THE CANADIAN mo OV GEOG lS VOLUME XVII. Edited dy ddlilliam Saunders, LONDON, ONTARIO. ASSISTED BY Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope, Ont.; E. B. Reed, London, Ont,, aud C. J. Bowles, Montreal, Que. Sy Hondon : PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY. 1885. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. BEAN, FHOS. Ei. .55s WV vecdaetuersissceenemee GALENA, ILL. Semen sare Wien samuta eis wicctaieS vtcis.s civ ve.s oc SeReee BELLEVILLE, ONT. EWC ETN ER PE Sec ceicarcs gece oa nc- comameane LOWELL, Mass. O22 VULNS IM Sa) SS ee ee Ph MoNTREAL, QUE. ES O10 10 OOS | RES See oe ToRONTO, ONT. Pele Uy Pee! DA WORUEGIN C Boe oon. 3. ok cee West Point, NEBRASKA. Re UE GIG c's Ee sniccn.: cticesves aaceeee MONTREAL, QUE: Pee I SIOIING Ee teeee eae sede cn secsoss0 deme New York City. eV POUE Hk Wics.tancccs ce. de sees os seaede AKRON, OHIO. PPPOE s NVI a re teeeem ac anteceasses sodeontes TOMKINSVILLE, STATEN ISLAND. MIM MOCK “GRORG Ho. .c.cc0% se scseun .CAMBRIDGE, MASs. OVS) ee MINED. cys tice titted ison’ Sonteoee New York Cirty. EN IRIDNS: WME ET ca cceesdauss. CoaLpurcu, W. Va. iy 4 ca ad 1 o bal Gea) 6 DA a ee ee Orono, MAINE. LTUIS GS) 5 113] 8 2S CRS a ae oe BuFFa_o, N. Y. 1s atl Oil Oh 2 CR Be OtTTawa, ONT. LSE SG) 5 Ba Ga 5 Ct AR oer CARBONDALE, ILLS. Secs cRNA nt? ote oaicsociags''s stent ne TORONTO, ONT. EO OS) 5 0A Ones Gael Dee eee Pee. orice WEBSTER, N. H. GROTH, AUG. Reoicik docs cog) ss 4.0. .0cgsecr ED REMEN, GERMANY. ‘ea Oey ONO Oe Be ae CAMBRIDGE, MASS. BRAVE PI, HOWIN DR eee and ecancs sens cbteah ALLEGHENY, Pa. EPAISRUENG TONG) Wise Eien oie sccees oo cccenase OTTAwa, ONT. PIS EE AWW SAVES Linosansstoccs cescSacces Boston, Mass. CSE A 918 aE AG a & DE a oe ere cy PHILADELPHIA, Pa. ee Gre race nctcgaadecccseaaeessceee + scnanaee CHATEAUGUAY BasIN, QUE. PES eB INGE, Pe he, Saceyekees s many of them being caught and destroyed, but as the heat of the day increases they become much quicker in their movements, and when dis- turbed take wing readily. The larve may be _ promptly destroyed by syringing the bushes with water in which powdered hellebore has been mixed in the proportion of an ounce of the powder to a pailful of water, or with Paris green and water in the proportion of a teaspoonful of the poison to a pailful of water, / THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oe SPECIES, VARIETIES AND RACES.* BY JOHN B. SMITH, BROOKLYN, N. Y. At the recent meeting of the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S., Dr. Horn found occasion to say that “nature has no genera, but species* only ”—genera are mere artificial aids to classification, are seldom, sharply defined, and are of very unequal value, according as the student is inclined to value characters ; nor are the same characters useful in all the orders, nor indeed in the several families in the same order. The important part of Dr. Horn’s remarks, for the present purpose, is the assertion that “nature has no genera.” That Dr. Horn has an experience in American Coleoptera large enough to render such an obser- vation from him of great weight, no one will dispute, and taking the Lepi- doptera into consideration I am led by my studies to agree with him thoroughly. Afterward, at the same meeting, Prof. Fernald, than whom we have no better authority on Micro-lepidoptera, stated that he was greatly interested in Dr. Horn’s view of genera, but for his part he would be well content to have a satisfactory limit to species. ' What is a species? The question has oft been asked, and never satis- factorily answered. Dr. LeConte long since stated in reply to that question, “Alas! we do not know.” Elsewhere he defines it as “an assemblage of individuals which differ from each other by very small or trifling and inconstant characters, of much less value than those in which they differ from other assemblages of individuals ; but who determines the value of these characters? The experienced student of that department to which the object belongs ; therefore groups of individuals which are recognized as such by those who from natural power and education are best qualified to judge.” This, therefore, does not quite answer the question, but leaves an ele- ment of opinion in the matter. Not long since, Mr. W. H. Edwards, in an article on the species of Papilio, says: ‘I hold that every permanent form possessed of marked characters which distinguish it from other forms, and which breeds true to its type, so far as appears or we can know, is to be regarded as a species, Read before the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Nov. 29, 1884. 4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. at least till the contrary is proved. And the proof must be actual, not imaginary, facts, not guess work.” Mr. Edwards’ definition is very good, but it leaves open the question, What is a “marked character”? ‘That this is a question of opinion will hardly be disputed, and we are thus left as far as ever from a definite reply "to our question. I shall not attempt to offer any new definition of a species ; but shall in the present essay confine myself to a few instances tending to show that the breeding true to itself is no test of a species, and further that characters to separate species must be sought in other points than color and maculation. In the Coleoptera no family offers better examples than the Cicindelide, and from this family my instances shall be drawn. The variations of Cic. 6-guttata have been recently noted in the CaNnaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. My own series of the species consists of 31 specimens, ranging from the immaculate form, blue and green in color, to the patruele form with complete median fascia, humeral and sub-humeral spots. The variation in this species is very wide, and is found every- where, except that the patruc/e form is not found eastward. A more interesting species is scwted/aris, of which my series comprises 35 specimens. In the far west— Kansas, Ind. Terr. and thereabouts-—we find the type form of a beautiful metallic red bronze, the scutellar space green, macu- lation indistinct. It is the only form found in the far west, and is perfectly separable from the following. In the Eastern States (N. Y., R. I., Md. and Mass., according to my collection) we find a form with similar markings, which are, however, much more distinct, but the ground color is a sordid green. This form is also perfectly distinct from any other, and is recognizable at a glance. With similar markings we find an insect locally in N. J. and Pa., which, however, has the ground color black. It is taken year after year in a small spot near Jersey City, and never shows any approach to the preced- ing or following. It breeds absolutely true to itself ; none of the other forms are taken where it flies. In Northern N. Y., Mass. and Can. we find the same form as to markings, but the ground color brown red with the maculation often connected at margin. In the Southern States we find the same form green or blue without markings, and in Georgia and perhaps in Va. we find an insect obviously the same, but entirely black. We have therefore a range of color variation THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5 from dead black to bright brown red, to bright green and to metallic bronze red. In maculation from no markings at all to a pale margin to elytra, apical and humeral lunule and marginal spots. The interesting point in these variations is that they are local, that they breed absolutely true to themselves, that they are permanent, possessed of marked char- acteristics, and are yet merely aces of one species. Of Cic. purpurea I have a series of 46 specimens varying from immaculate bronze red to bright bluish gveex ; in maculation from an indistinct median streak to a broad deflexed band, broad apical and humeral lunules, and pale outer margin connecting all markings. The variation is wonderful, and it is not so only in color and maculation, but also in size, and to a less extent in form, decem-notata being much more slender than the normal form. These, while much less sharply distinct than in the forms of scute//aris, are yet largely local, and the local forms in many of the instances breed abso- lutely true to themselves. The difference between my specimen from Nevada, which is very large and entirely green, and the common Eastern form, is immense, and as great as there is between any two species of the genus. C. formosa is in the West bright metallic red, while in the East it is obscure slate gray, though often with an obvious reddish sheen. These forms breed absolutely true to themselves, and are possessed of marked characters separating them. Yet they are certainly the same. These examples in the Cicindelide are not isolated, and indeed it may be said that most of the more widely distributed forms show analogous variations ; the variations being important from my point of view by the fact that they are permanent, distinctive, and local. Thus far as to variations in color. In sculpture there is also a differ- ence, less local, however, the elytra being foveate or not in one and the same form “abdominalis), and sometimes almost smooth and distinctly punctured ( Pi/atez ). In sculpture the Carabide show more variation, and while my own collection does not show it, Mr. Ulke called my attention to his series, showing an astonishing range of variation in the sculpture of elytra of the same form, and these variations were all more or less local. Other structural characters vary, and often locally, but need not be especially noted here, the variation in number of the antennal joints in Prionus being cited as curious rather than important to our present purpose. 6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. What I have endeavored to show here is a great variability in color and maculation ; local constancy of color and maculation, and that the local forms often breed absolutely true to themselves, and come fully within Mr. Edwards’ definition of a species. In the Lepidoptera we find variations equally great. The species of Satyrus may serve asan example. Taking the two forms named, nephe/e and a/ofe alone, and excluding pegaéa, which really in my opinion belongs with them, we have here two forms, to each of which in most localities Mr. Edwards’ definition of a species will perfectly apply. In my paper on the genus Satyrws I have recorded the variations of the species, local and otherwise, and my conclusion on a re-examination of further material is confirmed, showing that in the genus Sa¢yrus macu- lation, so far as any exists, is absolutely valueless for specific separation ; and further, though it is possible, of course, to separate the forms, I believe there is no distinct line of demarcation between most of the ‘“ species ” even recognized in that paper. In Chionobas and Cenonympha we have analogous variation, also largely local; but the material in these genera is not yet sufficiently large to allow a final conclusion. In the Noctuide very similar variations occur. In the East, Agrotis /ubricans is one of our most constant forms and has a handsome reddish suffusion over the primaries. In Kans. and N. M. is found a form apparently bearing no relation to it; but yet when closely examined proving identical with our Eastern forms, except that the red shade is replaced by blackish. This Western form Mr. Grote named beata. In Texas the examples taken are intermediate between the ex- tremes of Eastern and Western types, and as properly referred to one as the other. The variations of Agrotis declarata Wik. (campestris Grt., decolor Morr., and vertica/is Gu.) further illustrate the same local tendencies. This, in the East, is dark in ground color ; westerly the thorax and basal space become rust red, and in some localities the only form found has a lilac gray ground color. Now it is scarcely conceivable that with the same ~ amount of material to work with, any one could come to a different con- clusion, yet at least two of the forms are good species under Mr. Edwards’ definition. Other species show equally striking variations, and yet are undoubtedly alike. I have cited but a few instances of variation, where the variations are ee a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ~ to an extent constant and local; many more could be cited, but these are sufficient to show— First, that ground color cannot be exclusively relied upon as specific distinction, either in Coleoptera or Lepidoptera. Second, that maculation, except where it completely changes a pattern, is not in itself a specific character. Third, that species which are widely distributed vary, and the variations are often local, and constant. z In reference to this last proposition, it is a recognized fact that in Coleoptera the most common and widely distributed species show the greatest variations. terostichus lucublandus may be cited as an instance. That the Atlantic coast fauna is very widely distributed, many species ranging from Maine to Texas, and westward beyond the Mississippi. That further west the faunal character changes. The Heteromerous type becomes most prominent ; often apterous and usually slow in motion, and living in crevices, the species do not travel much, and well marked forms are often locally common, but not elsewhere found. In the great canons and valleys of the Rocky Mts. and the Sierras, nearly each has its own peculiar fauna, poor in species, but rich in examples, and owing to the natural barriers to the habits of the predominant types, species become fixed, local, and very constant, showing little or no variation. To the Lepidoptera these natural obstacles do not form as complete a barrier, because of their powers of flight ; still we find a tendency to local variation. The Agrotes afford good examples of that. Now in an admitted case like the variation of Cic. scutellaris and Satyrus nephele, by what term shall we designate these forms? Not as species, for they differ only in characters which are inconstant, yet the characters are locally permanent. Sub-species conveys an indefinite and inaccurate idea ; variety is applied also to forms which occur mingled with the type form, and not exclusively applicable to such local forms as I have cited. An analogous case exists with the highest of beings—man. The best authorities agree in saying that notwithstanding the immense structural differences between them, there is yet but one species of Homo. The various forms are termed races. | Why not apply the same terms to such forms as zephele and alope? They are admittedly one species, and yet locally breed perfectly true to themselves, and except in localities where they intergrade, they are easily distinguished. /ega/e occupies a similar 8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. position, and so do some of the western forms. All these, as is also the case in the Cicindelide cited, are offshoots from the same stock which have varied gradually as they spread over a larger territory, and became gradually local and fixed, but yet show their relationship by their identity of structure. Satyrus shows no structural differences except a slight one in wing form, separating what I term group adofe and group sévestrés. All the species of each group show their intimate relationship. To Coleopterists I need hardly speak. Dr. Horn takes every oppor- tunity of saying that color and maculation do not alone suffice for specifie separation ; only structural characters should be recognized. Lepidopterists have not yet come to that conclusion. Not only is structure not regarded in the question of a new species, but characters are used—color differences—which are known to vary in allied species. Take the species of Argyznis, for instance: What are they based upon? Slight variations in maculation, which an examination of a large series of cybele, aphrodite or atlantis, show to be inconstant. Yet structural characters are by no means wanting in the Lepidoptera. Of over 200 species of Agrotis examined by me, two-thirds show obvious differences in structure, and the others differ in other obvious characters exclusive of color. Of the species of J/amestra thus far examined by me, no two agree entirely in structure ; and indeed throughout the Noctuide good species are very generally separated by distinctive structural peculiarities. That the Diurnals and Bombycidz show similar variations is almost certain, and as soon as students in these groups will cease to rely upon minute differ- ences in color and maculation, but will accept the facts that western species vary quite as mnch and perhaps more than eastern species, then will it be possible so to describe a species that it can be recognized. The tendency of all species is to vary in color and maculation, and the variations also tend to become locally permanent ; still these local forms cannot yet be regarded as anything but races—certainly not species, and it is not only confusing, but discouraging, to see a series of Codzas, Argynnis or Satyrus all named as species, differing by such trivial char- acters that one dares not remove a label or change the position of an insect for fear that the species could not be again recognized. It is thoroughly illogical at all events for a student to accept the theory of evolution, which necessarily precludes the idea of fixedness in species, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOOGIST. 9 and then to make the slightest and most trivial character serve as a basis for a new species, even when it is known that the character is elsewhere in the genus a known variable one. In my Satyrus paper I termed “ forms” what I here term “races.” The latter is more expressive and more in accordance with the nomen- clature in other departments of zoology. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NORTH TRANS-CONTINENTAL SURVEY. BY LAWRENCE BRUNER, WEST POINT, NEBRASKA. ORTHOPTERA. Herewith is presented for publication a partial list of the Orthoptera collected by Dr. H. A. Hagen and Samuel Henshaw during the summer of 1882, along the line of the Northern Pacific Railway. The collection, although not an extensive one, contains some new forms, as well as several interesting varieties of well known species. ‘The collection is also of much interest in extending the range of quite a number of species heretofore recorded as occurring only on the eastern slope of the continental divide, or at the extreme eastern edge of the great interior basin, to the western slope. Taken as a whole, this collection of Orthoptera is very complete for the regions in which it was made, and shows careful work both in its formation and preservation. Itis to be regretted, however, that so few specimens of some of the more interesting forms were taken, a feature which, no doubt, might have been remedied to some extent had their value been known at the proper time. There still remain a few species which are to be more carefully studied and compared before they can be properly placed. These, when I have the time to do so, will be worked up, and, in connection with the doubtful ones here enumerated, will form the subject for a future paper, when, it is hoped, I will be able to add such points as have been carelessly over- looked here. 10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ACRIDIDA. Stenobothrus equalis Scudd. Quite a large series of what appears to be this insect were taken July 16, at Yakima River. The specimens differ from eastern ones in several respects, but not enough to warrant describing them as new. The occiput is a trifle longer than usual, and the middle row of spots on the tegmina extends almost to the tip. There are males and females of both greenish and brownish-gray colors. Stenobothrus coloradus Thos. A few examples of the ordinary form on Yakima River, July 16. Stenobothrus curtipennis Scudd. This trim little species is represented by quite a large number of specimens, among which at least three well marked varieties occur. They were taken at various points along the Yakima River in July. Stenobothrus sp.? A single specimen of a species resembling 5S. brunneus. and perhaps that species, but so badly damaged that it is difficult to place it with a certainty. Same locality as the preceding. Chlocaltis abdominalis? Thos. The collection contains a single male | which is doubtfully referred to this species. Locality not noted. Aulocara eiliottii Thos. This species was numerous at Yakima and Ellensburg, as well as at many other points in eastern W. T. Among the specimens examined I find two well marked varieties which agree with — Mr. Scudder’s description of 4. cwruleipes sufficiently close to be referred _to that species, which is a synonym of Stauzronotus elliottiz Thos. Dissosteira carolina Linn. Three specimens of this wide-spread species were taken at Portland, Oregon. Circotettix undulatus Thos. 18-5 m.m.;')99e21 m.m. 5 Of antennaeas 9.25 mm., 9 10 mm.; of pronotum, § 335 mm, ¢ 4 mm.; of hind femora, { 11 m.m., 2 11.5 m.m. Colville, W. T., July 24. This insect has been placed here provisionally, but will have to be removed to its proper place when the section of the family to which it belongs has been properly worked up in this country. Pesotettix washingtonius, n. sp. Yellowish white beneath, ferruginous above. ‘Tegmina pointed, nearly two-fifths as long as the abdomen. Head rather small, short; seen from the front somewhat quadrate. Vertex between the eyes a little wider (male), or once again as wide (female) as the first antennal joint, much depressed ; deeply sulcate in the male, scarcely so in the female ; sides nearly parallel, broadening slightly anteriorly ; front margin not closed. Frontal costa rather prominent, nearly equal, contracted a trifle at the fastigium, edges rounded, not sul- cate, rather coarsely punctured above the ocellus. Eyes large, rather prominent, rounded posteriorly, straight in front ; equaling in length the portion of the cheeks below them. Face slightly arcuate, somewhat oblique. Pronotum with the sides nearly equal (male), or broadening slightly posteriorly (female) ; median carina distinct on the posterior lobe and the front margin of the anterior lobe in the male, and on the posterior lobe only in the female ; lateral carinze, or rather the lateral angles, mid- dling sharp, nearly equal throughout, cut by the middle and last transverse incisions ; disk punctulate ; the three transverse sulci or incisions deep, the middle and last passing the lateral angles to the sides, posterior one about the middle. Sides of the pronotum somewhat gibbous, appearing as if composed of three well-defined lobes or segments when observed from above, most apparent in the male. Front margin nearly straight, very slightly truncate ; posterior margin obtusely rounded. Meso- and meta- =. os ————e a sshlrtltl le ti‘z=_S™S — Cie = w a oe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Tay thorax rather longer than usual, thereby throwing the base of the posterior femora about (female) or back of the middle of the body (male), and giving it a rather ‘“‘long-waisted” appearance. Tegmina extending upon the second abdominal segment, ovate-lanceolate, meeting upon the dor- sum. Abdomen carinated, rather slender ; the last ventral segment of the male upturned, prow-shaped, with the point produced into a blunt pro- jection ; cerci rather long, the width about one third the length, directed a little backward and inward with the apex rounded and curving slightly forward; supra-anal plate triangular, the apex rounded and minutely notched, with a long, deep central foveola ; marginal apophyses of the preceding segment small, wart-like projections. Posterior femora inflated at the base, rather smooth, extending beyond the apex of the abdomen. Prosternal spine large, conical, transverse, rather long, and directed back- ward. Antennz normal, a trifle longer than the head and pronotum com- bined. The general color is testaceo-ferruginous above, yellowish beneath. Face, occiput and disk of the pronotum flecked with numerous minute fuscous dots, which run together in some specimens and form rather large irregular blotches; a broad piceous band extending from the posterior edge of the eye along the upper margins of the lateral lobes of the pro- notum to the last transverse incision. Meso- and meta-pleura dark brown or black with a stripe of the light color extending from the base of the tegmina to the insertion of the posterior femora. Tegmina dark brown with a few irregular, fuliginous dots along the middle area; nerves a little lighter. Posterior femora testaceous, with the base and two rather dim bands fuscous, these bands being plainest on the upperedge. There are also a few black dots along the lower edge of the disk and about the apex. Posterior tibie bright red, with the knee and spines black. An- tennz testaceous, becoming slightly infuscated apically. Length of body, male 18.5 m.m., female 22 m.m.; of antenne, male and female 8 m.m.; of tegmina, male 5.5 m.m., female 6 m.m.; of hind femora, male 10.5 m.m., female 12 m.m. A large series at Loon Lake, Colville Valley, Washington Terr., July 25th. Pezotettix enigma Scudd. Yakima River, July 16, and other localities in W. T. Bradynotes opimus Scudd. Ten specimens of this clumsy, wingless locust were taken on Yakima River opposite Ellensburg, July 8, 9. / 16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Lradynotes montanus, Ni. sp. Small, comparatively slender, dark reddish brown, with livid yellow and white markings ; tegmina sometimes obsolete, when present as in Pesotettix gracilis. Vertex between the eyes very broad, slightly deflected, scarcely sul- cate, with a very faint though perceptible transverse depressed line joining the upper extremities of the eyes, this line bending forward so as to form a gentle arc with the convexity to the front. Frontal costa moderate, nearly equal throughout, expanding a little at the ocellus, where it is very shallowly sulcate. Pronotum simple, expanding equally and rapidly pos- teriorly in the female, nearly equal in the male ; front margin straight, posterior margin slightly but broadly truncate ; median carina of the pro- notum slight, visible throughout, on the anterior lobe as a mere smooth line not elevated in the least, in some specimens represented by a very faint depressed hair line, on the posterior lobe slightly elevated, the sides gently tapering ; lateral carine obsolete, except in some specimens where they are visible on the extreme front edge of the anterior lobe as blunt shoulders. Anterior lobe coarsely and somewhat distantly, and the pos- terior minutely and thickly punctate, rugulose. Abdomen carinate, taper- ing gently and evenly backward, Tegmina situated low on the sides, small, straight, narrow, three times as long as broad, the apex rounded. Posterior femora short, somewhat tumid, nearly (female), or just reaching the tip of the abdomen (male). Last ventral segment of the male abdo- men upturned, prow-shaped, entire ; cerci elongate conical, with the tips directed backward and gently downward, reaching a trifle beyond the tip of the supra-anal plate. This latter very similar to that of B. obesus, but proportionally broader apically. Female cerci mere rudiments, while in B. obesus and B. opimus they nearly equal those of the male. The general color is dark reddish brown with livid yellow and white markings above, flavous beneath. Face griseous yellow, becoming darker above, the vertex and occiput brownish fuscous ; a very narrow but sharply defined yellow line commencing near the upper posterior angle of the eye, separating the occiput from the gene and extending backward on to the pronotum, where the lateral carine would be if present ; in some specimens a third line of a similar nature is present, beginning at the ver- tex and extending backward along the middle of the occiput. Sides of pronotum yellowish white, with a broad brownish piceous band extending from near the middle of the anterior lobe obliquely upward to the posterior THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. aif transverse incision; posterior lobe with the dorsal surface much lighter colored than the anterior lobe. Abdomen with a bright yellowish white line following the dorsal carina its entire length, this line bordered below by a black line followed by a medium broad band of the general color above; below this last band the sides of the abdomen are dull blackish or fuliginous. All these lateral lines and stripes fade away apically. Posterior femora brownish testaceous above, with the upper carinz and inner and outer upper half of the apex black ; there are very faint traces of the usual dusky bands present on the upper surface. Tibiz yellow, spines black-tipped, tarsi yellowish with a lurid tinge. In the living insect the colors are much brighter and contrast very strongly. The yellowish hair lines and dorsal line of the abdomen are glossy white, while the front and lower surface are of a bright lemon yel- low. The brown is a bright hazel. Length of body, male 17 m.m., female 22 m.m.; of pronotum, male 3.85 m.m., female 4 m.m.; of antenne, male 6 m.m., female 6.75 m.m.; of tegmina (when present), male 2.25 m.m., female 2 m.m.; of hind femora, male 8.5 m.m., female ro m.m. ffabitat.—Colville, Loon Lake, Washington Terr., July 23-25 (Dr. H. A. Hagen); also near Helena, Montana, among the trailing junipers on north mountain slopes at moderate elevations (L. Bruner). There were a few pairs in the present collection taken as cited above. Melanoplus atlanis Riley. The collection contains quite a number of specimens that must be referred to this wide-spread and everywhere abund- ant species, although they vary considerably from typical specimens taken at the east. At various points in Washington Territory. Melanoplus cinereus Scudd. Lone Tree, Yakima River, July 18. Melanoplus infantilis Scudd. The collection contains a single female of this small species, which was taken at some point in eastern W. T. Melanoplus curtus Scudd. A pair of short-winged Melanopli which are referred to this species without hesitation. This species is very closely related to AZ. rectus, an insect found in the mountains of New England. Melanoplus: femur-rubrum DeGeer. The collection contains but a single male specimen of this species, which comes near JZ. interior Scudd. Melanoplus minor Scudd. There are two males of this well-marked species, which has, at various times, been referred to Caloptenus occi- dentalis Thomas, but which is quite distinct from that species. They were taken in eastern W. T. 18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Melanoplus Packardi Scudd. There are quite a number of this species in the collection, taken at Umatilla, Oreg., and also near Ellensburg. These specimens are interesting since they all have the hind tibie red instead of bluish, as in the typical specimens from Nebraska and neigh- boring States. Melanoplus extremus Walker (?). The collection also contains a few specimens of a JZe/anoplus which is referred with some doubt to this species of Walker’s. The insect in question is somewhat closely related to W. atlanis Riley, but differs from this species in its larger size, more robust form, comparatively shorter tegmina and wings, the much longer and more upturned last ventral segment of the male abdomen, and in the longer and broader cerci of the male. The general color is a dirty yellow- ish with markings of dull brown and black, arranged much as in 7, atlanis. The female can be distinguished from that of a¢/anis in its more robust form and the much heavier and more rounded prosternal spine. Hind tibiz dull yellow, with a very faint brownish tinge in some specimens. There are also specimens of this insect in the collection of the U. S. National Museum from Ft. McLeod, British America, and Helena, Ft. Ellis and the Madison Valley, Montana, and also Salmon City, Idaho. Melanoplus femoratus Burm. Quercus bicolor Wilden. Pl. Conn., by Mr. Bassett. O. Sacken. Upper side of leaf crowded with very small Cephaloneon ; labeled as Podosoma. Quercus obtusiloba Mich. Pl. Washington, D. C., October. O. Sacken. Deformation of leaves on the margin. Quercus spec. Pl. Saltillo Mts., Mexico, Aug., 1879. Dr. Palmer. Deformation of leaf on margins. Quercus spec. Pl. Colorado, 1873. W. L. Carpenter. O. Sacken. The gall belongs not to the three species described by the Baron in Hayden’s Report for 1873, p. 567. The galls were labeled “Russ (sic.) galls,” and are somewhat doubtful ; oval, somewhat woolly, on the upper side of the leaves. Rhus toxicodendron L. Pl. Malden, Mass., Sept. 1879. H. Hagen. Erineum, on the leaves. Salix nigra Mars.