauna contains many handsome and noteworthy species,
Foremost among these are de/ecta, which resembles the species of Audryas
in color and crefata and dactipennis, which recall Czrts Wrilsontt.

* From recollection of the type Mr. Walker’s dedz/zs is a variety of candefacta.
+ This and the following were described under 7alpochares.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

flyblaea puera Fabr.

From a specimen shown me by Mr. Neumoegen as Mr. Strecker’s new
genus Aenigma, with its ‘“‘very Jarge number of subcostal nervules,” I
infer that Mr. Strecker has re-described this Fabrician genus and species,
which latter is variable and enjoys a wide geographical range. It is also
very probable that Mr. Strecker’s new “ Cosmia” from Florida, described
in Proc. A. N. S. Phil., is the typical southern 2 form of the Bombycid,
HHyparpax aurora.

Botts dapalis, n. s.

Fore wings with dusky gray median space ; the rest of the wing brown-
ish. An arcuate dark brown anterior line; posterior line similarly
colored, sinuate, followed by a vivid white shade at costa. A brown dot
in the place of the orbicular ; a small black streak in the place of the
reniform. Terminal space gray. A black dotted line followed by a gray
line before the brownish fringes. Hind wings crimson red with a black
extra discal mark, the fragment of an extra mesial line. Edge of the wing
and internal margin black shaded. Fringes silky, long, brownish, tipped
with reddish. Beneath fore wings red with the discal marks repeated and
the exterior line, followed by the white costal shade, repeated. Hind
wings yellow, shaded with red, with a red discal dot and extra mesial
jagged line ; a subterminal line marked at costa. Fringes brownish, long,
silky, stained with red. Body parts dark brown, paler, reddish beneath ;
paipi reddish at the sides. Hxfanse 18 mil. California, Mr. Hy.
Edwards, No. 3,023. A very distinct species belonging to the sudbsequalis

group.

CORRESPONDENCE.

———

CONCERNING CHRYSOPHANUS NAIS, EDW.
DEaR SiIR,—

This species was described from defective and scanty material, brought
in from Arizona. As it has recently been taken in numbers in So. Color-
ado and New Mexico by Mr. B. Neumoegen and others, we are able to
see that it belongs to the Erycinidz, and its habits are reported to be like

those of Lemonias Virgulti and allies. I enclosed a pair to Mr. A. G.
Butler, British Museum, and he replies 22nd Nov.: “I do not wonder at
your describing the little butterfly as a Chrysophanus ; it was a most

18 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

natural mistake considering that the coloring and pattern are quite like
that genus, and quite unlike the members of the genus to which it appears
to belong. In structure it agrees best with Apodemia (I might say it
agrees altogether), but the pattern of the under surface is not like any
member of that genus known to me, being more like the arrangement
found in Echenais. If color therefore can be called a structural character,
the species belongs to no known genus, but as I do not consider this to
be the case, I should certainly refer it to Apodemia.”
Coalburgh, W. Va., Dec. 9, 1880. W. H. Epwarps.

ON HYPHANTRIA TEXTOR.
DEAR SIR,—

Hyphantria textor (Harris) made its appearance in this locality on
May roth, and from that date to the 13th I captured 53 ¢ examples and
ro, "2.

On June 17th the second brood appeared, and in three days I took
An gvand 10.2.

Unfortunately, at the time of the appearance of the third brood, it
commenced raining, and for two weeks, almost every day or evening, we
had heavy showers, nearly exterminating lepidoptera.

In the first brood every male had the black spots on the primaries,
from a single spot on each wing to almost covered, and in some examples
a spot on the secondaries. In the second brood all were white, not an
example with the least trace of a mark, the females in both broods
entirely white. I anxiously waited for the third brood, but for reasons
above, did not see a single specimen. My object was this :—Has the first
brood or that which remains over winter only, the black spots? or does
HI. textor alternate? Will some of your readers please answer the above
questions through your valuable journal.

August 3rd, 1880. James S. JoHNnson, Frankford, Penn’a.
DEAR SIR,—

In connection with Mr. Fletcher’s interesting article on Ca/osoma, I
send you my experience of scrutator. On 11th June I left Hamilton for
Long Point. I had half a day to spend at Port Dover before the boat
left. About noon a strong breeze sprung up from the S. W., which drove
the waves up the shore. I took a stroll along the beach, and had not
gone far when I saw a greenback just landed, making rapid strides with

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ;_ eileen

his long legs away from the water, and I seized my first living serutator. I
took several of them that afternoon alive, some of them simply that and
nothing more. At Long Point the evidence of what had been was unmis-
takable ; the water lines of various storms of different forces were marked
with bands of green wing-covers. I was too late for the harvest, very few
coming ashore while I was there. When sugaring for moths we took from
2to5 every night, and one night 16. A large gauze-winged fly was
attracted in great numbers to the sugar, and the scvutator was attracted by
them, for in almost every instance we took them with one of these in
their jaws. When seized they would drench the fingers with an acrid
fluid of the most offensive odor ; it was very volatile, drying rapidly with
a sensation like alcohol. In one instance I took one from under a board
on the beach, and in blowing off the sand that adhered to it some of the
fluid struck my lip; it burned for an instant sharply. The odor from
them leaves in a very short time. Does it not seem strange they should
remain so scarce in the country when they are Janded in such numbers on
our shores alive? A friend, Mr. A. H. Kilman, of Ridgeway, writes me
that they came ashore this spring after a south-west storm in hundreds,
dead and alive. And we may suppose it to be about the same along the
whole north shore of Lake Erie, and yet I know of but three taken in the
neighborhood of Hamilton in 20 years. J. Atston Morrat,
Hamilton, Ont., July 9th, 1880.

ARBOREAL AUSCULTATION.
DEAR SIR,—

Some time ago, while visiting the Dean and Williams Gold Mine, in
the township of Marmora, I was interested in observing the proceedings
of some woodpeckers which resorted to some half-dead pine trees in front
of my room window. I remarked that after alighting they would run
upwards in a zigzag way, stopping occasionally, and applying the side of
their heads to the tree, evidently listening for the noise made by a grub
while gnawing the wood. Suddenly a bird would begin to dig into the
bark, the rapid strokes of its powerful bill making the chips fly faster than
a lumberman’s axe. On one occasion, by the aid of an opera-glass, I saw
one fellow transfer something large and white from the cavity he had
excavated to the interior of his craw, but the quickness of the action pre-
vented me from ascertaining precisely what it was.

Thinking of this, it has occurred to me that the presence of a

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

“borer ” in,a;fruit or other tree might be ascertained in the same manner
by the use of a tube of wood or tin-plate formed like a stethoscope or
ear-trumpet ; by applying the wide end to the tree and the small end to
the ear, the exact locality of the grub could be determined, when the
application of a stout brad-awl or small gimlet would put an end at once

to his life and his depredations without material injury to the tree.
James T. BELL.

"NOTE ON CHRYSOMELA JUNCTA, C. 10-LINEATA AND CARYOBORUS
ARTHRITICUS.
Dear SiR,—

During last Aug. and Sept. Chrysomela juncta has been more abundant
than I have ever before seen it in this vicinity, and with larve was feeding
on the leaves of Solanum carolinense, in company with Chrysomela ro-
lineata and larve. ‘The larva of juncta differs from zo-/ineata in being
stouter and with the head larger. The color is dirty white. They are
readily distinguishable apart. I took in the sexual act a male of juncta
and female of zo-dneata, and Mr. Siewers, of Newport, also observed the
two species in intercourse. In the neighboring potato fields were
thousands of zo-dizeata, but no juncfa. Specimens killed in cyanide and
pinned immediately after death all turned black in drying; to get a few
good specimens I flexed the abdomen down, cut an incision along the
top and removed the soft parts, put in a amall quantity of arsenic and
filled the cavity with cotton—getting as a result bright and. beautiful
specimens.

A friend in Fla. writes, saying: ‘I send a box of seed of the ‘ Cab-
bage’ tree. I gathered them and put them away, and when I opened the
box I found a bug in every seed. What are they?” The seeds, about
100, are of the Sada/ palmetto ; out of the entire lot only two or three
did not contain a beetle, Caryoborus arthriticus Fab. ‘The entire inside
portion of the seed being eaten out and the insect filling the cavity, a
round cap had been formed—by the larva, perhaps, cutting a ring through
to the external skin of the seed on the inside, leaving it so that a push would
burst it outward... The cap was in many cases burst off, and in all cases
the insect was presented towards the opening tail foremost ; all were
dead. Is this one of the uses of the powerful posterior legs of this
species, to burst the skin of the seed and thus get out?

Cuas. Dury, Avondale, Ham. Co., O.

A CORRECTION.

|
NAD EAR SIR,—

| _In my article which appeared on pages 21-23 of the CANADIAN ENTO-
pd oLocist, Vol. xiii, No. 2, the species was erroneously accredited to
| Plusia precationis Gueneé, instead of to Plusia simplex of the same
author. This mistake on my part was owing to the fact that the moths
“from which I obtained the eggs had the metallic spois in the centre of the
- fore wings nearly as they are in a precationis which Mr. Grote determined
for me. Lhave been enabled the present season to correct my former
i” mistake by the use of the excellent descriptions of the Plusia moths given

iG by Prof. Cyrus Thomas in his Fourth Report.

f \ On the 21st of November, 1881, I received from the Editor of the
Germantown Telegraph a box of insects for determination, and in the
- letter which accompanied the box the Editor stated that the worms which
he sent me were very destructive to the celery in many g gardens in his
~ locality.

4 These celery worms agreed precisely with the description of the
_ simplex | arve referred to above. They differ from the larve of drassica,
given by Prof. Riley, only in having the spirac'es ringed with black ;

‘and both of these larve differ from that of precationis by not having a
lack stripe on each side of the head. In all other respects these three

‘vee appear to be utterly indistinguishable.

D. W. CoaquriLLett, Woodstock, Ill.

Che Canadun Entomologist.

VOL. 20ErT. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1881. No. 2

ON THE EARLY STAGES OF PLUSIA PRECATIONIS, GUENEE.
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL.

Ecc.—Flattened-globular or button-shaped, sometimes with an im-
pressed spot in the centre of the upper side ; upper part grooved, grooves

_ Narrow, interspaces roughened ; milky white ; transverse diameter about

Y% m. m.

Larva.—first stage: Body deep green, two dorsal, a subdorsal and
stigmatal white line, the latter the most distinct ; piliferous spots green,
usually tipped with black, each bearing a short black hair ; venter deep
green, unmarked ; head pale green. Provided with only 12 legs.

Second stage: Same as first, and with an indistinct whitish line on the
dorsal space ; subdorsal space usually tinged with black.

Third and last stage: Same as second; body robust, tapering
anteriorly ; length at maturity 14 inches.

CurysaLis.—Of the usual shape, blackish brown, terminates behind

ina short, thick, cylindrical projection, rounded behind and tipped with

one or two small hooks ; antennz and leg cases project beyond the wing
cases in the form of a small bulb ; length from 13 to £5 m. m.

In the larvee of this brood I observed only two moults, and if there is
a greater number of moults than this they probably occur prior to the first
moult mentioned above. Just before moulting the iarvee left their food
and collected on the ceiling of their cage.

In some of the captured larvee which I have reared the piliferous spots
were sometimes entirely black, or had a black basal annulation ; some-
times the head was surrounded with black, or had a black streak on each
side ; in many of them all of the white lines, except the stigmatal, were
obsolete.

On the 17th of May, 1880, I enclosed a female /recationis in one of
my breeding-boxes in which some grass, clover and plantain were growing.
In the afternoon of the next day she laid about 50 eggs, placing them
singly, or in small rows or patches, on both the upper and under sides of

Pps THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the grass and plantain leaves, seldom placing more than five eggs in one
cluster. Shortly after hatching the larvae ate the parenchyma of the
blades of grass, leaving the veins untouched ; after increasing somewhat
in size they fed upon the plantain leaves. The first larva of this brood
began spinning its cocoon on the evening of June 16; it became a chry-
salis June 19, disclosing the imago June 28. The chrysalis could easily
be seen through the thin cocoon. When this larva began spinning its
cocoon the other larve of the same brood, hatched out at about the same
time and reared under precisely similar conditions, were of all sizes from
those only one-half grown to those nearly full grown. As they appeared
to be costive, I supposed that it was caused by a lack of water ; accord-
ingly I wet a few leaves and fed them to the larvee, shortly after which
they were taken with a violent scouring, which so reduced them that all
but one died ; this one spun its cocoon and went on to chrysalis, but died
before producing the imago.

On the 6th of July following I obtained another laying of eggs, and
the larvee from these showed the same variation in size as those of the
first brood. When some of them became nearly full grown they were
attacked with a disease which caused them in a short time to turn black ;
if handled after death the skin readily broke, showing the interior to be
filled with a blackish liquid. As soon as this disease made its appearance
I removed the healthy larve to new breeding-cages, but they all finally
died of this disease.

On the 23rd of April, 1879, I obtained a larva of this species which
spun its cocoon the next day, disclosing the imago May 20 ; the earliness
of the date precludes the possibility of its having issued from the egg the
same season. It was taken while feeding upon dandelion leaves ; I have
taken other larvze of this species upon the leaves of burdock and plantain.
Prof. G. H. French states* that they also feed upon the leaves of the
thistle and hollyhock, but I have never taken them upon either of these
plants. i have seen caterpillars which did not differ materially from those
of precationis feeding upon cabbage leaves, and the precationis larve in
my breeding-cages fed readily upon these leaves. As there is so much
difference in coming to maturity among the larve of the same brood, it is
evident that no given number of broods are reared in one season by all
of the members of this species ; four broods in a season seem to be the
maximum number, while the average number is probably three.

* Seventh Report St. Ent. Ill, p. 220.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

In the afternoon of June 29, 1880, I saw a female precationts deposit-
ing her eggs; these she placed singly on the leaves of grass and low
weeds, seeming to have no preference for any particular species of plant.
This diurnal habit of the moth seems to be a well established one, for I
have frequentiy seen them taking food from clover blossoms in the day
time, and the moth from which I obtained the first laying of eggs was
captured while hovering around lilac blossoms at mid-day when the sun
was shining brightly. In vol. xi, page 108, of the CANADIAN ENTO-
MOLOoGIsT, Mr. W. L. Devereaux also records the capture of a precationis
on the 1st of June “at lilac blossoms in the day time.”

Precationis is very abundant in this locality, frequenting clover meadows
in company with Drasteria erechtea and Hypena scabra. When flushed it
flies a short distance with a graceful, undulating motion, and then alights
in plain view without any attempt at concealing itself; after alighting it
sometimes elevates its wings and vibrates them very rapidly.

Below is given in a tabular form the time occupied by this species in
its different stages :

From deposition of egg to hatching... .. 4to 6 days.
- SHatening torst, MOWlb.. .:,. sce Tne ae
=} fiTSt tO SCCOMG) MNO tamer... -. vans Saag
‘* second moult to spinning cocoon, . ee
“« ‘spinning cocoon to chrysalis...... re
“7; Chrysalis to Imagoy (%-.. . . . aos. RQneone aaeeee

NOTES ON SOME NOCTUID LARVZ.
BY. G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Mamestra trifoliz, Esp.

Length when full grown 3.10 inches. In shape and appearance very
much like the larve of Agsotis lubricans. Color uniform grass green
marked as follows: a rather broad substigmatal line of creamy white,
having at times a slightly pinkish tinge; a dorsal line of dark green.
There is no trace of a subdorsal line except that the place of that line is
a very little lighter on the first three joints when the larva is crawling.
Stigmata narrowly edged with black. Head rather small, a little paler
than the body. Piliferous spots very small,

24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Two of these were found in my garden hid among some weeds, June
29, 1880. After putting them in the rearing box .one died, the other
changed to a chrysalis July 5th, and preduced the imago July 18th.

Prodenia lineatella Harvey.

Length 1.35 inches. Shape of body cylindrical, very much like the
larvee of Agrotis. Dorsal, subdorsal and substigmatal lines, and a line in
the middle of subdorsal space, pinkish lilac. In the dorsal space there
are, first a series of oval dark brownish drab spots, the broadest part
occupying the centre of each joint, the several spots connecting with each
other at the union of the joints. In width they extend two thirds of the
distance from the dorsal to the subdorsal lines. On the subdorsal rests a
series of either triangular or somewhat oval velvety black spots, one to
each joint on each side of the body. ‘These spots extend inward half
way to the dorsal line, thus encroaching somewhat upon the drab spots.
At the base of each black spot, next the subdorsal line, is a narrow, bright
yellow, semi-elliptical spot. The rest of the dorsal space is gray irregu-
larly striped with fine white. The upper half of subdorsal space is pinkish
gray irregularly striped with fine black ; the lower half black, similarly
striped with fine light lines. Substigmatal space and venter carneous
gray, the first spotted with white. The head and cervical shield are
black, the inverted Y white.

The single larva from which the above description was taken was
found in my garden August 20th, 1880, in a bed of salsify. While in
confinement it ate readily of the leaves of salsify, peach and raspberry.
August 25th it disappeared for pupation, and the imago emerged Sep-
tember rith.

Leucania pseudargyria Guen.

Length one inch. General color fleshy brown, sprinkled over with
dark brown. Dorsal line narrow, of general ground color ; this and the
subdorsal and substigmatal distinguished by not being sprinkled with
brown. The dorsal space dark brown, composed of dark brown dots
finely sprinkled over the surface. About midway this is partially separated
as though forming two dark lines. There is a slight massing of these
brown dots from the posterior part of the joint, near the dorsal line, out-
ward forming an indistinct V. Subdorsal space much like the dorsal
only lighter. Substigmatal space with few dots, a brown patch at the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25

base of each pro-leg. Head of the same general color as the body, mot-
tled with brown. Cervical shield dark brown, small. Piliferous spots
small, brown.

Two of these were found, one of which died from the effects of para-
sites. The other, found March 8th, changed to a chrysalis March 21st,
on the top of the dirt in its box, under some dry grass, without a cocoon.
The moth emerged April 18th. They were taken in situations indicating
that grass constituted their food, and ate only that while in confinement.

Mr. Caulfield has given us a description of this larva in Vol. 6, page
132 of the Can. Ent., but as my specimens varied some from his, I
thought it well to give what I have above.

ON, .THE EARLY, STAGES OF .GRACILARIA
STIGMATELLA, Fasr.

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.

As elsewhere stated, the species formerly described by me as Gracz-
laria purpuriella is G. stigmatella Fabr. In the Natural History of the
Tineina, vol. vili., p. 35, Mr. Stainton gives the following account of it:
“The larva feeds in and upon willows, sallows and poplars. On the
white poplar I have had an opportunity of observing the mine of the
young larva, which is a small blotch not very unlike the mine of a Lithocol-
letis larva. (Italics my own.) As soon as it quits this mine, which it
does at an early period of life, it rolls up a piece of the tip or edge of
the leaf in a conical form, and_it feeds on the interior of this cone, eating
half through the substance of the leaf; as one of the cones does not
afford sufficient sustenance for the larva during its whole existence, it treats
‘in succession several leaves in this fashion, and the deserted cones always
contain a considerable amount of excrement. On the white poplar the
conical form of the habitation is not so marked, and sometimes it rolls
over a piece of the edge of the leaf. When the larva is quite full fed it
turns down a corner of a leaf, or else fixes itself straight over the midrib,
and there spins its tough but glossy-looking cocoon, from which in a few
weeks (italics mine) the perfect insect emerges.” This is the most com-
plete account of the larva of this species that I have seen; and I quote

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

it that the reader may compare it with my own observations as hereinafter
detailed. The only point in which my observations differ essentially from
those of Mr. Stainton, is that I find the duration of the pupa state as
hereinafter shown to be only one week, instead of ‘a few weeks,” but
this may perhaps be accounted for by difference of season or temperature.

Partial life histories of many species of Tineids have been heretofore
published, but very few full or detailed ones ; and the only attempt at a
complete history of any species of Gracilaria that I have met, is Mr.
Healy’s account of the larva of G. syringella, in the Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine, v. iv., p. 150, e seg., and unfortunately I have seen
only the last two parts of it; and therefore I do not know what
account he gives of the structure of the mouth parts, nor of the ecdysis:
in the earlier stages of the species. Mr. Healy states that syringella
frequently goes under the ground to pupate, and in this respect it appears
to be singular in this genus, but probably it only does this in confinement.
His account of its manner of rolling and fastening the leaf and of making
its cocoon is characteristic, I think, of the larger species of this genus—
the true Gractlarig. I infer from Mr. Healy’s concluding remarks (oc.
cit. pp. 176 and 197) that syrzugel/a passes through only four larval stages.
Thus he states that when the larva first leaves the mine “ it crawls to the
under side of another leaf, the tip of which it rolls downward ;” that
‘¢ after a few days residence in the rolled leaf the larva moults for the
second time.” My observations on st#gmatel/a and other species of the
genus lead me to the conclusion that there are two moults in the mine,
and that the moult which Mr. Healy calls the second is really the third :
and that the first stage, and first moult of syrimged/a (in which it has trophi
of what I have elsewhere denominated the “ first form,” and membranous
thoracic feet) escaped his observation. Mr. Healy only mentions two
other moults later than that which he calls the second, making according
to his account only four larval stages. | But the species whose larval his-
tory I have observed (stigmatella, rhozfoliella, robiniella and salicifoliella) all
have five larval stages ; and in the first stage all have the trophi and feet as
above stated, so that I think it probable that the first moult, which
takes place when the larva is not more than 85 m. m. long, escaped Mr.
Healy’s observation. But as above stated, I have not seen the first part
of his paper.

Mr. Stainton mentions a slight difference between the habits of stzgsatella
when found on “ white poplar” and when found on willows ; that is, the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. D7

cone was more regular on the latter. I have observed the same difference
between those found on willows and those found on silver-leaf poplars and
cottonwoods. JI attribute it to the size and stiffness of the poplar leaves.
I have never met with the larva on the weeping willow. But to return to
its life history.

On the morning of Saturday, July 10, I found on a leaf of cottonwood
( Populus monilifera) a narrow white line about one-half inch long, which
was at once recognized as that of this species in a very early stage. On
holding the leaf up in the sunlight the larva was visible in the mine ; it
was flat, had membraneous, unarticulated and unarmed thoracic legs and
mouth parts of the “first form,” with the head and thoracic segments a
little wider than the abdominal segments, and Jooked very much like a
Lithocolletis larva of the flat group in the same stage. (Nevertheless a
practiced eye will distinguish a Zithocolletis from a Gracilaria larva even
in this stage.) It was less than 8 m.m. long, and as I infer from many
observations on these small larvae and their mines, it was but a few hours,
probably about twelve hours from the egg. It extended the mine until it
was about 1.9 m.m. in length, and scarcely wider than the body of the
larva, and the mine looked like a portion of a Phylocnistis mine ; then it
made a few digitate lateral branches, and the mine resembled a young
mine of Gracilaria robiniella in locust leaves; then it connected these
branches so that the mine became an irregular parallelogram about 1.9
m.m. long and 6 m. m. wide; and now, as stated by Mr. Stainton, the
mine was not unlike a young Lz¢hocol/et’s mine, or a white blister on the
leaf. Like all larvee with trophi of the first form, it ate only a layer of
cells beneath the cuticle, not burrowing down into the pareuchyma. On
Tuesday evening, July 13th, about three to three and one-half days after
it left the egg, I found that it had very recently moulted whilst still in the
mine and that the body was now nearly cylindrical, that it had trophi of
the second form, and articulated thoracic legs each armed with a claw.
On Friday evening, July 16th (the larva now being about seven days,
within a very few hours, more or less, old) it was still in the mine, but not
feeding, and I ‘Ak it had just moulted (2nd moult) ; but at an early
hour the next morning it had left the mine and was found on the leaf near
to the mine, and not feeding. I think it had very recently quitted the
mine. ‘Three hours afterwards I found that it had gone to the tip of the
leaf which it had rolled up and was feeding in the roll; and on opening
the mine two exuviz were found in it, one of which had the head and

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

trophi of the first form, and the other and larger one of the second form.
It had therefore been in its mine within a few hours, more or less, of seven
days, and had undergone two moults there. On the next Friday, July
23rd, I found that the larva was not feeding, so I unrolled its cone and
found in it two more casts, one of which was still fresh. Here were there-
fore two moults zzthim the week, making four in two weeks from the egg,
and the larva was a little more than half grown. It eats much more and
grows much more rapidly in its last stage. When taken from its roll, as
just stated, it was placed upon a fresh leaf, where in a little while it had
curled up the edge of the leaf, fastening it all around by a web instead of
by the little cords as in its first roll. On Monday morning early, July
26th, it was still in its roll, but three hours later it had left the roll and
begun its cocoon at the edge of the leaf. This is unusual, as the mine
when the larva is free is placed over the midrib. The contraction of the
silk curled the edge of the leaf over the cocoon. The pupa was dis-
closed early in the morning of the 28th July, about two days after the
cocoon was begun, but less than a day after the cocoon was finished ; the
four previous moults each occupied about twelve hours, as I was able to
determine approximately by observing whether or not the larva was feed-
ing. There are thus five larval stages. The entire larval life
before beginning its cocoon is about seventeen days, within a
few hours more or less, giving nineteen days as the entire larval
life. This is about the length of larval life in Zzthocolletis and Leu-
canthiza. That of Phyllocnistis is not known; that of some species of
Nepticula (a genus very far removed from the others above named) is
sixteen days in some species, only a week in some others, and probably
even less in some others. In the larva whose history I have given above
the imago was disclosed Aug. 4th, so that the pupa state lasted just a
week, or just twice as long as any single larval state. The same rule
holds in Lethocolletis and Leucanthiza. In Phyllocnistis we do not know
the length of the larval stages, but the pupa state lasts eight days. I
refer only to the summer broods, of course. In some species of other
genera, as Wepticiula ptelicella, not yet described, the first and second larval
stages each last three days, whilst the third (and last one) lasts just twice
as long—six days, and has just double the rate of growth, so that it looks
as if a regular moult had been skipped. _Is the pupa state likewise the
equivalent of two larval stages ?

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

ON A LATELY DESCRIBED SPECIES OF LIMENITIS.
BY H. STRECKER, READING, PENN.

Mr. W. H. Edwards’ Limenztis Eros published in the Dec. (1880) No.
of Can. Ent., p. 246-251, is the same insect described by myself two years
since in the Synonymica] Catalogue, p. 143, as follows: Lémenzitis Misippus
“var, a. FLORIDENSIS, nob.—The form found in Florida and other parts
of the extreme south. Whilst our more northern form is of the same
color as Danais Plexippus, this southern variety exactly mimics in its dark
coloration Danais Berenice, with which it associates.” From this I think
it will be seen that Mr. Edwards was in error in his supposition that
Floridensis was different from Zyros and indicated a species with dark upper
surface and pale under side of secondaries, as neither in the place above
cited nor anywhere else have I made any such statement or said anything
that would lead to such a supposition. My types were sent to me from
Apalachicola, Florida, by Dr. A. W. Chapman, a number of years since,
and they are as dark below as above, or at least the difference in shade is
so little, if any, that it takes the closest examination to detect it ; had
there been any perceptible difference between the color of the upper and
lower surfaces, or between the primaries and secondaries on either surface,
I should have mentioned it in my description, which, though brief, I think
was sufficiently to the point in regard to color when I said ‘ this southern
form mimics in its dark coloration Danais Berenice,” which latter, as is
well known, is of the same color on both upper and under surfaces. I
believe now as I did at the time I described this form, that it is only a
southern variety of Mzs¢ppus found in southern Alabama, Mississippi and
Florida (I once received it from New Orleans, La.) Even the differences
in the processes in the three cuts accompanying Mr. Edwards’ paper are
not greater between (fig. a) the one representing Moridensis (his Eros)
and any one of the other two representing the type form’ of AZzseppus
(Disippus ) than between the two latter (figs. b. c.) And as regards any
difference in the larvee, I do not see why a variety or aberrant form is not
as likely to differ from the type in the earlier stages as it is in the imago.

The form that Mr. Edwards mistook for /Jortdensis, of which he writes
as being “almost as dark as Zvos on upper side” and in which “the
under side of secondaries is but little darker than in many northern
examples,” is entirely unknown to me; out of hundreds of Adisippus

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

(Disippus ) which I have seen IJ never detected one that answered to such

a description ; all that I have seen belong either to the common pale

tawny typical JZes7ppus or the southern dusky var. Hloridensis (Eros

Edw.) ; excepting the two monstrosities mzgra and Pseudodorippus, which

are neither species nor permanent varieties, but mere freaks of nature.
Reading, Jan’y 13, 1881.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF PACKARDIA.
BY L. W. GOODELL, AMHERST, MASS.

For several years I have had in my collection, among other undeter-
mined specimens of Bombycidz, a species of Packardia which did not
seem to agree with any of the published descriptions that were accessible
to me. Mr. Grote, to whom I lately submitted the specimen, kindly
informs me that it is as yet undescribed.

PACKARDIA NIGRIPUNCTATA, 0. Sp.

1 2. Fore wings light bronzy brown; a narrow, oblique, nearly
straight, dark brown band runs from near the inner margin outward to a
little beyond the middle of the costa, where it is joined at a mght angle by
another band which is short and curved, terminating at about one-third of
the distance from the costa to the inner angle. Between the end of the
short band and a little outward and above the internal angle, is a curved
row of three roundish black dots, of which the marginal one is three times
larger than the inner and twice as large as the intermediate one. The
bands and spots form a distinct inverted V. Within the area thus formed
and parallel with the inner band is a brown line which extends from the
inner margin to the discal end of the short curved band. This line is a
shade lighter in color than the bands and is edged outwardly with very
pale or whitish brown. There is a band of the same pale brown or
whitish color which includes the black dots and extends outside of the
short curved band to the costa. It is constricted near the inner dot,
widening rapidly towards the costa, along which" it extends towards the
base to alittle beyond the middle. Hind wings paler, the apex and outer
margin concolorous with the fore wings. Fringe of all the wings pale
silky brown interlined near the base with darker brown and with a black

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31

spot on the apex of the primaries. Fore wings beneath uniformly.a little
darker than above. Hind wings beneath much as above, but the darker
shade of the exterior margin and apex is not so distinct. The wings
above and beneath have the peculiar silken lustre common to the genus.
Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous brown. Legs grayish brown, the
tarsi a little paler. Length of body 7 mil. Expanse of wings 20 mil.

The wings are not so broad as in geménata and albipunctata.

Obtained from a larva found on oak in Amherst. JI very much regret
that I neglected to take a detailed description, but as near as I can recol-
lect the larva was oval or boat-shaped in form, green with several longi-
tudinal rows of minute white papille or spots. The cocoon was round
and hard and the moth emerged June 20.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE GENUS ANTIGASTER
OF WALSH.

BY L. O. HOWARD, WASHINGTON.

In the light of Professor Riley’s recent criticism (American Ento-
mologist, December, 1880,) upon my conclusion that Avztigaster Walsh is
synonymous with Auelmus Dalm., I have gone over the ground again
with his objections before me, and still adhere to my original view. The
objections may be summed up as follows : :

ist. Avtigaster has 10-jointed antenne ; Lzfelmus (according to
Westwood) has 13.

2nd. The club is obliquely truncate from beneath with Antzgaster,
while (according to Westwood) it is ovate with Hupelmus.

3rd. The first tarsal joint of the middle tibiae is “widened and
dentate” with Avfigaster, and simply ‘furnished with bristles ” (accord-
ing to Walker) with Zupelmus.

4th. The abdomen is widened behind with Aztigaster (? with
Lupelmus ).

It is a very easy matter to show, in regard to the first objection, that
the discrepancy in the number of antennal joints arises simply from the

au THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

method of computation. Counting the club as one joint and omitting
the “annular” joint between 2 and 3, the antenna of Zwe/mus would
count as ro-jointed (see figure of antenna of #. Geert
Dalm., Walker’s Notes, p. 76, and also antenna of £&.
cereanus Rondani, Bull. Soc. Ital. Ent., 1877, ii, pl. iv.,
fig. 122). Applying the ordinary method of computation
to the antenna of Antigaster, it will be seen to be 13-
jointed. The identity of the two is readily seen from
the accompanying figure, 4 representing a camera lucida
\ sketch of the 2 antenna of Avfigaster, and a a repro-
duction of Walker’s figure of Hupelmus Geert.

Wig. 3- With regard to the second objection, an oblique
truncation of the club is seen in Rondani’s figures of &. cecidomyinus and
E. circinantis (ibid, figs. 147 and 150), and also slightly in Walker’s figure
reproduced above; so Westwood’s definition, “club ovate,” does not
hold with acknowledged European species.

3rd. The character quoted from Walker (translated by him from
Foerster) is incomplete as applying to Lupelmus, as Thomson (Hym.
Scand. iv., 103) says, “tarsis 2 semper dilatatis.” That the “ bristles ”
of Walker (Foerster) are identical with the “dentations” seen with
Antigaster, seems most probable from the fact that Foerster, in his figure
of &. Geeri (Beitr. z. Monog. d. Pteromal., pl., fig. 3) shows projections
on the middle tarsi altogether too stout for “ bristles” ; and also from the
fact that the term “rigid pectinations” of Rondani would apply very
well to the dentations of Avtigaster. These are really but a higher devel-
opment of the strangely modified bristles seen upon the middle tarsi of
some Encyrtine, notably of Comys.

4th. A glance through a number of descriptions of European species
of Eupelmus shows that the shape of the abdomen varies from the
“ abdomen lanceolate” of Z#. subvittatus (Walker’s Notes, p. 83) to the
“ abdomen increasing in breadth from base to tip of E. pezomachoides (ibid,
p. 82). So the fourth objection will not hold.

Walker’s recognition of Avtigaster in 1869 certainly amounted to but
little, since he entirely omitted it frorm his generic synopsis in 1872.

I would state in conclusion, as a confirmatory evidence of my view,
that, since the American Entomologist article appeared, in looking over a
list of Chalcids identified for me by Dr. Mayr, of Vienna, I find that

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ey

specimens of A. mzrabilis, sent him without name, are entered upon the
list as Eupelmus sp.

Taking all these facts into consideration, it seems to me quite plain
that Antigaster should be dropped.

NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS.

BY A. R. GROTE.

(Continued from Page 17.)
Botis lethalis, n. s. J
Allied to atropurpuralis. Fore wings purply brown to the exterior
line, which is distinct, nearly straight, a little bent submedially, dark brown
followed by a whitish coincident shade line. Subterminal space pale
brown, shaded with whitish. A terminal whitish shade before the broken
terminal line. Fringes dull pale brown, interlined. Hind wings pale
fuscous, with an extra mesial line apparent inferiorly, bent before anal
angle, followed by a pale shade. A fine black terminal line ; fringes pale,
interlined. Beneath the ornamentation of primaries repeated. Hind
wings pale, with a narrow mesial line bent before anal angle. Expanse 16
mil. Hab. California.

Botts vacunalis, n. s.

Allied to dasconalis. Fore wings and thorax pale yellowish white
without markings. Hind wings pure white, immaculate, with a dotted
exterior black line, only partially continued ; a terminal row of dots at
the base of the white fringes. Beneath the primaries are whitish, with the
veins marked with fuscous and a transverse extra discal fuscous line.
Abdomen white. Zxfanse 24 mil. Had. Sierra Nev., Calif., Mr. Hy.
Edwards, No. 3,001.

Botis turmalis, n. s.

g. This species has a casual resemblance to Momophila noctuella.
Pale dusty ochrey. The costa of primaries broadly washed with blackish
brown, absorbing the rather large dark discal spots. An exterior dotted —
line. A terminal series of blackish dots. Hind wings with a terminal

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

dotted line before the fringes and an extra mesial dotted line more appar-
ent beneath. A discal dot. Beneath the veins are slightly marked with
fuscous and the markings of the upper surface are repeated. Fore wings
long, apices pointed, exterior margin oblique. Lxpanse 27 mil. Colorado
Rio, Prof. Glover, Aug. 24.

Botis rufijimbrialis, n. s.

Allied to sumptuosalis, but the fringes are reddish fuscous cut with
deep red. Fore wings purply red over blackish ; the costal region and
terminal space being very dark. The two discal spots are small and black
and difficult to make out ; there is a yellow dot between them. Two dark
yellow bands cross the wing ; the inner oblique, not continued on costal
region, not very distinct ; median space inferiorly with scattered yellow
scales. The outer yellow band is broken into a rather large spot opposite
the disc and appears again as a short waved line above internal margin.
Hind wings blackish, sub-transparent, with red stained fringes and an
abbreviate yellowish line. Abdomen fuscous above, pale beneath ; legs,
pectus and under side of palpi pale or whitish ; palpi and thorax above
dusky. Wings beneath paler than above, especially the secondaries at
base, within a darker marginal shade. apanse 16 mil. Mass., Mr. L.
W. Goodell.

Botis flavinotalis, n. s.

Allied to octomaculalis. | Wings black, the fore wings sprinkled with
sulphur yellow scales, forming streaks at the base. Fore wings with two
sulphur spots, one irregularly rounded over the median nervules, the other
at the end of the cell narrowing to costa. Hind wings with two mesial
sulphur spots, the lower elongate. Fringes pale. Abdomen finely ringed
with yellow. Beneath the spots are whiter ; on the secondaries the mesial
spots are surmounted by one on costa. At base on both wings the pale
yellow color appears as blotches or streaks. Breast and head with pow-
dery yellowish scales. Thorax black with fine yellow lines bordering the
tegulae. Hxpanse 20 mil. Pennsylvania, Mr. Hy. Edwards. The
species has a false appearance of a Melicleptria.

Botis annaphilalts, n. s.

Fore wings dark gray with a large brown suffused spot below the black
reniform. Ordinary lines obsolete ; fragments of the subterminal line
appearing at internal margin and below costa as black marks, Inner line

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35

faintly visible. Hind wings faded reddish orange with fuscous fringes,
with a black line slightly waved at their base. Fringes of fore wings
blackish with pale dots. Beneath both wings orange, fringes fuscous ; on
primaries a discal streak and a spot above on costa. Body dusky gray ;
abdominal hairs somewhat orange; beneath paler, somewhat whitish.
Expanse 27 mil. Havilah, Cal., Mr. Hy. Edwards. This species has the
false appearance of an Avnaphila. It is easily recognized, and seems
allied to fodinalis Led.; it is as large but very different in colors and
ornamentation.

Crambus undatus, 1. Ss.

Allied to exsiccatus, but smaller, with the lines without the submedian
indentation. Pale whitish gray over light brown, a whitish shade from
base along the centre, the wing with scattered fuscous scales. The two
fuscous brown lines are very distinct, sub-parallel, near together, well
removed outwardly, jagged, angulated below costa, the inner line a little
more inwardly oblique and irregular below the cell than the outer, A
fine dark line at the base of fringes, which latter are interlined and
metallic at the tips. Hind wings pale with a subterminal line feebly
marked on both surfaces. Fore wings fuscous beneath with the lines
indicated. xfanse 21 mil. California, Mr. Hy. Edwards, No. 4454.

Catocala grynea vat. | .

Mr. A. Conradi has collected near Bethlehem, Pa., a singular aber-
ration of this species in which the black bands on the under surface are
very broad and the secondaries above almost entirely black, except a yel-
low spot at base and two more beyond the middle of the wing.

NOTES UPON CLIMATIC INFLUENCES ON SAMIA GLOVERI
OF UTAH AND S. CEANOTHI OF CALIFORNIA.

BY A. H. MUNDT, FAIRBURY, ILL.

The summer of 1879 was quite warm and dry in Utah as well as Cali-
fornia. This was very disastrous to the larve of S. Glover?, which, it is well
known, feed on the willows in Utah growing in or near swamps or near

creeks in canons,

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

That year more than half of the cocoons received during the winter were
dead ; many of the larvae had but half changed, z.¢., half was stlll larva,
the other half (generally the lower) had already changed to pupa, and in
most cases, with the larval skin still clinging about it, in a few partly split
open at the back, thus exhibiting the pupa in part. Some, in fact, thus
received were alive in that curious condition until spring ; very few of the
living pupae were of the proper size. The collectors had also much
trouble in gathering them.

-However, while G/overz under such conditions did not thrive well in
Utah, ceanothi in California made splendid cocoons, and but very few,
comparatively, did not produce fine imagoes, while most of the Glover
that did hatch were crippled.

This season, 1880, the weather seemed quite the reverse of 1879; the
atmosphere was more damp, and cocoons received during this winter from
Utah are very much larger, heavier and healthier in appearance than in the
former ; in several large lots received but very few were not good, and the
collectors in the winter of this season had less trouble in obtaining them
and were only prevented from gathering large quantities by the deep
snows occurring in Utah this winter.

The change with ceanothi was this season again the reverse, as my
correspondents write me frosts occurred nearly every morning in those
portions of California quite late in the summer, the result being that
ceanotht was very late and also scarce, and the cocoons very much smaller
compared with the previous season, and many of these were no good.
Larvae received from Mr. Baron, arrived Sept. roth, were not half as large
as those I had raised here in a moderately tempered but well ventilated
brick building.

Certain it is, however, that localities may be found in seasons of gen-
eral scarcity, in valleys or protected by surrounding hills or woods, where
certain species may be found in great abundance and in fine condition.

With many experiments I have tried for three seasons, I am convinced
that cocoons of Glover? should be kept in a cool place in winter (freezing
will not hurt them), or they will hatch cripples, if alive at all; while
ceanotht should be kept in a place neither too warm nor dry, but not too
cold, until the spring season is well upon us.

That Gloveri, ceanothi, columbia and others of that family are originally
of one form, whether cecropia or some other species, I have no doubt; of
course climatic and food changes, for many generations, as is well known

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oT

in other departments of zoology as well as botany, have brought about
great changes. I have had no trouble in crossing § and 2 Gloveri with
ceanothi, cecropia and ceanothi, and Gloveri and cecropia, and have now
in my possession some fine cocoons of such hybrids between ceanotht
and cecropia, of which I will speak after the imago appears.

ENTOMOI.OGICAL NOTES.
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

1. Cecidomyta spec. on Aristolochia sipho.

Flat rounded gallson the under side of the leaves, pale, somewhat
transparent, pale greenish, 4 mil. diam. On the upper side of the leaf the
gall becomes a slightly elevated disk marked with dark red and having in the
middle a small pale-bordered hole. The galls grow larger and more globular
on the stems of the leaves, to globes of 8 mil. diam., some more elongated,
18 mil. long and 8 mil. broad. The larve are brick red, 3 mil. long, very
agile. I find no species on Aristolochia described by Osten Sacken and
others.

2. Caterpillar of Papzlio philenor on Aristolochia sipho.

I received a number nearly full grown, and young ones (about ro
mil. long). Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 147, discovered them on the same
plant in the botanical garden in Cambridge, August, 1840, and Mr. Scud-
der, List of N. Engl. Butterflies, p. 162, says ‘“‘once or twice taken in
Eastern Mass. last September.” I don’t knowif the species is taken more
often, but it is remarkable that the caterpillars (about two dozen) were
nearly full grown on June 16th, as Harris and Scudder give August and
September.

3. Lematus Erichsont on Larix Europaca.

A large number of larvze very young to nearly full grown, some pro-
bably full grown, were sent living with the twigs. The larvae agree per-
fectly with description and figure in Ratzeburg’s Forst-Insecten, Tom. iii.,
pl. 3, f. 4. The species is not represented in the collection here, neither
in the larva nor in the imago state. It is not mentioned in Mr. Norton’s
Catalogue of N. Am. Tenthridinidae. I have to remark that the larvae
of the three other species living in Europe on Larix, viz., Lyda laricis,
Nematus solea and compressa, from their description, do not agree with
those sent to me. Iam indebted to the Harvard Arboretum and its
Director, Mr. Chas. S. Sargent, for these specimens.

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE LARVA OF CATOCALA UNIJUGA.
BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y.

I obtained, june 16, 1880, from the trunk of a Populus candicans, at
Buffalo, N. Y., two larve which proved to be those of C. wnzjuga. They
had passed their last moult when taken ; although they continued to feed
in confinement for five or six days they increased in size but little during
that time ; their habits are strictly nocturnal. When first observed they
were clinging to the bark beneath a limb, lying obliquely, and so flattened
and leech-like that, together with their gray color and lateral fringes
blending with the bark, they were difficult objects to discover ; but for the
fact that the first one seen occurred on a plane with the eye they would
have been overlooked entirely. When disturbed they jerk themselves
from side to side and move off rapidly with the gait of a semi-looper,
although possessing sixteen legs.

The larger one measured 2.2 inches, the smaller 2 inches. The body
is attenuated at extremities, especially anteriorly. The genera! color is
gray above, below pink with a sub-elliptical black spot to each segment,
those on the thoracic rings not conspicuous. The head flattened, slightly
bilobed, lighter in hue than the body and bordered by a well defined
black line. The lighter head lobes under a hand lens appear mottled and
reticulated with black lines and blotches. ‘The dorsal line is white, made
up of patches, illy defined circles and spots alternating; on each ring
on either side of the line there are two white papillz from each.of which
arises a white hair; above the stigmata there is a white interrupted line,
below them a black line also interrupted. The stigmata are rather large,
elliptical, whitish surrounded with a black border. There is a row of
stout hoary filaments just above the line of the legs. No protuberances
appear on the dorsal aspect of any of the rings.

June 22nd the larvae ceased to feed. On the following day they had
fastened together some leaves by means of a silken gauze, brownish in
color ; by the 26th both had transformed. The larger pupa measured
1.2in. At first the thorax and abdomen are red, wing covers dusky ;
after a few hours the whole surface becomes densely pruinose. Under the
microscope the surface appears rough like Russia leather. The stout
thorax is quite convex above, head smooth, abdomen attenuated, its tip
black, bearing eight hooked hairs, the four upper, smaller, turn towards
the median line, the four under, larger, turn away from it; by hooking

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 39

into the cocoon they retain the pupa more securely. The pupa and the
larva also in cocoon before its change, when disturbed, throw themselves
from side to side so rapidly as to give a sound like a shaken seed pod.

July r5th, one pupa disclosed a male wmzjuga, rather under size ; the
second, smaller one, failed to give an imago.

Notes.—July 11th, when taking dinner at a farm house, I saw a large
female of this species fly in at the open door ; it flew about the room until
captured. There was a specimen of P. candicans growing hard by.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

We desire to call the attention of our readers to the following circular
lately issued from the Department of the Interior :

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

Office of the U. S. Entomological Commission,
Providence, R. I., Jan’y 1st, 1881.

DEAR SIR,— 5

The U.S. Entomological Commission designs preparing for publication
a bibliography of American (and Canadian) economic entomology. The
bibliography will contain references to papers, articles and notes in agfi-
cultural and popular scientific periodicals, as well as journals devoted to
bee culture, and as complete as possible references will be made to ento-
mological notes in those periodicals which appeared prior to 1850. Tee
titles of notes, articles, reports on works, will be entered under the name
of authors, or of periodicals, especially agricultural reports and papers
with brief digest of contents given in a line or two, in the same style as
in Mr. Mann’s excellent bibliographical record of Psyche, the organ of the
Cambridge Entomological Club, of Cambridge.

After due pains are taken such a record will necessarily be quite
imperfect. The compiler will have to rely much on aid from authors of
any and every article or note in economic entomology. Its completeness
will greatly depend on the care with which entomologists may prepare lists
of ‘their own articles. Entomologists are, therefore, earnestly requested to
co-operate by sending full lists of their papers on any subject connected
with economic entomology (not general or scientific entomology unless bear-
ing on the applied science) and prepared in the style of that of Psyche, to
the undersigned, at Providence, R. I. Very respectfully,

A. S. PACKARD, JR.

“*

40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ON A VARIETY OF CATOCALA NEBRASKAE, Dopce.
BY G. M. DODGE, GLENCOE, NEBRASKA.

Catocala Nebraskae Dodge, var. Sommnius.

Fore wings, head and thorax black, thinly powdered with gray scales.
Abdomen and long scales at base of hind wings clear black. Fringes of
wings as in typical specimens. Legs and under side of body dark. All
the lines on fore wings indistinct, being merged in the ground color. Two
&’s. Glencoe, Neb.

Normal (Vebraskae has fore wings, head and thorax light gray, sprinkled
with black scales. Abdomen pale brown. Lines black and very distinct.

A LISt OF HE BUTTERPEIES:FOUND AT POTSDAM, N.Y:

/, P. asterias, Drury ; common last of June and July.
2, turnus, Linn. ; very common May and June.
Arctic form ; common May and June.
Orange var., shown in Edward’s Plate iv., Pt. vi. ;
scarce.
3, oleracea, Harris ; scarce, July.
Y. rapae, Schrank ; generally very common all summer.
5; var. nov. angliae, Scud. ; rare, but one specimen taken July 19, ’77.
6. Colias philodice, Godart ; very common all summer.
7, D. archippus, Harris ; generally common, August.
§. A. aphrodite ; scarce, August.
myrina; common, July.
fo, _bellona; rather common, July,
/{, M. phaeton, Drury ; common a short time in June, very local.
4%. V. antiopa, Linn.; very common in Oct., worn specimens early in April.
13, P cardui, Linn. ; generally common June, quite scarce 1878.
J4.+ Vemilberti, Godt. ; rather common last of May and ants June.
i eae Linn. ; as a
Pigaet Pee sie ye SS Pian.
4 arthemis, Drury ; very scarce middle of June.
20. S. nephele, Kirby ; common last : July, ae and first of Sept.
Z/, G. c-argenteum, Kirby; “

22.L. violacea ; early in May. a
23-C, Cnnecener, he seca dao we

24,7 Nreniiridss Sterecin

15-P tres, bunt. 27 0 nr ee
16. QA.Obele ¥ 1g thicle —

1 a PRN TE ss all

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1881. No. 3

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

THE SATELLITE SPHINX—Philampelus satellitia Lynn.

BY THE EDITOR.

This is one of the most beautiful of our Sphinx moths, a rare as well
as lovely creature, and an object highly prized by collectors. It is found
throughout the northern United States and occasionally in Canada, but is
no where very common.

The moth (fig. 4), when its wings are expanded, will measure from
four to four and a half inches across. Its color is of a light olive mixed
with gray and varied with patches of .a darker olive green, rich and vel-
vety, and some portions with a rosy hue. The moths appear in July, when
after pairing, the female deposits her eggs singly on the leaves of the
grape-vine or Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), where they
shortly hatch into small green larvee of a pinkish hue along the back and
with a very long pink horn at the tail. As the caterpillar increases in
size the tail becomes shorter, and‘after a while curves round as shown at

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

cin fig. 5. As the larva approaches maturity it changes to a reddish brown ~
color, and after passing the third moult entirely loses the caudal horn,
which is replaced by a glassy eye-like spot. The mature larva when in
motion, as shown at a, fig. 5, will measure nearly four inches in length, but
when at rest it draws the head and two adjoining segments within the
fourth, as shown in the figure at 2, which shortens its length nearly an
inch, giving it a very odd
appearance with its anterior
portions so blunt and thick.
It is of a rich reddish brown
color, of a lighter shade along
the back, with five or six
nearly oval cream - colored
spots along each side from the
fifth to the tenth segments in-
clusive ; sometimes the spot
on the fifth segment is indi-
cated by a dot only, in other
instances entirely wanting.
On the anterior segments
there are a number of black
dots; a dark polished raised
eye-like spot in place of the
tail; stigmata black, showing
prominently in the cream-
colored spots along the sides.

It isa very voracious feeder,
and where present strips the
vine so rapidly of its leaves
that it soon attracts attention,
When full grown it descends
and buries itself in the ground,
where it forms an oval cell within which it changes to a chrysalis.

The chrysalis is of a chestnut brown color with the segments rough-
ened with impressed points, the terminal ring having a long thick spine.
The insect usually remains in the chrysalis state until the following sum-
mer, but sometimes it hatches the same season. In the gth vol. of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

Can. ENT., p. 120, an instance of this sort is recorded by Mr. R. Bunker,
of Rochester, where the larva became a chrysalis on the first of August
and produced the moth on the roth of September. Should these larve

at any time prove troublesome, they can be readily subdued by hand-
picking.

LIST OF N. AMERICAN ANTHOMYIDAE, EXAMINED BY
R. H. MEADE, ESQ., BRADFORD, ENGLAND.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Mr. R. H. Meade has kindly examined the N. American Anthomyidz
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, forwarded to him
by the Baron von Osten Sacken. ‘The collection was returned last year
by the Baron to the Museum. The species are separated carefully and
accompanied by a list giving the genera and species, the latter not named
except when identical with European species. ‘The notes and determin-
ations of the list differ sometimes from the notes previously published by
Mr. R. H. Meade in the Entom. Monthly Mag., 1878, xiv., p. 230-250.
Those differences and the more complete statements in the list induced
me to publish it, thinking it to be ungrateful to Mr. Meade that his exten-
sive and thorough examination should rest in the archives of the Museum
and be lost to science. Baron von Osten Sacken stated in his letter that
he has not the intention to work out the Anthomyide. I have
carefully compared the labeled types in the Loew collection, and have
added always the locality for the species examined by Mr. Meade. Where
I was able to make out identities, they are given. The collection of the
Museum, out of which the Baron himself selected the lot sent to Mr.
Meade, will probably contain only duplicates of the lot, except in later
additions. Loew’s collection contains a number not yet assorted and
some new species. Types of European species sent by Loew, Schiner,
Gerstaecker and Jmhoff, have been compared with the American ones.
O. Sacken’s Catalogue has 139 N. Amer. species, including a large
number of Fr. Walker's not yet scientifically compared. Mr. Meade has
counted (with a few varieties) 121 species, and Loew’s collection contains
12 species not seen by Mr. Meade; therefore the whole number of N.

+4.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Am. species is 133. Mr. Meade has identified among them 27 European
species and Loew 7 more; therefore 34 species seem to be identical with
European ones. ‘The Museum owes the most sincere thanks to Mr. Meade
and to Baron v. Osten Sacken.

i.

i)

nur

Genus Hyrropesia Rond. (Aricia pt. Macq.)

Bears a considerable resemblance to Avicia marmorata Zett.; 8

male and female ; Lake Super., Huds. Bay Terr., Can., N. Hampsh.
No specimen of A. marmorata is at hand. I consider A.

morwodes Lett. (perhaps A. mort Zett. of O. Sack. Cat., p. 164) to be
identical with No. 1. Loew’s type is a female from Sitka
(Sahlberg), and an Avieza.

Is perhaps a variety of No.1; the longitudinal thoracic stripes are
narrower ; 2, male and female ; Lake Super., N. Hampsh.

Closely corresponds to the descriptions of A. serva ; this is perhaps
also a var. of No. 1; 1, female ; Norway, Maine.

. Seems identical with A. Zucorum Fall. ; 1, male; West N. Y.
. Is very similar to A. obscurata Meig. ; 1, male ; Huds. Bay Terr.

(Slee)
Differs from any species I know ; 4, male and female ; Brit. Amer.,
Western N. Y.; Geysers, Cala.

This species is A. pasviceps, Loew collect., from Sitka, Sahlberg,
male, female ; the male agrees perfectly with No. 6; the female
differs somewhat, but the 4 Spec. of No. 6 seem to represent
varieties.

. Bears a very close general resemblance to S. gagana Fabr., but

differs by having the eyes decidedly pubescent and also by having
3 instead of 4 thoracic bristles behind the suture; 2, male and
female; Englewood, N. Jers.; Maine.

This species is identical with 47. angelica, Loew coll., male and
female ( Spilogaster angelice O. Sack. Catal., p. 165) and one Euro-
pean type sent by Loew as /é//aca angelice Scop. The differences
quoted above agree with /: angelicw ; nevertheless the eyes are a
little less pubescent in the only European specimen before me, but
decidedly as pubescent in the 2 Amer. specimens in Loew’s coll.

There are in Loew’s coll. the following species named, all differ-
ent from the No. 1-7: A. schinophora, 3, male and female, from
Sitka, Sahlberg, and from Alaska, related to No. 5 but different.
A. consors, 2, male and female, from Sitka, Sahlberg, allied to No. 6.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

A. spec., 1, female, from Wisc., simillima A. Bilbergt, differt tar-
sis anticis. In Ent. M. Mag., xiv., p. 250, Mr. Meade has men-
tioned a species closely resembling A. Zugubris Meig. This species
is not given in his list.

Genus Mypaga Desv. (Spilogaster p. unspotted.)

8. Unlike any species I know ; 1 female, Arctic Amer.

g. Corresponds to the description of AZ. floricola Desv. ; 1 female, N.
Y. This is Spilog. urbana Loew, O. Sack. Catal., 3, male and
female, in Loew’s coll. from Br. Amer. and Conn. ; I cannot com-
pare JZ. floricola, but the specimen No. g agrees with the European
type of AZ. urbana sent by Mr. Meade.

10. Male, Canada; 11 females and 12 males, Western N. Y.; 13
females, Catskill Mts., N.Y.; 14 males, Canada; 15 males, Arctic
Amer. Unlike any species known to me. No. 12 seems to be
identical with 4. fexwosa Loew, male and female, from Sitka.

16. Very similar to AZ. faveola Fall., but has the external transverse
vein straight instead of curved; 4, male and female, from White
Mts., N. H.; Quebec, Can.; Huds. Bay Terr.; Catskill Mts., N.Y.
In Loew’s coll. labelled A. diaphana (Limnophora diaphana O.
Sack. Catal., p. 166); 7, male and female, from N. Hampsh.; Me.;
Brit. Amer.; the specimens are identical with European types of
A. diaphana sent by Loew.

16.a, An imperfect species, very like A. varians Zett.; 1 male, Canada;
abdomen wanting ; agrees well with one European type sent by
Loew.

Genus SPILOGASTER Macq. (spotted.)

+t Legs black. All species unlike any known to me.

17. 3, male and female. Ky.; Lake Super.—18; 1 male, Huds. Bay
Terr.—19; 1 female, Huds. Bay Terr.—z2o; 1 male, no loc.

21. 1 female, Huds. Bay Terr.——22; 1 male, no loc.
t+ Legs wholly or partly yellow.

23. Differs from any species I know, but appears to be the analogue of
S. wliginosa Fall. ; 2, male; R. I.

I have compared European types of S. wliginosa sent by Mr.

Meade and Loew, but they differ so strikingly from No. 23 that I
am unable to say why they are analogous.

46

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

24. 1 male, Western N. Y.—25. 1 female, Cambridge, Mass. Both

unlike any species known to me.

26. The generic position of this injured specimen is rather doubtful ;

tfemale, 1D; C.

27. Corresponds to Rondani’s description of .S. Airticrura and is very

28
29
30

31

like A. pertusa Meig.; 7, male and female, from N. Y. and IIL.

I cannot compare A. fertusa nor S. hirticrura ; the species is
Anth. trabeata Loew; one type of Loew with his label is among
the specimens No. 27; in Loew’s coll. there are 7 specimens from
No V eel Pa. do ae:

Mr. Meade says, Ent. M. Mag., 2c p. 251: In Spi/og, there

were eleven species. . . . There was only one male in the
collection, and it bore a remarkable resemblance to Cy7toneura
meditabunda Fabr. ‘The fifth longitudinal wing vein was curved
in a similar manner towards the fourth vein, though in a less
degree. ;
There must be some misunderstanding here which I am not able to
solve, as the eleven species before me contain 12 males belong-
ing to 7 species. I have compared every one carefully with a type
of Cyrt. meditabunda sent by Loew, without finding any male cor-
responding to the characters of C. meditabunda. Later I found
among the Diptera not seen by Mr. Meade one female very well
agreeing with the characters mentioned, bearing a label JZ. medita-
bunda ? written by O. Sacken.

Genus HyprRopHoria Desv.

. Unlike any species known to me; 1 female, Connecticut.
. Resembles JZ. ambigua Fall.; 1 male, Huds. Bay Terr.
. Unlike any species known to me ; 1 female, Brit. Amer.

Genus DryMEIA Meig.

. A well marked species which differs slightly from the only European

one, D. hamata, 4, male and female, from Huds. Bay Terr.

It is difficult to decide about the similarity with D. Aamata, as
the Amer. specimens are in a rather indifferent condition ; the
European types sent by Mr. Meade and Loew are much larger.

Formerly, Z.¢., p. 251, Mr. Meade had considered them to be quite
distinct.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47

Genus Hyprotea Desv.

32. Appears to be identical with 4. dentipes Fall.; 1 female, Canada.
In Loew’s coll., 2 females, 1 from Sitka, Sahlb., with the same
determination.
33- Seems identical with . avmipes Fabr.; 3, male and female, Cam-
bridge, Mass.
In Loew’s coll., 1 male from Nebraska with the same determin-
ation.
Genus Lasiops Meig.
34. Something like Z. canofans Meig., but it is not identical ; 1 male,
Br. Colombia..
35- Not like any species known to me ; 4, male and female, N. Hampsh.

Genus OspHyRA Desv.
36. Similar to A. /eucostoma Fall.; 5, male and female, from D. C., Mass.,
Maine.
In Loew’s coll., 5 male and female, from Maine, New York,
D. C., identical with No. 36, labelled A. /eucostoma.
36.a. Not like any species known to me; 2, male and female, Canada.

¥ Genus LimnopHora Desv.

37. Somewhat resembles A. compuncta Wied., but has the eyes more
widely separated in the male; 6 male and female, from Mass.; N.
VY. DeC.;* Hudson Bay! Terr:

38. 1 male, N. Y.-—39; 1 male, Connect.—-41; 1 male, Huds. Bay Terr.
—42; 1 female, N.Y. 43; 1 male, Mass.—43 a (lost) Huds. Bay
Terr. All not like any species known to me.

40. Very like Coenosia triangulum Zett. This species might perhaps be
placed in the genus Coenosia, as the eyes in both sexes are separated
by a widish interval. But this occurs to some extent in nearly all
the species of this genus; 1 male, Catskill Mts., N. Y.

L. stygia Meig., O. Sacken Catal., p. 152, in Loew’s coll. from
Sitka, Sahlberg, is not represented among the species examined by
Mr. Meade. LZ. ¢riangulifera Zett., tmale, labelled by Loew, is in
the collection of the Museum.

Genus Homatomyia Bouché.
44. Identical with AZ. canicular’s Vinn.; 11 male and female, from South
Greenland; Mass., Maine, Conn,

48

45.

46.

47.
49.

50.

Be.
53:

57:

59:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In Loew’s coll. are 10, male and female, N. Y., Maine, with the
same determination.

Identical with A. scalaris Meig.; 8, male and female, Maine, Mass.,
Pennsylvania.

In Loew’s coll , 12 male and female, D. C., Pa., Wisc., with the
same name.

Identical with AZ. prostrata Rossi (invisurata Zett.); 2, male and
female, N. Y., Mass. There are 3, male and female, from the same
locality in the Museum’s coll.

Probably only var. of 7. canicularis ; 4 females, Middle States, Mass.

Not like any species known to me; 1 male, N. Hampsh., abdomen
wanting; the other from Hudson’s Bay Terr., lost.

Probably 4. serena Loew, but the specimen is too imperfect to
be sure.

Not like any species known to me; 4 females, from South Green-
land; N. Y. All imperfect.

There are in Loew’s collection the following determined species :
Hf, manicata Meig., from Sitka, Sahlb.; /7. serena Fall., from Br.
Amer.; 7. subpellucens Zett., from Sitka, Sahlb.; M setracantha
Loew, from Middle States; 7. femorata Loew, from Cuba. The

HT. spathulata Zett. quoted with * in O. Sack. cat., p. 170, is not
represented.

Genus AZELIA Desv.

. Seems identical with 4. Slaeger? Zett.; 1 male, N. Hampsh.

Genus ATOMOGASTER Macq.

Is not among the specimens examined by Mr. Meade, but repre-
sented in Loew’s coll. by 5, male and female, from Texas; Nebr.
A. albicineta.

Genus ANTHOMVIA Meig.

Identical with AZ. radicum Linn.

3 males, Regio. arct.— 54; 1 male, probably Mass.—55 ; 1 female,
Cambridge, Mass.—56; 2, male and female, no loc.—58; 1 male,
Illinois. All not like any species known to me.

Identical with A. /atitarsis Slaeg. & Zett.; 2, male and female, from
N. Hampsh. and N. Y.

Very similar to small specimens of A. A/uvialis; 1 male, Long
Island, N. Y.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49

Genus Hytemyia Desyv.
t Legs black.

60. Not like any species known to me; 10, male and female, Brit. Am.,
NEOVONS J;

61. Not like any species known to me ; 5, male and female, N. Hampsh.,
Nev, Conn.

62. Resembles H. antigua Meig.; 2, male and female, Hudson’s Bay
Terr., Reg. Arctic.

Is identical with /7. deceptiva A. Fitch, 2 types in Loew’s coll.
tt Legs yellow.

63. Not like any species known to me; this is perhaps A. alcathoe Walk.
Mus. Cat.; 6, male and female, N. Hampsh., N. Y., Mass.

Is identical with A. farsata Sik., male and female, N. Y., Il.,
labelled by Loew.

In Loew’s collection are 2 males from Cuba, types of A. angus-
tifrons Loew, united (O. Sack. Cat., p. 167) probably after exam-
ination of Macquart’s type with 77. fzcz. J.oew has written on the
label : “ Can be taken to be &. fzcz, if it is assumed that the artist
has allowed himself wild fancy in drawing the veins of the wings
and the biistles of the legs.” On the label of the second speci-
men is said: ‘‘ Probably the pale-winged variety quoted by Wiede-
man as his guwadrilineata.”

64.—73. Unlike any species known to me. 64. 4, male and female,
N. Y.—65; 1 female, N. Y.—66; 2 females, N. Hamps.—67; 1
female, Hudson’s Bay Terr.— 68; 1 male, D.C.- 69; 3 females,
Hudson’s Bay Terr., Canada, N. Hamps.—7o0; 3 males, N. Y.—
71; 2 females, Lake Super.— 72; 1 female, Maine.—73; 3 females,
Nebraska.

Genus CHORTOPHILA Macq.
t+ Legs black.

74. Very similar to C. floccosa Meig.; 1 male, Mass.

75. 1 male, Mass.—76; 1 female, California— 77; 1 male, Regio Arct.—
All unlike any species known to me.

78. Seems identical with 4. angustifrons Meig.; 5, male and female, Br.
Amer., Maine, Mass.

Is identical with Anthom. caloptent Riley, infesting the eggs of
Caloptenus spretus, after the types in the Museum sent by Mr,
Whitmann from St. Paul, Minn,

DD), THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

79.—85. 85 a. Not exactly like any species known to me. 79. 1 male,
Hudson’s Bay ‘Terr.—8o, 1 male, N. Y.—81; 1 male, Canada—82;
1 male, N. Y.—83; 1 male, Hudson’s Bay Terr.—84; 10, male and
female, Hudson’s Bay Terr., Maine, N. Y., D. C., Arctic Reg.—85;
8 females, Mass., Conn., N. Y.
tt Legs yellow.

86.—gz2 and 96-101. Unlike any species known to me. 86, 1 male,
Conn.—87, 2 females, Conn.—88, 1 male, Cala —-89, 3, male and
female, N. Y.—go. 5, male and female, N. Y.—g1. 7, male and
female, Mass., bred from Rumex by O. Sack.—g2. 1 male, N. Y.
—g6. 1 female, Hudson’s Bay Terr.—g7. 1 female, no loc.—98,
t female, South Greenland. 99, 1 female, Hudson’s Bay Terr.—
100, 1 female, no loc.—ro1, t female, Regio Arct.

93. Resembles 4. gz/va Zett.; 2 females, N. Y.

94. Very like A. vittigera Zett.; 3, male and female, N. Y.

95. Very like 4. flavoscutellata Zett.; 1 male, N. Hampsh.

In Loew’s coll. one species with black legs from Texas is labelled

f. Chort. cilioraca.
Genus Lispa Latr.

to2. Like ZL. ¢entaculata Deg.; 2 females, N. Y.
Identical with Z. soctabilis Loew; 5, male and female, D. C.
103. Like Z. olzginosa Fall.; 1 female, Hudson’s Bay Terr.
Identical with the same species by Loew from IIl.
104. Not like any European species; + female, Maryland.
In Loew’s collection are Z. flavicincta from Hudson’s Bay Terr.,
and Z. consanguinea from ‘Texas.

Genus Caricea Desv. (Coenosia Meig.)

105. This very distinct species, of which there are many specimens, is
different from any European one that I know ; the female closely
resembles that of Mydaea impuncta Meig. 27, male and female,
from Hudson’s Bay ‘Terr.; Canada, N. Hampsh., Mass., N. Y.

Genus CoEnosia Meig.

106-115; 117-121. Not exactly like any species known to me; 106, 4,
male and female, N. Y.—107. 3 females, Cuba, is labelled in
Loew’s coll. C. strigosa Loew. 108. 4, male and female, Mass.—
10g. 3, male and female, N. Hampsh., C. D., is C. subsimplex

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51

Loew (not described) from D. C. 110. 2 females, Rhode Island
—i11It. 1 male, Canada—112. 1 male, Canada—113.. 2 females,
Conn. 114. 1 female, D. C.—115. 3 males, N. Hampsh., Conn.,
D. C., is C. calopyga L. from Pa.—-117. 4, male and female. Hud-
son’s Bay Terr., N. Hampsh., C. D.—-118. 1 male, Hudson’s Bay
Terr —119. 2, male and female, Canada, Mass.—120. 1 female,
Hudson’s Bay Terr.—r121. 1 male, D. C.
116. Very similar to C. pygmaea Zett.; 1 male, Canada.

In Loew’s coll. is also C. modesta from Washington ‘Terr., not
from Washington, D. C., as in O. Sack. Catal., p. 171; and C.
nivea from Pa.

Genus SCHOENOMYZA Hal.

In Loew’s coll. are the types of S. chrysostoma from N. Hampsh ,
and C. dorsalis from D. C.

NEW SPECIES OF CYNIPIDAE.
BY H. F. BASSETT, WATERBURY, CT.

Cynips Q. CALIFORNICA, N. sp.

Galls: Polythalamous, sessile on the branches of the Californian
White Oak (Quercus Hindsii?) Sub-globular, but varying much in form
and size. A common form is what may be termed balloon-shaped, the
upper part perfectly globular, the lower tapering more or less to the sessile
base. They often occur of a long compressed oval form: these are
placed longitudinally on the branch and the length is two or three times
their breadth or thickness. ‘Those of this form are often of monstrous
size, being ten or twelve inches in their greatest circumference. The
globular galls are from one to two inches in diameter. _ In color they are
of an opaque white. They are usually smooth, but specimens occur that
have a more or less warty surface, and others are found that have slight
yellowish brown ridges. Internally they are of a uniform, dense cellular
structure, and the not very numerous larval cells (from one to a dozen)
lie closely imbedded in this cellular substance.

From their shape and color these galls might easily be mistaken for a
species of white fungus which grows on trees.

52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

My specimens were collected in 1878 and in 1880 at Redwood City,
Cal., by Mr. Wm. Sutton, of San Francisco.

There are some very large specimens of these galls in the Museum at
Cambridge, collected in Cal. by Baron Osten-Sacken, I believe. They
are, with a single exception ( Cynips punctata B.), the largest galls known
to me, and I have given them the name of the State in which they, and
so many other natural objects of surprising magnitude are found.

The insects gnaw their way out of the galls in October, but of the
growth of the galis themselves I have no information. The insects are
all females, and belong to the agamous generation, and in structure they
differ but little from C. znanis, C. aciculata, C. spongifica and many others
that are, as yet, known only in the female sex.

The insect is described as follows :

Head small; ocelli medium size, very close together. Face covered
with short white hairs which are appressed, and which converge towards
the mouth. Mandibles large and heavy, shining black at the tips. Max-
illary palpi 5-jomted, labial 3-jointed. Antennz with fourteen joints ;
Ist joint short, rather thick ; 2nd small, globose; 3rd equal in length to
the two preceding together ; 4th to the 13th gradually shorter ; 14th long
as the two preceding taken together. Thorax with short appressed hairs,
and with grooves as follows: Two parallel lines start near together on the
collare, near the dorsal summit, and extend half way to the scutellum ; two
similar but rapidly diverging lines from the same point on the scutellum,
extending half way to the collare. Two starting from the scutellum outside
the first pair, and extending to the base of the wings; these last are
nearly parallel. All these grooves are smooth and shining, but very fine
and only seen to advantage under a magnifier.

Scutellum nearly oval, surface slightly shagreened and with a few scat-
tering white hairs. Fovee indistinct or wanting.

Pleurze and legs covered with short shining white hairs. Tarsi dark
brown, ungues black. Basal half of the first abdominal segment hairy.
Sheath of the ovipositor dark shining brown, not exserted. Ventral hairs
microscopic.

Wing veins dark brown, surface of the wings covered with short fine
hairs ; radial area open, areolet of medium size. The head—except from
the mouth to the occiput, which is black—the antennz and the entire

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53

insect, including the wings, with the slight exceptions noted above, a
dusky yellowish brown. Length .22; wing .23 ; antenne .13.
Described from living specimens.

CyNIPS Q. AGRIFOLIAE, Nn. sp.

The galls from which I have reared this really fine species were sent
me from California by my brother, H. D. Bassett, of San Francisco, with
a branch and leaves of the oak on which they grew, They grow on the
twigs of Quercus agrifolia, one of the family of evergreen or live-oaks.
The first specimens sent me reached me in November, 1877. From these
perfect insects appeared Dec. 21st, 1878. Whether the larvae matured
earlier or later in the warm room in which they were kept, than they would
under normal conditions, I cannot say ; but from what I know of other
species, I judge this had little effect upon their development.

As they mature in the autumn, and as all that I have yet reared are
females, and as these bear a close resemblance to the other agamous
species known to me, I conclude that these are the one-gendered gener-
ation of a dimorphic form. ‘The gall fly is even lighter in color than C.
Californica, and these two species differ very greatly in this respect from
any other species known to me. ;

Galls: Monothalamous, perfectly round, very hard, and internally of
a dense cork-like consistence, like the galls of C. globulus. They are from
34 to 3@ of an inch in dimater. The surface is microscopically pubescent
and uneven, and the color varies in different specimens (dry) from a rather
dark, dull clay color to that of raw umber. The single larval cell is
adherent on all sides to the gall substance. The point of connection of
the gall with the twig is scarcely discernible in most specimens, in others
it is indicated by a minute dot from which fine lines radiate. I learn that
these galls are so abundant that the ground is sometimes almost covered
with them.

Gall fly: Head, and with slight exceptions, the entire body, are
extremely pale yellowish brown, the head and the lower part of the abdo-
men palest, the first somewhat translucent. Eyes, ocelli and the tips of
the mandibles jet black and contrasting beautifully with the prevailing
color. Antennz r4-jointed ; 2nd half the length of the rst, not globose ;
3rd long; 4th to 8th gradually shorter, the remaining six short and of
equal length. The antennze light, deepening to dark brown towards the
extremity.

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

Thorax very finely punctate on the mesothorax, coarser and less regu-
lar on the scutellum and with scattered microscopic hairs throughout.
Parapsidal grooves: These differ considerably from the usual form, inasmuch
as the anterior parallel pair are perceptible only under a powerful lens and
appear as smooth shining undepressed lines, and the two diverging lines
which rise on the posterior margin reach quite to the collare. These last are
very distinctly impressed, as is also the line over the base of each wing.
Fovee small, appearing as a shallow, smooth groove at the base of the meso-
thorax. There is a scarcely perceptible ridge dividing the groove in the
middle. On the breast there is a black spot which is usually quite con-
cealed by the head, and also a dark brown spot on the posterior angle of
the thorax ; this is concealed by the wings when they are closed. Legs
the same color as the body, except that the tarsi are dusky brown and the
ungues black.

Wings of a decidedly yellowish hue. Veins slender and pale, areolet
distinct ; radial area open, long and very narrow.

Abdomen large; 1st segment with a dark, highly polished spot on the
anterior dorsal margin, and laterally there are a few fine hairs; 2nd and
3rd segments each with a dark nebulous spot, similarly situated, but less
intense and less sharply defined than that on the first segment. Sheath
of the ovipositor not exserted, a little darker than the general surface of
the body, and with short hairs or bristles along its whole length. In the
living specimens there is on each side of the sheath a dark curved line,
and seen from beneath these form an elliptic oval. Length.15; wing .18;
antenne .13.

Described from numerous living specimens.

Cynips Q. SUTTONI, n. sp.

Hard woody galls forming a prodigious enlargement of the small twigs
and branches of Quercus sp. ? from Cal. They vary in size from one-
half to more than two inches in diameter. Most are globular, while a few
are elongated in the direction of the twig'which they surround. The
wood is very hard, and is curled and twisted as in woody knots generally.
The bark is smooth, and in young galls polished and shining. Extending
from the centre of the gall quite to the bark, but not piercing it, are a
large number of rounded and sub-compressed hollow tubes, closed and
bluntly rounded at the base, and flat and slightly enlarged at the top.
They are one-half inch in length and _ three-sixteenths in diameter, — It is

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5D

not difficult to remove these tubes or larval cells from partially dried galls.
Their thin walls are formed of long straight woody tissue. In the basal
third of the tubes are the larval cells, one in each, and above the larva
is a thin paper-like partition so concave beneath as to form, with the sides
and bottom, an oblate spheroidal larval cell. Above the partition are a
few shreds of a pith-like substance that filled the entire tube while grow-
ing. The bark is all that offers serious hindrance.to the egress of the
insect when mature.

I have been thus particular in describing the structure of this gali
because several other species known to me have a structure somewhat
similar and I do not remember to have seen them described.

Gall-flies : All females. Head black, and with the entire thorax cov-
ered with short appressed hairs. Vertex slightly rugose. Antenne dull
dark brown, 15-jointed ; 1st joint large, club-shaped ; 2nd short, ovoid ;
3rd a little longer than two preceding taken together ; 4th to the gth each
slightly shorter than the preceding one; roth to 14th of nearly equal
length ; 15th very short and small, but separated from the 14th by a very
distinct suture. Face black, mandibles dark. ‘Thorax with two short
smooth parallel lines, not grooves, which extend half way from the collare
to the scutellum, and two outside of these also parallel, which extend half
way from the scutellum to the collare ; also a smooth line over the base
of each wing. All these lines are smooth and entirely destitute of hairs,
and in certain lights they appear as slightly raised ridges, rather than as
furrows, as is the case in other species when the parapsidal lines are pre-
sent. Legs dark brown, nearly black, except the femur, which is a clear
shining brown. Ungues black. Wings hyaline, subcostal and first trans-
verse veins heavy, others slender, but distinctly defined ; all dark dusky
brown, almost black. Areolet large, cubitus very slender, in some cases
not quite reaching the first transverse. Radial area open and the radial
vein straight.

Abdomen clear shining brown ; first segment in size equal to the three
following taken together. Microscopic hairs on this segment beneath the
wings. Sheath of the ovipositor dark brown and with the ventral valves,
has fine short hairs along the entire length, but no tuft of these at the
point of either, as in most species.

Length: Body, .15, wing .20, antennze .o8.

I first received this species from Mr. William Sutton, of San Fran-
cisco, Cal., to whom I am also indebted for other interesting species of

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

galls from that section, and [ take pleasure in giving to it the name of

its discoverer.

Cynips Q. NUBILA, nN. sp.

Galls : Densely hairy, sub-globular or hemispherical clusters of galls
on the under side of Jeaves of an unknown species of oak; always on the
mid-vein. When fresh the hairs are of a fine deep crimson, but fade
somewhat in drying. At the base they are yellowish white. The galls in
each cluster grow from the same point on the leaf, and the clusters are
from one-half to one inch in diameter, and contain from one to five or
more galls or larval cells. The cells, denuded of their covering of
hairs, are nearly globular, tapering, however, to an obtuse point at the end
attached to the leaf, and they measure from three-sixteenths to nearly or
quite half an inch in diameter. The shell is about .o2 of an inch in
thickness (thicker than this at the base, however,) and is very hard and
brittle when dry ; it contains no larval cell, and its inner surface is slightly
roughened as if gnawed.

These galls, in their dense hairiness and in their size and outward
appearance, resemble closely those of C. g. tenwicornis n. s. from the same
locality ; but while in this species the larval cells are separate, in fenuz-
cornis they are enclosed in an envelope of a dry porous con-
sistence. The fine crimson color, too, seems to be a constant char-
acter of C. g. nubi/a, and the insects from the two galls are widely different,

Gall-fly : All females. Head very small, dark reddish brown. Vertex
finely punctate or crackled. Ocelli shining, of medium size. Antenne
13-jointed, rather slender, the base prominent ; 1st joint tapering from its
abruptly truncate summit ; 2nd short, ovoid ; 3rd one-fourth longer than
the two preceding taken together ; 4th equal to the rst and 2nd; 5th to
8th gradually shorter ; 9th to rath sub-equal ; 13th shghtly longer than
the rath. The joints, particularly the 3rd, 4th and 5th, closely connected,
but with a slight enlargement at the nodes in these last mentioned.

Thorax very dark reddish brown, in certain lights appearing black,
covered with very short appressed hairs, which give a slight ashen hue to
the surface as seen with the naked eye. Two fine, smooth, rather indis-
tinct parallel lines reach half way from the collare to the scutellum, and
two distinct grooves from the collare, converging towards the scutellum
and increasing in size as they approach that point. Scutellum distinctly
wrinkled or rugose. Legs very dark reddish brown, somewhat shining,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 50

and paler and sub-translucent at the joints. Wings very large, hyaline.
Veins heavy, black. Areolet very small, radial area open, broad. The
base of the radial area covered with a dark semi-transparent cloud which
includes the 2nd transverse vein. The cubitus in this species, as in C. g.
bella, is heaviest towards the 1st transverse. At their intersection there is

a dark cloudy spot, and a still larger ashen cloud near the tip of the wing
This last does not touch the veins nor the margin of the wing.

Abdomen very large, and viewed laterally, nearly circular in outline ;
st segment a little longer than the four following taken together. These
last are sub-equal, and each of a deep yellowish brown on the posterior
half, but lighter anteriorly. All the light bands, together with the lateral
portion of all the segments, covered with minute microscopic hairs.
Sheath of the ovipositor small, with a brush of rather long hairs at the
apex.

Length: Body .15, wing .20, antenne .13. This fine and truly
remarkable species was collected in the Mule Pass Mts. in Arizona, in
Nov., 1879, by Prof. E. T. Cox, to whom I am indebted for many
other interesting species.

COENONYMPHA ELKO.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Male: Expands .g5 to 1 inch.

Upper side pale ochre-yellow, immaculate ; fringes concolored. ;

Under side of primaries nearly same ochre-yellow over basal area and
part of disk, limited without by a slightly sinuous and crenated edge of
deeper color, much as in the allied species ; outside this, slightly ochra-
ceous next inner angle, but yellow-buff over apical area.

Secondaries have the basal area uniform gray-brown, the outline dis-
tinct and in strong contrast with the remainder of the wing, which is
yellow-buff. Very slightly dusted gray; the outline is irregularly cren-
ated, with a deep sinus cn upper sub-costal interspace and another on
lower disco-cellular interspace.

Female : Expands 1 inch to 1.02.

Upper side like the male. Beneath, the area just outside the crenated
edging on disk of primaries is yellow for a little distance, then tinted

58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ochraceous to margin ; in one example a minute black dot in the disco-
cellular interspace with white centre ; in another no dot ; secondaries as
in the male, the basal area one shade of gray, with distinct crenated out-
line, and beyond a yellow or buff ground to margin, very little dusted
gray.

From 2 ¢ 2 taken at Elko; Nev., 1880, and sent me by Mr. J. Elwyn
Bates, of So. Abington, Mass. Mr. Bates informed me that he had quite
a number of examples. The present species is nearly of same color with
C. ampelos Edw., from Oregon; on upper side a little more yellow, and
with less gloss. |The under side is much lighter, and on secondaries the
contrast between the dark basal area, with its clear cut outline and the
pale yellow extra discal area, is great. Amfelos has the under side of same
general character as Zzornata Edw. (only different in coloring), from Mon-
tana and Winnipeg. /ko resembles Cad/sfornica Bois. rather, in which
species many examples have the basal area dark and the entire outline of
same distinctly defined.

COLLECTION NOTES FOR 1880.

BY JAMES T. BELL, BELLEVILLE.

The early months of 1880 were especially favorable to the acquisition
of the hybernating Coleoptera, and those which have their permanent
habitat among the moss of our woods and swamps. ‘The early disappear-
ance of the snow laid bare their hiding places, while the frosts which
succeeded formed an ice-bridge which gave access to their places of
refuge, which in ordinary seasons remain covered with snow till the
general break-up of the winter, when they are rendered inacessible by
being surrounded or covered with water. Mr. J. D. Evans and myself,
who are the sole representatives of the Entomological Society in this
district, took advantage of these favorable circumstances and commenced
a vigorous course of moss-hunting, lasting from March rst to May 24th.
During this period we collected upwards of 1,000 specimens of over 100
species, of which the following are not included in the Society’s published
lists. The numbers are those of Crotch’s Check List, and the determin-
ations, with few exceptions, were made by Mr. H. Ulke, of Washington,
and Mr. E. P. Austin, of Boston.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a9

7496 Anchus pusillus.
Hydrochus (nova species, Ulke).
1579 ‘Trichopteryx Haldemanni.
Fe 2 sp. (nova species, Ulke.)
2102a@ Pselaphus longiclavus.
2110 Bryaxis conjuncta.
2120a B. propinqua.
2134 Decarthron formiceti.
2139 Arthmius globicollis.
2295 Scydmeenus bicolor.
<é 2 species not determined.
2366 Latridius deletus.
2572 Atomaria ochracea.
5670 Xanthonia Stevensii.
5771 Plagiodera cochleariz.
6294 Paratenetus gibbipennis.
9027 ‘Tanysphyrus lemne.
9293 Ceutorrhyncus semirufus.
. 1818 Philonthus palliatus.
7749 Stilicus biarmatus.

All the above were taken from moss, and in addition the following,
which are already registered as Canadian: 2095, 2100, 2102, 2103, 2113,
2124, 2130, 2149, 2150, 2164, 2283, 2285, and about 70 species of Cara-
bide, Staphylinide, Chrysomelidze, Curculionide, etc.

3932 Alaus gorgops ; from a stump in Bleecker’s Woods.

On June 7th we experienced a heavy gale from the S. W., and on the
rath one of my daughters, who was visiting at West Lake, Prince Edward
County, went with a pic-nic party to the Sand Banks, on the shore of Lake
Ontario. ‘There she found the beach strewn with Calosomas and other
Coleoptera. On her return she brought me 16 C. scrutator, 13 C. Wit-
coxt,1 C. frigidum, and many other beetles. On July ist, Mr. W. R.
Smith being at Brighton, found on the beach at Presq’ Isle a similar dis-
play of Calosomas, and brought me 14 C. serutator, 24 C. Wilcoxt, and 3
C. frigidum ; unfortunately most of them were spoiled from exposure.

In June I had brought to me a rather fine specimen of Zacles mi-
perialis, and a good male of Xyloryctes satyrus, both taken within half a
mile from the city limits.

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

With these exceptions, the season of 1880 has proved the least favor-
able to the Entomological collector, in this quarter at least, of any I have
experienced in my 21 years’ residence in Canada. Very few Lepidoptera
were seen, either on the wing or at sugar ; beating the bushes was singu-
larly unproductive, and I have more than once picked stumps and turned
over stones for a full hour without getting 20 specimens of all sorts.

CORRESPONDENCE.

CORRECTIONS.

In the paper on the early stages of Gracilaria stigmatella, ante pp. 25-
28, occur the following errors, no doubt overlooked by me in the proof:
On p. 26, “85 mm.” and on p. 27, ““8 mm.” and “6 mn..,” for which
respectively read .85 mm., .8 mm. and .6 mm. (fractions instead of
integers). And on p. 28, line 13, for ‘‘ mine” read cocoon.
V. T. CHAMBERS, Covington, Kentucky.

FOOD HABITS OF THE LONGICORNS.

In June, 1873, while collecting in a small swamp on Montreal Moun-
tain, I caught a specimen of Pogonocherus mixius Hald. on my coat-sleeve,
and as the insect was new to me, I commenced a search for others. Upon
examining a dead branch of a small willow growing close by, I found that
it had been extensively bored by some small insect. The part attacked
was about three feet from the trunk, and at this place the branch, for
about twelve inches, was full of holes from which the insects had escaped.
Not finding them, I searched further along the branch, and near its ex-
tremity, where it was reduced to the thickness of a twig, I found a number
of the above-named species. They were lying on the branch with their
bodies pressed closely against it, and in this position could with difficulty
be distinguished from the withered buds. I observed several pairs in
coitu, but none of the females were ovipositing. They appeared to be
very sluggish, lying almost motionless, although the sun was shining
brightly at the time. Having bottled all that were to be seen, I cut off
the branch where it had been perforated and found a number of the
beetles in it, but neither larva nor pupa.

Gaurotes cyanipennis Say.——I find this insect in spring on thorn blos-
soms, and later in the season pairing and ovipositing on butternut.

F. B. CAuLFIELD, Montreal, P. Q.

Che Canadran Entomologist.

ViGi IGLEL, LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 188r. No. 4

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
TERIAS NICIPPE, Cramer.

BY W. H.. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

EGG.—Long, narrow, fusiform, thickest in the middle, tapering about
equally to either end ; the two ends nearly equai, small, blunt, the upper
one rounded ; the sides marked by many low, narrow, longitudinal nbs,
about 30 in number; in shape much resembles egg of Colias Philodice,
but the ribs are more numerous and less prominent, and there are no cross
strie. Color. when first laid, greenish-yellow ; after a few hours turning
to red. Duration of this stage in midsummer 2 to 3 days.

YOUNG LARVA.—Length .6 inch ; cylindrical, nearly even, each
segment at its anterior end a little smaller than the posterior end of the
next preceding ; color whitish, semi-translucent ; a few whitish clubbed
appendages scattered about each segment ; legs and feet color of body ;
head a little broader than 2, obovoid, greenish-white. To rst moult in
July 2 to 3 days.

After 1st Moult.-—Length .16 inch ; slender, even, head as broad as 2;
color of body deep green ; dorsum, the sides and lower parts lighter; each
segment transversely crossed four or five times, and on the ridges so caused
fine tubercles, some of which put out short clubbed white appendages,
others short hairs, white or black ; head sub-globose, finely tuberculated
and somewhat pilose ; yellow-green. ‘To next moult in July 2 days.

After 2nd Moult.—-Length .2 inch ; same shape ; color wholly deep
green ; head as before, lighter green than body. To next moult in July
2 days.

After 3rd Moult.—Length .4 to .5 inch ; same shape ; deep green ; a
darker green vascular medio-dorsal line, the basal ridge pale green from 2
to 13 ; head as at preceding stage. To next moult 2 days,

62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

After 4th Moult.—Length .6 to .7 inch; two days later reached

maturity.

MATURE LARVA.—Length 1 inch to 1.1 ; cylindrical, thickest at
2 and 3, and tapering gradually to extremity ; the three anterior segments
curved down in a circular bend when at rest ; dorsal surface pale green,
the lower part of sides of a soft whitish-green ; each segment creased four
or five times, and on the ridges small tubercles, each of which sends out
a short white or black hair; along the basal ridge a whitish stripe, most
often immaculate, sometimes with an orange patch on each segment, and
occasionally an orange line the whole length ; under side, feet and legs
pale green ; head small, sub-globose, very little depressed at top, finely
tuberculated, and with a few short fine hairs ; color yellow-green. Two
days aiter the moult the larva suspended, and twelve hours later pupated.

CHRYSALIS. Length .8 inch; long, slender, the ventral side greatly
produced ; head case conical, prolonged toa point, which isa little curved
back ; mesonotum low, rounded, followed by a slight depression ; from
this to posterior extremity the dorsum is a little convex ; the wing cases
cover the ventral prominence, and this is thin, rising to a narrow keel, the
sides being a little excavated ; from the summit of the keel the slope is
regular to head, but posteriorly there is an abrupt curve down to abdo-
men ; a slight ridge upon the side from end to end ; color of dorsum pale
green or whitish-green, with a darker medio-dorsal line; the wing cases
and ventral side of abdomen yellow-green ; the side ridges cream-color ;
so is the ventral carina, but where this approaches the abdomen it becomes
brown and the dark color is dilated into an irregular stripe ; on either side
of head case, and also on lower side of same, are small brown patches,
and near base of mesonotum at upper end are two pairs of small brown
spots, edged posteriorly with white, the posterior pair the larger ; the wing
cases with several brown points, part of which are disposed in two rows
near to and parallel with the hind margin.

Some chrysalids are quite largely sprinkled with brown dots and
patches over whole anterior part, including wing cases, and the keel is
brown. Two chrysalids bred in September, 1880, differed from all the
rest in that they were black, or black-brown ; the anterior parts darkest ;
one of these had the posterior part of the ventral prominence, beyond the
wing cases, dull green ; both had the two pairs of spots above mesonotum
white. I thought it probable that these chrysalids were diseased, but

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 63

both gave imagos in no way differing from the usual form. Duration of
the chrysalis stage in July and August 8 days.

Nicippe is a very common species in this part of West Va. Its food
plant is Wild Senna, Cassia Marilandica, which grows abundantly, and the
butterfly is present in several successive generations and in overlapping
broods from early in May to winter. I have seen it on the wing 29th
April, and also in December, and am of the opinion that a few individuals
successfully hybernate. At almost any time eggs and larve can be found
on the Senna leaves, many eggs perhaps dotted over the surface of a
single leaf and mostly the under surface. On one occasion I noticed a
butterfly just from chrysalis standing by its empty shell, on a stem
of Senna, and near by were fresh-laid eggs and newly hatched larvee up to
mature larvae. I recorded at the time that there were about forty larvae
on one stem. The larvae are very nearly the color of the leaves, and
usually may be found, when at rest, lying full length along the mid-rib on
upper side.

The butterflies differ much in size and color. The normal color is
deep orange, but I have taken males of all grades up to clear sulphur
yellow, with no trace of orange. The females also are often nearly yel-
low, but I have seen none which had not a little orange in the disks.

Nicip~pe is found over all the Southern and Western States, on the
Pacific coast, and so to the tropics, avoiding the highlands. It is common
about Pittsburgh, Pa., and is occasional as far to the eastward as Massa-
chusetts. In 1877 I saw a single one flying near the coast, below Boston.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF EUDAMUS.
BY J. A. LINTNER.

EUDAMUS ELECTRA, nN. sp.

Size of small Wisoniades Fuvenalis. Primaries narrower thanin Zudamus
Pylades Scudd. 2, more rounded on the costa, and more oblique on the
hind margin. Secondaries rounded, not prolonged at the anal angle as in
E. Pylades, nor excavated opposite the cell as in most of the Nisoniades.

General color dark brown, approaching that of 4. Pylades ; the fringe
concolorous with the terminal portion of the wings, a little paler at
their tips.

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Primaries with eleven transparent white spots, upon which an ordinary
lens shows regular rows of small black scales—the spots, as follows : Near
the end of the cell (apparently open) are two spots, separated by the
cellular fold and extending to the enclosing veins (subdorsal and median)
—the upper one twice as large as the lower and prolonged backward
superiorly in one or two teeth—the lower one subtriangular in shape ;
above and in line with these two, in cell 10, is a small elongated spot—the
smallest on the wing, while beneath them and in range, in cell 2, extend-
ing from vein 2 to vein 3, is the largest spot on the wing, enlarged
superiorly and excavated inwardly. Outside of this discal band of four
spots, are seven others, bordered by dark brown, and arranged in an
irregular curve, as follows: in cells 9, 8 and 7, three costo-apical spots,
oblique to the costa ; outside of these, in cell 6, a spot ; in cell 5, still
nearer the margin, another ; in cell 4, a little farther removed from the
margin, another—these last three subtriangular in shape; in cell 3,
extending from vein to vein, a subquadrate spot, placed farther from the
margin, about equidistant with the lower costo-apical spot; these seven
spots, commencing at the costa and omitting the fifth, show a regular
increase in size. Outside of these transparent spots, is a series of obscure
dark brown intranervular subterminal spots. which merge into the dark
brown shade of the margin. Inside of these spots, the wing shows by
oblique light a purplish reflection approaching a grape bloom but more
vivid, with the exception of the internal margin and two brown bands of
the color of the outer margin and posterior wings ; the bands extend from
the subcostal to the internal vein ; the outer and broader embraces the
discal band of transparent spots in its outer margin, and the other crosses
the median vein at its intersection by vein 2; a brown shade rests also on
the base of the wing.

Secondaries traversed at about their outer third by a narrow obscure
brown band, inside of which the wing is dark brown; outside of this
band, the subterminal series of brown spots of the primaries is continued,

Beneath, the purplish reflection of the upper surface appears only at
the tip of the wing—the median and basal portions being dark brown,
concolorous with the secondaries inside of the paler brown band ; the
obscure intranervular brown spots of the upper surface are repeated, and
continued on the secondaries ; the transparent spots are without the lines
of brown scales.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

The costal vein of the primaries intersects the costa nearly opposite
the end of the cell; vein 8 reaches the margin at the extreme apex—not
below it.

Antenne about one-half the length of the anterior wings, dark reddish-
brown, marked inwardly with white at the joints, expanding rapidly into
the club (the terminal half of the club lost).

Palpi in length about equal to the diameter of the eyes, clothed with
thick, bristly, dark brown hairs, some of which are white tipped ; apical
joint short, conical, projecting a little beyond the hairs.

Locklet black, curving about half way over the eyes. Front of head
dark brown.

Thorax above and beneath clothed with long brown hairs, concolorous
with the posterior wings.

Abdomen darker brown, reaching only to the pale band of the hind
wings.

Legs dark brown ; the posterior pair have the femur and tibia of the
same length, bearing brown hairs which nearly equal them in length ;
tibia armed with two pairs of spurs ; tarsi twice as long as the tibiz,
moderately spinose.

Expanse of wings, 1.65 in.; length of body 0.55 in.

Described from a single female received from Mr. W. H. Edwards.
The specimen was captured in Hamilton, Ontario, by Mr. J. Alston
Moffat, in 1877, in company with another like it, which escaped capture.

In the Hesperidz the antennal club affords excellent generic features.
It is unfortunate that in this unique specimen, the half of one antenna
and the terminal half of the club of the other, have been lost. It being
also of the female sex, we are without knowledge of the presence of a
costal fold in this species. In the absence of these characters, it is
referred, with some doubt, to the genus Eudamus, in which Dr. Herrich-
Scheeffer, Dr. Speyer and others arrange species with rounded hind wings
and those in which they are greatly prolonged. Of the three groups in
which Dr. Speyer has divided the genus, viz., *Hind wings on submedian
nervure little or not at all produced,— **Prolonged in a lobe,—***Caud-
ated,—-Z#. Electra falls in the first group.

The detection of the above species is a very interesting discovery for
this portion of the United States.

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON CRAMBUS.
BY A. R. GROTE.

Crambus sericinellus Zeller.

I am indebted to Professor Fernald for specimens of this species from
Maine. It appears in two forms ; one in which the thorax and fore wings
are pure satiny white, which, from Prof. Zeller’s description and a speci-
men sent him for identification, is the typical sevccénel/us ; the other, in
which the white is somewhat faded, having a slight yellowish or fuscous
cast. This latter, Professor Fernald informs me, corresponds to Clemens’
type of zornatellus, a name which I have referred as a synonym in my
preliminary T.ist. It may be retained as a varietal name ; I do not think
it can be specifically distinct ; in some undoubted sevzcinel/us the thorax
is a little soiled.

Crambus minimellus Robinson.

I have identified this species from a specimen in my collection from
Massachusetts. It has very pointed fore wings, and the little species
seems to me related to the Leachel/us group.

Crambus undatus Grote.

This species belongs to the ex'séccafus group; it is smaller than
exstccatus, pale brown, the primaries washed with whitish, and having two
dotted transverse lines, angulated on the disc, continuous and very distinct,
not drawn in submedially. Fringes brown, with a silky or metallic shade.
A fine series of terminal brown dots. Hind wings pale gray, with a faint
subterminal line, discontinued inferiorly, visible also beneath. We have
two Californian species, anceps and undatus, and two Eastern species,
exstccatus and laciniellus, which are allied in having the fore wings crossed
by two brownish angulated uneven lines more or less continuous and
differing in expression in each species.

Crambus occidentalis Grote.

Mr. Hy. Edwards considers this a distinct species and not a variety
of Leachellus. It differs by the prominent notch of the white stripe on its
lower edge at the middle, and by the dark shades accompanying the
stripe below. It is collected about San Francisco. What I regard as the

iy

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67

same as our Eastern Zeachellus has been collected by Mr. Edwards at
Vancouver and also at Mendocino.

Crambus attenuatus Grote.

This species has been collected about San Francisco. The Californian
specimens are a little brighter tinted and slightly exceed in size the
material I had before me from Vancouver.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF APHIS AFFECTING THE. PINE.
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

Among our native forest trees, none, unless it is the oak, suffer more
from the depredations of insect enemies than the pine. Distributed as it
is—from the Arctic to the Tropics—climatologically speaking, it becomes
a prey to every conceivable form of insect life.

Already its enemies may be reckoned by hundreds ; but notwithstand-
ing this, hardly a year goes by without some careful investigator adding
others to the list. It is not the intention of the writer to enter into full
details or enumerate all of its foes, but to call the attention of entomolo-
gists to a new Aphis affecting a pine in Florida, that has evidently been
overlooked by others.

For the past two years we have detected numerous large brown plant-
lice upon the common pine of this region, Pimus australis, which for
want of time we have left unmolested. They cluster together upon the
new and tender branches, which they puncture with their remarkably long
beaks, causing the sap to exude and the branch upon which they exist to
become gummy and sticky. In their habits they are surprisingly shy and
timid. On disturbing them they invariably seek safety by hiding between
the needles of the pine; indeed, even on hearing approaching footsteps,
we have observed them cling closer to the limb, while a few skelter off
where the needles are denser.

In looking up literature on the subject, we find several species of
Aphides described and mentioned as existing upon pines, but none on
Pinus australis, nor will any of the descriptions agree with the species
under consideration. It belongs to the section Zachnint as defmed by

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Thomas, and we therefore propose for it the name of Lachnus australt,
and submit the following description :

LACHNUS AUSTRALI, Nn. sp.

Wingless 9 : Length .o8 to .16 of an inch. Uniform light brown ;
head small, eyes large and round, bulging out on each side; beak
extremely long and slender, reaching to last ventral segment ; antennz
six-jointed, reaching to hinder part of thorax ; joints 1 and 2 bead-like ;
3rd longest, widest at apex ; thorax twice as wide at hinder part as head ;
abdomen very broad, wider than long, with numerous black spots on top,
arranged’in transverse rows ; nectaries black, tuberculous, nearly obso-
lete ; legs very long, setaceous and black, excepting basal third of tibie,
which are yellowish.

Winged individual f: Blackish, length .o8 to .10 of an inch; ala.
expanse about .35 of an inch. Head black, punctate, outer margin pale
yellowish ; prothorax dark brown or blackish, greenish yellow along suture
next the head; antennz short, reaching below middle of thorax ; meso-
thorax is beautifully marked with pruinose bands, starting from each corner
of scutellum, which is transverse and pruinose ; they curve inwards and
meet on top of mesothorax, forming one band which runs straight for-
wards, dividing again obliquely into two bands to juncture with
prothorax ; two dots of pruinose on either side of this band; wings
hyaline, front pair with a very long, thick stigma, with the third vein
remarkably thin and three-branched ; hind wings with two oblique veins ;
abdomen with a dorsal row of whitish or pruinose spots on 5 abdominal
segments, also along each side, and 12 brownish subdorsal round spots ;
under surface uniformly pruinose ; legs black, excepting tibize, which are
partly yellowish ; beak long, reaching to last ventral segment, pale in color
to near the tip, which is black.

ENEMIES.

We have bred from this species three ichneumon flies, two belonging
to the Aphidide family and one to the Chalcididz, which we shall

describe in a future paper.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

THE LEGGED MAPLE BORER—Aegeria acerni (Clemens).

BY THE EDITOR.

In 1860 Dr. Clemens described this pretty moth in the Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and since sthen it has
been written on by Mr. P. Gennadius in the American Naturalist for
January, 1874, and in the same year by
C. V. Riley, in his 6th Missouri Report,
It is well figured in the accompanying
cut, figure 6 (after Riley), in all its
stages ; a shows the larva, 4 the cocoons
exposed by removal of the bark, ¢
the moth, and d the chrysalis. °

The moth appears late in May
and during June. When the wings are
expanded it measures about three-quarters
of an inch across ; its wings are transpar-
ent, decorated with bluish-black markings.
The head and palpi are of a deep reddish-
orange, antennae bluish-black, thorax
ochreous-yellow, abdomen bluish-black
varied with ochreous-yellow and termin-
ated by a tuft of brilliant reddish-orange

hairs.
The under side of the body is ochreous-yellow with bluish-black

markings.
The female deposits her eggs on the bark of the soft and sugar maple

irees, chiefly on the former, and when hatched the young larvae burrow
through the bark and feed upon the inner portion and sap wood, never
penetrating into the solid heart wood. The excavations made by the larva
are filled with its brown castings. When full grown it is more than half
an inch long, cylindrical to the eleventh segment, then tapering to the
end, with the skin wrinkled and folded. The head is small, of a yellow
color, cervical shield paler; stigmata brown ; legs and tips of prolegs
reddish, When the larva is full grown it eats its way nearly through the

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bark, leaving but a very thin layer unbroken; it then retires within
its burrow, and having enclosed itself within a loose, silky cocoon, changes
to a brown chrysalis. A short time before the moth escapes the chrysalis
wriggles itself forward, and pushing itself against the thin papery-like
layer of bark, ruptures it and the chrysalis protrudes as shown in the
figure. Soon afterwards the imprisoned moth in its struggles ruptures the
chrysalis and escapes.

This insect appears to be increasing in numbers every year, and is very
destructive, especially to young maple trees. Many of our shade trees in
London are much injured by it, and where very numerous it is liable to
completely girdle the tree and kill it. Itis also found throughout the Middle
States. ‘Io prevent the moths from laying their eggs the trunks of the
trees should be painted about the first of June with a mixture of soft soap
and lye about the thickness of paint, or with a mixture of lime and soap.
When once the larvae obtain an entrance it is very difficult to discover
them, and they will then carry on their destructive work all through the
summer.

PTEROPHORID#..

BY CHARLES FISH, OLD TOWN, MAINE.

About three years ago I commenced the study of the “ feather-
wings,” with the intention of preparing at some future time a monograph
of the North American species of this family. While adhering to my
original intention, I have decided to so far modify it as to publish in
advance certain new species which have accumulated on my hands, and
I am induced to this course the more because it may be a considerable
time before sufficient material will have been obtained to justify me in
publishing my general paper. In the meantime I wish to obtain as many
examples of this family as possible from all parts of North America, and
any aid that may be given me by collectors I shall try to reciprocate. 1
prefer to have the examples pinned, but not spread, and great care should
be observed in pinning, that the wings be not denuded or the legs broken
off. The upper surface of the wings should never be touched with the
fingers, nor should the specimens be allowed to roll about in the cyanide
bottle and become denuded in this way. The very excellent directions

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. i:

given by Prof. Fernald in Can. Ent, Vol. x., No. 5, for the collection of
Tortricide, will apply equally well to the Prerophoride.

I desire to express my obligation to Prof. Fernald, who first suggested
to me the idea of making a special study of this group, and who has
granted me the free use of his valuable private library, and greatly aided
me in other ways. I am also much indebted to Prof. P. C. Zeller and
Lord Walsingham for aid in determination of species and advice during
the prosecution of my studies of this group. To the entomologists and
collectors who have assisted me in procuring material I likewise desire to
render my thanks. To Mr. Henry Edwards in particular I am under
obligation for the loan of his entire private collection in this family, com-
prising many beautiful species, mostly obtained in California and Oregon.

PLATYPTILUS ALBICANS, 0. Ss.

@. Head, thorax and palpi cream color. Frontal tuft very short
and blunt. Palpi ascending, extending beyond frontal tuft. Antennz
pubescent, banded above with alternate black and white scales, dark
brown beneath. Abdomen pale ochreous, cream color at base. Anterior
and middle femora and tibize cinnamon brown, sprinkled with whitish
scales exteriorly, pale cream color interiorly ; tarsi dark cinereous, first
two joints whitish interiorly. Posterior tibize cream colgr, brownish just
before the spurs ; tarsi cinereous, whitish at base of joints.

Fore wings cleft one-fourth, creamy white along the inner margin, along
the costa broadly cinnamon brown sprinkled with white. Costal triangu-
lar patch not sharply defined, cinnamon brown, bordered posteriorly
above the fissure by a rather broad white line, but below the fissure its
apex is continuous with the brown color of the lower lobe. Both lobes
cinnamon brown, more or less sprinkled with white atoms, with a broad
white transverse line which does not reach the inner margin of second
lobe. Costal cilia concolorous with adjacent portion of wing, white just
before the apex, a few brown hairs at the apex. Cilia of fissure white,
behind transverse line brown. Cilia of posterior margin whitish, at
posterior angle of each lobe brown. Cilia of inner margin whitish. Hind
wings cinnamon brown, with concolorous cilia. ‘Third lobe very narrow,
linear ; cilia pale at base, bearing no dark scales. Underneath, fore wings
cinnamon brown, with white transverse line sharply reproduced, also
white line at base of first lobe, reaching from costa half-way to base of
fissure. First and second lobes of hind wings cinnamon brown, the first

iz THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

lobe with a very broad oblique white line near the apex. Third lobe
creamy white, somewhat dusted with brown along inner margin on apical
half. AJjar expanse, 22 mil. Nevada, H. K. Morrison.

PLATYPTILUS EDWARDSII, N. s.

Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous brown. Frontal tuft short and
blunt, brown above, whitish beneath. Palpi ascending, extending beyond
the frontal tuft, brown above, whitish beneath. Antennz finely ciliated,
obscurely banded above with alternate white and blackish scales, beneath
cinereous. Abdomen slender. Legs ochreous brown; hind tibiz and
all the tarsi rather pale.

Fore wings cleft one-fourth. Color reddish ochreous brown, darker
on the costa, with a faint sprinkling of whitish scales. Triangular costal
patch blackish brown, bordered posteriorly by whitish scales. A small
brown patch near the inner margin at the basal fourth, and another near
the costa at the basal third ; a white transverse line at apical third of the
lobes. First lobe before transverse line very dark on the costa, and with
a longitudinal dark patch midway between costa and inner margin ;
second lobe dark at the anal angle. Costal cilia white just behind tri-
angular costal patch and near apex ; between, very dark brown. Cilia
of fissure white to transverse line, beyond dark brown ; on posterior mar-
gin white outwardly, brown on basal half, with a marginal line of darker
scales at base ; at posterior angle wholly brown; on inner margin whitish,
with a small patch of dark scales before, and one just behind apex of
costal triangle.

Hind wings reddish brown, third lobe with ochreous tinge on inner
edge. Cilia brown, with a dark division line at end of first and second
lobes. Third lobe linear ; cilia of inner margin whitish at base, and
bearing a small patch of dark scales just before apex.

Under side of fore wings cinereous brown, ochreous towards apex ;
transverse line distinct, also white spot on costa behind triangle ; triangu-
lar patch showing faintly. First lobe of hind wings ochreous, with oblique
white line near apex ; second lobe cinereous ; third lobe with ochreous
and white scales mingled.

Alar expanse, f 25-27 mil., 2 22-23 mil. Described from 2 gf and
3 ¢ taken at Boston, Mass., by Mr. Hy. Edwards, to whom the species
is respectfully dedicated ; and 5 ¢ andi 2 taken at Amherst, Mass., by
Mr. L. W. Goodell.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a

CEDEMATOPHORUS GRATIOSUS, DN. S.

Head and palpi rather dark brown, scarcely lighter between antennz.
Antennz pale brownish, dotted above with white and dark brown scales.
Thorax brown gray, anterior portion lighter. Abdomen fawn brown ;
scales somewhat raised at extremity of segments. Legs grayish brown,
spurs concolorous, not tipped with darker color, tarsi pale cinereous,
slightly browned at extremities of joints. Middle band of middle tibiz
incenspicuous, consisting of a few raised scales on one side.

Fore wings pale cinereous with dark brown dusting ; an oblique brown
patch before base of fissure ; faint indication of a brown median spot ;
a longitudinal brown costal spot nearly opposite base of fissure. Cilia
concolorous. Hind wings and cilia brownish cinereous, third lobe
whitish. Under side of wings dusky cinereous. Alar expanse, 22 mil.
California, Mr. Hy. Edwards.

CEDEMATOPHORUS CINERACEUS, N. s.

Front of head and palpi dark brownish gray, neck dark brown, vertex
of head and thorax pale cinereous. Palpi stout, turned upward, third
joint very short. Antennz brownish cinereous, dotted above with dark
brown. Abdomen brownish cinereous, somewhat marked with dark brown
scales. Legs brownish cinereous dusted on one side more or less with
dark brown scales ; middle and end band of middle tibiae dark brownish
gray ; spurs all tipped with dark brown; tarsi whitish cinereous, very
slightly browned at extremities of joints.

Fore wings pale cinereous, tinged with brownish, and very thinly
dusted with dark brown atoms. These brown scales form a very small
median spot, and a somewhat larger one before the base of fissure, bor-
dered posteriorly by whitish. There is a longitudinal brown costal spot
opposite base of fissure, two smaller ones towards the apex, and one on
inner margin of anterior lobe just before apex. Basal two-thirds of costa
only along the very margin dark brown gray. Cilia brownish cinereous.
Hind wings and cilia brownish cinereous, darker than fore wings. Under
side of wings dark brownish cinereous. Alar expanse, 28 mil. Wash-
ington Territory, H. K. Morrison.

CEDEMATOPHORUS BARONI, N. s.
Front of head and palpi rather dark brown, lighter on the vertex.
Palpi rather stout, third joint very short and blunt. Antennae pale

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

cinereous, obscurely dotted above on basal portion with dark brown.
Thorax and abdomen pale brownish cinereous, the latter marked dorsally
by a row of fine black dots, one at the extremity of each segment beyond
the third ; a few black scales also on the lateral portions. Anterior and
middle femora pale brownish cinereous, tibize gray, tarsi whitish cinereous.
Posterior femora and tibize pale brownish cinereous, tarsi whitish ; spurs
very short, tipped with black.

Fore wings brownish cinereous, with a decidedly ochreous tinge on
the inner margin and posterior lobe, the whole surface being thinly dusted
with fine black atoms. No other markings. Cilia concolorous with
adjacent surface. Hind wings and cilia, as well as under side of wings,
dark cinereous.

Alar expanse, 30 mil. California, O. T. Baron, to whom the species
is respectfully dedicated.

NEW CYNIPIDAE.

BY H. F. BASSETT, WATERBURY, CT.
(Continued from Page 57.)

CyNIPS Q. POMIFORMIS, n. sp.

Globular, polythalamous galls, sessile on the twigs of Quercus Agrt-
folia, much resembling small round apples except that the apex is not
depressed as is usually the case in this fruit. Size from one to two inches
in diameter. Color various shades of brown, depending upon the degree
of exposure to the sun. The smoothish surface sometimes with a few
small, hard, scattered wart-like points. In the larger specimens there are
faint lines reaching from the base to the apex, as though it were divided
internally by septa; but no such divisions are found. ‘The interior is
a rathef dense mass of yellowish brown cellular tissue, in which, near the
base, lie closely imbedded the thin walled larval cells.

I received these galls last summer from my brother, H. D. Bassett, of
San Francisco, Cal. ‘The exact locality where found was not mentioned.
The flies began to appear the first of March. ‘They are all females, and
judging from the appearance of the galls they seem to belong to the
dimorphic class whose cycle of change is completed in one year.

ere oes

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (a5

Gall-fly: Head black, vertex coarsely wrinkled. Ocelli large, black
and shining. Antenne 14-jointed, only two-thirds as long as the body ;
1st joint stout, club-shaped ; 2nd short, ovate, almost globular; 3rd a
little longer than the two preceding taken together ; 4th equal to the rst
and 2nd together ; 5th to roth gradually shorter, r1th to 14th very short,
sub-equal. Color, clear dark yellowish brown, changing to dusky
brown towards the tips. Face black, with fine hairs, broad, but vertically
quite narrow. Mandibles black, palpi clear dark shining brown. Thorax
black, coarsely rugose, the rugze crossing and nearly obliterating the par-
apsidal grooves. ‘These, as far as traceable, are as follows: Two short
parallel lines from the collare, one-third the distance to the scutellum ; two
lines from the collare to the scutellum, closely convergent on the latter.
A short, smooth line or ridge over the base of each wing. Scutellum
small, wrinkled ; fovae small, indistinct. The entire thorax and legs with
fine microscopic hairs. Legs light shining brown, posterior pair much
darker. Wings slightly dusky. Veins slender, except the 1st and 2nd
transverse, which are heavy, and the latter has a dark cloud at the base
of the radial area. The longitudinal veins brown, becoming almost .
colorless towards the apex of the wings, Areolet small, in some speci-
mens a minute translucent point. Radial area open. Abdomen shining
black, rst segment very long, with white hairs beneath the wings. The
posterior edge of all the segments a clear shining brown. Ventral sheath
same color. It is very small and the few hairs at and near the tip are
microscopic.

Length, body .16, wing .16, antennae.1o. Des. from twenty living
specimens in my collection.

‘Cynips Q. FICULA, n. sp.

Closely compressed clusters of monothalamous galls, sessile on and
surrounding the young branches of Q. macrocarpa, forming globular and
symmetrical masses sometimes two inches long and an inch and a half in
diameter, but usually about one-half this size. The individual galls in
these clusters assume a great variety of forms, by reason of the lateral
pressure which they exert upon each other. ‘The most common form
resembles that of pressed figs, and this species bears a close resemblance
to the much smaller one which Dr. Fitch named C. g. ficus, but which
Mr. Walsh described as C. g. forticornis. The normal form would |
undoubtedly be that of a regular cone attached by its apex to the branch,

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

They are when young entirely covered with a rust colored pubescence
which mostly disappears from the outward and exposed surface. This
outer portion of the gall is somewhat wrinkled and of a dull reddish
brown color. The interior is filled with a soft spongy reddish brown sub-
stance which is more dense towards the true base of the gall, and where
lies the single larval cell. This cell is not separable from the spongy mass
surrounding it. These galls were collected last fall in the northern part
of Georgia by Mr. W. H. Patton, from whom I received them. They
produce only female gall-flies, which I describe as follows :

Gall-fly : A very dark reddish brown throughout. The thorax and
abdomen almost black. Head—Vertex finely punctate and with a few
short yellowish hairs. Surface of the face entirely concealed by the dense
covering of short and closely appressed hairs. Antennae a uniform dark
reddish brown, 14-jointed ; 1st joint club-shaped, 2nd regularly ovate, 3rd
one-fourth longer than the two preceding taken together, 4th equal in
length to the ist and 2nd together, 5th to roth gradually shorter, 11th to
14th sub-equal. Surface of the entire thorax concealed by the fine, dense,
closely appressed hairiness. Parapsidal grooves—two parallel lines reach-
ing half way from the collare to the scutellum, two slightly diverging lines
reaching a little more than half way from the scutellum to the collare, and
a smooth line over the base of each wing. Legs of a uniform clear dark
reddish brown. Wings large, sub-hyaline, veins dark brown, very distinct
but rather slender. Cubitus very slender and disappearing altogether just
before reaching the first transverse. Areolet small but well defined.
Radial area open, the longitudinal vein bounding its inner edge consider-
ably curved. Abdomen rather small, highly polished and shining, rst
segment with a tuft of yellowish white hairs beneath the wings. Sheath
of the ovipositor (in dry specimens) projecting beyond the abdomen and
covered with coarse yellowish hairs.

Length, body .13, wing .18, antennae .11.

CyNnips (. MAMMULA, 0. sp.

Galls : Hard woody knots at the base of the young shoots on thrifty
young white oak trees, Q. a/ba. They affect both the lateral and terminal
branches, and as they are of a hemispherical form, and of large size when
compared with the branch which always grows out of their summit, they
suggest the name above given. They are polythalamous, and the larval
cells are arranged as though the eggs had been deposited around the bud

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. tt

before the leaves appeared. The white, thin-walled larval cells are im-
bedded in woody tissue from which it is almost impossible to detach them.
The galls formed around the lateral buds are from one-half to three-
fourths of an inch in diameter, but those around the cluster of terminal
buds are often an inch in diameter, and instead of a single branch, several
are often found growing out of a single gall. ‘They do not seem to affect
the growth of the branches the first year, but must seriously injure the
tree the following year when the perforated galls begin to decay. This
species was very common last year in a thicket which I have searched for
galls every season for the last fifteen years without discovering it. The
flies are of both sexes and they leave the galls in July.

The flies, of which I have many thousands, may be described as
follows :

Female : Head clear yellowish brown ; the vertex when highly magni-
fied shows a finely crackled surface. Eyes and ocelli black, the latter
very near together. Face rounded and full, with a few short hairs scat-
tered over it, and a brush of long bristly hairs on the mentum. ‘Tips of
the mandibles show a faint duskiness. Antenne 13-jointed, 1st joint
club-shaped, abruptly truncate ; 2nd small, regularly ovate ; 3rd and 4th
slender, 3rd a trifle shorter than the two preceding taken together, 4th
equals the rst in length. The first four joints are of a uniform clear yel-
lowish brown, while the remaining ones are of a dull dusky brown ; the
transition from one shade to the other is abrupt, and not gradual as in
most species. The remaining joints are also considerably larger than the
third and fourth, and are short and sub-equal, except the last, which is one
and a half times the length of the preceding. Thorax dark brown, semi-
translucent, the scutellum and post-scutellum almost black. | Mesothorax
smooth and shining, but highly magnified it appears very finely rugose.
Parapsidal grooves absent, scutellum darker and more strongly rugose
than the mesothorax. Fove wanting. Two anterior pair of legs pale
yellowish brown, posterior pair much darker. Wings hyaline. The rst
and 2nd transverse and the subcostal veins rather heavy, and a dark
smoky brown. ‘The cubitus disappears about midway between the two
transverse veins. Abdomen smooth and shining and apparently black.
The first segment one-third longer than the very long second segment,
remaining segments short.

Length, body .og, wing .og, antennz .06.

Male : Entire body a few shades darker than the female. The legs a

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

shade lighter. Antennz 15-jointed, 3rd joint incised. The antennae are
much longer than in the female, and the first four joints darker and the
remaining ones a little lighter, and the transition less abrupt than in that
sex. Abdomen small. The first segment twice as long as the second.

Length (dry specimens), body .07, wing .07, antennae .08.

Cynips Q. UTRICULA, N. sp.

Globular, monothalamous galls on the petioles and leaves of Quercus
alba. ‘Thin-walled, .15 of an inch in diameter, green or purplish, pubes-
cent. Sometimes entirely preventing the development of the leaf, and
appearing on the end of the short petiole. Sometimes found on the end
of a vein in a partially developed leaf, and more rarely surrounded by the
lamina of the leaf. In the last case it appears on both sides of the leaf,
but is most prominent above. It contains no larval cell. In size and in
structure it resembles C. g. vestcuda found on the same oak, but it is
several weeks later and the insects differ materially.

The flies appear early in June, and are of both sexes.

Female : Head black, very finely wrinkled, face sparsely covered with
short stiff hairs. Antennae 13-jointed; 1st short, club-shaped; 2nd
globular, 3rd long and straight, 4th three-fourths as long as the 3rd; sth
and succeeding ones, except the terminal one, one-half as long as the
3rd ; 13th long and with an indistinct suture in the middle. Color clear
yellowish brown at the base, gradually changing to dull deep brown at the
tip. Thorax black. Mesothorax finely rugose. Parapsidal lines distinct,
and a broad, deep median line from the collare to the scutellum. Line
over the base of each wing present but indistinct. Scutellum coarsely
wrinkled, sparsely hairy. Fovae connate, deep, smooth and shining at the
bottom. Legs, two anterior pairs yellowish brown, except the trochanter,
which is nearly black. Posterior pair darker brown.

Abdomen black, shining. Sheath of the ovipositor with short hairs at
the tip. It turns upward and extends above the dorsum as in C. g. operator.
Wings hyaline. The subcostal and the rst and 2nd transverse veins
shining brown, rather heavy, the others quite pale. The cubitus does not
reach quite to the 1st transverse.

Areolet very small, and in some cases wanting. Radial area open.
Surface of the wing more hairy than is usual among the Cynipidae.
Length (dry) .10.

Male: Black, except the legs and the antennae, which are a little
darker than the female. Antennae much longer than the female, 15-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 12

jointed, 3rd joint not inctsed. Abdomen small, slender, shining. First
segment equal in length to all the others, Length (dry) .08.

This species is often quite abundant in the limited space where I have
found it. In-describing the galls I should have added that the larva is
not enclosed in a larval cell.

Habitat—Conn.

LIMENITIS EROS versus VAR. FLORIDENSIS.
BY THEODORE L. MEAD, NEW YORK.

Among the generally accepted canons of nomenclature is the rule that
if a description includes two or more species, it shall be valid for neither
as against subsequent authors who discriminate the forms properly.

While all of us may not be willing to push this rule to its limit and
reject the first name altogether, it certainly is a wholesome restriction
against a custom which has prevailed in some quarters, notably in France,
of making loose and indefinite descriptions, waiting until some more
careful writer has separated one of the forms as distinct and named it, and
then, declaring that the latter was the species really intended by the
indefinite description, thus at one stroke of the pen creating a synonym
and finding a new species to be named.

It seems to me that Mr. Strecker’s reclamation as to Limenitis var.
floridensis and L. Eros, on page 29, is of this nature.

He speaks of his Limenitis as “ the form found in the extreme south.”
Now there is a darker form of Lim. Misippus at the south—some speci-
mens from West Virginia show a darker color than those from the Cat-
skills ; in Texas and even in Southern Illinois specimens are found of a
deep mahogany color. This is the “southern form” of AZ¢szppus which
differs notably from vos in the absence of the white band on under side,
to which the mention of v. /loridensis does not allude. This mention, it
seems to me, is too brief and indefinite to rank as a description, especially
as the names have now been fixed by careful descriptions and the status
of vos established as a distinct species.

The New York Entomological Club has a committee whose duty it is
to consider cases of disputed nomenclature ; their decision, when ratified,
of course carries only the weight due to the unanimous opinion of the
entomologists composing the Club. But this isa gain over the unorganized

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

expression of individual opinion, and it seems to me that this example
might very profitably be followed by other similar societies.

I am authorized to state that this committee unanimously sustain the
name of 470s Edw. as applied to the dark species, and Hloridensis Streck.
as applying to the dark variety of Z. Misigpus which ranges from Illinois
to Florida.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ON THE USE OF THE FORCEPS OF FORFICULA.

I just happen to hit upon Dr. J. G. Morris’s article on the functions
of the forceps of Forficula (Can. Entom. 1877, p. 218), and it reminds
me of a statement on the same subject in E. Newman’s “ Zoologist,”
1850, p. 2,695, which however differs in its details, and deserves therefore
to be reproduced here. The article is signed: John Williams, Royal
Astronomical Society, Somerset House ; the insect was Labia minor, and
the principal passage runs thus: ‘Upon arriving at the highest point it
“could attain (on a book upon which it had alighted) the insect stood
“quite still and raised the elytra ; it then, with a very quick motion, thrust
“the point of one of the caudal appendages, close to the body, under the
“wing, which was unfolded by its agency; this being repeated on the
“other side, both wings were fully expanded and the insect briskly flew
“ away, etc.” According to Mr. Morris, the insect lifted up the short elytra
with his forceps, before the wings would expand. Both passages may per-
haps be reconciled, only the former is more explicit in the statement that
it is he wéng which requires the help of the forceps in expanding.

C. R. Osten Sacken, Heidelberg, Germany.

The determination of A/aus published by Mr. J. T. Bell, on p. 59 of
your last issue (xiil., No. 3) as gorvgops is perhaps erroneous. I know
that species (the older name of which is /usctosus Hope, v. Crotch List,
Suppl. 27) from no locality north of the western part of Louisiana and
Texas. The Canadian form must be A. ocucatus.

In this connection, I would observe that a determination unless as
authentic as possible, is Hable to produce serious error if published as a
contribution to a faunal list. J. L. LeEConre.

Philadelphia, March 28th, 1881.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
APATURA FIORA, Epw.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

EGG.—Similar to. egg of C/yton; nearly spherical, flattened at base,
marked by 18 or 20 slightly prominent vertical ribs, and by many fine
equi-distant striz ; color yellow-green. Duration of this stage 6 to 7 days.

YOUNG LARVA.

Length .8 inch ; cylindrical, tapering from segment
3; pubescent ; color pale green, translucent; head twice as’ broad as
next segment, sub-globose, bilobed, the surface thickly pitted with shallow
excavations ; color shining yellow or ochrey-brown. Towards the last of
the stage the body is less tapering, each segment well rounded; down
middle of dorsum from 2 to 13 a dark green line, and another on upper
part of each side, the dorsal area between these ‘side lines whitish-green ;
below the lines more decidedly green ; legs and feet green. ‘To first
moult 6 days.

After 1st Moult.—Length .14 inch; body a little thickest at 7, taper-
ing slightly either way, the last segment ending in a forked tail; the
surface closely covered with yellow and yellow-white tubercles, arranged
in longitudinal rows, and also in regular cross rows ; these tubercles are
stout at base, subconic at top, of irregular sizes, and at top of each is a
short white appendage ; on middle of dorsum a dark green stripe, and
another, but narrower, on upper part of side ; the dorsum is covered by
two bands of tubercles, divided by the green stripe, each band made up
of two rows, the outer row being whitish, the inner yellow; below the
lateral stripe is another band of two rows, and as the stage proceeds these
separate, showing a dull green line between them, the lower row running
with the basal ridge of body ; the tails are divergent from base, are short,
tapering, rough with tubercles, and these gave out longer hairs than else-
where ; under side, feet and legs yellow-green; head subquadrate, the
sides rounded, the front a little rounded, the top incurved ; whole surface

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

shallowly pitted and covered with a short yellow down ; color greenish-
white, with dark brown spots and patches; a large brown triangle over
mandibles, a small sub-triangular patch at top in the depression, a sub-
crescent patch along base of each vertex, and a stripe from vertex half
way down side, another down the back; the ocelli black on brown
ground ; on each vertex a short, compressed, fleshy, white process, and
single white spurs along back of head at top and down sides ; on the
sides and tops of the processes and spurs many long white hairs. To
next moult 4 days.

After 2nd Moult.—Length .26 inch ; similar shape, stouter, the sides
somewhat less rounded than dorsum, the base broadest ; the tails more
produced ; the tubercles as at next previous stage, white and yellow, but
broader and flattened ; the two rows of each dorsal band a little separated
so as to show a dull green imperfect line; the side stripe much widened ;
segment 2 wholly yellow; head shaped as before, the depression more
angular, green behind, green with dark brown patches at sides and front ;
these patches much extended, the one at top nearly meeting by a triangu-
lar projection the triangle from mandibles, and the one from base of
process in nearly all cases protracted to outer end of mandibles, so that
the white in front is confined to two curved vertical stripes forming with a
cross line between the two triangles the letter H, each upright, incurved ;
the processes stout, short, cylindrical, evenly forked at top, each fork
bluntly rounded, and a little tapering; at the base is a spur turned for-
wards, and along the back and sides are single spurs ; color of process
black in front, green behind ; along back of head at top spurs in line, and
so down the sides, diminishing gradually in length, the upper ones bent
down ; all as well as the processes pilose. To next moult 3 days.

After 3rd Moult.—-Length .38 to .4 inch; stouter, the back more
arched ; marked as before ; head almost precisely as before. To next
(last) moult 5 days.

After 4th Moult,—Length .6 inch, greatest breadth .14 inch; same
shape as at close of last stage and banded in same way, viz., a narrow
dark éreen medio-dorsal stripe ; a broad upper lateral yellow-green stripe,
a lower lateral one of same color; the tuberculated bands on dorsum
each divided by a medium yellow-green stripe, not so clear or uninter-
rupted as the others ; the inner row ef each band is quite narrow and is
yellow, the outer row is wider and white ; below the upper lateral stripe

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33
|

is a yellow row, and a yellow and wavy one runs along the ridge, at base ;
these two side bands unite at 4 or 3 and go to head as one broad band,

Six days after 4th moult the larva reached maturity, and two days later
suspended.

MaturE Larva.—Length 1.2 ¢, 1.4 9; greatest breadth .18 f, .2
2 ; body sub-cylindrical, obese, in some cases almost same thickness from
2 to 8, then tapering rapidly to end, in others the middle segment is
thickest and the taper is regular either way, 2 being of equal diameter
with 12; the dorsum well rounded, the sides much less convex, rather
flattened, and sloping toa broad base ; the last segment ending in a forked
tail; banded with tubercles as immediately after the moult, but these have
constantly diminished in size as the larva progressed, and in no place are
so distinct, and many have disappeared altogether ; general color either
bright yellow or ochre yellow, a little whitened along the edges of dorsal
area ; the medio-dorsal stripe is very narrow and either black or deep
blue, but greenish on two or three anterior segments ; the two side stripes
are dull or sordid green, as is also the under side ; feet and legs same ;
head .o6 inch broad, .o7 high, sub-quadrate, the sides rounded, the front
moderately rounded, the top depressed at a slight angle ; on each vertex
a short, stout stag-horn process, with two equal prongs at top, one in front
at base, another near the base on the front inner side, making four prongs
which are of same shape, tapering to a blunt rounded top, and these and
the entire front and sides of the process are black ; the back is green, and
upon it and at the sides below are four green similar prongs; along the
back of head, at top and down the sides are several greenish-white slender
spurs, the upper ones long, those on sides diminishing in length as they
descend, and bent down ; on the front four small knobs, two below horns
towards the suture, two at side ; the back of head green, the rest green-
ish-white and black, and thickly covered with a fine yellow down ; the
processes and spurs much covered with quite long white hairs ; the entire
surface of head shallowly pitted ; in nearly all cases the pattern of face is
as in the preceding stages, the top being black, and projecting over front
and sides black sub-triangular or long patches ; and also a black triangle
resting on the black patch which covers the mandibles; the white area
being restricted to four vertical stripes, two of them incurved on middle
front, making the letter H, the uprights reaching from vertices to ends of
mandibles, a narrow space between the two front triangles making a cross

S4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bar; the other two being on the sides; but in many cases the white is
much restricted on the front, there being merely two short bars on lower
face ; one example differed from all the rest, the face being largely white, -
the black tip and patches merely indicated by gray of the palest shade,
the only black being in a small spot over mandibles; in all cases the
mandibles and oceili are black.

Curysais.—Length .7 %, .85 2; compressed laterally, the outline
of ventral side convex, a regular curve from top of head case to end of ©
wing cases ; the abdomen prominent dorsally, much arched, sharply car-
inated, the sides very little convex and near the keel slightly incurved ;
the anterior edge of each segment on the keel a little produced and thick-
ened, and marked on either side here by a shining black dot; the tho-
racic segments depressed at an angle of about 45° above the end of the
keel, and their sides excavated ; mesonotum low, rounded at summit, with
a slight carina, the sides convex ; the head case subconic, the ocellar pro-
jections prominent, three sided and running to a blunt point, the space
between them on top of head being concave; from end of each a small
ridge runs back, the two ridges meeting at base of mesonotum, the inter-
vening area being almost flat; very little convex ; color pale yellow-green,
finely streaked and specked with light buff over head case, mesonotum
and wing cases, and specked over abdomen; the neuration of the wings
distinct in pale yellow or buff; a buff line passes along the keel and
mesonotum, and forks to the projections of head case ; another passes
along the posterior edge of the wing case and is joined by a wavy line
down side of abdomen ; on middle of each abdominal segment on dorsal
side is an oblique faint buff line pointing down and forwards, ending ina
little buff spot. Duration of this stage 6 and 7 days.

In Butterflies of N. A., Vol. 2, Part 5, I described A. Mlora as a
“ possible variety of A. C/yton,” but expressed the opinion that it would
be thereafter found to be a good species. The few examples then known
to me were all collected by the son of the late Mr. Wm. Stadlmair, of
Brooklyn, N. Y., at Pilatka, Fla., and were accompanied by undoubted
Clyton. In 1880, I received from Dr. Wm. Wissfeld a female F/ora taken
at Indian River, and I urged him, in case he was so fortunate as to cap-
ture another female, to tie itin a bag over a branch of any species of
Celtis tree. On 20th July, I received about 50 young larve, from eggs
laid r1th July. <A female had laid about 225 in a cluster within bag on

.THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

leaves of Celtis integerifolia, and on 12th, part of these were forwarded to
me by mail in a tin box, arriving in good order, because the leaves had
not lost their freshness, though 8 days on the road in the heat of July. I
gave the larve Celtis occidentalis leaves, which they took to readily, and
I had no difficulty in raising several of them to maturity. The first stage
was about one half over when I received these larve, and four days after-
ward the first moult took place. The habits of the larve were similar to
those of C/yton, during the early stages gathering in dense clusters and
resting for long intervals, during the later stages separating and concealing
themselves by stitching together two or three leaves. CZ/yton, in W. Va.,
unlike 4. Celtis, has no second brood, and all the larvee hybernate after
passing the 2nd moult. In the spring they pass three additional moults,
making five in all. #lora passed but four moults, like the summer gen-
eration of A. Ce/tzs, and none of the larvz hybernated. The butterflies
began to emerge from chrysalis 22nd Aug., and continued doing so till
31st, by which time I had 4 ~,6 2. No examples of C/yton were at
any time received last year from Indian River, and probably it does not
inhabit that locality.

NOTES ON SCIOMYZIDAE WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES.

BY DR. L. T. DAY, NEW HAVEN, CONN.

Tetanocera clara Lw. Mass.,Conn. Specimens of this species with typical
frontal markings, have the posterior transverse vein nearly straight and.
perpendicular, as in valida. In a single specimen there is an incomplete
brownish-black abdominal stripe, interrupted at the incisures.

Tet. pictipes Lw. Conn., Pa., Kansas, Wash. Ter. Specimens from
Wash. Ter. are larger and more melanized than the New England species.
Nearly the whole front is occupied by a blackish-brown quadrangular
spot, leaving a yellowish border laterally and anteriorly.

Tet. combinata var. sparsa (Lw.) Mass., Conn., Pa. From the
examination of a large number of specimens of both forms, chiefly col
lected by Dr. Williston, I am satisfied that ssarsa can not be specifically

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

separated from combinata. In none of my specimens do I find the polished
frontal stripe narrowed anteriorly, and yet in some the brown spots form
very distinct double bands running across the wing. I find the ante-
penultimate band to run as frequently before as over the posterior trans-
verse vein. Again, in those specimens with the double-band arrangement
of the brown spots on the wings, I find the tibiz in more than two-thirds
not darker than the femora. In some of the specimens there is only a
feeble attempt at double bands? even in single specimens I find both
double and single bands, showing an unusual degree of variation for
species of this genus.

TET. PUBESCENS, sp.nov. 1 f &. Third joint of the antenne shorter than
the second, excised, bristle white pubescent, wings reticulated, with nar-
row costal border, posterior transverse vein but slightly curved and nearly
perpendicular, tips of tarsi black. Long. corp. 7 mm. Long. al. 6.5 mm.

Yellowish-brown, somewhat tinged with reddish. Front yellow, with
the middle stripe broad, excavated and polished, widening somewhat
anteriorly ; on each side near the orbit is a small black dot, and more
anteriorly a second larger one between the antennz and the anterior
corner of the orbit. Antenne reddish-yellow, with the third joint shorter
than the second, distinctly excised above and somewhat pointed ; the
second joint very broad, the upper border thickly studded with stout
hairs, the under border with finer hairs. Antennal bristle slightly yellow-
ish at the base and covered with a whitish pubescence. Face with white
reflection and considerably receding. Dorsum of the thorax with two
stripes dusted with white and bordered with brownish streaks, enclosing a
rather narrow median yellowish stripe ; lateral borders dusted with yel-
lowish. Superior part of the pleurze with a brownish-red longitudinal
stripe extending to beneath the halteres. Scutellum somewhat lighter than
the thorax. Abdomen yellowish-brown, with narrow brownish median
stripe interrupted at the incisures. Legs yellowish ; tarsi tipped with
black. Surface of the wings yellowish, with the margin of the costal
border black, extending from the stigma to the fourth longitudinal vein,
There are five or six small clear spots on the anterior margin of the second
longitudinal vein ; the remainder of the reticulation similar to, but coarser
and less distinct than in saratogenszs, consisting of narrow longitudinal
stripes bordered by small transverse spots, arranged for the greater part in
pairs. The anterior transverse vein is near the middle of the discal cell ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87

the posterior transverse vein is slightly curved and almost perpendicular.

Hab. Washington Territory, H, K. Morrison. This species is most
nearly related to savatogensis, but differs in the greater size of the second
joint of the antenne, and the long hairs or bristles above ; the narrower
costal border and sparser reticulation of the wings, and the blackened
tips of the tarsi.

Tet. plebeja .w. Specimens from Washington Territory agree closely
with this common Eastern species. The median abdominal stripe is how-
ever more distinct, and there is a feeble indication of a double curvature
in the posterior transverse vein.

Tet. plumosa Lw. The most common species of this genus in Con-
necticut. This species runs so closely to the preceding that it is some-
times extremely difficult to distinguish them. ‘The posterior cross vein
shows a considerable variation in its shape, as do the frontal markings.

TEL. MONTANA sp. nov. 2. Third joint of the antennz obtuse,
short, not distinctly excised, bristles plumose with black, wings greyish,
unicolorous, posterior cross vein feebly bi-arcuated. Long. corp. 8.5 mm.
Long. al. 7 mm.

Acorn colored. Front golden yellow, with a narrow distinct reddish
median furrow, the black spot near the orbit wanting, but a reddish spot
between the base of the antenne and anterior corner of the orbit.
Antenne reddish-yellow, first two joints thickly covered with black hairs,
third joint not longer than the second, and not distinctly excised above ;
bristle of the antenne plumose with black. Face perceptibly lighter than
the front, and by reflected light with a golden glisten. Occiput without
distinct white spot. Thorax with a very distinct median, longitudinal
stripe, bordered with a dusky line; also two narrow, less distinct, and
interrupted stripes on each side; thorax covered with numerous short
black hairs. Pleurz distinct chestnut, and somewhat pollinose with gray.
Abdomen unicolorous and thickly covered with black hairs ; a narrow
dark median stripe interrupted at the incisures ; sides dusted with grey.
Legs luteous ; anterior femora darker than the middle and posterior, hind
femora with a single long bristle on the under side in front ; three last
joints of anterior, two of middle and posterior tarsi black. Wings broad,
not reticulated, of a uniform greyish or blackish tint ; posterior transverse

88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

vein very slightly bi-arcuated and sub-perpendicular; both transverse veins
narrowly bordered with brownish-black.
Hab. Wyoming, June, Dr. Williston.

TET. LINEATA, sp. nov., 2. Bristles of the antenne nearly bare,
wings not reticulated, posterior transverse vein very strongly doubly
curved, so that the middle half is parallel to the fourth longitudinal vein.
Long. corp. 6 mm. Long. al. 5 mm.

Pale brownish. Front obscure yellowish, with the median polished
stripe tapering anteriorly ; on each side near the orbit is a small reddish
spot, and more anteriorly, between the base of the antennz and anterior
corner of the orbit, a larger reddish spot with a dark centre. Antenne
nearly the color of the front, the second joint covered with small black
hairs, the third joint as long as second, scarcely excised and obtuse ; basal
half of the bristle concolorous with the antennee, terminal half slender,
whitish, and microscopically pubescent. Face gently receding, light yel-
lowish. Thorax with a median reddish-brown stripe extending over the
scutellum, divided in its anterior part by a narrow whitish line ; on each
side a stripe dusted with.white extending over the side of the scutellum ;
laterally on each side there is another irregular brownish-red stripe bor-
dered by whitish in front of the wings. Pleuree with brownish stripe,
extending to beneath the poisers. Abdomen brown with paler lateral
borders and narrow posterior margins of the segments. Legs obscurely
yellowish-brown, hind femora with a number of short spine-like bristles
underneath the distal halves; tarsi blackened towards their tips. | Wings
yellowish-hyaline, with irregular brownish clouds in the end of the sub-
marginal, most of the first posterior and middle of discal cells ; posterior
margin of the wing greyish. ‘Transverse veins clouded with brown, the
posterior one strongly curved, its middle portion parallel to the fourth, and
its terminal portions perpendicular to the fourth and fifth longitudinal
veins.

Hab. Connecticut, Dr. Williston.

An easily recognizable species with characters approaching somewhat
the genus Sepedon.

Sepedon fuscipennis Lw. Specimens from Washington ‘Territory can-
not be distinguished from New England ones. In all, the lateral frontal
spots are more commonly absent, and the tarsi may show but a faint
degree of blackening in their ground color. Long. corp. 55-8 mm.

£©

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 8

Dryomyza pallida, sp. nov. Polished, pale yellow, bristle of the
antennez slender, sparsely pubescent with black near the base, thorax
striped, wings pubescent, hyaline, first longitudinal vein clothed with hairs.
Long. corp. 8 mm. Long. al. 8 mm.

Pale yellow, shining. Front deeper yellow, opaque, with the short
pubescence and bristles black. Antenne incumbent, reddish ; second
joint short, third about twice as long as wide, oval; bristle slender, the
distal end bare, the proximal sparsely pubescent with black. Thorax yel-
low, with two narrow median stripes of a brownish tinge ; on each side
and posteriorly there are about ten black bristles. | Scutellum with four
black bristles. Pleurze with narrow distinct brownish lines extending
from the root of the wings to the humeri; just below and in front of the
tegulze is a small oval black spot, Abdomen pallid, yellow, and darkened
toward the tip, sbining, covered with rather long, fine black hairs. Legs
pale yellow, with black hairs ; last two joints of all the tarsi black ; tip of
middle tibial, and first three joints of middle tarsi, with a short brush of
golden pile. Wings pubescent, hyaline. The first longitudinal vein
distinctly hairy, the third bare ; posterior transverse vein straight and per-
pendicular ; both transVerse veins bordered with black, as is also more
narrowly the termination of the fourth longitudinal.

Hab. Connecticut, May.

This species is easily distinguished from the other American species
already described by the hairy first longitudinal vein.

My thanks are due to Dr. S. W. Williston for the examination of his
excellent collections in this family.

ON A GIGANTIC CHALCID FLY INHABITING FLORIDA.
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

In the spring of 1880, while collecting Coleoptera, I secured a @
of a large species of Chalcid belonging to the genus Smzcra, which is
apparently unknown to the scientific world.

The specimen was captured on an oak shrub, in close proximity to an
empty Zolyphemus cocoon. Could it have hatched from it? This is not
improbable, as Prof. C. V. Riley’s Smzcra marie was bred from this moth,

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and other species of the genus are known to be parasitic upon the larvee
of our larger moths.

For want of a good scientific library of my own, and there being none
in the State, I was unable to look up the species until recently, and as
I fail to find any description that will agree with it, either in size, color-
ation, &c., | submit the following :

SMICRA GIGANTEA, N. sp.

2. Length .43 of an inch.

Head, antennze and thorax black, opaque. Head and thorax coarsely
and strongly punctate, antennz more finely punctate ; eyes greenish red ;
collare somewhat bulging at sides, praescutum triangularly elongated
posteriorly ; scutum rather large, bulging ; scutellum convex, rounded off
posteriorly, punctate ; abdomen rather.abruptly produced into a long
sharp point, the thick globular basal portion being a shining brownish
red ; basal half of segment next the peduncle longitudinally grooved, the
grooves being deepest at base and shallowing off at middle of segment ;
the pointed part of abdomen black or brownish black, a few short whitish
hairs scattered promiscuously over abdomen ; wings hyaline fuscous, veins
black ; anterior and middle cox brownish red ; femorae brownish black ;
tibiae and feet hghter; posterior coxae and femorale brownish red, smooth
and nolished, coxae slightly punctate, the swollen femorale toothed
beneath where tibiae rest when drawn up, the latter brownish black ; tarsi
and feet reddish brown.

NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUIDAE IN THE ZUTRAEGE.—
FOURTH AND FIFTH HUNDREDS.

BY A; OR. GROTE,

Oria sanguinea, 9, fig. 613-614.

‘“‘Georgia.” This species has been generally recognized. Ovza is
used for saculosa in the Verzeichniss, from which sanguinea is distinct
structurally. I have referred the latter as the type of Porrima in the
Check List, No. 664. The doubtful reference there to Fitch’s volupia
must be struck out.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 91

Episeuxis lubricalis, +9, figs. 665-6606.

*‘ Java.” I have considered that the locality is erroneous and that
this undoubtedly represents /V/e/ia phcalis Guen., a common species
throughout the U.S. and California. :

Dyachrisia balluca, 22, fig. 681-682.
“Georgia.” The figures are excellent representations of our not
uncommon P/usta balluca from Canada and the Middle and Eastern States.

Trigonophora frugiperda, 22, figs. 683-684.

Geyer refers to Abbot and Smith ‘as authority for the species. It is
- without doubt the Laphygma frugiperda of Gueneé, a common and
destructive Southern and Western species re-described by Prof. Riley in
the Missouri Reports as Prodenéa autumnalis.

Aedia linbolaris, 23, fig. 689—690.
“Georgia.” I have taken this species about Buffalo, N. Y.

Antiblemma flavipunctalis, 25, fig. 701-702.

“Java.” Also with dubricalis, from M. de Luxerre, and probably
American. It represents a female allied to Renza pastoralis Grote, which
seems to differ only from Renta Lelfrage’,a common species, in the yellow
stigmata. I have two males colored more darkly than fastoralis and
agreeing in this respect more nearly with Geyer’s figure. I have labeled
these flavipunctalis in my collection; but the distinctness of the three
forms is not fully made out.

Autographa oxygramma, 37, fig. 769-770.
“Georgia.” Gueneé refersthis Southern species to Plusza, Noct. 2,350.

Agriphila bistriaris, 38, fig. 775-770.
‘* North America.” I believe this is Doryodes acutaria H.-S., and have
so referred it Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 179, 1878.

LExarnis diffiua, 9, figs. 821-822.

“Labrador.” Staudinger refers this as a synonym of exu/zs, Cat.
Eur., roo.

Clytie liburna, 40, fig. 963-964.

“ North America.” ‘This is without doubt the species afterwards
described by Gueneé as Scolecocampa lignt. The red-brown shading on
the reniform is not so bright as Geyer figures it. I have made this identi-
fication in my List of the Noctuidze of North America, p. 20.

92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Acolasia hinna, 41, fig. 971-972.

“Georgia.” A § specimen sent me through Mr. v. Meske from
Texas (coll. Heiligbrodt) seems to belong to this species. It is less dis-
tinctly marked than the figure, else nearly resembles it.

Carl Geyer is to be regarded as authority for the species in these
fourth and fifth Hundreds, concluding the work. ‘The date of the first
Hundred is 1818; of the second, 1823; third, 1825; fourth, 1832; fifth,
1837. ‘The total number of figures is 1,000, each example being figured
in two positions separately numbered ; each Hundred contains two hun-
dred figures.

NEW CYNIPIDAE.

BY EH. i. (BASSET, WATERBURY. Cir:
(Continued from Page 79.)

CYNIPS TENUICORNIS, n. sp.

Galls: Densely hairy hemispherical masses attached by a single small
point to the upper or under surface of the leaves of an unknown species
of oak found in Arizona. They are from one-half to three-fourths of an
inch in diameter. One specimen in my collection is nearly globular, but
all the others are hemispherical, the flat side lying close upon the surface
of the leaf. The woolly hairs are of a dull russet color and entirely hide
the polythalamous gall beneath. Denuded of the hairs the surface of the
gall is uneven, and beneath the slight protuberances lie the larval cells.
The shell or rind is brittle, and when dry crumbles easily. The inside is
nearly filled by the small and extremely thin-walled larval cells. Between
these there are a few thin fibrous plates or lamina with open spaces. A
gall of average size contained fourteen larval cells.

Gall-flies : All females. Head black, vertex finely rugose or punctate,
Ocelli rather large ; the middle one lies in a smooth shallow groove which
extends from the posterior margin of the vertex nearly to the base of the
antennae, and is broader behind than before. Face microscopically
wrinkled and hairy. Antennae 14-jointed, extremely slender or thread-
like ; 1st and 2nd joints short and comparatively stout. the 2nd nearly as

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93

long as the 1st, both of a clear dark amber color. Color of the remaining
joints dark brown ; 3rd joint equal in length to the first two: 4th, 5th
and 6th gradually shorter, the remaining ones sub-equal. All except the
first two closely connate. Thorax black, finely and evenly crackled. Par-
apsidal grooves only two. These are sharply defined but remarkably
narrow, and widely separated on the collare, but closely convergent on the
scutellum. Scutellum more coarsely and less evenly crackled, but in
other respects like the mesothorax, from which it is separated by an
extremely fine line or groove. Fovae absent. There are on the scutel-
lum, also on the mesothorax between the base of the wings, and on the
head, a very few microscopic hairs. Legs clear dark amber or yellowish
brown. ‘Tarsi darker brown. Abdomen olive brown with paler transverse
bands ; 1st segment half broader than the 2nd, and with a few very fine
hairs on the sides beneath the wings. All the segments, except a narrow
border on the anterior edge of each, with an extremely fine punctation
that gives to them when highly magnified the opaque effect seen in ground
glass. Sheath of the ovipositor short with a minute tuft of hairs at the
tip. Ventral valves extending to the extremity of the abdomen. These,
with the sheath of the ovipositor, darker than the rest of the abdomen.

Wings hyaline, medium size. Veins small, dark brown, or black
towards the base, lighter at the apex of the wing. Areolet medium size,
bounded by equal veins, cubitus disappearing a short distance from the
Ist transverse. Radial area open, long and narrow.

Length, body .11, wing .12, antennae .o8.

Galls collected in the Mule Pass Mts. in Arizona, in Nov., 1879, by
Prof. BE. Cox.

CYNIPS BELLA, N. sp.

Galls: These belong to the class known as oak-apples. They are
attached by a minute sessile point to the under side of the leaves of an
oak found in Arizona—often near the margin of the leaf, but more com-
monly on or near the mid-vein. ‘They are perfectly round, and those that
have escaped the attack of parasites are quite uniform in size, measuring
from 34 to 7% of an inch in diameter. ‘Those stung by parasites are gen-
erally much smaller, and this species is so subject to their attacks that more
than three-fourths are thus affected. The galls (when dry) are of various
shades of brown, mostly smooth but not polished ; a few specimens have
a decidedly russet color and a rough surface. ‘The shell very thin and

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

brittle. | Each gall contains a single larval cell which is kept in a central
position by fine, silky, radiating fibres that reach from it to the outside
covering. Besides these fibres, there are others that are attached to the
inner surface of the shell, but which are not attached to the larval cell.
They are much finer than the others and resemble coarse wool. Except
that these galls are smaller, and the internal structure more delicate, and
the surface less smooth and polished, they might easily be taken for those
found on Quercus rubra—C. tnanis.

Gall-fles: All females. Head brownish black, very small, though
transversely very broad. Vertex microscopically wrinkled. Eyes rather
narrowly oval. Ocelli large, black and shining. Head and face covered
with fine downy hairs. Antenna? short, slender, hairy, shining reddish
brown, darker towards the tips, fourteen-jointed; 1st joint large, club-
shaped or ovoid with the upper end truncate and hollowed to receive the
globular 2nd joint ; 3rd one-fourth longer than the first two taken together ;
4th equal to the 1st and 2nd; 5th to the 9th gradually decreasing in length,
roth to 14th very short, scarcely longer than broad. Thorax covered with
bright shining hairs. Parapsidal grooves: Two parallel lines extending
from the collare three-fourths the distance to the scutellum. ‘Two diverg-
ing lines reaching from the scutellum to the collare. These are much
nearer together at their starting point on the scutellum than is usual in the
genus Cyzips. There is the usual short line over the base of each wing,
(All the above markings of the mesothorax are found in most of our one-
gendered species—not in all, however.) The posterior limit of the two
parallel lines vanishes in a tuft of long hairs, which in common with the
hairs on the thorax, converge into a ridge on each of the interlinear spaces.
Scutellum small, but long in proportion to its breadth, slightly shagreened.
Fove very shallow, confluent, smooth and shining. Legs dark shining,
semi-translucent brown, with abundance of whitish hairs.

Wings large, surface covered wih short, stout, nearly erect hairs, and
numerous dark opaque with lighter cloudy spots. Veins dark shining brown
and very heavy. Cubitus, as in C. zubila, is very broad and heavy at
its union with the rst transverse; 2nd transverse broad and heavy, par-
ticularly at the base of the radial area. Areolet not large, but clearly
defined. The radial vein at its termination forms a darge triangular blotch
with an indistinct arcolet in the centre. ‘By the curvature of the radial vein
and its considerable backward extension along the margin of the wing and
the upward extension of the costal vein beyond the base of the radial area,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95

what may be termed a half ofen and perfectly radial area is formed. The
anal vein is sometimes branched or forked at the tip.

Length—body .14, wing .16, antennze .o8. Des. from living speci-
mens. Galls received from Prof. E..T. Cox, of ‘Tucson, Arizona.

DIASTROPHUS SIMILIS, n. Sp.

Galls on Vegeta glechoma. simple or compound ; the simple ones are
round and have a single cluster of larval cells in the centre ; the compound
are extremely irregular in form and size, and have two or more distinct
clusters of cells. The round galls vary in size from % to 34 of an inch
in diameter, and contain from one to six and even more round larval cells.
The cells in dry galls are held in place by coarse fibres that are attached to
the cell and to the extremely thin and almost paper-like outside covering
of the gall. From galls that lie on the ground through the winter the out-
side quite often entirely disappears, and the bleached fibres surrounding
the larval cells look like little burrs. The galls grow on the leaves, petioles
and occasionally on the stems of the plant. ‘The plant is not common in
this place, but wherever I have seen it the galls are also found. Very fine
specimens have been sent to me from Long Island. ‘This species does not
seem to differ very much from D. glechome found in Europe, and may be
identical. ‘The plant is supposed to have been introduced from Europe,
and with it the insect may have come, but such descriptions as I have
found of D. glechome are not sufficiently full to enable me to decide as to
their identity, and I have some very good reasons to believe them distinct.

Gall-fly : Head black, finely rugose on the vertex. Ocelli small, close
together, and almost linear in position. Face rough, broadly carinate.
Mandibles black. Antenne long, slender, thirteen-jointed with faint traces
of a suture in the last joint; 2nd one-half as long as the 1st; 3rd to the
12th inclusive of equal length ; 13th one-third longer than the preceding.
The head hairy on the posterior side. Thorax black and shining, but when
highly magnified it presents a beautifully crackled surface. ‘The two par-
apsidal grooves broad and smooth, narrowly convergent on the scutellum.
Scutellum unevenly and roughly rugose. Fove large and deep, separated
by a low smooth ridge. Legs of a-uniform reddish brown, ungues black.
There is on the middle of the posterior side of the posterior pair a rather
dense tuft of hairs much longer than on the other legs and reminding one
of the tufts found similarly situated on certain species of bees.

Wings hyaline ; veins slender, pale yellowish brown. Areolet wanting,

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and the thick dark spot at the confluence of the veins, which usually marks

the obsolete areolet, also wanting. Cubitus very pale, and reaching only

half way to the first transverse. Radial area open. Abdomen black,

shining ; rst, 2nd and 3rd segments dorsally sub-equal, 1st with a minute

round, dense tuft of hair on the sides beneath the wings. Sheath of the

Ovipositor not exserted, inconspicuous, a few minute hairs at the point.
Length—body .12, wing .15, antennz .1o.

Described from living insects cut from the galls, Oct. 23, 1879. The
flies probably live in the galls over winter.

C. MINUTA, Nn. sp.

As soon as the leaves of Quercus alba begin to expand in the spring, a
few buds are occasionally seen that develop into a cluster of greatly
enlarged petioles without a leaf blade, or at most only a very rudimentary
one. They are three or four times the size of those of a full grown leaf,
and each contains a number of larvae of the small gall insect which T have
named C. minuta. ‘The larve mature very rapidly and the imagos
leave the gall about the time that the leaves are full grown. Occasionally
an embryo leaf seems to have escaped the sting of the mother insect, and
a fully developed leaf appears among the galls, but such instances are not
common. ‘The galls are pubescent and usually of a pinkish color. The
insects are of both sexes, and may be described as follows :

Male: The entire body a clear semi-transparent amber, with a shade
of brown on the thorax and the back of the abdomen. The eyes and
ocelli a dull black, the latter much less prominent than in C. veszcuda,
n. sp. (next described). Antennz 14-jointed, the first three joints pale
amber, the remaining ones by a sudden transition a dusky brown; rst
joint club-shaped, 2nd oval, 3rd long and slender, curved, but only slightly
incised ; remaining ones short and of nearly equal length.

Thorax smooth and shining, but in certain lights the living specimens
show bands of darker brown where the parapsidal grooves appear in other
species. Scutellum small, smooth and shining. Fovee wanting, but the
furrow separating the mesothorax and scutellum broad and deep.

Wings with a slight smoky tinge, veins distinct. Cubitus reaching
quite to the 1st transverse. Areolet of medium size. Radial area long
and narrow, partially closed by the thickened border of the wing as in
C. vesicula, Legs of a uniform pale amber, ungues dusky brown,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97

Abdomen petiolate, small, smooth, shining and tapering to a cone-like
point at each extremity.

Length—body .08, wing .10, antennz .07.

Female: Entire body except the antennz and legs apparently black,
but really a very dark brown. Antenne 13-jointed, and as in the male,
except that they are shorter and the 3rd joint is straight. First segment
of the abdomen (petiole ?) short, remaining ones taken together not longer
than deep.

The color, the much smaller wings (only .08), the shorter antennze and
the very short petiole give to the female an appearance so distinct from
that of the male that it is not easy to believe that they belong to the same
species ; but that they are the same is proved by their being often found
im coitu, and indirectly by the fact that there are several other species in
which the sexes differ in the same way, and to almost as great an extent as
in this case.

Length—body .07, wing .o8, antennz .o5. Not rare in this section.

CYNIPS VESICULA, Nn. sp.

Gall a small, smooth, reddish brown vesicle developed from the centre
of the buds of Quercus alba, surrounded at the base by the bud-scales.
The color is sometimes a pale greenish brown. The walls of the gall are
thin and the larva free, that is, having no larval cell. These galls are par-
tially developed in the preceding autumn, and mature so rapidly in the
spring that the insects emerge about the time the leaves of the oak begin
to expand.

Gall fly—Male: Head small, black, vertex triangular, and nearly cov-
ered by the large and protruding ocelli which form an equilateral triangle.
Eyes very large. Face narrow, almost linear, the breadth considerably less
than half the width of one eye as seen from the front. Antenne long,
filiform, 15-jointed, 1st and 2nd joints short, globular, 3rd deeply incised,
the remaining ones nearly equal in length, except the very short terminal
joint ; 1st joint nearly black at the base, the others yellowish brown, darker
towards the tip of the antenne. Thorax shining black with extremely fine
microscopic reticulations ; no grooves or lines. Scutellum; surface as the
mesothorax. Fove shallow and indistinct. Wings very large, clear smoky
- brown. Veins dark and heavy, the 2nd transverse when the wings are
closed on a line with the extremity of the abdomen. Cubitus heavy and
reaching quite to the 1st transverse. Areolet distinct. Radial area long

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and narrow, and apparently closed by the somewhat thickened border of
the wing. This thickened border of the wing scarcely deserves to be
called a vein. Legs: Coxe and trochanters clear shining black, changing
below to yellowish brown, which is the color of the remaining parts. Color
of the posterior pair a little darker than the others, particularly near the
body. Abdomen shining black, the first segment an extremely slender
pedicel, which is slightly enlarged in the middle.

Length, body .12, wing .16, antennae . 12.

Female: Head broader than in the male. Ocelli and eyes much less
prominent, face twice as broad. Antennae slender, pale brown at the base
changing to dusky brown above. Some shades darker throughout than the
male antennze and only two-thirds as long; 14 joints. Thorax like the
male except that there are two faint parapsidal depressions, hardly grooves.
Wings smaller and shorter. Color and venation the same. Legs paler.
Abdomen large, shining, black, not distinctly pedicilate. This appears
early in April.

Length, body .13, wing .14, antennz .o8.

Cynips PATTON, n. sp.

Galls, clusters of larval cells along the midvein of the leaves of Quer-
cus obtusiloba, on the under side, and standing perpendicular to its surface.
The cells are completely hidden in a short, dense brownish wool. The
largest clusters often extend along the midvein more than half the length
of the leaf. They are found on young trees, and usually on the leaves
near the top of the stronger growing shoots. ‘The insects live over winter
in the galls. My specimens gathered in October were kept in a warm
room and the insects came out in the February following. The galls
resemble in their woolly covering those of C. floccc of Walsh, but the
latter are round and the woolly hairs are longer, and the species is only
found on Quercus alba. - C. Pattont was discovered in 1876 on West
Rock, in New Haven, Conn., by Mr. W. H. Patton, from whom I have
received several interesting species of gall insects, and to whom, in
acknowledgment of my indebtedness, I dedicate this species.

Gall fly: Head reddish brown. Antennae 14-jointed, dusky brown.
The last two joints indistinctly separated by a closely connected suture.
Entire head and face covered with short white hairs. The tips of the
mandibles black. Thorax very dark shining brown, that in certain
‘positions appears quite black ; surface finely and evenly reticulate. Par-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Do

apsidal grooves closely convergent at the scutellum. Short line usually
present over the base of each wing, in this species wanting. A few scat-
tered hairs on the borders of the mesothorax, most abundant at the base
of the wings, Scutellum rugose, hairy. Fovae large and shallow. Legs
a uniform reddish brown except the darker tips of the tarsi: Wings hya-
line, veins fine and slender, dark brown. Areolet medium size, cubitus
very pale and sometimes quite disappearing before reaching the rst trans-
verse ; radial area open, broad and rather abruptly terminated by the
short curve of the radial vein. Abdomen shining blackish brown, lighter
on the venter. A few hairs on the sides of the first segment beneath the
wings. The ventral valve projects a little above the dorsum.

Length, body .o8, wing .11, antennae .07.

Described from twenty-five specimens, all females. In my collection.

CyYNIPS POLITA, Nn. sp.

Galls round, monothalamous, found abundantly in midsummer on
both surfaces of the leaves of Quercus obtusiloba, at or near the summit of
young and thrifty shoots, from one to fifteen or twenty on a single leaf.
They are from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and are
when grown in the shade of a paler green than the leaf, but when exposed
to the sun are red or brown. ‘They are attached so slightly to the mid-
vein and its branches that their removal leaves little if any trace. The
shell is when dry extremely thin and brittle, and the single round larval
cell is kept in a central position by fine radiating and branching fibres
that extend to the outside shell.

These galls resemble, except in their mode of attachment to the leaf,
those of C. sengularis B., but the insects differ considerably. They are
also somewhat like those of C. canis Harris, but are many times
smaller. The insects are fully mature in October, but remain in the galls
over winter.

I received my specimens of this species from Mr. E. Potts, of Phila-
delphia, and from Mr. Thomas Annadown, of Glassboro, N. J., and Mr.
P. H. Uhler informs me that they are very abundant in southern New
Jersey and in some parts of Maryland.

The shining and finely polished thorax and abdomen suggest the
specific name given to the insect.

Gall flies: All females. Head apparently black, but in a strong light
it is seen’ to be a very dark reddish brown ; cheeks a shade lighter than

1V00 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the other parts. Vertex beautifully reticulate. Antennae black, 14-
jointed, rst joint club-shaped, znd short ovate, 3rd as long as the two first
taken together, 4th one-fourth shorter than the 3rd, remaining joints
except the last short, sub-equal, last a little longer than the 13th. Thorax
black, smooth and shining. | Parapsidal grooves two, deep and narrow ;
between: them are two parallel depressions that reach from the collare
two-thirds the distance to the scutellum, but so very slight are they that
they can only be seen by means of the difference in the angles of reflec-
_tion when they are placed in a strong light. There are a few scattered
hairs on the thorax and the polished and mirror-like pleurae are bordered
with short scattered white hairs. Scutellum finely wrinkled, rounded
posteriorly and projecting over the metathorax. Fovae small, widely
separated, shining, Legs a very dark reddish brown, a little lighter at the
joints. Wings hyaline, veins moderately heavy. Cubitus pale and
slender. Areolet small. Radial area open, short and broad by the cur-
vature of the radial vein. Abdomen black and polished. Pedicel, which
in most species is a short thin plate, is in this more than half as long as
broad. First segment with a very few scattered hairs on the sides beneath
the wings. Sheath of the ovipositor slightly projecting, and at the end it
has a few long yellowish hairs,

Length, body .11, wing .14, antennz .08.

Described from dry specimens in my collection.

CYNIPS RUGOSA, N. sp. ;

Round, hard galls, sessile, on the branches of Quercus prinoides. Size
from 1% to 34 of an inch in diameter. They are attached to the branch
by a small point. The surface when green is smooth and often quite red
on the side exposed to the sun. When fully ripe they have a shrunken
and shrivelled surface and the color varies from an ashen hue to a dull
brown. The free larval cell is surrounded by a yellowish brown cellular
mass, too dense to be called spongy, which fills the entire gall. This
species has been known to me for many years, but until lately I have con-
sidered it a variety of C. globulus Harris, but a careful study convinces
me that it is a distinct species. C. globulus is only on the white oak
and rarely more than one or two galls in a place, and has even when dry
a smooth surface, while C. rugosa is often found in clusters of four or
five and even more, so closely compressed that the galls are of an angular
or cuneate form, The flies are all females and! they mature and leave the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 101

galls late in the fall, at least I have never been able to find them in the
galls in winter,

Gall-fly: Head small, vertex wrinkled. Ocelli minute and very close
together. Face with short hairs which are longest about the mouth.
Antenne dark brown, 14-jointed, rst joint large, club-shaped ; 2nd
broader than long, 3rd longer than the first two taken together, 4th as
long as the first two, the four next following gradually shorter, 9th and
remaining ones short and of equal length. ‘Thorax covered with short
appressed yellowish white hairs, which nearly hide the punctate surface.
Parapsidal grooves : two parallel lines that extend rather more than half
way from the collare to the scutellum, and two, also parallel, that extend
half way from the scutellum to the collare, and a short line over the base
of each wing, all nearly parallel and equidistant. Legs dark reddish
brown. Wings large, hyaline ; veins blackish brown, quite distinct, the
subcostal and 2nd transverse darkest. Areolet present, not large. Cubi-
tus reaches only half way from the areolet to the 1st transverse. Veins
enclosing the open radial area stop abruptly before reaching the margin
of the wing. Abdomen black, shining ; ist segment (in dry specimens)
equals in length all the rest, and is covered with short white hairs on the
sides beneath the wings. Sheath of the ovipositor a dark yellowish brown.

Length, body .16, wing .18, antennz .10.

Described from numerous specimens in my collection.

CYNIPS CICATRICULA, 0. sp.

Polythalamous galls on the midvein of the leaves of Quercus alba,
never more than one ona leaf, and situated sometimes at the base, but
usually from one-fourth to one-half way from the base, rarely above the
middle. They project one-third below and two-thirds above the surface
of the leaf. On the under side of the leaf they are rounded and on the
upper cone-shaped. The gall is solid and somewhat fibrous, and in its
shorter diameter measures about one-half inch and in the longer from five
to seven-eights of an inch. The larval cells radiate in all directions from
the centre of the gall and are quite numerous. There is at or near the
summit of the cone’a small scar or indentation which is always present
and so characteristic as to suggest the name I| have given to the species.

CYNIPS CAPSULA, N. sp.
Galls: Monothalamous, on slender pedicels on the margins of the

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

leaves of Quercus bicolor, rarely more than one ona leaf. The pedicels
are from one-half to three-fourths of an inch long. The galls are three-
eighths long and one-eighth of an inch in diameter, oval and resemble
very closely the capsules of certain mosses. Surface rough, and with the .
pedicel finely pilose, cr rather, pubescent. The pedicel is usually, but
not invariably, the extension of a lateral leaf vein. The whole is of the
color of the under side of the leaves of this species of oak. Most of the
leaves which bear galls are fully developed, but a part are more or less
imperfect and occasionally a gall is found on what is but the merest rudi-
ment of a leaf.

The galls appear with the leaves and the insects come out early in
June. This little gall is a true larval cell and its thin walls offer slight
obstacle to the attacks of parasites.

The gall flies are of both sexes and are described as follows :

Female: Color a deep shining black, with the exception of the
antennz, legs and sheath of the ovipositor. Head and thorax microsco-
pically punctate and sparsely dotted with extremely fine, short hairs.
Parapsidal grooves : One pair converging as they approach the scutellum,
and a slight groove over the base of the wings. The short parallel pair
seen in many species near the dorsal line is in this species represented by
a very slight depression on each side of the rather prominent dorsal ridge,
but these last are so obscure as to easily escape notice. The scutellum
wrinkled rather than punctate. Fovee wanting. Antenne short, 13-
jointed, 1st and 2nd globose, 13th as long as the 11th and rath together
and with a connate suture. Color amber, inclining to brown. Legs:
Coxee, trochanter black or blackish brown, femur and tibia dark, clear
shining brown, paler at the joints. Tarsi pale cinnamon brown. Ungues
black. Wings hyaline, veins pale brown, fading in the smaller ones to
hyaline. Areolet small, indistinct. Radial area short, broad, open.

Abdomen: rst segment equal in length to all the others taken
together. The sheath of the ovipositor dark translucent brown, not
turned up at the extremity.

Length, body .1o, wing .11, antenne .o6.

Male: The smaller size, darker and longer antenne, darker legs, and
the much smaller and laterally compressed abdomen distinguish the male
from the female.

Length, body .07, wing .11, antenne .o8.

Described from dry specimens in my collection.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103

CyNIPS AFFINIS, n. sp.

Monothalamous, round, thin-walled galls in the buds of Quercus
prinoides, usually partly hidden in the scales of the bud, but in some
instances standing out round and free like a little blister on the twig, in
size only large enough to hold the larva within, and in color dark brown
with grayish spots, or wholly brown. These galls are half-grown in the
autumn and develop so rapidly in the spring that the imsects come out
just as the leaves begin to expand.

I should have been disposed to consider this species a variety of C.
vesicula, which, both in gall and in insect, it closely resembles, had not
late discoveries Shown that dimorphic species often in one generation
closely resemble each other and in the next develop characters that fully
establish their non-identity.

The gall insects are of both sexes and may be described as follows :

Female: Black. Head finely rugose. Ocelli prominent. Antenne
14 joints on a protuberant base ; rst joint short, truncated ; 2nd short,
ovoid ; 3rd one-fourth longer than 1st and 2nd taken together, 4th equal
to the first two, 5th to roth gradually shorter, the remaining four sub-
equal, the last small and pointed. Color clear yellowish brown in the
basal half, changing to dusky brown toward the tip.

Mesothorax very finely and evenly punctate; parapsidal grooves
wanting. Scutellum small, punctate, separated from the mesothorax by a
rather broad shining groove. Legs clear, shining, almost translucent
brown, with a darker shade in the trochanter and upper half of the femur.

Wings smoky. Veins smoky brown. Subcostal and the two transverse
much darker than the others. The areolet of medium size, and instead
of the usual equilateral, in this species it is an isosceles triangle with the
narrow base on the 2nd transverse vein. Cubitus slender but reaching
quite to the 1st transverse. Radial area open, but the subcostal extends
above the base a short distance, and the anterior border of the wing is
somewhat thickened, which gives, in certain lights, the appearance of a
closed radial area. Abdomen briefly petiolate, black and shining, so
shrunken in the specimens before me as to render further description
impossible.

Length, body .og, wings .11, antennz .08,

Male: Antennz 15-jointed, slender, long, 3rd joint deeply incised.
Color of antennz as that of female. Wings much larger. Legs paler

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and the dark brown of femur wholly wanting. Abdomen with a long
slender petiole, very small and black and shining throughout.
Length, body .11, wing .13, antenne .1t.

C. GEMULA, Nn. sp.

This species is a recent discovery of mine, having escaped detection
on account of its early appearance and minute size. The gall is found in
the centre of both the flowering and leat buds of Q. prinoides. It is
fully developed when the sterile flowers of this species of oak are in bloom.
Only one gall is found in a single bud. It is exactly like an ordinary acorn
in shape, having a truncate base and a cone-like extremity with a sharp
point at the apex. It is a dull blackish color, and only .10 of an inch in
length and .o5 in diameter. It contains but one larva. When the gall
happens to be ina leaf bud it is often found at the summit of a young
branch one or two inches long, so rapid is the growth of the tree at this
season. In the flower buds it is often nearly hidden in the surrounding
bud scales. ‘The insects appear in both sexes about the middle of May,
and may be described as follows :

Female : Head black, finely rugose. Ocelli medium size, the anterior
one forming the vertex of a more than ordinarily obtuse triangle. Anten-
nz 14 joints; rst short, truncate; 2nd ovate and standing in the cup-
shaped summit of the first like an egg in an egg cup; 3rd short, though a
little longer than the first two taken together; 4th a very little shorter than
the 3rd. Remaining ones sub-equal and of moderate length. In color
the rst and 2nd are a clear brownish-yellow, the rest a dull brown, growing
darker in the terminal joints. ‘Thorax bright shining black. — Parapsidal
grooves well defined ; no other lines or grooves. Scutellum finely rugose.
Fove wanting, but there is a smooth narrow groove between the meso-
thorax and the scutellum. Legs a clear, uniform amber, ungues black.
Wings decidedly fuscous. Veins dark and well defined. Cubitus eavzest
in the lower half. Areolet present, but very minute. Radial area open.
Radial vein heavy its entire length and slightly thickened at the end, which
does not quite reach the margin of the wing. Abdomen sub-pedicellate ;
1st segment very long, shining black, remaining segments in dry specimens
concealed in the first so completely as to make their study very difficult.
Sheath of the ovipositor very small, with a few microscopic hairs on the
dull yellowish brown tip.

Length—body .08, wing .11, antennz .07.

Male: Antennze 15 joints, the 1st and 2nd a little darker than in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105

female, the 3rd slightly curved. Thorax narrow. Wings much larger than
the females. | Abdomen very small and much compressed laterally ; ;
other respects not differing materially from the female.

Length—body .o9, wing .14, antennz .o9.

This species is often found with C. afinis, but both gall and insect
are quite different from that species.

C. PIGRA, n. sp.

The galls of this species answer perfectly to Baron Osten-Sacken’s
description of C. g. twmifica. They are large irregular swellings on the
midrib of the leaves of Q. ¢/nctoria, always on the under side and usually
on the lower half of the leaf. Sometimes two distinct galls are found on
the same leaf. ‘Their presence is only indicated on the upper surface by a
widening of the midrib and a slight depression of the leaf at that point.
They are often an inch in length and in the middle half an inch in
diameter, tapering more or less towards the ends. They are of a dense
cellular tissue, with the woody fibre of the midrib along the axis. The
cellular portion contains a large number of larval cells, which are insepar-
able from the enveloping substance.

Having discovered a young oak nearly all of whose leaves had these galls
upon them early in June last year, I made frequent visits to it to watch the
development of the larvae. Quite sure that they would prove to be Cynips
q. tumifica, 1 expected to find the insects fully matured early in July, but
at that time the larvee could scarcely be seen in the soft, immature vege-
table cells that surrounded them, and it was late in autumn when the per-
fect insects made their appearance. This extremely slow development
suggested the specific name. ‘The gall flies are all females, and_ differ
widely from C. g. tumifica O S.

Description: Head, thorax and abdomen deep black. Ocelli small,
widely separated and inconspicuous in the rather coarsely rugose surface
of the vertex. Antenne 14-jointed ; rst joint short, club-shaped, 2nd
ovate, 3rd not quite as long as the 1st and 2nd taken together; 4th, 5th
and 6th each a little shorter than the one immediately preceding it. The
remaining joints sub-equal and scarcely shorter than the 6th. Color at the
base is a clear yellowish brown changing gradually to a light dusky brown
at the end. Thorax finely and evenly punctate. A favorable light reveals
two extremely faint, parallel lines that extend half way from the collare to
the scutellum. ‘They might more properly be called depressions, as they

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

do not interfere with the punctation. ‘There is a very short but broad and
smooth groove that begins at the scutellum on the middle of the meso-
thorax ; it ends suddenly as a groove, but continues as a faint depression
half way to the collare. ‘The parapsidal grooves are fine and narrow, but
distinct. ‘There is a smooth polished line over the base of the wings.
Scutellum rugose, round, small. Fovee large and deep.. Legs rather dark
reddish brown. Wings large, hyaline, veins slender but sharply defined ;
areolet small, radial area open, cubitus extremely slender in the lower half
and colorless throughout. Abdomen polished and shining, rst segment
long and more than equalling in length the remaining ones taken together.
A few short scattered hairs on the anterior half beneath the wings. Sheath
of the ovipositor very short, color at the tip dark yellowish brown, a few
very short microscopic hairs at that point.
Length—body .11, wing .14, antennz .o8.

C. IGNOTA, n. sp.

Galls: Small oval cells, found singly or in small clusters of from two
to eight together on the under side of the leaves of Q. dzcolor. ‘They are
sessile on the midrib and principal veins, and usually lie in a position
nearly horizontal to the surface of the leaf. ‘They are at first covered with
short woolly hairs, but when ripe become more or less denuded. The
naked surface when examined with a microscope shows numerous minute
papille, and between these a fine and regular reticulation. They are .10
of an inch in length and -o5 in diameter, and might easily be mistaken for
- the cocoons of some species of AZzcrogaster.

About fifteen years ago I found a few of these galls on the fallen
leaves of a large oak and also on a small tree a few rods distant. The
next year the greater part of the leaves on the large tree were covered
with galls, a hundred or more being sometimes found on a single leaf. I
gathered a large quantity after the leaves fell, and the flies came out the
next spring. I have examined this tree every year since and have never
found any of these galls, nor have I ever seen them on other trees.

There are some specimens of this species in the Museum at Cam-
bridge, which Dr. Hagen informs me were found on oaks in the University
grounds. I examined some oaks of the same species in the borders of the
Botanical Garden at Cambridge last fall, and found several species of galls,
but none of these. Can it be that the species has disappeared entirely ?

The flies are all females.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 107

Description : Head black, finely rugose. Ocelli small. Antenne 13-
jointed ; rst and 2nd joints short, dusky yellowish brown, remaining ones
changing gradually from dull dusky brown to dark opaque brown. Thorax
microscopically crackled or striate, the strize apparently transverse, though
not so over the whole surface. | Parapsidal grooves present, but not as
strongly impressed as in most species; no other lines. Scutellum finely
rugose. Foye wanting. Legs clear yellowish brown, posterior pair much
darker, especially the femur. Wings slightly dusky, veins pale slender.
Areolet medium size, and bounded by almost transparent veins. Radial
area open; cubital vein very slender. Abdomen black; 1st segment
black and shining, in length equal to all the others taken together. Sheath
of the ovipositor short, dusky yellowish brown at the tip.

Length—body .07, wing .10, antennz .06.

C. PAPULA, n. sp.

Clusters of small papillose or cone-like galls on the upper side of the
leaves of Q. rubra and Q. tinctoria, projecting unequally and usually so
crowded as to form a confluent mass of, pustule-like elevations. They are
very hard, though only transformed portions of the blade of the leaf. On
the under side of the leaf they appear simply as a scar, projecting little if
at all. They bear a slight resemblance to the galls of C. futiis, but
this species is rarely confluent and never beyond two or three galls, while
C. papula is quite often found in clusters of forty or fifty, or even a hun-
dred. C. papula is monothalamous, while C. utilis has, usually,
from three to five larvee in each gall.

I discovered this species many years ago on a red oak tree near my
residence, but the galls were only seen on a single leaf. Soon after I
found a leaf or two having these galls upon them—on the same species of
oak, twenty miles south of this place (at Derby, Conn.) ; and still later
found them in considerable numbers on the leaves of Q. tinctorta, at Chi-
copee, Mass. In this last locality I have observed them for several years,
but always confined to a few trees in a very limited area.

This species ough? to be found in both sexes, but among the few speci-
mens in my collection I cannot discover any males.

Description : Head dark reddish brown. A few white hairs on the .
posterior edge of the vertex. Ocelli large. Vertex finely punctate.
Antenne brownish red, darker towards the extremity ; 13-jointed, the last
three joints connately joined, and forming a rather heavy club, such as is

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

seen in many Braconides. Thorax black, lustreless, sparsely covered with
very fine short hairs. Parapsidal grooves faint and indistinct, converging
slightly as they approach the scutellum. A very faint median line, dis-
cernible on the posterior part of the mesothorax, extends one-third the
distance to the collare. Surface of the entire thorax.

Fovee present but indistinct. Legs reddish brown. Abdomen shining
black. Sheath of the ovipositor yellowish. Ovipositor yellowish brown,
and remarkable for its great length. In all my dry specimens it is ex-
serted to a length at least five times that of the entire body, and is coiled
two or three times.

Wings hyaline. Costal and first and second transverse veins fine
clear reddish brown, the others fine and nearly colorless. Cubitus ex-
tremely faint, and quite disappearing before reaching the first transverse.
Areolet small and elongated, and in some specimens wanting. Radial
area open.

Length—-body .o8, wing .07, antennz .o4.

C. NOXIOSA, Nn. sp.

Galls : Large, woody, polythalamous, terminal or sub-terminal swell-
ings on the twigs of Q. dzcolor, varying greatly in size and form, but usu-
ally tuber-like and three or four times as long as thick. The larger speci-
mens in my collection are nearly an inch in diameter and four inches
long, and contain a large number of insects. The smallest are almost
imperceptible swellings, and have often but a single insect. These galls
develope in the summer, and the insects, which are all females, live in
the galls over winter, coming out before the leaves appear in the spring.
They resemble, both gall and gall-fly, C. datata B., and I for a long
time, considered them a variety of that species. Some new facts in the
history of C. datata B. having been learned, I shall re-describe it in
these articles, when the differences between the two species will be stated.
C. noxiosa is described as follows :

Head black, finely and regularly punctate. Antenne 13-jointed ; 1st
dark, nearly black; 2nd and 3rd brownish yellow, the remaining ones
gradually changing to dark dusky brown. ‘Thorax smooth, but under a
one-eighth lens showing a beautifully fine crackled surface. Parapsides
entirely wanting. Surface of the scutellum like the meso-thorax, though
the markings are a trifle coarser. Fove wanting. Legs dark shining
brown, with clear yellowish brown joints. ‘Tarsi dark yellowish brown,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

Wings hyaline. Veins almost black, all clear and distinct. Areolet
small but very sharply defined. Cubitus unusually heavy its entire
length. Radial area open, the veins enclosing it strong and dark quite to
the edge of the wings. Abdomen smooth, shining black, much shrunken
and distorted in the dry specimens, and the long ovipositor much ex-
serted.

Length—body .08, wing .og, antennz .o6.

These galls are invariably preceded by a vernal crop, which affects the
leaves only, and which may be described as follows: Gall, an enormous
development of the mid-vein of the leaf, often to the extent of an inch in
diameter and an inch and a half in length. Green, smooth, but irregular
in shape, and succulent and a little harder than a green grape. The
blade of the leaf dwarfed and curled, and after the galls mature drying up.
In some years these galls are so abundant on certain trees as to affect
nearly all‘ the vernal leaves, but a later crop hides the blighted appear-
ance they produce. They are filled with larval cells, from which are pro-
duced vast numbers of male and female gall flies, about the twentieth of
June. Long observation has satisfied me that this is the bisexual genera-
tion of C. noxtosa. The females of this brood agree exactly with the
above species, except in size and in the length of the antenne, they being
a little smaller.

Length—body .o07, wing .08, antennz .o4.

The males, which are nearly or quite as abundant as the females, differ
from them as follows: Color throughout somewhat paler. Body longer.
Antenne 14-jointed, 3rd joint curved but not incised. Legs clear yellow-
ish brown. Abdomen small, petiolate, petiole slender.

Length—body .o9, wing .o8, antennz .o5.

Large numbers of both generations in my collection.

CYNIPS CORRUGIS, n. sp.

This species is founded on a single specimen which I took from the
claws of a small spider that had evidently just killed it. The spider was.
in a cluster of the sterile flowers of Quercus prinoides. The capture was
made on the 11th of May. ‘This species is remarkable for the almost
diaphanous wing veins, the pedicellate abdomen, and the coarsely corru-
gated sculpturing of the thorax. It is a female, and may have been in
the act of ovipositing in the young acorns or the buds of this oak when
killed by the spider. The description is as follows :

110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Head clear dark reddish brown, finely and evenly rugose. Ocelli
dark brown, not d/ack, as is usually the case among the Cynipide.
Antenne 14-jointed, clear translucent brown, except the four or five ter-
minal joints, which are darker and more opaque. Mandibles black and
shining, and contrasting beautifully with the clear light brown of the face.
Thorax clear, translucent brown, somewhat darker than the head, coarsely
rugose and corrugated ; even the parapsidal grooves have a wrinkled sur-
face, and are in certain lights scarcely distinguishable from the general
surface. Scutellum like the meso-thorax, but small and ending abruptly
posteriorly and perpendicularly to the axis of the body. Fove wanting.
Wings and wing veins, except the subcostal and 2nd transverse, perfectly
hyaline ; these last have a very faint brownish tinge. Areolet wanting.
Radial area open. Legs clear dark, somewhat paler at the joints. Tarsi
pale brown ; ungues nearly black. Abdomen petiolate ; 1st segment
clear brown at the base, changing to shining black posteriorly ; in length
equal to one-half the entire abdomen ; remaining segments of an opaque
brownish black, and with a fine microscopic punctation. Venter and the
sheath of the ovipositor clear shining brown, the sheath without hairs and
only moderately exserted.

Length—body .11, wing .12, antennz .o6.

C. CINEROSA, N. sp.

Globular, monothalamous galls, from three-fourths to one inch in
diameter, the surface in recent specimens covered with a mealy grayish
powder, which disappears when the galls have been long exposed to the
weather ; internally of a dense cellular structure, much lke the galls of
C. g. globulus ; the rather large, centrally placed larval cell nearly or quite
free. These galls, and the gall flies produced from them, were collected
in Texas, and were sent to me by Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London, Ontario,
who received them from Prof. J. M. Maisch, of Philadelphia. I have been
unable to learn from what species of oak they came.

The flies, which are all females (20 specimens), may be described as
follows: Head small, covered throughout with short appressed hairs.
Tips of the mandibles shining black. Color of the head, thorax and legs,
a dull yellowish brown., Antennze 14-jointed ; short, hairy, dusky brown,
except that the first joint on the inner side, and the second and third at
the tips, are a paler brown and shining.

Thorax; two parallel lines extend from the collare half way to the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. tht

scutellum. The space between these is darker than outside. There is a
short median line starting on the posterior edge afd soon disappearing,
and two rapidly diverging lines from the same border, which extend half
way to the collare. Outside of these are two parallel lines of the same
length. All these are some shades darker than the general surface.

Scutellum small, and hairy like the meso-thorax. Fove wanting.
Abdomen clear shining reddish brown, except the posterior edges of the
segments, which are nearly black ; 1st segment, except a small spot on
the dorsum, covered with fine short hairs ; sheath of the ovipositor very
large and with strong white hairs ; ovipositor shining black, and slightly
exserted in dry specimens. Ungwes black. Wings sub-hyaline, veins
dark brown; second transverse heavy. Areolet distinct but small.
Cubitus slender, and disappearing before reaching the 1st transverse.
Radial vein heavy, and ending in an enlarged point within the border of
the wing ; radial area open. Length of a specimen of average size, .18.

This species is probably the agamous generation of what will yet be
found in another generatien and in another form of gall, two-gendered.
The galls and insects sent me vary so much in size that I strongly sus-
pect they may represent two very closely related species, but the slight
differences between the large and small flies hardly warrant me in sepa-
rating them till I can learn more of their habits. |My description refers
to the /arges¢t specimens,

C. FLOCCOSA, n. sp.

The late, terminal leaves of the thrifty shoots of young oaks of the
species Q. %icolor are often thickly dotted on the under side with
small hairy, or rather woolly, galls, sometimes as many as two hundred
being found on a single leaf. The leaves are sometimes quite small, and
in such instances the galls become nearly or quite confluent. They
measure, including their woolly covering, about .15 of an inch across, but
divested of this, only .o5 or .06, and each contains but a single larva.
The larva is free, having no larval cell. The galls are hemispherical, and
attached by their flat side to the leaf, and they show on the upper surface
only as small, smooth, flat, shining blisters. They are so much infested
by inquilines and other parasites that all attempts to rear true gall flies
from them proved fruitless for many years. I, at length, succeeded in
rearing in the spring a considerable number of true gall flies from galls
collected the October preceding in Northern Ohio.. Only females have

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

yet been reared, and these minute creatures will be found, no doubt, like
other and larger ones that live over winter in the galls, to be only of one
sex. The description is as follows:

Head, thorax and abdomen shining black and smooth. Ocelli large,
but not conspicuous. Antenne 13-jointed ; 1st and 2nd joints compara-
tively stout, the 3rd a little longer than the two preceding ones taken
together, very slender ; the remaining ones also slender, but slightly in-
creasing in thickness towards the last; color, a pale, dusky yellowish
brown. Thorax without lines or grooves of any kind, anteriorly high and
rounded. Scutellum very small. Fove obsolete. Legs dark brown,
except the joints and the tarsi, which are almost colorless. The wings
rather large. Areolet large. Radial area long, narrow and open. The
cubitus is very slender, and disappears at some distance from the 1st
transverse. ‘The vein bounding the areolet on the posterior side is so
nearly colorless at that point that the areolet itself might easily be pro-
nounced wanting.

Abdomen smooth and shining ; the terminal segments, in dry speci-
mens, are almost entirely retracted into the rather large rst segment ; the
abdomen is sub-petiolate.

Length—body between .04 and .05, wing .06, antennz .o3.

S- ACOKIE aL ‘Sp.

Galls: Hard, smooth, woody knots or swellings on the twigs of
Quercus, sp. They are covered with bark not unlike the rest of the twig.
The two specimens in my collection are not more than three-fourths of an
inch in diameter, but whether of average size or not I am unable to say
They might easily be taken for small specimens of C. Suttonzi, B, from
California, or for C. batatoides, Ashmead, an unpublished species from
the live oaks of Florida, but the insects differ specifically from both these.

My specimens were received from Prof. E. T. Cox, who collected
them near Tucson, Arizona, probably from one of the dwarf live oaks of
that region. I have reared from them only female gall flies, which are
described as follows :

Head deep yellowish brown; vertex very slightly punctate. Ocelli
small, black. Antenne near together, 14-jointed ; 1st joint short club-
shaped, 2nd short ovate ; these two, in a favorable light, are an almost
golden yellow ; 3rd one-third longer, and the 4th a little shorter than the
1st and 2nd taken together ; the 5th, 6th and 7th short, and the remain-

om Frat Ala Ses > ame -

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113

ing ones very short, and all of them of a dull opaque brown ; at the base
of the antennze, on the lower side, is a nearly black spot, its edges fading
into the prevailing color. The face is hairy ; the mentum smooth, but
with a fringe of long stiff hairs on the lower edge. ‘The mandibles are
dark, nearly black. The color of the thorax differs considerably in dif-
ferent individuals ; in sore it is quite black, but in most is more or less
clouded with spots of clear shining yellowish brown. The pleurae are
black in all my specimens. The parapsidal grooves are large and deep.
They start quite near together on the scutellum, and diverge gradually
till within a short distance of the collare, when they diverge so suddenly
as to form a rather short curve in that part of their course. Scutellum
small, finely rugose and hairy, separated from the mesothorax by a broad,
smooth band, that can hardly be called a furrow or fovae. Legs clear
yellowish brown. Ungues very dark, but not black. Wings hyaline,
‘quite large. Veins rather slender, pale reddish brown. Areolet small.
Radial area open, and, by the curvature of the radial vein, broadest in the
middle, Abdomen shining black ; 1st segment rather large, and with a
few short hairs scattered over its anterior half, mostly confined to the
sides beneath the wings, remaining segments short and withdrawn (in dry
specimens) within the first ; sheath of the ovipositor straight, with mod-
erately long hairs towards the point.

Length—Body .11, antennae .06, wings .14.
Described from dry specimens.

[Norg.—When my description of the gall of C. cicatricula was already
in type, I found my specimens of the gall flies were quite unfit for descrip-
tion, and the species will be described in a future paper. In answer to
some of my friends, who have expressed some surprise that I still retain
for all the oak gall insects the old generic name Cymzps, I will say that I
intend to publish a complete list of our described species, with their true
generic names, in the course of the summer. In this I shall follow Dr.
Mayr’s classification, adding to his list of American galls such new species
as I have not already submitted to him. In my illustrated monograph, on
which I am at work, I shall give brief descriptions of all the American
species known to me. |]

114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ANTIGASTER VS. EUPELMUS.
DEAR SIR,—

I have read with interest Mr. Howard’s remarks on p. 31, #% In the
article in the American Entomologist which he refers to, I stated distinctly
that he gives reasons for considering Aztigaster and Lupelmus synonym-
ous, and, as I consider the reasons good, I have no criticism to make
thereon. My remarks were intended to show rather that his reflection on
Walsh that there were ‘‘no grounds for the founding of the genus Azzz-
gaster” was hardly justified. I endeavored to show that with the light
then at his command Walsh had reasons for erecting the genus. The
characters of Eupelmus as set forth by Mr. Howard are mostly brought
together from works subsequent to Walsh’s characterization of Aztigaster.
The close relationship of -this last with &upe/mus was recognized by me
as previously stated by Mr. Howard, and whether, in the light of subse-
quent writings, the two should be combined generically is a question
depending on the limitation or comprehensiveness we deem best to give
to generic divisions, on which subject I have no reason for differing from
my friend who, from special study of the family, is most competent to
decide. C. V. Ritry, Washington, D. C.

HOW WE CAPTURED A HORNET’S NEST.
DEAR SIR,—

One fine day last October, while enjoying a ramble in the woods near
Belleville, with two of my sons, one of them took hold of a knot which
projected from a small half-decayed log, intending to turn it over to search
for beetles beneath it. The piece, however, came away in his hand and
disclosed the entrance of a nest of black hornets. Of course we retreated
“at the double” before the disturbed insects recovered from their first
surprise, leaving them to settle down at their leisure. A few days after,
taking advantage of a cool morning, I sent my two boys to the wood with
a small bottle of chloroform and a hard rubber syringe. According to
directions, they injected about a drachm of the liquid into the hole, and
threw a handkerchief over the entrance. In about five minutes they
opened up the nest, when they found the inmates in a perfect state of
slumber, and transferred them without trouble to their cyanide bottles.
In about an hour they returned, bringing me forty-eight specimens of the
insect 0) Bete

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115

THE COLORADO BEETLE.
DEAR SIR,—

The following extract from an English newspaper, the Bristol Mercury,
will show how carefully the Colorado Beetle is looked after in England
and how great a risk he runs if he sets foot within the United Kingdom.
He is far more sternly outlawed than was Robin Hood or Smith O’Brien,
and if only a suspicion of his presence is felt, all, from the Privy Council
downwards, are up in arms to crush him with all the terror of the law.
Let us hope they will succeed in making the country too hot for even the
ten-lined Spearman.

“Mr. Borlase put a question as to the discovery of a Colorado Beetle
in South Devon.

“Mr. Mundella answered, saying the Colorado Beetle was in his
department (a laugh). He then gave the facts of the discovery of a live
Colorado Beetle in the possession of a man at Yealmpton, who refused
to give it up. Upon instructions from the department he was prosecuted
under the Destructive Insects Act of 1877, and fined the mitigated penalty
of £5, he pleading ignorance of the law and agreeing to the destruction
of the beetle.” EB Wie

DeEaR SIR,—

I always look for the coming of the Can. Env. with pleasure. Having
seen several articles in the ENromo.ocist relative to the abundance or
scarcity of insects, aS compared with past seasons, I would inform you
that in 1879 I did not see a single specimen of Zerias nicippe, while this
year they were abundant, in fact more numerous than Colzas philodice.

Columbus, O., Dec. 2, 1880. W. N. TALLanrt.

DEAR SIR,—

On the 6th Oct., 1880, I took six cvesphontes larve feeding on prickly
ash. Some of them fed for several days afterwards, and in due time they
all transformed to chrysalids. Now they have all emerged as butterflies ;
the first appeared on the 22nd of March, the last on the 17th of April,
1881. They measure from 334 to 4% inches in expanse of wing, perfect
in form and rich in coloring. J. Atston Morrat.

Hamilton, April, 1881.

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DEAR SIR,—

In your last issue Dr. LeConte pronounces my record of the capture
here of Alaus gorgops to be “probably erroneous,” because he has not
known any instance of that insect having been taken north of Texas and
Western Louisiana, and that therefore my specimen must be A/laus
oculatus.

Alaus oculatus is of such common occurrence here that I have long
ceased to collect specimens, unless remarkable for beauty or for abnormal
size, either large or small, and with over twenty years’ acquaintance I
ought to be tolerably familiar with its appearance and proportions. The
specimen in dispute was found resting on a stump in Bleecker’s Woods,
about half a mile from our city limits, and was taken by me as an unusually
fine and large example of Alaus oculatus, and placed as such among my
seasonal captures ; but on placing it in my cabinet I observed so marked
and manifest a difference between it and the other specimens, that. I
thought it might be a distinct species. Finding from Crotch’s List that
there were only three species known, and possessing examples of two of
them, I obtained a specimen of A. gorgops from Mr. E. P. Austin, of
Boston, for the sake of comparison, which came to hand ticketed
‘““Tallas, Texas.” On placing this side by side with mine, I was unable to
distinguish the slightest shade of difference except that mine is rather the
larger and fresher specimen. In order to show the identity of these two
examples, and their common difference from A. ocu/atus, 1 append their
respective measurements as taken at the time, and carefully repeated and
verified, as also the dimensions of my largest specimen of A. ocudatus:

Mr. Austin’s sp’n. My own. A. oculatus.
Total length, 41 mm. (about 1% in.) 42 mm. 42% mm.
Length of thorax, 12 mm. (sharp.) 12 mm. (full.) 12%“
Breadth of thorax, 11% mm. 12 mm. II cs
Breadth of elytra, 11% mm. (full.) 12% “ my “

The ocular spots on the thorax are much larger and more circular in
shape than those of A. ocwdatus, and the white marginal lines are much
broader and more distinctly marked, in all which characters Mr. Austin’s
specimen and mine thoroughly agree. Iam thus led to the conclusion
that either my specimen is A/aus gorgops, or that Mr. Austin’s zs m7.

T have in my collection examples of A. ocudatus varying in length from
42% mm, to 25 mm. James T. BELL.

Belleville, April 29th, 1881.

Che Canadian Entomalogist.

VOLS CUT LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1881. No.6

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.

BY THE EDITOR.

‘ THE EVED ELATER—Alaus oculatus.

This is the largest of our Elaters or ‘“ spring beetles,” and is found
with its larva in the decaying wood of old apple and other trees. The
. beetle, fig. 7, is about an inch and a half—sometimes
more—in length, of a black color, sprinkled with
numerous whitish dots. On the thorax there are two
large velvety black eye-like spots, from which has
arisen the common name of the insect. The thorax
is about one-third the length of the body and is pow-
dered with whitish ; the wing cases are ridged with
longitudinal lines, and the under side of the body
and legs thickly powdered with white. It is found in
the perfect state in June and July; is active in the
daytime, flying about with a loud buzzing noise.

Fig. 7. The mature larva, which attains its full growth
early in April, is about two and a half inches long, nearly four-tenths of
an inch across about the middle, tapering slightly towards each extremity.
The head is bread, brownish and rough above, the jaws very strong, curved
and pointed, the terminal segment of the body blackish, roughened with
small pointed tubercles, with a deep semi-circular notch at the end, armed
at the sides with small teeth, the two hindermost of which are long, forked
and curved upwards like hooks. Under this hinder segment is a large
fleshy foot, armed behind with little claws, and around the sides with short
spines ; it has six true legs, a pair under each of the first three segments.
Early in spring the larva casts its skin and becomes a chrysalis, and in
due time emerges a perfect beetle.

This beetle, when placed upon its back on a flat surface, has the
power of springing suddenly into the air, and while moving, turning its

118. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

body, thus recovering its natural position; this unusual movement,
together with its curious prominent eye-like spots, combine to make it a
constant source of wonder and interest. Since it feeds only on decaying
wood, it scarcely deserves to be classed with destructive insects.

THE STAG BEETLE—Lucanus dama.

This is another very common beetle somewhat similar in its habits to
the eyed Elater, but very different in appearance. It is a large and
powerful insect belonging to the family called Lamellicornes, or leaf-horned
beetles, from the leaf-like joints composing their antennz. In the male,
fig. 8, the upper jaws or mandibles are largely
developed, curved like a sickle and furnished
internally beyond the middle with a_ small
tooth ; those of the female are much shorter
and also toothed. The body measures from an
inch to an inch and a quarter in length, exclu-
sive of the jaws, and is of a dull mahogany
brown color. The head of the male is broad
and smooth, that of the female narrow and
roughened with punctures. The insect appears
during the months of July and August, is very
vigorous on the wing, flying with a loud buzzing
sound during the evening, when it frequently es
enters houses to the alarm of nervous occupants. It is perhaps scarcely
necessary to remark that it is not in any way venemous, and it never
attempts to bite without provocation.

The female lays her eggs in the crevices of the bark of trees, especially
near the roots. The larve live in decaying wood and are found in the
trunks and roots of various kinds of trees, particularly those of old apple
trees ; they are also found in old cherry trees, willows and oaks. They
are said to be six years in completing their growth, living all the time on
the wood of the tree, reducing it to a coarse powder resembling sawdust.
The mature larva is a large, thick, nearly cylindrical whitish worm, with a
horny-looking head of a reddish brown color, dark mandibles and reddish

legs. The body is curved when at rest, the hinder segments being brought
towards the head.

When the larva has attained full size it remains in its burrow and
encloses itself in an oval cocoon formed of fragments of wood and bark,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119

cemented together with a glue-like secretion, and within this enclosure it
is transformed to a chrysalis of a yellowish white color. Through the
partially transparent membrane the limbs of the future beetle are dimly
seen, and in due time the beetle bursts its filmy enclosure and emerges to
the light of day.

As this insect affects only old and decaying trees, it seldom does much
harm. ‘The use of alkaline washes, applied to the bark of the trees in
July, would probably deter these beetles, in common with others, from
depositing their eggs on the trees thus coated, and any mischief they
might otherwise do be in this manner prevented.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
PAPILIO PALAMEDES, Drury. (Calchas, Fab.)

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc—Spherical, a little flattened at base; color greenish-yellow.
Duration of this stage four to five days.

Younc Larva—Length .1 inch ; near the end of the stage .28 inch,
and then cylindrical, greatly thickened from 3 to 6; after 6, tapering to
12, then thickening to end, the back and sides after 6 a little incurved ;
2 has a thin square ridge and on each curve of same a thick fleshy pro-
cess, longer than others on body, thickly beset with straight hairs ; there
are two rows of similar processes, sub-dorsal, smallest on the narrow
segments, colored as the segment they stand on, those on £2 and 13 con-
siderably larger than any others except on 2; besides the subdorsal
rows, are two dorsal, running the whole length of body, and one row on
side, another along base ; all these are small, simple tuberculations with
hair on end; color of body brown-yellow marked with white ; a white
band, not very clearly defined, especially on its lower edge, passes along
the side of segments 3 to 8, turning up on 8 to edge of dorsum, the two
extremities there not quite meeting ; 12 and 13 are white; under side
greenish-brown ; feet and legs same; head obovoid, a little depressed at

top, smooth, shining, color yellow-brown, a shade darker than body. To
Ist moult about 4 days.

After 1st Moult—Length .33 inch ; same general shape, at first the

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

dorsum on the thickened segments is smooth and rounded, but after a
few hours becomes flattened a little, and corrugated ; 2 has a thin, high,
square topped ridge, the corners produced, and each bears a short thick
process, pilose ; on 12 are two short subconical processes, on 13 two like
them but larger, and these four form part of the two subdorsal rows, which
are almost suppressed on 6 to 10, but.are distinct on 11 ; the two dorsal
rows of tubercles are minute; color of body yellow-brown, darkest on
posterior half, the anterior segments a little red-tinted ; the white lateral
band as before, but distinct, white ; the dorsum and upper part of the
side of 12 and 13 and a little of 11 pure white, the lower part of side
less pure, the shield sordid white ; over the white band, on 4, is a large
sub-oval black ocellus in a narrow yellow ring ; this ocellus is mostly
occupied by a prominent rounded black process with many short black
hairs on it; head sub-cordate, finely granulated, shining yellow-brown,
with fine hairs. To next moult 2 days.

After 2nd Moult—Length .36 inch ; same shape, and as before, the
dorsal area on thickened segments becomes corrugated and flattened and
depressed some hours after the moult, and the depression is enclosed by
an elevated oval rim ; 3 is a little excavated on dorsum on anterior part ;
2 is a square-topped ridge, but the processes have passed away ; on 12
and 13 the processes as at previous stage, but the rest of the subdorsal
rows have disappeared, and in place of part of them are slight rounded
elevations, like those of the dorsal rows ; so that on 3 there are two dor-
sal and two subdorsal rows of these knobs, but two dorsal only on 4, 5,
6; on g and to are two subdorsal little round lilaceous spots ; color
yellow-brown to dark brown, the anterior parts having most yellow ;. the
sides of the posterior seginents of a black hue; the white side stripes as
before ; 12, 13 white, the shield greenish-brown above but white below,
and the anal claspers white ; the white extends into the sides of 11, but
the brown dorsal area runs back in a sharp point nearly to 12; on 4 the
eye-spot is large, flattened in front and there velvet-black, but behind this
is a prominent black vitreous bead-like elevation, smooth and without
hairs ; instead of a complete and uniform ring there is a thickening of the
yellow above and below the eye-spot, and the ends are narrowed, so that
the appearance is much like that of eye-lids ; head as before, and it and
segment 2 are one color, honey-yellow. To next moult 3 days. But one
larva, after 2nd moult, differed from all the rest, being uniform light yel-
low-brown, the white area on 11 and 12 yellowish.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 121

After 3rd Moult—-Length .8 inch ; same shape and general color, the
anterior segments a little darker, and their surfaces finely and thickly, but
indistinctly, dotted green ; the middle segments lighter colored and dis-
tinctly dotted green ; the side bands salmon color, the last segments a
redder salmon ; 13 white above base at extremity ; along base of body,
with and a little above the spiracles, a white macular band; on dorsum
of 13 two small conical white processes (none on 12); on dorsum of 5
are two abbreviated bars of red-lilac, one on each side, in the subdorsal
row, and on 6 to Io is a small rounded lilac spot on each in same row;
on the side of 8 to 10 one similar spot to each; on 3 to 6 low rounded
knobs as at previous stage; below the basal ridge is a small indistinct
blue-lilac spot on each segment from 6 to 11; the ocellus as at previous
stage, the buff ring now open at anterior side ; head as before, but green-
ish-yellow. :

Towards the last of this stage the brown area has a green tinge, and
the green dots become quite distinct, and the side bands are greenish ;
the circlet of the eye-spot changes to red-buff. Later the top of the
anterior segments became olive green, the dorsum after 5 light green,
edged down the sides-by dark green ; the side band pale green, as are
the last segments; under side pale greenish-brown; the lilac spots
unchanged ; the spots below spiracles blue. To next moult 4 days.

After 4th Moult.—Length 1.1 inch; 9 days after the moult reached
maturity.

Mature Larva—Length 1.6 inch; cylindrical, the segments 3 to 5
much thickened, arched dorsally, then tapering to last ; color dull vel-
vety-green, on 3, 4, 5, and on 12, 13 nearly solid, but a little specked
with lighter green ; the other segments light and dark green in fine
markings ; the basal ridge whitish-green ; under this is a fine black line
from 3 to 12, and on 6 to 11 is a subtriangular blue spot in black edging
on each segment just below the line ; 2 has a narrow yellow ridge in
front, nearly flat on top, the curves rounded ; on anterior side of this and
next it is a black subdorsal dash on either side ; behind the ridge is a
black, rough or shagreened narrow band ; the scent-organs light yellow-
brown ; on the side of 4 is a black ocellus, upon which rises a rounded
vitreous black process, the circlet orange-red, having a black stripe within
its anterior edge, and a blue spot on its upper outer side ; on 5 to 11 are
four rows of small blue-lilac spots, each in fine black ring, two of the rows

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

being subdorsal, two lateral ; on 12 only the two dorsals are present, on
13 neither ; on the dorsum of 5 at posterior edge is a buff spot just out-
side the liiac spot and touching it. Under side deep ochre buff ; feet and
legs greenish-brown ; head subovoid, bilobed, granulated, with a dull
gloss ; color olive-green.

Gradually the larva changes, the specks disappear on the anterior and
also on the last segment, so that the extremities are solid green ; on the
middle segments the specks and marks become less distinct ; the ridge at
base becomes yellow, the whole under side port wine color ; all the lilac
spots change to bluish, the two spots on 5 to brown-buff.

Finally, before suspension the whole surface becomes dull ochrey-
yellow, like P. Zvroz/us at same period, the red of lower side becomes dull
and yellowish, or dull salmon, the lilac spots on back change to pale
black, but the spots below the basal ridge retain their blue color, but are
dull. One day after suspension the larva pupated.

CurysaLis—Length 1.4 inch ; greatest breadth .38 inch ; the ventral
side highly arched, the dorsum much incurved, the former narrow at
summit, particularly on the thoracic segments, rounded, the sides sloping ;
the dorsum rounded, the sides somewhat flattened to the lateral ridge,
which is prominent, carinated, and extends from end to end ; head-case
long, flattened transversely and about equally on the two sides, narrowest
at base and widening gradually to the tips of the ocellar prominences ;
these are long, subpyramidal, divergent, the space between excavated
roundly ; mesonotum low, the sides very little convex, on the top a very
small pyramidal elevation ; surface all finely granulated ; color variable ;
one phase shows the whole dorsal side a delicate green, with a darker
green medio-dorsal stripe from mesonotum to last segment ; below meso-
notum two sub-dorsal low red tubercles, one on either side ; on either side
of the abdominal segments two rows of dull lilac points, forming a cross
row of four to each segment; whole ventral side one shade of green, a
little darker than dorsum and less yellow ; the lateral ridge cream-color,
more or less marked by a red line, which broadens on the process of
head ; on the ventral side below the head two red dots near the middle
line ; a series of white dots along the margins of wing cases ; below the
ridge, on last segments, are traces of blue spots.

Another resembles the above described, except that there is a yellow
shade over the dorsal elevation and the medio-dorsal stripe is red.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123

Others are quite unlike these ; the head case and mesonotum are
yellow-brown, and the rest of the dorsal side is yellow-brown with a pink
tint ; the stripe and the ridge brown’; the dorsal spots blue, and dull blue
spots below the ridge ; whole under side light yellow-brown.

No butterflies from my larvee emerged the same season. But of four
chrysalids found in Florida 11th to 13th Sept., 1880, two gave buttetflies
25th and 27th Sept., and two over-wintered, the butterflies emerging 2nd
and 3rd Feb.

I received 24th August, 1880, from Dr. Wm. Wissfeld, Indian
River, Fla., about a dozen larve of VPalamedes in ist and 2nd
stages. My correspondent wrote: “On 15th I confined 2 @ in bag over
limb of Persea carolina, or Red Bay. One began to lay eggs within a
short time, and in an hour had laid 26. The other was heavy with eggs
but would not lay till to-day, and has laid 7 eggs.” These were sent me
with leaves of the food plant, in a tin box per mail, and I received them
24th, the leaves still fresh, and the larve, which had hatched on the road,
feeding. As this food plant is not found here I tried the larve with
leaves of orange and lemon, to no purpose. But sassafras they took to
at once. This is the food plant of P. Z7oz/us, a species belonging to
same sub-group as Pa/amedes. 1 had no difficulty in raising the larve to
chrysalis. They are sluggish, like the larve of Z7ocdus, and in general
behave in same way, at all stages resting on a lining of silk which they
had spun on middle of the leaf, whereby the leaf is curled or drawn
together so as to afford a concealment. ‘This they.rarely leave, and then
only when hungry, feeding on the end of the leaf until it becomes too
small for a hiding place, after which they betake themselves to another
leaf. But these larvee do not cut into the side of the leaf and fold down
the cut portion, as Z7oz/uws does. This Dr. Wissfeld states in reply to my’
inquiries, He farther says: “ Pa/amedes roosts on the highest tree it can
find, oak or palmetto. I have seen four to six near sundown fluttering
about the tree, where they finally settled and remained. Sometimes three
or four so roost on one large palmetto leaf.”

DIFFERENCES WITHOUT DISTINCTIONS.
BY C. E. WORTHINGTON, CHICAGO, ILL.

If there is one thing more than another that fills the brain of an
amateur Entomologist with despair, when he first makes the acquaintance

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the long lists of largely incongruous and incomprehensible names that
he is expected to master, it is the utter absence of anything in the system
of nomenclature tending to show the relations of various forms to each
other, or of varieties to the parent or more abundant form. ‘There is
nothing to show at a glance the results of the experience of others and
* to attain any idea of the true relationship of allied forms. The student
must either acquire the knowledge by slow and persevering experiment, or
oftentimes forego the acquisition altogether, because time and the rarity
of books will not permit him to gain it. We cannot start where others
left off, but must follow their paths step by step, only hoping to gain the
point they reached soon enough to be able to penetrate a little further.

Most conspicuously Js this the case as regards the so-called varieties
of variable species. Let a student in England, for instance, take up Mr.
Edwards’ Catalogue of North American Butterflies, and the first species
is listed with three “‘ dimorphic” varieties and one “ sub-variety.” The
theory of their origin is well known, and the facts regarding their appear-
ance at certain seasons, but this cannot be learned from the list, and must
be gained from various contributions on the subject written at many times
and distributed through many books—a comparatively easy task as regards
Papilio ajax, though less easy were the researches of some species in
question conducted by an obscure author and published in some rare
book in a foreign language. .

Under the present system Papilio Watshit, Pieris pallida and Grapta
umbrosa are designated dimorphic varieties, although no two of them bear
the same or similar relations to the species to which they belong.

It is hardly to be expected that we can arrive at an exact and unti-
versally acceptable definition of a species, or that the time will soon come
when extremists for the sake of advertisement or other reasons will not
persist in declaring accepted species as mere varieties or vice versa, OF
that such persons will cease to set dictum above experiment ; but it does
not seem impossible to adopt some system that shall indicate to a certain
extent the relations of many forms, and at the same time elastic enough
to be acceptable to all.

For the purposes of this article, however, I consider it necessary to
submit a brief description of what I hold to constitute a species, in the
hope that it will substantially agree with the conceptions of others in the
main.

We may define a species as an aggregation of individual forms of life

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125

having the same general characteristics, but exhibiting definite, transmit-

table structural differences from all other forms of life—a definition which

does not touch the construction of genera.

From each species are given off from time to time individuals in
greater or less numbers differing from the parent form and from any other
species ; these forms sometimes exhibit transmittable differences, some-
times not transmittable, but in nearly every case are connected by almost
imperceptible gradations or known circumstances of origin with the form
from which they sprung, the extremes of variation being sometimes so
great that in the absence of knowledge of intergrades or attendant cir-
cumstances, they would readily be declared distinct species.

In the case of those species where the departures from the normal
form appear at all seasons and in all broods without restriction to locality
and with satisfactory intergrades, it seems to me that a good end would be
served by ceasing to consider them “ varieties,” but merely terming them
“variations” and designating the extremes of variation by letter, as
Variation A, or by name, if the practice be more agreeable, as in the case
of Catocala scintillans, a name given to an extreme variation of C. émau-
bens, which occurs in all. broods without restriction to locality and with
perfectly satisfactory intergrades, which would thus become Variation
scintillans—a name that would at once express its relation to C. zunubens.

Thus relieved of an embarrassing number of forms whose title to the
dignity of varieties is, to say the least, dubious, we might classify actual
varieties as follows :

Seasonal—Where a certain variation of form appears only or mainly in
certain broods of many brooded species, disappearing in following
broods only to reappear in the succeeding year at its proper
season, as Papilio Walshiz.

Climatic—Where varieties occupy considerable habitats, often to all
appearance distinct species when viewed ‘at the extremes, but hav-
ing common ground where intergrades occur or either form is
produced indiscriminately, as in the varieties of S. a/ofe.

Dimorphic—Where wel) marked varieties do not thoroughly intergrade,
but appear in all broods and are produced indiscriminately regard-
less of sex, as in Grapta comma.

Occasional—When aberrant forms are produced in both sexes rarely and
at irregular intervals, as Papzlio Calverleyts.

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Melanic or Albinic—Male or female,or local, the names of which are
sufficient definition.

This would not preclude the use of the term sub-variety as now used,
but would open the way for the use of the still more expressive term. of
“sub-species,” applicable to varieties highly differentiated, and especially
when the differentiaticn has so far progressed as to begin in the larval state.

Would not the application of some such system to the catalogues be
of much aid in study and designate approximately the relations of many
forms to each other ?

I offer this as a suggestion ; the subject will certainly bear discussion,
and some permanent good may come of it surely. If the result of the
discussion is the adoption of the system herein indicated, after elaboration
and revision, or of some other system that will in some way indicate the
relationship of forms in their names, my end will be attained. That some
reform is necessary | am convinced.

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MAMESTRA, Ocus.

BYaeA. Ro IGROMGE,

The species of this genus have hairy eyes, unarmed tibize and a tufted
thorax. ‘The dorsum of the abdomen is more or less tufted, but in some
species the tuftings are not noticeable. Several species which seem to
me to belong to Graphiphora ( Taeniocampa) have been referred to this
genus ; among these I may mention ovodia of Harvey, modesta, incincta
and ¢hecata of Morrison, and the species described by me as rufula and
puerilis, also take out the cuzta and promulsa of Morrison, which I
believe to be species of Azarta. The species included under Dianthoecia
differ from AZamestra by the extruded ovipositor. But they appear to
arrange themselves naturally among the species of MZamestra,and perhaps
do not really differ in a generic sense. They are here included.

purpurissata Grofe, P. Ent. S. Phil. 3, 82. Can.; Eastern and Middle
. states.

nimbosa Gwen., Noct. 2, 77; Speyer, Ent. Can.; Zeit. 142. Eastern and
Middle States.

discalis Gvote, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 3,797. Colorado,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 12

“I

imbrifera Gwen., Noct. 2, 76. Can.; Eastern and Middle States.
latex Guen., Noct. 2, 78. Can.; Eastern and Middle States.
+ condita Gwuen., Noct. 2, 78, pl. 8, fig. 5. ‘‘ New York.”

N. B.—This species is not known to me. In some collections I have
found Déianth. lustralis determined as “ condita.” But from his figure

and description, which latter I here translate, Gueneé’s species must be
quite different.

“2 35m.m. The smallest of the genus (i. e. Aplecta). Wings
slightly elongate, the primaries nearly entire, rather wide, of a grayish
white. much powdered with blackish, which makes them griseous ; except
the edges of the lines and the two ordinary spots which remain white and
empty. ‘These latter are very regular; the orbicular longitudinally ovate.
The three first lines very distinct, dentate, black ; the t. p. line sending a
sharper tooth in the sinus of the reniform. The subterminal very nebu-
lous, pale, margined anteriorly by a vague shade of pale ferruginous ; the
upper edge of the claviform alone visible. The two median spots separ-
ated by a dark shade surrounded by black. A basal black ray crosses
the halfline. Secondaries dirty yellowish white, with traces of a discal
spot, of a much twisted median line and of a sub-anal blackish spot.
Terminal marks thick, contiguous and better marked. | Beneath with the
spot and line well indicated, blackish, thick, the line continuous on the
primaries. Abdomen short, with small crests. Palpi ascending, slighter
than in the other species (1. e. of Ap/ecta).”

This description and the figure of Gueneé differ throughout from Zus-

tralis. In my List I originally transferred Gueneé’s Aplectas to this
genus.

adjuncta Bosd. Guen. Ind. 243; Noct. 1, 199.
Middle States.

lubens Grote, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., 113, 1875; vufula Morr., P. A. N. S. P.
62311875; /ubens: Morr, By.B.3S. N. Hy ag, 1875.
and Middle States.

Beanii Grote, Can. Ent. 9, 87; N. Am. Ent. 1, 12. Texas; Lllinois.

legitima Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 3, 82. Can.; Middle, Western and
Eastern States.

liquida Grote, Papilio, 1. Washington Territory.
lilacina Harvey, Bull. B.S. N.S. 2, 119. Middle States.
illabefacta Morr., P. B.S. N. H. 141, 1874. Eastern and Middle States.

Can.; Eastern and

Can.; Eastern

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

N. B.—This is in my opinion a more obscurely colored grayish-brown
form of the preceding.
noverca Grofe, Can. Ent., 10, 236. Nebraska; Cal.; Col.

Goodellii Grove, Can. Ent., 7, 223. Eastern and Middle States.

assimilis AZory., Bull. B. S. N. S..2, 119. Eastern and Middle States.

rosea Harvey, Bull. B.S. N.S. 2, 119. Can.; Eastern and Middle States.

congermana MJorr., Can. Ent. 6, 106. Eastern and Middle States.

vindemialis Guen., Noct. 1, 344; Grote Proc. Ac. N.S. 418, 1875; Cer-
amica rubefucta Morr. Can.; Eastern and Middle States.

t w-album Guev., Noct. 1, 345. “ Florida.”

picta Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 329; Ceramica exusta Guen., Noct. 1, 344.
Can.; Eastern and Middle States.

N. B.—I am indebted to Prof. Fernald for a bred specimen of ficfa ;
there is a slight divided thoracic crest and I do not see the necessity for
disturbing the original generic reference of Harris. The following seven
species have the typical markings of the genus.

Farnhamii Gvofe, Bull. B. S. N. S. 1, 138, pl. 3, fig. 2. Colorado.

grandis Lozsd., Gen. 950; Led. Noct. 90; Guen. Noct. 2, 105, pl. 8, fig.
1o. ‘* Greenland:’ Can. to Middle States.

nevade Gvoze, Bull. B. S. N.S, 3, 84. Nevada.

subjuncta G. & #., Tr. Am. Ent. S. 2, 198, pl. 3, fig. 71; Grote B. B.S.
N.S. 2, 12. Can.; Eastern and Middle States.

atlantica Grofe, B. B, S. N.S. 2, 12; Grote Check List 6; var. discolor
Speyer, 5. E. Z. 142.

N. B.—This may be = the European dessimilis.

Dimmockii Grote, Proc. A. N. S. Phil, 420, 1875. Eastern and Middle

States. ;
distincta Hudn. Samml.; G. & R. Tr. Am, Ent. Soc. 2, 197, pl. 3, fig. 72 ;
Grote, B, B. S. N.S. 2, 156 (MJamestra); Dicopis vitis French,

Can. Ent. 11, 76. Middle and Western States to Tex.
mucens //ubn. Zutr. 515-16; Grote Can. Ent. 11, 206, Same localities
as preceding.
confusa “/ubn., Zutr. 495-6; Grote Bull. B.S. N. S. 2, 12. Same locali-
ties as preceding.
trifolui Rott. Nat. 9 & 131; albifusa Walk. B. M. Cat.; chenopodit S. V. ;
Speyer S. E. z. 138. New York to Oregon.
N. b.—The Oregon specimens are more concolorous, without the
prominent W-mark of the s. t. line relieved by darker preceding dashes.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129

Speyer, who calls the N. Am. spec. from N. Y. var. mayor, says that
trifolit is found on the old continents from Spain to Peking.
chartaria Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S. 1, 138, pl. 4, fig. 12. California.
defessa "7 Can. Ent. 12; 63.) 1C€alifornia.
pensilis “ P. A. N.S. P. 199, 1874. Vancouver; Sauzalito, Cal.
vicina “ Bull. B.S. N. S. 2,119; zeligera Morr. New York to Texas.
N. B.—To this form Zenszis is nearly allied; the extension of the ovi-
positor does not seem to be a constant feature. I have a specimen from
California, “‘ Shasta,” which seems to be the same as the Eastern wécina.
Again I have an Illinois specimen which indicates a closely allied but
probably distinct specics from the East.

anguina Grote, n. s.

gf. Allied to vicina, but with the t. p. line drawn in below the reni-
form, narrowing the median space below the vein. No red or brown
tintings. Median space shaded with blackish. The general color is
gray ; the stigmata pale, much as in véc7éna, except the claviform, which is
much larger and wider, while it also extends across to t. p. line. A dis-
tinct black dash at internal angle to s. t. line at its sinus on submedian
fold. Hind wings white with soiled borders. No dark dashes before the
subterminal line which are in both fensi/is and vicina. Expanse 28 mil.
Illinois, Dr. Nason, May 31.
acutipennis Grofe, Can. Ent. 12, 214. Nevada; Arizona.
N. B.—Also closely allied to viccna. ‘The fore wings appear more
elongate and sharper.
capsularis Guen., Noct. 2, 22, pl. 8, fig. 3; Paphia propulsa Walk. 529.
Middle States.
detracta Walk. C. B. M. 732; claviplena Grote, B. B.S. N.S. 1, 194.
Can.; Eastern and Middle States.
cuneata Grote, B. B.S. N. S. 1, 139, pl. 4, fig. 9. California; Wash.

‘Territory.
brachiolum A/arvey, Can. Ent. 8,6. Texas.
marinitincta “ Baul, B.S. Nige2,.273.) Lexas.

laudabilis Guen., Noct. 2, 30, pl. 8, fig. 4. Var. illaudabilis Grote, Can.
Ent. 7, 127. Alabama, Tex. to California.

N. B.—The typical /audabilis has the median space shaded with red-

dish. The var. /audabilis from Cal. and Texas has it filled with black,

and the base of the wing and thorax often shaded with black. Another

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1.

interesting Californian specimen has the fore wings concolorous dusky
greenish, but I do not think is a different species, though this is possible.
Guenee refers the species to Hecatera, but I have classified it as a Mam-
estra ; it is allied to the species with which I here associate it.

4-lineata Grote, Bull. B. S. N.S. 1, 140, pl. 4, fig. 15. California.
olivacea AZorr., Proc. B. S. N. H. 143, 1874. Can. to Vancouver.
alboguttata Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S. 3, 85. Oregon.

comis os Y 3 Vancouver.

sutrina «_ Papilio 1,'5.00 olorado.

lustralis “Can. Ent. 7, 223. Middle and Western States.
meditata «“ Bull. B.S. N.S. 1, 104. Eastern and Middle States.
innexa cs 2,123, exas:

N. B.— Mr. Morrison has referred this species to AZamestra, in correc-
tion of my original determination.

renigera Steph. 2, 16; Grote, Can. Ent. 6, 132 (Mamestra); herbimacula
Guen. Noct. 1, 133. Can.; Eastern and Middle States.
cinnabarina Grote, P. B.S, N. H. 241, 1874. Var. ferrea Grote.

N. B.—This species is allied to the European AZ. strigilis and fasci-
uncula. The var. ferrea occurs in Vancouver Island (Can. Ent. 7, 25)
and Washington Territory (Morrison leg.) The fore wings are different
shades of yellowish ferruginous, while they are more brownish in the
typical form from California.

lorea Guen., Noct. 1, 126. Can.; Eastern and Middle States.
niveiguttata Grote, B. B. S. N.S. 1, 194, pl. 4, fig. 16. California.

leucogramma “ ry 1, 140. California.

palilis Harvey, = 2) 273 Texae

t repentina Morr P. B.S. N. H. 118, 1875. “ New Jersey.”
+ ectypa “4 © ef “ West Virginia.”

insolens Grote, Bull. B.S. N.S. 2, 65. California.
arietis om Bull“O?S. Geek Surv. 5, '267:' “California:

N. B.—This may be the ¢ of dvsolens; it is very different in appear-
ance from the more distinct markings.

? quadrannulata Morr., P. A. N. S. P. 430, 1875. Nebraska.

? rugosa “« _Proegb. S. N.d1. 119, 0e75. Maine:
+ Rogenhoferi AZoeschZ., S. E. Z. 269, 1870. “ Labrador.”
+ subdita se W. E..M. 363, 1860, .T..9, fig. 7.°. “Labrador.”

+ phoca 3 rf 197, 1Td64, Vigydios 15. 4)“ Labrador.”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131

NEW NOCTUIDA:, WITH LIST OF THE; SBECIES, OF
PERIGRAPHA.

BY A. R. GROTE.

Agrotis nanalis, n. s.

2. The smallest species known to me. All the tibiz spinose ; eyes
naked ; body untufted. A slender species: which may be compared with
opaca. ‘he fore wings are blackish with the lines lost. The stigmata are
concolorous, difficult to make out. The orbicular is elongate, the reni-
form vague, upright, broad ; the spots are picked out by a brown shading
which fills the cell and marks the subcostal and median veins. _ S. t. line
a vague blackish even shade. Hind wings concolorous fuscous griseous,
with the veins soiled and a faint discal mark. Beneath griseous, the pri-
maries a little brownish. The costal preapical dots visible beneath and to
be made out on the upper surface. Abdomen like hind wings. Head
brownish ; tegule blackish, disc of thorax paler. Hxfanse 26 mil.
Nevada.

Agrotis esurialis, n. s.

This species has all the tibiz spinose. In color it is like perconflua,
being of a pale ruddy brown over ochrey. The stigmata are concolorous,
and as in Mormaniana, set in a black spot. The orbicular nearly touches
the reniform inferiorly, leaving a blackish brown v-shaped space between
the stigmata. The orbicular is open to costa, oblique, widening above,
preceded by a narrow black shade on the cell. Reniform widening in-
feriorly, constricted, upright. Lines dark; t. a. line single, marked on
costa above the orbicular, sinuate, incomplete. ‘T. p. line indicated by
venular dots, as also the s. t. line, which is followed by a faint narrow pale
shade and is inaugurated on costa by a curved mark. The species seems
to belong to the series of rubifera, perconflua, Hilliana, conchis, Normant-
ana. Hind wings pale fuscous with the fringes and outer edge colored
like primaries. Head a little paler than thorax, with the palpi darker at
the sides. Abdomen at the sides and beneath tinged with rosy brown.
Wings beneath tinged with ruddy, especially on the margins and outside
of the extra-mesial fuscous line. Discal marks indicated. Hxpanse 31
mil. Washington Territory, coll. by H. K. Morrison.

Agrotis colata, n. s.
?. Like Versipellis, but a little larger and without the white lines on

‘

/

132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the veins. Entirely dark purply brown ; thorax and head reddish brown.
Stigmata a little hoary; orbicular large, open; reniform wide ; claviform
indicated. Lines very faint ; an indistinct paler shade following the t. p.
line ; the terminal space also indistinctly paler. Hind wings concolorous,
dark fuscous. Mount Hood; one fresh female specimen. Cannot be
confounded with any other species from the color and its affinity with
versipellis.

Agrotis semiclarata, 1. s.

S ¢. Allied to gravis and Vancouver ensis, smaller than the latter and
without the pale cast of gravis. A thick dark brown basal dash extending
into the claviform, and faintly cut by the t. a. line. Rich brown with the
costal region (especially in the ¢) suffused with darker. Spots concolor-
ous ; cell shaded with black. S. t. line pale, without the small teeth at
the middle and below apices of its allies. Head and collar rich yellow
brown ; tegula shaded with pale, but not so pale as in gravis. Beneath
the costal half of secondaries is fuscous, leaving the lower portion of the
wing including the border pale; a spot and common line. Above the
hind wings are fuscous and rather dark in both sexes. This species may
be known by the hind wings beneath being half pale, including the lower
portion of the border, which is usually darker. he three species, gravis,
vancouverensis and semiclarata, are nearly allied ; their Eastern allies seem
to be volubilis, venerabilis and stigmosa.

Xylomiges perlubens, n. Ss.

g. Allied to rubrica. Fore wings variegated with reddish and gray.
Lines double, brownish, marked on costa by blackish dots. | Orbicular
pale, with brown centre and blackish annulus, upright; reniform with an
inferior stain, a curved reddish inner streak, indistinct outwardly. Veins
blackish. T. p. line followed by white venular points. S. t. line preceded
by a deep reddish shade marked opposite the cell and again below vein 3.
Terminal space blackish with a gray apical patch. External margin den-
tate ; fringes cut with pale. Hind wings and fringes pure white ; a broken
terminal line ; beneath with a dotted extra-mesial line and discal spot.
Primaries beneath with the terminal space whitish; subterminal space
stained with brownish ; a discal mark very near the dotted extra-mesial
line which hardly reaches the margin. Eyes hairy; tibie unarmed ;
antenn brush-like ; abdomen tufted at base. Wings elongate. Thorax
and head reddish brown; collar edged with gray ; abdomen pale reddish

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 133

fuscous. £xfanse 39 mil. Washington Territory, collected by H. K.
Morrison.

Perigrapha Led.

The North American species which I refer to this genus differ from
Graphiphora (Taeniocampa) by the thorax having a sharp ridge of scales.
The stigmata are usually large and confluent. The eyes are hairy ; tibiz
unarmed. The genus Streéchia of Mr. Hy. Edwards is based on a species
of Perigrapha. 1 had made one Californian species the type of the genus
Acerra ; but I believe this now well-known species (ormalis) is not gen-
erically distinct from the European species.

normalis Grote, Bull. B. S. N. S. 2, 162; Check List fig. 4. California.
muricina “ a 3, 85. Oregon.

Behrensiana “ Can. Ent. 7, 71. California.

plusiiformis Hy. Hdw., Pac. Coast Lep. 4, 3. Nevada.

erythrolita Grote, Can. Ent. 11, 208. California.

Bomolocha fecialis, n. s.

@. Similar to dzjugalis; the basal half of the primaries is of an
even rich but comparatively pale brown, not blackish brown as in its ally.
It encloses a discal dot and is limited inferiorly by a white flexed oblique
line which does not attain the margin. The brown portion of the wing is
limited by the white upright and undulate t. p. line, which is not so sharply
produced at median vein as in its ally. Subterminal line very faint and
the usual apical streak quite undecided. Outside of the t. p. line the wing
is paler, but not so white as in its ally. The expanse is the same. New
York. This may be a varieiy of dzugadis, but it looks quite different. It
cannot be a sexual form as I compare it with 2 dzugalzs.

Bomolocha? incusalis, n. s.

9. A slender bodied form with the wings a little narrower than in
our Eastern species ; the palpi a little shorter ; the abdomen smooth. The
entire insect is faded dusty ochrey with the median space of primaries
dark brown and contrasting. It is bounded by the two median lines, the
first even, upright, nearly straight, a little oblique. The outer line curves
inwardly below median vein, forming an arcuation to internal margin ; it
is followed by a faint line, sometimes not noticeable. S. t. line darker
than the wing, irregular, vague. Hind wings with faint traces of lines.
The comparatively narrow dark median space of primaries above shows a

134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

discal mark. Lxfanse 23 mil. Colorado Rio (Prof. Glover); Arizona
(Mr. Hy. Edwards). The shorter labial palpi and the wings narrower at
base may distinguish this species generically. I regret not to know the
male, which would decide the genus. ;

Deilinia glomeraria Grote.

In a letter, with regard to the species of Dez/inia described in the
March number of Pagilio, Mr. G. R. Pilate says: “I have the male of
g/omeraria and it is not different from the female, the antennae are not
pectinated. I find I have no males of septemfuaria. They are both
common insects early in the spring, before the leaves are out, but are
difficult to catch, as they are disturbed by the slightest noise and fly with
the wind, which generally blows pretty hard at that time of the year. I
have seen them go up out of sight.” Dr. Packard, to whom I submitted
these species, stated that he thought he had seen specimens of g/omeraria
from a different locality, but neither species is apparently included in his
work on the family.

ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF CHALCIDID FROM FLORIDA.
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

Group Eurytomides.

EURYIOMA VAGABUNDA, n. sp.—. Length.1o inch. Deep black.
Head and thorax coarsely punctate ; antennz 8-jointed, black and pubes-
cent ; eyes black; thorax black, very coarsely punctate, collare transverse
quadrate, parapsidal grooves indistinct, scutellum hardly separated from
the praescutellum, convex, narrowing but rounded posteriorly ; metathorax
coarsely punctate ; abdomen black, smooth, and highly polished, peduncle
short, a series of very fine punctures along the basal margin of 2nd, 3rd
and 4th segments, only perceptible with a high power, tip pubescent ;
wings hyaline, iridescent ; veins slightly yellowish, no stigmal spot ; legs
reddish yellow, tibize slightly paler, feet pale.

Captured on Spanish Bayonet (Yucca sp.)

DECATOMA FLAVA, n. sp.— f and 2. Length .12 to.15 inch. Head,

thorax, abdomen, antennz and legs a bright greenish yellow; head and
thorax rather coarsely punctured; ocelli brown, eyes light brown with

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135

darker spots; 2nd antennal joint slightly reddish; tips of mandibles
brown, palpi whitish ; wings hyaline, iridescent, ligaments of wings brown,
stigma brown black, a large dark blotch extending from stigma across to
near the hind margin, and in some specimens a slight indication of another
blotch between this and base of the wing ; abdomen smooth and shining,
very slightly infuscated ‘on dorsum; a brown spot at base of posterior
coxee ; Outer surface of posterior femora dark brown excepting at base
and tip, inner surface more of a reddish brown.

Described from 8 specimens, 2 2 and 6 ZY, bred from an oak gall
(Cynips g. ficus Fitch ?)

DECATOMA QUERCI, n. sp.—Z. Length .12 inch. Head green,
slightly yellowish and coarsely punctate, vertex enclosing ocelli brownish
black, mandibles tridentate, tipped with black, gula black ; eyes greenish
brown with darker spots ; antennze 7-jointed, pubescent, greenish yellow,
3rd joint dark ; thorax coarsely punctate and slightly hairy; collare trans-
verse quadrate, but broader than mesonotum, greenish yellow, with a slight
darker transverse band of brown in centre; mesonotum, scutellum and
metathorax dark reddish brown ; parapsidal grooves indistinct ; scutellum
longer than broad and posteriorly rounded; abdomen smooth, shining
black or brownish black, more or less of a reddish brown anteriorly,
peduncle two-thirds as long as abdomen, black ; wings hyaline, veins hya-
line, stigma black, with a brownish black blotch extending from it to more
than half way across the wing ; legs, anterior pair greenish yellow, middle
tibize infuscated, posterior tibiz brownish black, tarsi black.

Raised from a dipterous gall on Quercis Catesbat.

DECATOMA LAN#, n. sp.—@. Length .o8 to .10 inch. Honey yel-
low. Head finely punctate, thorax coarsely punctate; a small black spot
on vertex hardly enclosing ocelli, the latter yellowish ; tip of mandibles
black ; antennz 8-jointed, honey yellow and gradually increasing in size
to tip; collare narrow ; scutellum somewhat oval, narrowed anteriorly and
with the disk brown ; abdomen yellowish red, dorsum infuscated, peduncle
short, posteriorly brown or black; wings hyaline, stigma black and the
blotch smoky and hardly extending half way across the wing ; legs yel-
lowish, posterior tibize only black or brownish black.

@. Difiers very little from above excepting in size, a longer peduncle
and in antennz being but 7-jointed.

Described from numerous specimens raised from a woolly gall ( Cynips
g. Turnerii Ashmead) on Quercus aquatica.

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

—

DECATOM PHELLOS, n. sp.—gZ. Length .10 inch. Head brown
black, finely punctate; eyes greenish brown; antenne 7-jointed, scape
and joints 3 and 4 dark, balance rufous, thorax dark brown, coarsely
punctate ; collare broader than mesonotum, beneath reddish brown, parap-
sidal grooves almost obliterated ; scutellum convex, coarsely punctate ; abdo-
men ‘smooth, black and shining, peduncle brownish, hardly the length of
abdomen ; wings hyaline, veins slightly yellowish ; stigma black, smoky
blotch beneath extending more than two-thirds across the wing ; legs honey
yellow, coxee dark, middle femora and tibiz slightly darker, posterior femora
and tibize brown black.

Raised from gall on Quercus phellos.

DECATOMA FOLIATZ.— 2. Length .10 inch. Head black, coarsely
punctate ; eyes brown ; antenneze g-jointed, brownish, sparsely pubescent ;
scape yellowish, last three joints somewhat connate; thorax coarsely
punctate, collare attenuated and a beautiful orange yellow; some speci-
mens have only the corners so colored ; abdomen brownish black, smooth
and shining ; wings hyaline, veins almost hyaline, slightly yellowish, a large
black circular stigma with tip of stigmal vein protruding, iridescence
strongly defined on hinder wings, the whole outer margin sometimes being
a beautiful violaceous ; legs a beautiful bright orange yellow, with tarsi
and feet slightly paler and posterior coxze black.

f. Length .o8 inch ; 2nd joint antennez larger, scape black, corners
of collare orange yellow, peduncle two-thirds as long as abdomen, cox
black, stigma spot somewhat triangular ; palpi and labrum yellowish white;
otherwise same as @.

Described from numerous specimens raised from leafy live oak gall,
Cynips gq. foliata Ashmead.

DECATOMA BATATOIDES, n. sp.—Length .15 of an inch. ‘This species
in punctation and shape very much resembles D. folate, but may be easily
distinguished by the following differences: In size ; eyes, face and antennz
brown, mouth parts and palpi yellowish, coxee and legs a uniform lemon
yellow, collare and mesothorax lemon yellow, sternum black, sutures of
parapsides yellowish, posterior margin of scutellum yellowish and stigma a
mere dot.

Described from several specimens bred from the live oak potato gall,
Cynips g. batatoides Ashmead.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XTH... LONDON; ONT., JULY, 738%. No. 7

ON THE EARLY STAGES OF HYPENA SCABRA, Fasr.
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL.

Ecc.— Globular, slightly flattened above, more decidedly so below ;
lower half smooth ; upper half deeply grooved, the interspaces rounded
and marked with fine transverse impressed lines ; whitish, the upper half
sometimes dotted with dark brown ; transverse diameter nearly % mm.
[The top of this egg closely resembles that of the unarmed Rustic
(Agrotis saucia) figured in Riley’s 8th Report, page 37, fig. 24. |

Larva.— First Stage: Body green ; a dark colored dorsal line, edged
each side with a whitish line ; a white subdorsal and stigmatal line ;_pili-
ferous spots green, each bearing a short black hair ; venter green ; head
polished green ; body provided with only 14 legs. When jarred from
their perch the larve hang suspended by a silken thread. I observed
only two moults in these larva, and the color and markings after each
moult are the same as in the first stage. Length at maturity about one
inch.

CurysALis.—Of the usual form, dark brown ; length about 14 mm.

On the 15th of May, 1880, I enclosed a moth of this species in one
of my breeding cages in which some red clover was growing ; the next
day it deposited about 50 eggs, placing them singly on the under side of
the leaves, and rarely upon the stems of the clover, sometimes consigning
several eggs to the same leaf. ‘They hatched out on the 23rd of the same
month, and all of the larve reached maturity at about the same time, and
then crept beneath dead leaves, etc., and spun their cocoons. The first
moth issued June 28, and the last one July 2. :

On the 6th of July of the same year I obtained another laying of
eggs, and the larve from these, like those from the first laying, all reached
maturity at about the same time.

A larva which I found July 11, 1879, spun its cocoon August 22nd,
but died before producing the imago ; another spun its cocoon Septernber
6th, disclosing the imago Sept. 18th. On the 30th of October, 1880, I

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

found a fresh female of this species in a shock of corn ; the moth was
killed the same day and her ova were found to be undeveloped, from
which fact, and the situation in which the moth was found, it is very pro-
bable that the imago hybernates. ‘The moth from which I obtained the
first laying of eggs was very much faded and worn, and presented all the
appearance of having hybernated. Prof. C. V. Riley also holds the
Opinion that the imago hybernates, and adds* that in more southern
localities the chrysalids also hybernate, as he has taken them under bark
in the winter. He states that the larve also feed upon rodsnza, but I have
never taken them upon any other plant than clover ( Z7<folium pratense ).

There appears to be only two broods produced in one season in this
latitude ; I have never taken the larvee later in the season than the first
week in September, and female moths enclosed in my breeding cages at
this time refused to deposit their eggs, although earlier in the season they
deposited eggs readily in confinement.

Scabra is very abundant in this locality, frequenting clover meadows in
company with Plusza precationts and Drasteria erechtea. When flushed it
flies very rapidly a short distance and then suddenly alights upon a leaf
and quickly crawls to the under side, concealing itself as much as pos-
sible from sight.

Below is given the time passed by this species in its different stages :—

From deposition of egg to hatching, — - 2 “aNtomibidays:
‘*¢ hatching to first moult, - . niet ie
“first to second moult, - - - ene
*« second moult to spinning cocoon, - Sear:

‘“* spinning cocoon to imago, - ~) 58 tomes

ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.
THE RED-HUMPED APPLE TREE CATERPILLAR.
( Notodonta concinna )

BY THE EDITOR.

This insect appears in the perfect or moth state (fig. 9) during the
latter part of June. When its wings are expanded it measures from one
inch to one inch and a quarter across. The fore wings are dark brown

* Bulletin No. 3, U. S. Ent. Commission, p. 27.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139

on the inner margin and grayish on the outer margin with a dot near

‘ the middle, a spot near each angle and several
longitudinal streaks along the hind margin dark
brown. The hind wings of the male are brown-
ish or dirty white, those of the female dusky
brown; the body is light -brown, the thorax
of a darker shade.

The female deposits her eggs in a cluster on the under side of a leaf
during the month of July, where they shortly hatch into tiny caterpillars,
which at first consume only the substance of the under side of the leaf,
leaving the upper surface unbroken, but as they increase in size they
devour the entire leaf. When not eating they lie closely together on the
twigs and sometimes entirely cover the branches they rest on ; they attain
their full growth during August or early in September. When mature the
larva presents the appearance shown
in fig. ro. The head is coral red
and there is a lump on the back on
the fourth segment of the same
color; the body is traced length-
wise by lines of black, yellow and
white, and has two rows of black
spines along the back, and other shorter ones upon the sides from each
of which there arises a fine hair. The hinder segments taper a little and
are always elevated, as shown in the figure, when the insect is not crawling.
It measures when full grown about one and a quarter inches long.

They entirely consume the leaves of the branch on which they are
placed, and when these furnish insufficient food to bring them to maturity,
the adjoining branches are laid under tribute. When handled they dis-
charge from their bodies a transparent fluid of a strong acid smell, which
doubtless serves as a defence from their enemies, especially birds, since
their habit of feeding openly in large flocks renders them particularly
liable to attack from these active foes.

When full grown they all disappear about the same
time, descending from the trees to the ground, where they
conceal themselves under leaves upon or slightly under the
earth. Here, after a long time, the larva changes to a
brown chrysalis, fig. 11, and remains in this condition until
late in June or early in July of the following season, They are very

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

generally distributed, but seldom abundant, and while very partial to the
leaves of the apple tree, feed also on those of the plum, pear, cherry, rose
and_ thorn.

As they feed in flocks during their entire existence, these larvae can
easily be gathered and destroyed either by cutting off the limbs on which
they are feeding and burning them, or by dislodging them by suddenly
jarring the limbs, when the larvee fall to the ground and may be trampled
under foot.

PTEROPHORID 42.
BY CHARLES FISH, OLD. TOWN, MAINE.

(Continued from Page 74.)

(EDEMATOPHORUS LUGUPRIS, DN. S.

Front of head and palpi very dark fuliginous, the vertex slightly
lighter. Form of palpi as in O. Baron? Antenne dotted above with
white and blackish scales, tawny brown beneath. Thorax color of vertex.
Abdomen slender, with’ scales slightly raised at extremities of joints, dark
fuliginous brown, rather copiously sprinkled with black scales. Legs dark
brown gray, the middle tibiz whitish just before the middle and end
bands, and all the tarsi whitish at base of joints ; spurs also whitish at
base. Fore wings dark smoky gray, with a dusting of black scales ; inner
margin and second lobe with a tinge of brown. An obscure blackish
spot before base of fissure bordered posteriorly by gray scales. A longi-
tudinal black spot on costa opposite base of fissure, embracing the costal
cilia, and obscurely connected with the spot before base of fissure. Faint
indications of two smaller black spots on costal margin of anterior lobe.
Cilia brownish fuliginous, with a few white hairs on inner margin of
anterior lobe near apex ; also some of the cilia of inner margin of pos-
terior lobe tipped. with white. Hind wings and cilia, as well as under
side of .wings, cinereous.

Alar expanse 27-29 mil. California, Hy. Edwards, O. T. Baron.

This species is allied to O. griescens Wlsm., but differs in the more
slender body, and the almost entire absence of white in the markings,
thus giving the entire insect a very sombre appearance.. The hind tibiae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1Al

and tarsi are much darker, the latter being lightened only at the base of
the joints, while in g7zsescevs they are whitish, and darkened only at end
of joints ; still it may ultimately be found to be only a strongly marked
variety of Walsingham’s species.

LIOPTILUS GRANDIS, N. s.

Head, thorax, palpi, antennae, abdomen and both pairs of wings,
including their cilia, of nearly a uniform pale cinnamon color. Legs of
about the same color as the wings, with tarsi somewhat lighter. Fore
wings less than one-third cleft, with the anterior lobe extending into a
falcated point which reaches over the shorter and broader posterior lobe.
No markings except faint dots of a darker brown in some examples at the
extremities of the veins on the posterior lobe. Under side of wings same
as above. The largest Lzopti/us at present known. Alar expanse 34
mil. California, Hy. Edwards, J. Behrens, Dr. J. S. Bailey.

LiopTiLus KELLICOTTIHI, n. s.

Head ochreous brown, whitish between antennae. __Palpi rather long
and slender, second joint with a small tuft of raised scales at the extremity
on upper side, third joint bending downward, ochreous brown. Antennae
whitish above, pale brownish beneath. Thorax and abdomen pale brown-
ish ochreous, the latter striped longitudinally with pale brown lines.
Anterior and middle legs pale brown exteriorly, pale brownish ochreous
interiorly. Posterior legs whitish ochreous, tarsi nearly white.

Fore wings pale brownish ochreous, some examples dusted more or
less with dark brown scales in the median space. A dark brown dot
exactly at base of fissure, two on costa and one on inner margin of first
. lobe near the apex ; usually four at end of second lobe tipping veins 2, 3,
4and 5. None of these dots extend into the cilia. Cilia of fore wings
concolorous. Hind wings and cilia, also under side of both pairs, cin-
ereous brown with a silky lustre. Alar expanse 28-30 mil. Buffalo, N.Y.
Bred by D. S. Kellicott, from larvae infesting the stems of some species
of Solidago. A full account of the larval habits can be found in an article
by Prof. Kellicott in Can. ENt,, vol. xii., No. 6. I will state in passing
that the other plume moth mentioned in the same article, the larvae of

which feed upon the foliage of the same plants, is Aciptilus montanus
Wlsm.

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ACIPTILUS BELFRAGEI, N. Ss.

Front of head ochreous brown, vertex pale brownish gray. Palpi
brown above, whitish underneath. Antennae pale brown. ‘Thorax pale
brownish gray, tegulae whitish. Abdomen pale brownish ochreous, striped
longitudinally with fine white lines, and copiously marked with short
blackish streaks. Anterior and middle femora and tibiae striped longi-
tudinally with whitish and dark brown lines, tarsi cream color with brown
shading on one side. Posterior tibiae and tarsi cream color ; spurs cream
color tipped with brown.

Fore wings cleft about two-fifths, brownish gray, dusted with dark
brown scales. There is an oblique brown patch at base of fissure, bor-
dered posteriorly with white ; a small brown spot midway between the last
and base of wing, two longitudinal brown marks on the costa of first lobe
and one or two brown dots on inner margin of the same lobe near the
apex. Cilia of the fissure pale brown, at apex of second lobe whitish,
on inner margin pale brown. Hind wings brownish cinereous with pale
brown cilia. Under side of wings brownish cinereous, at the extremities
of the lobes gray from admixture of white scales. Alar expanse 18 mil.

Described from one $ taken at Clifton, Texas, May 16, 1879, by G.
W. Belfrage, to whom the species is respectfully dedicated.

TRICHOPTILUS OCHRODACTYLUS, DN. Ss.

Head and palpi pale ochreous. _Palpi cylindrical, extending horizon-
tally beyond the head by about half its length, second joint somewhat
thickened all around by raised scales, third joint rather stout, longer than
the second joint, pointed. Antennae with a longitudinal brown line
above, bordered by a fine white line on each side, beneath pale ochreous.
Anterior part of thorax concolorous with head, posterior portion and
abdomen light cream color, the latter nearly pure white beneath. Legs
white, striped longitudinally with pale brownish ochreous ; posterior tibiae
with a band of raised ochreous scales before each pair of spurs ; spurs
brown on One side, white on the other.

Fore wings very narrow, cleft rather more than half, the anterior lobe
tapering to avery fine point, posterior lobe linear, almost thread-like.
Color pale ochreous, approaching to cream color, with a very slight
brownish tinge on anterior lobe. A minute brown spot at base of anterior
lobe reaches from base of fissure half-way to costa. Costal cilia of
anterior lobe brownish ochreous, with a longitudinal white spot at the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143

basal third, another at the basal two-thirds, and a smaller one just before
the apex. Cilia of fissure ochreous with a tinge of brown just beyond
the middle and some white hairs near the apices. Cilia of inner margin
pale ochreous, with a white patch at about the middle of posterior lobe,
beyond rather dark brownish with a streaklet of white just before the
apex. Hind wings brown, cilia slightly paler; third lobe on basal half
pale brownish ochreous. On the inner margin of third lobe just behind
the middle is a small patch of dark brown scales in the cilia, and from
this to base of wing extends a row of slender club-shaped white scales.
Under side of wings brownish ochreous. Alar expanse, 17 mil. Texas,
G. W. Belfrage. Described from one example taken May 22, 1879.

NOTES ON A PARASITE OF PYRAMEIS CARDUI.
BY CAROLINE E. HEUSTIS, CARLETON, ST. JOHNS, N. B.

I send you a few specimens of an insect which I have found parasitic
on the larve of P. cardui. For several successive summers I have reared
a number of these caterpillars, with which our thistles in most seasons
abound. I observed variations in size and color of the larve found feed-
ing on the same plant, which led me to suppose that they might not belong
to the same species. I have always observed that a large proportion were
almost black, and much smaller than those from which I had obtained
good specimens of cavduz, but until the last summer my efforts to raise
these were not attended with success, all the small black larve dying
before they had attained their full growth, although they fed well fora time.

Last season I collected from a group of thistles of the same species
fifteen caterpillars, and put them in breeding boxes. They all ate vor-
aciously and one after another went into chrysalis, except two, which died
on the bottom of the box, after having made several ineffectual efforts to
suspend. Those which died were black. I carefully marked those which
I supposed other than carduz as they suspended, and watched for the
advent of the butterflies. I observed that the chrysalids of the black
specimens were bright golden, and smaller than those of the bright and
healthy-looking larvee. The chrysalids of the latter were grey, ornamented
with white stripes along the sides.

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In due time two butterflies appeared from the striped chrysalids, and
simultaneously with them a large ichneumon fly with bright blue wings
and saftron body.* I felt some surprise at finding it in the box, and did
not at first suspect where it came from; but when others appeared I
examined the chrysalids and found several tenantless. Eight of the fifteen
were infested. These flies are very sluggish, clinging closely to the sides
of the box, and making no effort to fly unless disturbed.

LARV OF CERURA OCCIDENTALIS Lint., AND €.
BOREALIS, Bp.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

During the past season I have had an opportunity of raising the larvee
of these two interesting species of insects, and as I do not know of any
easily accessible description of either in the larval state, I give below
the descriptions from my note book for the benefit of the readers of the
ENTOMOLOGIST.

Cerura occidentalis.—Length when full grown 1.25 to the bifurcation
of the anal segment. It is of nearly uniform size, a trifle enlarged
anteriorly. In about the middle of the subdorsum of joint 1 is a prom-
inent projection on each side, the body sloping from these down to the
rather small head. ‘There is but little sloping from these back to joint 9 ;
from this there is a rapid sloping to the anal segment, this ending in two
projections extensible at pleasure, instead of anal legs. When withdrawn
these are a little more than a quarter of an inch, but may be extended to
three-quarters. These are usually carried elevated backwards, but when
extended are often thrown over the back as though used for defence. The
general color is clear bright green, the sides spotted with clear purple
brown, the spots round the stigmata and at the base of the legs and pro-
legs the largest. The back is marked with~lilac, varying in shade and
arranged as follows: From the two small contiguous tubercles on the
back of joint 2 to the head is a somewhat diamond shaped space, the

* This insect has been kindly determined by E. T. Cresson, of Philadelphia, as
Ichneumon rufiventris.—ED., C, E.

THE CANADIAN ‘ENTOMOLOGIST. 145

broadest part at the subdorsal tubercles on joint 1. From the tubercles
on joint 1 to those on joint 2 the lilac is bordered by bright brownish
purple with a white line outside of this. In the middle of this diamond
is a little green shading. From the tubercles on joint 2 to the extremity
of the body is another parti-colored space lighter than the anterior one.
This gradually expands so aseto include the stigmata on joint 7, then
decreases in width to the anterior part of the anal segment, expanding a
little in the middle of this, but contracting again at its posterior part.
The lilac of this is like the first, considerably suffused with green on the
back, and is bordered with brownish purple and white, though the colors
are a little lighter posteriorly. These two dorsal patches are not continu-
ous, but are separated on joint 2 by a distinct though small patch of
green. The posterior projections are mostly brownish purple, though
with somewhat greenish annulations, and when extended a ring of white
near the extremity. Head dark lilac. The body is a little thicker ver-
tically than from side to side.

These were found feeding on willows (Salix nigra, I think) from
September gth of last vear to October 5th, nearly full grown. I noticed

that previous to the last moult tite tubercles on joint 1 were covered with
little spines.

They were kept in a room of moderate temperature during the winter
and transferred to the wood-house as soon as no more freezing was appre-
hended. The imagines began to appear April 30th, and the last emerged
June 3rd.

Cerura borealis.—Of the same size, shape and general marking as the
preceding. The head is brown. ‘The sides of the body are yellowish
green, the dorsal dark color not being so distinctly separated on joint 2
as in the first. ‘The back, instead of being parti-colored, is brown, some-
what suffused with green on the back at the widest places and darker

along the edges. Previous to the last moult the sides are bright green
and the brown a little less dull.

Two of these were found feeding on wild cherry the 17th and 18th of
September, one nearly full grown which spun up Sept. 23rd. Only one
produced an imago, and that emerged April 2tst.

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

LIST OF N. AMERICAN SARCOPHAGIDA:, EXAMINED BY
R. H. MEADE, ESQ., BRADFORD, ENGLAND.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

The Deyrolle carton containing the specimens, which are in the same
position as returned by Mr. Meade, bears the inscription by the Baron
von Osten-Sacken: ‘‘ This collection was arranged at my request by Mr.
R. H. Meade, especially with a view of ascertaining whether any of the
species are common to Europe and N. America.” I have published this
list for the same reason as the Anthomyidae. ‘The division of the species
is so far advanced that not much is left for the future monographer,
except to draw up the descriptions and to name the species. Both are
not done by myself for obvious reasons. ‘The 27 species with 115 speci-
mens are indeed all the contents of the collection of the Museum and
those of the Baron. The Loew’s collection contains about 24 species
not labeled (except for the 3 species given) nor even arranged after the
species. About half of them are from Cuba. My additions are given
in[ |; I have tried to compare the species as carefully as possible, but
I should remark that the types of only 12 European species are at hand.
Of the species are from N. England 13, from N. York 14, from Canada
7, from the Antilles 5.

SARCOPHAGA.

A. Anus red or yellow. (Lirst division.)
B. No spines upon the second longitudinal veins.
C. Posterior tibiae of male bearded on their inner sides.
D. Second abdominal segment without central spines.
E. Thorax with four dorsal bristles behind suture.
Spec. 1. S. aegra ? Walk.; does not correspond to any British species.
[8 specim. M., male and female, Cambridge, Mass., June 22 ;
Catskill Mts., N. Y., July, 1874, O.S.; Denison, Craford Co., lowa;
brit. Amer. In Loew’s coll., 4 male and female, Ill.; Minn.;
Wisc. ‘lwo types from Mo., labeled by O.S. Sarvcophaga sarra-
ceniae Riley, which have not been seen by Mr. Meade, are identi-
cal; the species was formerly believed to be S. carnaria
Comstock’s Rep. 1879, p. 304.]
i. ‘Thorax with three dorsal bristles behind suture.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147

Spec. 2. Not like any British Sarcophaga.
{ro spec M., male and female, Cambridge and Dorchester, Mass.;
Trenton Falls, July, O.S.; Long Island, O.S., July, Sept.; Manlius,
Comstock, all N. York ; Canada; Illinois. There are similar
specimens in L. coll., but I am not sure of the identity. |

_ E. Thorax with only two large bristles behind suture.

Spec. 3. Seems identical with S. zwrus Rond.
[11 spec. M., male and female, Cambridge, Mass.; N. York ;
Pennsylvania; Canada; Twin Lake, Color., Lieut. Carpenter. In
Loew’s coll. is at least one specimen labeled S. d:midtata from
N..Y., bearing the same No., 325, with two seen by Mr. Meade.
The number was used by O. S. to identify later specimens sent by
him to Loew. One specimen seen by Mr. Meade from Mr. A.
Agassiz’ collection is labeled S. georgiana, and probably to be
considered as the species mentioned by Th. W. Harris, as most of
Mr. A.’s specimens were determined by him. I can not compare
S. nurus Rond. |

Spec. 4. Very similar to S. crustata Meig.
[2 spec. M., male and female. Nahant, Mass. I cannot identify
with them spec. in L. coll. |

Spec. 5. Similar to S. zurus Rond., only both anal segments red.
[3 spec., Cambridge, male; Cuba, Ch. Wright, female. In Loew’s
collect. 3, Distr. Columbia, a number from Cuba marked “ vivi- ©
parous, out of rotten land cray-fish,” one fr. Bahia. |

Spec. 6. S. Lherminiert? R. Desv.
[One female, M, collect. on a voyage fr. Aspinwall to N. York by
W. Holden; loc. incert. |

C. Posterior tibiae of male without beard.
D. Second abdominal segment with two central spines.
E. Thorax with four dorsal bristles behind suture.

Spec. 7. Differs from any British species.
[2 spec. M., one N. Conway, N. H., male, August 17, O. S.; the
other marked ‘“ doubtful spec.,” female, S. Franc., Cala., Holden.
I am not able to see the two spines in the centre of the edge of
the 2nd segment. |
E. Thorax with three dorsal bristles behind suture.

Spec. 8. Corresponds with S. erythrura Men.

148

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Spec.

Spec.

Spec.

Spec.

Spec.

Spec.

Spec.

Spec.

Spec.

[2 spec., male and female, M., Cambridge, Mass.; Cayuga Lake,
N. Y., Comstock, June 19. |
1D, 3. Second abdominal segment without central spines.
E. Thorax with four bristles behind suture.

g. Differs from any British species.

[25 spec. M.,male and female. Cambridge, Mass.; Long Isl., N.
Y., OS., Manlius, N. Y., Aug. 26, Sept. 28, Comstock, swept from
grass, in woods; Fabyan’s Nock., N. H., Sept., O.S.; Illinois,
Allen; Brit. Amer, Scudd.; Huds. Bay Terr., Kennicott; Pacific
Slope, Color., Lieut. Carpenter. In Loew’s coll. fr. Illinois,
Nebraska. |

to. Not like any British species.

[2 spec. M., male and female, Long Island, N. Y.; O.S.]

E. Thorax with three bristles behind suture.
11. Differs from all European species.

[7 spec. M., male and female, Cambridge, Mass.; Long Island,
Cayuga Lake, May 25; Manlius Sept. 6, all N. Y.]
12. Not like any British species.

[3 spec. M., male and female, Manlius, N. Y.; Maryland Oct. 20;
Grand fae Hayti, Uhler. |

13. Very similar in structure to S. haematodes Meig.

[2 spec. M., female, Kentucky. |

E. Thorax with only two large bristles behind suture.
14. Not like any British species.

[5 spec. male and female, Dorchester, Mass ; Englewood, N. J.;
South Park, Colorado; Grand Anse, Haytt. |

15. Not like any British species.

[2 spec. M., male, Cuba; Distr. Columbia. |

B. Both second and fourth longitudinal veins of wings with spines.

D. Second abdominal segment without spines.
E. Thorax with four dorsal bristles behind suture.

16. Differs from any British species.

[7 spec. M., male and female. Canada; Mass.; Long Island and
Manlius, N. Y., end of August. |

E. Thorax with three dorsal bristles behind suture.

17. Differs from any British species.

[9 spec. male and female. Cambridge, Mass.; Long Island, N. Y.,
O. S.; Grand Anse, Hayti, Uhler, The four larger specimens from

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149

Cambridge and New York are S. pachyprocta Loew, var. major ;
the other ones from New York and Haytiare S. pachyprocta Loew,
var. minor. The labels in Loew’s handwriting are on the pins, and
two corresponding specimens with the same numbers and labels in
‘Loew’s collection ; there are specimens from Cuba and Pennsyl-
vania in L. coll. |
Spec. 18. Not like any British species.
[1 spec. M.; Manlius, N. Y., Aug. 18, Comstock. |
A. Anus black or gray. (Second division.)
B. Second longitudinal veins of wings spineless.
C. Posterior tibiz of male bearded.
E. Thorax with four dorsal bristles behind suture.
TD. Second abdominal segment without central
spines.
Spec. 19. Closely resembles .S. s¢mi/7s Mihi.
[3 spec. M. male and female, Lake Superior, Agassiz; South Park,
Color., Lieut. Carpenter. See about this species O. S. Catalogue,
p- 257: “I am doubtful whether any of the N. Am. species is
absolutely identical with S. carnaria, unless it be with S. szmilis,
etc.” Mr. Meade.
E. Thorax with three bristles behind suture.
Spec. 20. Very similar to female of S. albieps or S. atropos.
[1 spec. M., Detroit, Mich., June 3, Hubbard. ]
C. Posterior tibize of male smooth.
D. Second abdominal segment with two central spines.
Spec. 21. Corresponds clesely with S. zwvenis Rond.
[2 spec., male and female, M.; Manlius, N.Y., Aug. 12, Comstock;
Detroit, Mich., July, Hubbard. |
Spec. 22. Corresponds closely with .S. nigriventris Meig.
[1 spec. M., Sturgeon Isl.; Brit. Amer.; N. Red River; Scudder. |
Spec. 23. Not like any British species.
[x spec., Cambridge, Mass. ]
Genus Phrissopoda (Peskia Desy., Meade.)
Spec. 24. zmpertalis? Desv.
[1 spec. M., Cuba; some spec. in L. coll. ]
| Gen. Cynomyia Desv.
Spec. 25. Spec. uncertain.
[1 spec. M., Fabyan House, N. Hampsh. O.S. |

150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Gen. Zheria Desv.

Spec. 26, 27; can not name the two species.
[6 spec.; all N. York, Manlius, Aug. 21-27, Sept. 6; Cayuga Lake,
June 19; Comstock. |

Family Tachinidae.

Sectio. Phasina.
Gen. Xysta Meig.
Spec. 28. One female spec., N. Hampsh.
[This specimen is different from the type of X. didyma Loew. The
type described was a male from Illinois ; the only male in L. coll.
with label on the pin has a white square label with an R., similar
to those with green square label from Red River of the North.
Besides stands a female from ‘Texas, less than half as large ; per-
haps not belonging here. |
Family Dexidae.
Gen. Prosena.
Spec. 29. One spec. from Cuba. | Differs from Loew’s type, P. mexicana. |

Genus Miltogramma Meig.

Spec. 30. [There are 5 spec. from Cambridge and Dorchester, Mass.;
Trenton Falls, N. Y.; Colorado Mts., Carpenter; probably belong-
ing to differént species. |

Spec. 31. | Savcophaga nudipennis Loew.; bred from mud cells of Pelopaeus
by W. H. Patton, Waterbury, Conn., Aug. 24; see Packard’s Guide
p. 408. One of the spec. by Mr. Meade labeled Mi/togramma
Meig., the other one AZd/togramma? Meig. There are in Loew’s
two spec. with corresponding number, and label in his hand-
writing.

ON SIMULIUM.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

I have received from Mr. H. G. Hubbard some larvee and pupze, with
the case, labeled as follows: ‘‘ The Szmudium larve and pupze were col-
lected on the rocks at the foot of the falls of Michipicotin River, Lake
Superior, in shallow pools and gutters of rapid water. There were large
patches of rock surface densely covered with either the larvae or pupz, so

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oe

closely packed as to resemble a growth of aquatic vegetation. The black
flies were very abundant in the woods.”

The pouch or case is similar to that described by me for S. zctipes.
The nymphae and larvae seem to be the same, but that the pupa has on
each side nine filaments instead of eight, as stated for S. fuctipes. I
made a new examination of my material and found this number variable,
without possibility to ascertain that one filament is broken off. I see
nymphae with eight or with nine filaments on both sides, and have
ascertained in one specimen nine on one side and eight on the other. I
think more material is needed to decide if one filament in such cases is
perhaps wanting as a consequence of a previous mutilation. The flies
sent by Mr. Hubbard, without certainty to belong to the pupae, are only
half the size of .S. pzctipes, and differ in the color of the legs. But the
few specimens of .S. pictipes which I have seen are newly hatched and in
alcohol. The flies sent by Mr. Hubbard are considerably smaller than
those described by Mr. Barnard, and differ also by the color of the legs.
(Amer. Entom. 11., No. 12.)

To prevent later uncertainty about the types of .Szzazlzum in the col-
lections of the Museum, I have to state that the collection of O. Sacken
contains named only S. v7t/atum, and the collection of Loew only S.
venustum and S. guadrivittatum. .S. invenustum and piscioidium, though
starred in the catalogue of O. S., have not been found in his collection.
There is without name only one specimen from Hudson’s B. Terr. (none
in Loew’s), and no specimens from Mumford, N. Y. Only two later col-
lected from Goat Isl., and one labeled by myself from Trenton Falls.
Loew’s collection has no species from N, Y. In both collections are a
number of unnamed specimens, and Mr. Hubbard’s species seems to
agree with one from the Saskatchewan River.

4

LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BOMBYCL4 OF HUBNER.
BY A. R. GROTE.

Since I first catalogued our species of Boméycie, under Herrich-
Scheeffer’s later designation of Cymatophoring, in the Proc. of the Ento-
mological Society of Philadelphia for May, 1863, there have been but few
additions to the group. Nor have the then debatable points been settled

152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The validity of expudtrix as a “species” is still doubtful. I have taken
a considerable number of both sexes of expultrix and cymatophoroides, and
while the latter show a considerable variation in the distinctness of the
finer markings of the fore wings and in the depth of ground color, the
specimens of the former remain always nearly alike and uniform, and never
show the black lines of the typical cymatophoroides. | Notwithstanding I
am inclined to revert to my original opinion that the two are but forms of
one species. Since 1863 the typical genus of the group has been dis-
covered in this country. Both the described species of Bombycza are from
the Pacific Coast, and are additional examples of the resemblance of our
Western fauna with that of Europe. Of one, semicircularts, I have seen
only the female; in the smooth abdomen with its single dorsal tuft and
the basal patch on primaries it resembles Ziyatira. In ornamentation
and cut of wings it is like zmprovisa and the European species.

In the present list I leave the genera as formerly recognised, but I am
aware that they need more careful study. This cannot be undertaken
until fuller material from the Pacific is received. Mr. Hy. Edwards
reports expu/trix from British Columbia ; if this locality is correct we have
a wide range for this species. I suspect that under the name derasa, the
same author reports scv#pta from ‘Alaska and Victoria. The members of
this group seem single brooded, and in New York I have taken sev7f7/a and
the two forms of Pseudothyatira in May and June at sugar. The larve
await discovery and description.

LEPTINA. Gueneé.
dormitans Guen., R. I.; N. Y.
ophthalmica Guen., Wisc.; N. Y.; Mass.
Var. australis. ‘Texas ; Alabama.

This form is narrower winged and the markings are more effaced than
the type. The black curved mark inaugurating the s. t. line in the type
is here straighter, shorter, in one specimen thicker. The black marks at
internal margin of the same line are disconnected dashes ; the line itself
is interrupted. The basal patch is whitish. This is not improbably a dis-
tinct form, but the variations of the species of Lept/na are not understood.
latebricola Grote. Wisc.; N. J.

N. B.—I have only seen one more specimen than my type, which latter
is in Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil., and which I have not been able to compare
since describing it.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. T5e
\

Doubledayi Gwen., Mass. (in July); N. Y.; Penn.

BompyciA Hubn.

improvisa Hy. Hdw. Wash. Territory.
semicircularis Grote. Wash. Territory.

N. B.—Mr. Walker describes a ‘“‘ Cymatophora caniplaga” from Can-
ada; I do not know it and the type must be examined to see if it belongs
here.

THYATIRA Ochs.

lorata Grote. Wash. Territory.
pudens Gwen. Anticosti; Can. to Penn.

PSEUDOTHYATIRA Grote.

cymatophoroides Guew. Can. to Penn.
expultrix Grote, Same localities, also B. Col. (teste Hy. Edw.)

HABROSYNE Hubn.

scripta Gosse; abrasa Guen., Alaska? ; Victoria? (derasa Hy. Edw.)
Canada to Pennsylvania.

N. B.—This species is very near the European derasa, but is consid-
ered distinct from a comparison of the imago by Gosse and Gueneé. I
have given the differences as they appear to me (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, 2,
58). It seems to me better where differences occur to keep distinct names
for these “representative species” or “ geographical varieties.” They
are connected with the series of distinct species by forms differing more
or less notably, and in this case it is difficult to decide where the
‘“ species” commences and the “variety” ends. But it is quite unexact
to lump species in the moths as has lately been attempted in the pages of
the Brooklyn Ent. Society’s periodical, without exact information and .
merely on the general principle that there are too many “species” in our
lists. This may indeed be the case, but the way to prove it does not lie
in slurring over noted characters or quoting opinions which do not rest on
solid foundation. More confusion is created by throwing together distinct
forms under one name than in keeping varieties under specific titles.

154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE.

The Entomological Club of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science was formed last year into the Entomological Sub-Section
of Section B of the A. A. A. S., and will therefore hold no separate meet-
ings hereafter. It will meet with the Association at Cincinnati, Ohio, on
Wednesday, 17th August, 1881, at 10 a.m. All persons interested are
invited to attend its meetings and participate in its discussions.

B. PickMan Many, Secretary. Jno. G. Morris, President.

ON THE APHIDID OF FLORIDA, WITH’ DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES.

(Paper Vo. Tf)
BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

In the April number of the Canapian Entomotocist I described a
new Aphis affecting Pizus australis belonging to the Section Lachnint.

Having been studying the Aphididae of Florida for the past two
years, a quantity of new material has accumulated on my hands, repre-
senting nearly all the known North American genera.

This I now propose bringing to the notice of the Entomological world,
at the same time giving a list of all the known North American species in
a series of short papers, through the columns of the Can. Env.

I desire to express my thanks to my friend, Mr. Allen H. Curtiss, of
this city, and to Dr. A. W. Chapman, of Apalachicola, for assistance in
determining the plants upon which these feed. In classification I shall
follow Prof. Cyrus Thomas.

Section LACHNINI. °

Genus Lachnus, Mliger.

The species of this genus already described from North America are
as follows :

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. E55

. abietis, Fitch.

1. L. salicicola, Uhler. Co a

Syn. Aphis salicti, Harris. 7. L. alnifoliae, Fitch.
2. L. dentatus, LeBaron. 8. L. quercifoliae, Fitch.
3. L. caryae, Harris. g. L. salicelis, Fitch.
4. L. strobi, Fitch. to. L. longistigma, Monell.
5. L. laricifex, Fitch. 11. L. australi, Ashmead.

To these I add the following :

12. LACHNUS QUERCICOLENS, n. sp.

Wingless female.—Length .05 inch. Ovate. Reddish, becoming
brown with age. Vertex of head brown; beak reaching to middle coxae,
reddish at base, yellowish in middle and brown at tip ; antennae 7-jointed,
reaching to honey tubes, whitish, basal joint reddish, joints annulated at
tip with black, apical joint short, black ; honey tubes almost obsolete, as
wide as long, whitish ; style hardly visible, whitish, pubescent ; legs pubes-
cent, posterior pair dark brown or black, middle and anterior pair reddish
yellow, feet infuscated.

Winged individual.—Length .o5 inch. Same as apterous female
excepting abdomen is lighter in color, middle femora and coxae dark
brown, and wings hyaline, with the stigma and veins green.

This species was found early in February, feeding on the under surface
of the leaves of the live oak, Quercus virens. Winged specimens, how-
ever, were not taken until April.

Genus Phyllaphis, Koch.

The only species so far known belonging to this genus is

1. Phyllaphis fagi, Linn.

To this I now add

2. PHYLLAPHIS NIGER, N. sp. Z

Wingless female.—Length .o5 inch. Ovate and of a shining black
color. Head broad, nearly as long as wide, slightly arcuate in front and
with two longitudinal depressions on vertex.

Beak long, reaching beyond hind coxze, black at base, but becoming
reddish towards tip and slightly pubescent ; antennae 7-jointed, situated
very widely apart and not on tubercles, brownish in color with the terminal
joint very minute; metathorax a broad, smooth, shining, convex plate ;
abdomen wider than long, sides flattened to honey tubes, slightly pubes-
cent ; honey tubes black, almost obsolete, as wide as long; style not
visible, anus pubescent ; legs dark brown, approaching black, pubescent,
posterior pair long.

156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This, in some respects anomalous Aphis, was detected feeding on a
tender shoot of the willow oak, Quercus phellos, variety laurifoliz. No
winged specimens could be found.

The broad head, slightly pubescent abdomen and other characters
would seem to exclude it from the genus Zachnus. 1 have therefore
placed it provisionally in Phyd/aphis genus, to which it seems most closely
allied.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TROCHILIUM.
BY HERMAN STRECKER.

TROCHILIUM GRANDE, n. sp.—General appearance of 7: Ceto
(Melittia Cucurbite Harr.) but very much larger, expanding 134 inches.

Antenne blackish. Palpi reddish orange. Head white in front, dark
lustrous greenish gray on top. Collar red. Thorax above dark greenish
same as top of head. Abdomen red, each segment outwardly edged with
black. Beneath whole body reddish orange ; on the abdomen a row of
black ventral spots. Posterior legs heavily clothed with red hair, accom-
panied by a narrow ridge of black, above, towards the abdomen ; tibial
spurs black edged with white hair inwardly. Fore and middle legs red,
tarsi black and white ringed.

Primaries. Upper surface same dark silky gray as back of thorax.
Secondaries transparent, broadly fringed on exterior edge with same color
as primaries ; some orange hairs at abdominal margin and base of wing.

Under surface. Primaries shining orange red shading somewhat into
gray towards exterior margin. Fringe gray. Secondaries as on upper
surface, but with some red scales along costa. ra

Hab. Texas.

Allied to Desmopoda Bombiformis, Feld., Truchilium Astarte, Westw.,
but still more closely to our smaller indigenous species 7? Cefo, above
alluded to, and to a species from Mexico lately described by Hy. Edwards
as Melittia Gloriosa ; this latter differs from all those mentioned in having
opaque hind wings.

As the description of Hubner’s genus Melittia, in which the Americans
place Cefo, is much too vague and uncertain (‘“‘ The fore wings partly, the
hind wings entirely transparent ; the feet very thickly haired.”) I have pre-
ferred to adopt Prof. Westwood’s infinitely better determined genus
Trochilium.

May 4th, 1881.

Che Canadwan Entomolonist.

VOL. XAT. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1881. No. 8

NOTES ON AEGERIA PINI.
BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y.

The description of this moth on page 7 of this volume was drawn from
a single female specimen and that not in good condition. I have this
season secured fresh examples of both sexes; from these I note some
additions and corrections to the previous account.

The male is smaller than the female but of similar ornamentation.
The antenne are fimbricate ; the hoary hairs towards the base are nearly
equal in length to the diameter of the joint on which they stand. The
fourth abdominal ring bears an orange band on the posterior half in the
female ; it occupies nearly the entire width of the ring in the male. The
black of the upper side of the abdomen is continued in the tail fringe.
As regards the color of the head, the vertex in one female was black, in

one black with a few orange hairs, in another the orange equals the black;
it is orange in all the males seen ; the under side of first joint of palpi is
orange. There are a few orange scales on the coxe of the first pair, and
an oblique tuft of same color on inner side of fore tibiz ; these marks
occur in both sexes. In some examples there are a few orange scales or
hairs on top of thorax, especially on the inner edge of shoulder covers.

It seems worthy of note that the specimens hatching in confinement,
and so not having used their wings in flight, have the hind wings sparsely
covered with scales, as in the case of the newly hatched sesta. These
scales fall off easily, but appear to be retained more firmly than in the
former cases with which I am acquainted. An apparently full grown larva
brought in July 15, 1880, gave a pupa May 19 and an imago July 2, from
which I conclude that the larva does not transform until two years old.
The moths appeared ten days later in 1880 than in 1881.

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DESCRIPTION OF PREPARATORY STAGES OF HELICONIA
CHARITONIA, Liny.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Kcc—Cylindrical, one half higher ‘than broad, flat at base, tapering
very slightly from base to about three fourths the length, then conoidal,
the top flattened and a little depressed ; marked by 14 vertical ridges,
straight, narrow, not very prominent, and extending from base to the
middle of the cone ; below the cone are horizontal strize, which with the
ridges enclose long, rectangular spaces ; there are nine tiers of these, each
space roundly excavated ; above the base of the cone are similar spaces
in one tier, but they are higher and more nearly square and more deeply
excavated ; next these is a tier of seven cells, irregularly pentagonal ; the
flattened top is composed of three concentric rows of small spaces, the
outer one largest, and this and the next formed of pentagons; the inner

row is made of rhomboids with the micropyle in the centre ; color yellow.
Duration of this stage 3 days.

Younc Larva—Length .o8 inch; cylindrical, segments 2 to 7 of
about even thickness, then tapering, the dorsum sloping ; marked by six
rows of rounded tubercles, each of which sends out a long black hair,
those on three anterior segments bent forwards, the others back ; there is
also a minute tubercle at the junctions of the segments a little below the
subdorsal row, with short hairs; color pale red-brown; legs and feet
same ; head obovoid, a little lighter in hue than the body ; sparsely
pilose. To 1st moult 2 to 3 days.

After rst Moult—Length .22 inch ; cylindrical, nearly even, the seg-
ments a little rounded ; color light brown, changing, as the stage proceeds,
to greenish-white, mottled with brown ; armed with six rows of spines, two
sub-dorsal, one on middle of each side, and one infra-stigmatal ; these
spines are short, slender, tapering, black, with a few short black bristles
on the sides standing almost at right angles to the spine ; on 2 a chitinous
dorsal patch with hairs ; feet and legs brown ; head obovoid, truncated, a
little depressed at the suture, the vertices low, rounded, and on each a

short, tapering blunt process, black, with a few fine bristles. To next
moult 2 days.

After 2nd Moult—Length .5 inch; color dull white, mottled or

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159

spotted with yellow-brown; under side wholly brown; the spines long,
sharp ; head as before. ‘To next moult 2 days.

After 3rd Moult.—Length .7 inch ; slender, whiter than before, the
color not pure but with a green tint; dorsal spines .1 inch long, upper
laterals .og inch, lower laterals .o7 inch; head greenish-yellow, the pro-
cesses more like the body spines, .o8 inch long, directed forward and a
little recurved. To next moult 3 days.

After 4th Moult—Length 1 inch, and in 3 days reached maturity.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.25 to 1.5 inch; cylindrical, slender,
neatly of even size from 2 to 12, the segments a little rounded ; color
dead white, with no gloss, smooth, with no hairs ; spotted with black or
black-brown, the spots disposed in cross rows, two of which are back of
the spines and one on the extreme anterior end of the segment ; mostly
rounded or oval, but those on medio-dorsal line are half-oval except the
spots on the posterior edges of the segments, which are triangular ; these
spots form one dorsal row and two on either side ; over the basal ridge, on
4 to 11, is a brown patch covering the adjacent edges of the segments ;
another patch covers each spiracle ; under side reddish-brown with a green
tint ; segment 2 has a dorsal chitinous bar divided in middle, and on
either part are two black tubercles with hairs; the body furnished with
six rows of spines, two sub-dorsal, one on middle of each side, and one
infra-stigmatal ; the dorsals run from 3 to 13; the upper laterals from 5 to
13, the lower from 5 to 12; and between 2 and 3, 3 and 4, in line with
upper laterals, is a spine ; the spines of the four upper rows are straight
and erect, but those of the lower row are turned *down and a little
recurved ; all are alike, shining black, and about each are from 5 to 7
short black bristles irregularly placed ; the dorsals measure .16 inch, the
tst laterals .14, the lower 1 inch, and there is little variation in the length
of the spines of each row ; legs brown, tipped black, pro-legs brown, with
a black spot on the side of each ; head obovoid, rounded in front, trun-
cated, a little depressed at the suture, the vertices but little elevated,
rounded ; color greenish-white, vitreous; on either side the suture on
mid-front a round black spot; the ocelli black on a small black patch ;
mandibles black ; on each vertex a black spine nearly like those of the
body, but less tapering and more blunt, .1 inch long, directed forward at
about 45°, and a little recurved.

As the larvee approach suspension the spots change to brown, and the

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

white becomes dull and sordid. ‘Twelve hours after suspension, pupation
takes place.

CurysaLis—Length to top of head .g5 inch, to end of processes on
head 1.1 inch; slender, compressed laterally, the thoracic segments on
ventral side highly arched and rounded abruptly down to abdomen ; the
sides of this elevation covered entirely by the wing cases, sloping, almost
flat or a little convex, the two wing cases not quite meeting, but separated
by a narrow depressed ridge, on either side of which is a row of small
bead-like tubercles, each giving out at top a short sharp bristle or thorn ;
this ridge widens anteriorly so as to include the antennez cases, and the
rows of beads pass along and around head case to its top on the dorsal
side, but for a little distance at the base of the antenne lose their bristles ;
head case prominent, compressed transversely, nearly square at top ; upon
each vertex a narrow leaf-like process, lanceolate, flattened and thin, ser-
rated on both edges, divergent, hike horns ; mesonotum prominent, com-
pressed at top into a thin carina which rises on the anterior part in a
double curve to a sharp point, but on the posterior side slopes at about
45 ; followed by a rounded excavation considerably longer than the
mesonotum itself; abdomen cylindrical; on the two upper segments a
large sub-dorsal, flaring, flattened process rounded irregularly on the edge
and completely spanning both segments ; on the next segment is a small
sharp rounded process, and on the next another small and flattened ; on
the next a sharp tubercle, in some cases flattened ; on the tops of all these
processes are thorns, one on each of the smaller, and two on the largest ;
in row with these, on the depression and on the sides of mesonotum are
four low conical tubercles, each with a short thorn ; segments 9, 10, IT, in
the ventral line, have the anterior edges turned up and produced into low
divergent points ; at the base of the head case on dorsal side a large
burnished gold spot, and the tubercles behind the mesonotum are similar
to this in color ; general hue brown, in shades; the anterior parts, which
includes head case, mesonotum and half the wing cases, being light or
yellowish; the rest of wing cases dark, or streaked dark in the interspaces
of the wings ; the light part of these cases somewhat gray or whitish ; the
processes on head and the antennz cases are dark ; abdomen varied in
longitudinal streaks, confined to each segment, dark and light brown, with
some oblique whitish marks on the ventral side. Duration of this stage
6 to 7 days.

This species is common in Southern Florida, and has been taken at

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 161

least as far north as Port Royal, S$. C., from which place I have seen an
example. It is a tropical species, however, and abounds in Central
America and the Antilles. By the kindness of Dr. Wm. Wittfeld, of
Indian River, eggs were obtained by tying the females in bags over stems
of Passiflora, and after several failures, owing to delays on the journey, I
received 30th Aug., 1880, larvee of different sizes. The eggs had been
mailed very soon after laying, and the larvee had hatched on the road. I
gave them Passiflora coerulea. All the changes take place with great
rapidity, scarcely two days being necessary for each larval stage. When
mature, being percelain-white, with their long black body and head spines,
they are conspicuous objects, and very pretty ones. They move about
actively, and in habit and general appearance—except color—remind one
of Agraulis Vanzllae. Dr. Wittfeld informs me that on touching the
chrysalis of Charifonia, it wriggles about and gives out a perceptible
creaking noise, but I had not observed this with my chrysalids.* The
chrysalis is a most remarkable object, from its general shape and the
thorny flattened projections on the abdomen, and the foliaceous
processes on the head.

Several imagos came forth in my room and one of them I turned .
loose in the garden, placing it carefully upon a Passion flower. It rested
some moments, with wings fully expanded over the flower and depressed _
a little below horizontal, and then flew slowly away toward the woods and
I saw it no more.

Dr. Wittfeld informs me that these butterflies frequent paths in the
woods, or are found feeding at a little distance from the woods, to which
they at once betake themselves, if alarmed, and that with rapid wing,
though usually their flight is rather heavy and measured. Also that they
have the habit of gathering in flocks towards night and roost on Spanish
moss, and on dry twigs of trees, especially such as have dead leaves still
hanging to them. He has seen them so roosting, always with heads up,
to number of 50 or 60. In the morning, after the sun is well up, they
con:e trooping from the woods in search of flowers.

* In Part II of Dr. Weismann’s Studies in the Theory of Descent, Lond. con.
1881, is an abstract of a paper by Dr. Fritz Miiller, on Brazilian butterflies, in which it
is stated that ‘‘the pupze of Heliconius when moving their posterior segments rapidly,
as they do whenever they are disturbed, produce a very perceptible hissing noise by the
friction of these segments, this sound perhaps serving to terrify small foes.”

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mr. Thaxter has described Danais Avchi~pus as flocking in this
manner, in Florida, but this seems to be a habit at certain seasons, during
the day as well as night. Chavttonia would seem to roost in crowds at
night only, and to disperse during the day for feeding, like so many
pigeons. I find nothing of this in books, nor have I been able to find
that any of the preparatory stages of this species have been figured or
even described by authors. I have a complete set of drawings of the

egg, larva at each stage, and chrysalis, and shall in due time give a.Plate
to them in Butterflies of N. A.

INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA.

COMPILED BY REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M. A.

from Kirby’s Fauna Borealt-Americana: Insecta.

(Continued from Vol. xi., p. 154.)

FAMILY NOCTUIDA.

429. PLUSIA RECTANGULA A7rby.—Expansion of wings 1% inch.
Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

Body cinereous, underneath whiter. Antenne testaceous; thorax
crested? as the scales are mostly rubbed off this cannot however be
positively asserted ; wings incumbent ; primaries with a subcrenate edge ;
inclining to ash-colored, clouded with black, with a subramose rectangular
‘somewhat silvery spot, extending from near the base to the middle of the
wing ; between which and the apex is a narrow white wavy band, edged
with black ; and still nearer the margin a zigzag transverse black line ;
the secondary wings are plicatile, cinereous, and dusted at the apex with
brown.

N. B. The silvery rectangular spot in the primary wings of this
insect, when they are brought near to each other, forms a quadrangular
area very much resembling a picture in a silver frame.

[307.] 430. PLusta GAMMA Linz.—Expansion of the wings 114
inch, ‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163

Head, crests of the thorax and abdomen gray; these crests are edged
with white and in the anterior ones the margin is formed by a black and
white line; abdomen cinereous ; antennz above testaceous, underneath
white banded with brown ; the primary wings are shaded and clouded
with black, brown and white, and towards the apex have three indistinct
bands, the first white internally abbreviated, the second dark-brown, and
the marginal one gray including a transverse series of black crescents ; in
the disk of the wing is a pallid silvery signature, representing the Greek
letter gamma, or the Roman Y,'the forked part pointing to the costal
margin; from the upper point of the fork a white curving line runs
obliquely to the anal margin of the wing near its base ; secondary wings
light brown, or drab, with the nervures, and posterior margin broadly, dark-

brown ; fringe alternately dark and light ; underneath the wings are cin-
ereous, darker at the apex.

[308.] 431. PLusta FALCIFERA K77by.—Expansion of the wings 14
inch. Taken in Nova Scotia by Dr. Mac Culloch.

Body gray. Antenne and thorax, when laid bare, testaceous ; primary
wings gray with a faint reddish tint, a broad brown spot, or cloud, almost
triangular, traverses the middle of the wing, which partly includes, and is
partly edged, by a sickle-shaped silvery streak ; the part representing the
handle of the sickle being broader than the rest, and sending forth
externally near its apex a short branch, which, with the internal apex of
the handle, forms a fork ; the inner tine, or branch, of which terminates
in a slender line running in a curve to the costal margin, where it touches
the scutellum ; a brown indistinct cloud, or band, also runs obliquely from
the anal to the apical angle of the wing ; a very minute, pale streak marks
it just transversely above the former angle ; the posterior margin is slightly
indented ; the secondary wings are reddish-brown, with an obsolete, pale,
submarginal band.

432. Puusta 1ora Linn.—Expansion of wings 134 inch. ‘Taken in
Nova Scotia by Dr. Mac Culloch and in Canada by Dr. Bigsby.

[309.] Body, legs and antenne fawn-colored, as are likewise the paler
parts of the wings ; primaries clouded and streaked with dark, and reddish-
brown ; the disk of these wings is occupied by a large cloud of this color
inscribed with two, sometimes silvery, and sometimes golden, brilliant
metallic spots, tending to form an obtuse angle with each other ; the upper
one, or that nearest the base of the wing being acuminated towards that

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

part, rounded towards the apex, and sending forth two branches towards
the costal area; the lower spot is subtriangular or V-shaped, with the
point towards the base of the wings ; the two together form, in some sort,
a semicolon reversed ; between the lower or ovate spot and the costa isa
rather indistinct circlet of gold or silver, and two streaks of the same
lustre may be traced lower down between it and the inner margin of the
wing ; the disk near the apex is bronzed ; from the brown cloud men-
tioned above runs a wavy brown streak to the external apical angle, the
apex itself is terminated by a band formed by indistinct black crescents ;
and above the streak is a transverse band formed by two faint lines of
dark indistinct crescents including a pale band ; secondary wings darker
at the apex.

N. B. In the Nova Scotia specimens the discoidal spots are silvery,
while in that trom Canada their lustre is golden. The synonymy of this
species seems very doubtful ; the metallic signature can scarcely be said
to represent either a mark of interrogation, or a Greek Iota reversed ;
they most resemble a semicolon.

IX.—DiIPTERA.
FAMILY CULICIDA.

433. CULEX PUNCTOR Xz7rby.—Length of body 3% lines. Two.
specimens taken in Lat. 65°.

Body black. Proboscis longer than the trunk ; sheath black ; valvules
and lancets testaceous ; palpi somewhat incrassated towards the apex ;
antennz broken off in both specimens; wings white, iridescent, with
testaceous nervures, without scales, hairs and fringe ; legs testaceous.

[310.] FAMILY TIPULIDZ.

434. TIPULA PRATORUM A7zrby.—Length of body 7 lines. Taken
with the preceding.

¢. Head and trunk slate-colored. Antennz black, with the scape
yellow ; thorax with four brown stripes, the lateral ones abbreviated ;
wings embrowned, clouded with white ; nervures black, but those at the
base of the wing are testaceous ; there is a black dot or two near the
anterior margin ; and the stigma, or what represents it, is black ; the
poisers are pale but black at the tip ; legs obscurely testaceous ; thighs

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

and shanks black at the tip ; tarsi black ; abdomen clubbed, yellow, with
a longitudinal dorsal brown stripe ; anal club black.

. Wings not spotted with white ; legs distinctly testaceous, black
at the joints ; last joints of the tarsi black ; abdomen lanceolate, yellow,
with a dorsal, ventral, and on each side a lateral, brown stripe.

FAMILY BIBIONID#.

[311.] 435. Asprres (ARTHRIA) ANALIS A7rby.—Plate vi., fig. 8.—
Length of body, excluding wings, 2 lines; including wings, 3 lines.
Several taken in Lat. 65°.

Body black, naked. Head very small; trunk with a dorsal area marked
out by a ridge ; on each side is a reddish-yellow line drawn from the
collar to the base of the wing ; but in some specimens this is very indis-
tinct ; poisers white; wings hyaline, iridescent, much longer than the
body ; costal area divided into three areolets, with testaceous nervures,
terminating in a black stigma ; there are four spurious nervures, the first
abbreviated, and the anal one bent towards the margin; the legs are
reddish-yellow except the apex of the tarsi, which is black ; the inter-
mediate pair are smaller and shorter than the others ; anterior thighs are
much incrassated, and the tibiz terminate in a spine ; the posterior thighs
are elongated ; abdomen flat above ; anus yellow, as is sometimes the
margin of the ventral segments.

FAMILY EMPIDA.

436. Empis Luctuosa X7rby.—Length of body, including wings, 3
lines. Taken with the preceding.
Body entirely black. Proboscis very little longer than the head ;

wings a little embrowned, with a large black stigma, iridescent, nervures
black.

[312.]| 437. Empis Genicutata XKirby.—Length cf body 3. lines.
Taken with the preceding.

Very similar to the preceding, but not so black ; wings slightly em-
browned, beautifully iridescent ; legs, where the shank is united to the
thigh, white ; proboscis nearly as long as the thorax.

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

FAMILY BOMBYLIAD/-.

438. Bompyiius MAjoR Lzavz.—Length of body, including pro-
boscis, 7 lines ; excluding do., 5 lines. Expansion of wings 1 in. to 34
inch. ‘Taken in Lat. 65°.

[313.] Body black, thickly covered above with yellowish, soft, but
erect hairs ; underneath the hairs are whiter, but those on the breast, at
the origin of the legs, are black ; wings with the anterior half longitudinally
black-brown, the dark color on the inner side being sinuated or uneven ;
the posterior half of the wings is transparent with black nervures ; the

legs are long, and pale-yellow ; but the tarsi are reddish-black at the
extremity ; the eyes are triangular,

[This species is taken in Europe, and in N. America in Nova Scotia,
New York, &c. |

439. BompyLtius pyem&us Fabr.—Length of body, including pro-
boscis, 5 lines; excluding do., 3 lines; expansion of wings 9g lines.
Taken with the preceding.

Body black, hairy. Hair below the eyes black ; eyes meeting at the
vertex ; behind the eyes the hairs are gray ; those on the thorax are tawny
or reddish with a white tuft on each side at the anterior and posterior
margin ; the wings are longitudinally dusky at the anterior margin ; more
than the posterior half is hyaline, with several scattered black dots, the
interior ones being the largest ; the legs are testaceous, but black at the

tip ; the abdomen is covered by reddish hairs with dark ones intermingled;
those at the anus are whitish.

[Taken in various localities throughout N. America. |

FAMILY TABANID.

440. TABANUS AFFINIS A7z7by.—Length of body 734 lines. Taken
with the preceding.

[314.| Body black with hoary down. Proboscis, palpi, and base of
the antennz obscurely, all red ; down on the trunk very thin, mixed with
a few black hairs ; tubercles before the wings, winglets and knob of the
poisers, pale testaceous ; legs black with the four posterior tibize rufous ;
wings embrowned, with darker nervures ; three first segments of the abdo-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ' TGE

men rufous, each with a black dorsal spot ; margin of the segments pale
with a whitish fringe ; the fourth segment has a pair of round, red, dorsal
spots.

Variety B. Antennez all black.

441. TABANUS ZONALIS Azvby.—Length of body iu lines. Taken
with the preceding.

Body black, with a few hairs of the same color, especially at the sides
of the trunk. Antenne reddish at the base ; sheath of the proboscis,
and palpi, black ; haustellum testaceous ; breast whitish from inconspicu-
ous down ; tubercles before the wings subferruginous ; wings subtestaceous
with some of the nervures black ; knob of the poisers reddish ; thighs
black, reddish at the tip ; tibize, and tarsi, except the anterior pair, which
are black, as well as the apex of the anterior tibie, red ; abdominal seg-
ments above and below margined with white decumbent down and fringe.

442. CHRYSOPS SEPULCHRALIS /abr.—Length of body 6 lines.
Taken with the preceding.

[315.] Body black, slightly downy. Head hoary from pubescence ;
proboscis with a black sheath and testaceous haustellum ; feelers black ;
antenne red at the base ; below the antenne is an obtriangular levigated,
and naked space, with rounded angles, and somewhat elevated ; behind
the antenne in the frontal space, between the eyes, the ordinary levigated
and naked areas, which in Zadanus are longitudinal, in Chrysops are
transverse ; sides of the trunk hairy with black erect hairs, it is also
marked above with four longitudinal hoary stripes formed by invisible
pubescence ; underneath the trunk is covered with down of the same
description and color, and set with tufts of longer hairs ; wings white,
with the costal margin and a middle abbreviated band, and nervures
brown ; legs and abdomen black, and extremity whitish from down.

[An European species. |

FAMILY SYRPHID.,

443. Sc#va RIBESI! Fabr—Length of body 4 lines. Taken with
the preceding.

Head concavo-convex ; underneath black, with the edge fringed with
whitish hairs ; vertex black ; face below the antennz yellowish ; hoary

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

from decumbent hairs next the eyes ; antennz yellowish with a darker
cloud ; trunk bronzed with a greenish tint, downy especially on the sides,
down whitish ; wings hyaline, longer than the body, with black nervures,
but those of the costal area are ferruginous ; scutellum large, yellow ;
legs luteous, coxee and trochanters dark-brown, posterior tarsi black, first
joint below with a brush of golden colored bristles ; abdomen depressed,
above black with five yellow bands, viz, one consisting of two crescents,
forming an interrupted band, | 316] traversing the middle of the first seg-
ment ; then a broadish subinterrupted one traversing the base of the
second and third ; and lastly the margin of the two last segments is also
yellow, as is the under side of the abdomen.
[An European species ; taken also in Nova Scotia. |

FAMILY MUSCID/E

444. Musca caDAvERUM Kirby.—Length of body 434 lines. A
single specimen taken in Lat. 65°.

Body black, with black hairs and bristles. Antenne plumate ; eyes
brown ; the cheeks and ‘front in certain lights appear hoary or silvery from
inconspicuous down, in others black ; feelers subferruginous ; trunk and
abdomen black-blue with a greenish tint ; wings hyaline ; intermediate
areolet obtusangular ; winglets white, bordered with a testaceous nervure.

This species approaches very. near to JZ. cadaverina, but the front,
winglets and palpi are of a different color.

445. MuSCA MORTISEQUA Si ae of body 5% lines. Sev-
eral taken with the preceding.

[317-] Body black, with black hairs and bristles. Eyes brown ;
cheek and front ferruginous, in certain lights exhibiting something of a
golden lustre; feelers long, slender, reddish-yellow ; trunk slightly hoary,
with three very indistinct black dorsal stripes ; wings hyaline, with the
intermediate areolet projecting internally into an acute angle ; winglets
white terminated by a white nervure ; abdomen heart-shaped, glossy, blue
with a slight tint of green.

This seems to be the American representative of JZ. vomitoria, from
which it differs chiefly in having three obsolete black stripes between the
wings; in the anterior spiracles not being of a different color from the
rest of the trunk; in having white winglets and not black edged with

he

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169

white ; and in the abdomen exhibiting no changeable appearance of
chequer-work.
Variety’ B. with a green abdomen.
C. with chalybeous abdomen.

X.—HOMALOPTERA, Leach.

FAMILY HiPPOBOSCID#.

446. Hippozsosca EQuUINA Lzznm.—Length of body, excluding wings,
4 lines ; including do., 5 lines. Locality not mentioned.

Body flat ; subpubescent, dirty-yellow, spotted with brown, with whit-
ish signatures, On the forehead, between the eyes, is a brown quadrangu-
Jar spot shaped like what are called skates eggs, with four projecting points
at the angles ; abdomen underneath pale, anus hairy ; tarsi with four black
claws, the mner ones shorter and truncated ; wings much longer than the
body.

[An European species. Loew (Monographs of Dipiera, part i.)
divides the order of Diptera into three sections :—Memocera, Brachycera
and Coriacea, and includes this family, with the Wycteribide, in the last
mentioned. |

318.| XI.—APHANIPTERA.
=) :

FAMILY PULICID,

447. PuLex cicas Azrby.—Plate vi., fig. 9.—Length of body 2
lines. Two specimens taken in Lat. 65°.

Body ovate, reddish-yellow ; segments, particularly the first of the
trunk, pectinated with black bristles ; antennz, though short, very distinct,
standing out from the head, they seem to consist of two joints, the last
conical and obtuse ; the base of the second segment of the trunk is

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

black ; the thighs are very flat and wide, inclining to ovate ; tibiae armed
with long black bristles.

This I believe is the largest flea known, but I have not been able to
ascertain upon what animal it was captured.

(Concluded.)

ON TWO NEW CHALCID FLIES FROM FLORIDA, PARASITIC
UPON THE LARV OF SYRPHUS FLIES.

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

Having continued my investigations on Orange Insects, I have made
many other discoveries. Among these probably the most interesting is the
breeding of two species of Chadcids from the larvee of Syrphus flies.

Now, as a general rule, the Chalcidide must be considered beneficial,
the majority of them preying upon other insects injurious to the agricul-
turist, the species belonging to the Zusytomide genus Lsosoma, being, I
believe, the only vegetable feeders known among them.

In my recent pamphlet on ‘Orange Insects,” I described and figured
several bred from Aphides, Coccides, etc.; besides, I have since bred
hundreds from other sources, and all may be considered beneficial.

Nevertheless, there are exceptions to all rules, and those now under
consideration must come under that head and be classed as injurious,
because they prey upon the larve of flies which destroy our orange
aphides—pests particularly troublesome to the orange grower in spring and
fall. Another strange fact about these Chadcids, and which needs a thor-
ough investigation, is this: How do so many manage to live in and sub-
sist upon the Syrphus without destroying it at once? For it is not until
the larva has transformed into a puparium, that these little parasites them-
selves transform—first into pupze, and afterwards into perfect flies, which
escape by eating a hole through the head of the puparium. From asingle
puparium I had 18 Chalcids (5 males and 13 females). On carefully
opening another, I found it closely packed with Chalcid pupee, like “ sar-
dines in a box.” Undoubtedly all of these lived as minute worms in the
larva of the Syrphus fly, feeding day after day on the fatty substance, but

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. r7s

instinctively avoiding all vital organs. Alas, poor larva! For days the
victim of these minute worms, and like the misery of some poor mortal,
finds release from suffering only in death.

In Europe, Westwood, Introduction to the Modern Classification of
Insects, vol. 2, p. 160, states that Hupelinus syrphi Bouche, infests the
larvee of Syrphus ribesii and S. balteatus. In vol. 1, p. 423, that Spalangia
nigra is parasitic on the pupee of the common house fly, AZisca domestica.

In America I do not know of any having been described from Syrphus
flies, excepting E77ophilus mali Hald. 1 consequently presume these
are unknown to science, and submit the following descriptions :

SPALANGIA? SYRPHI, Nn. Sp. ?

@. Length .o7 inch. Head and thorax black, coarsely, uniformly,
but not deeply punctate, and with slight purplish and brassy reflections.
Head transverse, much broader than thorax, mandibles 4-dentate, denta-
tions not so deep as in #; antenne r1-jointed, reddish-brown, slightly
but gradually widening towards tip, covered with short pubescence ;
thorax—parapsidal grooves converging towards scvtellum, but abruptly
ending at middle of mesothorax ; collare very short, hardly visible, scu-
tellum convex; abdomen ovate, brownish black, smooth and _ highly
polished, with a slight cupreous tinge at base, and attached to thorax by a
short peduncle ; legs honey yellow, anterior and middle femora dark, pos-
terior pair being brownish black ; wings hyaline, iridescent, veins greenish
yellow, stigma slightly thickened at base, stigmal vein with a little pointed
knob near the tip.

gf. Length .o5 inch. Head and thorax bright greenish golden,
punctation as in 2 ; antenne r1r-jointed, filiform, reddish brown and
covered with rather long hairs, collare very short, hardly visible, purplish ;
abdomen ovate, purplish black, smooth and shining, with a short peduncle ;
legs honey yellow, coxe brassy ; wings hyaline iridescent.

Described from 2 f and 5 § specimens bred from the pup of
Syrphus philadelphicus.

PTEROMALUS 4-MACULATA, N. Sp.

®. Length .o5 inch. Head wider than thorax, bluish purple, micro-
scopically punctate, with mouth parts brownish black ; eyes brownish,
antennz g-jointed, reddish brown, scape very long, as long as all the others
combined excepting club; 2nd joint as long as 3 and 4 combined and

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1.

thicker ; 3rd shortest, others slightly widening towards tip; gth broadly
fusiform and longer than joints 6, 7 and 8 combined ; thorax about twice
as long as broad, microscopically punctate and with a slight brassy tinge
and sparsely pubescent ; collare hardly visible ; praescutum much broader
than long, convex, occupying nearly the whole mesothorax, scuti small,
triangular and purplish ; scutellum rather large, convex, triangular, tinged
with brassy and with the basal margin purplish; pleura large, convex,
smooth and shining ; abdomen very short, sessile, flattened and triangular
when seen from above ; legs—coxe brownish, femora and more than half
of the tibize brownish yellow, tip of femora and balance of tibiae and feet
honey yellow, hind legs with rather long tibial spur; wings hyaline, iri-
descent, with only’a short costa and stigmal vein, reaching to one-third the
length of wing.

g. Length .o4 inch. Head purplish, vertex and face brassy, micro-
scopically punctate, with a few larger punctures scattered in front of
ocelli ; antennae 8-jointed, filiform, scape shorter than in @ and with the
joints irregular and covered with long hairs ; callare, unlike the female, is
transverse quadrate; scutellum triangular with a brassy tinge and the
edges rounded ; abdomen longer than in female, blackish.

Varieties of the male occur with the head, thorax and scutellum as in
the female, with an attenuated, transverse collare and with 9-jointed
antennae ; also with coarse punctures on the face and along the margin of
the eyes, and with the middle pair of femora yellowish.

These varieties are important as showing how certain species of Chal-
cid flies are liable to vary in coloration and structure, even those bred
from the same brood.

Described from 18 females and 8 males; 13 females and 5 males raised
from one larva, and 3 males and 5 females raised from another larva of
Syrphus 4-maculatus Ashmead, in November, 1880.

This species I place in the genus Pteromalus provisionally, for the
reason that the description was made from dry specimens and the antennae
in the and the structure of the abdomen of both sexes was too much
shrunken to make a critical examination.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. eo

ON A LARVA OF MORDELLA.
BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.

In previous numbers of the Can. Ent. (vols. ix, p. 232, and viii, p.
137) I have given an account of a singular larva found in thorns of
Gleditschia triacanthos or Honey Locust. I have never succeeded in
rearing the imago from the larve found in the thorns, but the same larva
—or one that I have not been able to distinguish from it—lives also in
the pith of the “iron weed” (Veronia) and also in that of the “hog
weed” or ‘‘horse weed,” Ambrosia trifida; and in the pith of these
stems is also found a Lepidopterous larva which I have not been able to
rear to the imago state, but which does not seem to differ from that of
Laverna sleditsctheella found in the thorns. Both larve, therefore, or
larvee not yet distinguished from them, inhabit the thorns of the Honey
Locust, the Iron Weed and the Horse Weed. I have bred the Lepidop-
terous larva from the thorns ; it is that of Laverna gleditscheelia Cham.,
but I have not bred the ‘curious larva” from them. I have bred the
“curious larva” from the Iron Weed, but not from the thorns on the
Ambrosia. It proves to be the larva of a beetle allied to Mordella, if it
does not, as I think it does, belong to that genus. I send a bred speci-
men herewith ; it is, I think,a common species. Please give me its name,

From the fact that it feeds in the same stems with the Laverne larve,
I thought it probable that the Morde//a larva fed upon that of the Laverna,
or upon some of the other larvze found in the thorns of G/editschia ; but
it is more probable that the fact simply is that the pith of these plants
affords food to all of the species. .

I have seen the Mordella larva eating its way through the pith, or
rather cutting its way with its mandibles, for I never saw it swallow any of
the pith, nor have I found any of it in the larval intestine. It may there-
fore be parasitic on the Laverna larva, in the sense that it eats the Laverna
‘where it meets it inthe stem. But it must be capable of feeding and
growing for a long time without meeting the Lepidopterous larva, for it is
frequently found in stems and thorns in which no other larve have been
seen.

Besides the Zaverna and Mordella \arvee, many others also—of other
genera and orders—feed in the Géeditschia thorns, as I have already stated
in the papers before referred to. Thus in these thorns I have found a

174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

beetle larva resembling that of a Brachys, one of the Carabide one-half
an inch long, one of a small bee, and one of a wasp, the names of which
have been given me by Mr. W. H. Patton, but to which I cannot just
now refer. Mr. Patton also informs me that the ants found in the thorns
and mentioned in the former papers (loc, cit.) do not belong to the species
and genera there suggested. I mention these species as being on the food
of the Mordella larva.

But in the pith of the Veronia and Ambrosia I have found only the
Laverna larva, that of the Mordel/a, that of one of the larger moths and
which I have not succeeded in rearing, and some small Dipterous larve.
It may be that the Hymenopterous larvee found in the thorns will yet be
found in Veronia and Ambrosia; but if not, then of course the Mordella,
if it feeds upon them at all, is not confined to them. This latter larva
excited my attention by its singular structure and mode of locomotion.
Its maxille are much like its legs, and are used as legs ; the body is
arched so that the feet are brought to bear on the lower surface, and the
dorsal tubercles (or as I have elsewhere called them, the dorsal prolegs)
are brought to bear upon the upper surface, and all are used as organs of
locomotion, and the larva is unable to crawl when in any other position,

Dr. Packard, in the Guide, says of AMZordel/a that ‘‘ the larve are said
to live in the pith of plants, and are long, sub-cylindrical, and the sides
of the rings are furnished with fleshy tubercles.” In this species the
tubercles are on the back. Westwood (Introduction, vol. 1, p. 293)
figures and describes (after Schilling) a form of Mordella larva certainly
quite different from that of this species. It is called the larva of IZ
pusilla and is said to feed in the pith of Artemesia. He also mentions a
larva found in the pith of Hoarhound as that of JZ pusilla, whilst the
larvae of the genus Aipzphorus are parasitic upon other insects. - This
larva most probably feeds upon the pith, but possibly it may feed upon
some of the other larvae, Lepidopterous or Hymenopterous, which it
meets sometimes in the pith. Not being a Coleopterist, I do not know
what is known by them as to the habits of the Mordellidae now, and per-
haps the facts above given may be new to some of them.

I do not know the duration of the larval state in this species. The
larva may be found in the stems in fall and winter and spring, and passes
into the pupa state in April and May, remaining in that state for two
weeks or more.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175

Since the foregoing was written I have found the same Mordella larva
common in the galls of Geélechia galle-solidaginis Riley, in stems of
Solidago (Golden-rod) eating into and through the walls of the galls; but
not disturbing the larvae or pupae of the moth. But here it eats into the
body of the wall of the cavity and does not confine itself to the pith.

NOTE ON HEMARIS BUFFALOENSIS.
BY A. R. GROTE.

The Rev. Mr. Hulst, who has arbitrarily drawn together distinct

species of Catocala, as C. crataegi and C. folygama, forgetting that the
Jarva of the former is described. has also referred Buffalcensis as a small

form of Zhysbe, or uniformis. But Prof. Lintner has described the larva
of Buffaloensis (ent. Cont. I1., 8), and in answer to my enquiries Prof.
Lintner states that Buffaloensis is well known to him and may be dis-
tinguished by the different shape of the discal cell of primaries, the cross-
bar of scales nearly fusing with the lower edge of the cell and not
running in the centre of it. I have myself no doubt of the validity of
Buffaloensts, which is probably unknown to Mr. Hulst, but what I wish to
call attention to is the reckless way in which distinct forms have been
recently united without all the facts or literature being studied or known.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

On the rith of June I took a pair of Saferda Fayi upon thorn, a
rather rare insect with Canadian collectors hitherto, I believe. Ten years
ago or more I captured one, and had not met with it since, but this year
amidst a general scarcity it seemed to be quite abundant here, the different
collectors finding it well represented in every direction around the city.
One day, coming on a favorable locality, I took 19; returning to the same
place the following afternoon, I got 30, and had to leave before 4 o’clock
on account of rain—going back a few days later and securing 34. I found
old bushes in an exposed situation the most productive.

Hamilton, Ont. J. Atston Morrar.

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CUPES CAPITATA,

For some years past I have been, during the month of July, in the
habit of collecting specimens of this pretty little beetle on the fence of a
churchyard adjoining my residence. This year they were exceedingly
numerous, and I captured in four days over 80, of which some 50 were
females. It is curious to note that I have invariably found that certain
pickets of the fence were selected by the beetles, and that out of a long
distance of fencing round the sides of the church, these few pickets on
one side would be the only place to find the beetle. I can give no reason
for such selection—the trees and food plants round the fence are similar ;
they congregate for breeding purposes and then suddenly disappear, and
can only be rarely found afterwards. Do any of our readers know the
life history of this beetle ? E. BAyNES REED, London, Ont.

THE CODLING MOTH.

Prof. E. W. Claypole, of Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, in a
recent communication states that he has lately captured two specimens of
this moth, Carpocapsa pomonella, at sugar under an apple tree. Whether
they were chance captures or whether they were attracted by the sugar he
is unable to form an opinion.

I received more than a year ago two specimens of E7vistalys tenax
Lin. collected in Washington Territory by Mr. H. K. Morrison, The
specimens on careful comparison show no differences whatever from
typical eastern ones. The peculiar hairy markings of the eyes, to which
my attention was directed by Baron Osten-Sacken, are quite the same. I
have specimens also from Kansas, showing that this common European
fly has spread over the whole United States since it was first observed by
Osten-Sacken in November, 1875, or somewhat earlier by Mr. Patton.
The fly at present is very abundant in the vicinity of New Haven, making
its appearance about the middle of July and remaining till cold weather,
in early October being frequently found in houses and gardens. That this
species should have become so very,widely spread in three or four years
seems remarkable, but, on the other hand, it would seem more remarkable
that so conspicuous and common a fly should have entirely eluded so
experienced and zealous an Entomologist as Baron Osten-Sacken, had the
species really been in North America earlier.

S. W. Wituiston, M. D.

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1881. No.’ 9

NOTES ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF PAPILIO
CRESPHONTES, Cram.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDAL#, ILL.

Egg—Spherical, a little flattened at base, .o6 4% inch in diameter, pale
ochre with sometimes a greenish tinge, at others inclining to orange.
Duration of this period six days.

Young Larva—Length .11 inch ; the body covered with tubercles from
which project. small spines ; color dark brown, the tubercles on all but the
first of the anterior joints a little lighter, joints 6 and 11 straw color.
Duration of this period three days.

After 1st Moult—Length .31 inch. General color and shape the
same, the body having a shining appearance, six tubercles on each of the
first four joints, the upper four more prominent, two small tubercles on
the back of each of the other joints, the posterior pair more prominent,
joints 6 and 11 a little paler than before. Being busy, no notes were
taken of the second moult, but the general appearance was much the
same. From the first to the third moult was six days.

After the 3rd Moult—Length .75 inch. Body shining, appearing more
as though wet, the tubercles all disappeared except on joints 1 to 4, joint
3 the largest, from joint 4 to 5 an abrupt decrease to the size of the pos-
terior joints ; head olivaceous, the ridge on joint 1 pale olivaceous, parts
of joints 5 and 6 creamy tinged with olivaceous, the terminal part of body
somewhat enlarged and pearly whitish on the back, tinged with olivaceous
round the edges, the rest of the body olivaceous brown. Duration of this
period five days.

After 4th Moult—Length 1.25 inches; the dark parts rich dark
brown ; a prominent ridge over the middle of joint 3 and over the back
part of joint 4 a lighter shade of brown, each ridge containing several
white rings, there also being a few on the dorsum in front of the ridge on
joint 4 ; a white band above the head, this organ when the animal is at

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

rest being under joint 1, this white band reaching round the sides to the
elevation on joint 4, the lateral portion mottled with olive and brown.
The boundaries of the light spaces back of joint 4 varying slightly in
different specimens, but in all the anterior one reaches on the sides to the
first pro-leg. Each side of the dorsum on joints 8, 9, 10 is a dark brown
patch with a bright elliptical violet spot in the centre, the patch more or
less surrounded with mottlings of white, the last pair of patches nearly
surrounded and often partly absorbed by the light that covers the rest of
the body. Joints 2, 3, 4 have each four small dots of the same violet
hue, while on each side of joints 8, 9 is a cluster of fine blue points.
Each joint, except such as are light at this place, has a cluster of these
little points below the stigmata. The light space in the middle of the
body is more or less mottled with pale olive. Duration of this period
to the time it suspended in its loop to change to chrysalis, five days.

Mature Larva—When full grown length 1.75 inches, width of widest
part, or joint 4, .56 inch, narrowest part, or joint 10, .25 inch, of joint
I1,.31 inch. The anterior part of body much thickened, a prominent
ridge extending across joint 1, along the sides and over the back part of
joint 4, tne latter being the highest part. Inside of this space is some-
what flattened. Back of joint 4 it tapers rather abruptly to the posterior
part of joint 5, after which the body is nearly cylindrical. The scent
organs about .50 inch, bright dark red. From the time of suspension to
casting the last larva skin one day, or more nearly thirty hours.

Chrysalis—Length 1.50 inches, some a little shorter ; the ventral side
strongly arched, the dorsal incurved but not very strongly ; head case
long, depressed, the sides parallel, scarcely wider at base, ocellar promin-
ences long, subpyramidal, not divergent, two teeth on the inner edge of
each, a dorsal tubercle at the base of each prominence ; mesonotum
rather low, edges slightly carinated, anterior elevation bilobed ; abdomen
with a subdorsal row of small tubercles. Surface granulated. Color
variable. One form gray marked with dark gray and brown, another form
pale green marked with gray and brown, the latter color mostly on the
head case and down the ventral part of the thorax.

The pupal period varies. One of the two observed from which these
notes were taken produced the imago fourteen days after pupating, making
forty days from the time the butterfly was observed depositing the egg to
the imago, The other one is at writing still in chrysalis. Fourteen days

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179

is the shortest pupal period I have observed in rearing this species. From
some former notes I have the following pupal periods of 15 specimens :

t produced the imago in 16 days.
ce 6c 57 ce
ce 6 ts ce

ie

20 ce

21

22

24

These were the early brood producing the imagines in July, though I
might say that about one-eighth of this brood, instead of hatching in

July, pass the winter in this state to produce imagines in the following

spring. The one that is mentioned above as having a pupal period of 14

days was deposited as an egg June 6th, and produced the imago July

16th. I can see no difference between either the larvee or the butterflies
of those fed on Prickly Ash and those fed on Orange leaves.

SH Se NHN HW bd

NotTe.—Since writing the above the second of the two from which
notes were taken has produced the imago, its pupal period being 39 days.
The time of hatching was August roth, having a period of 65 days from
the depositing of the egg to the imago. This is the longest period of any
of the summer brood of which I have kept a record.

MEETING OF THE SUB-SECTION OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE-
MENT OF SCIENCE.

The meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science was held at Cincinnati, Ohio, commencing at to o’clock a, m. on
Wednesday, the 17th of August, 1881. At the conclusion of the opening
exercises the several Sections proceeded to organize, when the Sub-section
of Entomology was called to order by the President, Rev. J. G. Morris.
A large number of Entomologists were present, among others C. V. Riley,
Washington ; Cyrus Thomas, Carbondale, lil; Wm. H. Edwards, Coal-

e

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

burgh, W. Va.; J. A. Lintner, Albany, N. Y.; Rev. J. G. Morris, Balti-
more, Md.; Wm. Saunders, London, Ontario; E. W. Claypole, Yellow
Springs, Ohio; Miss M. W. Brooks, Salem, Mass.; B. Pickman Mann,
Washington ; C, D. Zimmerinann, Buffalo, N. Y.; A. J. Cook, Lansing,
Mich.; J. D. Putnam, Davenport, lowa; S. H. Peabody, Champaign, III;
V. T. Chambers, Covington, Ky., and Chas. Drury, Avondale, Ohio.

On Thursday, August 18th, the Sub-section of Entomology met at
2.30 p. m.

The first paper read was by Prof. C. V. Riley, on Retarded Develop-
ment in Insects. In this paper the author recorded several interesting
cases of retarded development in insects, whether as summer coma, or
dormancy of certain portions of a given brood of caterpillars, the belated
issuing of certain imagines from the pupa, or the deferred hatching of
eggs. One of the most remarkable cases of this last to which he called
attention was the hatching this year of the eggs of the Rocky Mountain
Locust or Western Grasshopper, Caloptenus spretus, that were laid in 1876
around the Agricultural College at Manhattan, Kansas. These eggs were
buried some ten inches below the surface in the fall of 1876 in grading
the ground around the chemical laboratory, the superincumbent material
being clay, old mortar and bits of stone and a plank sidewalk above this.

In removing and regrading the soil last spring, Mr. J. D. Graham
noticed that the eggs looked sound: and fresh, and that they readily
hatched when exposed to normal influences ; the species being determined
by Prof. Riley from specimens submitted by Mr. Graham. Remarkable
as the facts are, there can be no question as to their accuracy, so that the
eggs actually remained unhatched during nearly four years and a half, or
four years longer than is their wont. This suggests the significant ques-
tion: how much longer the eggs of this species could under favoring
conditions of dryness and reduced temperature, retain their vitality and
power of hatching.

Putting all the tacts together, Prof. Riley concludes that we are yet
unable to offer any satisfactory explanation of the causes which induce
exceptional retardation in development among insects. The eggs of
Crustaceans, as those of Sepus and Cypris, are known to have the power
of resisting drouth for six, ten or more years without losing vitality, while
in some cases they seem actually to require a certain amount of desiccation
before they will hatch. Yet the fact remains that different species act
differently in this respect, and that individuals of the same species under

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 181

like external conditions of existence act differently, that temperature,
moisture, food, &c., do not influence them alike. We can understand
how this great latitude in susceptibilty to like conditions may and does in
the case of exceptional seasons prove beneficial to the species by pre-
serving the exceptional individuals that display the power to resist the
unusual changes.

The next paper was by the same author, on New Insects Injurious to
American Agriculture, in which attention was called to several insects
hitherto unknown as injurious, which during the present year have proved
very Gestructive to one crop or another. Such hitherto unknown and
unreported injury is either caused by—rst, imported species ; 2nd, native
species previously known but without destructive habit ; 3rd, unknown or
undescribed species.

Mr. W. H. Edwards then read a paper on certain habits of Heliconia
charitonia.

Some interesting discussions followed the reading of these papers, after
which an informal discussion on Entomological subjects took place, in
which many of the members joined. The meeting then adjourned.

On Friday, at 11.30 a. m., the Entomological Sub-section held another
session. ;

The first paper, ‘‘On the Length of Life of Butterflies,” was read by
W. H. Edwards, followed by one on the Life Duration of the Heterocera,
by J. A. Lintner, both of which will appear in the pages of the ENTo-
MOLOGIST.

A few remarks were made by C. V. Riley on his own extended obser-
vations on the duration of the lives of both butterflies and moths, indi- .
cating that they were as a rule of very short duration.

Cyrus Thomas stated that according to his observation the Army
Worm, as a caterpillar, a chrysalis and a moth, existed in all seventy-seven
days. Some observers had, however, made it seventy-six, others seventy-
nine days. He contended that in confinement, in a proper temperature
and with ample food, the Army Worm passed through its metamorphosis
more quickly than in natural conditions.

B. P. Mann disagreed with Mr. Thomas on this latter; so also did
C. V. Riley, it being contrary to their experience.

J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, then read a paper on
“ A Remarkable Invasion of Northern New York by a Pyralid Insect.”

He said that about the middle of May, of the present year, a serious

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

invasion of St. Lawrence County, N. Y., and several of the adjoining
counties by the “army worm” was announced. It was stated that many
pastures had been completely ruined, and the entire destruction of the
pastures and meadows was threatened. Not having witnessed the oper-
ations of the army worm, he at once visited the infested locality. The
reports had not been exaggerated. The injury was widespread and
serious, already extending over eight of the northern counties. Hundreds
of acres of grass presented a brown appearance, as if they had been
winter killed. A pasture lot of fifty acres, which, ten days before, offered
good pasture, was burned so that in places not a blade of grass could be
seen to the square yard. Numerous dead caterpillars were adhering to
the dead stems of last year’s grass, which it was believed had fallen vic-
tims to starvation. The upland pastures were first attacked. The pro-
gress was remarkably rapid ; entire fields were laid waste in ten or twelve
days. The secrecy of the depredations was remarkable. The larve had
seldom been seen, and never observed in active feeding. It was believed
by the farmers that they fed at night, or by drawing the blades of grass
into their subterranean retreats. In two instances the larvae were observed
in immense numbers, collected on the trunks of trees so that they could
have been scooped up by handfuls.

The tree trunks were enveloped by a firm web of silk, spun by the
caterpillars, of so firm a consistence that it could be lifted up in a sheet
like a piece of woven silk. The cause of the congregation at this point
could only be conjectured. It was not for feeding on the foliage, for the
grasses alone were eaten by the caterpillars.

The caterpillars observed and collected by Mr. Lintner were slender,
cylindrical forms, sixteen footed, of an obscure greenish color, with a
shining black head. They were destitute of lines or other ornamentation,
except some warty spots on their upper side. Their average length was
three-fourths of an inch. He was unable to identify them with the army
worm, for they were quite unlike the mature form of that species, and
their habits seemed to be quite different.

On the 6th of August the first moth emerged from some cocoons
furnished by Mr. J. Q. Adams, of Watertown, N. Y., and it turned out to
be a Crambus vulgivagellus.

The interesting question as to which of our insect depredators was
chargeable with the ravages in Northern New York was decided, The
new enemy was found to be an inconspicuous, hitherto unobtrusive little

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183

Crambus. It had long been known in our cabinets, but had never before
presented itself as an injurious insect.

It is probable that several accounts of injuries to pasture lands in
New England States during the last three or four years, which have been
ascribed either to the army worm or an unknown depredator, are due to
this species. Its subsequent appearance may hereafter be recognized.

The Crambidz are small moths with narrow front wings often marked
with metallic spots and stripes, which are frequently driven up for short
flights in our pastures and meadows during the fall months. Specimens
of the larve, pupze, cocoons and perfect insects were exhibited to the
Section.

Following this three papers were read by A. J. Cook, of Jansing,
Mich., ‘‘ How Does the Bee Extend its Tongue?” ‘‘ The Syrian Bees,”
“ Carbolic Acid as a Preventive of Insect Ravages.”

The author explained how the bee extends its tongue by means of a
diagram ; it is done, he believes, by forcing into the extremity of that
member some of the fluid contained in the glands. In his paper on
Syrian Bees he related how D. A. Jones, of Canada, and Frank Benton,
of Michigan, went to Europe in search of new varieties of bees. They
brought from Cyprus both the Cyprian bee and the Syrian bee, and Mr.
Benton went to Ceylon and Java in search of other varieties. From the
former place he brought two new species not very unlike our own, but in
Java he failed to find the great Java bee. With the Syrian bees the author
had Syrianized the apiaries of the Michigan Agricultural College. The
Syrians are of a yellow type, closely allied to the Italian bee ; they are
indefatigable workers, but more irritable than other bees, especially when
queenless. They are undoubtedly a valuable acquisition to American
apiculture.

The next paper was by Mr. W. H. Edwards, on “The Alleged
Abnormal Peculiarity in the History of Azgynnis myrina,” which was
followed by one by E. W. Claypole, of Yeltow Springs, Ohio, on the
Buckeye Stem Borer. The writer remarked that during the spring months
some of the leaves of the Buckeye tree droop and die without any obvious
cause ; indeed these dying leaves may be seen almost as soon as the
foliage is expanded. On examination a small hole was discovered in every
stalk on which a dying leaf was found, and in splitting this round stalk a
living caterpillar was observed ensconced in the narrow tunnel evidently
excavated by itself. The destruction of the central part of the leaf stalk

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

was clearly the cause of the death of the leaf. A number of leaves were
collected and the larva reared in confinement, producing a small moth.
closely resembling Sericoris instrutana. When or where the e&g is laid
has not been discovered. The young larve may be found in the leaf
stalks of the Buckeye tree from the 2nd to about the 8th of May. After
spending a few days in this secure retreat, it comes out and dwells for the
rest of its caterpillar life in the dying leaf at the top of the stem upon
which it feeds ; after thus feeding for about a fortnight it passes into the
chrysalis state, from which in about ten days more it emerges a moth.
The President then read his annual address.

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.

GENTLEMEN,—I regret exceedingly that I am compelled to begin my
address by the recital of a melancholy event in the history of our Section.

About ten days after our adjournment last year, and after probably we
had all arrived at home and settled down to our autumn’s work, the dis-
tressing intelligence reached us of the sudden death of one of our most
honored and distinguished members. He had mingled with us at Boston
and had taken part in our deliberations, and though cheerful and full of
hope, yet his usually buoyant temperament was plainly mellowed by
advancing years, the every-day anxieties of life, and the pressure of severe
intellectual pursuits. He returned home after “our adjournment and
immediately resumed his linguistic studies with his usual incessant ardor,
for he often said to me: “J never take exercise when I am at home, but
work all day and sometimes late into the night,” and on the rst of Sept.,
1880, Samuel Stehman Haldeman was suddenly stricken down. His
lamented death has been noticed in most of the leading papers and
scientific journals of the country, accompanied with some biographical
facts, for he was widely known as a scholar and scientist, and no man was
more highly esteemed as a companion and gentleman. We all are aware
of the distinction he achieved in letters and science in our own and
foreign countries, of the learned books and papers he has written, and of
the titles and prizes which his works secured for him.

If this were the proper place, it would be pleasing to dwell, even at
length, upon the many valuable traits of his character, the vast extent of
his diversified acquirements, and his almost unparalleled qualities as a
friend and scientific fellow-laborer. I feel as if I were announcing the
death and reciting the admirable virtues of a brother, For forty years he

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

and I were what may properly be called “bosom friends.” In early life
we were engaged in similar scientific pursuits, and living but a few hours’
distance from each other, our mutual visits were frequent and our warmest
friendship and confiding intercourse continued uninterrupted to the end.

It is well known that in early life he devoted much of his time to our
favorite science, to which he made some valuable contributions. His
principal papers are: Materials toward a History of Coleopterous Longi-
cornia of the U.S.; Corrections and Additions to this paper; Description
of N. Am. Coleoptera; Cryptocephalinorum Borel. Am. Diagnosis.
These papers give evidence of honest and painstaking research, patient
analysis and sharp discrimination, and are profitably consulted by investi-
gators at the present day.

OF late years he had turned his attention particularly to the study of
Language, and became a distinguished member of the Philological
Society. All readers know the celebrity he attained in that department
and the ardor with which he pursued those studies, but notwithstanding
their engrossing attractions, he never ceased to feel an interest in every-
thing that concerned our department. It is hard for a man to forget his
first love.

Thus much I thought it proper to say of the lamented Haldeman.
He was no ordinary man whom you might compliment with a passing
respectful obituary notice. In science and letters he was a great man.
His memory will be long cherished by admiring friends. “ /dem extinctus
amabitur.” It may not be out of place to mention here one fact to me,
at least, personally interesting. Less than two months ago the monument
of Haldeman, chiseled out of enduring granite by Strecker, a brother
Entomologist, was erected over his grave by the pious care of the skillful
artist himself, who spends his days in cutting marble and granite into
classic forms, and half of his nights in studying and figuring the butterflies
of his own unequalled private collection.

Gentlemen, forty years ago I could count the known working Ento-
mologists of our country with the first ten numerals. The older Mels-
heimer, who may properly be designated as the father of our science in
this country, Say, Peck, Gould, Randall, Peale, and a few other pioneers,,
had died or retired, and the only workers then were Harris, of Cambridge;
Major LeConte and his son John L., of the City of New York; Fitch, of
the State of N. Y.; Haldeman, Melsheimer, jr., and Zeigler, of Penna.,
and a few others of no special note, were the only ones, as far as is at

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

present recollected, who prosecuted our science with any zeal and who
contributed to its progress by the descriptions of species. There were
others who collected insects, but they made no claim to be scientific
Entomologists. I remember distinctly when Melsheimer, Haldeman,
Zeigler and I used to meet several times a year at our respective homes
to read papers, discuss questions, exhibit new species, recite our Ento-
mological adventures and then adjourn to a well appointed table. We
regretted that we had no collaborators within two hundred miles, for the
LeContes, in New York, were our nearest neighbors. In that day there
was not a man in Philadelphia who studied insects. We then established
“The Entomological Society of Pennsylvania,” and after electing all our
confreres in this country as honorary members, we had the audacity to
confer the same distinction upon some great men abroad, whose letters
of grateful acceptance indicated that they thought that the Society was
something more than a club of four comparatively unknown men meeting
in Haldeman’s study on the banks of the Susquehannah !

And now look at the mighty change. In the Naturalist’s Directory
for 1880 there are no less than 436 names reported as pursuing our
science. Now, whilst it is true that many of these may be collectors
only, still they are more or less useful. They all must be interested in it
to a greater or less extent or they would not have reported themselves as
such. Be this as it may, the increase is simply wonderful and very
encouraging. Doubtless there are numerous others in the country
engaged in the same delightful employment whose names do not appear
in the Directory.

There is no other distinct branch of science that has so many repre-
sentatives in that book as ours, excepting Botany and Geology, and in
Zoology specially we are ahead of the Ornithologist by over 50; the
Conchologists are fewer than too all told, and all other specialists in
Zoology are behind us. All this is cheering, and we are sure that the
number of collaborators is growing every year.

But there is a still more encouraging view of the subject, which is
founded not only on names, but on facts, and I am sure it will gratify the
Section to hear of the number of the published contributions of our
fellow workmen. True, they are not all members of this Section, but they
belong to the family and we hail them as brethren of the same household.

Most of us have, of course, kept our eyes upon the various journals
and have been pleased to see so many papers, and yet perhaps few of us

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187

have any proximate conception of their number and variety. Hence I
have thought that probably the most acceptable contribution I could
make at this meeting would be a complete list, as far as was possible, of
all American Entomological writers since our meeting in August last, and
. this I have done and will present it at the proper time. Some names
may have been inadvertently omitted, but these can be subsequently
introduced. In order to insure perfect accuracy and fullness, I made the
list of each author’s writings as far as I could find them and sent it to
him for correction, and I here desire to thank those gentlemen for the
uniform courtesy with which they granted me their aid.

This paper will give us a better idea of the progress of our science
during the past year than any other mere description possibly could.

A brief analysis of it gives 77 writers and 302 titles; 25 of these
articles treat of Coleoptera ; 19 of Lepidoptera; 15 of Orthoptera; 5 of
Neuroptera; 1o of Diptera; 11 of Hymenoptera ; 11 on Hemiptera; 8
or to describe larve of various orders; 5 or 6 are on fossil insects ; a few
on Myriopods and spiders, and 11 on Economic Entomology.

This brief exhibit will give an idea of what has been done as far as
has been made public. Doubtless there are many other papers in pre-
paration, and much efficient work has been privately done which may
never be published.

It would be out of my province to specify any of these writings in
this address, and much more to express any opinion of their relative
value, or to indulge in any critical remarks. That must be left to the
reviewers.

We now have four journals exclusively devoted to our science, and in
several others considerable space is allotted to it. In connection with
these must be mentioned the annual reports of the State Entomologists.
The Proceedings and Transactions of all Natural History Societies also
contain frequent articles upon the subject.

The Canadian Entomologist, Psyche, The Bulletin of the Brooklyn
Ent. Society, and Papilio, should be supported by every one of us.
Indeed, no man can know how our cause is advancing without them, and
as it is likely that none but Entomologists read them, so much the more
general should be our patronage that they may be maintained.

Each of these four seems to occupy its peculiar field.. The Canadian
is general and the organ of a special association. Although it is geo-
graphically extra /imita/, yet it is very near to us and a large share of its

Sie THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

original papers come from this side of the Niagara. We claim it as one
of our own, and being the oldest and admirably conducted, we hope that
its present efficient editor may long continue to conduct it and render it
still more interesting and instructive.

The next oldest is Psyche, and in relation to it I may quote what our
first President said in his opening address: ‘‘ Psyche, though small, is
indispensable to every one occupied with the insects of North America.”
It covers a ground not occupied by any other periodical in the world, and
is very creditable to the disinterested labors of American Entomologists.
Its accuracy has never been questioned, and it is extremely desirable to
secure its continuous publication. You know that it was begun by the
Cambridge Entomological Club, which is really the parent of the Club
of the A. A. A. S., which has now been elevated to the dignity of a
Sub-Section. The Cambridge Club differs from some others in the country
in freely granting the use of its library to Entomologists throughout the
whole country, and hence it is very desirable that the library should be
enriched and the Club thus enabled to extend its benefits still more
widely.

The Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society is a spirited pub-
lication, displaying much zeal, correct diagnosis and careful description.

Papilio, the youngest of the family, is entirely devoted to Lepidoptera
and thus occupies an exclusive field and cultivates it successfully. The
necessity for it arose, I apprehend, from the fact that our investigators had
so much that was new to publish, that room could not be found in the
other journals, and when we consider that the number of our writers is
increasing every year and new discoveries are constantly made, itis plain
that all the journals now in existence among us could not publish all the
communications unless the journals were greatly enlarged. As it is likely
that all these editors render their valuable services gratuitously, and that
the present patronage would not justify an enlargement, we shall have to
be content for some time to come with their present size.

In conclusion, I will make bold to throw out one or two suggestions.

1. In view of the wondertul progress which our science has made in
this country, has not the time come for condensed, complete, systematic
books on each of the Orders, after the style of many German books that
might be mentioned? Every one of us is often asked by beginners :
What book would you recommend on beetles? And our answer is:
there is none which contains descriptions of all our known species in

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189

systematic order, but you must gather them from various monographs,
journals and proceedings, which are not easy to procure. This disheartens
the young student. The same is to a great extent also true of butterflies,
especially of Noctuidz, and of other orders of insects, although the want
is supplied in Lepidoptera more fully than in any other. But even this
order, beyond the Diurnals, although hundreds of species are described,
has not been brought together in systematic arrangement. The material
is at hand, and nothing is wanting but a competent editor and an accom-
modating publisher to bring out a series of works which would contribute
‘immeasurably to our progress.

My second suggestion is, that it would be interesting to know the
extent, character and condition of the larger public and private collections
in the country, with a mention of the varieties they contain. This might
embrace two sections, those of our own species and those of foreign
countries. A paper on this subject for next meeting would be .an inter-
esting contribution, and I hope some gentleman will furnish it ; or let
some member be -appointed, so that there may be no conflict, and the
whole field be open to him. No doubt the owners of private collections
and the curators of public ones would cheerfully render him their counsel
and aid.

And now, gentlemen, congratulating you upon our meeting again, let
us proceed to our business and prosecute it with vigor, patience and order.

Joun G. Morris.

At the conclusion of the address a vote of thanks was tendered to the
President, coupled with the request that the copy be sent to the CANADIAN
ENTOMOLOGIST for publication, which was kindly assented to.

(To be Continued.)

CARBOLIC ACID AS A PREVENTIVE OF INSECT RAVAGES.

(Read before the Sub-Section of Entomology of the A. A. A. S.)
BY A. J. COOK, LANSING, MICH.

One year ago I gave at the Boston meeting of the Association for the
Advancement of Science the results of some experiments in the use of
London purple to destroy the codling moth larva, and bisulphide of car-
bon in fighting the cabbage maggot and squash borer. These experi-

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ments have been repeated the present season, and with results no less
favorable than those reported one year ago. | think it is an established
fact that the methods recommended are valuable. They not only seem
reliable, but they promise to be the cheapest and most desirable modes
that can be made practicable on all occasions.

As stated last year, the bisulphide of carbon will also destroy the
radish maggot (Anthomyia raphani), but owing to the great number of
plants to be treated, the amount of the liquid necessary to do thorough
work is large, and so the expense is perhaps too great to warrant its use
in case of this insect. The present season I tried to see if we might not
make the application in a few places about the bed, at some distance
apart, and still effect our purpose to destroy the maggots. The result
does not recommend this liquid for the destruction of the radish
Anthomyia with the same emphasis that we may safely give in advising its
use for the cabbage Anthomyia and the squash Atgerian. This fact led
me to cast about for some more desirable agent to be used against the
radish fly, and it occurred to me that carbolic acid, which is not only very
repellant to insects, but also quite as remarkable in retaining its obnoxious
odor for a long time, might be made most serviceable in this warfare.

I prepared some of this material as follows: ‘To two quarts of soft
soap I added two gallons of water. This was then heated to a boiling
temperature, when one pint of carbolic acid (in a crude state) was added.
This mixture is then set away in a barrel or other vessel, and is ready for
use aS occasion may require. J mixed one part of this liquid to fifty parts
of water, to be used on the radish plants. It was used by three parties
in three places. Mr. Lee used it in the College garden, a student—Mr.
E. Hale—used it on a bed specially prepared, and I used it in my own
garden. Mr. Lee sprinkled it on the plants and poured it into a trench
made close beside the row of plants. Mr. Hale and myself sprinkled it
directly on the plants. | Messrs. Lee and Hale made but one application
and found that it kept the insects at bay for about two weeks. Even this
proved of no little service. I made the application ence every week, and
the radishes were almost entirely free from the maggots. My bed was
seventy or eighty rods from the other beds. But I caught the flies about
my garden, and plants near by, not treated, were badly injured by the
maggots. Two cautions should be urged ; first, sprinkle the plants as
soon as they are up, and thereafter every week or ten days; secondly, the
mixture, if sprinkled directly upon the plants, must not be so concentrated

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191

as to injure the plants. My experiments this season make me feel certain
that this will prove a valuable remedy, and if cheaper, it may even replace
the explosive bisulphide of carbon in fighting the cabbage maggot and
the squash ‘¥gerian.

About my house at the Michigan Agricultural College I have planted
a little apple orchard of eight trees. The trunks and larger branches of
these trees have been thoroughly washed twice each spring, the last week
of May and the last week of June, with soft soap. A neighbor but a
stone’s throw distant set out some fine primates about the same time that
I set out my trees. He does not believe in the use of soft soap, practi-
cally at least, and his trees are sorely disfigured and greatly injured by the
Saperda candida and the S. cretata, while my trees are smooth and
admired by all. I have some pear trees in the same orchard which were
not treated with the soap, one of which has been much injured by the
borers.

This year I used the undiluted carbolic mixture instead of the soft
soap. I fully believe this to be an improvement on the soap alone, as in
some cases, if but one or even two applications of the soap are made, the
effect is not so long continued as to entirely prevent the borers from egg
laying. The carbolic acid will tend to extend the period so that I believe
two applications will in every case repel the beeties.

“ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN TINEIDA, BY THOMAS,
LORDAWALSINGHAM,. F. Zo Se7

BY V. T. CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.

The above is the title of a paper received from the author, and pub-
lished in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (February
15th, 1881), in which his Lordship characterizes three new genera:
PHRYGANEOPSIS—one species, P. drunnea; ARAOLEPIA-—one species,
subfasciella ; and EuCERATIA—two species, castella and securella. He
also describes as new Calantica polita, Plutella interrupta, P. albidorsella
and P. vanella; Cerostoma falciferella, C. cervella, C. sublulella, C. dente-
Jerella, C. canariella and C. frustella ; Depressaria sabulelia, D. argillacea,
D. arniella, D. Rlamathiana, D. posticella, D. nubiferella, D. parilella

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and D. umbraticostella; Menestia rubescens; Glyphipleryx regalis, G.
california, G. bifasciata, G. unifasciata and G. quingueferella, and Frelio-
dines extraneela. Plutella cruciferarum Schrank, 1s mentioned as found
on Mount Shasta, California (as indeed it is found, as Mr. Stainton says,
wherever man eats cabbage, and perhaps wherever crwcifere grow), and 1s
identified probably with “ Zimea spclotella” mentioned in a note in the
American Naturalist, v. 8, p. 194. Plutella porrectelia Linn. was taken
also on Mt. Shasta, and on the authority of Mr. Stainton (Tin. Nor.
Amer. p. 90) is identified with P. vigilaciella Clem.

Cerostoma instabiliella Mann. was also taken on Mt. Shasta. Cerostoma
radiatella Donovan was taken in Oregon. Depressaria ciliella Stn. was
taken in Oregon, but its common European form, D. aflana Fabr., “was
conspicuously absent, nor have I met with it in any American collec-
tion,” says Lord Walsingham. JZ. yeatiana was taken in Oregon, and has
been received also from Texas. JD. xervosa Haw. found in Oregon. JD.
parilella Treitschke: one specimen from the Eastern States agrees fairly with
the European descriptions, whilst the Western specimens differ among
themselves somewhat, and from the European species still more, so that
Lord Walsingham is left in some doubt as to whether they really belong
to the same species, and in case an investigation of its habits should show
it to be distinct, he suggests for it the specific name of novi-mundi. LD.
emeritella Stn. found in Oregon on Artemisia. Gelechia liturella Walk.
identified with AZenestra tortriciformella Clem. The locality of Lord
Walsingham’s specimens is not mentioned, nor is that of Calantica polita ;
the other species, except as above indicated, are from California and
Oregon.

Lord Walsingham has also. favored me with specimens of many of the
above-mentioned species and some others. All of the species described
as new are I think undoubtedly so, and some of the species previously
known are new to America. Phryganeopsis ‘‘should be placed near the
genus /ucurvaria.” Calantica polita is the first species of the genus
found in America. The genus Aveolepia is near Plutella Schrank and
Plutelloptera Cham. Plutella tnterrupia is the American representative of
the European P. annulata Curtis. Lord W. thinks (and no doubt he is
right) there is scarcely sufficient evidence of the existence of Cerostoma
xylostella Linn. in America, and as C. drassicel/la Fitch has already been
identified with Plutella cruciferarum, the eight species found by his Lord-
ship on the Pacific Coast are the first that have been found in North

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193

America, and two of these (zzstabiiella and radiatella ) were already known
in Europe. The genus thus seems to be confined to the Pacific Coast in
this country.

His Lordship gives some valuable notes upon the genus Defressaria.
Thus he thinks that D. georgiella Walker belongs to the genus 77ichotaphe
Clem., and would more properly be included in Gelechia than in Depres-
saria. DD. clausella Walker is D. cinereocostella Clem., and D. confertella
Walker is Cryptolechia (Machimia) teutoriferella Clem. ‘It has since
been described by Mr. Chambers under the name of Degressaria fer-
naldélla. 1 am assured by Prof. Fernald that he is well acquainted with
the species” (fernaldella ?) “and that it agrees with a specimen of the
true C. ¢eutoriferella which I received from him for comparison with Mr.
Walker’s D. confertella. But I am aware that Mr. Chambers himself still
doubts their identity.” I have never had an opportunity to compare
Jernaldella with teutoriferella, but as stated in the U.S. Geol. & Geog.
Survey, I described fernaldella as distinct from ¢eutoriferella because I
could not recognise it in Dr. Clemens’ description of the latter, though
there admitting the fact that they might nevertheless be the same. Lord
Walsingham mentions that D.? pallidochrella Cham., D.? rileyella Cham.
and D.? versicolorella Cham. are by me doubtfully referred to Gelechia. I
now think that whether these species are properly referable to Ge/echia or
not, they do not belong to Defressaria, and after eliminating these, “ we
have then eleven unquestioned species of Depressaria, viz., D. atrodorsella
Clem., cezereocostela Clem., clausella Walker, eupatoriella Cham., grotella
Robinson, Aelaclina De G., hilarella Zell., nebulosa Zell., pulvipennella Clem.
(pulvipumella in Lord W.’s paper is no doubt a misprint), robiniella Pack.
and scabiella Zell.” So says Lord Walsingham, and probably he is right,
though I have some doubts about vobznzel/a, which, however, I have not seen.

Passing on to the genus G/yphipieryx, the species are all undoubtedly
new except perhaps G. Californie, which will probably prove to be
identical with that described by me as G. montisella from Colorado.
There are specimens of montise/la in my collection in Cambridge Museum
and in some other collections, but I have none now at hand for com-
parison. I think it highly probable, however, from my recollection and
notes of that species, which is very variable, that Californie will prove to
be the same species. I will state here that I described G. exoptatella as
new because I was unable to recognise it in Dr. Clemens’ description of
his G. impigritella. Neither yet now am I able to do so. Recently,

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

however, I have seen an authentic specimen of zmfigritella without the
means of comparing it with exoffatella; and I now think it not improbable
that exoptazel//a will prove to be that species. G. montisella, however, is
something quite different.

After describing Heliodines extrancella, Lord Walsingham proceeds to
discuss the question whether the genus Aefol/e Cham, is the same with
ffeliodines. 1 suspected as much when I described Aefole bella, but my
knowledge of /e/iodines was then and is now too imperfect to me to feel
certain about it. Lord W. gives my brief account of Aefole and Mr.
Stainton’s still briefer account of eliodines in Ins. Brit. v. 3, with copies
of Mr. Stainton’s and my figures of the neuration of the genera, and
alludes to the discrepancy between my printed account of the neuration
of the fore wings of Aetole bella and my figure. The discrepancy exists,
and in my original pencil sketch of the neuration I find this endorsement
made by me just after the figures were published : “‘ the published figure
is incorrect in that it does not represent the apical vein as being fur-
cate,” and the original figure represents it as being furcate. This being
supplied, the neuration of the fore wings is the same in the two species,
and not as Lord Walsingham thinks, simply corresponding “ very closely
with the exception of the absence of a short vein in Aefole, which in
Fleliodines runs from the lower edge of the cell to the dorsal margin, and
which may possibly have been overlooked.” In other words, the apical
vein of my figure being made furcate, the neuration of the fore wings is
identical with that of Aeliodines as represented in Mr. Stainton’s figure.
But the form of the wing of Aeéo/e is narrower and it is more distinctly
caudate. The hind wing in Mr. Stainton’s figure is also wider and the
median gives off a branch which is wanting in Aefole. These small
differences, however, are perhaps unimportant, and it is more than likely
that Aefole Cham. is the equivalent or American form of /Zeliodines
Stainton ; and this view is supported by the ornamentation.

Lord Walsingham’s descriptions are accompanied by two plates con-
taining twenty-eight beautiful figures of the species described, with illus-
trations also of the neuration of the wings and form of the head and its
appendages, of Phryganeopsis brunnea and Eucerotia securella, and is a
most valuable addition to our knowledge of the American Z7neide.
Every one interested in the group owes him ‘‘a vote of thanks,” and
hopes that he will persevere in so good a work, and not abandon it as the
writer of this has reluctantly been compelled to do.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195

NOTE ON BASILARCHIA.

BY A. R. GROTE.

Some time ago, in speaking of the discovery of Mr. Gray of inter-
mediate specimens showing a connection between the species of Basilarchia
(published in the Can. Ent.) I suggested that avthemis was the older
form, a view which I have recently been glad to know is held by Mr.
Scudder. In examining Southern specimens of wrszla or astyanax and
Eros (the latter the Southern form mimetic of Dazazs) I think it possible
that Zros stands ina nearer relation to astyanax than to archippus, although
the latter is a prevalent form in Alabama. In studying this group we
seem really to have to do with series of individuals scarcely hardened into
species. It will I think be the most profitable genus to take up in con-
nection with developmental studies. | We have here a group which seems
to exhibit the effect of various outside forces upon a comparatively plastic
organization, and can thus measure perhaps the extent of the different
influences brought to bear in moulding external characters in our butter-
flies. How much climate, selection and mimicry can effect may be here
determined, and which works quicker or at the shorter distance in succes-
sion. It will be very interesting if the facts bear out the offspring of Zvos
from astyanax as well as archippus, and not the two “ mimetic” forms
from each other.

ee

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

LACHNOSTERNA FUSCA.

At the last meeting of the Entom. Soc. of Ontario, Mr. J. M. Denton
reported that he had seen near Delaware, Co. Middlesex, Ont.,a ten-acre pas-
ture field almost destroyed by the larvz of this beetle, and he exhibited
some specimens he had brought. ‘The roots of the grass were completely
eaten through, and the sod on being lifted came away easily in large
patches, showing the larvee underneath at their work of destruction. The
owner of the land said that this spring the beetles were hovering in dense
swarms over the pasture.

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Melitaea phaeton, generally very rare here, was more abundant this
spring. I found the larvee feeding on Gerardia pedicularis ; afterwards I
obtained eggs from confined females and found eggs out doors on same
plant. The eggs hatched. - The larve therefrom, and additional larvee
found out doors, feed on the above-named plant, and developed and spun
up as Mr. W. H. Edwards has it in his Butterflies of N. A., vol. ii., part 4.

There grows another Gerardia here, the G. purpurea, on which the
larvee of Funonta coenta feed.

Calidryas eubule is found here in a few specimens every year ; last
year fresh specimens were in great abundance.

Lerias mexicana (worn).—I have captured a small and a large speci-
men of this species during several years collecting.

Auc. W. HOFFMEISTER.

Ft. Madison, Lee Co., Iowa, Sept. 7, 1881.

BOOK NOTICE.

Lhe Canadian Sportsman and Naturalist, Vol. 1, Nos. 1 to 8.

This is a monthly journal published in Montreal, and edited by Wm.
Couper, a well known naturalist and sportsman. Each number contains
eight pages of matter arranged in double columns, printed in first-class
style and on good paper. The articles are short and interesting, treating
mainly of matters pertaining to hunting and fishing, with brief descrip-
tions of Canadian wild animals, birds, etc.

The editor’s extensive experience and travels in the Lower St. Law-
rence is manifest in his articles on the rivers of that district and their
products. Entomology also comes in for a share of attention. The fifth
number contains a valuable contribution from Dr. J. H. Garnier, of
Lucknow, Ont., on the reptiles of Canada, a subject to which but little
attention has yet been given in this country, but one in which there is a
large and promising field for the enterprising investigator. To all lovers
of sport, either with the rod or gun, this journal will commend itself. It
should also be of value to all who are fond of natural history in general.
We hope to see it liberally supported. |The subscription price is one
dollar per annum.

Che Canadan Entomologist.

LONDONZONT 2OCTOBER, 2881; NOx EO

VOL... XILI.

ANNUAL ADDRESS. OF DHE PRESIDENT (OR ] En,
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

Io the Members of the Entomological Society of Ontario .

GENTLEMEN,—While Entomology may be said to deal with small
things, the abundance or scarcity of the tiny creatures called insects
involves great issues. The truth of this statement has been illustrated
forcibly in several directions this year, notably in the case of the Angou-
mois wheat moth, which has played sad havoc among the stores of corn
and wheat in granaries in the South-western States. It is said to have
destroyed many thousand bushels of grain, and so widespread has the
evil become that it is the opinion of the New York Sun that if the Gov-
ernment or the farmers of America could at this time arrest the progress
of this insect by expending five millions of dollars, it would be the best
investment ever made by the people.

The Angoumois grain moth, Bufalis cerealelia Oliv., is a small moth
the larva of which is very destructive to all sorts of grain. The female
lays her eggs on the grain sometimes in the field before it is fully ripened,
but more frequently in the bins in the granary. ‘The eggs are of a bright
orange rzd color, and in a few days there i'sue from them very minute
_ whitish-colored worms, scarcely thicker than a hair, which bore into the
grain and occupy it, one larva in each kernel. Each kernel contains
sufficient food to support one occupant until it reaches maturity, when it
changes to a chrysalis within the grain, which, although hollowed and
almost entirely consumed within, appears outwardly sound and plump.
On pressing between the fingers the grain is found to be soft and yielding,
and when dropped into water it floats on the surface.

When the larva is full grown it spins a white silken cocoon, which
occupies one end of the cavity within the grain, the other end being filled
with the castings of the worm. The moth makes its escape through a
small round hole in the side of the grain, which the larva cuts with its
jaws before spinning its cocoon. When preparing this orifice for the

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

escape of the future moth the larva is careful not to cut entirely through,
but leaves a thin tissue-like’skin unbroken, which the moth finally rup-
tures when it makes its escape. The body of the moth is about one-third
of an inch long, and its wings when spread measure about two-thirds of
an inch across ; the fore wings are of a plain brownish-buff color, with a
satin-like lustre ; the hind wings above and below, as also the under side
of the fore wings, are blackish-gray.

This insect is a native of the warmer parts of Europe, and has long
been very destructive in France. It was introduced into the southern
portion of the United States more than 100 years ago, where it has become
fully naturalized. It is often brought into New York in cargoes of grain,
but the climate of the Northern United States and Canada appears to be
too cold to permit it to thrive amongst us, or to permanently establish
itself. It has never yet, to my knowledge, been found within the limits
of our Province.

The Chinch Bug, which, although always present in our midst, has
happily never yet proved a serious trouble with us, has been very destruct-
ive to the corn crop in Missouri and Kansas, and combined with the
drought, has seriously affected the yield of this cereal in those States.

The Army Worm has appeared during the season in some portions of
the West, and inflicted much damage ; and there were good reasons for
anticipating trouble from this source in our own Province next year, unless
the exceptional drought we have lately experienced, and which has been
generally looked upon as an unmitigated evil, should check their natural
increase. The Army Worm, in common with many other of our night-
flying moths, is double-brooded, but whether the later brood pass the ~
winter in the larval or chrysalis state has never been fully settled. It is
probable that with us the bulk of the brood pass the inclement season in
the larval condition, the young larva burrowing into the ground for pro-
tection during the extreme cold of winter. It has been observed by
Entomologists that an unusually wet season which induces a free growth
of vegetation is very favorable for the sustenance of these pests, and if
preceded by a dry autumn, which appears to have the effect of dissemin-
ating the moths over a wider area, the worms are often met with in great
abundance. During this summer the Army Worm moths (Leucania
unipuncta), which are always present with us to a greater or less extent,
have been unusually abundant in the western portion of our Province.
To the sugar-bait, employed by Entomologists to attract night-flying

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199

moths, these insects have flocked by hundreds, and this has been observed
not only in Ontario, but also in the Western States, showing that this
moth has been unusually abundant over an extended district. Millions
of their eggs must have been deposited on the leaves and stems of grasses,
but the intense drought we have had has probably deprived the newly-
hatched larvee of the food necessary to their existence, and we may hope
that the evil we have suffered from in the way of drought has saved us to
a great extent from serious invasions of Army Worms next year.

Much attention has been paid of late by Entomologists to the natural
conditions which favor or prevent the increase of injurious insects ; and
I think there is good ground for expecting, after a few more years of close
observation, that it will not be difficult to prognosticate, with a large
measure of accuracy, several months in advance, the probabilities as to
the insect pests likely to prevail during any year in any given district.
When this can be satisfactorily accomplished, much practical good may
be expected to result therefrom, since by avoiding the planting of such
crops as are likely to be especially injured by insect hosts, and growing
others comparatively free for the time from these troubles, a large saving
may be effected.

During the summer a small moth, well known to Entomologists as a
common insect throughout the Northern States and Canada, but never
before recorded as destructive anywhere, has invaded the pastures in some
parts of Northern New York, and inflicted great injury. It is a species
of Crambus, Crambus vulewagellus. The Crambide are known by the
common name of grass moths, from the fact that as far as is known they
all feed in the larval state on grass, and hence the moths are found every-
where in meadows, flying about in the daytime, with a short but rapid
flight. The moths are small, with narrow front wings, which are usually
ornamented with metallic spots and stripes. It was about the middle of
May that a serious invasion of what was popularly supposed to be the
Army Worm, occurred in St. Lawrence County, New York. The State
Entomologist, Prof. J. A. Lintner, at once visited the scene of destruction
and found the injury widespread and serious, extending over eight of the
northern counties. Hundreds of acres of grass presented a brown
appearance, as if winter-killed. A pasture lot of ten acres which, ten
days before, offered good pasture, was so thoroughly destroyed that in
many places not a blade of grass could be seen to the square yard. The
upland pastures were first attacked and entire fields were laid waste in ten

.

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

or twelve days. Unlike the Army Worm, the caterpillars were seldom
seen, and never observed actively feeding, and it was believed by the
farmers that they fed at night, or by drawing the blades of grass into their
subterranean retreats. In two instances the larve were observed in
immense numbers collected on the trunks of trees so that they could have
been scooped up by handfuls. The cause of their congregating at these
points could not be conjectured ; it was not for feeding on the foliage, for
the grasses alone are their natural food. The caterpillars were slender,
cylindrical worms, about three-quarters of an inch long, of an obscure
greenish color, with shining black heads. They were destitute of lines or
other ornamentation, excepting some small, warty spots on their upper
side. Early in August the moths began to appear, when they were identi-
fied as specimens of Crambus vulgivagellus, the new enemy proving to be
an inconspicuous and hitherto unobtrusive little Crambus. It is quite
probable that several accounts of injuries to pasture lands in the New
England States during the last three or four years by some unknown
depredators are to be credited to this species.

At a late meeting of our Entomological Society, held in London, one
of our members, Mr. J. M. Denton, referred to the injuries which were at
that time being inflicted on some pasture lands within a few miles of Lon-
don by the larva of the common May Bug, Lachnosterna fusca, and
exhibited specimens of their work. He had found whole fields of pasture
land with the roots of the grass so eaten that the turf could be readily
lifted with the hand by the yard, and underneath were thousands of these
grubs feeding on the remaining fragments of roots. In one instance, near
the village of Delaware, a field had been so completely destroyed that the
farmer had set fire to the withered grass with the hope of scorching the
enemy to death. As these larvee readily burrow in the ground when dis-
turbed, he was advised to adopt a different method and turn his hogs into
the field to root amongst the grass and devour the larve, which they
greedily consume in immense numbers. Such wholesale destruction by
this insect is not common, but when it does occur it is very alarming.

In the tenth annual report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, just
received, mention is made of a new insect injurious to corn. This isa
small beetle closely allied to the common striped Cucumber Beetle, and
known to Entomologists under the name of Déabrotica longicornis. In
Illinois the damage caused by the larva of this insect has been consider
able. They are small white worms about half an inch long and very

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 201

slender, which attack the fibrous roots of the corn, and so destroy them
that the plants may be pulled up very easily with the hand. After a time
the plants begin to wither and the grain fails to mature. In some instances
it is believed that the injury inflicted by this tiny creature would result in
the loss of fully one-third of the crop. ‘The perfect beetle is about one-
fifth of an inch long, with a width scarcely equal to half its length, and
of a pale, dull greenish yellow color without spots or stripes.

The general alarm which prevailed several years ago in reference to
the Colorado Potato Beetle seems now to have toa great extent subsided,
and notwithstanding that the insect has been very abundant in some sec-
tions, it has not been so generally injurious, and where it has appeared in
abundance prompt remedial measures have been successfully employed.
It has been claimed, and, I suppose, correctly so, that this pest originally
came from the canons in the Rocky Mountains, in the State of Colorado,
where it is said to have fed on some wild species of Solanum growing
there. It was my privilege during the latter part of August of this year
to spend a week in this district, and while there I travelled fully one
hundred miles through those canons. Several species of wild Solanum
grow in abundance almost everywhere in the adjoining plains as well as in
the canons, and every opportunity was embraced of examining them, but
in no instance could I detect any evidence of the presence of the Colorado
Potato Beetle in any of its stages. Besides, I saw several potato patches,
and these also seemed quite free from any insect trouble. This seemed
to me not a little singular in view of the extremely prolific nature of the
insect. Can it be that it has migrated so completely as to leave over large
areas no representatives behind, or have its natural enemies so increased
as to almost annihilate the pest? Our farmers here would, I am sure,
gladly hail the advent of either of these agencies should it free them from
this troublesome insect.

The question of the use of the most suitable and economical poisons
for the destruction of injurious insects still attracts much attention, and
Paris Green continues to head the list as the most generally useful, not-
withstanding the efforts which have been made by interested parties to
replace it by London Purple. London Purple is an arsenical mixture, a
waste product, which accumulates during the manufacture of aniline dyes.
Before its introduction as an insect destroyer it had no commercial value ;
on the contrary, the dye makers were at considerable expense and trouble
in getting rid of it as it accumulated. Arsenic, which is the active

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ingredient in this compound, is present in very variable proportions, which
is just what one might expect in a waste product. Sometimes it forms
less than twenty per cent. of the mixture, while other samples will contain
more than forty per cent. It is associated chiefly with lime and coloring
matter. The arsenic present is in a very fine state of division, and inti-
mately mixed with the lime and other ingredients, forming a very fine
powder. It is much more soluble than Paris Green, and hence more liable
to scorch the foliage, while its very variable strength makes it uncertain in
its effects. For these reasons London Purple is not likely to take the
place of Paris Green as an insecticide, which, when unadulterated, is
nearly uniform in its composition and effects. An artificial mixture of
arsenic and lime of uniform strength and colored could be supplied at
about the same price, and would be more reliable than London Purple ;
but owing to the more ready solubility of the arsenic in this form and its
caustic character, it is apt, unless used with much care, to destroy portions
of the tissues of the leaves on the plants to which it is applied, making
them appear as if scorched or burnt.

Experiments have been carried on for the past two seasons at the
Agricultural College at Lansing, Michigan, by Prof. A. J. Cook, on the
use of London Purple as a remedy for the Codling Worm. Early in the
summer, while the fruit was quite small, some crab apple trees were
syringed thoroughly with London Purple mixed with water, and it is
claimed that the poison, which, when the water has evaporated, forms a
thin coating on the fruit, either prevents the Codling Moth from depositing
her eggs or else poisons the young larve as soon as they are hatched, the
result being the saving of a very large proportion of the crop from injury,
while other trees near by not similarly treated bore very wormy fruit. It
is also said that, as the fruit approaches maturity, the most delicate
chemical tests fail to show a trace of the poison. I scarcely think that
the experiments yet tried in this direction have been sufficiently extended
to warrant any general conclusions being based on them, and provided it
were proven that this remedy was a certain and safe one, the popular
prejudice against applying such virulent poisons directly to the fruit we
are to eat would be so strong as to prevent the general use of any such
means. Indeed, were it generally known that the apple growers of any
district were in the habit of applying arsenic in any form directly to their
fruit, it would interfere very seriously with their sales, and it is doubtful if
apples so treated would find a ready market anywhere,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203

It is well known that the seeds of certain noxious weeds will some-
times lie dormant in the soil for almost any number of years, awaiting a
favorable opportunity for germinating ; but it is not so generally known
that the development of insect life is sometimes similarly retarded. It
has many times been observed that a few individuals out of a large brood
of moths will remain in the chrysalis state over one season and produce
the perfect insect the following year, thus remaining a full year more in
the dormant condition than is usual, and instances are on record where
the perfect insects have escaped after three years spent in this condition
of torpor. Recently, Prof. Riley, of Washington, has called attention to
a very remarkable case of retarded development in the eggs of the
destructive Rocky Mountain Locust, Caloptenus spretus. These eggs were
laid in 1876 on the grounds of the Agricultural College at Manhattan,
Kansas. While grading the ground around the chemical laboratory in the
autumn a quantity of the eggs.were buried some ten inches below the
surface, the covering material being clay, old mortar and bits of stone,
and above this a plank sidewalk. On removing and regrading the soil
last spring a number of these eggs were disinterred quite sound and fresh-
looking, and when exposed to normal influences they readily hatched, so
that these locusts’ eggs actually remained nearly four years and a half in
the ground unhatched, or four years longer than is their wont. How
much longer they would have retained their vitality under favorable con-
ditions of temperature and dryness is unknown. ‘This point has a very
practical bearing and deserves further investigation, not only in reference
to the eggs of this insect, but to those of all injurious species whose eggs
are deposited on or under the ground.

The Sub-Section of Entomology of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science met this year at Cincinnati, Ohio, where I had
the honor of representing our Society. A large number of distinguished
Entomologists were present, and many useful papers read and discussions
held at the meetings. An account of the proceedings will appear in our
Annual Report. It having been decided to hold the next meeting of the
American Association in Montreal, I trust that our representative men in
all departments of science will be present to greet with a hearty welcome
the distinguished scientists from the United States and abroad, who will
on that occasion honor the Dominion with their presence. I have strong
hopes that the Entomologists of Canada will turn out in good force.

If the progress of a science is to be indicated by its literature and the

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

number of its devotees, then Entomology has made very rapid progress
within the last two or three years. There are on this continent now nearly
500 persons pursuing the study of this important branch of natural
history, and during the past year a large number of original papers have
been published on the subject. The CaNnapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, the
monthly organ of our Society, centinues to hold its place in the front rank
among the most useful periodicals in this connection, while clustering
around it now are Psyche, the organ of the Cambridge Entomological
Club ; the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society ; and last,
though by no means least, Papilio, a journal devoted exclusively to lepi-
doptera and mainly to descriptions of new species, which has now com-
pleted its seventh number. All these are devoted exclusively to Ento-
mology, and will be found of great value to every Entomologist. To
these must be added the valuable reports of the U. S. Entomological
Commission, whose good work is still being continued ; the annual reports
of the Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture at Washington,
those of the several State Entomologists, the annual report of our own
Society, as well'as a large number of papers on the subject to be found in
the transactions and proceedings of all natural history societies. There
has also appeared in the Canadian Sportsman and Naturalist, edited by
William Couper, of Montreal, some Entomological items of special interest
to Canadian Entomologists.

In my last annual address I referred to the appointment by the Ontario
Government of a Special Commission to enquire into the agricultural.
resources of the Province, and the progress and condition of agriculture
therein. In view of the important bearing of Entomology on successful
agriculture, the Government was pleased to appoint your President as
one of the Commissioners. The report of the Commission has since
been compiled and published, in which the insects injurious to the farmer
and fruit grower have been fully dealt with ; also the remedies suggested
for their destruction, and the beneficial insects which prey upon them.
The evidence relating to the subjects of insects and insectivorous birds
occupies 104 pages in the full report, and 61 pages in the condensed
report, both of which are adorned with many excellent illustrations. The
eagerness with which these publications have been sought after is indi-
cative of the estimation in which they are held by the public. It would,
I think, meet a strongly felt want if some arrangement were made whereby
this valuable work, so useful to every farmer, might become accessible by

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 205

purchase to all who are seeking for it throughout the length and breadth
of our Dominion. I have the honor to be,
yours very sincerely,
Wm. SAUNDERS.

ON THE LENGTH OF LIFE OF BUTTERFLIES.

[Read before the Ent. Sub-Section of the Am. Ass’n at Cincinnati, 19 Aug., 188r1.]
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Not long since I received a letter from a correspondent in Europe,
asking what my experience was in regard to the life of butterflies, and this
led to much thinking of the matter and reference to my note books, in
which for more than fifteen years I have put down everything that has
come under my observation relating to butterflies. The current opinion
has been that the life of such butterflies as did not hibernate was short,
and that in case of hibernators their existence ended soon after copulation
in the f, and after laying their eggs in the 2. Dr. Boisduval says, Spec.
Gen., 1, p. 28: “The existence of lepidoptera in the perfect state is
generally of brief duration ; the male perishes some days after copulation
and the female after having finished her laying of eggs.” Kirby and
Spence, Introd., London, 1856, p. 41, say of the perfect insect: “Its
almost sole object is now the multiplication of its kind, from which it is
diverted by no other propensity ; and this important duty being performed,
the end of its existence has been answered, and it expires.”

I believe that this is a correct statement fora general one. On the
other hand, Mr. S, H. Scudder, in various publications, has spoken of
butterflies of the summer generations as living for months—2 to 3 months
at least.

With regard to the hibernating species, I believe it is the last brood
only which hibernates, so that the individuals begin their existence about
the month of September. They lay eggs in the spring as soon as the food
plant is ready to receive them, and shortly die. ‘Therefore their existence
would be limited to 8 or g months at the outside. Per contra, Mr.
Scudder asserts that Danais Archippus lives from a year to 15 or 16 months.

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

It is not possible to say of butterflies at large exactly when one came
from chrysalis, or when it expired, but in the case of any species we observe
at a certain time of the year, with great regularity, fresh butterflies are on
the wing, and that in a few weeks only here and there can this species be
seen, the survivors being old, abraded of wing and broken. If a female
be now taken, on dissection there will usually be found a few eggs in the
abdomen, perhaps half a dozen, the remains of an original stock of 200
or more. Sometimes not a vestige of the eggs remain. Any collector
much in the field will often have seen female butterflies on the ground,
sometimes struggling, oftener dead, and if examined these will usually
show no sign of violence, but plenty of old age and exhaustion.

In the case of many-brooded species we observe that, periodically,
every few weeks a new brood has come, then that the butterflies are old
and scarce, and suddenly great numbers of fresh ones are flying. So that
in a certain number of weeks a whole generation has come and gone.
But the individuals of this generation which emerge earliest, and lay their
eggs soonest, will die first, and as the emergence occupies at least half the
whole period of the generation, we may say, if a generation is on the
wing six weeks, that three or four weeks would be the limit of existence
of any particular individual. In many species, in the latitude of West
Virginia and further south, there is a new generation on the wing every
month, and in such case a butterfly three weeks old would be a patriarch
among its kind. In New York and New England, where most species are
double-brooded at least, the duration of an individual life may be a trifle
greater, but no more, depending upon the time the eggs are laid.

In the case of a seasonally-dimorphic species, and still more of a tri-
morphic species, like Papilio 47ax, we can fix the limits of duration of
one or more of the forms with some definiteness. In my section of West
Virginia the form Wadshit is on the wing very early ; Zelamonides appears
about a month later, but occasional Wadshiz fly as late as any Zelamon-
ides ; and by first of June the third form, A/arce//us, appears, and almost
at once completely supplants the other two. In a few days not an
example of the other forms will be seen. I find many memoranda in my
note books bearing on this point.

In a series of years, from 1871 to 1881, the first appearance of all the
forms of A7ax, and the last appearance of the two spring forms, is recorded

nearly every year.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

WALSHII. TELAMONIDES.
Earliest. Latest. Earliest. Latest.
1871. 24 May. 24 May.) ». .\'9, June:
1872. 11 April. tg May. 29 April. 30 May. |
1873. 8 April.
1874. 27 April. 14 May. 6 June.
Ogee. 97 April. 27 May.
1877. 23 March. 15 May. 18 May.
1878. 9 March. 15 May. 3 May.
1880. March, earlyin30 May. 19 May.
1881. 1g April. 21 May.
MARCELLUS.
Earliest.

LOgis oY pune.

EO 2-00) aGp | wubre:

Tay4s.)) Gulune.

1880. 30 May.

room). 7a une.

So that Wadshiz, during a period of eleven years, has been seen as
early as gth March, and as late as 30th May ; and Zé/amonides as early as
29th April and as late as gth June. In the one case there has been a
range of g2 days, in the other of 41. The first appearance of Walshit
depends altogether on the state of the weather. If a few fine days come
early in March, some individuals will surely be seen long before the bulk
of their generation ; and these early comers are invariably cut off by the
severe weather which follows. Wa/shii is in fact an April form here,
while Zélamonides is scarcely ever seen in April, but is a May form, not
descended from Walshii of the same year, but like Wadshii, coming from
over-wintering chrysalids of all three forms of the preceding year. After
tst June, Marcellus coming from the eggs of Wadshii, laid last of April
and early in May (before which time the food plant Pawpaw, Anona
triloba, does not put forth the first flower bud or leaf bud) abounds, and
continues in successive generations till late in the season.

During the middle of the Wadshzz period many females may be seen,
worn and broken, evidently some time out of chrysalis, and in their last
days. In 1871, roth April, I recorded that I took 3 2 Walshit “bat-
tered and broken.” Whereas, a few days later, on 16th April, I took 4
fresh 2. One half the generation was passing away while the other was

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

coming on. A large proportion of these early females must die before
the leaves of the Pawpaw first show themselves. In this plant the flowers
precede the leaves, and these larvee do not eat the flower, but eggs are
sometimes found on the unopened flower buds and even on the stems,
several days before the bursting of the leaf buds.

In 1880, gth April, | recorded that no good examples of Walshit were
to be had, all being worn and broken. | But same year, on 2oth April, I
took a pair of Walshit in copulation, the 9 just out of chrysalis, the
wings expanded, but still lirmp—not wholly dried—the ¢ old and broken.
Next day I took 3 pairs of same form in copulation, and in each case the
female was fresh, while the male was worn and broken.*

Now in that year the first Wadshiz had been seen early in March. On
1st day of April I took a 2; on 3rd April I recorded that I saw several
females about the blossoms of the wild plum and that all were worn.
Plainly one division of this generation, in the 2, was passing away early
in April, while 2oth April many fresh females were coming from chrysalis.
I took all these pairs in one clump of bushes inside my fence, and it is to
be presumed that if plenty there, multitudes of Wadshit were coming from
chrysalis throughout this region on those days. The weather had sud-
denly changed from cold and blustering to fine, and the belated chry-
salids were giving butterflies.

The period of Zelamonides in these same years has been from 29th
April to 9th June. In 1871, gth June, I recorded that I confined 2 9
Telamonides ; on 1oth had got no eggs, and concluded from their wasted
appearance that they had previously exhausted their stock. That same
year, both on 24th and 28th May, I had taken females of Ze/amonides
while ovipositing. On r2th May, 1872, I recorded that I shut upa ?
Telamonides and got eggs ; on 30th May, that I shut up 2 2; and add that
many of this form were to be seen, but all were worn. Zelamonides

* T have again and again noticed in many species of butterflies, where a pair have
been taken in copulation, that the male will in most cases show signs of considerable
age, while the female is evidently either just from chrysalis or quite recently. Boisduval,
Spec. Gen., I, p. 28, says: ‘‘In some instances two or three days elapse between chry-
salis and pairing, but only when the sexes cannot come together sooner.” But of the
hibernators the same author says of the Vanesside, all which in temperate regions at
least hibernate in the imago: ‘ Their pairing does not take place till seven or eight
months after the emergence of the insect.” . Of my own experience I know nothing as
to this,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

emerges after the weather is settled, and its extreme period as observed
has been 41 days, during 11 years. But in any one year it has been but
one month. In 1872 the first were seen 29th April, the last 30th May.
So that I doubt if any individual Zé/amonides. is alive longer than three
weeks.

Marcellus 2 lays its eggs very soon after chrysalis. The eggs are in
part fully formed when it emerges from chrysalis. I dissected a female
a few hours after chrysalis, which emerged in my room 13th July, 1881,
and found some of ‘the eggs round and deep green (the color when laid),
but not hardened externally ; others were nearly formed. In Wadlshii it
is different, the eggs being at first fatty masses without form. I dissected
one of the females taken 21st April, 1880, before spoken of. This was
just from chrysalis and in the act of pairing, but the eggs were wholly
unformed. ‘The same thing is true of Zéelamonides.

The eggs of Ajax are laid during several days. The female flies from
leaf to leaf and deposits one at a time, and as some scrutiny is exercised,
one leaf being selected while another is refused, much time is lost. So
that several days may be occupied in laying 200 eggs—perhaps a week.
And by this time the insect will have become worn and the wings broken.
She cannot possibly exist many days after the laying is finished. That
the eggs are either all mature together, or mature with great rapidity, is
evident from the ease with which they are obtained in this species from
females tied in a bag over the food plant. They usually lay at once and
in large numbers. I noticed particularly the condition of Watshz and
Telamonides during the last days of May, 1881. All were old and the
males much exceeded the females in number, I should say ten to one. In
1880, 30th May, the last Walshiz seen that year were two old males. It
seems to me probable that many males never have the opportunity of
pairing, and that these live longest, their lives enduring much beyond that
of any female. ‘The latter is discovered almost as soon as out of chry-
salis, and several males at same time may often be seen fluttering about
one female. ‘The young males stand no chance at all in competition with
the older ones. The former are for some hours limp and weak, and by
the time they have attained their strength, the eager crowd of suitors, who
are prying in every bush in quest of a mate, have carried off the prize.
But when there are no old males, the young one may certainly pair a few
hours after chrysalis. I have seen this in Argynnis /da/ia, when a limp
female was taken with a male absolutely perfect in wing and thorax, and

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

therefore but lately out of chrysalis. So in Argynnis AZyrina, where I
took a pair in copulation both which had emerged in my boxes the pre-
vious night. How speedily the males expire after pairing I cannot say ;
they certainly do sometimes during the process. In 1872, 25th April,
Mr. Mead, here at Coalburgh, took in his net a pair of A7ax flying by, and
found the male not merely dead, but dry, and evidently it had expired
many hours before. As I have said, both Boisduval and Kirby and
Spence state that the males die very soon after pairing

I think from what I have said, it will be evident that Papilio Ajax,
which from its size and strength would seem as likely to live several
months as any butterfly in our fauna, really does live but a few weeks, and
probably not more than three or four, unless in case of males which have
not paired ; even then but a trifle longer.

Take Lycaena Vio/acea, a dimorphic species of which Violacea is the
early form and Pseudargiolus the later. During 17 years past I have kept
record of the first appearance of this Lycaena because it is the earliest
butterfly of the year, and the harbinger of spring. ‘The earliest date has
been 17th February, and the latest date of first appearance has been 7th
April. But except in one year, 1876, the earliest examples seen have
been on 6th March. No flowers are in bloom so early, and the Dogwood
(Cornus), on the flowers of which Vrolacea deposits its eggs, does not
usually begin to put forth its flower buds till about middle of April. The
eggs are not formed wien the females come from chrysalis, nor till several
days have passed. In 1878, 7th April, I dissected a ? and found no
eggs. The same day the Dogwood was in bud, but I found no eggs after
along search. On 13th April I confined a § over a limb of Dogwood
and got 40 eggs. On 16th April, 1880, I took a pair of Violacea in copu-
lation, and 17th found the first eggs of the season, though I had been
watching daily for them.

On 26th April, 1881, the buds were still unopened but formed, and I
found the first eggs on them. In 1879, 27th April, I found eggs, but no
young larve. Three days later there were scores of eggs, seven on one
flower head, but still no larvee. On tst May the larve were hatching.

Up to the time of laying eggs fresh males and females are to be taken
and I repeatedly record: this. The latest mention of Vio/acea is on 6th
May in one year, when two or three were seen.

The next generation, Pseudargiolus, come from eggs laid by the early
form, Violacea, in these years has been first seen once on roth April, once

7 ‘ , . fia he
» rate eer ee a 2 See eee ae —

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211

ist May, but in the other years from 7th to 22nd May, their advent
depending on the season, and on the date of the previous flowering of the
Dogwood, i. e., the laying of eggs by Violacea.

The life, therefore, of Lycaena Violacea must be limited to three or
four weeks at the utmost, and shortly after oviposition this form com-
pletely disappears.

There are some species which live but a short time at a particular
season of the year, and being single-brooded, pass the greater part of the
year in chrysalis. Of such is Anthocharis Gewutéa. I find its earliest
appearance at Coalburgh recorded on 17th April, its latest on rq4th May,
in a series of years.

So Thecla Henrict ; year after year I record its appearance in April,
and in no other month. ‘The earliest seen have been on 11th, the latest
zgth April.

For an example of a hibernating butterfly we can have no better
example than Danais Avchippus, and it is the one which Mr. Scudder finds
so remarkable in its longevity. It is of large size, and therefore readily
distinguished, and is cosmopolitan. In West Virginia there are at least
four, and possibly there are five generations of the imago of this species
in succession, and it is the last generation which hibernates. Very early
in the spring a few of the survivors may be seen about the blossoms of the
peach or wild plum trees. About first of May, the leaves of the larval
food-plant, Asclepias, begin to show themselves, and at once the females
of Archippus seek them in order to deposit their eggs. I have watched
_ carefully to see how late these old hibernating females were flying, and
the latest date was 2nd June, when I took one. ‘This I dissected, and
found the abdomen free from eggs, all having been laid. Also I watched
all through the season of 1878 to see what sort of females laid eggs. I
had the best possible opportunity, as Asclepias abounds near my house
and comes up all through the grass hereabouts. So in the lanes and along
the brooks it grows in profusion, and young plants continue to come up
quite into September. In every instance the ovipositing female was fresh
colored, plainly not long from chrysalis. One generation of the butter-
flies succeeded another the season through. ‘The first brood of larve
raised by me came from eggs laid znd May. ‘These eggs were found on
the plants, and must have been laid by a hibernating female. The butter-
flies began to emerge from chrysalis 30th May, several days after fresh
individuals of the same or first generation were observed flying abroad.

JAF THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The second brood came from eggs laid 1st June. I saw the female
ovipositing, caught her and confined in bag over a plant, and got many
eggs. ‘This female was nearly perfect, and not long from chrysalis. (It
was on the next day, 2nd June, that I caught the hibernating female
before spoken of.) The butterflies from this brood began to emerge 25th
June.

The third brood raised by me came from eggs laid 29th-3oth July, by
a fresh female, confined as before. (During the interval between 25th
June, when the previous brood began to emerge from chrysalis, and the
29th July, when these eggs were laid, there was plenty of time for an
additional brood.) The butterflies began to emerge zoth August.

The fourth brood raised by me came from eggs laid 30th August, and
the butterflies from these began to emerge 29th September.

Now plainly the history of Avchifpus does not differ from that of any
other many-brooded species, except that in some the chrysalis hibernates,
while in others it is the imago.*

I could adduce other instances, as Argynnis Cyde/e, Satyrus A/ope,
Apatura Ce/tis, Limenitis Désippus, etc., but I have given enough to show
that butterfly life is of short duration ; that in the summer generations it
cannot exceed a few weeks, and that in all cases it probably terminates
shortly after copulation in one sex, and oviposition in the other ; and that
the current opinion on the subject among lepidopterists is correct.

Note.—I learn from Prof. Lintner that Archippus is three-brooded in
New York. It may be so in the lowlands, and in the mountains be but
double-brooded. But whatever the number of broods, the behavior of
the species will be the same in one place asin another. This butterfly
being cosmopolitan, adapted to all climates except the arctic, with a wide
range of flight in the individual, often migrating indeed from one region
to another, we may be sure that the length or the shortness of the season
in special or in any localities cannot possibly effect a radical change in its
habits. Therefore it was with much surprise that I read the following
statement gravely propounded by Mr. Scudder, in Psyche for July, 1875,
respecting this species, under the narne of Danais Plexispus: “In North

* To show how readily Archippus lays its eggs in confinement, on 19th August,
1879, I tied a female over Asclepias, and within 24 hours had gotten 82 eggs. This
also shows that the eggs mature for deposition, not singly, but e masse. Fourteen days
later the larvze from these eggs were pupating.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pa We

America” (not, be it observed, in one part of it, but everywhere) “ ¢7 zs
single-brooded (not double-brooded, as asserted by Mr. Riley), the butter-
flies hibernating. It leaves its winter quarters later in the season than
other hibernating butterflies, and continues upon the wing until Fuly and
August, laying eggs all the time, so THAT the insect may be found in its
earlier stages throughout most of the summer”; and “ the perfect insect lives
a full year, mingling on the wing with its own progeny, and witnessing the
decay and renewed growth of the plant which nourished it.” That is to
say : the caterpillars of Archippus which may be found throughout most
of the summer come from the eggs of these old hibernating females, and
not from young females of a new generation. These last are compelled
to go over winter before they can lay eggs. It follows that females
hatched from the early eggs of one season must or may exist till the close
of the following season, and therefore live not merely a full year, but a
year plus the time from June till September.

I knew enough of Archippus to be assured that it had a history in no
way peculiar in respect to its propagation. No butterfly on earth has a
habit such as is above stated, and the author would seem to have had in
his mind something quite outside of lepidoptera. But that I might be
able to speak with precision, I carefully made observations reaching
through the whole season of 1878, and which I have just recited herein.
These were published at length in Psyche, Dec., 1878, and showed con-
clusively that in one part of North America the hibernating females came
early from their winter quarters, began to lay eggs at first sight of the food
plant, and were extinct soon after. Therefore that the hibernating female
was not laying her eggs all through the summer, and did not give birth to
the succession of fresh butterflies of that season. But it was clearly
shown that the eggs of the hibernating female produced the first gener-
ation of butterflies, and that females of the first produced the second, the
second the third, and so to the end.

I was considerably more surprised, therefore, on reading Mr. Scudder’s
recent book, “ Butterflies,’ 1881, on page 136, to find this story repeated
word for word, with no allusion to my published history or to the obser-
vations of Mr. Riley or any other person, and with no verification on the
author’s part or data whatever. The first account might have been
excused in an author of restricted experience in the field, contriving in
his closet a theory which should explain imperfectly observed phenomena,
but what shall be said of its subsequent repetition, without note or com-

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ment, after an interval of years! “It is the longest-lived of our butter-
flies” ; “continues upon the wing until July and August, laying eggs all
the time” ; “the perfect insect often lives a full year, mingling on the
wing with its own progeny, and witnessing the decay and growth of the
plant which nourished it”! !

Throughout this book A7chippus is ostentatiously called THE Mon-
ARCH, I apprehend in right of its amazing history. If it lives as long for
a butterfly as Methusaleh lived among men, it may be entitled to some sort of
distinctive appellation, and if it has so changed the habits of its kind as
to breed like a mammal, laying eggs at intervals in the closing half of its
long life, and gathering its progeny about its tibie, perhaps it ought to
have some superlative title. We read that Methusaleh lived after he begat
Lamech seven hundred and eighty and two years, and begat sons and
daughters, but his long life appears to have been that venerable man’s
sole claim to distinction. We do not read that he attained regal honors,
or even the chieftainship of a tribe. In view, therefore, of this high
precedent, I suggest that the correct thing would have been to designate
this long-lived, phenomenal butterfly not THe MonarcuH, but THE
PATRIARCH.

MEETING OF THE SUB-SECTION OF ENTOMOLOGY OF THE
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE-
MENT OF SCIENCE.

(Continued from Page 189.)

On Saturday morning the Entomological Sub-section was again in
session, when the following papers were read :

The Egg Case of Aydrophilus triangularis, by C. V. Riley; on the
Oviposition of Prodoxus decipiens, and also one on the Cocoon of Gyrinus
by the same author. Following these a paper was presented by B. P.
Mann, entitled, Suggestions of Co-operation in Furthering the Study of
Entomology ; and another by C. V. Riley, on New Insects Injurious to
American Agriculture.

In this latter paper the author called attention to several insects
hitherto unknown as injurious, which during the present year have proved
very destructive to one crop or another. Such hitherto unknown and
unreported injury is either caused by, 1st, imported species ; 2nd, native
species previously known but without destructive habit ; 3rd, unknown or

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215

undescribed species. The author gave an account of the injury which
had been done to clover plants by a beetle, Phytonomus punctatus, in
Yates Co., New York. The cocoons of the beetles were found on the
ground in the fields, but the beeties were difficult to find on account of
their shyness, as they fall to the ground when approached. Mr. Riley
also reported that much injury had been done to corn in South Carolina
and Georgia by a borer which was probably the larva of a Pyralid moth.

After the reading of papers an informal discussion on Entomological
subjects took place.

Mr. A. J. Cook remarked that Heliothis armigera had attacked corn in
Michigan for the first time in 1880. That was a very wet year, whereas
this year had been very dry, and this season the Army Worm, Lemania
untpuncta, had been observed injuring it for the first time.

Mr. W. Saunders said that the imagos of the Army Worm, Leucania
untpuncta, had been unusually abundant in Ontario during the summer,
and had been seen at sugar in great numbers, and referred to the fact that
the destructive brood of this inseet was not the first brood. Mr. Cook
had found the moths similarly abundant in Michigan.

Mr. Cyrus Thomas stated that he had positive proof that the eggs of
Leucania unipuncta had been deposited in fields of oats. He also said
that wet weather was very favorable for the development of this insect.

Mr. J. A. Lintner spoke of the great abundance of the Clover-seed
Midge, Cecidomyia leguminicola, which was rapidly spreading over a large
area. Mr. B. P. Mann considered that the rearing of insects in the house
tended to prolong the life of the larve, and to shorten that of the pupe.
Mr. C. V. Riley agreed with him, but Mr. Thomas held the opposite view.

Mr. S. H. Peabody, speaking of the duration of life of some moths,
remarked that in Exdropia and in Crenucha virginica the period of exist-
ence of the imago was short.

Mr. Riley said that Avdsota rubicunda feeds on both the hard and soft
maple trees, and that the coloring of the imago in the western limits of
the region where the moth is found is very palein color. Mr. J. A. Lintner
stated that he had captured this insect at Schoharie, N. Y., having a yellow
color with only a slight tinge of rose.

Mr. W. H. Edwards remarked that he had found Zhecla henrici only
in April. It feeds on the wild plum tree. The larva eats into the unripe
plums, burving its head and shoulders in the fruit, and eats no other kind
of food. The larva becomes full grown by the time that the plum has

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS1.

become half grown. The insect has but one brood in the year. Mr.
Edwards also remarked that Zycaena violacea feeds upon many different
food plants.

The meetings of the Entomological Sub-section were throughout very
interesting and profitable, and the “ brethren of the net” separated with
regret, the hope being expressed by all that they might be privileged to
meet again next year in Montreal.

BOOK NOTICE.

Butterflies: Their Structure, Changes and Life Histories. By Samuel H, Scudder.
We are indebted to the author for a copy of this beautiful book, a
well printed octavo volume of 322 pp., illustrated with 201 figures. The
work is divided into thirteen chapters, the first six of which treat of the
structure of butterflies in all the stages of their growth from the egg to the
perfect insect. A chapter is devoted to the internal organs of caterpillars
and another to the transformation of these organs during growth. The
remaining chapters deal with the life histories of these attractive insects
and the changes which they undergo under varying cirezmstances.
Following these is an appendix containing instructions for collecting and
preserving insects, etc., a list of the common and scientific names of
butterflies, and a list also of the food plants of their caterpillars, all written
in a plain and popular style. It is a great pity that a work of this char-
acter, coming from so well known and talented an author, and containing
as it does so much useful and valuable information, should be marred by
_ the introduction of a series of new names for our butterflies which to the
great bulk of the Entomologists of America seems to be a most unreason-
able imposition and against which their is a general feeling of revolt.
That any author should persist in carrying the rules of priority so far as to
resurrect old documents the authority of which is of the most questionable
value, and on the strength of these insist on the changing of nearly all the
names of our butterflies, is a tax on the patience of the practical man
which few can endure, and a serious bar to the progress of our favorite
science. Neither do we think that the introduction of a large number of
newly invented common names will add in any degree to the popularity
of Entomology ; it were far better, in our opinion (with few exceptions),
to use the specific name of the insect for this purpose, which is as easily
learnt and conveys a more definite idea than is possible with such com-

mon names as those given by this author.

Che Canad Entomologist.

VOL. XIII. LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1881. Osos

ON THE LIFE DURATION OF THE HETEROCERA (MOTHS).

BY J. A. LINTNER, ALBANY, N. Y.

Read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at its Cincinnati
Meeting, August, 1881.

I have been requested by Mr. Edwards, who has presented to the
Association an interesting and valuable paper, “On the Length of Life
of Butterflies,” to supplement it with some remarks on the Zzfe Duration
of the Heterocera.

The period of time passed by insects in their perfect stage, is an item
in their history to which, so far as I know, very little attention has been
paid. It has not hitherto been made a special subject of inquiry. When
we seek to answer the question, we find that very few of our published
observations bear upon it. The little that is known upon this point, in
the Heterocera, would not authorise the presentation of these notes before
this body, were it not that a confession of our ignorance should, and I
hope may, serve as an incentive to the examination of the interesting
question.

It must prove a difficult field of investigation. Observations made
upon species in confinement, deprived of food and subjected to other
unnatural conditions, would give only approximate results. Even here we
find our knowledge extremely limited. Outside of the Sphingidee and the
Bombycidz, scarcely anything has been done by our Lepidopterists in
rearing entire broods of species. In these two families the eggs can be
easily obtained, either by the “‘sembling” method (attraction of the male
by the exposure of a newly-emerged female), or by simply pinning a cap-
tured female. Several species of the Phalenidze are quite prompt in
extruding their eggs upon being pinned, even after having been tempor-
arily subjected to anesthetic influence. But in the extensive family of
Noctuide-—with the winged forms of which we are so familiar, and of
which our knowledge, therefore, should be the more complete—tt is diffi-
cult to obtain the eggs under the restraint of confinement. I have never

218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

carried an oviposition of a single Noctuid to the perfect stage, nor can I
recall a published record of its having been done. Further, in illustration
of the veil that still hides portions of the life histories of these forms
which rarely obtrude themselves upon our sight except under cover of the
night, it may be mentioned that during the thirty years in which my
studies have engaged me to a greater or less extent in the rearing of Lepi-
doptera, I do not recall an instance where I have observed the Noctuide
én coitu, and therefore have no personal knowledge of the time, place,
manner or duration of the initiative of _Noctuid life.

It is known that in the Attacine, among the Bombycide, in confine-
ment, the lives of the moths are very brief. The sexes mate a few hours
after emerging from the pupze, and continue in copulation for twenty-four
hours or more. Oviposition may be commenced the following day, and
completed within four or five days thereafter. Perhaps a week longer will
complete the life period of the female—extending in all to about fifteen
days. ‘The male usually dies a few days after copulation—several days
before the female.

In the Sphingide, the lives as observed, in confinement, are longer than
in the Attacinze, but I have no records from which to give comparative
duration. Our observations upon the Phaleenidz lead us to believe that,
as a general rule, their lives are shorter than are those of the Noctuide.

An approximation to the life period of the Noctuids may be obtained
from the dates when the several species are observed abroad. The pub-
lished records of the collections made by ‘“‘sugaring” will furnish con-
venient data for this. I regret that at my present writing, away from
books of reference, I am unable to refer to the papers of Messrs. Thaxter,
Norman, Westcott* and others. From a paper published by myself in
Entomolog. Contrib., v., pp. 43-51, it appears that the period of collection
(embracing probably nearly the entire life period, as the examples when
first taken at sugar were apparently just from pupae, and those last taken
so worn as to be hardly capable of flight) of quite a number of species
was about one month. Among these may be mentioned Mabvosyne scripta,
Agrotis baja, A. subgothica, A. bicarnea, A. repentis,? Hadena verbas-
cotdes, Gortyna sera, G. nictitans, Leucania pallens, L; phragmitidicola, L.
lapidaria, L. pseudargyria, Orthodes infirma, Orthosia helva, Scoliopteryx
libatrix and Pseudaglossa lubricalis.

* Psyche, ii., pp. 34-38, 80; Canad. Entomol., vii., pp. 3, 21; fd., vili., p. 12.
+ Now regarded as distinct from 4. messoria Harris. j

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219

If, in consideration of the condition of the moths when captured, the
probable different time of oviposition and more or less favorable exposure
of eggs, we assume that the individuals of a species continue to emerge
from the pupa during one-third of the above period, there will remain, as
the approximate life duration of these Noctuide, a period of three weeks.

Mr. Wm. L. Devereaux, of Clyde, N. Y., in giving the results of his
collections of Noctuidz at sugar for two years,* states that “‘most of the
species remain for abouf a month.” From other data which I have con-
sulted, I think that we shall not be far from the truth if we adopt as the
life-period of the larger portion of the Noctuide a term of three weeks.

As might be expected in so heterogeneous a family as the Noctuidze—
differing so greatly in general character, coming forth at such different
seasons of the year, and varying in the number of the broods,—the life-
histories of the several groups vary to the extent of preventing generaliza-
tion and necessitating specific observations. For example, we find that
the genera Xylina, Homoptera and Catocala have their periods of
apparition much extended beyond the species above noticed. In the
paper by myself, above referred to (p. 51), we find that Xy/na petulca,
X. disposita and X. Bethunet were observed for a period extending over
forty-one, forty-seven and fifty-one days respectively, with a possible pro-
longation of the lives of some of the later individuals through hibernation
and reappearance in the following spring, of six additional months. Seven
species of Catocala give an average duration of forty-five days, and from
Mr. Devereaux’s observations, nine species of Catocala give an average
period of fifty-seven days. These last may have shown a prolonged period
from their extending over two years—one of which, from a more favorable
season, may have included earlier dates of first appearance. It is proper
to state that the above species were selected from the lists, as having been
observed for the greatest length of time; the larger number gave consid-
erably shorter terms of apparition.

In concluding these brief notes, which are quite unsatisfactory to
the writer, and offered only in compliance with request, I would beg leave
to suggest that good service may be rendered to Entomology by the
collation from published records, and incorporation in our published lists
of insects, hereafter, of the several dates of their collection or observation
throughout the entire time of their appearance. The want of such data

* Canadian Entomologist, vol. xi., pp. 105-109, 1879.

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

has been felt in the attempt to answer the question of Dr. Wiesmann, as
to the duration of life of some of our insects in their perfect state. It
would also be of service in the determination of the number of annual
broods ; it would afford a knowledge of the time for guarding against the
initiative of insect attack ; it would enable us in many cases to decide
upon the best time for putting in our crops; it would enable collectors to
seek for specimens for their cabinets when they are to be found; in
short, it would furnish an essential part of the life-histories of our species.
I commend it to the attention of Entomologists.

ON THE APHIDIDA OF FLORIDA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES.

(Paper No. 2.)

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

Family Psyllide (Jumping Plant-lice).

The species belonging to this interesting family have received very
little attention from Entomologists generally, and considering the extent
of the North American fauna, comparatively few species have been
described. Of these almost nothing is known of their habits and
development.

In Europe, with the exception of two or three species, as little is
known of their life histories as in America. Kollar, in his Treatise on
Insects Injurious to Gardens, &c., according to Westwood, vide Intro-
duction, vol. 2, p. 437, gives the history of two species. As I do not
possess this work, I am unable to state which these are or how much of
their history is known.

According to this author, and probably one of those referred to by
Westwood, the Pear Tree Psylla, Psy//a pyri Linn., ‘‘comes forth from
its winter retreat provided with wings, as soon as the buds of the fruit
trees begin to expand. After pairing, the female lays her eggs in great
numbers near each other on the young leaves and blossoms, or on the
newly formed shoots. The eggs are oblong, yellowish, and look somewhat
like grains of pollen. The young insects, soon after they are hatched,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pA |

£

resemble young wingless plant-lice and are of a dark yellow color. They
change their skins and color repeatedly and acquire wing-scales or rudi-
mentary wings, then fix themselves to the bark in rows and remain sucking
the sap until about to undergo their last change, when they disperse
among the leaves and appear in their winged form.”

This account has been copied by nearly every economic Entomologist
who has had occasion to treat of these little pests. Even Dr. Harris, in
his well known Treatise, nor a later writer, Prof. Thomas, give no new
facts.

From my studies of some undescribed species in Florida, and other
known facts respecting this family, I feel justified in stating that Kollar’s
account cannot possibly be correct ; especially is this true with regard to
its coming forth from its winter retreat provided with wings and in his
description of the egg. It does not agree with my observations, nor with
those of Leon Defour. To this celebrated Frenchman and indefatigable
biologist are we indebted for the first accurate description of a Psylla’s
egg. Those interested will find an account in his “ Recherches anato-
riques et physiologiques sur Les Hemipteres,” p. 358, and on plate xvii,
fig. 191 b. c., good figures of the egg. A translated account may also be
found in “ Thomas’ 8th Illinois Report,” p. 16.

In the summer of 1879 I noticed for the first time that the leaves of
the young Persimmon trees (Diospyros virginiana) in the vicinity of
Jacksonville were very much discolored, curled and distorted ; on most
of them, too, were numerous small warty-like galls. A thorough examin-
ation under the curled and twisted parts of the leaves revealed numerous
small, flattened, hemipterous bugs, arranged in rows, and covered with a
fine mealy or powdery substance ; on disturbing they secrete large watery
globules, the color of milky water.

A careful study of these during the past two years has enabled me to
completely work up their life history, as well as the partial histories of
other species which I shall now proceed to give, after giving a list of the
known N. A. species.

Genus Diraphia, Waga.

1. D. vernalis, Fitch. 3. D. calamorum, Fitch.
2. D. femoralis, Fitch, 4. D. maculipennis, Fitch,

222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus Psylla.

. P. annulata, Fitch.

P. urticeecolens, Fitch.

P. quadrisignata ? Walker.
. PvenustaO.'S:

. pyri, Linn.

. rubi, W. & R.

. tripunctata, Fitch.

. quadrilineata, Fitch.

Foro! to ben kg
oO COI D

T
2
)
4.
5. P. carpini, Fitch.

To these I now add
THE PERSIMMON PSYLLA.

By the middle of April this is found in considerable numbers on the
leaves of the young trees, with beaks inserted, almost standing on their
heads, and swaying from side to side like the motion of a vessel in a
stormy sea. This motion is evidently intended to assist either in inserting
the beak or in pumping up the juices of the tree.

At this time they are also caught copulating, soon after which the
female begins depositing her eggs. These are very minute, o.or incb in
length, elongate ovate, pale greenish in color, with a wavy beak benzath
at thick end, and a long filament at tip of smaller end, nearly the length
of the egg, and extending backwards over it. These are laid along the
margin of the leaf, without regard to regularity, the female first preparing
for their reception by secreting a thread-like, transparent, gummy sub-
stance along the extreme edge of the leaf; she then fastens them in place
by the beak, which adheres securely to the gummy substance.

ITS LIFE HISTORY.

These hatch in from 5 to 6 days (actual observation) and the leaf from
their punctures curls completely over them ; under this they reside until
just before the final transformation. The pupa then comes forth, attaches
itself to a leaf or twig, and changes into the perfect fly, escaping through
a longitudinal slit in the head and thorax. The young take from four to
five weeks to mature and breed throughout the whole summer.

Like the Fig Psylla, the fall brood probably lay their eggs in crevices *
of the bark and twigs ; these hatch at the first breath of spring, feed on
the tender new shoots and leaves, and are those found fully matured by
the first and second week in April.

10. PSYLLA DIOSPYRI, N. Sp.
Ecc.—Length hardly .or inch. Elongate ovate, with a long filament

at apex of smaller end extending backwards to near its whole length ; a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223

short wavy beak or filament beneath at thick end, which is used for
attaching the egg to the leaf.

Youne Larva.—Length about .o2 inch. Flattened, elliptical, pale
yellowish, pulverulent ; head broad, strongly arcuate in front ; antennz
short, conical ; eyes reddish, large and prominent, situated well back close
to thoracic margin ; thorax laterally twice dilated back of middle; legs
pale ; margins fringed with rather long hairs.

Pupa.—Length .10 to.12 inch. Broadly flattened ; yellow, greenish
beneath ; head not so strongly arcuate as in young larva and slightly
notched in front ; antenne much longer, apparently 7-jointed, dusky at
base ; wing-cases very broad and projecting slightly in front of eye and
considerably laterally 7 eyes brownish ; abdomen well rounded posteri-
orly, 8-jointed ; legs stout, pale ; strongly fringed with long hairs on all
sides.

Imaco.— gf and 2 .10 to.12 inch; length of wings.15 inch. Black,
shining and slightly pubescent, in certain lights slightly tinged with bronze.
Head transverse with a deep frontal notch ; eyes prominent, three ocelli
black ; antennz filiform, to-jointed, two basal joints short and stout,
dusky, following joints slender, pale yellowish, slightly pubescent, ter-
minal joint thickened, black and tipped with two short bristles ; abdomen
elongate, somewhat conical, black and shining ; metasternum yellowish,
epimeral spines long, pale yellowish ; wings hyaline, apex of front pair
lanceolate, veins yellowish ; legs honey yellow, tibiz shaded with brown,
femora dark brown.

The male is easily distinguished by its smaller size and by the usual
abdominal differences ; otherwise it does not differ from the female.

The sketch on next page, fig. 12, will give one a fair representation
of its various stages: a, egg; 0, young larva; ¢, mature larva or pupa;
d, imago.

THE BAY MAGNOLIA PSYLLA.

This handsome and well known tree, Magnolia glauca, is quite com-
mon along our creeks and swamps, and is noted far and wide for its
beautiful fragrant flowers. It is often, however, greatly disfigured by the
sting of a Psylla, producing a large gall on the leaves, a fact I ascertained
by breeding. This species is evidently a true gall-maker. The palls are
quite conspicuous on the leaves, of a large size, greenish yellow in color
with a bluish plume, and when fully matured open along the side in the
form of a large curved lip.

oo 4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ITS LIFE HISTORY.

The eggs I have been unable to find ; it is probably possible that these
are laid under the epidermis of the leaf, which may account for my
inability to find any, even after a very careful examination of the
leaves with my pocket lens. In the interior of the galls, which measure
half an inch or more in length, I found the lice in various stages of

Fig. 12.

growth, generally in the midst of a watery secretion the color of milky
water, which almost always fills the galls. Below I give description of
different stages :

PSYLLA MAGNOLIA, n. sp.

Younc Larva.—Length hardly .o2 inch. Elongate, oval, flattened
and pale yellowish in color. Head smaller and less rounded before than
in previous species ; eyes situated well forward ; antennz short, conical ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225

abdomen more elongate, the sides of thorax not dilated and without the
fringing of hairs, as in previous species.

Pupa.—Length .r2 to .14 inch. Elongate, oval. Pale greenish yel-
low. Eyes brownish, prominent and situated further forward than in
previous species ; wing cases not so broad, obtusely rounded before and
not projecting forward towards eyes ; abdomen more elongate and notched
posteriorly ; legs pale ; and is easily recognized by not being pubescent

Imaco.— # and 9. Jength .12 inch; wing .14. Pale greenish
yellow. Head transverse, not projecting much in front, and with a frontal
notch, but not deep; three remote yellow ocelli, situated on yellow
ground, two close to but back of eyes, and one in front between antenne ;
eyes large and prominent ; antennz to-jointed, filiform, reaching beyond
tip of thorax, two basal joints short and stout, pale to tip of 6th, following
joints black ; collare transverse, very short, preescutum broadly obcordate ;
mesothorax has two large deep lateral depressions, extending backwards
towards scutellum, with a slight central groove; scutellum triangular ;
abdomen elongate, pointed ; wings hyaline, lanceolate, veins pale green-
ish ; legs, epimeral spines and metasternum pale greenish yellow ; basal

tarsal joint broadly flattened. ‘The usual structural differences distinguish
the male.

THE ILEX PSYLLA.

During a recent short trip to the sea shore, my attention was called
(by my friend, Mr. Curtiss) to a gall on “ex cassine, a shrubby tree grow-
ing in the sich hammocks along our coasts. These were found on the
terminal new leaves, measured from .2 to .3 of an inch in length, and
frequently destroyed the whole shape of the leaf. Cutting these open, I
found they were caused by a Psylla, and judging from the size of the
pupa, is probably the smallest species known. In the galls the young
were covered with a mealy powder, very much resembling certain
Coccides, and when disturbed do not appear to secrete the watery
globules noticed in the previously described species. Below I give
description of the stages as far as ascertained :

12.) PS¥LLA ILECIS, nl. Sp.

Younc Larva.—Length less than .o1 inch, oval, flattened, yellow and
pulverulent, with reddish eyes and pale legs.

Pupa.—Length scarcely .o3 inch. Yellow, pulverulent; legs and

antenne pale, wing cases well developed and obliquely projecting on
either side ; abdomen rounded.

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
LIBYTHEA BACHMANNI, Kirttanp.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

EGG—-In shape are oblate spheroid, somewhat pointed at base, and
a little truncated and depressed at summit ; marked by many horizontal
striz, and longitudinally by 18 or 20 narrow, prominent ribs, which pro-
ceed from base and terminate, some of them irregularly, at about four fifths
the distance to summit, while eight, increasing gradually in prominence,
end abruptly at the rim of the summit ; these long ribs are cut on either
side by grooves perpendicular to the surface of the egg; they are also
frequently deflected somewhat from a direct line; color pale green.
Duration of this stage about 4 days.

YOUNG LARVA—Length just from egg .o4 inch; cylindrical ; the
segments a little rounded, and four times creased transversely ; covered
with a fine short down ; Color green, semi-translucent ; head twice as broad
as 2; obovoid, a little depressed at suture, the vertices rounded ; sparsely
pilose ; color yellow-brown. To 1st moult about 2 days, in July.

After First Moult—Length .o8 and.og inch ; color brownish-green,
the segments curved ; head a little broader than 2, shape as before ; color
yellow-green. To next moult 2 days.

After Second Moult—Length .12 inch ; same shape ; upper side dark
green ; a faint shade of yellow over and along basal ridge, rather macular ;
under side, legs and feet lighter green ; the segments much specked with
faint white on the ridges caused by the creases ; on 3, high up, a black
dot on either side ; head as before; color+light green. To next moult
2 days.
After Third Moult—Length .26 to.28 inch ; color dull green, yellow-
ish along and over basal ridge ; specked with pale white, or yellow white,
as before ; the black dots as before; head green. To next moult about
2 days.

After Fourth Moult—Length .4 inch. Four days later the larva
reached maturity,

MATURE LARVA—.7 to .g inch; cylindrical, thickened at 3 and
4, the dorsum of last segment abruptly curved down to the end ; color
dark green, the lower side, and also feet and legs, pale green ; each seg-
ment four times creased transversely and on the flat ridges so caused are

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227

rows, one to each, of small tubercular flattened points, pale or whitish-
yellow ; from 2 to 13 a white stripe along base, just over the spiracles, and
above this the ground is yellowish for a little way ; a medio-dorsal yellow
line and sometimes a fine line on middle of side; yellow tuberculated
points over the legs, in arcs of from 3 to 6 ; on foremost ridge of 3rd seg-
ment, high on the side, a dead black tubercle, a little raised and rounded,
in yellow ring; spiracles in brown ovals; surface covered with a fine
short down ; head obovoid, green, smooth, sparsely pilose; the ocelli
brown.

Occasionally the larve in later stages are differently colored. One
had the dorsum dark green, edged on either side by a gray line, and suc-
cessively by a band of yellow, a gray line, and a black band ; the 3rd
segment was wholly, and 5th partly black. Two others of same brood
were green, with a black band along base of body, and black patches on
3 and 11.

CHRYSALIS—Length .5 inch; helmet-shaped ; compressed later-
ally, the abdomen somewhat carinated ; mesonotum high, rounded, sloping
abruptly to top of head case, much compressed and sharply carinated, fol-
lowed by a deep excavation ; head case not prominent, square or nearly
so at top, a little excavated, the corners sub-pyramidal and scarcely at all
produced ; along carina of abdomen a yellow line, which forks and passes
round mesonotum to top of head case; a slight yellow lateral line on
abdomen ; color green, either deep, or with a blue or a yellow tint ; the
abdomen much sprinkled with pale yellow flat points or small spots ; a few
of these about the head case. Duration of this stage 5 days in July, 7
days in August. ;

I described and figured Lachmannz in both sexes, and also the egg, the
two later stages of the larva, and the chrysalis, in Butterflies of N. A.,
Vol. 2, Part 1, 1874. At that time I was unable to give the complete
larval history. In subsequent years I have repeatedly taken the butterfly
and observed all of the preparatory stages. It is certain that in this region
this species appears in several successive generations, probably four, that
the later butterflies hibernate, and the survivors are on the wing early in
May, and probably in favorable seasons in April. The first generation in
descent from the hibernating females are on the wing in June ; the second
generation in July ; the third in August ; and late butterflies emerge from
chrysalis in September, and these would be of the fourth generation in
descent from the hibernating females. The period from laying of the egg

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to emergence of the butterfly is from 15 to 17 days. The only food plant
known to me is the Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis, and the eggs seem to
be nearly always laid on the tender terminal leaves of the branches. By
frequent cutting in some trees in my garden I have made them close headed
and low,-and I never look over them at the proper seasons that I do not
find eggs or larvee of Bachmannt. Usually one egg is laid at the end of
a branch, in one of the forks, on the leaf stem, but I have seen two
eggs on same stem, and occasionally an egg laid on the under side and
middle of a leaf. The young larve on hatching ascend to the extremity
of one of the leaves and remain there, stripping the sides, leaving the
midrib untouched, whence it is easy to find them. They eat their way out
of the egg a little below the tip, but do not eat the egg shell after emerg-
ing, and the empty shell has often guided me to the whereabouts of the
young caterpillar. In all stages these
larvee when at rest arch the anterior
segments, in the attitude of a Sphinx.
When ready to transform they spin
buttons of red silk upon the under side
of a leaf—chrysalid shells being occa-
sionally discovered in such positions—
suspend after the manner of the Nym-
phalide, and in about eight hours
pupate. I have noticed no variation in the colors of the larve in any
brood but the last one of the year.

Fig. 13.

As Bachmanni (fig. 13) has been taken in Ontario, it would be well
worth while if some lepidopterist there would seek for its eggs or larve
on Celtis occidentalis, and determine the number of annual generations.

I subjoin notes from my journals of times of appearance and finding
of eggs and larve :

1873. Between 25th April and 15th May, a worn female taken during my
absence from home ; this was evidently a hibernator.

1st Brood.

1873. 11th June, fresh females flying, set one for eggs.

1880, 13th June, found 8 larvae in younger stages.

c887, 25th June till 9th July, found eggs and larvae daily ; first butterfly
emerged roth July.

a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229

2nd Brood.

1874. 4th July, caught female while ovipositing ; the larvae from these
eggs were in chrysalis 17th July.

1876. gth July, caught female while ovipositing.

1879. 1oth and rrth July, found several eggs and young larvae.

1873. rith July, set female for eggs ; found eggs 14th and 23rd July.

1881. 1st to 8th July, found eggs and young larvee daily.

3rd_ Brood.
1872. 1st August, saw female ovipositing and found a dozen eggs ; 21st
August, imagos from these eggs.
1873. roth August, female ovipositing ; up to 25th August continued to
find eggs ; on 22nd August set female for eggs.
1881. 23rd to 26th August, found eggs and larve.

4th Brood.
1875. 7th September, found a fresh egg, a half grown and a mature larva.
14th September, larvae in last stages.

1881. 2nd September, butterflies emerged.
73 I tth (73 ce “ce

NEW MOTHS, CHIEFLY FROM ARIZONA.
BY A. R. GROTE.

HADENA PERPENOA, DN. S.

g. Eyes naked ; tibie unarmed; abdomen tufted ; size moderate.
Apparently allied to Zudirecta and Cinefacta, but darker colored, with a
certain resemblance to Mamestra Atlantica or Vicina. Concolorous dark
wood brown ; lines faint. The usual markings. A dash connects the
claviform with the t. p. line. Stronger costal double marks inaugurate the
indistinct median lines ; the t. a. oblique and approaching the t. p. line
near internal margin, where it seems to have a strong tooth running back-
ward on the margin. Stigmata subequal, concolorous. S. t. line indi-
cated, twice indented with darker shades. Fringes dark, narrowly cut
with pale. Hind wings fuscous, paler at base, with mesial line and discal
shade mark; beneath paler, with discal dot and faintly double extra

Bou THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mesial line. Thorax concolorous, collar and tegule marked with deep
brown. EFxfanse 32 mil. One fresh specimen from Arizona.

MAMESTRA BISULCA, N. S.

a 2. Eyes sparsely haired, tibie unarmed. Antennze of the male
bipectinate. Colors of confusa. Brown, shaded with deep brown and
white. A deep brown streak from base to t. p. line along submedian
interspace. Cell dark brown. Orbicular concolorous, small; reniform
small, more or less white shaded. Median lines near together, feebly
indicated by white shades. A deep brown shade on terminal space
interrupting s. t. line opposite the cell ; this dark shading intrudes again
at internal angle, resolving itself into stripes bordering the veins. Pale
dots at base of fringe. Hind wings fuscous with pale fringes. Beneath
fuscous, dark, sub-irrorate, hind wings pale inferiorly. No lines; discal
dots. Head and thorax brown; tegulae with dark edges. Collar pale
tipped. xpanse 36 mil. Three specimens; Arizona. This may not
remain in Mamestra, owing to the pectinated antennae. From Mr. Neu-
moegen’s collections.

MaAMESTRA TRIFOLU, var. Oregonica.

Under this name I register Oregon specimens which appear to belong
to Zrifoli’, but differ by the concolorous fore wings, wanting the dark
dashes to the subterminal line which has no M-mark, or but a faint one.
The hind wings have a faintly yellowish tone. The claviform is reduced
and rounded. ‘The dark reniform entirely contrasts. Otherwise I see no
differences and we have to do probably with a geographical variety.
Kansas specimens are somewhat intermediary. Five specimens of the
variety are before me.

ScHINIA BUXEA, N. Ss.

This species has the front flat, eyes naked, palpi ascending, third
article distinct, squamation smooth appressed, scales of thorax flattened
and broader. Pale yellow, deepening exteriorly to the brown contrasting
fringes. Three fine brown lines angulated superiorly cross the outer half
of primaries. Hind wings silky, whitish at base, shading to yellowish
exteriorly with pale fringes. Body whitish yellow. Axpanse 29 mil.
flabitat, South-western Texas.

By its color and contrasting fringes and fine, nearly equidistant, thread-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231

like, dark lines on fore wings easily separated from the other described
forms.

ONCOCNEMIS GRACILLINEA, N. S.

¢. Size extremely small. Eyes naked. Tibiae with a large claw on
anterior pair, at the inner extremity of the joint, and an outer spinule.
Aspect, style of marking and color of Czéa/is. Bright gray ; apices pro-
duced, A fine longitudinal black hair streak below median vein. Ind1-
cations of transverse lines on costa by trembled blackish shades.
Subterminal line white, irregular, preceded by a black diffuse shade from
apices, the most noticeable character of the wing, partly broken into
cuneiform marks toward the middle. A fine, even, continuous. black
terminal line. Fringes gray, darker tipped. Hind wings whitish, sub-
pellucid, silky, a fine terminal line and traces of a mesial line. Fringes
whitish. Head and thorax gray. xpanse 1g mil. Arizona, Mr. Neu-
moegen. This neatly marked, diminutive species is the twentieth
described Oncocnemis from North America (see this volume, p. 34). The
ground color of the fore wings is almost white, with fine black streakings ;
and the subterminal shade very prominent, as in Czbalis. The scales on
the body are partly flattened and wide. ‘The front is full. The species
may be catalogued next to Czbalis, in my arrangement, among the gray
forms.

The genus is numerous in species in our territory. We have a repre
sentative of the European Confusa, in Behrensii, from California. The
nearest species to this are Levis, Glennyi and Hlomogena from Colorado,
and Augustus from Texas. The only Eastern form is gray, like Chandleri
from Colorado. It is the Rzparia of Mr. Morrison, and has been taken
on the coast of the Atlantic by Mr. Tepper, and by myself on the shores
of Lake Erie. Its describer considered it as a variety of Chandleri; but
I am more inclined all the time to regard it as a good species, and thus to
contradict my own original idea of it, based, however, on a single speci-
men. I have myself now taken two, and have now seen others, and I
believe the characters I have elsewhere pointed out will always distinguish
it from Chandlert. The gray species are, then, Chandlert, Riparia, Major,
Aqualis, Cibatis and Gracillinea. Another interesting group of species is
that to which Saundersiana, from Canada and Illinois, belongs. This
species is the only one, beside Azparia, found east of the Mississippi
River. Its near ally is Occafa, from Texas. ‘The yellow-winged species

Zar, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

from the West are becoming well known through recent collections. They
are very interesting and look a little like Anartas. As yet we have three,
Dayt, Hayest and Mirificalis; I believe there are no European species
like them. The Californian A/ervima, with black secondaries, is a rather
small, pretty, but aberrant species, looking something like a Zarache at
first sight.

It is interesting to note that Aruva obsoleta, from Illinois and Texas, is
found in Arizona, from whence, also, Mr. Neumoegen has received a
specimen of Heterocampa Belfraget. It is then likely that a number of
species which as yet we only know from Texas, will be found in Arizona.

FRUVA, GEORGICA, N. Ss.

Front with a clypeal protuberance. A little larger’ than Fasciatella, of
the same olivaceous buff, dull colored. No lines. Fringes discolorous,
blackish. The wing becomes stained with ochreous terminally and a dark
shade extends inwardly opposite the cell from the margin. Hind wings
fuscous ; fringes pale. Beneath pale fuscous, costa of fore wings pale

yellowish ; fringes dark. The hind wings and fringes on both wings are
somewhat silky.

CaTocaLa ARIZON# Grote, Can. Ent., 163, 1873.

This species has been collected in numbers by Mr. Doll and Mr. Neu-
moegen has kindly presented me with an example. It is totally distinct
from Wadshit, with which I have already compared it. There is the faint
glaucous shade on fore wings described by me. The primaries are more
brown than in Wadshiz. I have already published my opinion that Mr.
Strecker has very briefly and unrecognizably described this species under
the name of Aspfasta. Wadshiz is not found in Arizona. Both myself and
Mr. Strecker compare the species with Amazrix. The student is referred
to the descriptions published of these species.

PERISPASTA IMMIXTALIS, Nn. s.

This species is similarly sized with Caecwlalis, of the same shining
fuscous, quite pale beneath, but without the pellucid impressions on
primaries. There can be made out the traces of a pre-apical costal
curved line enclosing a slightly paler space. The wings are shaped as in
its ally. New York, collected by Mr. Angus and given me by Prof
F ernald.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Pa Es,

For some time I was inclined to consider this the 2 of Caecu/adis, but
I make out the frenulum of my type to be single and the specimen there-
fore a male. The species are small and frail in this Pyralid genus and
may be known by the peculiarly shaped wings.

Botis COMMORTALIS, N. Ss.

A small form no larger than Vibicalis, very distinctly marked and
easily recognized. Fore wings brown, crossed by two mesial distinct
nearly upright lines. Fringes white. Head and thorax dark. Hind
wings pure white, immaculate. Beneath fore wings dark, hind wings
white ; legs whitish. Hxpanse 11 mil. Havilah, Calif., Mr. Edwards.

This little species must be easily recognized. It is possible that it
may be placed more advantageously in an allied genus when the neuration
can be studied.

(To be Continued.)

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF ONTARIO.

The Annual Meeting of the Society was held, according to announce-
ment, in their rooms, Victoria Hall, London, Ont., on Monday evening,
Sept. 26, 1881.

A number of those interested in Entomology were present from differ-
ent parts of the Province, the President, Mr. Wm. Saunders, in the chair.
The report of the Council was read and adopted, and the Sec.-Treasurer
submitted his financial report, which was duly adopted.

Letters of apology for non-attendance were read from Rev. C. J. S.
Bethune, Jas. Fletcher, W. H. Harrington, W. Couper and G. J. Bowles.

The President then delivered his annual address, on the conclusion
of which the meeting unanimously tendered Mr. Saunders a vote of
thanks, with a request that his address be printed in the CANADIAN
ENTOMOLOGIST.

The election of officers then took place, when the following gentlemen
were declared duly elected :

President— Wm. Saunders, London.

934 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vice-President—G. J. Bowles, Montreal.

Secretary-Treasurer and Librarian—E. Baynes Reed, London.

Council—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope ; J. A. Moffat, Hamilton ;
James Fletcher, Ottawa; R. V. Rogers, Kingston ; J. M. Denton, Lon-
don ; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa, and W. Couper, Montreal.

Editor—Wm. Saunders.

Editing Committee—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, J. M. Denton, E. Baynes
Reed.

Auditors—Chas. Chapman, H. Bock.

The report of the Montreal Branch was next read.

Routine business having been transacted, the chairman invited dis-
cussion on any Entomological matters.

POTATO BEETLE.

Prof. J. T. Bell, of Belleville, remarked that he had found the Potato
Beetle feeding in his neighborhood on the “ Bittersweet,’ Solanum
dulcamara. Myr. Saunders stated that during a recent visit to Colorado,
although he travelled much over the plains and through the mountain
canons, he found no traces of this insect in any of its stages.

Mr. Chas. Arnold, of Paris, said that in his section the Colorado Beetle
after having devoured the potato vines, attacked the tomato plants.

Mr. P. C. Dempsey, of Trenton, stated that he had preserved his
tomato vines from injury by the beetle by the free use of Paris Green on
his potato plants,

Mr. J. A. Moffat, of Hamilton, stated that he had observed serious
injury to be caused to the young plants by the beetle.

Mr. Saunders reported that Lebia grandis, one of the beneficial insects
which devour the larve of the Colorado Beetle, had been found by him in
greater numbers than usual, and that he had taken a number of specimens
at night when sugaring for moths. Mr. Moffat had also observed it to be
common near Hamilton on the Golden-rod, So/zdago.

COTTON WORM.

Mr. Jas. Fletcher had written to ask if any member had made any
observations during the year on the moth of the Cotton Worm, Aéeta
argillacea, in reference to which an interesting discussion took place at the
last annual meeting.

Mr. Moffat reported having captured several specimens, and Mr. Reed
had observed their frequent occurrence attracted by light in the house at
night during September.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ° 235

CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.

Mr. Saunders reported that as far as he could ascertain, the extreme
western limit of this insect did not at present exceed 100 miles west of
Chicago. Prof. Bell stated that he was of opinion that in the neighbor-
hood of Belleville the common English Sparrow had proved useful in
destroying the larvee of this butterfly.

The chairman, Mr. Saunders, remarked that this was contrary to the
experience of all those who had made a special study of the habits of this
sparrow, and enquired whether the Professor had ever examined the crop
of the bird for evidences of the presence of this larva, to which the Pro-
fessor replied in the negative.

A RARE BEETLE.

Prof. Bell exhibited several specimens of Alaus gorgops, one of which
he had captured near Belleville ; and showed the peculiar points of differ-
ence between this insect and our common Eyed Elater, Alaus occulatus.

NEW CLOVER INSECT.

Mr. Wm. Weld, editor of the Farmers Advocate, said that he had
lately read in several American papers accounts of the ravages of a new
clover insect, that specimens of clover heads had recently been sent him
by severai correspondents, infested with an insect which he believed to be
this new species, and asked whether any of the Entomologists present
could give him any information as to where it had occurred and: the
amount of damage it was likely to cause in this Province.

Mr. Arnold thought from what he had heard from those growing clover
in his vicinity that this insect was injuring the crop there. Mr. Saunders
said that the insect had not yet come under his observation and that he
would be very glad to receive specimens from any person who should find
them in this Province.

The insect referred to is the Clover Midge, Cectdomyza leguminicola, a
small fly which in its larval state devours the ripening seeds in the clover
heads.

PEA BUGS.

Mr. Weld also enquired as to the experience of those present as to
the ravages of this pest during the year.

236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mr. Arnold said that the Pea Bug had committed more damage this
year in his neighborhood than ever before. Some friend had recommended
him to enclose a piece of camphor in the bags of seed peas with a view
of destroying the insect ; this he had tried and found useless. Mr. Gott,
of Arkona, had not found the beetles so plentiful this year as usual. The
subject was discussed at some length, and the general opinion expressed
that the most feasible remedy was to cease growing peas for a time in any
district where the insect had proved seriously destructive, and thus starve
them out.

THE MAPLE TREE BORER.

Prof. Bell remarked that he had found this borer, “ Clytus speciosus,” °
not nearly so common as formerly. Mr. Saunders said that he believed
it to be increasing in the neighborhood of London, and that some of the
street trees had been seriously injured by it ; he also referred to the depre-
dations of another maple borer, ‘‘ Aegeria acerni,” a small moth whose
larva burrows under the bark of the red maple, “ Acer rubrum,” and in
season was quite common on tlhe trunks of the maple trees on our streets.
Mr. Reed also reported the maples round his house being much infested
by this pest, the empty cocoons being found protruding from the trunks
of the trees in quantities during the summer.

A discussion then ensued on the probabilities of new insect pests
being introduced from abroad by the importation of grains, seeds and
trees, in which several of the members took part. Mr. Weld urged that
the Society should call the attention of the Government to the necessity
of taking every possible precaution to prevent the introduction of such
insects. The President remarked that in his official capacity he had
through the Provincial Agricultural Association already brought this matter
before the Government, and that some steps in this direction had been
taken.

The meeting then assumed an informal character and the members
were shown by Messrs. Saunders, Denton and Reed many of the more
interesting specimens in the Society’s large collections, and also exhibited
microscopic specimens illustrating the structure of insects ; the valuable
library of the Society was also examined by the members and added to
the interest of the gathering.

After enjoying a very pleasant and profitable evening the meeting
adjourned.

Che Canadian Entomolonist.

VOL? XTIT: LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1881. Nu. 12

IS LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS A DOUBLE-BROODED SPECIES?
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

In Butterflies of N. A., Vol. 2, Part 8, 1879, I gave the history of
Arthemis, and stated that it was single-brooded ; that the first butterflies
of the season appear in the Catskills about the end of June; that they are
abundant during July; that the eggs are laid last of July and early in
August ; that the larve from these eggs pass two moults and then go into
lethargy in cases of their own construction ; that they come from these
cases in spring and moult twice before chrysalis. I related my own experi-
ence in breeding, and I particularly say that the existence of the species
is due to the eggs laid in July and early in August, because eggs laid later
than this, although by females of the same generation of the butterfites,
cannot give larve which shall be able to reach the hibernating stage before
cold weather sets in.

Mr. Scudder, in a paper read before the Appalachian Club, at Jackson,
N. H., July r2th, 1881, and printed in The Mountain Echo, 3oth July, upon
Arthemis, under the name of Basilarchia Arthemis, gives a very different
account ot the species, and declares it to be two-brooded. ‘‘ Twice a year

it runs the cycle of its changes . . . . As a general rule its first
appearance here (in W. Mts.) is between the 16th and zoth of June, and
its second late in August. . . . . About the middle of August the

caterpillars now feeding will be rapidly changing to chrysalis, and in to or
12 days afterwards the butterfly will again be on the wing and the cycle
recommences.”

Mr. Scudder goes on to say: ‘“‘ The history I have now given does not
agree with Edwards’ account of the insect. He would make it out single-
brooded, having never seen or heard apparently of the September butterfites” ;
adding these words in explanation of my error: ‘and so it probably is
(i. e., single-brooded) in the southern part of its range, for all the butter-
flies taken south of this region of their abundance have been of the first
brood ; that they have not flown thither from these northern parts is proved

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

by their usually greater size.” It is admitted then that the species is
probably single-brooded in the southern part of its range, 1. e., in the
Catskills. It strikes me as very singular that A7themis should be single-
brooded to the southward, but double to the northward—and not so very
far north, either, the Catskills being from 1° to 2° only south of the White
Mts.,—exactly the reverse of what happens with every other species of
butterfly.

On reading the paper spoken of, I wrote the author thus: “Do you
know of any one who has raised a caterpillar of Azthemis from egg to
chrysalis and imago the same season? Did you ever do it yourself?” To
this the reply came: “I have bred Avthemis only from the wintering
caterpillars, and I know of no one who has bred them from the egg in
N. Hampshire, but you cannot get away from a fresh September brood,
which I have on the authority of three or four persons, indeed myself.”

Let us look into this matter of “a fresh September brood.” I will
first relate briefly the experience of Mr. Mead and myself with Arthemzs
and its co-form Proserfina, and so far as I know, we, with Mr. C. H.
Roberts, formerly of Factory Point, Vt., are the only persons who are
recorded to have bred Arthemzs from the egg. In Can. ENT., vil, p. 162,
Mr. Mead states, that in July, 1875, he had 15 females of Arthemzs and
one female of Proserfina confined in boxes with growing branches of
willow, at Hunter, N. Y., in the Catskills. That the Arthemis \aid about
500 eggs and the Proserpfina 35. I myself came to Hunter just at this
time, arriving 25th July, and Mr. Mead gave me many larve from these
eggs, and I brought them to Coalburgh while they were in their 2nd and
3rd stages, 1. e., after rst and 2nd moults, reaching home 17th August.
These larvee all went into cases, the last one on 20th August, not one
going on to chrysalis. On 25th Aug., I received from Mr. Mead, who
was still at Hunter, more larve in first stage, 1. e., just out of egg, and
these were making their cases gth Sept., or three weeks later than the first
lot. That represents the difference, or part of it, between the time of the
emerging from chrysalis of the earlier and later butterflies of the same
generation. There is a similar difference in the emerging of all species
of butterflies, as every lepidopterist knows. All of these larvee, though
from eggs laid by different females, and during three weeks, behaved in
the same way, all going into lethargy, and none to chrysalis. Mr. Mead
had taken part of the brood to New York City and some to Ithaca, N. Y.,
and none went to chrysalis,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239

The next year, 1876, I was at Hunter from rgth Aug. to about roth
Oct. During the early part of this period a few Arthemis were on the
wing, but they were exceedingly rare, though in July the species abounds.
Mr. Mead has stated that in July, 1875, he did take 200 examples and
might have taken 1,000. But this great flight was over when I reached
the mountains, and only here and there was a single individual to be seen.
I was out every day searching for them in order to obtain eggs. All our
larve of 1875, excepting a small number, had died during the winter, and
of these, three or four only reached chrysalis and imago in the spring of
1876, giving the form Arthemis. I was therefore anxious to repeat the
experiment, with the hope of determining the relation of Pvoserpfina,
and I travelled far and wide to get females of one or both forms.
With this result: on’ 21st’ Aus.;' DT took 3 A7vtkenzs 2; on! 22ndiem
Arthemis 2, 1 Proserpina 2; on 24th, 2 Arthemis f,1 Proserpina 2; on
26th, 1 Avthemis 9; 1st Sept., 1 Avthemis 2. In all 9 butterflies, 7 2,2
gf. On 28th, I had ridden several miles among the hills, and found many
Arg. Atlantis and other species, but I saw, but failed to take, only one
Arthemis,a 9, that day. Seven of the nine spoken of were taken in
Stoney Clove, the coldest spot in these mountains, and the very one at
which cool weather during early summer would retard the emerging of the
butterflies. ,

It is plain that there is no “September brood” of Arthemzs in the
Catskills.

Of these females, all of which were shut up for eggs, one only laid,
viz., Proserpina of 22nd Aug. I had kept her alive on sugar and apple,
and the weather was so cold that during some days and most of the nights,
I had to bring her into the house ; but rst Sept., she laid 11 eggs and
died. The other females had meantime died, and on dissection were
always found to contain a few nearly matured eggs, perhaps the remains
of a large original stock. Though observations on other species of butter-
flies have led me to suspect that the latest females of a generation may
develop but a very few eggs, and that these in the absence of males may
generally prove sterile.

The larve from my Proserpina eggs hatched from 1oth to 12th Sept.,
or in from 9 to r1 days. They began to reach 1st moult 18th Sept., and
were all past 2nd moult 24th Sept. By 30th Sept., all were in their cases.
As I stated in But. N. A., I should not have raised one of these larvee to
case had I not protected them in a warm room, and carefully preserved

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

food for them. The weather was cold, nights frosty and the leaves of their
food plant (Aspen) were fallen to the ground before the cases were
reached. I was confident at the time that the larvae would have perished
out of doors, and that the existence of the species wholly depended on
the larva from eggs laid by the earlier emerging females. And I believe
now that the late emerging females are either sterile, or if eggs are laid
later than 2oth August, the larvee perish prematurely. In nine years out
of ten, the equinoctial storms come on between 15th and 2oth Sept., and
what the weather is thereafter, all dwellers in the mountains well know. I
have seen a foot of snow here in Virginia on 26th Sept.

Now in N. Hampshire, in the White Mts., I have never supposed the
climate was milder than in the Catskills. | Mr. Scudder makes his second
brood of butterflies emerge from chrysalis about 1st Sept. How much
time is to be allowed for the eggs to mature, and to be impregnated and
laid, is not stated. My own opinion is that this would require not less
than 20 days, even in mid-summer. I know it takes all of that in case of
the allied species, Distppus. But we will say 1o days, lest winter be upon
us. ‘This brings us to about roth September, when the eggs are laid. Ten
days more before hatching, and we reach zoth, just in time to enjoy the
equinoctial storms. Then if haply any larva survive, three weeks, at the
very least, must be allowed for growth to the hibernating stage, and we are
in October, clear, cold, windy, and very likely a good covering of snow
upon the ground! And yet Mr. Scudder says the existence of this species
is due to these September caterpillars—poor little belated, benumbed,
frozen and perishing creatures !

If Arthemis is really double-brooded in the White Mts., with a flight
in September, then of course it must be so in some part of Canada. We
surely cannot be asked to believe that it could be double only in one
locality out of its vast range. Therefore I have written several of the
lepidopterists of Quebec and Ontario on this matter, and I give their
replies.

1. Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, whom I requested to present the
case to the members of the Natural History Society, and collect their
testimony. ‘I was obliged to delay my answer till after the October
meeting of our Society. I have never seen any specimens of Arthemis
in the neighborhood of Montreal in Aug. or Sept., nor have any of our

Montreal entomologists.”
2. Rev. Thos. W. Fyles, of Cowansville, P. Q., writes: “ Arthemis

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 241

is so abundant here that I have paid less attention to it than its beauty
deserves. It disappears in August, but at what time of the month I can-
not say.”

3. Mr. J, Alston Moffatt, of Hamilton, Ont., writes: ‘‘ Here are the
dates of my captures of A7vthemis for a series of years: 1873, 3rd July ;
1874, June 29; 1875, June 29; 1876, July 7; 1877, June 23; 1878, June
27; 1881, July 1. They seem to fly 3 or 4 weeks, then gradually dis-
appear. I have seen an odd one the middle of August, which I thought
very late. I never saw, or heard of their being seen, in Sept., in this
locality. Probably they are out a few days earlier than my first captures,
but the last week in June and the first in July is when we expect them,
according as the season has been late or early. I never saw or heard
anything to cause the slightest suspicion of their being double-brooded.”

4. Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London, Ont., writes: “ With regard to
Arthemis, it occurs with us late in June and during July, and I think early
in August. I am satisfied that I have never seen one on the wing here
as late as Sept., and do not think I have ever taken one after the first
week in August.”

I hardly think it necessary to call more witnesses from Canada.

Nor is the testimony from the ,Adirondacks, of New York, favorable
to the existence of a second brood of Arthemis. Mr. W. W. Hill, of
Albany, who has collected for many seasons in these mountains, which
correspond in latitude to the W. Mts., says that while the species is exces-
sively abundant in July, he has not met with it in September. In New
Hampshire, Mr. C. P. Whitney, at Milford, writes: ‘“ Avthemis is rare in
this vicinity. All told, I have not seen 25 examples, and none that I now
recollect later than July.”

I do not say that it is not possible for here and there a larva of
Arthemis from eggs laid in July to go on to chrysalis and butterfly the
same season. ‘There is no evidence from breeding that they ever do so;
on the contrary, all the evidence so far is the other way. I have bred
many L. Disippus, and through many years. ‘This is a three-brooded
species here, and the caterpillars of the last brood make cases at either
2nd or 3rd moult, about two-thirds of them at 2nd. I have never known
a caterpillar of any earlier brood stop at any stage and go into its Case.
But I have reason to know that L. Ursuda behaves quite differently. I
have myself never been able to get eggs of this species. It is common in
our forest roads in June, but not common near my residence. After June

242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

there are but few examples anywhere to be seen, but so late as August and
September, I have occasionally takena 2, nevera g. In some years
two or three, in others none. I have always confined these females for
eggs, but have failed to get any. On Cissection a few nearly matured eggs
would be found imbedded in fat, and I had some time ago concluded that
these eggs probably were not impregnated, as I had seen no late males.

But this last September, [received from Mr. Lewis Ullrich, of Tiffin,
Ohio, several hibernating cases of Ursula and a chrysalis. Mr. Ullrich
wrote me that on 26th Aug., he obtained from a female tied in a bag over
a branch of apple tree 13 eggs, from which he got 11 larvae. Of these, 6
went into cases when half grown, 1 died when 34 grown, and 4 went to
chrysalis. Two of the chrysalids produced females, and these Mr.
Ullrich sent me. I dissected one of them, and could discover no signs
of eggs. Certainly there were ho eggs formed. The other female I sent
to Mr. C. S. Minot, who has not reported on its condition.

This then accounts for the late examples of Ursu/a seen on the wing.
Part of a brood may go into winter cases, while some go on to chrysalis
and imago. But the existence of the species does not depend on these
late, or September butterflies. Far from it! Dzs¢ppus does not behave
like Ursuda in this respect, as observations show, and there is no evidence
that Arthemis does. And yet, if any Arvthemzs, in any locality, are to be
found flying in September, their presence may be accounted for by
supposing that here and there a larva has passed the hibernating stage
and gone on to butterfly, without there being a ‘‘second brood.”

NEW SPECIES OF TINEID.
BY MARY E. MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, ST. LOUIS, MO.

GELECHIA CHAMBERSELLA.—In some notes on the larve of certain
Tineids, published in Vol. vi., No. 12 of the CANADIAN ENToMoLoGIST, I
referred to an interesting species found on Ambrosia artemesiefolia, which
I proposed soon to describe under the above name. The description
was indefinitely delayed by a vexatious accident by which I lost all my
perfect specimens. For several succeeding years I searched in vain for

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 243

the larve, and as the moth is not attracted by lamp-light, I began to
despair of ever replacing the lost specimens. During the past summer,
however, I was successful in taking several of the larvae, from which I
obtained three imagines, and am thereby enabled to prepare the history
of the insect for publication

(My acknowledgments are here due to Mr. V. T. Chambers for the
generic determination of this and the following species, and for much
other assistance in my studies of this group of Micros. I am also
indebted to Prof. O. S. Westcott, of Chicago, for valuable suggestions as
to the selection and etymology of the names )

Imago: Alar expanse 0.35 inch, length 0.20 inch. General color of
head and body cream-white, shading to buff on abdomen. Head varie-
gated with fuscous scales ; vertex roughened but scarcely tufted ; palpi
slightly exceeding the vertex, second joint brush-like, terminal joint
smooth and slender ; antennae rather short, dingy white, obscurely annu-
lated with fuscous.

Ground color of primaries dingy white, thickly overlaid with fuscous
scales arranged in eight or nine obscure vittae, most pronounced on apical
third, with a more or less distinct fulvous spot on the outer edge of disk ;
outer margin dark; ciliae checkered white and fuscous. Secondaries
silky, pale cinereous. Legs cream white, tibiae of hinder pair clothed
with long, somewhat iridescent hairs ; tarsi with fuscous annulations.

The larva inhabits a fusiform case formed by webbing together the
slender divisions of the leaf, from which it eats the parenchyma of the
upper surface, the latter being folded inside. Its average length is 0.35
inch ; slender, cylindrical, sub-moniliform. Head small, polished, dark
brown. The arrangement of colors on the body is striking and character-
istic. First segment narrow, dark brown with small, transversely oblong,
yellowish shield. Second and third and sixth and seventh segments
velvety black or very dark brown, with conspicuous milk-white fold on
posterior edge. Fourth and fifth segments uniform velvety black.
Remaining segments similar with the addition of an oblique lateral white
band on each anterior edge. Hairs fine, short and black. The larva
makes several cases in the course of growth and changes to pupa within
the last, enclosed in slight cocoon. ‘The imago appears in July and early
in September.

GELECHIA FORMOSELLA.—This species bears considerable resemblance
to G. maculimarginella Cham., but is nearly one-half larger, the alar

244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

expanse being from 0.70 to 0.75 inch. The colors are also much deeper,
more contrasted and somewhat differently disposed.

Face golden buff, vertex dark silvery, second joint of palpi pale ochre-
ous dusted with brown, terminal joint very acute dark brown, antennae
pale purple-brown.

Thorax and primaries dark slate gray with purplish reflections and
variegated with small irregular ochreous and dark purple dots. There is
a conspicuous purple spot on the costa at the outer edge of the basal
third, and obliquely forward and below this a large irregular purple discal
spot with minute ochreous dots on its inner margin. The outer one-third
is entirely dark brown with purplish reflections brightened by a distinct
costal streak of cream white and a similar opposite dorsal streak. Ciliae
pale brown. Secondaries cinereous, shading to pale brown on costal
edge. Abdomen same color. Legs pale ochreous variegated with brown.

The larva feeds on the Laurel Oak in May, rolling the leaves. It is
of a pearl gray color ornamented with eight fine longitudinal purple or
dull red lines. Head polished black. First segment narrow and con-
stricted, corneous, black ; second segment velvety chocolate brown edged
anteriorly and posteriorly with white, third segment also edged anteriorly
with white. Venter and prolegs translucent greenish white. Thoracic
legs black. Pupa enclosed in slight cocoon within folded leaf. Imago
appears about the middle of June. Rather rare.

GELECHIA CINERELLA.—The general color of this species is ochreous
cinereous in all its parts. | Head and thorax paler than the wings, inclin-
ing to cream color. Palpi simple, not exceeding the vertex. Primaries
variegated with a few longitudinal fuscous streaks and a marginal row of
minute black dots at the base of the ciliae. Alar expanse 0.45 to 0.50
inch. Length 0.20 inch.

The larva may be found during June and July mining and crumpling
the edges of the leaves of the Horse Nettle ( Solanum carolinense), causing
them to turn brown as though seared by fire. Inside the puffy mine the
larva forms and inhabits a tough silken gallery to which the frass is
attached externally and upon which the edge of the leaf is gathered. The
larva is cylindrical, rather thick and about one-third of an inch in length
at maturity. It is of a translucent green color,.the thoracic segments
acquiring a blue tint after the last moult. Piliferous spots glassy, giving
rise to short light hairs. Head and shield bright brown. When ready to
transform it deserts its mine and forms a tough, oval cocoon on the sur-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 945

face of the earth. Imago appears in from twelve to fifteen days, and
there are at least two successive broods.

GELECHIA BENEFICENTELLA.—Ground color of head, body and pri-
maries pale buff or cream with ochreous shadings and a sparse dusting of
blackish scales. Palpi exceeding the vertex, second joint thickened but
smooth, terminal joint with two broad dusky bands. Primaries ornamented
with numerous, rather indefinite maculae, of a blackish or dark steel gray
color, producing on the light ground a somewhat checkered appearance.
The dark color predominates toward the apex of the wing, and the outer
border and ciliae are of the same dark shade. Secondaries broad, silky,
cinereous with slight iridescence, ciliae a shade or two paler.

Legs cream color, dusted with blackish scales, tibiae of hinder pair
densely tufted. Alar expanse from 0.70 to 0,75 inch.

The first brood of larvae may be found early in May folding the
terminal leaves of Solanum carolinense into round, hollow balls, each of
which forms the habitation of a single larva which feeds on the incipient
flower buds and the infolded edges of the tender leaves. Length of larva
from 0.50 to o.60 inch, fusiform, greatest diameter 0.10. Color dull yel-
lowish-green with dark-glaucous vesicular stripe. Head horizontal,
cordate, about one-half the width of middle segments, black when young,
later assuming an olive brown hue. Cervical shield corneous, rectangular,
covering about two-thirds of the first segment, of an olive brown color.
Piliferous plates minute, pale brown, each giving rise to a short light hair.

Pupa elongate, dark brown, without marked characteristics, suspended
in the midst of a mass of fine, webby matter with which the mature larva
fills its leafy domicile, an opening being also prepared through which the
future moth can make its exit. Imago issues within two weeks. A
second brood of larvz soon follows.

The specific name for this insect was selected with reference to its
services in the larva state, in preventing, to a considerable extent, the
blossoming and fruiting of one of our most pernicious weeds.

LITHOCOLLETIS GREGARIELLA —Ground color rich purple-brown with
golden reflections. Two conspicuous golden-white fascia cross the basal
and discal portions of the primaries. The apical one-third is ornamented
with two white costal streaks and one dorsal streak opposite the inner
costal one. Ciliz dingy white. Secondaries very narrow, steel gray.
Head purplish, iridescent, antennae dark purple conspicuously tipped with

246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

white. Expanse 0.15 to o.18 inch. This species is closely allied to Z.
desmodtella Clem., but Mr. Chambers notes the points of difference as
follows: ‘There is a shade of difference in the ground color, face not
white as in desmodiella, though with a silvery or opalescent lustre ; the
dark margins of the fasciae and streaks are less distinct ; it has no distinct
dorsal mark opposite the costal one before the ciliae, and the apical part
of the wing is not darker than the remainder ; it is also a little larger than
desmodiella.”

The larva belongs to the cylindrical group, is of a whitish green color,
and attains a length of about 0.14 inch. It mines the leaves of the Wild
Bean (Phaseolus pauciflorus). Its chief peculiarity is found in its gre-
garious habit, from five to fifteen imagines sometimes emerging from the
large tentiform mine, The parent moth places her eggs here and there
upon the under surface of the leaf, upon which the work of the young
miners is soon apparent in the form of numerous minute blisters, which
as they are enlarged, become confluent, and the congregated larvae soon
devour every particle of the green tissue of the leaf, which puffs out into
a cylinder. When mature the larvae construct in common a loose ham-
mock-like web, within which they change to slender honey-yellow pupae.
The imagines of the midsummer brood appear in twelve or fourteen days
from the change to pupae. The second brood hibernates in the pupa state.

MR. SCUDDER’S “BUTTERFLIES.”
BY S. H. PEABODY, CHAMPAIGN, ILL.

This long promised and lately issued book wants little that the skill of
artizan or the genius of artist can furnish, The Entomological brother-
hood—those lovers of the net and flask, who, gentler than the historic
angler, impale not even a worm until it has become insensible to pain—
they and the general public will find some store of delightful reading
within its pages. Whether, as has been more than hinted, there are
notable omissions of valuable matter observed and reported, and bearing
with force upon topics treated therein, or not, there is enough of what Mr.
Scudder has himself seen, to make the volume a valuable addition to the
literature of Psyche.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247

The fact that so many intelligent Entomologists have found themselves
impelled to put on record their dissent from statements and theories found
in this book, may, perhaps, be construed as a recognition of the high place
which Mr. Scudder has held and still occupies as a scientific writer. The
greater the authority borne by his words, the more earnest must be the
protest of those who believe that in certain respects his utterances are
misleading and mischievous. Reviewers in the New York Tribune, in the
Nation, and elsewhere, have found in this work many points which invite
trenchant criticism, in directions where the writer of this article does not
care to follow. There remains, however, a topic upon which something
should be said. We believe we shall be sustained by many of the fore-
most lepidopterists, when we express the opinion that this work is
grieviously marred by a nomenclature that is singularly unscientific and
confusing. If it shall appear that in_ the reproduction of this nomen-
clature, Mr. Scudder has acted not inadvertently, but in the face of positive
and conclusive facts, which have demolished the foundation and razed the
superstructure formerly constructed by him, then the terms by which we
have characterized this nomenclature are not as explicit and as severe as
they might well be made.

After Mr. Scudder had proposed his wholesale deformation of the
nomenclature of American Butterflies, as published in his ‘‘ Systematic
Revision,” in the Fourth Annual Report of the Peabody Academy of
Sciences, we took occasion to review that Revision in the pages of the
Entomologist. In that paper we attempted to show that the differences
upon which, as criteria, Mr. Scudder had formed his new genera, even if,
for argument’s sake, these differences were admitted to be real, were not
such as authorized the construction of new genera. As an example,
applying the test of accurate and just comparison which every scientific
discussion demands, we presented a tabulated statement of the characters
of several of the proposed genera, collated from the printed diagnoses of
these genera, and showing in parallel columns all the distinctions given.
By this means we sought to show, as it seemed evident to ourselves, that
the differences on which these genera were founded were both in fact and
in statement evanescent and delusive, and not such as science could or
should recognize as generic in their significance. We had prepared like
synoptic tables of others of the proposed genera, and had found the
innovations equally open to adverse criticism, but the specimen given
seemed sufficient evidence of the quality of the whole. In the west, at

248 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

least, grain is bought and sold by sample. Let it not be understood that
we refer to this paper, its arguments, or its conclusions, as in any respect
binding upon the opinions or expressions of Mr. Scudder, Upon the
question of the value of the criteria referred to, there was room for great
difference of opinion, and perhaps the points made might have been con-
clusively answered, even though no answer has been offered in the five
years that have since glided into the past.

But the insuperable objection was yet to come, one which appears to
be conclusively and finally fatal to the farther recognition of Mr. Scudder’s
new genera.

This objection was that the criteria on which the new genera had been
constructed, the differences described in the ratios of tibiz, the venation
of wings, etc., when tested by careful measurement did not exist, as the
constant and distinguishing differences between the genera which they had
been said to designate. These measurements were made with great care
and in large numbers by Mr. Theodore, L. Mead, and were described by
him in the columns of this magazine (Can. Ent. vii., 232-238). They
showed that on the points specified the range of variation in well identified
and indubitable specimens of the same species, was greater than, and
included all, the variation that had been given as differentiating the
genera. ‘The question was no longer one of argument or of opinion, but
of fact. We had argued that the differences, if existing, are not generic ;
Mr. Mead demonstrated that they did not exist, as constant in genera, but
as found in individuals, or in species of the same genus. Facts, however
stupid and senseless they may seem to him whose theories they oppose,
are yet stubborn. No man who claims to recognize scientific truth can
gainsay or deny them.

We claim, then, that Mr, Scudder’s persistent use of his nomenclature
in the face of these demonstrations is unscientific. Removed from a
scientific basis, the system which subdivides genera without stint, which
transfers specific names from genus to genus, which disturbs and inverts
the familiar sequences of tribes, genera and species, becomes utterly and
inextricably confusing. We are thankful that the well known, and well
worn, cuts from Harris are again in service to show us bewildered mortals
what familiar forms are signified by the unrecognized cognomens. We
are also grateful for a catalogue in the appendix, where, as in a court
calendar, we may learn what was the maiden name of the lady who has
acquired a new title by wedlock or otherwise.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249

Meanwhile we must express our sympathy for the “ Awcfores” who are
so constantly quoted to be as constantly corrected. Poor fellows! They
did know Lepidoptera so shockingly.

But Mr. Scudder does not seem to be content even with his own
handiwork. Although he has cut a slice from a genus at this end, and a
piece from that end, and a fragment out of the middle, and has given new
names to pieces and relics alike, and in spite of swapping specific names,
until they pass from hand to hand like soiled postal currency, he has yet
amission. He is seized with a certain Adamic afflatus, and begins the
work afresh. Seated in his Eden he orders the Psyche phalanx to defile
before him, and to each insect as it comes to a salute he presents a new
name. Some are fairly suggestive ; some on the principle of Zucus a non
lucendo ; some entirely fanciful ; some singularly inapt ; all unnecessary,
and furnishing a still further element of confusion. Upon an erroneous
assumption that Danais Archippus lives as an imago for a year and a half,
it is dubbed the Monarch—certainly a ruler without a subject. If, as
Mr. Edwards suggests, its longevity were proven, the insect might be called
Patriarch ; because of its wide and wandering range, we suggest that it
were better with the name of Pilgrim, or possibly of Tramp. As the
Monarch governs nobody, and Limenitis Disippus resembles him, no
matter how, he must be Viceroy. Because the latter is tawny, and con-
geners are black, they are grouped as Purples. Papilio Philenor, which
Say described—-and Say had an eye for color—as black with green reflec-
tions, is called the Blue Swallow-tail. The genus once called Argynnis is
broken up into several, but all receive the name Fritillaries. Diana
remains Diana. Idalia becomes the Regal Fritillary ; Cybele the Great
Spangled Fritillary; Aphrodite the Silver-spot Fritillary ; Atlantis the
Mountain Silver-spot (not Fritillary) ; and Myrina is the Silver-bordered
Fritillary. And so on to the end of the flitting, fluttering train.

Now, in the name of science, we seriously and earnestly protest
against all this. Nearly every branch of natural history is cursed with a
series of trivial or common names, which having no definiteness nor
certainty of application, stand in the way of those which are accurate and
significant. Birds, fishes, reptiles, plants have different names in localities
not farther removed than adjacent counties, and one is always uncertain
as to the species which is indicated. The scheme of Linnean nomen-
clature was devised to remedy this evil. English Entomologists have
suffered their science to bear the burden of a double system of names,

250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and it has been an occasion of devout thankfulness that no attempt has
been made until lately to import the “ common” ones within our borders.
Their introduction, if successful, will be found a blunder surpassed in
atrocity only by the introduction of the English Sparrow.

With grim sarcasm, the Tribune says : “A sufficient reason why these
terms [the proposed ‘common’ names] should be fixed and permanently
adopted is found in the fact that the scientific nomenclatnre is so variable,
fluctuating constantly as one system of classification supersedes another.
The practice of Mr. Scudder illustrates this confusion. Five new genera
now take the place of Papilio, while that name has been transferred to a
subdivision of what has been called the genus Vanessa. Specific names
are shifted with the same freedom. Under the circumstances common
names will be found of great value in indicating what particular butterfly
is meant, just as scientific names are used in Botany to identify any plant
which is spoken of under one or another of its more popular names,”

As if, after dear little Buttercup had ‘‘ mixed those children up,” she
had proceeded to solve the problem of their misplaced identities by giving
them a new set of names. Or, since Mr. Scudder has introduced into the
nomenclature of our butterflies a confusion as complete as it is ingenious,
he now deserves great credit for leading us out of this maze of his
creation by way of a series of new names, freshly devised for the occasion.

BOOK NOTICES.
Papilio:

This valuable monthly serial, devoted entirely to Lepidoptera, has
now reached its ninth number, with an average ‘of about 20 pages
per number. It is the organ of the New York Entomological Club, is
well got up as to printing and paper, and is edited by the Secretary of the
Club, Mr. Henry Edwards. A large portion of its space is devoted to
descriptive Entomology, with occasional papers relating to the life history
of species. In the September number, among other interesting papers,
we find one by W. H. Edwards on the alleged abnormal peculiarities of
Argynnis myrina, which was read before the Subsection of Entomology at
the recent meeting of the American Association at Cincinnati. In this
paper the author shows from records of careful observation that many of
the remarkable statements made by Mr. Scudder on the abnormal peculi-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. MAS |

arities of this insect are incorrect. In the October number is a full
description of ‘the preparatory stages of Zhecla Henrici by the same
author ; notes on an Aquatic Noctuid Larva, by J. H. Comstock, and
descriptive papers by A. R. Grote, B. Neumoegen and Henry Edwards.

Bulletin No. 6, from the Department of the Interior, U. S. Entomological
Commission, being a General Index and Supplement to the Nine Reports
of the Insects of Missouri. By C. V. Riley ; 8v0., pp. 177:

This useful pamphlet will add much to the value of the Missouri Reports,
containing as it does a very complete index to all the matters contained
therein. Following the introduction we have tables of the contents of the
nine reports, then a list of errata, followed by a few pages of notes and
additions ; then follow descriptions of new species, descriptions of ado-
lescent states, lists of illustrations, a copious general index and an index
to plants and food plants.

On the Genera of Carabidae, with Special Reference to the Fauna of Boreal
America. By George H. Horn, M. D. From the Transactions of the
Amer. Ent. Society, October, 1881, 105 pp., with eight plates :

In this paper the author dwells at some length on the value of the
modifications of various organs of the body in the Carabide, for the pur-
poses of classification, following with a complete classificatton of the tribes
in this order, the points of difference being illustrated by examples in the
excellent plates which accompany the text. Throughout this work there
are many tables wherein the main points of difference are grouped in such
a manner as to enable the student to readily recognise the many genera
into which our numerous species are divided. This addition to our Ento-
mological literature will prove a great help to Coleopterists, and only those
who know the extent of this subject will be able to estimate the amount
of labor and careful study required to produce such a work as that we
have before us.

The Honey Ants and the Occident Ants. By Henry C. McCook, D. D.;
Sv0., pp. 188, wlustrated with thirteen plates, 1882:

This work, in the words of the author, is “‘a monograph of the archi-
tecture and habits of the honey-bearing ant, AZyrmecocystus melliger, with

252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

notes upon the anatomy and physiology of the alimentary canal; together
with a natural history of the occident harvesting ants or stone-mound
builders of the American plains.” It is written in a charming and popular
style, and the details of the curious habits of these interesting creatures are
given in such a manner as to show that the author has studied them closely
and is quite familiar with every aspect of the subject treated of, while the
beautiful illustrations are a material aid towards the ready comprehension
of the whole matter. This work is well worthy of a place in the library
of every student of nature.

A Manuva or Injurious Insects, with Methods of Prevention and
Remedy for their Attacks to Food Crops, Forest Trees and Fruit, and
with a short Introduction to Entomology. By Eleanor A. Ormerod, ©
F, M. S., London, England, 1881 :

It is with very great pleasure that we draw attention to Miss Ormerod’s
excellent work on Injurious Insects—the full title of which we have given
above. It is the first effort that has been made in England to bring within
the reach and comprehension of ordinary farmers and gardeners a com-
plete account of the insect enemies that they have to deal with. The
work begins with an introduction to Entomology, in which the reader is
furnished with an account of the general life-history of insects during the
various stages of their existence, beginning with the egg and going on
through the larva and pupa to the imago. This is followed by a sketch
of the classification of insects, based upon Prof. Westwood’s division into
thirteen orders, each of which is represented by wood-cuts of common
species in order that it may be easily recognised by the reader. The
book is divided into three parts, viz., Food Crops, Forest Trees and Fruit,
with the insects that injure them respectively. In each part the various
crops, trees, &c., are treated of as regards their insect enemies, in alpha-
betical order ; for instance, the ‘‘ Food Crops” begin with the Asparagus,
Bean, etc., and end with Turnips, thus making it very easy to obtain
information about any insect that happens to be prevalent. Every insect
treated of in the book is made easily recognisable to the non-scientific
reader by means of admirable wood-cuts, partly the work of the talented
authoress herself, and partly reproductions of the beautiful illustrations in
Curtis’ Farm Insects. Each cut shows the insect in the various stages of
its existence, while the letter-press gives an account of its life history. As

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 253

an example of Miss Ormerod’s work we give two illustrations, selected
almost at random :
P. 1—Asparagus Beetle, Criocerts asparagi Linn. (fig. 14).

Asparagus Beetle, larva and egg ; all magnified. Natural length of egg
and beetle shown by lines.

rum Bouché (fig. 15).

Fig. 15
Onion Fly, pupa and larva, all magnified. Onion-bulb showing pupa
= remaining in stored onion.

We cannot but congratulate Miss Ormerod upon the skillful manner in
which she has accomplished her task, and we trust that her work will be
fully appreciated by the farmers and gardeners of Great Britain, for whose
special benefit it has been produced. The whole book is written in clear,
simple language, free from all scientific terms and technicalities so far as
they can be omitted, while the modes of prevention are such as have been

254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

practically tested by competent persons, and cannot fail to be beneficial if
intelligently followed. We hope to see many editions of the work called
for, and to learn that the authoress has been amply rewarded for her labor
of love.—[C. J. S. B.

Reports of the U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture for 7878 and 1879:

We have lately received copies of both of these valuable reports from
the Department of Agriculture at Washington. There are in them, in
addition to all the other useful papers on subjects relating to agriculture in
the reports of the Entomologist of the Dept., much that is of great inter-
est to Entomologists. In the report for 1378 we have, from the pen of
C. V. Riley, Contributions on the Insects Injurious to the Cotton Plant ;
the Silk Worm, with Instructions for the Production of Silk ; with descrip-
tions also of a number of insects injurious to field crops and fruits, occu-
pying in all fifty pages, and illustrated by seven full-page plates. In
1879, papers by J. H. Comstock on the Army Worm, Clover Insects,
Insects Injurious to Orange Trees, and many other species which injure
field crops, fruit and forest trees, occupying in all 75 pages, and illustrated
by six full-page plates. This volume also contains an extensive report on
insects injurious to the cotton plant, 84 pp., with g plates.

Ottawa Field Naturalists Club :

The second volume of the transactions of this active body of natural-
ists is at hand. It is a neat pamphlet of 44° pages, 8vo., with one excellent
plate illustrating a new species of Porocrinus from the Trenton lime stone,
accompanied by a description, with some remarks on the genus by Dr.
James Grant. In addition to the annual report of the Club, the volume
contains the inaugural address of the talented President, James Fletcher,
Esq.; a paper ‘‘On some Coleoptera Injurious to. our Pines,” by W. H.
Harrington ; one by Prof. J. Macoun, ‘On the Capabilities of the Prairie
Lands of the Great North-west, as shown by their Fauna and Flora,” and
other interesting contributions. We congratulate our Ottawa friends on
the good work they have done this year, and sincerely hope that their
active efforts may have the effect of promoting a general love for natural
history among the residents of the capital of our Dominion.

North American Moths, with a Preliminary Catalogue of Species of Hadena
and Polia. By A. R. Grote, 8vo., 20 pp.; from the Bulletin of the
Geological and Geographical Survey of the U. S., Vol. 6, No. 2:

=

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 255

In addition to the catalogues, this paper contains descriptions of
twenty-eight new species.

The Insects of the Clover Plant. By J. A. Lintner, 8vo., 17 pp., with six
cuts :

This excellent paper forms part of the fortieth annual report of the
New York State Agricultural Society, and contains detailed descriptions of
the insects most destructive to clover, with references to all the species
known to feed on this plant.

PERSONAL.

It will interest our readers to know that our eminent American Cole-
opterist, Dr. John L. LeConte, of Philadelphia, has recently been elected
an honorary member of the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft. The
number of members of that grade seems very restricted, for there are but
seven others in the last catalogue, of whom the venerable Westwood is
the only English-speaking one.

Mr. B. Pickman Mann, late of Cambridge, Mass., and so well known
as editor of Psyche, has been appointed assistant Entomologist at the
Department of Agriculture, Washington. His many correspondents will
please bear in mind that hi$ address in future will be Dept. of Agriculture,
Washington.

Mr. K, L. Bramson, Member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists,
of Moscow, who resides at Exaterinoslaw, Russia, desires to procure
specimens of American Diurnal Lepidoptera, tor which he offers in
exchange European Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera.
He has sent a list of his duplicates to the editor, who will be glad to send
it to any one who may wish to make exchanges with this European Ento-.
mologist.

We have lately been favored with two letters from one of the founders
of our Entomological Society of Ontario, Prof. H. Croft, formerly of
Toronto, but now engaged in sheep farming in Texas, with his son, at
Hermanitas Ranch, San Diego, Duval County. His many entomological
friends will be glad to learn that he has carried his enthusiasm for natural
history, and especially for insects, with him to his new home, and has
promised shortly to send a communication on some of the Texan insects

256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

for the Enromotocist. He speaks enthusiastically of the many beautiful
butterflies to be seen on the wing in that southern latitude, and refers also
to some diabolical Hymenoptera, the females of which are wingless, that
sting horribly ; of another large species which kills and carries off the
Tarantula, and other interesting insects. He says: ‘‘ During the summer
we had thousands of E/ater noctileucus, also quantities of Lampyrus ; the
light of the former is much more blue, brilliant and persistent.”

Pa bl A RTI ie WEI BABES SP TEDL SEE IE IE ip PEASE AES SEAS EE 8 Rabati
OBITUARY.

It becomes our sad duty to record the death of one of our much
esteemed fellow-laborers in the Entomological field, J. D. Putnam, of
Davenport, Iowa. Mr. Putnam had long taken an active interest in the
Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, and had for some time past
held the position of President of that active association of naturalists. He
was with us at our late meeting in Cincinnati, and took part in the pro-
ceedings of our Entomological meetings, where his uniformly courteous,
affable and gentlemanly bearing endeared him to all who had the oppor-
tunity of forming his acquaintance. Notwithstanding that he has been
for some years in delicate health, he has written some valuable papers on
Entomology and Mineralogy. His removal will be deeply regretted by
all who have been privileged to know him, and particularly will he be
missed by those with whom he has labored in the Academy at Davenport.
When parting in Cincinnati we had sincerely hoped to meet again, but it
has been otherwise ordered ; he has been taken from a noble field of labor
below, to, we trust, a nobler one above.

CORRESPONDENCE.
DEAR SIR,—

I have lately received a specimen of AZacrosila cingulata Fab., cap-
tured at Long Point. It is about the dimensions of a medium-sized
guinguemaculata. ‘The spots on the body pink, and a pink patch on the
hind wing. I see in connection with it that it feeds on the Sweet Potato,
indicating that it was originally a more southern species.

J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont.

INDEX TO VOLUME XII.

Abbot Sphinx, 2. :
Aciptilus Belfragez, 2. s., 132.
Acolasia hinna, 92.
Aedia limbolaris, 91.
Aegeridz, on some species of, 3.
Aegeria acerni, 7, 69, 236.
“¢ exitiosa, 7.
pictipes, 7.
Pint, 2. S., 5, 157:
Pea
tipuliformis, 7.
tricincta, 3.
Agriphila bistriaris, 91.
Agrotis colata,7. s., 131.
“25072205, W:.S., 131;

nanalis, 2. S., 131.
semiclarata, m- S., 131.
Alaus gorgops, 59, 80, 116, 235.

“© oculatus, 116, 117.
Aletia argillacea 234.
Angumois grain moth, 197.
Anisota rubicunda, 215.
Annual address of President Ent. Sub-Sec. A. A.

A.S., 184.

Annual address of President Ent. Soc. Ont , 197.
Anthocaris genutia, 211.
Anthomyidae, list of N. Amer., 43.
Anthomyia raphani, 190.
Antiblemma flavipunctalis, gr.
Antigaster, on the genus, 31.

be vs. Eupelmis, 114.
Apatura clyton, 85.

“flora, preparatory stages of, Sr.
Aphididae of Florida, 154, 220.
Aphis, a new, affecting pine, 67.
Arboreal auscultation, 19.
Argynnis idalia, 209

‘* myrina, 183, 210,

Army Worm, 181, 198.
AsHMEAD, W. H., articles by, 67, 89, 134, 154, 170,
220.
Aspidiotus czt7z, 7. s., 8.
oe ficus, 9.
Aspites analis, 165.
Autographa oxygramma, gt.

“<
“e
“ec
a“

«cc

“ee
“cc

Basilarchia, note on, 195.
Bassett, H. F., articles by, 51, 74, 92-
BELL, James T., articles by, 19, 58, 114, 116.
BETHUNE, Rev. C. J. S., articles by, 162, 252.
Bombyciae of Hubner, N. Am., 151.

oo semicircularis, 152.
Bombylius major, 166.

rk pygmaeus, 166,

Bomolocha fectalis, 2. s., 133-
= Zucusals, 2. Ss, 133+

Book notices, 196, 216, 250.

Botis axnaphilalts, 2. S., 33-

“ commortalts, es S., 233-

dapalis, n. S.,17-

Jlavinotalis, 2. S., 33+

lethalis, 2. S., 33+

rufifimbrialis, N.S. 33.

turmalis, 2. S., 33:

VACUNAMS, 7. S5 33+

Buckeye stem borer, 183.

Butalis cerealella, 197.

Butterflies, length of life of, 181, 205.
ne list of found at Potsdam, New York, 4o.

Scudder’s book on, 216, 246,

6c
“ce

“6

oe

Cabbage butterfly, 230.

Callidryas eubule, 196.

Caloptenus spretus, 180, 203.

Calosoma scrutator, 18.

Carbolic acid, a preventive of insect ravages, 183.
189.

Carpocapsa pomonella, 176,

Caryoborus arthriticus, 20.

Catocala Arizonae, 232.

“© grynea var., 35.

«© Nebraskae var. of, 4o.

“ _unijuga, larva of, 38.
CAULFIELD, F. B., article by, 60.
Cecidomyia leguminicola, 215, 235.

a on Aristolochia sipho, 37.
Cerura borealis, larva of, 145.

“« occidentalis, larva ot, 144.
Cetonia inda, 1.
Chalcididae from Florida, 134, 170.
Chalcid fly, a gigantic, 89.
Cuameers, V. T., articles by, 25, 173, 191.
Chinch bug, 198.
Chrysomela ro-lineata, 20.

re juncta, 20.
Chrysomphalus ficus, 9.
Chrysophanus nais, concerning, 17.
Chrysops sepulchralis, 167.
CLaypo_eg, E. W.., article by, 115.
Clytie laburna, gt.

Clytus speciosus, 236.
Coccidae, notes on, 8.
Codling moth, 176.

a v worm, proposed remedy for, 202,
Coenonympha edko, 7. s., 57-
Collection notes for 1880, 53.

Colias philodice, 115.
Colorado potato beetle, 115, 201, 234.

258 INDEX TO VOLUME XIII.

Comstock, J. H., article by, 8. Epwarps, W. H., articles by, 9, 17, 57, 61, 81,
Cook, A, J., article by, 189. 119, 158, 205, 226, 237.
CoguiLteTt, D. W,, articles by, 21, 137. Empis luctuosa, 16s.
Corrections, 60. ““ geniculata, 16s.
Correspondence, 17, 60, 80, 256. Entomological Society of Ontario, annual meeting
Cotton worm moth, 234, of, 233.
Crambus attenuatus, 67, FS Sub-section A. A, A, S., meetings
** minimellus, 66. of, 154, 179, 214.
occidentalis, 66. a notes, 37, 175, 195.
““ sericinellus, 66. Entomology for beginners, r, 41, 69, 117, 138.
“ undatus, n. S., 35, 66. Epizeuxis lubricalis, gt.
“ vulvivagellus, 182, 189. Eristalis tenax, 176.
Ctenucha virginica, 218. Eudamus electra, 2, SalO3s
Culex punctor, 164. Euryomia inda, 1,
Cupes capitata, 176. Eurytoma vagabunda, », Se5t34s
Cymatophora cymatophoroides, 152. Exarius difflua, ox.
By expultrix, 152. Eyed Elater, 117,

Cynipidae, new species of, 51, 74, OZ
Cynips affints, 2, s., 103.
“ OW agrifoliae, n. Si 530
“bella, 2. 5.. 93-
“ QO. Californica, n. s., 51.

“ce
apsila, 72. S., TOI. :
3 esters FN Fisu, Chas,, articles by, 70, 140.
3 Py RY z
“ ctcatricula, 2. s., 101, 113, Forficula, forceps of, 80,
“© corrugis, n. 109 Frencu, G, H.,, articles by, 23, 144, 147.
rugs, 2. Sey 109, ce :
“ coxit, n, §., 112 Fruva seorgica, 2s Sey 232,

“Q. fecula, 2. 5., 75.
Sloccosa, 2. § , 111.
gemula, 2. S., 104.
7gnota, 2. S., 106.
‘0. mamuitiula, x. s., 76.
“ minuta, n. s., 96.

A Gaurotes cyanipennis, 60
“ 5 . 2 °
“0 seer eaigs ns er Gelechia beneficentella, n. s., 245.
Pape y aereise31 90s re Chambersella, n. Ss) 242.
« Pahula,n. s., 107. “ cinerella, 2. S., 244.
Pattonit, x. s., 98. és 2, 2
Cr VAN a eae Soritosella, 2, 5., 243.
“ Dobe chien S° GoopeELt, L. W., article by, 30,
dé 3 22 S-9 Oe Gracilaria purpuriella, 25.
QO. pomiformis, 1. 5.74. rT; ae B
er sugmatella, early stages of, 25.
FULOSA, I. S., 104. “ syringella, 26
‘ ce *
: ia we 5 . Spee) :
Me oh sien Mae AY ay 2 Graphiphora agroltiformis, 2. S., 14.
SR acne Sige te aC ; Grote, A. R., articles by, 14, 33, 66, 90, 126, 131,
& 5 dt es td : | I 175; 2209.
Vesicula, 2. S.,07. | 57 7753 195;

, : Habrosyne scripta, 153.
Danais archippus, 205, arr. Hadena ferfenoa, n. s., 229.
Day Dr. L. T., article by, 85. HaGen, Dr. H.,, articles by, 37> 43, 146, 150.
Death of J. D, Putnam, 256. Heliconia charitonia, preparatory stages of, 158,
Decatoma batatoides, 2. S, 136. Heliophila farcta, We Ss) 15,
| 6 FAVA, 2. S., 134. ef Stabilis, n. 5, 15.
JSoliate, n. s., 136. Ef oxygala, N.S, 14.
LAN@, NM. S., 135. Heliothis armigera, 215.
phellos, 2.8 , 136. Hemaris Buffaloensis, note on, 175.
Lis GUercl, 2. 8), 135. Heterocera, life duration of, 181, 217,
Deilinia glomeraria, 134. Heustis, Caroline E., article by, 143.
Diabrotica longicornis, 200. Hippobosca equina, 169.
Diastrophus Stilts, 1. S., 95. HoFrrMEisTer, A, W., article by, 196,
Differences without distinctions, 123. Hornet’s nest, how captured, 114,
Doneg, G. M., article by, 4o. Howarp, L.O., article by, 31.
Dryomyza pallida, n s., 89. Hvblaea puera, 17,
Dury, Chas., article by: 20. Hypena scabra, early stages of, 137.
Dyachrisia balluca, o1. Hyphantria textor, 18,

“cc

Eacles imperialis, 59. slit
Economic Entomology, Bibliography of, 39. Ichneumon ruficentris, 144.

INDEX TO VOLUME XIII.

Jounson, James S., article by, 18.
Junonia ccenia, 196.

KecuicoTtT, D. S., articles by, 3, 38, 157.
Kirby’s Fauna Boreali-Americana, 162,

Lachnosterna fusca, 195, 200.
Lachnus azust7 ali, 2. s., 68.
‘¢ quercicolens, 2. Ss 155+
Lebia grandis, 234.
LeConreE, Dr. J. L., article by, 80.
Length of life of butterflies, 181, 205.
Leptina ophthalmica, 152.
Leucania pseudargyria, larva of,
‘¢ unipuncta, 198, 215.

Ny

4.

Libythea Bachmani, preparatory stages of, 226.

Life duration of the Heterocera, 181, 217.

Limenitis arthemis, is it double-brooded, 237.
eros, 29, 79-

misippus, 29.

. var. Floridensis, 29, 79.
Lintner, J. A., articles by, 63, 217.
Lioptilus grazdis, 7. s., 141.

#8 Kellicottiz, 1.5, 141.
Lithocolletis gvegariella, 1. s., 245.
Longicorns, food habits of, 60,

Lucanus dama, 118,
Lycena pseudargiolus, 210,
‘© violacea, 210, 216.

(73

Macrosila cingulata, 256,
Mamestra avguina, i. s , 129.

fe bisulca, it. S , 230.
condita, 127.
illaudabilis, 129.
laudabilis, 129.
N. Amer. species of, 126+
trifolii, larva of, 23.
Oe “« var. oregonica, 230
Maple tree borer, 69, 236.
MeEap, Theodore L., article by, 35.
Melitaea phaeton, 196.

MoreattT, J. Alston, articles by, 18, 115, 175, 256+

Mordella, on a larva of, 173.
Moths, new, chiefly from Arizona, 229.
Ze orth American, 14, 33.
Munoprt, A. H,, article by, 35.
Musca cadaverum, 168.
‘* mortisequa, 168.
MuRrTFELpT, Mary E, article by, 242.

Nematis Erichsoni, 37. _
Noctuidz, North Amer. in the Zutraege, go.
iD new, 131.

ee 2

Noctuid larvz, notes on some, 23.
Notodonta concinna, 138.

Obituary, 256. P
(Edematophorus Baroni, 2. s., 73-

Ss CTNEYACEUS, 2. S-5 73+
eratiosus, 2. S., 73+
lugubris, i. S., 140.
Oncocnemis gvacillined, Ne S., 231.
Oria sanguinea, go. j
OsTEN SACKEN, C. R., article by, 80.

“cs

Packardia nigripunctata, i. S-, 30.
Papilio ajax, 206. ie

“ ‘© var. Walshii, 206.

« ‘¢ © telamonides, 206.
marcellus, 206.
cresphontes, 115.

“< “ ce

Es ss preparatory stages of, 177.

“¢ palamedes, = i T1Q.

“ce | ce ce -
philenor, : Jp 9

: sé on Aristolochia sipho, 37.

Preasopy, S. H., article by, 246.
Pea bug, 235-
Pear tree Psylla, 220. |
Perigrapha, list of species of, 133.
Perispasta zzm2xtalis, 7. S., 232.
Persimmon Psylla, 222.
Personal, 255- an iu
Philampelus satellitia, ae. “7 /
Phyllaphis 7zgev, 2. s., 155-
Phytonomus punctatus, 215.
Platyptilus adbicans, 2. S., 71+

cS Edwardsii, 2. S., 72+
Plusia falcifera, 163,

“ jiota, 163.

“* precationis, early stages of, 21.
rectangula, 162-
Pogonocherus mixtus, 60.

Poisons for insects, 201.
Prodenia lineatella, larva of, 24.
Psylla diospy77, 2. S., 222.

“ dlects, 2. S-, 225

<6 magnoline, S., 224.
pyri, 220.

Pteromalus ¢-szaculatae, 7. S-, 171.
Pterophoride, 70, 140.

Pulex gigas, 169. p

Pyrameis cardui, parasite on, 143-

ce

ce

Red-humped apple tree caterpillar, 138.
Reep, E. B, articles by, 176, 233.
Retarded development in insects, 180, 203.
Rizey, C. V.; article by, rr4.

259

260 INDEX TO VOLUME XIII.

Samia Gloveri of Utah, 35. Tetanocera clara, 85.
‘¢ ceanothi of California, 35. cs combinata var. sparsa, 85+
Saperda candida, ror. lineata, 2. s., 88.
cretata, 191. niontana, 2. S., 87.
i pictipes, 85.
plebeja, 87.
plumosa, 87.

“cc

Fayi, 175. ‘
Sarcophagide, list of North American, 146.
Satellite Sphinx, 41.

if
|
|
| ‘
|

SAUNDERS, W., articles by, 1, 41, 69, 117, 138, 179, | ce pubescens, 2. S., 86.

195, 196, 197, 214, 216, 250, 254, 255, 256. | Thecla Henrici, 211, 215.
Scaeva ribesii, 167 Thyreus Abbotii, 2.
Schinea Zzxvea, 2. s., 230. Tineide, new species of, 242.
Sciomyzidz, new species of, 85. «¢ ~ North American, rot.
Sepedon fuscipennis, 88. : | ‘Tipula pratorum, 164.
Simulium pictipes, 151. To our readers, 1.

quadrivittatum, 151. | Trichoptilus ochrodactylus, 2. s., 142.

ae

Trigonophora frugiperda, gt.
Trochilium denudatum, 8.
ev grande, n. s., 156.

venustum, 151.

Smicra gigantea, 2. s., .
Spalangia? syrphi, 2. 8. ? 171.
Stag beetle, 118.

STRECKER, H., articles by, 29, 156.

| Wivutston, Dr. S. W., mrtcle by, 176.
4 W . E., articl [
ebanus tani; x66. ORTHINGTON, C. E., article by, 123

oi zonalis, 167+
TALLANT, W. N., article by, 115
Tarache, list of species of, 16.
Terias mexicana, 196 | Xylomiges, perlubens, 132
nicippe, preparatory stages of, 61, 115. ' Xyloryctes satyrus, 50.

‘ . ans ot it
et

ay

Pi
ne oN wit y
PACT ‘ : :
=~ : hs SE eS
* ata Reet a.
aR

an a ee mae

RgeSh:
Byer Mate
we