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RETURN TO

LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

LOANED BY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

THE CANADIAN

mr) MOLOGIS®.

VOLUME XVIIL

EDITED BY

Gilliam Saunders, London, Ont.

JANUARY TO OCTOBER,

Reo. C. I. S. Rethune, M. 3., Port Hope, Ont.,

OCTOBER TO DECEMBER.

ASSISTED BY

E. B, Reed, J. M. Denton, London, Ont.; G. J. Bowles, Montreal, Que. ;
G. Geddes, Dr. White, Toronto.

—— -—~» oe

Bondon :
PRINTED BY THE FREE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY.
1886.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME.

PMN AVN oo, Seka frnarelic' sw. « evsielceiciefetemetecs’s tals,siciess aislevaveists ADRIAN, MicuH.

Be PEVIEE ALY NE VV'- MEU s¥iiais’ ste sie siere'eMemtetmensels stetsioray «| Areleceraiee JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.
PANS eM VVANON seein Oia, “Ss ere re SRR aE Seaatore yb araie braccke ABINGTON, Mass.
EPPREU EN ER Bier Om) Oso O: . . dscs aeatnisiee easeenl se alaeee Port Horr, Ont.
Pee EB GW wcrsy teas ees ssc sues er eras pais! < lle casks Toronto, Onr.
ERENCE ru gO ia cutteiciend « « + 0 St QOMePMN > Mia teas sicko oo re Rocuester, N. Y.
RONUT THEBES He Bacco ere, a's olen MEU MR IDES Meaias io sebete, Pinte s MONTREAL, QUE.
(OU vi\ NGA) BD 20 DRA AS OO SRR Sy. oral Hh ee Akron, O.
OC UU TEE DD ENV olan aiaiie css ad 8 aate RUN eo Meelnee dl lier asst cual Los ANGELES, CAL.
CTU SE CHU TNeye ta Goes a ota cpeettesie ys OY ais“ [c.oye ABRCPURMR Combet otaar a ctiese Lynn, Mass.

POD AY VOANO Es) Dee A VS [i a 5) SIO ear CoALBURGH, WEsT VA.
REET OTE ACHE SUE cl oci sn v da ol MRR S SPeminr te aceateres STOWE, VERMONT.
EAE AEN AU INDES Sau Orecc EL )e'5is) 0.0 wave ahasehettele e RMBs rec etealeoe 6 AMHERST, Mass.

TE USVGHS LENS & RR | 2A Ae eer) et hr BUFFALO, Wee
TTA DCIS 0620 8 Bs Ss SEES ed iene ish 4 sas CARBONDALE, ILL,
FYLES, REV. EW Se iki es «ese 2.0 ee ees ea SouTH QUEBEC,
GEDDES, CONICS 6) 2 aR aE eo Toronto, ONT.
GOODHUE, OPA Ae RRR cloths. Gye ea Wesster, N. H.
CHE OULD, A/a al SS SS a eS i BREMEN, GERMANY.
GUIGNARD, dhe eo Seer sil Cork. Sat See Orrawa, ONT.
HAGEN, Dee... [take rh a eta ets 8 CAMBRIDGE, Mass.
SEM UR ey GTO reba cE. 5 ss «nce aselel Sraf ee La . BROWNFIELD, Mass.
HAMILTON, DEO SIOHN |... .2)). hea: ALLEGHENY, Pa.
HANHAM, es Gy, on eae HAMILTON, ONT.
PE NGI OINS “VW wEbAG UE. : oo See die teeeeseni ers OTTAWA, ONT.
PEPEEDORIEN iE. Winiecne sore oss s+ oe yansdinn Sean, oes MONTREAL, (QUE,
HENSHAW, ene e's soa sod wore smi Bits BOSTON: “UM ASS:
ENOVESISAC INDY, RHR AeWWe,, Dives 2.5.5: civhe.o haterNiral eRe etiela cle Lene Prrrseurc, PA.
HORN, TSC HOUN Ss: .-. .usst PHILADELPHIA, Pa.
HULST, FEED VAG ADEs i. x20. so eve ao oe REE ee Brooktyn, N. Y.

- JACK, i C5 OS yc SR Cu ATEAUGUAY, QUE.
MOFFATT, DPA RON <5 )5,22 sei nls ASE TAS EES Ome HAMILTON, Or.
MONELL, 2h See es a BONNE TERRE, Mo.
OSBORNE, SUD PE) 3101 1d Pa eso i) Dea eee Ames, Iowa.
PEABODY, SEU1E | Sea ee nena sh a). 5 aie CHAMPAIGNE, ILL.
PROVANCHER, DASA so. o's evn win 62.5 Hee TP Cap Rouen, QUE.
REED, E. TWN A ofc a Lonpon, ONT.
AONE oh nein W~ 5.0 wide s'ale Sees Ae ea, .WasHiIneToN, D. C.
SUN DERG WMocecssc 2... dla ol aNe:e ete a ROMER ame ha ahstirs Lonpon, Ont.
UE a ea 2 ee ee eae 8 Pe ame Boston, Mass.
RET ScD Essig. aie lcfate'c sic, chek bocce ov Ages oc ERRN TEES al ia WasHincton, D. C.
SOULE, CAROLINE) Gives io cicte «nice Oo hee eS ae era STOWE, VERMONT.
STRETCH, NEC AWET Sars chavs icc ol aia evoeraetars |} RMS cee oi San Francisco. CAL.
STRUMBERG, EC BGHASE RR Beitic. 5 OE RAR ae GALEsBuRG, ILL. -
EEGs OW ol e'd's is ahais v ooe «sje easels oe jcotiidienetoe VicToriA, Brit. Conumpra.
TOWNSEND, SES UPL a tyLict soy ia crcl antem ee a «so +: ee ad are ConSTANTINE, Micu.
UNDERWOOD, ire Mite Ni 8 io erararsie 4524.0: ee Ie cl SYRACUSE, N. Y.
eM es oe ooo OO ks cate vale UE ae chet BALTIMORE, Mp.

VANDUZEE, Biome eitta. clare Weal a ateie aia’: oo ond <M eRna Phen BuFFALo, N. Y.

Sinica’ eatin

Vi

anadian Entomologist. “V

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VOLUME Xvi. Ye

Ry
ae
\\

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EDITED BY

WM. SAUNDERS,

LONDON, ONTARIO.

PL
AG

Po
Hi

sR

JANUARY, - 1886.

LONDON.
FREE PRESS PRINTING €O., RICHMOND-ST.

A COLLECTION OF
COLEOPTERA and DEPIDOePrTrTEeEnRnA
FOR SALE.

The collection of Coleoptera includes about 500 Sfecies and nearly
2,000 Specimens. Will sell at $20. The Lepidoptera are mostly exotic,

and are in very fine condition. For particulars address
E. L. KEEN, 816 Charlotte St., Philada., Pa.

NOV READY. —-

A new and revised Zzst of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn. Published by the American Entomological
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application.

E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,

P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

FOR SALE—Florida Insects and Other Specimens of Natural
History.

Intending to reside in Florida after Nov. tst, 1885, I should be:glad to correspond —
with any one wanting Insects, Botanical specimens, or any other natural history objects,
and would endeavor to supply them at low prices. Address JOS. E. CHASE, 231
Main St., Holyoke, Mass.; after Nov. tst, Lakeville, Orange Co., Florida.

INSECT BOSSES.

A well made, double Box, ready for use, size 9 x 12 x 4 (outside meas.)
at $17 per doz., exclusive of transportation. Will guarantee that this box
gives satisfaction.

Send $1.50 for sample to C. W. STRUMBERG,

Galesburg, Ill.

FOR SATE,

A COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA AND LEPIDOPTERA
VERY CHEAP.

For particulars address EUGENE L. KEEN, 816 Charlotte Street;
Philadelphia, Pa.

In Jan., April, July and Oct., price tod., 44 pp. 8vo.

“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST.”

A Journal of Scottish Natural History. Edited by F. Buchan White, M.D.
This Magazine contains much original information in all branches of Scottish Natural
History, and is occasionally illustrated by plates and wood cuts.
__ The Scottish-Naturalist will be sent direct to subscribers in Canada or the United
ee fr 4s. per annum, postpaid, or may be had at the office of the American
aturalist.

ZEBIOAN MOSES
CENTRAL PARK, —
NEWYORK. 2c

oe

Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XVIII. LONDON, JANUARY, 1886. No. 1

TWELVE YEARS’ EXPERIENCE WITH RUBBER STOPPERS.
USED IN THE BIOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE
MUSEUM IN CAMBRIDGE.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

The late Professor L. Agassiz, in 1867, requested of me a detailed
plan for the development of the entomological department of the Museum,
Among the different collections proposed was a biological collection simi-
lar to my own for Neuroptera and Pseudo-neuroptera, but extended to
include all Arthropoda. The Professor in a marginal note stated that this
collection should be commenced immediately, and developed as rapidly
as possible. In my collection the alcoholic objects were included in vials
placed horizontally near the pinned dry objects, so that all belonging to
one species were together and presented a clear view to the observer. I
used vials closed with cork stoppers, which for a small collection and by
a continual supervision, proved sufficiently safe. Nevertheless experi-
ments were made with several substances, hoping to prevent the evapor-
ation of the alcohol and the necessity of refilling a large number of vials
every six months. ‘This arrangement is, as stated, sufficient for a small
collection, but when applied upon a comprehensive and extended scale,
proves inadequate. The continual supervision and refilling of several
thousand vials would have needed a considerably larger expense and a
special assistant. The best velvety cork stoppers did not do as well here
as in Europe, owing to the greater changes of temperature. Experiments
were made during six years upon a large number of substances in the

hope of increasing the efficiency of the cork stoppers. Fats, tallow,

stearine to impregnate the cork, wax, sealing wax, different resins and
varnish, shell-lac, iron-lac, guttapercha and India rubber in different solu-
tions, thick oil paint, collodium, waterglass, very fine bladder around that
part of the cork placed in the vial, and glue and paste to cover the ex-
ternal part of the cork with strong paper and bladder, were subjected to
trial. Several of these substances were tried on an extensive scale and

M THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

for several years, all proving to be more or less unsatisfactory. Finally
it was decided to use India rubber stoppers. Though these were decidedly
more expensiv e, they have during twelve years given the most satisfactory
results. A continual supervision and re-filling of carefully closed vials is
unnecessary, and the greater outlay at first is after a few years more than
repaid ; time, alcohol and manual help are saved. At first the strong
compression of the alcohol in placing the stoppers was the principal cause
of insecurity of the filled vials, as the stoppers were very apt to slip out.
In putting the stopper in the vial, I introduce now a fine insect pin (to be
removed later), allowing the air to escape and thus preventing the strong
compression of the alcohol (Ann. Rep. of the Museum for 1874, p. 13).

A small test vial, 70 m. m. long and 16 m. m. broad, filled in this way,
October, 1873, was kept purposely for three years in the sunshine ; the
length of the air bubble retained in the vial was carefully measured, and
found to be 14 m1. m.; a year later the bubble had about the same length.
In summer the bubble was smaller, owing to the greater expansion of the
alcohol, proving at the same time the close fitting of the stopper. On
November 14, 1882, the bubble was 20 m. m. long, and is: now, October
6, 1885, 30 m. m. long. The vial was never opened during the twelve
years, and is now in such a condition that it would not need re-filling if
used in the collection. The collection contains many smaller vials and a
number of larger ones (the largest for the larva of Dynastes hercules, 180
m. m. long and 50 m. m. broad), and with very rare exceptions, re-filling
was not necessary. I would remark that all stoppers used are of vulcan-
ized India rubber. The so-called pure rubber stoppers used for chemical
purposes are probably better, but they were then not for sale in Boston,
and are also 30 per cent. more expensive. During late years a number
of them have been used to ascertain their reputed superiority. A disad-
vantage of the vulcanized stoppers is the formation of small crystals of
sulphur in the alcohol, which attach themselves firmly to the msects, and
are for delicate objects injurious. This disadvantage is, however, easily
obviated, or at least very much diminished, when the stoppers are thor-
oughly washed before use, or better, are put half an hour in warm water.

The most important point was, how long these stoppers would do
well, and when they would need to be replaced by new ones. To know
exactly the average time of the efficiency of the rubber stoppers, it was
necessary to know the number of vials in use. My assistant has counted
them carefully. To Coleoptera belong 1.423; Lepidoptera, 1,547 ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. v

Pseudo-neuroptera, 979; Neuroptera, 454; Hymenoptera, 523; Galls,
171; Spiders, 644 ; Parasites, 208; Hemiptera, 57 ; Orthoptera, 14 (the
last two orders are not arranged, and the rich biological material of the
alcoholic collection of the Museum is not placed in vials) ; besides a large
number not yet arranged in the boxes of the different orders. There are
about 7,800 vials in use. The larger part of the collection presented by
Mr. F. G. Schanpp, and the very large collection of the Peabody Academy,
are not included in the above enumeration. For want of space, they have
been stored provisionally in large glass jars filled with alcohol, in which
the small vials with cork stoppers are placed.

Of the 7,800 vials with rubber stoppers, perhaps two-thirds were filled
and labelled 10 and 12 years ago, the others in the successive years, half
of them three years ago. More than half are of a size needing stoppers
of 8 to12 m. m. at the smaller end; two-thirds of the rest of 14 to 18
m. m.; the rest with larger ones 30 to 37 m. m. (milk stoppers), and a
few as large as 42m.m. Some vials, at times a large number, were
opened for identification and study of the contents. A very small num-
ber had to be changed every year, and these were closed with pieces of
rubber rope (of 6, 10, 12, 16, 25 m. m. diameter), which was used as an
experiment, but proved to be unsuccessful. In addition to these, in each
year during late years three or four of a certain size needed to be changed.
These vials, 65 m. m. long by 8 m. m. broad, were closed by stoppers,
which had to be forced 16 m. m. into the vials. The alcohol began to
evaporate, the vials turned easily on the corks, which is never the case in
well closing vials; the part of the stopper in the vial was somewhat
smeared, and had lost its elasticity. Indeed these stoppers would have
_ served probably longer by re-filling, but for greater safety they have been
always changed. All these vials were closed twelve years ago, and they
began to give out during the last few years. The part of the stopper
outside of the vial always bulged out considerably, so that by this mark
alone the vials to be changed were easily noticed. A part of these stop-
pers were not. well made ; when cut they are not solid throughout, but
filled with numerous holes, representing a kind of fibrous tissue. The
strong depression in the rubber trade during late years has caused the use
of poorer material in vulcanizing ; some numbers of the smaller sizes are
now decidedly bad. Nevertheless, of all stoppers in use, less than one
per mille gives out every year after twelve years’ use, and in the first six
years probably only one per two mille. Stoppers of the larger size keep

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

—_—_—

much better. After all, I think the result is a decided success. All the
so-called pure rubber stoppers for chemical laboratories of American
make are, as far as I am able to ascertain, manufactured of vulcanized
rubber, which is not the case with those imported from Germany. The
Professor of the chemical laboratory here has had the same experience.
The 7,800 stoppers of different sizes have cost about $110 ; if they had
been bought at once at wholesale figures, the price would have been 30
to 35 per cent. less.

As the stock in hand for the advancement of the collection has to be
a large one, I may draw attention to a method recommended by Prof, W.
Hempel, of Dresden, Saxony, to.prevent the stoppers becoming too hard
(Bericht d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 1882, vol. xv., Heft. 6, No. 184).
Rubber stoppers or tubes retaining their elasticity should be kept in large
glass jars, in which an open vessel with petroleum has been placed. It is
better to keep the light from the jar ; wooden boxes should not be used.
Stoppers which have become hard should be brought together in a jar
with sulphuret of carbon until they are softened, and afterwards be kept
in a jar with petroleum just as the others. Before knowing this I used to
soften such stoppers by squeezing in different directions, or by rolling with
a piece of board. Of course Prof. Hempel’s method is better, as it pre-
vents the gradual evaporation of the fluids used for the solution of the
rubber in the process of vulcanization. It is remarkable that until now
none of the stoppers in the vials arranged in wooden boxes have become
hardened, though the same stoppers not fixed in vials with alcohol grew
hard. Probably the strong pressure of the alcohol by fitting the stoppers
has some influence in keeping them soft ; besides, the part of the stopper
outside of the vial is mostly small. I do not know whether rubber stop-
pers for similar purposes have been used here or in Europe earlier than in
the Cambridge Museum ; if so, I would be very glad to know the results
obtained elsewhere.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE SPECIES OF ACARINA OF
NORTH AMERICA.

BY HERBERT OSBORN, OF THE IOWA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AND
LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD, OF SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY.

The Acarina, especially the more minute forms, have been but little
studied in America, a fact which seems the more strange when we con.’

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 5

sider what interesting objects they form for microscopic work, As in
most groups of Arthropoda, the pioneer work in this country was done by
Thomas Say, whose descriptions of a number of the larger species appeared
as early as 1821. Later on Dana and Whelpley (1836), and Haldeman
(1842), contributed descriptions of a few species. More recently Dr’s. Fitch,
Leidy, Packard, Riley, LeBaron and Shimer, and Mr. Ashmead, have
published descriptions of species and notes on habits, while quite lately
Mr. Harry Garman has published a valuable paper on the Phytoptide,
which it is hoped he will follow up by still more extensive study of this
family.

It is hoped that the following list of the Acarina of the United States
and Canada—which we have made as complete as possible up to date—
may encourage the further study of the group, and as an additional aid it
may be in place to make a few statements concerning their habits and the
methods of studying them.

The Trombidide are found on plants or free as adults, frequently in
the larval form, as parasites on insects. The Hydrachnidz are aquatic,
and probably many interesting parasitic forms will be found by careful
examination of the gills of bivalve mollusks. Of the Gamasidz occurring
as parasites on insects but few of the probable number have yet been
described. Inthe Acaridze we have many parasitic forms on birds and
mammals, and here especial care should be taken to identify with
described European forms whenever possible, particularly in all cases
where the bird or mammal host is identical in the two countries. Doubt-
less many described species occur commonly here which have never been
recorded, e. g. MLyobia musculi seems never to have been recorded in
America, but has been taken at Ames, Iowa, and hence is included in our
list. A few species common to domesticated animals that are being con-
stantly imported from other countries have been included in this list, even
when we have been unable to find a positive record of their occurrence
here. |

The Phytoptide are microscopic in size, and occur on buds, leaves
and fruits, producing galls, deformations, blisters or rusts, and their study
offers an almost unlimited field for careful investigation.

A large proportion of the mites are too small to be readily studied or
preserved, except as microscopic objects, and the most desirable method
is to mount them at once, or as soon after collecting as possible, in
glycerine jelly or prepared balsam. It is frequently a great advantage to

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

examine them carefully with the microscope while still alive and moving.
The American literature on this subject, besides being quite scanty, is
widely scattered, and some of the papers now quite difficult to procure.

Family Trompipip& Leach.

I. Zetranychus Dufour.
1—T. reELARIUuS Linn. Packard, Guide to Study of Insects, 660 ; Mur-
ray, Economic Entom., 97* ; Saunders, Can. Ent. xii, 237* (1880) ;
Insects Inj. to Fruit, 355* (1883); Ontario Entom. Rep., xi, 70*
(1880) ; Forbes, Ill. Rep., xi., 106 (1884); Standard Nat. Hist.
1.03.
Il. Zrombtdium Fab.

1—T. parasiricuM Murray. Economic Entom., 129* (1877); Ont. Entom.
Rep., xi., 71 (1880).

Atoma parasiticum, Latr. (1806). Riley, Mo. Rep., vii., 176* (1875).
Trombidium muscarum, Riley. First Rep. U. S. Entom. Com. 306-311
(1878).

2—T. SERICEUM Say. Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 70 (1821) ; Coll. Writings
ii, 16; Riley, Mo, Rep. vii., 175* (1875), et. Supp., 63; Murray,
Economic Entom. 138* (1877) ; Ont. Entom. Rep. xi., 72 (1880).

3—T. GRYLLARIUM Murray. Economic Entom. 136* (1877).

Atoma gryllaria, LeBaron. Ill. Rep. i, 61* (1871).

4—T. scaBRUM Say. Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 69 (1821) ; Coll. Writings
ii, 16; Riley, Mo. Rep. vii, 175 (1875).

5—T. GiGaNnTEUM Riley. First Rep. U. S. Entom. Com., 312 (1878).

6—T. BuLBIPES Packard. Mass. Rep. iil., 26* (1873); Murray, Econ-
omic Entom. 136*; Ont. Ent. Rep. xi., 71.

LARVAL FORMS INCERTIS SEDZ.

1—Leptus ( Zrombidium ?) AMERICANUS Riley, Mo. Rep. vi , 122 (1874) ;
Murray, Economic Entom., 116.*

2—Leptus ( Zrombidium ?) \RaNE# Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 80 (1821) ;
Coll. Writings i1., 23.

3—Leptus ( Zrombidium ?) uispus Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 81 (1821) ;
Coll. Writings i1., 23.

4—Leptus ( Trombidium ?) irr1Tans Riley, Mo. Rep. vi., 122 (1874) ;

Murray, Economic Entom., 116* ; Ontario Entom. Rep. xi., 71.

* A star indicates an illustration at the reference marked,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. yi

5—Ocypete ( Zrombidium ?) coMATA Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 82
(1821); Coll. Writings, ii., 23.

Ill. Erythreus Latr.

1—E. MAMILLATUS Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 70 (1821) ; Coll. Writings
ll., 16.
family BDELLIDA Duges.

I. della Latr.

1—B. marina Packard, ist Rep. U.S. Fish Com., 544 (1874); Guide
to Study of Insects, 660; Am. Nat. xviii., 827*, (1884) ; Standard
Nat. Hist., 11., 103.

2—B. oBLonGa Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 74 (1821) ; Coll. Writings, ii.,
19.

Family HypRACHNID& Sundeval.
I. Limnochares Latr.

I—L. EXTENDENS Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. i1., 80 (1821) ; Coll. Writings
ie; 22.

Il. Aydrachna Miller.

1—H. coccinneEa Haldeman, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1., 196 (1842).

2—H. rormosa Dana & Whelpley, Am. Jour. Science, 1st ser., xxx., 357°
(1836).

3—H. nEputosa Haldeman, Proc. Phila. Acad., i., 196 (1842).

4—H. pyrirormis Dana & Whelpley, Am. Jour. Science, rst ser., xxx.,
358* (1836).

5—H. 5-unData Haldeman, Proc. Phila. Acad., i., 184 (1842).

6—H. scapra Haldeman, Proc. Phila. Acad. i., 184 (1842).

7—H. TRIANGULARIS Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 79 (1821) ; Coll. Writings
il: 23.

8—H. Tricotor Packard, Am. Jour. Science, 3rd ser., i, 108 (1871).

9—H. BELosToM# Riley, 1st Rep. U. S. Entom. Com., 312* (1878).

Ill, Atax Fab.
1—A. HUMEROSA. Standard Nat. Hist. ii, 102. Where described ?
2—A. YPSILOPHORUS. Standard Nat. Hist. ii., 102. Where described ?
IV. TZhalassarachna Packard.

1—T. VERRILLM Packard. Am. Jour. Science, 3rd ser., i., 107 (1871);
Standard Nat. Hist. ii., 102. | Referred by Murray to Pontarachna.

5 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

Family GaMasip& Leach.
I> Sezus Koch.

t—S. auris Murray, Economic Entomology, 167 (1877).
Gamasus auris Leidy, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1872, 138.

Il. Dermanyssus Duges.

t—D. avium Duges Murray, Economic Entom., 169*; Ont.

Entom, Rep. x1., 73.
Ill. Gamasus Latr.

1—G, ANTENN&PES Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. i1., 71 (1821); Coll. Writings
Givers

2—G. COLEOPTRATORUM Latr. ; Packard, Guide to Study of Insects,
663; Murray, Economic Entom., 158*.

3—G. JULOIDEs Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 72 (1821); Coll. Writings ii., 18.

4—G. MUSCULUs Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 72 (1821); Coll. Writings ii., 17.

5—G. nipuLarius Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 72 (1821); Coll. Writings
VEN a

6—G. sPINIPES Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 71 (1821); Coll. Writings ii., 17.

IV. Argas Latr.

1—A. AMERICANA Packard, Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Montana, Idaho,
Wyoming and Utah (Hayden) 740* (1872); Murray, Economic
Entom., 182.

V. UOropoda Latr.

1—U. Americana Riley, Proc. A, A. A. S. xxv., 273-275* (1877) ; Mo:
Rep. ix., 41 (1877) ; Standard Nat. Hist. ii., ro2.

2—U. vecETANS DeGeer. ——; Packard, Guide to Study of Insects, 663 ;
Murray, Economic Entom., 162*.

Family IxopiD&.
l.. dxodes aba

1—I. atprpictus Packard, Am. Nat. ii, 559* (1868); 1st Ann. Rep.
Peabody Acad. Science, 65 (1869) ; Am. Nat. iii., 365 (1869) ; Guide
to Study of Insects, 662*; Standard Nat. Hist. ii., roo*.

2—I. AMERICANUS Latr. Fitch, N. Y. Rep. xiv., 363 (1871).

3—I. annuatus Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 75 (1821); Coll. Writings
15 LQ: }

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 3]

4—I. Bovis Riley, Packard, 1st Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Science, 68
(1869) ; Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Montana, Wyoming and Idaho
(Hayden) 740* (1872); Guide to Study of Insects, 663, 668*; Mur-
ray, Economic Entom , 193; Osborn, Bull. lowa Agr. Coll., 75 (1884).

5—I. cHorDEILIS Packard, rst Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci., 67 (1869).

6—I. Cooker Packard, rst Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci., 67 (1869).

7—I. CRENATUS Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 76 (1821); Coll. Writings ii., 20.

8—I. crucrARius Fitch, N. Y. Rep. xiv., 366 (1871).

g—lI. ERRATICUS Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. i1., 77 (1821); Coll. Writings ii., 20.

1o—lI. Fuscus Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. i., 79 (1821); Coll. Writings ii., 22.

11—-I. LEPORIS-PALUSTRIS Packard, 1st Annual Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci-
ence, 67 (1869).

12—I. NIGROLINEATUS Packard, 1st Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Science, 66
(1869).

13—I. ODONTALGI& Fitch, N. Y. Rep. xiv., 371 (1871).

14—I. ORBICULATUS Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 76 (1821) ; Coll. Writings
igs 2 7:

15—I. puNcTULATUS Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. 11., 78 (1821) ; Coll. Writings
ine.

16—I. 5-striatus Fitch, N. Y. Rep. xiv., 366 (1871).

17—I. Rogpertsonit Fitch, N. Y. Rep. xiv., 366 (1871).

18—I. SCAPULARIS Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. 1., 78 (1821); Coll. Writings
i, 20

1g9—I. unipuNCTATA Packard, 1st Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Science, 66
(1869) ; Guide to Study of Insects, 662, 668.*

20—I. VARIABILIS Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 77 (1821): Coll. Writings ii. 21.

Family Oriwatip& Nicolet.

I. Oribata Latyr.
1—O. aspipioT1 Ashmead, Can. Entom. xi., 93 (1879); Saunders, Insects
Inj. to Fruit, 396 (1883).
2—O. CONCENTRICA Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. i, 73 (1821) ; Coll. Writings
i. 18,
3—O. GLABRATA Say, Jour. Phila. Acad. ii., 73 (1821); Coll. Writings 11., 18.
4—O. QUADRIPILIS Fitch, N. Y. Rep. iil., 442 (1856).

II. othrus Koch.
1—N. ovivorus Packard, Guide to Study of Insects, 664,* Riley, Mo.

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

Rep. ii., ro2z (1870); 3rd Rep. U.S. Entom. Com., 175* (1883) ;
Standard Nat. History, ii., 102”.

Ill. Aoplophora Koch.

I—H. arctata Riley, Mo. Rep. vi., 53, 81 (1874) ; Murray, Economic
Entom., 225* ; Saunders, Insects Injurious to Fruit, 239* (1883) ;
Ontario Entom. Rep., xiil., 66; Standard Nat. Hist. ii, 102”.

Lramily. ACARIDE.

I. Zyroglyphus Latr.

1—T. mycopHacus Megnin. Jour. Anat. Phys. (1874)* ; Ontario Entom.
Rep. x1, 73".

Rhizoglyphus mycophagus Murray, Economic Entom., 262*.

2—T. PHYLLOXERE Riley, Mo. Rep. vi., 52, 53,81 (1874); Saunders, Can.
Ent. xiv., 127* (1882) ; Insects Inj. to Fruit, 239* (1883) ; Ontario
Entom. Rep. v., 61; xii., 66; Standard Nat. Hist. 11., roo.

Rhisoglyphus phylloxere Murray, Economic Entom., 258%.

3—T. enromopHacus Laboul., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1862) ; Murray, Eco-
nomic Entom., 263; Ontario Entom. Rep., x1., 73.

4-—T. stro Latr. (Acarus stro L., Lyroglyphus farine, 7: sacchari
Auct.) Packard, Guide to Study of Insects, 665; Murray, Economic
Entom., 267*; Saunders, Can. Ent., xi, 237* (1880); Ontario En-
tom. Rep., xi, 74.

5—T’. GLoveri Ashmead, Amer. Entomologist, new series, I., 106 (1880) ;
Saunders, Insects Injurious to Fruit, 391 (1883).

Acarus ? Glovert Ashmead, Can. Ent., xi., 159 (1879).

6—T. Loncior Gervais (1844); Am. Nat. xvi., 599 ; Murray, Economic
Entom., 267*; Ontario Entom. Rep., x1, 74.

7—T. Matus Riley, Mo. Rep. v., 87* (1873); Murray, Economic Entom.
275*; Ontario Entom. Rep. xi., 74*; Osborn, Bull. Iowa Agric.
Coll. 59 (1884).

Acarus ? malus Shimer, Trans. Am. Entom. Soc., 1., 368 (1868).

§—T. ripis Fitch, N. Y. Rep. ii., 424 (1856).

g—T. ACERIS.

Acarus aceris Shimer, ‘Trans. Am, Entom. Soc,, 11., 320 (1869).

Il. Cheyletus Latr.

1—C. sEmMINIvoRUS Packard, Guide to Study of Insects, 665, 668%

Sei hs ton cna

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11

Ill. Sarcoptes Latr.
1—S, catr Hering & Gerlach —— ; Murray, Economic Entom., 302;
Osborn, Bull. Iowa Agric. Coll. 76 (1884).

2—S. MUTANS Robin & Lang, Comptes-Rendus xlix. (1859); Murray,
Economic Entom. 305*; Osborn, Bull. Iowa Agric. Coll., ii., 76.
3—S. SCABIEI Latr. ; Murray, Economic Entom., 292*; Packard,
Guide to Study of Insects, 666; Ontario Entom. Rep. xi., 75*; Os-
born, Bull Iowa Agric. Coll. 76 (1884); Standard Nat. Hist. ii., roo*.

. IV. Psoroptes Gerv.

t—P. Equi Gervais, Ann. Soc. Nat. (1841); Murray, Economic Entom.,
308*; Packard, Guide to Study of Insects, 666; Osborn, Bull. Iowa
Agric. Coll. 76 (1884).

Dermatodectes equi Gerl., D. bovis Gerl., D. ovis Gerl., Dermatokoptes
communis Furst.

V. Symbiotes Gerl.
1—S. Bovis Gerlach ; Murray, Economic Entom. 313%; Osborn,
Bull. Iowa Agric. Coll. 76 (1884).
Sarcoptes bovis Hering, Chorioptes capre Gerv., Symbiotes equi Gerl., ’
Sarcodermatodectes capra Delaf. & Bour., Dermatophagus bovis Furst.
VII. ALyobia Claparede.
; Murray, Economic Entom., 315%.

t—M. muscuLr Schrank
VIII. Pterolichus Robin.

I—P. raLcIGER Megnin,—— Garman, Am. Nat., xvili., 430* (1884).
IX. Dermatleichus Koch.
1—D._-PICI-PUBESCENTIS Packard, Am. Nat. ili., 493, plate vi., figs. 1, 2, 3

(1869) ; Guide to Study of Insects, 666; Weed., Am. Nat. xviii.,

533 (1884).
X. Cytoleichus.

1—C. sarcoprorpes Megnin, Am. Nat. xvil., 422 (1883).
XI. Demodex Simon.

:—D. POLLICULORUM Simon ; Murray, Economic Entom., 329* ;
Packard, Guide to Study of Insects, 667; Faxon, Bull. Museum
Comp. Zool. v., No. 2*; Standard Nat. Hist., i1., ro0*.

2—D. puy.ioipes Csokor. Verhandl. der K. K. Zool-bot. Gesell. in Wien.,
XxIx., 419 (1879); Am. Nat. xvi, toog (1882); xviil., 1113 (1883).

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CR

XII. Phytoptus Dujardin.

1—P. aBNorMis Garman. Appendix to Ill. Rep. xii., 134 (1883).
2—P. ACERICOLA Garman. Appendix to Ill. Rep. xii., 135 (1883).
3—P. rraxini Garman. Appendix to Ill. Rep. xii., 136 (1883).

4—P. oLEIvorus (Ashmead).—Hubbard, Rep. U. S. Entom. 1884, 363-

373"
Typhlodromus oliitvorus Ashmead, Can. Ent., 160 (1879).

5—P. QUADRIPES Garman. Appendix to IIl. Rep. xii., 132*, 135 (1883) ;
Osborn, Bull. Iowa Agric. Coll., 57 (1884).

Vasates guadripes Shimer, Trans. Am. Entom, Soc. ii., 319 (1869). :

6—P. QueRcI Garman. Appendix to Ill. Rep. xii., 138 (1883).

7—P. pyri Murray, Economic Entom., 340%, 358 (1877); Garman,
Appendix to Ill. Rep. xi., 140 (1883); Osborn, Bull. Iowa Agric.
Coll. 56 (1884).

Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, Wiegman’s Archiv. (1857) ; Packard,
Guide to Study of Insects, 666, 668*.

8—P. saLicoLa Garman, Appendix to IIl. Rep., xii., 138 (1883).

g—P. THUJ@ Garman, Appendix to Ill. Rep., xii., 138* (1883).

to—P. uLm1 Garman, Appendix to Ill. Rep., xi., 136 (1883).

INCERTIS SED#.

1—Hyporus CONCOLOR Hald., in Terrestrial Air Breathing Mollusks of
the U. S. (Binney), 11., 107.

2—ACARUS? SEMEN Walsh, Proc. Am. Entom. Soc., iii., 606.

3—ACARUS? #NIGMA Walsh, Proc. Am. Entom. Soc., iii., 608.

ELAPHIDION PARALLELUM, Newm, AND PHYMATODES
VARIABILIS, Fas.

BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH.

In the Oct. number of this journal I noticed with interest the article
by Mr. Clarkson on Zlaphidion villosum, Fabr. I have reason to believe
that the same is partly the case also with &. paradlelum, Newm., which I
find to be the common oak-pruner here. But Ido not agree that it is
always, or even in the majority of instances, the case with either species.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, |

As bearing on this subject I give the following extract from my notes for
1885, which relates also to Phymatodes variabilis, Fab. :—

“ Last fall (Sept.) I laid in a large supply of red, white and black oak
and hickory twigs, containing larve of oak-pruners. The majority were
red oak and hickory, but all were kept in separate boxes. Also a large
box full of sawed hickory wood which contained wood-boring larvz.
These were all kept regularly moistened. During May and June, as I
was absent from home at the time, another person, a lady, collected and
saved for me a bottle full of beetles from the vicinity of these boxes (all
taken from and around the large box of hickory wood, she says). These
I afterward examined, and found the bottle to contain 145 Phymatodes
variabilis, Fab., and 18 Elaphidion paralleum, Newm., besides two
Tenebrionide of uncertain origin. Asto which the two species proceeded
from, the twigs or the hickory wood, the lady, who examined the twigs
from time to time without being able to discover a single specimen among
them, is almost certain that they all came from the large box of sawed
hickory, on the underside of the papers covering which she was able to
pick them off in large numbers, as well as all over and around the box
and on the wood inside. Upon examining a good number of the twigs of
each kind later in the season, I found not an insect in them (with the excep-
tion of one which contained a dried and shrivelled larva that had not
transformed), but they showed every sign of the insects having emerged
as perfect beetles. The &. parallelum, Newm., must have come from
the twigs, while the P. varzabzlis, Fab., all proceeded from the sawed
hickory wood. Packard gives the latter species as living only in white
oak, but I am confident that these came from hickory, though I cannot
conceive what became of the other numerous E/gphidions which must
have emerged from the twigs.”

In my notes for 1884, under date of 18th Sept., I extract also the fol-
lowing :—‘“‘ Found an oak-pruner in the pupa state, inclosed in its silken
white cocoon, inside a red oak twig. The end of the twig was not closed
up, as is usually the case, but the passage was open, and a couple of
inches up from the end the larva had changed to the pupa, state, leaving
its cast off skin below it in the passage.”

Upon reading the account by Dr. Fitch, of £. wi/losum, Fabr., I find
he says that “some of the worms enter their pupal state the last of
autumn, and others not till the following spring. Hence, in examining
the fallen limbs in the winter, a larva may be found in one, a pupa in an-

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

other.” Now, though I have found the pupa of 2. parallelum, Newm.,
very early in the fall (18th Sept., as stated above), and Mr. Clarkson has
found the imago of £. vi//osum, Fabr., in November, I am inclined to
think that these early metamorphoses were from eggs deposited earlier
than others, or that by some favorable circumstances these individuals
developed more rapidly and thus metamorphosed earlier. It is my
opinion that both these species may assume the imago state either in the
fall or the following spring, some, more forward than others, attaining this
state in the fall. Perhaps favorable years, when some of the eggs may be
deposited earlier in the summer than usual, produce the autumn imagos,
which then remain within the twigs during the winter and emerge early in
the spring. These in turn, if the season is at all favorable, will lay their
eggs earlier than the others, and thus continue the early metamorphosis.

Toward the conclusion of his account Dr. Fitch says that ‘in at least
three-fourths of the fallen limbs no worm is to be found,” it having been
devoured by birds either at the time the branch fell or afterward. The
ground under oak and hickory trees here I have known some years (1884)
to be covered with the twigs early in September, blown down by heavy
winds, and at such times nearly all of the larve are destroyed by insectiv-
orous birds, which extract them from their burrows, if they have not
already been dislodged. This explains why so few of the beetles were
obtained from the twigs I had saved—only 18 beetles from a large supply
of the twigs, every one of which had certainly fallen that season, and been
occupied at the time—the birds had destroyed all the others, and that
very soon after their fall! But I cannot concur in the view taken by Dr.
Fitch, that the larva severs the branch that it may fall to the ground, thus
to aid its transformation. It is very probable that the larva cuts the twig
to stop the flow of sap, the dead wood being necessary to mature its
growth, and is conscious of none of that ‘‘consummate skill and seemingly
super-terrestrial intelligence ” which the worthy Doctor so enthusiastically
attributed to it.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES, THEIR
LARVA, ETC.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

2. On the scarcity of certain Species in 1885.
The most notable instance was that of C. Philodice, which is usually

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

a very common species here. Throughout the year I saw but three or
four examples.

In 1884, V. Carduz was remarkably abundant, as it seems to have
been all over the Northern States. But in 1885 I scarcely saw one.

The Argynnids Cydele and Aphrodite were conspicuous tor theri
absence in ’85 ; so also Phyc. Wyctets and TZharos. For several years P.
Ajax and Turnus have been far less common than formerly, though no
change has taken place in the abundance of their food-plants. As to
Arg. Diana, I have seen but two examples in as many years, and the
species is practically extinct here.

2. As to Food Plants of P. Ajax.

The only plant known to me is the Pawpaw, Asimina. At the Phila-
delphia meeting of the A. A. A. S., 1884, Mr. E. M. Aaron stated that
Ajax larve fed on spice-wood and upland huckleberry ; and in a letter to
me subsequently, that of his own knowledge, he knew 47ax would lay
eggs on spice-wood, and that the larve fed both on that plant and
sassafras.

I tried in vain, in 1885, to make these larve eat either spice-wood or
sassafras, giving both to the young just out of egg, and before their taste
could have been prejudiced against these plants by having eaten pawpaw.
The larve starved to death, and I could not see that a leaf was even
nibbled. I then tried larve immediately after successive moults to the
last, with same result. So that I am satisfied A7ax larve in this region
will not eat the plants spoken of. For Tennessee, where Mr. Aaron’s
observations were made, I do not undertake to speak. The only butterfly
larvee which will eat spice-wood and sassafras, so far as I know, are those

of P. Troilus and P. Palamedes, and they are restricted to these and
allied plants.

3. Pap. PatamMEpES. ‘This species has been taken at Glencoe, Ne-
braska, as Mr. G. M. Dodge writes me, many degrees farther to the north
than has before been observed.

4. CuHtonopas Bore, Schn. and Hiibner.

In the paper on “ Insects in Arctic Regions,” the translation of which
is printed in Can. Env., xvii., p. 157, the author, Herr Aurivillius, says :
“Let us take-as an example Oeneis ore, Schn., a true hyperborean but-
terfly, which has never been found outside the Arctic circle, and even
there only occurs in places which bear a truly arctic stamp.” In the note

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

appended, the editor of C. E. says that Mr. Edwards ‘informs us that
Mr. David Bruce has taken C. Zaygete Hiib., which is syn. of Oeneis
Bore Sch., in Colorado,” Not being satisfied that Mr. Bruce’s examples
were Zaygete Hub., I sent a male, one of them, to Dr. Staudinger, who
replied, 16thOct., 1885: ‘The Chionobas agrees perfectly with some
Bore Uiib., from the highest northern region of Europe, the Varanger
Fjord. Sore is a very variable species, and offers all passages to Zaygete
Hiib., so that I consider the latter as the Labrador form of Bore. Now
that the true Gove is also discovered in Colorado is a very interesting
fact ; it would be interesting to see a large series of this Colorado form,
to know if there also will be passage to the Labrador Zaygete.” I saw
six examples of this Lore, taken by Mr. Bruce, and they were all of one
pattern, so that I do not believe any passage into Zaygefe will be found
in Colorado. In the absence of such, I shall regard Aove as a species
distinct from TZaygete. It may be one species in Europe, but so far as
appears is thoroughly distinct in America.

On the end of abdomen of one of the females sent me by Mr. Bruce
was an egg shell adhering to the hairs. — By softening the butterfly, I was
able to get this off in fair condition, so that Mrs. Peart has found it pos-
sible to make an excellent drawing of it. I do not despair of yet obtain-
ing eggs of this species and rearing the larve. Mr. Bruce found Bore on
the highest summits visited by him.

5. Curonogas Norna, Thunb.

This species has hitherto been supposed to be limited to Europe and
Asia. But I have received three females of it from northern Alaska. One
I sent to Dr. Staudinger, who writes, 29th Nov., 1885: ‘As far as I can
judge from this one bad specimen, it is a dark variety of Vorna. This is
a very variable species, which I receive also from North and Central Asia,
and from whence I have some specimens like to this one sent, although
Vorna is generally lighter colored.” The other two females were nearly
perfect, and no doubt they are Worvna. I hope to figure both Gore and
Lorna in vol. 3, But. N. A.

6. On feeding Larvee after Frost has killed the Leaves.

Mr. A. H. Mundt, of Fairbury, Ills., has told in a former number of
Can. Ent. how he fed belated larvee of P Cresphontes on dried leaves of
the prickly ash, which he softened in water, and that his larvae went to
pupation. He writes, 13th Nov., 85: ‘TI have still five larvee of Cres-

=

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 17

phontes. 1 forgot to get food for them before it froze, but found in a book
a lot of leaves of Ptelea trifoliata (Hop-tree) gathered two years ago last
spring. These I soaked over night, laid between blotting paper, and put
in the glass. The larve eat them readily.” This shows the way to
carrying through belated larve in the fall, but also how larvee from far off
regions may be saved, if the dried leaves of their plants are sent witb
them.

7. Larve supposed to have been killed by Electricity,

Miss Annie M. Wittfeld wrote me 23rd Sept., 1884, from Georgiana,
Fla.: “ Yesterday about daybreak, the sky was completely clear. Some
twenty minutes later a small black cloud rose in the southeast, and moved
very fast, though there was a dead calm with us. All of a sudden came
a stroke of lightning and at the same instant a fearful clap of thunder and
a puff of wind that took all before it. It lasted but a second and then all
was clear and calm again. After breakfast I went to my glass of
Limenitis Zvos larvee, of which I had six fully grown, and found all to be
dead and stiff, All my other larve were not affected ; these last were in
wooden boxes, while the “vos were between glass.”

8. On pairing Butterflies in Captivity.

It is common enough for certain Sphinges and Bombycidze to mate in

, boxes, and immediately after leaving pupae. This may happen when the
eggs are mature at birth,of insect. With many species of butterflies the
eggs do not mature for several days after chrysalis, as is the case with the
large Argynnids, but with others, as Phyciodes Zharos and Wycters and
Myrina, they are mature from the start. I have not experimented in this
direction, but from what Miss E. L. Morton, of Newburgh, N. Y., tells
me, it may be possible to induce butterflies of some species to mate and
so to obtain eggs, for the eggs are laid very shortly after copulation, as I
have several times observed. Miss Morton had by mistake placed a
male Satyrus A/ope under a bag of netting on grass. Three days later
she introduced a female, which up to that time was supposed to be the
second female. Almost immediately the pair mated, and a few hours
later eggs were laid.. In attempting to get eggs in this manner, it would
be best that a male caught in the field should be introduced to a female
just from chrysalis, for in the field it is these last which are sought by the
males. Almost always when a pair of butterflies in copulation are taken

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the male will be found worn or broken, while the female is uninjured in
wing, and therefore must have lately left the chrysalis.

9. Effect of Cold applied to certain Larvae.

I was feeding a brood of Coenonympha Ampelos, in June, from eggs
sent from Vancouver Island, by Mr. Fletcher. After second month all
the larvee showed signs of lethargy except one, which went rapidly to
pupa, having passed but three moults. (At same time I was feeding
larve of C. Galactinus from eggs sent by Prof. Rivers, from California,
and all these pupated after but three moults. From the pupz came Ca/z-
fornius, proving this species to be seasonally dimorphic, Galactinus
being the winter, Ca/zfornius the summer form.)

The remaining Amfelos larva spoken of at last rested asleep. Early
in August, I placed them on ice, temp. about 32°, and there left them
three months, till 7th Nov., having in mind to delude them into a belief
that winter was over and gone when they should be brought into warm
air again. ‘The experiment succeeded perfectly as to part of the larve
On 21st Nov., one passed 3rd moult, and 2nd Dec. a 4th moult, and
zoth Dec. pupated. Another passed 3rd moult 23rd Nov., but has not
yet reached the 4th (as I write 5th Jan. ’86.) In fact, these larvae feed
and move about only when placed in sunshine, and cloudy days and cold
nights retard their growth. ‘Two other larvae seem to have gone to sleep
again, and have not moulted since they left the ice. It is usual for larvae
to pass a moult soon after the end of hibernation, apparently to get rid of
the shrunken skin, and this is an extra moult. Atleast, I have found this
so, whenever the larvae hibernate half grown, so that Ampe/os should
pass four moults if hibernated, though three are the rule in summer.

ON TWO NEW HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

Among a very interesting collection of Mexican and other Hemiptera
sent to me by Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Curator of Boston Society of Natural
History, for identification, I find two species new to science and peculiar
to genera never before detected in North America, although both are well
represented in the European fauna.

In the first genus, Stenxocephalus A. & S., in Europe, four species are
known, principally peculiar to the southern portions of that continent.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19

These are :-—S. agilis, Scop.; S. setudosus, Ferrari; S. medius, Mls.
Rey, and 5S. megtectus, H. S. .

In the other genus, Cantacader, A: & S., two species only are known
—C. guadricornis, and C. Staudingeri, Baer., also from south Europe.

Now, the detection of representatives of these genera in North America
is especially gratifying to me, and below will be found full generic and
specific descriptions. .

FAMILY COREID.
Stenocephalus, A. & S.

Gen. char.—Head triangular, prolonged anteriorly between the antennz
with its extremity bifid; eyes large, globular, prominent ; antenne very
long, hairy ; first joint thickened, a little shorter than the head ; second
joint slender, much longer than the first ; third shortest ; fourth about as
long as the second and slightly stouter ; beak attaining to the base of the
intermediate legs ; first and second joints about equal in length ; third
and fourth shorter; prothorax trapezoidal, narrowed anteriorly, and with
the posterior angles not very prominent: scutellum triangular, moderate
sized ; elytra with corium long and membrane with five or six longitudinal
veins, sometimes forked ; abdomen not quite as long or sometimes a very
little longer than the elytra and rounded posteriorly ; legs moderately
long, hairy, without spines; femora but slightly curved, subequal in
length.

Stenocephalus Mexicanus, i. sp.

Length, .43 inch. Brownish pubescent, form of Stenocephalus
neglectus, H. S., but more robust, and thickly and finely punctate, punc-
tures black; head blackish ; antennz: first joint stout, black, more
densely pubescent than other joints ; second joint but slightly longer than
fourth, with two yellowish white annuli; third joint shortest, with a yellow-
ish white annulus at base ; fourth joint with a small yellowish white an-
nulus at base and another in the middle; beak with first joint yellow ;
second joint yellow beneath, above and joints third and fourth piceous ;
the extreme tip of scutellum is yellow. The membrane of wing is brown
with six longitudinal veins, the first and last being forked, and the stout
vein at base, or where it joins the corium, yellow ; legs: anterior femora
black, excepting at base, which is yellow, tibie for a third of their tips and

-at base black, balance yellow, tarsi black; intermediate and posterior

femora yellow for more than half their length, balance black ; tibie and
tarsi same as anterior pair.

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Described from one specimen, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, F.
Sumichrist.

This is the first of the genus described from North America, and is
very closely related to S. neglectus, H. S.

It is at once distinguished from that species, however, by a more
robust form, a different antennal and abdominal coloration, and by the
membrane not quite reaching the tip of the abdomen.

FAMILY TINGITID#&.

Cantacader, A. & S.

Gen. char.—Head elongated and projecting but little between the
antenne ; front horned ; eyes small, globular, not prominent ; antennz
slender, very long; the first two joints short, second very long, fourth
short, pointed fusiform ; beak lying in a well pronounced groove, and
reaching nearly to the base of the posterior legs ; prothorax somewhat
abruptly rounded at its posterior border and not prolonged to a point,
although the scutellum is not uncovered. The other characters are those
of Monanthia.

Cantacader Henshawi, n. sp.

Length, .23 inch. Yellowish brown, elongate, narrowed anteriorly,
and gradually widened posteriorly, with the wings extending beyond the
abdomen : head brownish on vertex with three pale horns, two just back
of antennz and the third in the centre just back of these, with their points
converging forward towards each other, two pale but prominent lateral
carina, one on each side, extending from base of antenne back to pro-
thorax, more prominent posteriorly ; eyes brown; antenne: first and
second joints short, stout, brownish, the first twice the length of the
second ; third joint extremely long, slender, paler in color, and abruptly
thickened and black at tip ; fourth joint longer than first, fusiform, black ;
thorax with lateral margins reflexed, and with three prominent carina ;
wings long with the raised veins piceous and the reticulated cells smal! ;
abdomen and legs brownish yellow, with the extreme tips of tibie and
tarsi and claws black.

Described from one specimen sent me by Mr. Samuel Henshaw,
labelled Boston, July 7th, 1879, to whom I {take pleasure in dedicating
the species.

It is the only species of the genus described from North America, and
is a very easily recognized species.

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NOW READY.

4

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VOL. XVIIL LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1886. Noy, :2

NOTES OF 1885 ON SOME INJURIOUS AND OTHER
COMMON INSECTS.

BY JOHN G. JACK, CHATEAUGUAY, QUEBEC.
Read before the Montreal Branch Ent. Soc. of Ont., 9th Feb., 1886.

The past season was remarkable, in our locality, for the general scarcity of
diurnal Lepidoptera, and also of many of the Coleoptera, especially among
the Scarabeide, Cerambycide and Buprestide. Many species of these,
usually plentiful, seemed rare this year, and even Lachnosterna fusca was
not nearly so abundant or injurious asit is generally. Perhaps, with the
exception of Co/zas philodice, the most common butterfly was D. archippus,
which I have never seen so common. Ido not think I saw a single speci-
men of P. cardui, although it was very abundant last year. Pieris rape
was less numerous and appears to be decreasing in numbers every year,
largely owing, no doubt, to the attacks of the parasite Preromalus
puparum. The birds also, especially the Fly-catchers, do not get
full credit for the good work they do. Insects of all other orders seemed
to be about as abundant as usual, and several species proved to be more
than usually numerous and destructive.

The Buffalo Tree-hopper ( Ceresa bubalus Say) was again very abun-
dant, doing very much injury to apple and pear trees in young orchards.
On July 5th I found some larch trees (Larix Americana) with the foliage
very much destroyed by Saw-fly larve, and on examining the trees in the
woods and surrounding country, I found that they were all attacked. At
this time most of the larvee seemed to bea little more than half grown, and
they continued to feed until about July 15th, when some of them made
cocoons. Many of the trees were now entirely defoliated, and the branches
and twigs literally covered with the larve, many of which were drop-
ping to the ground, and with the falling “frass” made a sound like that of
fast falling raindrops. Three days later (July 18) very. few of the larve
were to be found, most of them having formed cocoons among the old

22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

en

leaves and debris, or in the loose surface soil at the base of the trees or in
the vicinity. When collecting some of these cocoons on July roth, I
found that very large numbers had already been collected and the larve
taken out by some small animals, probably mice and moles, as there was a
perfect network of small burrows under the old leaves and grass. The
empty cocoons were collected into little heaps, and a very large handful
could often be gathered at a single grasp.

Having been kept in a moderately warm room, some of the imagines
emerged from the cocoons on December 22nd, and continued to do
so almost daily until January 17th of this year. The larve,. cocoons
and imagines agreed exactly with the figures of Vematus Erichsonii
(Hortig), in Prof. Riley’s report to the U. S. Department of Agriculture
for 1883. -

I had noticed these larve on the larch trees in former years, but
they were not so generally abundant, and I had not the opportunity
to study them.

My father has told me that about thirty years ago the tamarack
woods were entirely defoliated, and looked as though scorched by
fire, and he thinks that the saw-fly larvee were probably the cause. It
-was more noticeable at that time, as there were large tracts of land
covered with tamarack forest that have now entirely disappeared.

Another insect has proved to be peculiarly injurious this season to
young growing beans. It is a small dipterous fly, and specimens sent
to Prof. Riley were determined by him as Aznthomyia angustifrons,
Mirgen (=A. colopteni, Riley), the larve of which have been hitherto
known to feed upon the eggs of Caloptenus. During the past
summer the larve attacked a field of golden wax beans that were
planted about June r5th, and on that part of the field that was most
seriously injured, at least nine-tenths of the crop was destroyed.
About ten days after planting, as very few of the beans had grown to
the surface of the ground, an examination was made for the cause,
and it was found that nearly every bean was infected by from 1 or 2
to 20 or 25 small, long, white maggots. Some of the beans attacked
had hardly sprouted, while most of them had grown from one to two
inches, but being planted deeply, they had scarcely reached the surface.
Both the stems and seed-leaves were attacked. These larve were first
noticed on June 25th; by the 28th many of them had pupated, and
hardly a maggot could be found after July 2nd. The flies emerged

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

about’ July roth. If this bean-feeding habit of the insect should be-
come general, it might prove very annoying.

_ Grasshoppers of several species were very abundant and injurious,
hundreds of bushels of grain having been destroyed by them, while
pasture and grasses were much injured, and many young fruit trees
were defoliated. Some farmers reported in early September that their
buckwheat had been so devoured by grasshoppers that only the stumps
of the stalks remained.

Cicada canicularis Harr. was not so common this season as it has been

“some years.

Females of the fall canker-worm moth (Azzsopteryx pometaria) were
taken depositing eggs on apple trees, Nov. 21-24. This insect is not
common in our part of the country, and is not noticeably injurious.

Larvae of the pear-tree slug (.Se/andria cerasz) were found as late as
Oct. 30th, or later. They are not abundant and give us no trouble.

The fall web-worm, Hyphantria textor, has become more abundant
and troublesome during the past three or four years. Young larvae were
first noticed July roth, and new lots continued to hatch until about the
middle of August.

A fresh specimen of the cotton moth (A/etia xylina Say) was taken
Sept. roth.

On July 12th, a large number of small parasitic flies emerged from a
dead cut-worm (Noctuidae). These parasites are evidently the Copidosoma
truncatellum Dalman, which is so well figured by Prof. Riley in his Re-
port to the U.S. Dept. of Agr. for 1883.

Early in‘December I took a living specimen of Cyrtophorus verrucosus
Oliv. in the wood of wild red cherry (2. pennsylvanica Linn.), and also
found a large number of larve which I think were of the same species, as
they occupied similar cavities to that of the beetle. The larvae of a
Lepidopterous insect (probably A°gerian) was found under the bark of
the same tree.

On Dec. 8th, a living pupa of Zremex columba was taken from the
heart of a green beech log, the log being over ten inches in diameter. At
the same time larvae of Saferda calcarata were taken from the heart of
Populus tremuloides.

24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON STAPHYLINIDEA.
BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH.

The following are some notes on a dozen of the more interesting
species of Staphylinide which I have found in this vicinity. Two of the
species, which will be duly given, were determined by M. Fauvel. All
the others were identified by Dr. Horn.

Falagria dissecta Er. Numbers of this almost minute species were
taken 8 Oct., 1884, in, on and under decaying and rain-soaked fragments
of a large, reddish-tinged fungus growth, which I had previously plucked
and broken to pieces to obtain Phenolia grossa Fab.

Flomalota festinans Er. ‘This species was determined by M. Fauvel,
to whom I sent specimens, together with one other species given farther
on. Ten or twelve specimens were taken by me on an old board fence
one still and sunny day in autumn, gth Nov., 1884. They were flying in
the air, often alighting on the weather-beaten boards; and being quite
small and dark-colored, one would occasionally be detected only by the
lustre of its wings in the sunlight. In the evening of the following day I
took a specimen, which I think is the same species, running over my
papers as I was writing by lamp-light.

Quedius vernix Lec. ‘This fine species is entirely of a_ highly
burnished jet black. I took two specimens gth Nov., 1884, under the
soft, completely rotted remains of an old log in the woods. Both speci-
mens lay perfectly motionless when they were disturbed, looking as
though they were dead, but I recognized them, although they were black
amongst black.

Philonthus brunneus Grav. JI do not remember the conditions under
which the original specimens were found ; but they were probably taken
in decaying fungus. One specimen, which I am quite sure belongs to this
species, I took 8th Oct., 1884, in the same pieces of decaying fungus with
Falagria dissecta Ex. .

Philonthus microphthalums Horn. This is a rather small species,
and was also taken 8th Oct., 1884, with Fa/agria. Several specimens
were found in the decaying pieces of fungus.

Philonthus baltimorensis Gray. This very pretty species, with
polished black head and thorax and reddish elytra and abdomen, is oc-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25

casionally taken flying in summer and autumn, as are so many of the
Staphylinide.

Philonthus apicalis Say. This is a very fine species, of a shining
black with the tip of the abdomen-dark reddish. Two specimens alighted
on my clothes in the woods roth Oct., 1884 ; and while endeavoring to
capture one, it emitted on my fingers a clear liquid having a strong smell
which I cannot describe better than by saying that it was like a mixture of
wintergreen and fungus essence. The odor lasted for some time, but in
some unaccountable manner the Staphylinid disappeared. An hour or so
afterward, in another part of the woods, a second specimen alighted on me,
and this time I was more successful and captured it. It emitted the very
same scent, and in this specimen it seemed to me that the scent was in the
form of an essence or oil all over the body ; as I could not find that the
insect emitted it visibly, yet my fingers would be touched with it wherever
I touched the insect. It was probably emitted as a clear liquid at first
from the extremity of the abdomen, and afterward got over the body.

Xantholinus cephalus Say. This specimen I have elsewhere given as
taken in one instance under the bark of a dead trunk of basswood in Oct.

Cryptobium bicolor Grav. One taken on my clothes znd Oct., and
another under a stone 8th Oct., 1884.

Paederus littorarius Grav. This species I have taken in colonies in
passages under the bark of dead stumps in Feb., and under dry rotten
wood in Oct.

Boletobius exoletus Er. ‘This is the other species kindly determined
for me by M. Fauvel. It does not seem to be given in our lists. M.
Fauvel writés me: ‘‘ Le No. 2 est Bodlitobius exoletus Er. (trinotatus
Horn nec Er.)” It is given in Fowler and Matthews’ Cat. of Brit.
Coleopt. (as is also ¢77notatus Er.), and is consequently found in England.
I took one specimen of this very pretty species 26th Aug., 1885, in a
decaying ‘“ toad-stool” fungus.

Olophrum obtectum Er. ‘The nomenclature of the U.S. species of
this genus was formerly very mixed, but is straightened out satisfactorily
now ; marginatum Makl. is now a synonym of marginatum Kirby, and
convexicolle Lec. of rotundicolle Sahlb., while rotundicolle Say and
emarginatum Say are synonyms of odtectum Er., the name now adopted
for the species under consideration. Two specimens were taken 8th Oct.,
1884, in the decaying pieces of fungus with Fa/agria.

I might mention that all the above genera are found in Europe; all

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

except the last two (and very probably they also occur) are given by
Sharp from the Amazon region in South America (Sharp, Staphylinidee of
the Amazon, Trans. London Ent. Soc., 1876, Parts I. and II., May and

June), while PAz/onthus and Xantholinus are found also in New Zealand. .

NATURAL HISTORY NOTES ON CERTAIN COLEOPTERA.
No. I.

BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENNY, PA.

Ceophyllus monilis Lec. Several of these curious little coleopters
were taken May 11th, from a colony of ants inhabiting under a flat stone.
This ant is honey yellow, .18 inch in length, very sluggish in its move-
ments, and not disposed to be vicious ; it seems to be the same as that
with which Batrisus bistriatus is found (also in May), and is perhaps
Lasius integerrimus, Mayr., which Mr. E. A. Schwarz thinks is the name
of the ant with which on several occasions he found the same beetle in
Michigan in early spring.

The beetles were on the under side of the stone distributed
among the ants, and taking alarm immediately on its being overturned,
scampered off so quickly into the underground galleries that only a few
could be captured.

Dr. Leconte founded the genus on a single specimen taken in Michi-
gan, in August, under the bark of the American linden ; his specimen was
only .11 inch in length, while these measure .16 ; otherwise his descrip-
tion applies, or from the different habitat another species might be in-
ferred. Does C. monzlis desert the ants in the spring to breed beneath
bark during the summer and its offspring resort to the habitations of these
ants to spend the winter? It is on many lists, but, except in the instance
mentioned, has any one taken it elsewhere than with these insects ?
There are a considerable number of beetles found in friendly association
with ants, especially in the spring, many of which are not recorded as
having been observed elsewhere ; but where their larval lives are spent is
something entirely unknown, Some of them, in the spring, leave their
friends, like Cremastochtlus canaliculatus, which may be observed from
May till August alighting during the hottest sunshine on warm stones and
dusty roads ; but whether all likewise leave is uncertain. The suggestion

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 27

is made to those finding ants-nest-beetles to mount an ant with each, as it
will add much to the interest and value of the collection.

Eleusis pallidus Lec., seems to be rare. The specimens from which
Dr. Leconte described the species were found in ants’ nests ; but their oc-
currence there was probably accidental, as their exceedingly thin,
depressed form indicates a subcortical rather than a subterranean habitus-
This summer I took a colony of over twenty under the decomposing bark
of a Balm of Gilead (Populus candicans ), a near ally of the western cot-
ton tree, under the bark of which another species, 2. fasciatus, is found
abundantly.

Cercus pennatus Murr., may be taken plentifully about the second
week in May, on the blossoms of the Red Elder (Sambucus pubens), and
is seldom seen after it is out of bloom. It is mostly found on bushes
growing in or near marshy places, those on dry situations yielding but
few examples ; and from this it may be properly inferred that the larve
require a humid soil for their habitation. In the synoptic table in Dr.
Horn’s revision, the club of the antennz is said to be bi-articulate; this,
however, does not appear to be a very constant character, as the differ-
ence in size between the ninth and tenth joint is in many specimens
scarcely appreciable, especially in the males.

Cucujus clavipes Fab. The very depressed form of this well known
beetle indicates, @ priovz, its subcortical habit, and no other has power to
adapt its tastes to a greater variety of timber—locust, maple, oak, hickory,
gum, buckeye, &c., are all alike to it. The larva do not eat the wood nor
the bark, living apparently on the moisture existing between the two.
They are elongate, much depressed, brownish yellow, and scarcely to be
distinguished from those of Dendroides canadensis. Some time in Sep-
tember, the larva having matured, constructs a circular cell from small
particles of the decaying bark and wood, and in this completes its trans-
formations before severe frost, but the beetle does not quit the cell till the
following spring. I have never known any of these insects to be taken
elsewhere than under bark, though they undoubtedly fly, being possessed
of a good pair of wings. On the roth of October, 15 newly disclosed
individuals and several pupae were taken under the bark of a gum log ;
the latter are depressed like the beetle, pale at first, the eyes, antennae
and portions of the legs gradually changing to black, and the elytra be-
coming red after disclosure. This insect is annual.

Elater militaris Harr. is as rare as the preceding is commun, though

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

SSS |S een

it may eventually be discovered to be much more plentiful than hereto-
fore, since collectors have been furnished with the data for its recognition
by the publication of Dr. Leconte’s Synopsis of the genus (Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc., vol. 12). Till now it has been among a set of unfortunate
beetles, with names in the catalogues and descriptions accessible to few.
It may readily be confounded with £Z. ¢imteus, with which it is found,
specimens of which occur with the apical black of the elytra more or less
obsolete ; but it may always be distinguished by the epipleura being
entirely black, whereas in /éztews the anterior half is conspicuously pale.
The elytra are yellower than in Zzztezs, with the external and sutural mar-
gins narrowly black and a little cloudiness at the apex in one of my two
specimens. The antennae, besides having the second and third joints
rounded and equal, scarcely exceed in length the thorax in the male, while
in the female they are one third shorter. Nine specimens that I have
seen have the foregoing characteristics.

Elasmocerus terminatus Say, was obtained in large numbers from a
box of dead grape vines in May and June. These grape vines also
yielded a multitude of Phymatodes amoenus, some Neoclytus erythro-
cephalus, Chariessa pilosa, Tenebrioides corticalis, besides other smaller
species. The P. amoenus, which had nearly pulverized the vines, had
mostly emerged before Z. terminatus appeared. On splitting the vine
several of its pupae were found in galleries excavated by the larvae them-
selves ; these were from four to six inches in length; the distal end was
packed with coarse fibre after the manner of the Cerambycans, and the
other, towards which lay the head, with fine dust, leaving about an inch
of vacancy for the pupa. These, like the perfect insects, vary from .25
to .50 inch in length. They are cylindrical, the abdomen smooth without
projections or hooks, and having a greater diameter than the parts
anterior ; color entirely pale, the emargination of the eyes and tip of the
abdomen first become dark, then the legs and wing pads ; next the pupa
skin is cast, and in three or four days the head and thorax have also
changed to dark and the abdomen to red, and then the perfect insect
comes forth in quest of flowers and a mate, the time occupied in the
transformation having been from ten to fourteen days.

The vines contained the larvee of several species, but which produc 1
this beetle was not certainly ascertained, though I strongly suspect it o
have been one that was round, six-footed, .25 to .50 inch. in length, white
with a very small retractile black head armed with short, strong mandi-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

bles; the legs stout, with one claw; the pro-legs well developed; the
segments gradually tapering from the seventh to the head, the others not
varying much in diameter, except the last, which is tapering and terminated
with two short black hooks ; the body has a few long stiff hairs. These
larvze were taken in the act of excavating galleries similar to the ones in
which the pupe of Z. terminatus were found.

Whether the larvz are carnivorous is unknown, but they are certainly
lignivorous, as the work of their burrows shows. The Cleridz are said
to be parasitic in the larva state, but this species looks like an exception,
as that much misapplied term is scarcely elastic enough to embrace a larva
that is at the most only carnivorous. ‘

Xanthonia villosula Mels. Two forms at least are recognized in this
species. The first is the typical, entirely brownish rufous, and usually
taken on oak, especially white oak, in June and July ; it is so abundant
and well known as to require no further notice. The other is slightly
larger, with the thorax a little less convex and more coarsely punctured ;
the under sides except the legs are black ; the antennae, mouth parts and
feet are always yellowish ; the head, thorax and elytra vary from ferrugin-
ous through all degrees of cloudiness to deep black. Like the other form,
in life they are densely coated with an amorphous white powder that gives
them the appearance of having been dusted with flour, and is so fugitive
as to be only imperfectly preserved by the most careful handling possible.
This form appears to feed on hazel alone, though it may be taken on any
bush in its vicinity. While perhaps not separable from the first form by
any constant structural characters, yet for the benefit of collectors it might
- be well that*it should as a color variety have a name.

When color variations are in any way constant, they are as necessary
in a complete cabinet as typical forms, and might be named and cata-
logued with great advantage to collectors and no detriment to science.

Nemognatha nemorensis Hentz. This beetle has a wide range, ex-
tending from the Atlantic to Colorado. It is probably not so rare as it
seems to be, owing perhaps to the character of its food plant and its
apparent resemblance to certain common and undesirable species of
Lampyride, both of which may cause it to be readily overlooked. I find
it abundantly throughout July on two species of Rudbeckia growing in
meadows bordered with woods (XR. speciosa and &. hirta), which rarely
yield any Coleoptera except Acmacodera pulchella. The insects belong-
ing to this genus and the next (Guathium) are remarkable for having the

30° THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

outer lobe of the maxillae greatly elongated, being in some species equal
to the length of the body, and very slender. As seen in the cabinet these
lobes are widely separated, but in life they are closely approximated,
forming a single nematoid appendage. In the present species this
arrangement is admirably adapted to the character of the flowers on which
they feed ; the florets of the Rudbeckias being very long and very com-
pactly inserted on the disk, to reach the nectaries at their bases, just such
an armature is required. ‘The lobes of the maxillae are inserted closed
and. do not embrace the florets nor open and shut in feeding, but are
moved up and down like a drill, the needle shifting around among the
florets without being withdrawn ; but in what way the nourishment is
conveyed to the mouth I could not ascertain.

The species of this genus are numerous west of the Mississippi, and
it would be interesting to learn what species of flowers they frequent.

NOTE ON ORYSSUS SAYI.
BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

The members of the genus Oryssus are apparently rare in Canada,
and I was therefore much pleased to capture on the 2nd June a fine 9 O.
Sayz. It was running up and down a telegraph pole (one of the new ones
put up for the electric light wires), and had at first glance all the appear-
ance of some small wasp (Crabronidz), searching fora suitable hole for its
nest. Its movements were very quick, and its antennze vibrated rapidly.
It was so alert and restless that my prospects of capturing it without a net
seemed far from bright. However, the capture was made, and its
struggles in my cyanide bottle were brief. A few days later I tooka
upon one of the same poles, although in a different part of the city, and
saw what appeared to be another of these insects fly away from higher up,
the pole. On the 24th I secured another female, which was even more active
than the first, and which flew away and returned to the same place twice
before I effected its capture. This habit of flying away when disturbed
and of returning, even from some distance, to the very spot left, is one
which [ have noticed in other species of Uroceride. The poles upon
which the above specimens were taken are cedar, and it is more than
probable that the insects had emerged from the poles, as many had very
numerous holes in them, apparently of Uroceridee as well as of Coleoptera.

+i
eS

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, ol

a

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF CANADIAN LEPIDOPTERA.
BY J. ALSTON MOFFAT, HAMILTON, ONT.

But little attention seems to have been given to Micro-Lepidoptera
by Canadian collectors hitherto, so far as can be gathered from the
printed lists, 83 names being all that could be reached when the
latest one was published. It is certainly not for want of an abundance
of material to work upon. I turned my attention to them specially. last
summer, and was quite surprised to find that so many different species
could be obtained when sought for, considering that the season was a most
unfavorable one for collecting generally, and no doubt affected them
similarly. Mr. Fernald has kindly named the following 33 species for me,
which I had in duplicate : (

1. Scoparia libella, Grote. 18. CEnectra xanthoides, Walk.
2. Botis terrealis, Fr. 1g. Amphisa discopunctana, Clem.
3. venalis, Gr. 20. Conchylis straminoides, Gr.
4. Cataclysta fulicalis, Clem. 21. Eccopsis permundana, Clem.
Bs. Paraponyx plenilinealis, Gr. 22, M" concinnana, Clem.
"6. Homophysa albolineata,G.-R. 23. " imornatana, Clem.
7. Ephestia interpunctella, Hub. 24. " Footiana, Fern.

8. Crambus sericinellus, Zell. 25. Penthina hebesana, Walk.

9 " alboclavellus, Schl., 26. Sericoris agilana, Clem.

var. 27. Paedisca transmissana, Walk,

10. " topiarius, Zell. 28. " Scudderiana, Clem.
rs: 1 - elegans, Clem. 29. Semasia formosana, Clem.
B2. " vulgivagellus, Clem. 30. Steganoptycha nubeculana,
13. Schoenobius longirostrellus, Cl. Fern. MSS.

14. Cryptolechia tentoriferella,Cl. | 31. Phoxopteris nubeculana, Clem.
15. Epigraphia eruditella, Gr. 32. Chimabacche _ haustellata,
16. Pandennis lamprosana, Robs. Wlsm.

17. Lophoderus politana, Haw. 33. Gelechia roseosuffusella, Clem,

There were several which I sent to him besides, that were new to him
or unnamed in his collection. Of these 33, four are in the Canadian list
Nos. 3, 4,12 and 21. No. 4 is in the Society’s collection as C. annulalis
Walk., which Mr. Fernald informs me is a South American species, and
21 is probably the Grapholitha permundana of the Society’s list. The
conditions must be particularly favorable for the development of No. 4 at

32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Ridgeway, I would suppose from the multitudes of them I saw there last
summer. I found them amongst some walnut trees which were growing
by the lake shore, on the line where the barren sand of the beach joined
the vegetation of the field, and when the lower branches or grass was dis-
turbed, they would rise in clouds. I have now in my collection 108 named
species ; of these 58 have printed labels, leaving 25 labels yet unoccupied
by me, and giving me 50 names new to the Canadian list, and I have 76
single specimens besides yet undetermined.

TENTHREDO (?) DELTA, PROV.
BY W.: HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

Among the Tenthredinidz captured by me during the past season was
a good series of Zenthredo delta Prov, consisting of 12 females and 26
males. In pinning them I was frequently struck by the evident irregu-
larity of the venation of the wings, and on a more careful examination of
the specimens I find these irregularities to be both numerous and remart?
able. No other species represented in my cabinet show any such
divergencies from the typical form, except in rare instances. Provancher
describes the female (page 210, ‘‘Petite Faune Entomologique du Canada”)
as having ¢wo discoidal cells in under wings, and Cresson (“ Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc.,” vol. vili., page 44) as having oe or two middle cells. One
middle cell appears to be the rule, and any deviation therefrom to be an
exception. Of my 12 specimens, 10 have ove middle cell each, one has
two middle cells, and the other zone. The males are more uniform
apparently in their venation, as none of my 26 specimens have middle
cells in the under wings, thus agreeing with the description given by
Cresson (loc. cit). Apart from the varying number of middle cells, the
under wing of the females have the cells varying much in shape, especially
the middle one, which ranges from a small triangular form to a large four-
sided (square or irregular) one. There are also occasionally small
additional cells on the posterior margin.

The most interesting variations are, however, to be observed in the
anterior wings, and in this respect both sexes are nearly on a par; a female
with three marginal cells is offset by a.# with but ove. The former has
both wings symmetrical as regards the additional marginal cell, and in

—— ei pee aco ie

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 30

having the outer submarginal partly divided, while in the second the right
wing shows a portion of the cross-nervure, which is totally wanting in
the left. A rudimentary, or incomplete, cross-nervure in the outer
submarginal cell occurs in several specimens, and in one ¢ the third sub-
marginal nervure is continued half-way across the cell below. Another
male has the third submarginal cell divided into two cells by a cross-nervure,
which nearly coincides with the second recurrent. The left wing of one
specimen has the third submarginal nervure forked at the anterior end, so
as to form a minute triangular areolet, which, on the opposite wing, is
almost square, and gives from the lower outer corner a branch partly
across the cell. The outer submarginal cell is also in one instance partly
divided longitudinally by a branch from the centre of the third submarginal
nervure. The consideration of variations such as these specimens afford
will indicate one of the difficulties which may attend the determination of
a species (especially in the case of single insects) from descriptions, and
the possibility of its being placed in a wrong genus and confounded with
some species resembling it in color and markings. In a species whose
wing-venation is evidently so unstable as that of the present insect, the
specimens with additional complete or rudimentary cells appear to be
reversions toward an earlier type, in which the wing-cells were more
numerous. Another point in regard to the wings of this species is that the
outer cells of the under wings of the male (in all my specimens) are closed,
as in several of our species of Strongylogaster. This fact is not mentioned
in the descriptions before quoted, and seems to me sufficient reason to
question the propriety of placing the species in Tenthredo, from the
members of. which genus it also differs in general appearance, and to
suggest the advisability of including it for the present in Strongylogaster.
From the first tribe of this genus (as divided by Cresson) it seems to
differ chiefly in having the lanceolate cell with a short, straight cross-line,
instead of an oblique one. ‘That its true position in the family is some-
what uncertain is evident from the fact that it was originally described as
a species of Pachyprotasis, a genus much further removed from Tenthredo
than is Strongylogaster. My specimens were all taken in the same
locality—a swampy meadow margin, luxuriant in ferns, herbaceous plants
and shrubs. The majority of them were taken during June and July.

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

— = bine a - S

THE ENTOMOLOGY OF VANCOUVER ISLAND.

NOTES ON SEVENTY-SIX SPECIES OF CICINDELIDZ AND CARABIDA
' COLLECTED NEAR VICTORIA, VANCOUVER ISLAND.

BY GEORGE W. TAYLOR, VICTORIA, B. C.

The beetles enumerated below were all taken by myself in the neigh-
bourhood of Victoria, Vancouver Island, during the past few seasons.
Some of the larger species, especially the Colosomas, were captured under
heaps of rubbish in my garden. The species of Omus and Cychrus and
many others were found while searching for land shells under oak logs in
the woods. Very many kinds too were found under stones, also during
search for shells, while most of the rarer kinds were taken, accidentally I
might say, while flying in the sunshine. :

The number of specimens of Carabidae that could be collected here
is very large, individuals being in fact far more numerous than I have
ever seen them anywhere else, and I feel confident that a season’s careful
working would almost double my present list of species. .

A large number (40 out of 78) of those I now record are new to the
Canadian fauna, that is, as far as my knowledge of the same (which is
based upon the Toronto Check List) goes, and some of these additions
are very interesting ones.

The correctness of the determinations is, I think, beyond question,
all the types (except in the case of eleven species) having passed
through the hands of Mr. Ulke, of New York, who has been most kind
and obliging in this matter. The remaining eleven speciés have been
named for me by Dr. Horn, through the kind mediation of Mr. W. H.
Harrington, of Ottawa. I have added to the list two species taken on the
mainland of British Columbia by Mr. James Fletcher (of Ottawa) in
1883, and very generously given to me.

CICINDELID#.

1. Cicindela vulgaris Say, var. Not uncommon, but much less frequent
than the next species. : .

2. Cicindela r2-guttata Dej. The variety Oregona Lec. is the form
occurring here. It is very common indeed. especially by the sea-
side. I have another species of Cicindela not yet identified.

cane

r3;

14.

15.

16.

DY.
18,

19.

20,

21.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIiSi. pa ie

CARABID&.

. Elaphrus Clairvillei Kirby. One specimen only, on 20th August,

1882, near the margin of Green Mountain Swamp (Victoria). I
have searched the locality on several other occasions, but have
failed so far to procure another specimen.

Elaphrus riparius Linn. This widely distributed species is very
abundant here.

. Loricera ro-punctata Esch. Several specimens on different occasions,

generally flying in the middle of the day.
Notiophilus sylvaticus Esch. Not common.
1 . wmitens Lec. ‘Two only. A third species of Notiophilus
is at present undetermined.

. Nebria virescens Chaud. Several at different times.

1 Mannerheimii Fisch. <A pair under seaweed on the beach.

. Leistus ferruginosus Mann. Not rare.

Calosoma tepidum Lec. Not uncommon ; very variable in size.

" calidum Fab. Several specimens of this fine beetle last
spring. I have also three or four Calosomas which seem different
from my type of ca/idum, but I have not yet submitted them to any
authority.

Carabus taedatus Fischer. Common under logs, etc. A few days
ago I secured 20 or 30 in some holes that had been dug the day
before for fencing posts.

Cychrus marginatus Dej. Quite the commonest of our large
Carabidae.

Cychrus angusticollis Fischer. Not so common as marginatus, but
by no means rare.

Omus Dejeani Reiche. Very common under logs, and often to be
seen wandering over the roads, I suppose in search of prey.

Omus Audouint Reiche. Not uncommon.

Promecognathus crassus Lec. I took a couple under a stone in 1882,
and this season I have seen two or three more.

Dyschirius patruelis Lec. One specimen only. I have this year
taken a considerable number of a species a little larger than this,
but in other respects very similar. They were found running over
the sands at Cadboro’ Bay.

Dromius piceus Dej., var. guadricollis Lec, Several.

Blechrus lucidus Lec. Very common under logs and stones.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

. Cymindis cribricollis Dej. One specimen only, 26th March, 1882.

. Calathus Behrensii Mann. Very common near Victoria.

. Llatynus brunneomarginatus Mann. 28. Platynus Californicus De}.
" guadratus Lec. etry i°y " corvus Lec.
" subsericeus Lec. 30. " Sossiger De}.
" sordens Kirby. . 34 " octocolus Mann.

= guadripunctatus De}.

Of the above species of Platynus, swbsericeus is very abundant under

stones, bruancomarginatus is common in and under rotten logs, and
corvus is fairly common. All the others are represented in my collection
by single specimens, principally captured while flying in the sunshine.

52:

39:
40.

4I.
42.

Pterostichus orinomum Leach. Common.
" lucublandus Say. Not rare.
" amethystinus De}. Very common.
" validus Dej. Very common,
" lustrans Lec. A large variety ; rare.
" herculaneus Mann. Not common.
" crenicollis Lec. Common under logs on the banks of the
River Colquitz, in one locality about five miles from Victoria.

Poecilus cursitor Lec. One only.

Holciophorus ater De}. Not uncommon in rotten logs. This is the
largest species of the order that I have yet taken here. It quickly
destroys any other beetles that may be placed in the same box with
it, though it does not appear to be nearly so savage an insect as are
our two species of Omus.

Amara subaenea Lec. Not common. |
sp. Asmall species somewhat resembling erratica, but much
smaller. It was returned by Mr. Ulke without a name, and is
therefore presumably a new species.

. Amara littoralis Zimm. Rare as far as I have observed, but probably

commoner in suitable places,

. Amara laevipennis Kirby. Not uncommon.

1 Californica Dej. Rare.

n fallax Lec. Not common.

1 obesa Say. Rare.

1 ¢melanogastrica De}. Common.
1 erratica Sturm. Common.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37

50. Chlaenius interruptus Horn. Not very uncommon in damp localities.
ae " harpalinus Esch. " " " "
52. Anisodactylus viridescens Lec. Not rare; color variable.

aa. " semipunctatus Lec. Common.

54 " piceus Meretr. Common.

5S: " Californicus Dej. Common.

56. Bradycellus nigrinus Dej. Not rare.
ATA " Californicus Lec. Not rare.

58. Harpalus cautus Dej. Very common.

59- " rufimanus Lec. Very common, less so than the other two,
60. " somnolentus Dej. Very common.

61. Stenolophus conjunctus Say. Common.

62. " limbalis, Lec. Common.

63. " sp. ‘‘ Not named yet”—Ulke. Common.

64. Patrobus fossifrons De}. Not uncommon under logs.
65. Bembidium mutatum Gemm. 71. Bembidium nigripes Kirby.

66. " sp. A. Vee " connivens Lec.

67. " sp. B. 3s " versicolor Lec.
68. " erasum Lec. 7 4. " sulcatum Lec.

69. " incrematum Lec. (Ae " conspersum Chd.
70. 1 tridescens Lec. 76. " paludosum Sturm.

var. lacustre.

All these species of Bembidium seem to be common except pal”

dosum, of which species I have only taken one specimen, and I cannot

recall the precise locality. Of the two unnamed species, Mr. Ulke in-

- formed me that he had specimens from other localities, but they were not
yet described.

The species determined for me by Dr. Horn are as follows: Nos. 1. 6,

9, 12, 23, 73, 74, 75, 76; and the two under-mentioned species, which are
the ones alluded to at the commencement of this paper as having been
taken on the mainland of B. C. by Mr. Fletcher.

Cicindela imperfecta Lec.
Opisthius Richardsoni Kirby.

38 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTE ON AN INJURIOUS SAW-FLY LARVA.

BY THE REV. THOS. W. FYLES, SOUTH QUEBEC.

Length of larva, one and one-eighth inches ; breadth at widest part,
three-sixteenths of an inch. The body flattened beneath, and slightly
rounded above. It is scalloped along -the sides. The legs proper are
long and projecting. The creature has the habit of twisting the last four
or five segments to one side. | When disturbed it throws itself into the
usual attitude of a Nematus larva. Its general color is yellow—the
head has an orange tinge. There are ten rows of black spots on the
body—six rows along the back, one row on each side, and two rows
underneath. The spots of the side rows are longer than the rest, and
are placed one on the fore part of each scallop. In each of the rows on
the back the spots run three to a segment. The last segment has no
spots. The eyes of the larva are black, and the mandibles are brown.
The creature forms a rather loose, white cocoon.

Swarms or this kind of larva fed on the white birch, in the neighbor-

hood of Quebec, during the month of September. They have all now
gone into the cocoon stage.

NOTES ON TENTHREDINIDA,, 1885.

BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

Read at the Annual Meeting of the Ent. Soc. Ont.

The earliest species which I noted during the past season, was the
common and obnoxious currant saw-fly, Vematus ventricosus, which
appeared on 15th May. Two days later I captured upon willow in bloom
a specimen of Dolerus collaris, and on the 21st and 22nd found D. aprilis
quite common on and about alders, with a few D. serzceus ? and D. ab-
dominalis. By the 24th May the strawberry saw-fly, Hmphytus maculatus,
and the raspberry saw-fly, Sedandria rubi, were in considerable numbers,
and at the same time appeared several less well known species in fields
and woods, such as y/otoma McCleayi. This species I found again on
2nd June and subsequent days, upon the flowers of choke-cherry. Later
‘in the season specimens were found upon Spirea. Selandria flavipes
was captured on roth June, and was abundant during the season. It

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39

could always be obtained by using a sweeping-net among the common
fern. At the same time could be obtained in abundance upon the ferns
greenish larvae which I have no doubt were those of that species. These
larvae when full grown are about two-thirds of aninch long. The body is
finely transversely wrinkled ; bright green above and whitish below. The
head has a brown patch on vertex and behind the eyes, which is reduced
in some specimens to two dots on vertex and one behind each eye. By
the middle of June the species were numerous, including Zenthredo ver-
ticalis, T. rufopectus, M. flavicoxe, Pecilostoma albosectus, this rare insect
being taken on 13th; and Zenthredo(?) delta, of which seven f were
taken on 16th. Hickories suffered considerably during the latter part of
the month from the larvae which I think to be those of Acordulecera dor-
salis. They are one-third of an inch long. ‘The body is whitish, with
green dorsal stripe, is slightly pubescent and has the lateral margins
dilated. The head is black and the thoracic feet are whitish. The ab-
dominal feet are very minute. On the 24th I found several colonies of
Nematus Erichsonit on larches not far from the line of the Canada
Atlantic Ry., along which route the fly appears to have reached Ottawa.
These I destroyed, with the exception of one brood, which I took home
and which commenced to spin their cocoons on 2nd July. Two or three
days later I found a few other broods of small larvae, and twigs bearing
eggs which were also destroyed. On subsequent visits I found no further
traces, and hope that I have checked the increase of the species in that
locality for another year. On the 27th June I found cedars at Hull
greatly infested with the larvae of an undetermined saw-fly. I have mis-
laid a description of these larvae and have only the following brief note
of four specimens taken the previous August: “Yellowish green, with
darker undefined dorsal and lateral stripes ; black thoracic feet, eight pair
abdominal feet, head ferrugineous, length r5 m.” It seems to be the
species mentioned by Packard on page 257 “ Insects Injurious to Forest
and Shade Trees,” as Zophyrus abietis, but the larvae differ somewhat in
color from those of that species taken upon spruce. I have always found
the larvae of Lophyrus abietis captured on spruce comparatively easy to
rear, but with those from the cedar I was unsuccessful. When placed in
the breeding-jar, they left their food and clustered upon the side, and
would only feed when the jar was wrapped up or placed in the dark, and
they gradually died before spinning their cocoons. The larvae of JV,
simitaris, the locust saw-fly, were common during the summer. An imago

40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

was seen on 24th June, and a larva taken the same day spun its cocoon
on the 30th. On 1st July, I noticed a young ash in front of a neighbor’s
house with its leaves badly eaten. It immediately struck me that this
might be the action of larvae of Se/andria barda, and on examination I
found upon the under side of the leaves a number of large whitish larvae
corresponding to those described by Mr. Osborn (Can. ENT., vol. xvi.,
page 150). They fed afew days longer and then went into the earth.
During July larvae of various species were very plentiful, and in some
instances the plants attacked by them were much defoliated. The flies
were also abundant and many species were captured, such as Z: verticalis,
T. ventralis, T, basilaris, ff. trisyllaba, and Emphytus tarsatus ; the
last is a large handsome insect resembling superficially the members of the
genus Zenthredo. In August saw-flies diminished in numbers, but several
species could still be obtained, and A//antus basilaris was, as usual, com-
mon on golden-rod, etc. About the middle of Sept. (12th?) a number
of plants of turtle-head (Chelone glabra) were found infested by the
larvae of some unknown species. These, unlike the majority of saw fly
larvae, were very pretty caterpillars, mottled, or marbled, with velvety
black and white, and with jet black heads. The same species has been
found by me in July feeding upon meadow-rue ( Zhalictrum cornuti), but
I have not succeeded in breeding it. A few larvae of other species were
seen-up to the first of October, but the repeated sharp frosts apparently
caused them to disappear. My captures of saw-flies during the season
number altogether about 300 specimens, with perhaps one-fourth as many
species. Of these many are rare insects, while several species are yet
undetermined.

CHRYSOMELA ELEGANS, ROGERS.

Dear Sir: In the Society’s report for 1882, Mr. W. H. Harrington
states that he had found this species to be common at Ottawa, but had not
discovered its food plant. I find e/egans to be abundant in this neighbor-
hood on Beggar Ticks, Bidens frondosa and B. cernua. There appears.
to be two broods, if not more, as I have found them plentiful in June and
again in August and September; the beetles of the last brood evidently
hybernate, as I have taken stray specimens in early spring. The food
plant was kindly determined for me by Dr. J. B. McConnell.

F. B. CAuLFIELD, Montreal, P. Q

x
\

FOR SALE.

‘A FINE COLLECTION OF INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC
: BUTTERFLIES. Also, Handsome Walnut Cabinet.

For particulars address—

ROBT. BARTHOLOMEW, 1521 Poplar St., PHivapa., Pa.

A LIST OF SPECIES OF N. AM. BUTTERFLIES has been printed

- to accompany Vol. 2, But. N. A., just completed. | Separate. copies
of this List may be had of Houcuron, Mirr_in & Co., Cambridge,
Mass., or of W. H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va. © Price, 50 cents.

Wishing to go to the Amazon Region in South America, to collect Lepidoptera
and Coleoptera, but not having sufficient funds, I would like to get subscribers for
Lepidoptera or Coleoptera in equal shares of ‘$1 5-00 each. I intend to go first to.
Para, and after making collections in that vicinity, ascend the Amazon as far. as
Iquitos, making collections at towns on the River. Address, —_

FRED. KNAB, P. O. Box 249, Chicopee, Mass.

References by permission: His Excellency, George D. Robinson, Governor of
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VOL. XVIIL LONDON, MARCH, 1886: No. 3

ON PHYSONOTA UNIPUNCTATA Say, AND ITS SUPPOSED
VARIETIES.

BY F. B. CAULFEILD, MONTREAL, P. Q.

As considerable doubt appears to exist with regard to the three species
or races of Physonota described by Say, Randall, and Walsh and Riley,
and as I had in former years found a species of this genus to be rather
common in the vicinity of Montreal, I endeavored during the past season
to find it again, and, as far as my opportunities would permit, work up its
life history.

Early in May I made a careful search in the locality where I had
previously found it, but at this date its food plant had not yet appeared
- above ground. _I tried again in June, the time at which I had formerly
taken the first brood. The food plant, edianthus decapetalus, was now
about two feet high, but the leaves were untouched, and to my great dis-
appointment no beetles were found, as I particularly wished to ascertain
the color of the early summer brood, as those which I had formerly taken
at this season were of a bright goldcolor, quite different from those taken
later in the year. This difference of color in the broods appears to
_ me to point to the conclusion that Pzysonota may possess the power of

assuming different tints, as is the case with some other species of the
family. On August 15th I found a colony of the beetles on the same
plant, now in full flower. The beetles were all in the autumnal dress,
‘black and white, with testaceous margin. The species is undoubtedly
that described by Walsh and Riley as P. guinguepunctata, which is, I
think, a synonym of fe/éanthi Randall. This author describes it as
having the “elytra blackish, irregularly spotted with white, with a
testaceous margin, losing its color after death, becoming nearly pale
testaceous, except the three black spots on the thorax.” This agrees
very well with the species found by me, except that they have a double
spot close to the anterior margin of the thorax, but as this fades soon aftey

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

death to olive green, and in old specimens becomes almost imperceptible, —

while the three posterior spots retain their color, the term 5-punctata
loses its significance. Indeed, on reading Dr. Hamilton’s remarks on
the species in the CanapIAN ENTomoLOGsT, I examined some specimens
taken several years since, and came to the conclusion that they were
Randall’s species. |The description given by Walsh and Riley, American
Entomologist and Botanist, vol. 2, p. 4, has, I think, been taken from
cabinet specimens, as they give it as ‘‘ more or less pale dull olive color,
dotted with pale yellow. Zorax with three black spots behind the middle.
Before the middle black spot a double dark olive spot, composed of two
trapezoidal spots transversely arranged, and not unfrequently more or less
confluent with each other.” I have taken the beetle abundantly last
summer, and bred a number from the larva, and all mature specimens
were pure black and white when living, but they fade soon after death, when
they answer to the description given by Walsh and Riley, but in time the
anterior spot almost entirely disappears. This double spot appears to be
the only difference between Ae/zantht and 5-punctata, and may perhaps
have been overlooked by Randall; there may, however, be a form with

only three spots on the thorax, as described by him. All taken by me >

had the double spot, but in many it was confluent.

I found the beetles to be very sluggish, none being observed moving
about or feeding. Although living in communities, but one beetle was
generally found on a leaf, and they appeared to prefer the leaves situated
near the head of the plant. Along ‘with the beetles I found a solitary
larva, of which I took the following description: Body depressed,
oblong oval. Length almost half an inch. General color dark olive
green. Head black. Throax dull greenish yellow, lightest in front. Abdo-
men dark olive green, with three short yellow stripes on dorsal surface,
the central stripe commencing nearest the thorax, thus, = =—. Tail
bifurcate, yellowish green at base, prongs black. Lateral surface with a
row of ten simple spines, the first short, black, the next three longer,
black at base, central portion white, tip black, remaining spines short,
black. Under surface pale olive green, terminal segments black. Legs
pale olive green, feet black. When undisturbed this larva kept its tail
curved over its back, but frequently altered the angle at which it was in-
clined. When disturbed it jerked the tail forward and downward until
it nearly touched the body. Both body and tail were wet with semifluid

excreta, and when thus covered, the prongs of the tail and the lateral .

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 48

spines would be easily overlooked. When placed in a box it soon lost its
wet coat, when the form and color could be distinctly seen. It fed freely
uptil the 23rd of August, when it rested quietly on the bottom of the box.
The tail was now extended straight behind the body, and the larva was
clean and dry. At this time, if disturbed, it raised the tail slightly, but
did not otherwise move. [I examined it every day, but noticed no change,
On looking at it on the morning of the 27th August, it had changed toa
pupa. Length of pupa a little over a quarter of an inch. Form oval,
sub-depressed. Thorax slightly wider than abdomen, margin of the thorax
dilated. Disk of thorax with three black spots near posterior margin. A
double green spot close to anterior margin, but not touching it. Dilated
margin green; from the centre of the lateral margin a black line extends
through the green a little way on the white. Posterior margin edged
with a narrow line of black. Abdomen immediately behind thorax, green,
centre white, remainder of abdomen pale yellow. A row of five black
spots close to lateral margin, centre with three interrupted transverse
black lines. Elytra green, spotted with pale yellow, sutural margin
bordered with a narrow black line. Just behind the elytra, on the lateral
margin of the abdomen, there is a slightly elevated, oblong, pale yellow
spot, upon which is situated two very short white spines. On looking at
it at noon on September 11th, the beetle had apparently just emerged, as
the elytra were, with the exception of the white spots, pale green and
semi-transparent. The wings were not yet folded, extending beyond the
body. At 6 p.m. the elytra had become much darker and were but
slightly transparent, and the wings were now folded beneath the elytra.
On the 13th its colors were pure black and white. On the 24th of August
I found a colony of eleven larvae, identical with the first one found, one
beetle and one pupa. The latter was on a leaf which had been partly
eaten by larvae ; it was attached to the leaf by the posterior extremity, the
larval skin being pushed behind and slightly beneath. It rested on the
upper surface of the leaf, with the head pointing to the base of the leaf,
and was partly concealed by the withered edges of the leaf, which were
curled inwards. ‘This was the only pupa found, although I searched care-
fully on several occasions, but as the food plant was abundant I may have
overlooked them. /ysonota may perhaps leave the food plant before
transforming, but this would not be in accordance with the habit of allied
species, which usually attach themselves to the under surface of a leaf.
The specimens reared in confinement did not appear to be particular as to

44 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

situation, some pupating on the bottom of the box, others beneath the
lid, while others again attached themselves to the side, in every instance

producing a perfect beetle. The lot of larvae taken August 24th had all »

changed to pupa on September 8th. They began to emerge on September
17th, and were all out on September 2oth.

On August 26th, I found a large colony of larvae and beetles. The
larvae were of two sizes, some very small and others about full grown, but
about the only noticeable difference, apart from size, was that in the young
larve the yellow markings were scarcely to be seen. The small larvae had
lately moulted, and the cast skins were on the leaves, showing that in this
respect Physonota differs from Coptocycla and Casszda, the larvae of
which slip the cast skins on the tail. Until nearly full grown, the larvae
of Physonota are social, keeping together in compact groups, the heads
in the centre, surrounded by a circle of uplifted tails, presenting a most
curious appearance. © When nearly full grown they separate and scatter
over the plants. By most of the later writers on the insects in question,
but one species is recognized, P. unipunctata Say. Prof. Riley, in the
Supplement and Index to Missouri Reports, p. 53, says: ‘‘ Physonota
guinguepunctata Walsh & Riley (Rep. li., p. 59).—This is synonymous
with Ph. unipunctata (Say), there being no question as to the specific
identity of the two, both having been bred by Mr. F. H. Chittenden, of
Ithaca, N. Y., from larvae on wild sunflower (Helianthus).” That P.
guinguepunctata W. & R. is synonymous with P. helianthi Rand., is I
believe correct, but its identity with P. uxipunctata Say is I think still an
open question. With regard to this point Dr. Hamilton writes me: .“ But
even if they were so bred, it does not prove identity, because (if species)
both are found in the same vicinity, and may have mingled on the same
plant. Besides it may have been he/ianthi instead of Mia eo: since
both go by the same name.”

The records of these species appear to me to point to the conclusion
that they are distinct. Say describes his species as yellow, with the margin
whitish. Dr. Hamilton, Can. Enrt., vol. xvi., p. 135, speaking of a colony
of unipunctata found by him, states that all taken were of Say’s type, pale
above with ove black spot on thorax. He also tells us that a few of the
larvae were feeding with them, their colors bright yellow. As in all the
Casside the colors change after death, I wrote to Dr. Hamilton, asking
him what the color of the specimens found by him was in life. In answer
he informed me that all taken by him were entirely pale, except the black

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

Cn a a a a ISTE RITES Te

thoracic spot. From these accounts it would appear that there is con
siderable difference between these forms, the larva and beetle of wnzpunc-
tata being light in color, while Aelianthi is dark. With regard to food
plants, so far as known Ae/ianthi is confined to sunflower ( Helianthus We
Randall says: “ Many specimens of our species occurred at Farmington,
near the margin of the Sandy River, on a species of He/ianthus ; a great

many of these plants were almost wholly deprived of leaves by their
ravages.”

So far as I am aware, there is no authentic record of typical umpune-
tata having been observed feeding on Helianthus. Unipunctata was

‘ taken by Dr. Hamilton feeding on mint, Monarda fistulosa. Ue further

informs us that they ‘‘ must have fed on the Monzarda from choice rather
than necessity, because three species of He/ianthus grew with it and were
not eaten by either larva or beetle.” Prof. Riley, American Entomologist
and Botanist, vol. ii., p. 4, states that he has “ observed the one-dotted
Tortoise-beetle (Physonota unipunctata Say) feeding in the larval state
upon a Sow-thistle (Sonchus).” Both forms seem to be widely dis-
tributed ; Say records wnépunctata from Missouri ; Dr. Hamilton records
it from Allegheny, Pa., but states that it had no doubt been brought from
some more northern region during the annual spring inundation. Helianthz
is recorded from Rock Island, Ill., by Walsh, or its var., guinquepunctata.
Messrs. Hubbard & Schwarz record wnxipunctata from the lower peninsula
of Michigan, but do not state which form was taken. Montreal is the
only Canadian locality from which I find Prysonota recorded., In D’Ur-
ban’s list of Montreal Coleoptera (Canadian Naturalist, vol. 4, p. 307) he
gives Cassida unipunctata as common on the Mountain. This probably
would be AeZianthi, as I have found it common on Montreal Mountain,
but have never met with a typical specimen of wxzpunctata.

Thope that entomologists will look out for these species during the
coming season, and if successful, let the readers of the ENTOMOLOGIST
have the benefit of their observations.

The food plant was kindly determined for me by Dr. J. B. McConnell.

NOTE ON XIPHYDRIA ALBICORNIS.

BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

This species was abundant from the middle of June to the end of
July, and I observed the females ovipositing on our shade trees (maple)

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

in various parts of the city. It appears to prefer trees which have been
recently transplanted, and which are naturally not so vigorous as those
which grow undisturbed. My next-door neighbor set out several young
trees, from one to two inches in diameter, and upon these I took several
specimens. On the other hand, I observed them, beyond the city,
ovipositing in quite large and old maples, and even upon the limbs of an
old tree which had been broken and blown down. Thus, it appears,
that the size of the tree does not make much difference to them, and that
in the city they attack the smaller trees because they are less vigorous than
those that have recovered from the effects of transplantation.

PROTECTIVE COLORATION IN THE GENUS CICINDELA.
BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH.

In the summer of 1884, while collecting the green tiger-beetles in the
woods, it struck me very forcibly how the Cicindele that inhabit such
places—sexguttata Fab. here, campestris Linn. in England, others else-
where—are for the most part of a beautiful green, so as to assimilate in
color with the surrounding vegetation and herbage among which they may
alight ; while those that frequent the bare ground, banks, sand hills, sandy
stretches, beaches, bars—vu/garis Say, repanda De}., maritima Dej., and
many others—are of the colors easily assimilative with those that surround
them on the flats and stretches where they are found.

Although those of the class first referred to often alight upon bare
ground, it is mostly at such places as have been cleared by man (I am.
speaking of sexguttata Fab. now, this*being the only species of a con-
spicuous green that I have had the opportunity to observe in its native
habitat), their original haunts being the fresh, green woods, where nearly
everything is clothed in greenness in its natural state. There they can
hardly be distinguished when they are alighted, even though on a log, for
the dazzling greenness of the forest at the time these insects appear fastens
that color upon the eye, so that for the moment they become invisible,
though you may be looking directly at them—invisible, certainly, so far as
recognition is related to invisibility ; every collector knows that it takes
practice to distinguish these insects in their native haunts. Even though
the surrounding vegetation is sparse, the effect is the same, This arises

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47

from the liability of the mind to class everything green in the woods as

belonging to vegetation, or, in other words, from our inherent tendency to

place animals or locomotive beings as different in color from plants.
When, as is often the case, they are alighted on sandy banks in or near
the woods, the effect is similar; the surrounding greenness makes them
difficult of detection here, as well as in other spots, even away from woods,
where they may be side by side with vegetation. The momentary invisi-
bility which the insect therefore possesses gives it a chance to escape, if
it chooses to make use of this chance. But as long as everything remains
quiet it seldom flies, trusting rather for protection to its habit of remaining
perfectly motionless, combined with its similarity in color with surround-
ings. In the natural state man is not its enemy, but its assimilative color-
ation probably protects it in a great degree from its many known enemies
among the birds and reptiles.

A fine and rare English species, germanica Linn., which is said to
frequent most a certain favored locality in the Isle of Wight (Black Gaug
Chine), unlike most of the genus, prefers wet to dry places, and has a
liking for brackish marshes.* It is of a beautiful rich green, and thus is
enabled to escape observation amid the vegetation which thrives in such
places.

Of the other class, our most common species, vv/garis Say, is as nearly
invisible as an.insect can well become by assimilation in color with its
surroundings. It is only the practiced eye that can distinguish it from the
soil or sand upon which it alights ; for, in either case, those parts of a
different color’ from the surface upon which the insect is resting will be
mistaken for particles of foreign matter, giving the eye no chance to rest
upon form. I have often, before I became used to the practice, looked
most carefully for a long time when I had distinctly seen a specimen of

_ this species alight, but without being able to distinguish it until it moved.

A southern species, ¢ortuosa Dej., which I have taken in Louisiana,
has very little of the lighter markings upon it, but is nearly all of the
sombre shade of the sandy mud flats over which it runs and flies.

A fine western species, which I have taken in Kansas on the sand-bars
of the Kansas River, at Lawrence, during low water in the summer
months, is macra Lec. In this the markings have united so as to form
an etched border to the elytra of just the light color of the fine sand of

* Rye, British Beetles, p. 47-48.

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. |

the bars, so that it can hardly be detected where alighted, the darker parts
being easily taken for bits of drift-wood or pebbles.

These notes being intended only as a mention of this interesting sub-
ject, I will not bring up any further species, for they will nearly all be found
equally well adapted in this way to their surroundings. Species are to be
found all over the world, many of which would furnish more interesting
cases than the above. I might mention that I have lately received from
New Zealand two fine species, ¢ubercudata, Fabr., and parryz, White. In
the former the markings have united, while in the latter they have become
somewhat indistinct, the elytra having a very thin and delicate appear-
ance, as indeed has the whole insect, leaving the markings not well de-
fined. These species would be hard to detect alike in sandy places or on
darker soils, though tudbercu/ata, Fabr., is better adapted to the former,
and parry, White., to the latter.

Many of the species differ from others in the number of the elytral
markings ; but it is the base color that concerns us here, for it is this that
makes the insects hard to discern from their natural surroundings, while
the lighter markings help the effect. Thus those of the bright green
woods have the base color of the same dazzling, brilliant green, while
others have it of the duller color of the soils they frequent, or are con-
siderable modified, as macra, Lec., and the nearly related cuprascrus, Lec.,
puritana, Horn, wapéerz, Lec., and especially the two Mexican species
figured by Schaupp, in his synopsis, * so as to have the markings unite,
and, so far as'the effect goes, take the place of the original background
and themselves become the real base color, conforming more to the color
of the white sand of the bars upon which they are found. It is noticeable
that in all this variation the elytral markings, when they occur, keep the
one creamy white color, however the base color may change. If the
markings are united, becoming the base in effect, the other parts retain
their dull color as before. In short, there is generally an irregular light
edging to the insect, often broken, which gives it an irregular outline, so
that it will not readily assume form. Had we never observed these
species in their natural habitat, this alone would prove to us that they
were terrestrial in their habits.

They do not take for ornament conspicuous colors upon conspicuous

* Schaupp, Synopsis of North America Cicindelide, Pl. III., figs. 85 and 86,
(From Bull. Bkl. Ent. Soc., vol. VI.)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49

parts. The under parts are generally of a deep green or bluish, irre-

spective of the insect’s habitat. These colors do not show from
above. . On this account many of the species seem to be more
brightly colored beneath than above, except in such cases as
afford the bright colors above a chance to assimilate with soils or foliage.
Yet the upper parts are really the more richly colored in all the species,
though they may not appear so to the causal eye. Here, in the coloration
of the upper parts of the Cicindele, natural and sexual selection blend.
They act together at the same time upon thc same parts. While sexual
selection produces beautiful tints, natural selection takes care that none
remain that will endanger the insects preservation by making it conspicu-
ous in its retreats. In this way colors, which otherwise would be prominent,
assume a general dull appearance, which will not arrest the eye. Life
is of primary value, but so also is beauty to the perpetuation of the
insect. While the upper parts retain the colors that will assimilate
well with their surroundings, sexual selection has given them tints, which
though in many cases seemingly dull to the eyes of man, are found
under a high lens to consist of the most lovely bronzed, purplish and
dazzling green reflections, in the entirety of which beauty the insects ap-
pear to themselves by virtue of their far superior sight development.

LARVA OF SEIRODONTA BILINEATA, Pack.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Length 1.20 inches ; cylindrical, rather slender, two warty elevations

on the dorsum of joints 5 and 12, elsewhere the piliferous spots scarcely

perceptible, except for the single hair that arises from each. Color green;
a dorsal pale yellow line, bordered on each side on joints 3 and 4 by a
purple line ; outside this a pale yellow stripe that diverges on joint 2,
gradually diverging again on joints 4, 5 and 6, where it reaches below the
usual region of the subdorsal line, extending from this back to joint 11,
from which it gradually converges to the elevations on joint 12, touching
these on the outside, the diverging and converging referring to the stripes
on both sides of the body. These stripes send more or less prominent
deflections down the sides of joints 7 and 10. In some examples the
space between these stripes and the dorsal line contains a pale whitish
stripe each side of the dorsal ; the deflections, and a little on joint 5 and

50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the elevations, are reddish purple. In other examples the whole space
between the lines, except four or five greenish patches, is reddish purple,
there being various intergrades. In all cases the purple is mottled. The
sides are specked with purple ; stigmatal line yellow with traces of one
above this. Head with a dark purple line each side, outside of which is
a yellowish line.

The larvae from which this description was taken, 13 in all, were
taken on a young elm tree September 29, 1884. By October 5th all but
one had disappeared for the purpose of pupation, going beneath the sur-
face of the dirt in the breeding cage. Nine imagines were produced the
following spring, the times of emergence ranging from May 24th to June
7th. There seems to be two broods in a season, for larvae were found on
elms during the early part of summer, but these were not reared to find
out the period of the summer brood.

NOTES ON PAPILIO TURNUS AND PYRAMEIS CARDUI.
BY MRS. C. H. FERNALD.

Previous to the summer of 1884, Papilio turnus and Pyramets cardut
had been quite rare in Orono, Me., and vicinity, not more than half a
dozen of the former and two or three of the latter having been seen each
year ; but in June of that year P. ¢turnus was so abundant that it was not
uncommon to see a dozen or more flying together. In August of the
same year fresh specimens of P. carduz were so abundant that in a small
piece of red clover, not more than two rods from the house, I captured
twenty-five in half an hour, and the numbers were not perceptibly dimin-
ished. The next day they were equally abundant, but the following day
we had a cold rain storm, after which only a very few poor, faded ex-
amples were seen. The next summer (1885) P. turnus was again rare,

and not one example of P. cardui was seen by myself, nor by any one in’

this vicinity. Parasites might have made the difference in the number of
P. turnus, but could they have done so with that immense number of P.
cardui, or did that storm so effectually destroy them before laying their

eggs that there were none the next year, or is it possible that some epi-
demic attacked them, leaving none to perpetuate the race? We can ©

understand the gradual increase and decrease of certain species which is
noticeable every year, but the sudden abundance and scarcity of some

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a1

species is a subject of great interest, and one about which but very little
is known at present.

I have in my possession a male Papilio turnus which has only two
wings. An examination shows that the hind wings are undeveloped ; on
one side the membrane is pushed out and rounded at the end aboutas large
as the head of a pin, and on the other side the membrane is no longer, but
is broader and somewhat flattened, showing plainly that the wings have
not been broken off, but have never developed. This specimen was cap-
tured on the wing, while hovering over lilac blossoms, and appeared to fly
as well as perfect specimens.

In the summer of 1884, I captured a male Papilio turnus which differs
very much from any I have ever seen or read of. The outer half of the
upper side of all the wings is black, except the row of yellow spots on the
outer margin of the wings. These are round or nearly so, instead of
elongated, and there are only six on the fore wings. The inner half of
the fore wings is like the ordinary P. turnus, except that the two black
streaks are united from the costa down about half their length. The
under side of the fore wings is like the upper side, but slightly dusted
with yellow. The under side of the hind wings has the blue extended
nearly as far in as the black upon the outside, and, together with its black
border, is very strongly curved or toothed towards the base. All the
yellow on the wings is darker than on the common form, and the insect
when flying looked more like a male P. asterias, except in size, than like
a P. turnus.

It was captured in June on the bog where Chzonobas jutta, Chryso-
phanus epixanthe, and several other rare lepidoptera are found.

NOTES ON CERESA BUBALUS, Say.
bY JOHN G. JACK, CHATEAUGUAY BASIN, QUE., CAN.

Read before the Montreal Branch Ent. Soc. of Ont., 9th Feb., 1886.

During the past two years, but more especially this season, we have
been very much troubled and annoyed by the attacks of the Buffalo Tree-
hopper (C. dubalus Say) on the young trees in the orchard. Most of the
trees have been seriously injured by having the bark cut up by the
ovipositors of these insects, when depositing their eggs. These incisions

52 Hi CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and the eggs in them were so numerous that in many cases it was impos-
sible to raise the bark for the purpose of “budding” the trees.

The incisions and eggs are usually most abundant on the south and
the upper side of the limbs, comparatively few being found on the shady
or under sides. The first imagines were noticed in the orchard on July
16th, and a few days later they became quite abundant. On the young
tender twigs of the apple trees, especially those nearest to the ground,
large numbers of the insects were found busily extracting the juices with
their slender beaks. Upon close examination the twigs plainly showed
the traces of their punctures. They were also very abundant on beans,
potatoes and several kinds of weeds, in many cases completely covering
the stems, and all engaged in feeding upon the juices of the plants.
Bean-stalks that were attacked in this way were considerably injured, as
~ numerous dark knotty formations occurred at the places that were much
punctured, so that the growth of the plant was decidedly checked.

The insect was first noticed depositing eggs about August 12th, and a —

few incisions were then to be found on the branches. ‘This depositing of
eggs continued until Oct. 8th, when a severe frost killed a great many of
the tree-hoppers, although a few escaped and continued the work until
Oct. 26th. After that date they were not noted.

Some of the eggs of the season of 1884 were collected last spring and
kept in a very tight box. They were hatched during the first week in
June, and with them were a number of small Dipterous flies, evidently
parasites upon the eggs of Ceresa. I watched for these parasites in the
_ summer and autumn, and first found them August 31st, on limbs where
the tree-hoppers were depositing eggs. The parasites were found in
larger numbers a little later, and I had the satisfaction of distinctly
seeing a number of them insert the abdomen and sometimes almost the
entire body deeply into the gaping slits made by the ovipositors of the
tree-hoppers. Prof. Riley thinks that the parasite may be an undescribed
species.

As I did not know the best conditions or food for the young larve of
Ceresa, | placed them in a glass jar and gave them the tender twigs and
leaves of apple trees. From these they seemed to extract the juices, and
they could be seen in rows on the ribs of the leaves, with extended beaks,
while little particles of a clear gummy substance were often found at the
places where the insects had been sucking the juices. I afterwards added
bits of grasses, etc., to their food, but after some time they ceased feed-

= 2

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53

ing, and finally they all died, none of them being more than half grown.
This was about July 5th, and about this time I founda number of the
larvee about some raspberry canes in a shady place, and on July 13th I
took more of them among low juicy grasses and thistles, growing thickly
in a cool, moist place, several rods from any trees of any kind. On July
17th, nearly all these larvee changed to the adult form.

The larva becomes much elongated as it begins to cast the last en-
velope, and one of them, noticed when just beginning the operation, took
three hours to complete it.

The full grown larva is about 8 mm. in length, and light green in
color, somewhat lighter than that of the mature insect. The young larvee
appeared to be of a darker green than they were at a later period of their
growth. The general shape is triangular, like that of the mature insect,
but the broad horn-like projections are not seen in the larva, The eyes
are prominent. On the front of the elevated thorax, and behind each
eye, are two short, strong spines, one above the other, armed with several
lateral prongs or forks ; higher up, near the apex of the triangular shaped
throax, are two more, somewhat larger armed spines, and the last two
visible thoracic segments are each provided with a pair of these branching
spines that are still longer. There is also a pair of these spines, each
armed with about 6 or 7 barbs, on each of the abdominal segments next to
the terminal. These are graduated in length, the shortest being on the last
segments, and the longest hardly more than a millimeter in length. The
thoracic spines project forwards, while those on the abdominal segments
are drawn forward at the base and then curve back, strongly suggesting
the dorsal fin-of a fish. On the last segment, which is long and tapering,
there are two short armed spines directly above the anal opening, which
is terminal. The ventral surface of the abdomen is scatteringly covered
with short, strong bristles or hairs. The.legs are also covered with stiff
hairs.

The eggs, in batches of from 5 or 6 to a dozen (rarely more), are de-
posited obliquely in the bark, and often the incision continues into the
wood, if the bark is thin. In this way the bark and wood become
fastened together, and will not separate at any season, and the dark spots
in the wood and the rough knotty bark bear evidences of the injuries for
many years.

The eggs are of a dirty transparent white, about 1.5 m.m. in length,
smooth, slightly tapering, and sharply rounded towards the interior end,

54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Re

but tapering much more gradually at the exterior end. Although
normally round, the sides are generally found to be more or less flattened
by pressure from the tissues of the wood and bark of the tree. So
numerous were these eggs on some trees that a careful estimate shows
that there must be at least from six to eight hundred eggs in a section of
the branches not more than an inch long and half an inch in diameter.

I have not been able to find a remedy, and perhaps the best is to de-
stroy as many of the egg-bearing limbs as possible. It is to be hoped
that the little parasitic flies will increase, and this seems probable. On
Sept. 17th I found 5 or 6 tree-hoppers ovipositing on a piece of branch
about 4 inches long, and on the same section were 12 or 15 of the
parasitic flies.

THE COLIAS CONTROVERSY.
BY R. H. STRETCH, SAN FRANCISCO.

It is to me a most distasteful task to take part publicly in the
“ Colias ” controversy between Mr. Edwards and Dr. Hagen, as I was an
invited guest of Dr. Hagen on the trip to Washington Territory, where
the events took place which have given rise to the discussion ; but in the
interest of science, which seeks nothing but the truth, it seems as though
the time had come when I ought to state in a concise manner what I
know of the whole matter. I have been cut off from all my books for the
last five months, while travelling from place to place, or this letter would
have been written earlier. 1 did not know till quite recently the phase to
which the controversy had arrived. Probably the best thing I can do is
to state the manner in which our party was organized, and the manner in
which our collecting was done.

The party consisted of Dr. Hagen, and his assistant, Samuel Hen-
shaw. In San Francisco I was invited to join it, and did so.

Mr. Henshaw was a skillful coleopterist, a department of entomology
of which I knew but little, so by mutual agreement I became practically
the lepidopterist of the party, as he was the coleopterist, and we both
collected such other groups of insects as came in our way. Purely sci-
entific work, or mere collecting, was discouraged, as the party was an
*“ Economic Entomological Expedition,” a fact repeated over and over
again to the wonder-stricken pioneers of the wilderness.

~

ee OE

-w3S =,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55

Our collecting appliances consisted of nets, envelopes, “ cyanide”
bottles and pill-boxes. Mr. Henshaw and myself each had a cyanide
bottle. The collecting was practically done by Mr. Henshaw and myself,
as Dr. Hagen was physically unable to enter into it, however much he
might have wished to do so. Personally I collected everything in the
“cyanide” bottle, except lepidoptera. These were transferred direct
from the net to envelopes. Mr. Henshaw not only collected everything
in the cyanide bottle, but not unfrequently placed his lepidoptera therein
when he was out of envelopes, and would hand them to myself out of the
bottle when we met. I have an unmistakeable recollection of this fact,
and it was for this reason I dubbed it “ omnivorous.”*

When collecting (I remember especially at Yakima City, where Colias
was unusually common), I not only put into a single paper envelope
specimens taken “in copula,” but also those playing together and taken
with the same sweep of the net, so that the fact of being in the same
envelope is not proof of copulation, in all cases, so far as I am concerned.

When we reached camp after collecting, I used to prepare and num-
ber the lepidoptera first, and then assisted Mr. Henshaw with the beetles
and other insects, which were packed “en masse” in pill-boxes, the lat-
ter labeled as were the envelopes with the number of the camp.

During the trip there was entire harmony and free discussion between
Mr. Henshaw and myself. I believe I am correct in adding that at that
time none of the party knew exactly what species of Colias we were
collecting.

Now to the gist of the whole matter, which is a question as to the
action of cyanide of potassium on the yellows of the genus Colias, and in
particular, on one individual specimen of this genus taken during our
wanderings in Washington Territory.

Now, although we discussed AZenapia, Machaon and Leto,~ I never
heard of this “ cyanide changed Colias” until its discussion in the peri-
odicals. To me it would have been of peculiar interest, as I happened
to have suffered severely by the action of cyanide on yellow insects on a
former occasion, when in Fresno County I collected several hundred yel-
low marked hymenoptera in excessively hot weather (the bottle perspiring

* See Papilio, iv., p. 170, for this expression. In Ent. Amer.,i., p. 119, Mr.
Henshaw seems to object to the word ‘‘ omnivorous.”

+ Henshaw, paper before cited.

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

freely), and had them all transformed to a lot of brilliant red and black
forms, mottled with unchanged yellow. Again, if it had been the initiation
of a scientific experiment, so keen an observer as Dr. Hagen would surely
not have been content with a single experiment, when Colias was common
everywhere ; but having had his curiosity excited, would have prosecuted
the investigation to its legitimate conclusion.

Again, the statement that “‘the supposed change of color appeared
after the specimen was dry,” is inconsistent with the action of cyanide of
potassium on yellow insects, as the change is palpable while they are wet,
if they change at all; and it almost involves the conclusion that the
change was not discovered till months afterwards, as the specimen in
question must certainly have been “enveloped” the same day, and the
envelope remained unopened until it reached the Museum.

In conclusion, I may say that for all scientific purposes this specimen
should be ignored as having less than an infinitesimal value. Mr. Hen-
shaw states the case exactly (Entom. Americana, vol. 1, p. 119) when he
says: ‘In regard to the Colias similar in color to Astraea, I have only
to say that a yellow Colias recognized in the field as closely corresponding
to, if not identical with others previously collected, was placed in a damp,

freshly prepared cyanide bottle, and when taken from the bottle the hind

wings were wet; the specimen was preserved and the facts noted at the
express wish of Dr. Hagen.” Ihave never seen Dr. Hagen’s original
paper, so that I do not know at what point the particular Colias in ques-
tion was taken, but the accidental breakage of Mr. Henshaw’s collecting
bottle explains the preparation of a new one ; his habit of collecting lepi-
doptera in the same bottle with beetles explains why the Colias happened
to be in the bottle, and it only remains for us to decide what insect went
into the bottle, that is, what particular form. Mr. Henshaw says: ‘Close
to if not identical with others previously collected,” but as I find in my
note-book, “July 4—Took very fine series of Colias (3 forms),” the
question is evidently left open. It might have been either one of these
or some other. Mr. Henshaw’s admission just quoted, with my own
additions, give faithfully the history of the “specimen,” and show that
any scientific deductions based thereon rest on a most unsubstantial
foundation. .
San Francisco, Dec. 9, 1885.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57

A MONOGRAPH. OF THE APHIDIDA, BY JULES
LICHTENSTEIN, MONTPELLIER, FRANCE.

BY J. T. MONELL, BONNE TERRE, MO.

Judging by the first volume of this work, which I have lately received,
it will prove of great value to American students of this difficult family.
The first volume is illustrated by a number of finely colored plates, and
Mr. Lichtenstein promises in his preface to use all such funds as he may
obtain from subscribers to the work, in illustrating the second volume—
thus practically making subscribers a present of the text. While the
monograph will deal more particularly with European species, many notes
will be given comparing nearly allied American with European forms.

Considering Mr. Lichtenstein’s eminence ‘as an Entomologist, and the
many years he has devoted to this family, this work can not fail to receive
a hearty welcome from the Entomological public.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CHALCID, PARASITIC ON
MANTIS CAROLINA, Say.

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

Sub-fam., ToRYMIN2.
fodagrion Spinola.

PODAGRION MANTIS, n. sp.

¢. Length.15 inch; ovip., .14 inch. Dull metallic green, finely
punctate and sparsely covered with short, whitish pubescence ; antennz
and legs dull yellow ; flagellum brownish above, all coxze metallic green,
sculptured, posterior ones large, tips of feet black. The posterior femora
are greatly swollen as in the Chalcidine, armed with about eight large
teeth, brown at sides but brassy along upper surface, pubescent, tibize
greatly curved; abdomen metallic green variegated with brown, com-
pressed and bed as in the ichneumon genus Ophion ; wings hyaline,
veins brown, marginal and post-marginal veins long, stigmal vein short,
thick.

Described from one female specimen bred from egg mass of Mantis
carolina Say. This is an interesting discovery, and the first species of the
genus to be described in our fauna.

58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

Dr. Mayr, in “ Die Europaischen Torymiden,” in a foot note gives the
synonymns of this genus as follows : ‘

Podagrion Spinola. Ann. du Museum d’Hist. Nat., xvi., 1811, p. 147.

Palmon Dalman. Vet. ac. Handl., 1825.

' Priomerus Walker. Ent. Mag. I., 1833, p. 118.

Bactyrischion Costa. De quib. nov. Ins. Gen., 1857, p. 5, f. 4.

Several species in this genus are known to science, and it is a remark-
able fact that the habits of only one species are known, Podagrion ( Pal-
mon) religiosus Westwood, and that that also should be parasitic on
Mantis eggs ( Mantis religiosus ).

NOTES ON THE LARVA OF HARRISIMEMNA
SEXGUTTATA, Harr.

BY CHARLES F. GOODHUE, WEBSTER, N. H.

During August and September the larve of this fine moth are often —
seen feeding on the lilac. When full grown it is of peculiar shape and
markings, and taken altogether, a hideous looking object, and one which
few people besides an entomologist would care to have anything to do
with.

Mature larva, 1.75 inches long.

Head and adjoining segment black, segments 3 and 4 yellow with
black points, segments 5, 6 and 7 are brown varied with white, and 8, 9
and ro are white, 11, 12 and 13 are brownish black. It is deeply incised
between the segments, and the abdominal feet are long, especially the
first two pair. Segments 6 and 12 are much produced dorsally, being
very pointed ; this, together with the habit of arching the body between the
anterior feet and the long abdominal ones, causes it to present a very
irregular and jagged outline.

On the top of all the segments are a few rather long scattering hairs.
It has the peculiarity of retaining the cast off skin of the head and part of
second segment on these hairs, which are not shed with the rest of the
skin ; first near the tip of the hairs the head case is small, a little below
this is another, andso on. We have quite often seen three of these cast
off skins on a larva at one time.

They will, if ever so slightly disturbed, raise the front part of the body
back to the abdominal feet, and thresh it violently from side to side; in
fact, their heads shake nearly all the time, like a person with the palsy.

THE’ CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 59

We had often tried to rear the larvee, but always failed until we dis-
covered the cause. After they were full fed they would rove around the
feed box, gnawing a little here and there, but refusing to pupate, and
finally died.

A few years ago several larva were discovered on a lilac bush where we
could watch them daily ; when ready to pupate they left the leaves and

went down the stalks until they found one that was dead and somewhat

-decayed; here they bored round holes of the same diameter as their

_ bodies, they wadded the chips up into round balls about the size of B.
shot, aS they took them out, and then dropped them io the ground. The
-holes extended into the stalk horizontally about .25 of an inch, and then
down about two inches ; when finished it was a perfect woodpecker’s hole
in miniature. After the holes were made the larve entered. them, but
whether they backed in or went in head first was not observed. It is pro-
bable that the former method was adopted, as the holes were so small
it is scarcely possible that they could have turned after entering. They
covered the opening with a.thin parchment like silk, very near the color
of the bark on the stalk, so that the place was hardly observable ; in a
few days the change to pupa takes place, and the moth comes out the
next spring. Any one wishing to rear the larva of this moth can readily do
so by putting some partly decayed sticks of lilac into the breeding cage.
When they are full fed they will make their holes in the sticks as readily as
when at liberty. |

|

CORRESPONDENCE.

EXPLANATION.

Dear Sir: In reference to an article by the Rev. Geo. W. Taylor, of
ancouver Island,in the December No. (1885) of the ENTOMOLOGIST, a few
words in explanation of my connection with the matter seem to be in place.
‘In looking over the collection he sent me, in the usual way for identi-
fication, I noted several species new to me, and I believed new to science.
This opinion was shared in by the Toronto Entomologists to whom I
showed them. Being in correspondence with M. L’Abbe Provancher, and
believing him to be the best American authority on Northern Hymenop-
tera, 1 mailed the lot to him, except about twenty species, about the
identity of which there could be no doubt. Ina short time the box was

‘ ‘wy - ! :

\
‘

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST:

returned with a list of identifications and an explanatory note, in which
the species found to be new were mentioned, with a statement that de-
scriptions would appear in an early number of the ‘ Naturaliste.” The-
temporary suspension of the periodical doubtless prevented this. |

I do not now remember what information I gave as to the collector,
but I see from M. L’Abbe’s note above referred to that he knew I did not
own them, and that I had to return them to Vancouver. And if I remem--
ber aright, the box and many of the specimens were labelled with Mr.
Taylor’s name.

At this time I was compiling a list of Canadian Hymenoptera on which
I entered Mr. Taylor’s species, those undescribed being credited to Pro-
vancher. ‘This list was afterwards incorporated in a check lst of Cana-
dian insects published by the Natural History Society of Toronto, in the-
preface of which Mr. Taylor is credited with a valuable contribution.

Before returning the collection to Mr. Taylor, I submitted it to a
meeting of the Natural History Society, with M. L’Abbe’s identifications,
and read a short paper on the group as compared with Ontario species.
This paper I intended to enlarge and publish as soon as M. L’Abbe’s.
descriptions: were available. The publication of the list by Mr. Taylor
took the matter out of my hands, and I considered I had nothing further
to do with it. What material M. L’Abbe had for his descriptions I do
not know—doubtless quite ample—but all the Vancouver Island speci-
mens he ever had from me were those sent to me by Mr. Taylor.

W. Bropir, Toronto, “Dnt.
lh

Dear. Siw: In. the:,Can.. ENT., xvi ae oN Eos Ghodhies ,
describes the larva of Hemzleuca maia Dru., and refers to the description. ~
of the larva in Morris’ Synopsis as the only one known to him. | The
larva has been described and figured by Smith & Abbott, Ins. Ga., ah 50;
figuring the two forms; by Westwood, Ed. Dru., ii., 45 ; by Harris, Inj.
Ins. (Flint Ed.), p. 397 ; by Morris, Syn., p. 221; by Lintner, 23 Ann.
Rep. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1869, p. 153, giving a very full history * ans -
by Riley, 5th Mo. Rept., 127-133, giving the complete life history with
figures of egg masses, larva and imago, and noting very fully all color
variations of the larva. Sf7rea seems a new food plant, but both oak and.
willow are well established as such.

Joun B. Smiru, National Museum, Washington, D. C.

'

FOR SALE.

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BUTTERFLIES. Also, Handsome Walnut Cabinet.

For particulars address—

ROBT. BARTHOLOMEW, 1521 Poplar-St., PHILADA., Pa.

A LIST OF SPECIES OF N. AM. BUTTERFLIES has been printed
to accompany Vol. 2, But. N. A., just completed. Separate copies
of this List may be had of Houcuron, Mirriin & Co., Cambridge,
Mass., or of W. H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va. — Price, 50 cents,

SOUTH AMERICAN INSECTS.

Wishing to go to the Amazon Region in South America, to collect Lepidoptera
and Coleoptera, but not having sufficient funds, -I would like to get subscribers for
Lepidoptera or Coleoptera in equal shares of $15.00 each. I intend to go first to
Para, and after making collections in that vicinity, ascend the Amazon as far as
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FRED. KNAB, P. O. Box 249, Chicopee, Mass.

References by permission: His Excellency, George D. Robinson, Governor of
Massachusetts ; Jos. E. Chase, Holyoke, Mass.

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THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE HASTERN UNITED STATES.

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VOL. XVIII. LONDON, APRIL, 1886.

No. 4

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND
IN THE UNITED STATES.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

1, ARGYNNIS SEMIRAMIS.
Male.—Expands about 2.3 inches.

Upper side bright fulvous, very little obscured at base ; the black
markings much as in Adiante, that is, slight on primaries, and still more
so on secondaries, the spots on disk and to base being scarcely more than
streaks.

Under side of primaries cinnamon-red at base and along inner margin
to median, the upper two median interspaces more or less buff in middle ;

this red also crosses basal half of cell, and borders median to the arc ; the
remainder of cell and the discoidal and costal interspaces buff; a brown
sub-apical patch, and hind margin brown ; the sub-marginal crescents
brown, and near apex lost in the ground color, from upper branch of
median containing imperfectly silvered spots, the others without silver ;
the two spots on the patch well silvered.

Secondaries ferruginous-brown from base to second row of spots, mot-
tled with a lighter shade ; in some examples there is more of the light, the
deepest color being in and above cell; the band between the two outer
rows of spots quite clear, in color brownish buff; all the spots well sil-
vered ; those of marginal row long and narrow, of second row mostly
large ; so also of third row; all of these two rows edged slightly on basal
side with black. ;

Body above concolored with wings, the thorax somewhat brown,
beneath yellow-buff throughout ; legs same, the upper sides reddish ;
palpi yellowish, red in front and at tip ; antennz black above, ferruginous
below ; club black, ferruginous at tip.

Female.—Expands about 3.7 inches.

Upper side nearly same color as in male, the markings of same char-
acter, sometimes almost obliterated on disks of secondaries, Under side

62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of primaries red over a large part of the wing, the upper outer corner’
only of cell being buff; the spots well silvered, the submarginal being
usually limited to upper half the wing, as in the male, but examples occur
in which silver is found down to lower median nervule.

Secondaries sometimes wholly fawn-color, except that the band has a
tint only of yellow ; in other examples the ground is darker, more brown,
and the band is more distinct ; all spots well silvered, those of the outer
row sub-crescent and broad, of second row mostly large, and egg-shaped ;
the spots are closely as in Coronis and Cadlippe. .

From San Bernardino, California, taken by Mr. W. G. Wright. I have
seen upwards of 30 examples of this species, male and female, and the
characters are very constant. It is curious how the markings resemble
two such different species as Adéante (upper side) and Coronis (lower
side).

2. ARGYNNIS CYPRIS.

Male.—Expands 2.8 to 3 inches; size of Adcestis, which it closely
resembles. Upper side bright fulvous, scarcely at all obscured by brown
at base ; the black markings light ; both wings bordered by a double line,
the submarginal lunules touching it only at apex of primaries ; the round
spots small; the mesial band of secondaries represented by narrow and
small crescents ; the spot in cell more like figure 2 than letter S; fringes
black at ends of nervules, yellowish in the interspaces.

Under side of primaries nearly all cinnamon-red, only the upper outer
corner of cell and the interspaces next beyond being buff; apex and hind
margin brown, the latter shading into the red of wing towards inner angle ;
the lower three or four submarginal spots sharply serrated, black, the rest
same brown as the margin, and not defined; these last only enclosing
spots which are imperfectly silvered ; on the sub-apical patch three well
silvered spots.

Under side of secondaries light ferruginous-brown from base to farther
side the second row of spots, mottled a little with reddish buff; the mar-
gin and the shadows over the outer spots same brown ; the band reddish
buff, much encroached on by the brown ground on either side, after the
manner of Aphrodite, and more or less sprinkled with brown scales ; the
spots rather small, and well-silvered ; the marginal row sub-triangular,
sometimes broad, sometimes quite narrow ; the spots of second row mostly
egg-shaped ; and these as well as_the next row are edged on basal side

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 05

rather heavily with black ; a little silver at the junctions of the nervures
at base, and along the shoulder and inner margins ; a small spot in cell in
black ring.

Body concolored with the wings, thorax somewhat brown ; beneath,
abdomen yellow-buff, thorax same, but with many red hairs ; legs red on
upper sides, yellowish below ; palpi yellowish within, red without and at
tip ; antennz black above, fulvous below ; club black, tip ferruginous.

Female.—Expands 2.8 to 3 inches.

Color less bright, over secondaries decidedly reddish next base and on
disk, the bases much obscured ; the markings heavier ; the marginal lines
on both wings more or less confluent, and,on primaries making a broad
and solid border ; the spots on secondaries as in the male, the mesial band
being broken into a series of separated crescents.

Under side of primaries fiery-red, the outer corner of cell and next
interspaces yellow-buff ; the silver spots limited to the upper half wing, the
serrations below these sharp and black.

Secondaries deep ferruginous, mottled a little with reddish buff; the
band encroached on as in the male ; the spots scarcely larger, and all
well-silvered.

Found from Arizona to Montana. Taken in Colorado in 1871 by
Mr. Mead ; by Mr. Morrison, in his trips to So. Colorado and to Arizona ;
by Mr. Nash and Mr. Bruce in Colorado. It seems to be an abundant
species in the latter State. From the time I received examples from Mr.
‘Mead this form was a puzzle to me. It looked a good deal like Aphro-
dite, but yet was considerably unlike the Atlantic Aphrodite. When
Alcestis was separated, this Rocky Mountain form seemed still more like
that, but was manifestly distinct from it. In 1884, I received eggs from
Mr. Nash, Pueblo, Col., and the females that laid them. From these I
bred the larvee and got three imagos, one male and two females, in 188s.
I had not felt sure before that this form of male belonged to these
females. The larve of Aphrodite and Alcestis I am well acquainted with.
Both are brown-black when mature, with no other colors than what is
present at the base of the tubercles, yellow or orange. In the present
species the larvz showed marked differences from those mentioned before
they were half grown, and the mature larva is quite another affair, largely
yellow, mottled black and yellow. As I shall figure the species and these
stages in Vol. 3, Butterflies N. A., now begun, I will not describe the
preparatory stages here. This is the species by mistake spoken of as

ty 48 RS TD)
p! ©

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Hfalcyone in my letter to Professor Lintner, printed in Ent. Amer., 1, p.
213. alcyone does not belong to the Aphrodite sub-group, but to that
of Coronis. ‘The larvee of Aphrodite and Alcestis, as well as of Cybele
and /da/ia, will all be figured in my Volume 3 ; and some other Argyn-
nids also for that matter.

3. MELITAEA WRIGHTII.

Male.—Expands 1.3 inch.

Upper side black, marked with fiery fulvous and ochre-yellow ; prim-
aries have nearly all the cell red, in the example under view, sprinkled
along median and at outer end with black scales ; the marginal spots from
near apex to upper branch of median, four in number, are large, rounded,
the lowest one elongated, red, and the interspaces before each are red
between the two rows of yellow spots ;/these spots of the first, or outer
row, are all small, one to each interspace, and cross the wing, almost
parallel with hind margin, but somewhat sinuous ; the second row crosses
the wing beyond cell, is made up of large spots, the one of upper median
interspace wanting; a large spot of same color at outer end of cell, and
another below. :

Secondaries black; a marginal series of large ochre-yellow rounded
spots, a sub-marginal of small, and a third of elongated across the disk,
besides four nearer base, all these ochre yellow ; fringes black at ends of
nervules, pale yellow in the interspaces.

Under side of primaries red, the yellow spots repeated and enlarged ;
the red marginal spots replaced by yellow, the one in upper median inter-
space wanting, and the ground there being red.

Secondaries black, nearly covered with ochre-yellow spots ; the mar-
ginal series large, irregular in size, nearly all sub-quadrangular ; above
these a row of small, round, on the black ground ; the discal series much
longer than on upper side, and the last one is extended up inner margin
almost to base ; about base and in cell six spots cover nearly all the sur-
face.

Body black, the rings of abdomen edged by yellow ; under side yel-
low ; legs red; palpi yellow, red without and at tip ; antenne black ;
club black, ferruginous at tip and beneath.

Fait ee

Female.—Expands 1.8 inch.
Similar to male, the apex largely red in all the interspaces, and the
cell throughout ; the spots on both wings, both red and yellow, larger.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

Under side as in male, the yellow spots of submarginal row on second-
aries more or less confluent with the marginal.

From 1 male, 1 female, sent me by Mr. W. G. Wright, taken at San
Bernardino, flying with Zeanira. Mr. Wright had in all 2 males and 2
females, the only examples observed by him. ‘The species is nearest
Fulvia, and is distinguished at once by its excess of red.

COLEOPTERA FOUND IN DEAD TRUNKS OF TILIA
AMERICANA L, IN OCTOBER.

‘

BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH.

Having examined a good number of dead trunks of the basswood or
American linden, * 7Z7/2a Americana L., here this fall, I have found quite
a list of Coleoptera in them either under the bark or in the decayed wood.
The following is the list, which embraces. thirty-four species taken from
13th October to 3rd November, 1885. Some of the species are only of
accidental occurrence in the trunks, but will be readily known, and are
given to record them from this locality. The determinations are mostly
by Dr. Horn :—
Zachys nanus Gyll. Colonies or scattered individuals mixed with
colonies of Silvanus planatus Germ., or by themselves, under the bark
of the less decayed trunks.

Tachys flavicauda Say. One immature specimen by itself under the
bark of a small decayed trunk, 17th October.

Pterostichus honestus Say. One or two specimens under some of the
loose bark.

Platynus sinuatus Dej. Several under the same bark with the pre-
ceding.

Chlaenius circumcinctus Say. Remains of one specimen found un-
der the bark of an upright decayed trunk out in the water, by the edge of
- the river.

* As a supplementary note to the trees of the main river district given in a previ-
ous article (CAN. ENTOM, XVII.. p. 170), I would say that I omitted to mention the
basswood, which is one of the most prominent trees of the rich woods along the St.
Joseph River here, on account of its stately growth and straight, bare trunk, extend-
ing upward, smooth often for more than half its height. The button-wood or Western
plane tree, called also sycamore, is of the same district.

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

Xantholinus cephalus Say. One under the bark.
Enchomus ventriculus Say. ‘Taken singly under the bark.

Silvanus planatus Germ. Numerous colonies under the bark of the
less decayed trunks. ‘

Cucujus clavipes Kab. Four fine imagos taken 13th October, under
the bark of ,a fallen trunk, one in an enclosure of borings formed on the
inside surface of the bark, with pupal skin from which it had lately
emerged beside it in the cell. On the inside of a strip of bark from an-
other prostrate trunk, there were 18 or 20 of the empty cells in a continu-
ous patch, where the beetles had transformed, six of these being in an
exactly straight row, with their edges meeting in perfect regularity. Num-
bers of the larvee under the bark of the trunks.

Lemophleus pusillus Sch. One colony of about 25 individuals un-
der the bark, 3rd November.

Brontes dubius Fab. Two specimens taken at different times under
the bark, 13th and 15th October.

Hister vernus Say. A solitary specimen under the bark, 15th Oc-
tober.

Hister carolinus Payk. A solitary specimen under the bark, 3rd
November.

Tenebrioides castanea Melsh. A number taken under the bark of a
small, dry, decaying upright trunk, and an occasional specimen in other
trunks.

Alaus oculatus Linn. Four of the beetles taken in the decaying wood
of the trunks, and, 13th October, one pupa. Of the four imagos, three
show inequality of the elytra, one considerably, the two others slightly.

Elater manipularis Cand. One specimen under the bark, 3rd No-
vember.

Melanotus communis Gyll. Under the bark. .

Buprestidae, larve of one species. A number of small, flat, big-
headed borers taken 15th October boring between the bark and the wood
of a rather sound trunk, one just beginning to decay, the bark being
tight.

Cis chevrolatiz Mellie. Two specimens taken 13th October, one on a
small, hard kind of fungus growing out of the bark, the other under the
bark.

Parandra brunnea Fab.. Several dried specimens found under the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. : 67

loose, dry bark where a fallen trunk had broken over, its base being sus-
pended from the stump.

Cerambycide, larve of two species. Borers of uncertain genera,
taken 15th October in same trunk with the Buprestide larve referred to
above. A round, pinkish larva of moderate size, taken boring in the
bark ; and some larger and stouter larvee, whitish or yellowish and round,
boring first between the bark and wood, and afterward penetrating the
wood and stopping up their passages with borings next the bark. Some
larvz very much like the latter, taken 3rd November in the decayed wood
of another trunk.

Chrysomela elegans Oliv. Remains of one specimen, with the color
well preserved, found under the bark.

Nyctobates penusylvanica DeG. Common under the bark.

Scotobates calcaratus Fab. Remains (elytra and abdomen) of one
specimen found in its cell, where it had transformed and died, in the
decayed wood of an upright trunk in the water by the edge of the river.

Foplocephala bicornis Oliv. Seven specimens altogether. One male
under the bark, 13th October, one male in the decayed wood, 17th Octo-
ber, and three male and two female specimens under the bark, 3rd No-
vember. Of those taken the latter date, four were in company together,
The specimen taken in the decayed wood was in a small cell or passage.
and was found in such a manner as to indicate that it had fed on the
wood.

Platydema ruficorne Sturm. Nine specimens together under the bark
at the base of an upright trunk, 13th October, and a company of fifteen
under bark of a prostrate trunk, 15th October.

Tetratoma truncorum Lec. Four specimens, taken 13th October, un-
der the loose, dry bark of the fallen trunk suspended at the base, and one, ©
17th October, in the decayed wood of a small, upright trunk. Two of
those taken 13th October were ¢z coétu, and remained joined after death
in the alcohol bottle.

Penthe obliqguata Fab. ‘Two specimens taken at different times under
the bark, 13th and 15th October.

Eustrophus bicolor Say. One solitary specimen taken 15th October,
under the bark.

Orchesia castanea Melsh. Several taken under the loose, dry bark of
a small upright trunk, 13th and 17th October.

Eupsalis minuta Drury. <A single, apparently dead specimen, taken

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

3rd November in the decaying wood of a fallen trunk, where a piece had
previously been broken out of it. It is likely to have been bred in the
wood. Have taken numbers here under bark of dead oak.

Stenoscelis brevis Boh. Three specimens (one immature, being very
light with only a slight tinge of color), taken 17th October in two small
upright trunks, in their little cells in the dead and rotten wood, upon

which they had without doubt fed in the larva state, and there changed

afterward to perfect beetles.
Cratoparts lunatus Fab. Three specimens, two taken 13th October
and one 17th October, in same trunks as preceding, under the loose bark
but near some small holes in the wood, from which it is very probable
they had lately emerged. I am inclined to the opinion that they had
passed their larva state in the trunks, feeding on the decaying wood.

NOTES ON HYMENOPTERA, COLLECTED NEAR, OTTAWA.

BY J. A. GUIGNARD, OTTAWA.

Within the first year of work in this branch of entomology in the
Ottawa district, I was able to make acquaintance with all the 26 orders
into which Hymenoptera are divided in Mr. Brodie’s Canadian list; and
now at the end of our second year, out of 247 genera, only about 70
remain unrepresented, while 13 genera are added not yet before met with

_ in Canada, two of which have never been described.

I shall leave out the Uvrocertde and TZenthredinidae, and not include
them in the following figures, as Mr. W. H. Harrington has given especial
attention to those two orders, and has already published an article on
them.

As far as yet known, about 110 species new to Canada have been taken
in this neighborhood, and more than half of them have been pronounced
to be new to science by our high authority, Abbé Provancher, who has

‘undertaken to describe them.

As to those already described, the Abbé, who has been so kind as to
examine and identify them, has been greatly surprised at our possessing
here many insects never before found in so high a latitude.

Order I. Among the Aside we have, for instance, obtained the red-
girded Bombus rufocinctus Cress. We have also, however, B. groen-
/andicus Smith, which connects us with quite a different climate.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69

In the genus Apathus, we have a large new species, with black
abdomen.

Order II. We raise the number of Canadian Amndrenide from 120 to
125, a dozen being new species, one of a new genus close to Ste/is ; they
are: 5 Andrene, 2 Halicti, 1 Heriades, 2 Sphecodes, besides another insect
which Abbé Provancher has, on a first examination, placed among the
Anthophore, but which, from its mouth-parts, seems to me to be nearer
Andrena. :

Of Andrenide described by Smith, we obtained :—

Andrena clypeata, male, yellow-faced, rather common, originally found

. in Florida.

A. fragilis, remarkable for its immensely long mandibles, and

A. victima.

Anthophora marginata ?

Melissodes nigripes.

Megachile acuta, and the pretty little

Stelis federalis. —

Of species named by Cresson, we possess :—

Flalictus disparilis and H. connexus.

Andronicus cylindricus, whose male has very characteristic flattened
and toothed antenne.

Alcidamea pilosifrons—the antennz of the male are also flattened,
but end in a sharp hook. The females of the two species have ordinary
clavate antenne.

Orders III.; IV. Vespide and Eumenide. New species, none, as well
as in the Orders VIII, Bembectde, X., Sphegide, and XXIV., Evantde.

Order V. Crabronide. Besides a new Philanthus obtained by Mr.
Harrington, we add to the list :—

Oxybelus interruptus Cress., and O. emarginatus Say.,

Crabro chrysanginus St. Farg., Cr. obscurus Smith,

Cr. producticollis, Pack., and the diminutive

Stigmus pusillus Say.

Order VI. Wyssonide. Of this’ order of fine lively insects we add
Alyson melleus Say, with yellow head and thorax, two new species of
. Alyson, which would both be easily mistaken for the male A/yson oppositus
Say, and avery small /Vysson, unspotted black.

Order VII. Zarride. What Ihad taken for a Mysson has been recog-
nized by Abbé Provancher to be a new species of Zyroda. I obtained

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

{

also a new Larra, very much like Z. ¢erminata Smith both in shape and |
color, but smaller.

To these two new species must be added the three following: Zarra
argentata Say, L. levifrons Smith, and LZ. arcuata Smith.

Order IX. Pompilide. I caught this year

Agenia calcarata Cress., and two other species of the same genus, one
pitch-black, of slender body, the other stout, with red abdomen, both new;

A new Pompilus, withabdomen and femora tipped with white,

And a ridiculously small, but most elegant Ceropades. |

Order XI. Scoliadide. A fine little Z7phia seems to be 7. tarda Say.

Order XII. Mutillide. Only one specimen has been met with belong-
ing to this Order, a A¢ethoca, found by Mr. Harrington.

Order XIII. Formicide. The only two genera of this Order noticed
before in Canada were /vrmica and Myrmica ; to the lists of their species
must be added

Formica latipes ? Walsh.

Myrmica opposita, Say, and

Myrmica lineolata Say.

Of other genera we have—

Solenopsis fugax Latr., only 1 millimetre long, common to Europe and
America, caught in the Parliament’s conservatory.

Ponera contracta Latr., moreover

4 new Formica have been found,

1 “* Myrmica,

Tas \Lages,

1 “ Leptothorax, and
1 “ Amblyopone.

But before describing most of those new insects, Abbé Provancher wants
the three sexes, which we do not yet possess. Of the last named he
writes :—“‘It is a tropical genera, new to North America.” It is, therefore,
a most extraordinary find.

Order XIV. Chryside. Four species of Chrysis are new to the list,—
of which one to science. The three before described are Chrysis bella

Cress., C. venusta Cress, and C. divergens Cress.
' Of the genus C/eptes, we have only one specimen, which belongs to
an undescribed species.
There is to be added a new species of a genus not recorded before in

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. val

Canada, Zelenomus. The last named a beautiful small insect of a shining
black, while the CZeftes is rose-colored.

Order XV. Chalcidide. This order of parasites and the next orders
abound in more or less microscopical insects, some wingless, as found by
Mr. Harrington in moss. We have sent only some of the larger ones to
the Abbe’ Provancher, who has identified

Smicra microgaster Say, and Fteromalus vanesseé Harr.,
besides referring other specimens to the genera Cad/aspidia, Haltichella,
Chalcis and Ormyrus, all new to Canada except Chadcis.

Order XVI. Cynipide. Two new species have been captured by
Mr. Harrington.

Rhodites bicolor Harr., and a very fine large Hada, of which the
Abbe had been shown a specimen at St. Hyacinth, but wanting the
abdomen.

Order XVII. Proctotrupide. ‘This order gives us a new Aneurynchus
and anew Bathylus.

Order XVIII. Braconide. Two new species—

Rogas parasiticus Nort., and

Chelonus levifrons Cress. have been found, as well as seven new
species—

One of .Syngaster.

One of Opzus.

One of Microgaster.

Two of Microctonus.

One of Capitolinus, a genus new to Canada, and lastly one of an
undescribed genus of the tribe of the Flexzdiventres.

Orders XIX. to XXIII. /chneumonide. In the numerous species of
this order I have very few new ones to record.

Lampronota levigata Cress., and

Exetastes fuscipennis Cress., besides the following new species, unde-
scribed :

One /chneumon.

Three Platylabus.

Two Pheogenes.

Three Phygadeuon.

One Hemiteles.

Two Limneria.

72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

One Zphialtes.
One Zheronia.
One Mesoletus.
I regret not having time now to mention some interesting insects

already on the list. ;

DESCRIPTION OF A SEEMINGLY RARE AND UNIQUE
MOTH.

BY PH. FISCHER, BUFFALO, N. Y.

BROTIS VULNERARIA Hib.

This moth appears to be the only one of its genus so far known in the |

United States.

Head small, yellowish red, almost hidden between the large and
prominent eyes, which are naked ; palpi medium, slender, lighter colored ;
thorax long, covered with long fine hair ; abdomen much shorter than the
anal margin and Hesperi-shaped. Posterior wings elongated, costa
straight, somewhat curved at apex, outer margin straight, inner margin
somewhat rounded. On anterior wings the anal margin is longer than
upper and outer margin, the latter being strongly rounded.

Color of entire insect a blackish brown, with three faint black lines
running from inner margin to costa, on upper wings ; while there are only
two on lower wing, running in a zigzag from anal to upper margin, and a
single minute oval white dot within a black shading, between the two lines
in equal distance from upper and anal margin. On the upper wings,
nearer to apex and reaching costa, is a large triangular spot of a reddish-
tinted light ochre-yellow. Antennz long, yellow, pectinate, ending in a
long thin spine. Under side, except palpi and upper tibiz, silver grey.
Size, 134 inches.

This interesting moth has been taken, with many other new and fine
things (new in this locality), at the electric light near this city. At the
first glance it resembles very much some large specimen of the darker
Hesperide, and could easily be mistaken for one, if the strongly pectinate
antennee would not at once refer it to the Heterocera. The only figure
of it has after a careful search been found in Hiibner’s “ Zutrage,” vol,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Te

4, 2nd hundert, where the text reads thus: “From Bahia*; Es ist
blos, gewagt diese Gattung fiir eine Geometra ampla und Erastria abstracta
zu nehmen,” etc., which shows that this eminent author has even been in
doubt where to place this specimen, as will be seen in the text accom-
panying the figure, and seems inclined to refer it to the Geometride.
Mr. Grote, in his last list,-1882, Heterocera of the United States,
mentioned it and placed it as a separate Group after Hexeris, where I
think it does not rightfully belong. It is entirely different in shape of
head, thorax, abdomen and wings, from its neighbors ; and if a Noctuid,
should be last, and just before Eupethecia. It also strongly reminds, but
in shape and antenne only, of Amphidasys cupidaria Gr., or cognataria
Guen. Neither the genus nor the specimen is mentioned in the Brooklyn
List. On Hibner’s plate, in his vol. 4, Mr. Grote wrote under the figure
thus: “‘ Wisconsin (Hinsdale), Racine College, Wis.,” without any further
remarks, whether B. vu/neraria has been found there, or only been seen
by him in the collection of said College.

ON THE PROBABLE FOOD OF THE LARVA OF SCENOPINUS.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Prof. F. W. Putnam communicated to me a larva of Scenopinus found
in his house under a carpet. It belongs very probably to Sc. padlipes
Say, which was reared by Mr. Sanborn out of larva found under a carpet.
The larva is figured by Prof. A. S. Packard, Guide, p. 1 and 4o1, and
Proc. Essex Just., October, 1867, p. 94, where three other larvae found
under the carpet are mentioned. There are three European species
reared. Sc. senilis (Bouché Naturg. Ins., p. 46) is said to live in rotten
fungus on willows and other trees. Sc. fenestradis (Assman Stett. Ent. Z.
1863, p. 400) in over-ripe strawberries ; but it has been later suggested
that it may belong to another species. Frauenfeld (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges.
Wien. 1864, vol. xiv) has reared Sc. fenestralis from larvae found in a
horse hair mattress. Prof. Loew records the larvae living in a swallow’s
nest. Mr. Perris (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1870, vol. x., p. 230) tells that Dr.

* Bahia or San Salvador is a province of Brazil, about 600 miles north of Rio
Janeiro.

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Cartereau found in a swallow’s nest a pupa of Lucilia dispar containing
an imago of Sc. fenestralis which had not been able to leave the pupa of
Lucilia, so the larva must have fed on it. Mr. Perris has found the pupa
in wood holes made by Hylotrapes bajulus. He supposes the rotten
fungi may have been attacked by Tineidze or Coleopterous larvae, and
that the larva of Scenopinus is carnivorous. Prof. F. W. Putnam found
his larva near to an empty case of the cloth moth. Should it happen to
‘be that the Scenopinus larva destroys those of the cloth moth? Then it
would be a very beneficial insect. It would be very interesting to ascer-
tain the fact by direct observation.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDA:.
BY J. ELWYN BATES, SO. ABINGTON, MASS.

RHEUMAPTERA BRUNNEOMACULATA, SP. Nov.

Abdomen and ground color of wings white. Head, thorax and an-
tennz cinereous. Inner third of fore wings containing three irregular ash-
colored lines more heavily shaded towards the thorax. Mesial band
crossed by two narrow, irregular and somewhat interrupted cinereous
lines, between which on the inner margin of the wing is located a very
distinct sub-triangular spot of deep brown color. Another larger, nearly
quadrangular, very distinct brown patch, widest on costa, extends from
costal margin to near the middle of the wing, in the lower part of which
is located the oblong very dark brown discal dot.

The mesial band is limited exteriorly by a regularly scalloped cinere-
ous line. A narrow sub-marginal irregularly scalloped white line shaded
on both sides with brown scales; a darker patch filling two scallops
above the middle and widening somewhat towards the outer margin of
the wing.

A dark brown costo-apical patch about 0.04 of an inch broad, filling
the space between the mesial band and the sub-marginal white line, be-
yond which is another small brown spot. Cilia on fore wings light brown.
Hind wings with discal dot, and a strongly scalloped sub-marginal white |
line slightly sprinkled with brown scales, and heavily shaded pane
with ash color.

Cilia nearly white dusted with brown scales at the terminus of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 75

veins. Beneath lighter ash-color with discal dots reproduced in both
pairs of wings.
Expanse of wings one inch. Length of body 0.35 ; of fore-wings 0.45.
This fine species is described from one male captured in So. Abing-
ton, Mass., and is the only example that I have yet been able to find in

ten years collecting.

It seems to be more nearly allied to R. ruficillata, Pack., than to any
other species, yet is very different in size and markings.

SEMIOTHISA SEX-PUNCTATA,”™ sp. Nov.

This species may perhaps be best described by a comparison with |S.
granitata, to which it seems closely allied, yet quite distinct. Antenne
simple. General color similar to many examples of S. granitata. Fore
wings not excavated. ‘The distinctive marks are four well defined, dark
brown spots on the discal margin of the fore wings, which form the
terminus of four pale ash-colored lines, while the extra discal line is rather
broad, and contains two oblong parallel dark brown spots just above the
middle of the wing. Discal dots barely apparent on both sides, but more
distinct on hind wings. Beneath quite ochreous, but no more so than
some varieties of S. granitata.

Expanse of wings 1.23 inches. Length of body ——-? (abdomen
wanting).

Described from one female captured in Elko, Nev., at an elevation of
about 10,000 feet.

PHASIANE CINEREATA, Sp. NOv.

Antenne simple. Head, thorax and abdomen glaucous.

General color of wings above ash-gray; beneath approaching
ochreous. A narrow brown line crosses the fore wings on the inner third,
becoming nearly obsolete on the costa. The oblong discal ringlet
centered with white. A faint brown line runs from the middle of the
inner margin to the discal ringlet, but is very faint in this vicinity. An
extra-discal narrow brown line crosses the wing, becoming obsolete on
outer margin of hind wing, but reappearing near the middle and continu-

* Since writing the above, I have found a female example of S. sex-punctata that I
had overlooked. The only difference from the one described is that the two smali
parallel brown spots in the centre of the extra-discal shading are in this example united
into one spot.

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

ing to the inner margin. A sub-marginal somewhat diffuse brown band
crosses both wings. A marginal row of triangular, intervenous, black
dots. Fringe concolorous with the wings. Discal dot on hind wings
brown, distinct. Veins beneath tawny and very distinct, between which
the. white and brown scales are nearly equally distributed, except that the
brown predominates somewhat near the costa of the fore wings, and the
white near the outer margin of hind wings. Discal dots dark brown, dis-
tinct. Legs concolorous with body and wings. Length of body 0.45;
fore wing 0.58 ; expanse of wings 1.18 inches.
, Judging from Mr. Packard’s description of P. neptata, this species
seems more nearly related to that form than any other.
Described from one female taken in Elko, Nevada,

\

NOTES ON ANT LIONS.
BY J. ALSTON MOFFAT, HAMILTON, ONT.

As my former notes on the Ant Lions were of interest to some of your
readers, perhaps a few additional particulars on the same subject may not
be objectionable to them. Having had another opportunity of observing
their habits, I made the best use I could of it. The abdomen of the
nymph is somewhat heart-shaped, flat beneath and very much rounded
above, thickest near the thorax, and sloping off suddenly to the sides and
tail, which is an acute point. The thorax is long, and with the head is
narrow and flat above, a form no doubt well adapted to its requirements.
Its mode of travelling is backwards, always ‘‘ advancing to the rear,” one
side contracted, which produces a circular movement, so that when one
was placed in the centre of the palm of the hand, it made two rounds
before it dropped over the side. As soon as it touched the sand it put
itself instantly out of sight under the surface, where it lay for a short time
perfectly quiet. When it began the formation of its pit, which I watched
to its completion, it commenced by a jerk of the head and thorax, which
threw the sand off and exposed them to view. It lowered them at once,
made a sudden start back, when the sand covered them; then another
jerk and another backward move rapidly executed, always throwing the
sand to the outside. In its first round it described a circle of about an
inch in diameter, reducing the circle with each round. A mound was

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. TT
ERIS. RMR AZM er Sn a a eerie
formed in the centre and the sand ran into the trench from both sides, and
thus it worked away without a halt until the mound was all thrown out,
and the pit had assumed the funnel shape, when it took a rest, after which
it began throwing out the sand from the centre at its leisure, deepening
and widening the pit very much. ‘The time occupied in the first part of
the operation may have been about half an hour.

One that I was watching, after it had made nearly a round in com-
mencing a pit, seemed to be dissatisfied with the location, and started off
on a prospecting tour to find one more to its liking. Its course was quite
discernible by the disturbance of the surface sand, although it never
appeared in view. In its travels it met an obstruction, a piece of broken
pine limb about four inches long and an inch and a half in diameter, im-
bedded about an inch in the sand. Against this it struggled until it raised
it out of its bed, moving one end along an inch and a half, when it was

sufficiently elevated to permit the nymph to pass on without going below

its ordinary depth. It had travelled hither and thither over a space of 12
or 14 inches without stopping, before I left it. It is most amusing to
place one on its back and watch it get on its feet again. Although I am
afraid the operation is quite indescribable by me, I can tell what it does
not do ; it does not spring up like an Elater ; it does not stretch out its
legs as beetles generally do, they being very short, it could not nearly
reach with its feet the surface on which it is laying ; it does not seem
merely to roll over, for when it has got on its feet it is in the identical spot
it was when on its back. But while one is watching it attentively, it sud-
denly assumes that hazy, indefinite appearance that anything will when in
rapid vibration, and when again distinctly seen it is resting quietly on its
feet, but what it did more than vigorously shake itself, or how it accom-

plished the “presto change,” I cannot say. I watched it again and again

but could make nothing more of it.

The species to which these nymphs belonged would be either abdom-
inalis or obsoletus, and they must have been nearing maturity, as some
were out on the wing at the time. I took two addominalis, one of them
with a most unseemly length of abdomen, extending full three-fourths of

_an inch beyond the wings, which I take to be a female.

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ABOUT CLEANING OILY SPECIMENS OF LEPIDOPTERA, ETC.
BY PH. FISCHER, BUFFALO, N. Y.

If a specimen becomes oily, it is generally believed that its beauty can
never again be restored ; but with a trifling cost and a little labor, any
specimen will in a short time have again its former lustre, without injury
to the insect. This remedy has been tried on the most tender Diurnals, |
as well as on Sphinges and Noctuids ; it can be used on every insect.
Should a specimen be oily throughout, body and wings, it may be put in
the following fluid: One part of sulphuric ether to two parts of the
strongest alcohol, and left therein for about 24 hours. Should the speci-
men be very oily, another bath may have to be applied. Should this:
second bath, after removing the insect, be only slightly discolored, the |
insect may be put in the last bath, which consists of pure sulphuric ether,
in which it is left a few hours only. After being taken out and
partly dried, it is put on the spreading board. Another way of cleaning
specimens, where only the wings are oily, is this: The specimen is put on
the spreading board, under side up, without fastening it in any way, and
the purest spirits of turpentine poured on it to fully soak the wings, after
' which finely-powdered pipe clay is strewn thickly over the affected parts,
and this left to dry. Should the clay, after being dry, be yellow, the oil is
not all out of the wings, and the above has to be renewed. Should the
clay be perfectly white after drying, it can be relied upon that every
particle of the fatty matter is drawn out of the wings. To remove the! |
clay it needs a little experience, though any one can do it with a little)
care. Hold your specimen on the upper part of the pin, and give the pin
a little jerk near the point, and the clay, being brittle, will easily fall off.
After it is all removed, the specimen may be brushed off with a fine camel
hair brush until clean, A specimen treated in the above ways will never
again become oily.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Dear Sir: Whilst out for an entomological ramble at Lachine on
Nov. 11th last, I took a fine specimen of Décerca obscura Fab. at the foot
of a tree, but whether the tree was an oak or a maple I unfortunately did
not at the time note. Now this is very interesting, as it seems to indicate
that this species, too, is double-brooded. I have read of some of the |

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 79

‘Calcophore being captured late in the autumn, but never of D. obscura.
Does it also hibernate? Perhaps some one that has a better knowledge
-of the'habits of this species than I, may be able to give us an additional
record of experience. The beetle, by the way, is rather a rarity in the
-vicinage of Montreal. J. F. Hansen, Montreal.

OECANTHUS.

Dear Sir: Referring to the genus Oecanthus, I have only been able
‘to find in the works of several authors O. miveus as damaging fruit, etc.
I have taken O. miveus entirely about apple and hard wood; O. fasciatus
Fitch about raspberries, etc., and certain woody weeds. They are more
-common than zévews here, and very distinct.
E. W. Auuis, Adrian, Mich.

ON THE FULMINATING PROPERTY IN CALATHUS GREGRAIUS SAY.

While collecting in the woods, 9th November, 1884, I rolled over an
-old rotten log and discovered a number of reddish-brown Carabs, with
lighter legs and antennz, which proved to be Ca/athus gregarius, Say.
These I captured and put in a cyanide bottle. Looking at the bottle soon
_afterward, I noticed that it was filled with a white smoke, which, I soon
saw, was emitted by the Carabs. This somewhat surprised me, as up to
that time I had never heard of this peculiarity occurring in any other
genus than Brachynus. Since then I have seen a notice of its having been
observed in MWetrius by Mr. Ricksecker (Zutomolog. Amer,, vol. L., p.
98). Ishould be glad to know if it has been noticed in Ca/athus by any

-other collectors.
C. H. T. Townsenp, Constantine, Mich.

Dear Sir: Ihave just become acquainted with the fact that a fine
specimen of Zrebus odora has been caught (in August, 1884) at the
mouth of Eighteen-mile Creek, a few miles south of Buffalo, N. Y., by
Mr. E. M. Chamot, of this city, at sugaring. The insect must evidently
have been bred here, as it is not rubbed at all, only somewhat torn, and
may not have been on the wing more than one night. It measures about
five inches from tip to tip.

Pu. FiscHEr, Buffalo, N. Y.

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Dear Sir: Yn connection with the article entitled ‘“‘ The Colias Con-
troversy,” by Mr. R. H. Stretch (Can. Ent., vol. 18, p. 54-56), I would
like to call attention to the fact that early in the year 1884, Mr. Stretch
wrote Mr. W. H. Edwards that he knew nothing about the “ purposely
prepared” Colias (cf. Papilio, vol. 4, p. 170), but that on the gth of
December, 1885, he requires about two and a half pages of printed mat-
ter “to state in a concise manner” what he knows about it. Mr. Stretch
quotes from his note-book, “/udy gth,* took very fine series of Colias
(3 forms),” and adds, “it” (the specimen under discussion) ‘might
have been either one of these or some other.” The “ purposely pre-
pared” Colias was taken at Umatala, June 25, so that we can all agree
that it was “some other.” Under the circumstances, I am unable to hold
in high esteem Mr. Stretch’s assertion that I have stated ‘the case
exactly,” or allow that he is able to add any facts to “The Colias Con-
troversy.” SAML. HENSHAW.

OUT EARLY.

Dear Sir: Belostoma Americanum, the “ Electric Light Bug,” as it
is popularly called here, and its usual companion, Dyfzscus marginalis, the
** Water Tiger,” were out abundantly this evening at the electric lamps, as
last summer. ‘The toads also put in an appearance at the same time and.
place as they were accustomed to do last year. EK. W. CLAYPOLE.

Akron, O., March 18, 1886.

INSTANCE OF RETARDED DEVELOPMENT, AUG. IITH, 1883, CASSIA, FLA.

Dear Sir: About June 15th, I collected nine chrysalids of Papilio:
cresphontes from orange trees. They were newly made. From June 22nd
to June 27th all but one gave imagines ; this, on subsequent examination,
was found to be alive, and (Aug. 11th) gave also its imago, a large 9,
thus being retarded in development about 45 days—the conditions of
environment being the same for all.

J. Etwyn Bates, So. Abington, Mass.

* The italics mine.

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VOL. XVIII. LONDON, MAY, 1886. No. 5

MONOGRAPH OF THE LOMATINA OF NORTH AMERICA.
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, ANAHEIM, CAL.

The Lomatina may easily be distinguished from the other Bombylidz
by the following charactets :

Front very large ; antenne shorter than the head, the third joint at
least twice as long as the first, tapering to the tip, or suddenly contracted
near its base, the terminal portion styliform ; terminal style minute. Pro-
boscis never projecting more than one half its length beyond the hyper-
stoma. Front and face when viewed from the side form a gentle curve,
never greatly produced at base of antennz. Wings with two submarginal
and four posterior cells ; furcation of the second and third veins occurs
before the small cross-vein at a distance of at least twice the length of that
cross-vein. All of the tibiae bristly.

The following table contains all the genera known to occur in North
America :
meen basalivelh OPEN... . «> meeacmet iialetite co sa my ele) + a/sianatela ale Ade

Third basal cell closed, third antennal joint when viewed from the side
more than twice as long as wide, gradually tapering from near base
to apex, which is blunt and bears a very short, sharp-pointed style ;
Palvillie Presenters’. <.<..-. + oo MEMMeEmarMians Weve sia! --4. Oncodocera.

2.—Third antennal joint when viewed from the side, more than twice as
long as wide, suddenly contracted near its base, the terminal por-
on styivorm.; avyholeof face #UOSe yin oe tc. oss. sccm as wei ee a3

Third antennal joint when viewed from the side, but little longer than
wide ; upper half of face bare; pulvilli present....1. ucessia.

3.—Pulvilli present ; face usually retreating below..... 3. Aphebantus.

Pulvilli wanting ; face projecting below............. 2. Leptochilus.

Stygia elongata Say does not belong to the Lomatina.
Triodites O.S. = Aphebantus Lw. At the time of establishing this
genus, the Baron Osten Sacken had not seen a specimen of Aphabantus

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

(see West. Dipt., p. 228), and the only character he gives for separating
these two genera (I. c., p. 229) is that the second submarginal cell is ap-
pendiculate in Aphebantus, and not appendiculate in Z7zodites, but this
character frequently varies in different specimens of the same species, and
sometimes even in the different wings of the same specimen. _ The species
upon which these two genera were established (Z: mus O.S., and A.
cervinus Lw.) do not offer any characters that would justify their separ-
ation into two different genera. .

In the following pages I have placed an exclamation point (!) after
those localities from which I have obtained specimens of the species.

1. EUCESSIA, n. gen.

Antenne porrect, third joint when viewed from the side scarcely longer
than wide, somewhat oval in outline, but tapering to the tip, which is blunt
and bears a very short style, tipped with a short bristle ; first joint longer
than the second, but not one half as long as the third ; first two joints of
nearly an equal width, not much more than one half as wide as the third
at its base. Face retreating below, bare except on oral margin. Head a
little thicker than long, wider than the thorax, and fully three fourths as
large. Thorax with bristles in front of wings and on hind angles. Scu-
tellum rounded behind. Wings with two submarginal and four posterior
cells, all of the latter open, as is also the third basal; small cross-vein
near middle of discal cell; furcation of second and third veins occurs
before proximal end of discal cell. All of the tibiae provided with
bristles ; pulvilli pad-like. . . ;

Lucessia rubens, 0. sp.— 2. Front black, the lower half white polli-
nose, reddish or white pilose ; face densely silvery-white pollinose, the
upper part bare, oral margin white and reddish pilose; proboscis not
projecting beyond hyperstoma. Antennal joints proportioned as 2, 1 and
6; first two joints reddish, the third black. Occiput white tomentose,
that in middle above, reddish. Thorax black, reddish tomentose, the
bristles also reddish ; pleura white pilose. Scutellum reddish, above
black, its tomentum and bristles reddish. Abdomen reddish, tomentum
concolorous except a white vittae on middle of dorsum and one on each
side ; pile of first segment white, dense on the sides, that on sides of othe
segments sparse, reddish; venter reddish, its tomentum concolorous.
Legs reddish, tomentum concolorous, that on hind side of each femur and

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

on front side of hind femora at base, white ; bristles reddish ; apex of tarsi
black. Wings hyaline, costal cell yellowish.
qf. Eyes quite widely separated on the front, the latter wholly silvery
white pollinose ; hypopygium very large and greatly dilated below.
Length 4-5 mm. Cal.! 4 2% and6 9, in Sept. (several pairs were
in coitu).

2. Leprocuitus, Loew.

1.—Hind margin of scutellum shallowly concave, wings hyaline, costal

eellp yellowmistt so. <2. ). MMos sh nfs mien 2 modestus Lw.
Hind margin of scutellum convex, basal third or more of wings
PARIS eVGA sss n. «ss 5 ee Poly noc es LV AISELUS Da SP

L. transitus, n. sp.—. Front black, the lower half gray pollinose,
black pilose, that next the antennae white ; face black, gray pollinose, yel-
lowish and black pilose, most abundant on oral margin; face and front
apparently destitute of short, appressed tomentum ; proboscis never pro-
jects more than one half the length of its labellee beyond hyperstoma.
Antenne black, first joint about four times as long as the second. Occi-
put gray pollinose, the upper part yellowish tomentose. Thorax black,
yellowish tomentose, sides broadly white tomentose ; pile and bristles

~ largely black ; pleura white pilose, that on upper part yellowish. Scu-
tellum shining black, rounded behind, yellowish tomentose, the pile and

bristles black. Abdomen black, yellowish tomentose, that on base of each
segment white ; sides of first segment abundant whitish pilose, sides of
other segments very sparse black and white pilose, dorsum of abdomen

- sparse long black pilose ; venter black, white tomentose. Femora black,

tibiae, bases of tarsi and sometimes of the femora, reddish; apex of tarsi

‘and sometimes base of hind tarsi and apex of hind tibiae, black ; tomen-

tum of legs white, the bristles reddish. Wings hyaline at the apex, the
base brown, the outline of this color extending from apex of first vein
obliquely to second vein, then basally a short distance, then transversely
to discal cell beyond small cross-vein, then basally to base of discal cell,
then transversely to extreme base of fourth posterior cell, then basally to
axillary incision.

g. Eyes narrowly separated on the front, hypopygium small and not

dilated below.

Length 5-8 m.m, Cal,! 1o # and 7 2 in April.

84. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

L. modestus Loew.—@. Differs from ¢ransitus as follows: Front
whitish tomentose, and black and yellowish pilose; face whitish tomentose,
oral margin .yel owish pilose ; proboscis projects about one fourth its
length beyond hyperstoma; first two joints of antennz yellowish pilose.
Occiput whitish tomentose, that in middle above reddish. Thorax mixed
whitish and yellow tomentose, more whitish in front and each side; pile
reddish and black, longest behind ; bristles reddish ; pleura white mila
Scutellum shallowly concave behind, mixed white aril yellow tomentose,
pile and bristles reddish, Abdomen largely reddish, tomentose, that on
base and sides whitish ; pile white and yellowish ; venter mixed white and
yellowish tomentose. Tomentum of legs mixed white and yellowish.
Wings hyaline, costal cell yellowish.

gf. Hypopygium rather large, and considerably dilated below.

Length, 7-10 m.m. Cal.! Texas. 5 g and5 @ in April and May.

3. APH@BANTUS Loew. (Syn. Zriodites O. S.)
1.—Thorax and abdomen destitute of white-tomentose dorsal vittze....2
Thorax with two, abdomen with one white-tomentose dorsal

. vitta. . Eeereye es vase aoe .vittatus N. Sp.
2.—Proboscis never oes more thee the feneth ee its ‘abel beyond
the hyperstoma.. eRe Se o < Brigale ape nn

‘Proboscis projects halt its sdeweth Reyna the Herstnraal . Zitus, 0. Sp.
3.—Abdomen black tomentose and with white-tomentose cross

PAGS eye asda tis» «eo od Qerece smRPP eR Sha tagete! ot po ols beg ae mus O. S.
Abdomen yellowish tomentose, destitute of distinct white-
LOMEBEOSE CLOSS ands’ ’e%.<Meme te ssp lal eieue, 5's o oe stiens Beater oa

4.—Abdomen densely clothed with long, erect, whitish pile; abdomen of
male depressed, about as wide as the thorax, in outline elongate-
ellijn@idales:< .)./.).)s ss san'e g SGN ae As Fe hirsutus, Nn. sp.
Abdomen never densely clothed with long erect pile, abdomen of
male usually sub-cylindrical and tapering posteriorly.cervinus Lw.

Aphebantus litus, n. sp.—¥. Front black, the lower half gray polli-
nose, mixed yellowish and white tomentose and black pilose ; face black,
destitute of tomentum, densely gray pollinose except on lower edge, sparse
white and yellowish pilose, most abundant in middle below ; oral margin
white and yellowish ; proboscis projects about half its length beyond hy-
perstoma. Antennae black, first joint nearly twice as long as the second,
and about as long as the thickened basal part of third ; styliform portion

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85

of third joint very slender, and about three times as long as the thickened
basal part of this joint. Occiput gray pollinose, white tomentose, the
upper part largely yellowish tomentose. Thorax black, mixed white and
yellowish tomentose, the pile and bristles largely black; pleura white
_ pilose and tomentose. Scutellum shining black, rounded behind, yellow-
‘ _ ish tomentose, the pile and bristles black. Abdomen black, mixed black,
brown and whitish tomentose, the black forming a cross band at base of
. 4 the second segment, the brown chiefly confined to base of each segment ;
' first segment wholly white tomentose and pilose, pile of other segments
_ very sparse, white ; venter black, whitish tomentose. Femora and apices
' of tarsi black, tips of femora, tibiae wholly and bases of tarsi, reddish ;
~ tomentum of legs white, the bristles reddish. | Wings hyaline, costal cell
yellowish ; a stump of a vein near base of anterior branch of third vein.
q. Eyes barely contiguous on the front, the latter wholly gray polli-
nose and yellowish pilose, abdomen with black-tomentose cross bands at
base of each segment, tarsi wholly reddish; hypopygium moderate,
slightly dilated below, its upper half behind long black or reddish pilose.
Length 7-1om.m. Cal.! 3 ¢ andi @ inSept. The face is less

_ tetreating below than in the other species.

=Aphebantus hirsutus, n. sp.—Wholly black. Front yellowish tomen-
tose and black pilose, face yellowish white tomentose and pilose ; pro-
_ boscis projects half the length of its labella beyond hyperstoma. Anten-
nal joints as 2, 1 and 4, the styliform portion of the third joint about
_ twice as long as the thickened basal part of this joint. Occiput white
- tomentose. Thorax yellowish tomentose and pilose ; pleura white pilose.
_ Pile and bristles of scutellum pale yellowish. Abdomen yellowish tomen-
- tose and densely clothed with long white or yellowish pile ; venter white
_ pilose, Legs white tomentose, the bristles reddish. Wings hyaline, the
costal cell yellowish.

ad. Eyes very narrowly separated on the front; abdomen greatly
depressed, about as wide as the thorax, elongate-ellipsoidal in outline ;
hypopygium very small ; front and middle tibize with a row of white pile
on the outside.

Length 7-8 m.m. Cal.! 2 f and2 ®.

Aphabantus mus O. S. (Syn. Triodites mus O. S.)—Female. Black,
_ the tibiz and tarsi sometimes reddish. Front gray pollinose on lower
part, whitish tomentose and black pilose’; face gray pollinose and whitish

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

pilose ; proboscis not projecting beyond hyperstoma ; styliform portion
of third joint of antennae about twice as long as the thickened basal part
of this joint. Occiput white tomentose. Thorax yellowish tomentose,
more whitish on the sides, the bristles black or yellowish. Scutellum
- rounded behind, yellowish tomentose, the pile and bristles black. Abdo-
men black tomentose and with a white-tomentose cross band on apex of
each segment except the last one ; first segment wholly white and yellow-
ish pilose ; sides of abdomen quite abundant long white pilose ; venter
white tomentose. Legs white tomentose, the bristles reddish. Wings
hyaline, the sub-costal cell yellowish.

Male.—Eyes meet each other for some distance on the front.

Length 4-8 m.m. Cal.! Ariz.! Utah. 4 males and 7 females.

’

Aphebantus vittatus, n. sp.—Female. Black, tips of femora, tibize
and tarsi reddish. Front and face white tomentose and piiose, tomentum ;
of front sometimes largely or wholly brownish ; proboscis not projecting f
beyond hyperstoma. Styliform portion of third joint of antennze about -
once and a fourth as long as the thickened basal part of this joint ; second
joint minute. Occiput white tomentose. Thorax brownish tomentose,
and with two widely separated white-tomentose dorsal vittae ; sides of
thorax and pleura white tomentose, bristles of thorax reddish. Scutellum
mixed white and brown tomentose, its hind margin wholly white tomen-
tose, the bristles black. Abdomen brown tomentose, a dorsal vitta, the
sides and venter white tomentose. . Legs white tomentose, the bristles
reddish. Wings hyaline, the costal cell yellowish.

Male.—Eyes quite widely separated on the front, hypopygium moder-
ate and not noticeably dilated below.

Length 4-6 m.m. Cal.! 5 males and 5 females.

Aphebantus cervinus Loew.—Differs from v¢tatus only in having no
white-tomentose vittae on the thorax and abdomen, the sides of the thor-
acic dorsum and of the abdomen are not so conspicuously white tomen-
tose, and the eyes of the male meet each other for some distance on the
front. Pile of front varies from white, through yellowish, to black, and
the tomentum of front varies from white to brown; bristles of thorax,
scutellum and tibiae usually reddish, but sometimes black.

Length 6-11 m.m. Cal! Ariz.! Col.! Texas. 15 male and 11
females, July to Oct.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 87

Var. pavidus n. var.—Differs from the typical cervinus in being
smaller, and in having the front and face densely snow-white tomentose,
but the front is sometimes brownish tomentose. Length 4-6 m. m.
Cal.! 1 male and 4 females.

4. ONCODOCERA Macq.

1.—Length 4-7 m. m.; first posterior cell open............. leucoprocta
Length 14 m. m.; first posterior cell closed................valida
Oncodocera leucoprocta Wied. (Syn. Mutlio leucoprocta Wied.; Anthrax
terminalis Wied.; Oncodocera dimidiata Macq.)—Male. Wholly black,
the thorax, scutellum and abdomen deep velvet-black. Wholly black
pilose except front, face and last two abdominal segments, which are white
pilose, but thorax sometimes largely yellowish pilose, and pile on sides of
abdomen sometimes rusty-brownish. _ Apex of wings hyaline, the base
brownish, the outline of this color extending from apex of first vein
obliquely to base of fourth posterior cell, then following penultimate vein
to hind margin of wing ; axillary cell almost wholly hyaline ; apex of first
basal cell hyaline ; only the extreme base of discal cell brown. Eyes
contiguous for some distance ; proboscis not projecting beyond hyperstoma.
Female.—Pile of head and body, except sides of abdomen, yellowish ;
no white pile on last two abdominal segments.
Length 4-7 m.m. N.C.! Va., Ill, Wis., Ky., Ga., Fla.! Mex.

Oncodocera valida Wied. (Syn. Anthrax valida Wied. ; Anisotamia
eximia Macq.)—As I have never seen a specimen of this species, I give
below a translation of Wiedemann’s original description (Aus. Zwei. Ins,,
IL, page 636).

“ Deep black, abdomen having the apex each side fulvous pilose, in
the male with two vitte ; 7 lines. From Oaxaca in Mexico.

« Antennae black, with a simple style. Eyes of the gf contiguous, so
that on the crown only a small space remains, extended in a point
anteriorly. Besides these, the whole insect is black, and black pilose,
only the end of the abdomen with golden-yellow, beneath even foxy-
reddish, glossy, silken pile, which in the male forms two broad vittae that
extend to the first segment, but in the female only forming two spots which
extend across the last two segments. Wings on the costal margin for two-
thirds their length brownish ; in the male less dark. Veins as in the fifth
tribe, except that the inner branch of the forked vein is connected with
the next following vein at the hind margin of the wing.”

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88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
SATYRUS CHARON, Epw.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Ecc.—Conoidal, somewhat rounded at base ; truncated, nearly flat, a
very little convex, at top ; the sides a little convex, and marked by about
twenty-two sharp vertical ridges, which start from edge of base and end
at rim of summit, the spaces between these ridges deeply and roundly
excavated ; the summit is covered with shallow cells, irregularly five and
six-sided, in four rows, not concentric, but somewhat spiral, about a cen-
tral rosette of rhomboids. Very like the egg of A/ofe, but there are a
greater number of flutings on sides. Color lemon-yellow. Duration of
this stage about 12 days.

Younc Larva.—Length .1 inch; the anterior segments thickest, tap-
ering from 3 or 4 to 13, at the extremity nearly square, with a projecting
point at either side ; armed with long white processes or bristles, arranged
as follows: on either side, a sub-dorsal row, a second on mid-side, and a
third along base; also two demi-rows confined to 2, 3, 4, one of them
between the two upper rows, the other between the second and third
rows ; the sub-dorsal has one bristle each on 2, 3, 4, bent forward, 2 each
from 5 to 12, 1 On 13, besides another proceeding from the terminal
point, all bent back ; the demi and lateral rows have one to each segment,
all bent forward, except those on 12, 13; the lower row has two to each

segment, those on 2 bent forward slightly, all the rest back ; these bristles
are thick at base and taper a little to a blunt point, and under a high
power are seen to be rough with the stubs of branching spurs ; there are
also over pro- and anal legs two shorter bristles to each ; in most of these _
bristles the ‘bend is close to base, giving them the appearance of so many
hooks ; and they spring from rather prominent tubercles ; color of body
pinkish-yellow, with red-brown longitudinal lines, one mid-dorsal, two
finer ones close together on mid-side, and another heavier than the last
just over spiracles ; there is also a less distinct and broken line along
base ; legs and pro-legs color of body ; head one-half broader than 2, sub-
globose, narrowing upwards, the top a little depressed ; color yellow-
brown, specked thickly with red-brown ; a few white bristles over surface,
like those on body and rising from dark brown tubercles, all bent down ;
ocelli brown, except the largest, which is emerald-green.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; 89

About eight days after beginning to feed the larva changed color, be-
coming pale green, the lines as before, head as before. From end of
hibernation to first moult 21 to 38 days, the larve being on grass in a
warm room.

After First Moult.—Length at 24 hours after the moult, .15 inch;
tapering from anterior segments to 13 both dorsally and laterally, the last
ones a little arched ; 13 ends in two conical tails, one at either side, the
space between roundly excavated ; body covered with rough tubercula- _
tions, from which come short stiff processes, not tapering, but small at
base, and thick at end and rounded, varying in size and somewhat in
_ length ; rough also like the bristles at first stage ; except on 2, where
these are turned forward, all are bent back and flattened to the body,
which gives a downy coating to whole surface ; color green ; a pale brown
mid-dorsal line, two such on middle of side and another over spiracles ;
feet green, whitish at ends, pro-legs green; head a little broader than 2,
sub-globose, bright green, pitted with darker green, rough with white
tubercles, each of which gives a process like those on body, and bent.
down ; ocelli emerald. Duration of this stage 15 to 20 days.

After Second Moult.—Length at 24 hours, .3 inch; same shape;
color either yellow-green or a bluish sage-green ; covered with bent pro-
cesses as before ; the lines as before, but green instead of brown ; along
base a yellow stripe; head as before. Duration of this stage 12 to 18
days. ,

After Third Moult.—Length at 20 hours, .4 inch ; color yellow-green ;
tails reddish ; the mid-dorsal stripe distinct, the three side lines not well
defined ; the basal ridge yellow ; there is also now a sub-dorsal line or
narrow stripe of pale yellow. Duration of this stage 15 to 20 days.’

After Fourth Moult.—Length at 18 hours .54 inch ; closely as in last
previous stage ; 5 days later was fully grown.

Mature Larva.—Length .94 inch, greatest breadth .12 inch ; cylin-
drical, tapering from middle to end both on dorsum and sides, rather
stout in middle, but not obese, the anterior segments even ; ends in two
sharp conical divergent tails ; each segment creased six times, and on the
flattened ridges so caused are numerous fine yellowish tubercles, each of
which sends out a short, slender, white process, more or less pressed to
the surface ; color yellow-green over dorsum to sub-dorsal band, from
that to base more green, less yellow ; the tails pale red, on outer sides

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

yellow ; the sub-dorsal band nearly as wide as basal, and same shade of
yellow ; the dorsal stripe is dark green, and is edged on either side nar-
rowly by yellow; feet and legs green; head sub-globose, broad at base,
narrowing upwards, a little depressed at top ; roughly tuberculated, the
tubercles in vertical rows, conical, each with white hair ; color bright green ;
the ocelli brown, except the largest, which is emerald. Duration of this
stage 20 days at the least.

CuHRYSALIS.—Length, male .4 inch, female .5 to .54 inch; breadth
across mesonotum, male .16, female .17 ; across abdomen, male .17,
female .18 inch; cylindrical, abdomen conical ; head case short, narrow
at top and a little convex, the sides excavated ; mesonotum prominent,
roundly carinated, the sides somewhat convex, followed by a shallow de-
pression ; color pale yellow-green, the dorsal side throughout, and the
‘ventral side of abdomen, thickly dotted and mottled with whitish ; three
whitish stripes along dorsum, one in middle, the others sub-dorsal, and
running from end to end; on the wing cases are three streaks of darker
green, the longest in mid-wing and reaching hind margin, the others short
and stopping before margin; there are also some small patches same
green ; wing cases next base, the top of head case and keel of mesonotum
lined with white.

Another example was wholly whitish-green, no dark streaks on wing
cases and no dorsal bands.

Others were greenish-black, finely dotted gray ; the three dorsal stripes
gray ; the wings black and gray, about equally, running in streaks with
the nervules. , ,

Another was of a dull brown, with no tinge of green, marked like the
last described, but the light parts were of a pinkish-white ; on the wings
were three deep black streaks, corresponding to the green ones before
mentioned. Duration of this stage 11 to 12 days,

This pretty little Satyrus was first made known by Mr. T. L. Mead,
who took it in Colorado in 1871. It was described by me in Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc., iv., p. 69, 1872, and appended was a note as follows: ‘ This
species was first met near the Twin Lakes, in Upper Arkansas Valley,
elevation 8,000 feet, in July, 1871. _—_‘It flew near the ground, frequently
alighting on the sage-brush, and seemed much more partial to flowers than
was Satyrus (Hipparchia) Aédingsé7, also common in that vicinity. By
the latter part of July it was abundant throughout the entire Park and

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 91

mountain country, and so continued till September.” In Mr. Mead’s Re-
port on the Lepidoptera taken by the Wheeler Expeditions, 1875, it was
farther said of Charon: ‘It was found both in South and Middle Parks,
though not so abundantly as in the Arkansas Valley. In August, females
were obtained and inclosed with grass ; several eggs were laid; they are
whitish and very similar to those of (Vephele.” I do not know that
another line has been published on the habits of this butterfly than what
Mr. Mead wrote or authorized as above, although the species has been
taken in many localities from New Mexico to Montana, ‘and even in
British America, as appears by Captain Geddes’ list. Mr. Morrison also
took it in Nevada.

I received 20 eggs of Charon from Mr. H. W. Nash, then at Rosita,
Colorado, 4th August, 1884; on the roth August, 23 more, and many
others on 14th Aug.; sent through the mail, in turned wooden boxes, the
eggs all obtained by confining females in bags over grass. They came in

' perfect order, and began to hatch, the rst lot, roth Aug., the 2nd lot, 17th.

The larvee were remarkably like those of A/ope, same shape, color, longi-
tudinal bands and processes, and the latter were bent like fish-hooks, just
as in Adope. I had larve of Hipparchia Azdingszz hatching at same time,
and the difference between them and the larve of Charon at this stage
was striking. It was generic. The same resemblance to A/ope runs
through the whole history of Charon, egg, all the larval stages, and the
chrysalis, except that in color this last is variable as to coloration in
Charon, and not in A/ope.

The larve devoured the egg shells more or less completely, but eat no
grass, and settled themselves for a winter’s sleep. _ I left them for several
weeks in the cellar, in paper pill boxes. On roth October, they were sent
to Clifton Springs, New York, and placed in the “ cooler” of the Sani-
tarium there, temp. all the year 40° Far. On 7th March, 1885, I received
the larve again ; nearly all were alive, and they were placed on a sod of
grass set in flower pot, and covered by a glass lamp chimney. On 8th,
several were feeding. The first larva passed 1st moult 29th March, byt
several were ready to pass this moult for about a week had the weather
been pleasant, instead of cold, cloudy and stormy, much of the time.
Two more passed the moult znd April. The last one of 15 larve passed
Ist moult 15th April ; so that between the first and last was an interval

of 17 days.

92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The second moult began on gth April, and the last one of 10 larve
passed same 21st April, a difference of 12 days.

The third moult began 21st April, and the last of 8 larvee passed same
7th May, a difference of 15 days.

The fourth moult began 3rd May, and the last of 9 larvee passed same
6th June, a difference of 34 days.

The first chrysalis formed zoth May, and the last larva was mature
roth June, and would have pupated about 15th, had I not put it in alco-
hol. ‘The difference would have been about 26 days in pupating.

The first imago out of chrysalis was on 2nd June, the pupa period
being from 11 to 12 days.

So that, supposing larvae to behave in natural condition as these in
confinement, fresh butterflies from same brood would be coming out
daily for several weeks. And so undoubtedly they do, as is the case with
Alope.

LARVA OF COELODASYS MUSTELINA, Pack.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Length .80 of an inch. Head oblique, narrow, slightly bilobed, about
one-fourth of the head above the height of joint 2; body nearly cylindri-
cal; on joint 5 a nearly conical projection about two-thirds as high as
the depth of the body, bifid at the top, each part tipped with a hair; on
joint 9 is a slight elevation, and a more prominent one on joint 12.
When at rest the posterior part of the body is raised, making these eleva-
tions appear more prominent. In color, the head, joint 2, and the
dorsum of joints 3 and 4 to the top of the tubercle on joint 5, is dark
brownish purple mottled with gray, the sides being lighter than the front
of the head and the dorsum, the latter narrow posteriorly ; the sides of
joints 3 and 4 are bright green with a few fine purple dots and a pale
dorsal edging ; the sides of the body back of joint 4 are a series of fine,
close, crenate purplish red lines or mottlings on a grayish yellow ground
color, more yellow above, giving the sides something of an orange appear-
ance ; the dorsum of joints 5 to 8 is more of a grayish color from the
ground color being paler and the mottlings finer and more of a purple
shade ; a darker patch on the dorsum of joint 8, this color extending

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93

back obliquely on joints 9 and ro, making a dark purple lateral line ; the
pale part of the dorsum is wider on the posterior than on the anterior of
each joint, the space being bordered by an oblique purple line that fades
out before quite reaching the lateral line ; the rest of the dorsum is like
the sides, except a little darker ; between the two posterior tubercles or
elevations is a clear white V, the point beginning on the anterior part of
joint 10 and extending back to the posterior part of joint 11 on the sides.

Three of these larvze were found by Mrs. French on a rose bush, Sep-
tember 18, 1884, nearly grown. By October rst they had pupated,
fastening the leaves together for a puparium, within which they changed,
The following spring these produced three imagines, May 20, 22 and 31
respectively. No effort was made to rear a second brood, but from the
time the larvee were found in the fall it is to be presumed that there are
two broods in a season,

NOTES ON CERTAIN COLEOPTERA OF THE NEIGHBOR-
HOOD OF GALESBURG, ILL.

BY C. W. STRUMBERG.

Lebia divisa Lec.—Twenty-nine specimens of this beautiful Carabid
were taken during July (1884) with the sweeping net, on various weeds
along the edge of a slough. One specimen was found under a board. -
Towards sunset seemed to be the only time they could be captured, differ-
ing in that respect from some of the others of the genus, which are about
at all hours of the day. My first specimen was taken in 1876 in same
locality.

Lebia tricolor, pleuritica and analis seem to be rare. Have taken
them with the sieve late in October.

Apenes sinuata Say. Oct., two specimens under a log.

Pentagonica bicolor Lec. Not rare among leaves and rubbish in the
late fall and early spring. Specimens are often taken in the sweeping net
during summer.

Cryptobium serpentinum Lec. Oct. 2 (1883 ?). Took two specimens
of this fine insect under logs in moist woods.

Dicerca asperata L. & G. Was found in numbers late in the fall by
searching among the fallen leaves on hill sides, especially in flat places or

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

depressions near large trees. Sometimes a specimen of D. lepida was
taken, while D. divaricata and D. obscura were quite common.

Stethon pectorosus Lec. July, two specimens under bark.

Fornax badius Melsh. July 18th, 16 specimens under the bark of a
stump.

CELIPTERA BIFASCIATA, Sp. Nov.
BY J. ELWYN BATES, SO. ABINGTON, MASS.

Coloration and shading as in /rustu/um, with the following exceptions,
which are very marked and leave no room for doubt that it is entirely
distinct from that species.

The peculiar black spots on the inner third of the fore wings of /rus-
tulum, are entirely wanting in this-species. There is a small dark brown
triangular spot acutely pointed and situated very near the costa, in line
with the extra-discal row of dots, and ending on costa and outer margin
of the wings. In some specimens these spots are rounded internally. A
light buff-colored band crosses the wings, limiting the inner third, which
is shaded heavily with chocolate-brown exteriorly. This band is nearly
identical in coloration with the extra-discal one, though perhaps a trifle
lighter. In /rustudum the extra-discal band bends outward beyond the
median vein, while in this species it pursues an unaltered course to the
costa. Discal ringlet somewhat reniform, and smaller than in frustulum.
Traces of two very faint brown lines crossing the fore wings in discal
space, nearly parallel with the extra-discal band. A light cinereous nar-
row band crosses the hind wings from the inner angle to a point in line
with the extra-discal band of the fore wings. Wings quite heavily shaded
with brown beyond this band. No other markings on hind wings. Be-
neath like frustudum, except that it is of a darker hue. Length of fore
wing, male, .70, female, .73 ; of body, male, .65, female, .7o ; expanse of
Wings, male, 1.50, female, 1.56 inches.

This insect is rather common at Cassia, Orange Co., Fla., where I
took a number of specimens. It flies by daylight as well as by night, and
is one of a very small number of species that will come to sugar in that
locality.

I sent specimens of this insect to several entomologists for deter-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95
SOO pT BE
mination, and one returned it under the name of C. frustudum, and the
others said it was new to them. It does not compare with any examples
of frustulum that I have seen, and I therefore venture to describe it as a
new species.

NOTE ON STATEN ISLAND NOCTUID#:.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

My earliest collecting field was the south side of Staten Island, where
I found many rare insects, especially among the Coleoptera. This south
beach of the Island is visited by the warm spring coming from the south
very early in the year, and is a good collecting field. Staten Esland is a
continuation of the Jersey coast, and one finds on it southern species of
butterflies such as Argyznis Ldalia, which are less frequent on Long
Island, the next extension of the coast to the north. So far as the fauna
is concerned, I am inclined to class Staten Island with New Jersey, rather
than with New York. It forms the beautiful southern boundary of New
York Harbor. At. the same time Mr. Davis informs us that the Red
Squirrel, not uncommon on the mainland of New Jersey, is not found on
Staten Island, and thus has not crossed the narrow Kills. But I have
abundant faith it will yet turn up on the Island, where all good things
naturally live. I have collected on Staten Island a good many of those
kinds of moths which come up our coast with the warmer weather and
the Gulf Stream. I have in various papers called attention to the seasonal
migration, from south to north, of many species of moths, which adds so
much to the fauna of the United States. These moths have found a
lodgment in Florida, but probably do not breed to the northward. I have
taken on Staten Island Zuthisanotia Timais, the Spanish Moth, as also
Aletia Argillacea, the Cotton Worm. So far as I know, the northern
limit of successful hibernation of the latter is not yet definitely ascertained,
notwithstanding all that has been published by the U. S. Government on
the subject. Also in the fall I have taken Anomis Erosa Hibn., a Noctuid
allied to the Cotton Worm, although in the cut of wing and color it
resembles Eucirroedia Pampinatrix Guen., a Nactuid which has, I
believe, real affinities with Sco/iopteryx Libatrix, a Noctuid found in North
America and Europe. . This latter inhabits Canada and Hudson’s Bay

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Territory. It has not been introduced, but is apparently an unchanged
survival since before the Glacial Epoch, when the fauna of Siberia, nor-
thern Europe and boreal America had much in common.

Mr. Davis has given me some common Staten Island Woctuide, and
it is strange that these few species should have among their number at
least two southern visitants which probably do not hibernate successfully
on Staten Island. I hope local lists will soon be published by the Staten
Island Natural Science Association, and the following may serve as a
slight introduction thereto :

Apatela occidentalis G. &@ &. July 30.
Agrotis saucia Hiibn. Oct. 15.

n Clandestina Harrzs. June 24.
Mamestra trifolii Rott. Aug. 15.

n _- renigera Steph, June 8.

Hadena devastatrix Brace. Aug 15.

n dubitans Walk. "
Prodenia flavimedia Harvey. Aug. 9.
Laphygma frugiperda 44d. G& Sm. Aug. and Oct.

Autumnalis Riley.

Orthosia ferrugineoides Gwen. Oct. 15.
Anomis erosa fbn. Oct. 20.

Aletia argillacea Hiibn. Oct. 7.

Eucirroedia pampina Guen. Sept. 2..

Pyrrhia exprimens Wack. July 22.
Lygranthoecia marginata Haw. July and Aug.
Plusia precationis Guen. July 22.

Syneda graphica Hiibn. May 15.

Among the southern visitants I once took a specimen of the strange
Noctuid, SyZectra Erycata Cram., on the Battery, New York City. Its
home is, I believe, Surinam ; it had certainly wandered far. The Blue
and Green Sphinx, Avzgews Labrusce Linn., has been taken in New
Jersey. This species probably does not breed within the limits of the
United States, although since Mr. Thaxter has bred Euthisanotia Timats
in southern Florida, we may expect that the Florida Colony of tropical
Lepidoptera embraces many West Indian moths,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97

A NEW CHALCID PARASITE ON THE COMMON BASKET
WORM (Thyridopteryx ephemereformts Haworth).

BY WM. H. ASHMEAD, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

This peculiar moth, which so perplexed the older Lepidopterists at
classifying, is quite common in Florida on oaks, willows, shrubs, etc.

Full accounts of its habits, with accurate figures of the moth, cater-
pillar, etc., will be found in Prof. Riley’s “‘ First Mo. Report,” Saunders’
“Insects Injurious to Fruits,” and Dr. Lintner’s “ First N. Y. Report.”

Indeed, these authors quite fully, accurately and succinctly describe
the habits and parasites of this pest, and it would not now be noticed by
me but for the fact of my breeding from it here in Florida a Chalcid
parasite new to science and unnoticed by any of the above mentioned
authors.

Prof. Riley, in his report, gave but two parasites, Pimpla inguisitor
Say, and Hemiteles thyridopterygis Riley. Mr. Lintner, in his work,
added Pimpla conguisitor Say, Chalcis ovata Say, a Pteromalus allied to
Pteromalus puparum L., and a fly—TZachina species—making in all six
parasites.

I have now the pleasure of recording the seventh, a species novum,
interesting from the fact that it belongs to a genus in the family Chadcz-
dide, recognized by the abnormal shape of its first antennal joint, and in
which heretofore but one species was known to science, and that described
from Europe.

Sub-fam. EucyrTINn&.

Dinocarsis thyridopterygis, Nn. sp.

@. Length .o6; wing exp. .14 inch. Color: pale brown, abdomen
darker ; posterior femora and tibize darker ; scutellum rather large, some-
what orange.

Head much broader than thorax, eyes large, brown ; antennz long,
11-jointed, large, strongly, sub-triangularly keeled below, the three ter-
minal joints white ; wings rather long and narrow, pubescent, submarginal
vein short, rather close to and parallel with outer margin, marginal vein
not extending to half the length of wing, it, with stigmal and postmarginal
veins, very small and about equal in length.

Described from a specimen bred in March.

The rearing of this Chalcid is quite interesting, as it is the first of the
genus recorded from North America, and the second species known.

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The genus Dzzocarsis was erected by Forster in 1856, wide Hymen-
opterologische Studien, p. 33, to contain Hucyrtus hemipterus Dalman.

Dr. Mayr, in Die Europaischen Eucyrtiden, gives the synonymy as
follows :

Dinocarsis hemiptera Dalm.

Eucyrtus hemipterus Dalm., Ict. Ac. H. 1820, p, 166 (42) und 371.

Nees Hym. i. a. M., 1834, p. 252.

Dinocarsis hemiptera Forst., Hym. Stud. i., 1856, p. 37.

Dicelloceras vibrans Six Tijdschr. v. Entomol. 1867, pl. x., f. g.

Nothing is known of this European species. Mine, while bred from
the case, is evidently parasitic on the eggs enclosed therein.

NOTE ON PRIONOXYSTUS ROBINIZ.
BY AUG. R. GROTE, A. M.

Having recently examined the European Cossus (Xyleutes) ligniperda,
the generic differences between Cossus and Prionoxystus impressed me
quite forcibly. The Cosszd@ or Teredines of Hiibner (Grote, Proc. Am.
Phil. Soc., Nov., 1874), form a sub-family group of the “Spinners” or
Bombycide, and are generally.characterized by the wood-eating habit of
the larve, which are provided with powerful mandibles for the purpose.
The moths are generally of a clumsy build and are usually of a gray
color, resembling the bark of trees on which they rest, and are more or
less reticulated with darker shade lines, peppered and spotted so as to
give the idea of protective imitation. The ocelli are wanting and the
tongue is rudimentary. In the’ genus Cossws, and in most of the genera
. of the group, the vestiture of the body is close, thick and hairy. Although
gray is the prevailing color, some Australian species have the hind wings
especially of a reddish-brown hue. The European Zeuzera Aesculi is
white, spotted over wings and thorax with steely blue. The North
American genus Prionoxystus differs at first sight by the sparse, thinly
laid on, scaly vestiture. The thorax, compared with Cosszs, is elongated
and the prothorax slopes to the head, which latter is freer than in Cossus.
This gives the insect a Sphingid appearance which, joined to the more
pointed wings and the yellow secondaries of the male, recalls certain
Macroglossine, notably our Lepisesia flavofasciata. The parts of the head
afford comparative differences when examined and compared with Cossus.

|

a ee a ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99

The chitinous tegument of the body appears readily, when the mealy
vestiture is rubbed and is black and stout. The wings are very papery
and a worn Robinia, as it sits on a locust or other tree, reminds one a
little of some of the larger wood eating Cerambycide, such as the Pri-
onians. The European Cossus is very sluggish in its habits, whereas

'Prionoxystus is, when first hatched, comparatively an active insect, flying

readily when disturbed. We have two species in our fauna which I refer
to Prionoxystus, viz., Robinie Peck, the type of the genus (found from
East to West apparently), and Querciperda of Fitch, which I believe is
only Eastern and of much rarer occurrence. With Prionoxystus, we have

a true Cossus, the Centerensis of Lintner, beside several other species of

this Fabrician genus, judging from Authors. We have also three species,
Western, of the genus Ayfopta, and then the small-sized and singular
Cossula magnifica of Bailey, from Florida. I have never recognized the
“ Zeuzera Canadensis,” figured by Herrich-Schaeffer, and it seems to me
that the moth is wrongly referred and the probability is that we have no
true North American species of Zeuzera. But it may be that the Euro-
pean Aescudi has been introduced into the United States. Twice the
description of a moth was communicated to me which might have been
this species. Nothing is easier than the transportation of wood-eating
larve or pup. There are three European species of Cossus, and the
larva of one of them, Z@redra, is said to remain four years in poplar wood
before pupating.

ON PLAGIOMIMICUS RICHII.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

This species I have mistaken, according to Mr. J. B. Smith, for Polenta
Tepperi in several of my papers. The moth is easily recognized, being
of a delicate green color and having the transverse lines similar to
Plagiomimicus Pityochromus, which is a blackish fuscous and _ stouter
species. /. Richii has the anterior tibie armed with a claw and the
clypeus provided with a cup-like expansion, less prominent than in
Pityochromus. LP. Richii occurs in Texas, Florida, and I have seen it
also from the Southwest. The genus may be further known by the tips of

the patagia being somewhat relieved, and belongs to the S¢irzin@, a group.

of Woctuide which I have fully discussed in the pages of the CANADIAN
Enromotocisr. I regret that I have been mistaken in my identification

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

of Polenta, thus needlessly criticizing Mr, Morrison and afterwards Mr. J. B.
Smith. But my first specimen of P. ARzchzz (see Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci.)
was given to me as authentically determined, and I was confirmed in my
belief by seeing the type of Polenta afterwards, which curiously resembled
my species, though not so brightly colored ; I, however, could not examine
its structure, which is now stated by Mr. Smith to be quite different from
my species, /. Aichiz, inasmuch as the anterior tibiz are said to be un-
armed. I hope to be able to figure our two species of Plagiomimicus ere
long, the genus being very interesting to me from its casual resemblance
‘to Lygranthoecia, though structurally so different.

BOOK NOTICE.
Systematic Review of Fossil Myriopods, Arachnoids and Insects: By

Samuel H. Scudder.

This work, separately printed in German out of the ‘‘ Handbuch der
Paleontologie,” Leipzic, 1885, is a most welcome one to the student who
was obliged to look for information as to its subject in a quantity of dif-
ferent publications. The text is remarkably clear and concise, and wood-
cuts illustrating the different genera give all possible information on the
difficult subject. That so many existing families of insects were repre-
sented in the Miocene is remarkable. The beetles, owing to their hard
forms and sharp outlines, are the best preserved and the most recogniz-
able. Even a Stylops has been found in Prussian amber, which belongs
to a genus which may be called engea after its discoverer, the term
Triaena being used for a sub-genus of Apate/a called by Gueneé after-
wards Semaphora, and which is not unlikely to come into use as a distinct
generic term. The Lepidoptera are very sparingly represented in the
Tertiary, but the larger groups all existed. An interesting figure of the
fossil butterfly, Prodryas Persephone Scudd:, is given from the Oligocene
of Florissant, Colorado, where the beds have proved prolific in insect
remains. Even a caterpillar (Provence) has come up to us out of these
abysses of time.

This brief notice of a work which will add enduringly to Mr. Scud-
der’s reputation, will be sufficient to call the attention of the readers of the
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST to its publication, and is all that is here

designed. The book itself will repay study, and it is hoped that it will

also appear (as it doubtless also exists) in English.
A. R. GRoTE.

no iil

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VOL. XVIII. LONDON, JUNE, 1886. No. 6

SOME NOTES UPON THE SPHINGID OF THE UNITED
STATES.

BY REV. W. J. HOLLAND, PITTSBURGH, PA.

I am indebted to my esteemed correspondent, Prof. C. H. Fernald, for
a copy of his recent Synopsis of the Sphingidz of New England. I have
been greatly pleased with it, and trust that it will meet with that general
distribution among the students of our beautiful science which it deserves.
In the following lines I wish to present a few observations which the
perusal of Prof. Fernald’s book suggests.

Hemaris Tenuis, Grote.

Prof. Fernald remarks of this species: ‘‘ The early stages and food
plants are unknown.” Presuming that the statement of the learned
Professor is warranted by an exhaustive search through the literature of
the subject, I shall venture to supply from my own observation what
strikes me as a surprising deficiency, since Hemaris Tenuzs is one of our

-most abundant species in Western Pennsylvania.

The food plant is the Snow-berry, Symphoricarpus racemosus, and I
took last fall from one bush of this plant over twenty larvae. My breed-
ing cages this morning (April 26th) are full of the perfect insects, which,
having just emerged from chrysalis, and lost none of the scales which at
this stage cover the pellucid parts of the wings, are all of the form
‘* fumosa” described by Strecker (Lepidoptera Rhopal. and Heteroceres,
Pp. 93, 140). Flown specimens, which abound at the lilacs in
the grounds near by, are without the “smoky” appearance which
led our Reading savant i apply the name, and show themselves unmis-
takeably as ‘“ clear-wings.”

Larva and Chrysalis.—A part of each Ben brood is light apple-
green in color; a part is reddish brown. This phenomenon is often
apparent in the larve of the Sphingidz, and is manifestly not due to the
influence of the food plant, as both varieties are found side by side upon

102 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the same plant. The pro-legs and the ventral aspect of the larva are in
all cases chocolate brown throughout, deepening almost to black in the
reddish brown portion of the brood spoken of above. The legs proper
are jet black. The head is round and only partially retractile. The edge
of the fleshy fold of the first segment immediately behind the head is
minutely granulated with bright yellow. The spiracles are marked by
small black spots enclosing two minute white points. The caudal hom
is curved forward, and is covered with minute spiny processes. Itis black
at the tip, the black color extending downward before and behind to the
junction with the body, but on either side at the base the horn is bright
yellow, gradually fading into the green of the surrounding cuticle.

The larva spins a moderately compact cocoon among dried leaves at
the surface of the ground. The silk is deep brown in color. The chry-
salis is from seven eighths to nine eighths of an inch in length, smooth,
long in proportion to its diameter, tapering to a fine point in the cremaster,
and dull black in color.

Hemaris Thysbe, var. uniformis, G. & R.

This form is common at Pittsburgh, and prevails altogether at Cresson,
Pa., on the summit of the Allegheny Mountains. I have never found it
in West Virginia, North Carolina, and Southern Indiana, where I have
collected extensively. I have never received it from any of numerous
correspondents and collectors south of the Potomac and the lower Ohio.
Prof. Fernald tells us that this variety is “common at Orono.” May it
not be regarded as a peculiarly northern form ?

Amphion Nessus, Cram.

I have taken this species on several occasions at light, and it flies most
commonly at dusk in these latitudes. If found flying in the middle of the
day, I have noticed that it always keeps in the shadow, or slyly hovers
about among the thick masses of the Syrzzga blossoms, in the deep
umbrageous recesses, where it is not easily reachcd by the net of the
collector.

Daremma Undulosa, Walker.
The larva of this species feeds occasionally upon the white oak and
the red oak.

Sphinx Oreodaphne, H. Edw.
I have a specimen of this insect, taken by Mr. James Behrens, and

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103

kindly determined by Mr. H. Edwards, which I am altogether unable to
distinguish from small specimens of Sphinx Chersis taken in the vicinity
of Pittsburgh, at Orono, Me., and various other localities in the United
States. The Brooklyn Check List in making Oreodaphue a variety of
Chersis, hardly goes far enough. It seems to me there can be no harm
done to science by making Oreodaphne a synonym for Chersis.

Sphinx Vancouverensis, H. Edw.

I have a specimen of this form, bred by Mr. Behrens and determined
by Mr. H. Edwards. It is a male. If taken in Allegheny County it
would be unhesitatingly pronounced to be Sphinx Drupiferarum, AD.
& S. Mr. Grote, in his Check List of 1882, gives Vashtz, Strecker, as a
synonym for Vancouverensis. A comparison of Strecker’s figure in Lep.,
Rhopal. & Heteroceres, pl. xv., fig. 4, with the specimen before me, indi-
cates considerable difference. In my mind it is very doubtful whether
Vashti is correctly regarded as a synonym for Vancouverensis, while it
seems clear to me that Vancouverensis isa synonym for Drupiferarum, if
my specimen determined by the author of the species is an index.

Dolba Hylaeus, Drury.

This moth is exceedingly common in Southern Indiana, where the
larva feeds on the Astmina triloba, or Pawpaw. I have taken as many as
ten larvee from a small Pawpaw bush. .

| Dilophonota Ello, Linn. The description of the preliminary stages
of this species given by Prof. Fernald is evidently founded upon Boisdu-

_val, who derives it from a figure given by Madame Merian on the sixty-

first plate of her work, which Boisduval supposes was intended to repre-
sent the larva of 47/0. ‘The description is exceedingly defective, and in
the interest of more exact knowledge I shall venture to give one founded
upon a series of beautifully prepared larvee obtained from my valued cor-

respondent, Dr. Wittfeld, who accompanied the specimens with a number

of interesting MS. notes.

Lgg.—‘** Dark green ; deposited on the under side of the leaves of the
food plant, which is Luphorbia heterophylla.” (Wittfeld).

Larva.—The larva presents again the phenomenon of dimorphism, or
rather of dichromatism, alluded to in the foregoing note upon HZ. Zenuis.
A part of each larval brood is green from the time of the first moult, and
a part remains of a purplish brown color, the color of the newly hatched
larvee.

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Green Variety.—The head is round and marked on either side by a
dark brown line running from the insertion of the palpi to the vertex, and
continuing along the dorsal aspect of each segment, gradually diverging
until the fourth segment, then continuing parallel until they suddenly
converge at the base of the caudal horn. These dark lines are bordered
externally by light yellow, shading off into the darker green of the sides
and ventral surface of the larva. The space upon the back of the larva
enclosed by these lines is delicately sprinkled with dark brown and light
yellow spots, the ground color being apple-green, save in the three anterior
segments. These segments are of a light olive green between the lines,
and are ornamented by a median line of dark brown or black, running
from the vertex of the head to the third segment, where it is lost in a
large circular black spot, margined externally by bright yellow, outside of
which on either side is a shade of deep reddish brown, of a lunular form.
The sides of the larva are faintly mottled in the same manner as the back
and are further ornamented by small white blotches, disposed one upon
each segment just posterior to its junction with the preceding segment,
and on a line with the spiracles.

The legs are yellow, annulated with black, the prolegs are black, bor-
dered at their juncture with the segments with yellow, and having the
circlet also yellow. The caudal horn is very short and blunt, and distinctly
four angled. In one specimen it is almost obsolete.

Brown Variety.—The brown variety does not differ from the green
save in color, and the consequent obscuration of the dark lines and mark-
ings, which appear less distinct upon the darker ground, and the height-
ening of the effect of the light spots which come out into bold relief upon
the darker surface.

The mature larva is from three to three and a half inches in length and
about one-half of an inch in diameter.

The larva pupates near the surface under fallen leaves. The pupa is
dark brown. The imago emerges in from fourteen to fifteen days.

. The insect is very common in Eastern Florida. I have specimens also
from the Antilles, Central America, Trinidad, and Brazil. |

Everyx Versicolor, Harris.
The larva of this beautiful moth is found in Western Pennsylvania

upon the wild Hydrangea, Hydrangea arborescens, which abounds in the —

deep ravines near streams of running water. The larve are either green

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105

or pinkish brown, the brown ones being as numerous as the green. They
are peculiarly liable to the attack of parasites, and out of nearly fifty
specimens secured in 1884, only nine or ten came to maturity as perfect
moths. The rest fell a prey to a species of Pezomachus.

Triptogon Occidentalis, Hy. Edwards.

This is a western variety of 7: A/odesta, Harr., differing from the type-
form simply in being generally larger in size and paler in color. JModesta
is found in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Southern Indiana. The
examples of A/odesta from S. Indiana are hardly to be distinguished from
specimens of Occidentalis from Colorado.

Cressonia Juglandis, Ab. & S.
The larva of this species is commonly found in Western Pennsylvania
and Southern Indiana.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF TETRACIS TRIANGULIFERATA,
PACK.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Egg.—Elongate or oval, .o3 of an inch long by .o25 of an inch wide,
ribbed longitudinally like a muskmelon by about 15 ribs ; color pale yel-
lowish green: Duration of this period 8 days.

Young Larva.—Length .10 of an inch; cylindrical, with ro legs ;
grayish white, without marks except a bright scarlet transverse line across
the posterior part of joint 2, jaws the same color, legs concolorous, the
six thoracic slightly pink tinted. Duration of this period 6 to 7 days.

After First Moult——Length .30 of an inch; shape as before ; dorsum
dark purplish gray, paler in some; on each side a row of five short
streaks, slightly lunate, bordered outside with paler, those at the incisures
between the joints pale, on each side of joints 8 and 9 a blackish purple
patch, the first the largest ; venter with one pale and two dark stripes and
some spots ; head as before. Some examples have the dorsum pale green
with a gray shading. Duration of this period 5 days.

After Second Moult.—Length .50 of an inch; cylindrical, near the
posterior part of each of joints 6 to 10 are four slight elevations in a

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

transverse row, those on joint 8 tubercular, the rest small, color vandyke
brown, each supporting a minute hair. Color brown, pale on the dorsum
of all the joints but 5 and 6, but dark back of the elevations ; the sides
of the joints from 8 back with more or less vandyke brown patches situ-
ated on each side of a dorsal line of dark brown ; traces of a stigmatal
and subdorsal whitish line ; general color of sides and venter yellowish
brown, the latter with two broken vandyke brown lines; head brownish,
of a honey cast. There is not so much difference in shade as during the
former period, traces of subdorsal white lines. Seventeen days after this
moult the larve began to spin leaves together for their cocoons, without
my noting whether they moulted once or twice more.

Mature Larva.—Length 1.50 inches ; width of head .06 inch, of mid-
dle of joint 7, .10 inch, of posterior part of joint 7 over row of tubercles
-16 inch, the width of enlarged portion of succeeding joints .14 inch.
Slender, tapering slightly from the head back; head rather flat, the pos-
terior part not higher than the anterior part of joint 2; joint 7 enlarged
near its posterior part, where it bears four tubercles; joint 8 enlarged
posteriorly, but the tubercles are very small; on joint 9 the two dorsal
tubercles a little larger; tubercles on joints 10 and 11 scarcely percep-
tible, but the two dorsal tubercles on joint 12 prominent. Color yellow-
ish brown, in some places amounting to brownish yellow, marked with
umber and blackish or vandyke brown. Head and joint 2 slightly red-
dish brown ; joint 3 yellowish brown with a dorsal brown V on its pos-
terior part ; joints 4, 5 and 6 of a little darker shade, the V not so distinct
and followed by a brown patch that coalesces with it, more or less of a
distinct subdorsal whitish streak ; joint 7 with an oblong brown patch
back of each dorsal tubercle, a vandyke brown patch on each side mottled
with yellowish ; within this patch is situated the lateral tubercle ; joints 9
and 10 the same as 7, the vandyke brown extending down on the legs ;
some vandyke brown on joint 11; there is a sub-obsolete dorsal dark
line, and all the joints are more or less mottled with brown. *Venter with
rather distinct stripes, the central one pale, all formed by a mottling of
yellowish white and dark, the dark part lighter on the pale stripe than on
the others, the white forming an irregular line on each side of this.

Chrysalis.—Length .65 inch, wing and antennze cases .40 inch, reach-
ing to posterior part of joint 5, cylindrical ; depth through joint 1, .15
inch, through joint 4, .18 inch, through joint 5..17 inch, from this taper-
ing to crenaster; not depressed on joint 1, but gradually tapering from

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107

joint 4 forward, and from this point more rapidly backward; head
rounded ; tongue and antenne case extending a little further back than
the wing cases. Color pale yellowish brown, faintly mottled with dark
reddish brown ; a double dorsal row, a pair to each joint, of dark brown
patches ; a lateral row of the same at the edge of the wing cases_on joints
2 to 5; a single ventral row from joint 6 back, and smaller patches scat-
tered over the ventral surface. The wing, tongue and antennz-cases are
darker, the ground color slightly darker and the mottlings thicker, so as
to be nearly uniform dark purplish brown, Duration of this period from
249 to 282 days.

The eggs producing the larvee from which this description was taken
were obtained from Mr. C. F. McGlashan, Truckee, Cal. The eggs were
deposited June 19, 1885, hatching June 25. They began to spin leaves
together July 21st, the imagines, three in number, being produced March
27th, April 18th and 2oth, 1886, respectively, giving pupal periods of 249,
271 and 282 days, or giving 286, 308 and 319 days from the time the
_ eggs were deposited to the perfect insects. There is-a possibility that in
this latitude there would be a second brood with a short pupal period, but
probably in its home in the Sierras the imagines are produced much later
than here, and that there is only one brood.

While in confinement they ate Missouri or Golden Currant (Rides
Aureum). In pupating a few leaves were fastened together within which
was a button of silk to which the crenaster was fastened.

NOTE ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF THE GENUS ARCTIA.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

It is only comparatively recently that I have seen the article of Mr.
B. Neumoegen upon the genus 47ctza and its variations, contained in
Papilio, vol. 3, p. 148. So far as my own experience and conclusions go,
I am, except in two instances which I notice here, generally agreed with
the views of this writer. Especially am I of opinion that recently there
has been an unscientific and unsound attempt to class as one species

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

forms of Lepidoptera quite different in appearance, upon insufficient evi-
dence. I have formerly pointed out that Entomologists are naturally

* divided into two camps: the “lumpers” and the “splitters.” For my
part I do not at all object to present species being thrown together as
varieties, provided the evidence is complete that they are inter-dependent
Jorms. What I object to is the hasty manner in which the most.
of the Zuwmping is accomplished in some recent articles, such as Dr. Hagen’s
on Papilio and Mr. Hulst’s on Arvctia. Really if this sort of thing is to
go on, we had better stop studying species altogether, considering all the
various forms belonging to any one genus as mere varieties of each other,
and dispense with naming them. But, since progress is indisputable in
all matters, I fancy that in most cases this lumping mania is only the result
of the discovery of the extreme variability of certain species and the
jumping at the conclusion that it is so with certain other species as to
which the necessary proof is as yet wanting. Certain forms described as
species of Arctia are shown to be varieties, and Mr. Hulst is not satisfied
but that 4. Persephone must be a yellow A. Virgo or A Saundersit. It
has been one of the beliefs of the Brooklyn Entomologists that Persephone
was a var. of Virgo, because my old friend Mr. Graef had a Virgo with
yellow secondaries in his collection. The two cases in which I disagree
with Mr. Neumoegen’s list of the species of Avctza are as follows :

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.
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Arctia MicHaAso Gr.

This is set down as an aberration of A. Avge, which in my opinion is
a mistake. At the time I described A. Azchabo, all authors had
followed Dr. Harris in considering 4. Dione and A. Arge as simple syn-
onyms. No one knew of a second species allied to our Northern A. Azge,
to be separated as a Southern form under the name of Dzone Ab. & Sm.
Therefore it is possible that my species, described very fully in the Can-
ADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, vol. vii., p. 196, is = this Dzone, which Mr. Neu-
moegen now asserts to be different from Avge. I cannot compare Abbot
& Smith at present. But my J/7chado is from Nebraska, where Mr. Dodge
has reared it and found it entirely different from Avge, in a series of speci-
mens. When I read Mr. Neumoegen’s paper I at once remembered that
I gave him the specimen described by me as a variety or aberration of
Arge in the same paper above cited, and collected by Mr. Robinson at
Brewsters. This is an wxdoubted aberration of Avge, and it occurred to
me that Mr. Neumoegen has mistaken this aberration of Avge for my

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

Michabo. (By the way, if students would only take the trouble to refer
to back numbers of the Can. Ent., as well as other American publica-
tions, some articles would not be necessary ; it is some excuse if the older
illustrated works are not at hand, or foreign books, but none if American
publications issued within the last 20 years are not gone over by new
students). I must therefore strongly protest against Arctia Michabo being
cited as an aberration of 4. Arge, while I leave its relationship to A.
Dione to be settled by those in the possession of the necessary material.
In the meantime A. MWichabo must be considered a good species, being
larger than 4. Arge, and nearer A. Virgo. Mr. Dodge will no doubt be
able to furnish material to bear out my views. The unnamed aberration
of Arge which I gave Mr. Neumoegen differs from the typical form in the
fore wings being black, the veins alone broadly flesh color, so that the
moth has something the look of a species of Secrarctza.

ArcTiA NEVADENSIS G. & R.

This species I refer to merely to state that if Mr. Hy. Edwards’ /n-
corrupta is a form of the same species, even if more “typical,” the above
name, being much the oldest, must stand for the whole species, and our
designation used only for the variety. When species are first collected it
does not usually happen that they are brought in such quantities that in so
variable a genus as Arctia the “ground form” can be ascertained and
described. But it is positively certain that,whether the first description
cover the more usual or commoner form or not, the name so proposed
must stand for the whole species, in future and when its limits are more
accurately known. Any other course would be manifestly unjust and
cause confusion. The species should therefore stand as A. Mevadensis G.
& R., with its varieties 4. Ochracea Neum., and A. Jncorrupta Hy. Edw.,
as well as A. Wevadensis G. & R., for the special form illustrated by us,
although I could see no strong differences. Upon one or two other points
suggested by Mr. Neumoegen’s paper, I could say a word, but the whole
genus will soon be better known, and these minor points may well wait.

But I may conclude these remarks with a general observation on the
species of Arctia described by myself from time to time during the past
twenty-five years, since the genus contains very variable species and my
own have been subject to frequent criticism.

110 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The forms of Avctia which I have described (and for the most part
figured) as distinct species are: A. Saundersii, Persephone, Anna, Blaket,
Levadensis, Mexicana, Achaia, Michabo. Assuming that I am correct in
my present paper, that Mr. Neumoegen has wrongly identified AZ7chabo,
then these are all good species except Anna, which Mr. Neumoegen con-
siders a black variety of my Lersephone.- In this, which has been before
suggested, I believe the author is correct, since we have other black and
yellow Arctians (and other moths) which vary in a similar fashion. | I

have never had sufficient material to determine the question ; have never —

seen but one 2 fersephone, which shared the ornamentation of the ~.

Consequently Azza may be a @ dimorphic variety. The stripes on fore ~

wings are however narrower and paler also, as they seemed to me, hence

my doubts. Added to this, the form Anza was jirst discovered by me, -

before I described the “‘ ground form” Lersephone. Other two forms of
Arctia I have described, suspecting them at the time not to constitute
distinct species, viz., Stretchiz and Snow. The first of these, differing
only by the basal band of fore wings from Zntermedia, is without, doubt a
variety, as Mr. Neumoegen treats it, and I was wrong in cataloguing it as
distinct ; I do not know, however, the differences between /ntermedia and
Saundersit. He considers Svow2 as distinct from /zgurata or Decorata,
and in the absence of further evidence this is the correct course to pursue.
In the face of the fact that the larve are not all known, we should not be
hasty in drawing in forms of Arctza, which yet may prove to be only
varieties. If we have finally to separate these again, it makes unneces-
sary confusion. When two forms exhibit such differences as are usually.
of a specific character, we are warranted in treating them as such,
until proof is forthcoming showing them to be mere varieties. Breeding
from the egg is the only sure way. On p. 7, Bull. Br. Ent. Soc, Mr.
Hulst brings together four species of Catoca/a, with the zazve remark :
‘* As may be imagined from the above, this (C. polygama) is a very
variable species”! And this Mr. Hulst did in face of the fact that of
two of the forms, C. polygama Guen., and C. crataegt Saund., the larve
were known and described quite differently,

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111

NATURAL HISTORY NOTES ON COLEOPTERA.
LVo. 2.

BY JOHN HAMILTON, M.D., ALLEGHENY, PA.

Harpalus viduus. Lec. The type of this species was taken at Rock

‘Island, Illinois. It must be somewhat rare, as it does not appear in any

local catalogue nor exchange list under my notice. Here it is found in
one place only, and that in some abundance—on the side of a high hill
in its primitive state, possessed of a warm, friable, vegetable soil, with a
scanty vegetation, and flat stones on the surface. The females have the
elytra opaque, but not pubescent, as one of my correspondents claims
they should be to meet the description of Dr. Leconte—“‘ serzceo-opaca,”
which here evidently means opaque with a silky lustre. The males are
moderately shining. The beetle makes its appearance during September
and October, though few of them mature till the following spring,
remaining under the shelter of the stones, where from one to half a dozen
are often associated. At first the beetles are of a. pale color, the elytra
gradually changing to black ; but the head and thorax mostly remain red
till winter. In the spring they are shining black, and are only then fit to
be placed in a collection. In the great‘ struggle for “survival of the
fittest ” the chances seem to be against this insect.

Quedius fulgidus Fab. The descriptive synopsis of the species of
this genus by Dr. Horn is so lucid that anyone with a little practice
should be able to separate them without trouble, but in some individuals
the departure from the normal form is so great and the approach to some
other form so close as occasionally to produce perplexity. In the present
species, as will be seen by reference to the synopsis cited, the color is so
very variable as to be of no separative value, and the principal characters
to be depended on to distinguish it from peregrinus Grav., which is
equally variable, are the shorter, broader head, and the series of three
punctures on the thorax external to the discal series. The form with the
elytra red is the more common, and usually has the full number of
punctures ; but a totally black form occurs (legs brown), with the external
series often reduced to two, or to the marginal puncture alone, and with
the head considerably elongated, thus approximating it closely to black
forms of peregrinus. When one has a number of both species of normal
form to compare with, the determination of these abnormalities can be

bs B24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

made on the general fascies. The length of the antennz is also of some
use, being longer in feregrinus, but the relative length of the first and
second joints is not permanent enough to be of value. | Fuzlgidus is
taken more commonly in autumn in and about decomposing vegetable
matter. eregrinus abounds all summer everywhere, and is quite
arborea] and predaceous.

Dynastes tityus Lin. A gentleman sent me an immature living male
and female of this species. They were taken in Clairborne County,
Tennesee, early in December, from the decayed wood and humus that
filled the cavity of a large yellow poplar, at the cutting down of which he
was present. He writes, ‘‘there were a great many of them; they were
all encased in oblong cases about three to four inches long and three
inches in diameter, composed of the rotted wood in which they were
imbedded ; they were all soft and white; none of the natives had ever
seen anything like them.” Unfortunately he sent me none of the cases.
When received, about three weeks after being taken, the male was
assuming the greenish hue, and in three weeks more was normally
colored. The female was entirely brown, and in four weeks had
changed to nearly black ; the black then began to fade, and in about .
four weeks more the beetle had taken on the greenish tint with the usual
brown maculz. No further change in color has occurred till the present,
April 6th. It may be possible that the brown males and females men-
tioned by writers are immature individuals, as it would appear from the
above that it requires from two to three months to perfect the colors.
While no real stridulating organs are present, they have the power to
produce a sound that may answer the same purpose, somewhat resembling
that of an angry goose. The pygidium and part of the last ventral
segment are very hairy, and by withdrawing the abdomen from the elytra
so as to admit air, and then suddenly forcing it out through the hair by a
sudden extension, a noise is produced that is rather alarming to one
unacquainted with their harmlessness,

Prionus imbricornis Lin. Nov. 15th, 1884, I found a larva that in
time produced this beetle. As it measured over three inches in length
when at rest, it must have been nearly full grown; the skin was luteous
and of a tough leathery consistence. It was about ten inches below the
surface of the ground at the side of a large stone which it had struck in
its subterraneous travels. ‘The stone and the larva were carefully replaced

sae Tt ae ess
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Pee (64 Oe

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 113

in their original positions. The first week in the following July I visited
the place prepared to search for it, and soon found the course it had
taken, and by carefully tracing for about eighteen inches, it was at length
found inclosed in a cell of tough material, seemingly humus and leafy
debris cemented by some secretion of its own. It made quite a large
tunnel, eating the roots of the grass that formed a thick sod overhead,
and built its cell about three inches below the surface. It was in a
meadow, and there were no trees nor stumps near. I brought it home,
being careful to not break the cell, and it shortly developed an average
sized female zmdricornis. From this it seems that some of the larva
of this species of Préonus, like those of several E/ateride species, bore
through the earth, feeding on the roots of such grasses and plants as they
fancy, which is confirmatory of the observations of Mr. C. V. Riley on
the habits of a smaller form, considered a variety of this, that occurs
abundantly on the treeless prairies of Illinois and other western States
(Missouri Reports 2, p. 89). At the same time it is well established that
other larvze of this species live in both the living and the dead roots of
trees, thus showing a large latitude of habit.

Clytanthus albofasciatus Lap. Is raised both from grape vines and
from hickory limbs. There are two color forms produced indiscrimin-
ately that are so different in appearance that judged by color alone would
form two species. The one is entirely black, with the usual anterior and
posterior white bands on the elytra ; the other is black with the antenne
brown ; the part of the elytra anterior to the posterior white band, the
femora, the coxal part of the prosternum, the meso and metasternum,
rufous. This is exactly the color of the more plentiful form of Cyrto-
phorus verrucosus, and it is not difficult to confuse them. They may be
readily distinguished by the compressed thorax and the spines of the
antennal joints of the latter, as pointed out to me by Dr. Horn. The
same color variation occurs in Psenocerus supernotatus. A few specimens
of which taken on the wild gooseberry were entirely black, except the usual
white markings on the elytra, and so different is the appearance that it
required close attention to other characters to be convinced that they were
the same species.

Physonata unipunctata Say. Mr. Caulfield, in the March number of
the ENTOMOLOGIST; gives a very good account of the form P. 5-punctata.
Those finding w#ipunctata would do good by making known its food

114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

plant, and if they do not know it, if a sample is sent to me (in bloom if so
found), I will be pleased to determine it. It seems to me that it is
desirable to have them in collections as varieties, if not species. Besides
color, there are two or three structural differences that appear sufficiently
permanent to effect this. The black thoracic spot of umipunctata is
elongate and divided longitudinally by a deep, acute incision ; anterior to
this is a transverse arcuate impression with the convexity posterior, and
more or less apparent ; in front of this impression the sides of the thorax
have the appearance of having been pinched, so that the dorsal line seems
somewhat roundly carinate to the thin apical margin. In 5-fpunctata this
spot is larger and more broadly oval ; in some individuals there is a very
shallow depression, while in others it is not observable ; anterior to this
the thorax is full and convex, without the compressed appearance of the
other, and there is no trace of the arcuate impression.

Smycronyx griseus Lec. is often called for, though excessively abun-
dant everywhere, occurring in August and September on the rag-weed of
the fields (Ambrosia artemisiefolia). At first the elytra are clothed with
gray pubescence finely mottled with closely placed, minute whitish spots,
and the thorax has four pale vittee; but with age all these mostly disap-
pear, the gray alone remaining. This is the species recognized as griseus,
though the second joint of the antennz is scarcely shorter than the first,
and nearly twice as long as the third, not agreeing in this with Dr. Le-
conte’s description in the Synopsis. Srachytarsus tomentosus is often
found plentifully with it, and it may be well to remember that both species
may be beaten from the trees and bushes bordering fields in which the

weed grows.

Smycronyx tychoides Lec. Is found during August with Barytychius
amenus, On a variety of the great ragweed, Ambrosia integrifolia, though
neither are so abundant as the preceding species. While belonging to
different genera, it requires close inspection to separate them if rubbed, or
old: 2B. amanus has the sides of the thorax much rounded in posteriorly,
and the disk as well as that of the elytra roundly depressed from the middle
to base, which is much below the plane of the disks at middle: while in S.
tychoides the bases are nearly on the same plane, though the thorax is as
much rounded at the sides. The vestiture is of patterns about equally
divided among the individuals. The one has a common sutural stripe
blackish brown, the rest of the elytra being more or less rufous, and is

‘
i

!

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115

easily known ; the other is gray with indeterminate whitish, and requires
care to distinguish it; the most certain mark being the granular punc-
tuation at the sides of the thorax, no other species that resembles it having
this form of punctuation. Very few of the species of this genus can be
satisfactorily determined from the Synopsis, and to Dr. Horn Iam indebted
for rendering the identity of the ones treated of certain.

Magdalis Lecontei Horn. The original describer gives its distribution
as from Kansas to California and Oregon. To it has been referred a blue
or blackish green species, much smaller (.15 to.18 inch.) found here, and
of which I have’ specimens from Eastern Pennsylvania and Canada. While
agreeing in having simple claws, non-serrate thorax and dentate femora, a
comparison of the two forms shows them to be different. The western
form has the back longer and more polished, the thorax more finely punc-
tured, the elytral striz finer, flat, the intervals broad, finely transversely
rugulose with a very distinct row of punctures down the centre of each ;
(length, .20 to.25 inch.) The other has the strize wider and more coarsely
punctured, the intervals semi-convex, narrow, coarsely rugose, and the
row of punctures nearly obsolete.

Another form with blue elytra occurs on spruce, of which I have seen
but one specimen taken here. The thorax is canaliculate and the hind
angles more explanate than in Lecontez.

A quick method of cleaning greasy Coleoptera, etc. Lately I have em-
ployed the following method with the happiest results. It may be old and
well known, but I do not remember to have seen it suggested. Dip the
insect one half to one minute in spirits of ammonia (Liquor ammoniz),
wash in water (the hotter the better), and the thing is done. Offensive
beetles like Zrox, Silpha, etc., can be cleaned and purified instantly.
How far the ammonia may be employed in cleaning Lepidoptera and
other insects I do not know, but it renewed the beauty of two very greasy
specimens of Cossus Centerensis.

This liquid also dissolves the verdigris that forms on the pins passed
through insects ; but the insect must remain longer in the ammonia and
be more carefully washed,

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A LIST OF HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA COLLECTED IN
SOUTH LOUISIANA.

BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH.

Now that we have been supplied by Mr. Uhler with a list of the
Hemiptera Heteroptera of North America, which has been much needed,
it will be interesting to know more about the geographical distribution of
the species. The following list is short, but will nevertheless add to our
knowledge of these insects. The species were collected at the same time
and in the same localities with the Coleoptera given in my list (Can.
ENTOM., Xvil., p. 66-73), and the preliminary notes there given apply also
here. The species were kindly determined for me by Mr. Uhler.

PENTATOMID.

Mineus bioculatus Fab. One specimen taken on plants.*

Podisus sp. The nymphs of two species of Podisus were taken on wild
plants ; one black and reddish, and three smaller of a greenish
color.

Euthyrhynchus floridanus Linn. One taken 25th May on plants along
the wild side of a ditch, on the edge of a plantation. BB. la F.

Ocbalus typheus Fab. Two taken on plants. ‘This species is not given
in the Check List,

Euschistus sp. Two nymphs were taken on plants; they are probably
two different species, though they look much alike.

Proxys punctulatus Pal. Beauv, « Twenty taken, nearly all on 29th
March, under dry logs near Lake Pontchartrain, at Milneburg.

Nesara vividula Linn. . Two imagos taken znd June on plants, and
one nymph at another time. B. la F.

Nezara hilaris Say. One nymph taken on plants.

Edessa bifida Say. One taken about first of June, I think, on wild
plants. B. la F.

COREID.

Metapodius granulosus Dallas. Numbers taken on thistles and other
plants along ditches on plantations, and in other open sunny
places. N.O.; B. la F. This is probably not the species so

* Where no locality is given it may be either, but is probably B. la F. Where
no date, it is unknown, unless the species was more or less abundant during my stay.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117

often mentioned and figured in agricultural reports (first by
Glover, U. S. Agr. Rep., 1855, p. 95, pl. viii, fig. 9) as JZ
Jemoratus, but it is nevertheless found in just such situations as
‘are given for the latter, and is the only species I met with in the
South. The locality of this species is given in the Check List
as the Western States.

Leptoglossus phyllopus Linn. Numbers taken on thistles and in much the

same places as the preceding. N. O.; B. la F.

LYGAEID&.
Myodocha serripes Oliv. One taken under old wood?

Melanocoryphus bicrucis Say. Four taken on plants in May. B. la F.

This species I have also taken in Kansas and Michigan.

PYRRHOCORIDZ. :
Largus succinctus Linn. Fifteen taken in April on leaves of young shrubs
of elder ona plantation. J coitu, 21st April. B.la F. This
is no doubt the species referred to and figured by Glover (U. S.
Agr. Rep., 1855, p. 94, pl. viil., fig. 7) as the “‘ Red-edged-winged
Reduvius,” as his description applies well to this insect.

8 PHYMATID&.

Phymata erosa H. Schf. Three taken’on some roadside weeds in May.

B. la F. The locality of this species was formerly given as
Mexico.

REDUVIDA.

_Lelus bilobus Say. One taken 22nd May on ragweed. BB. la F.

Apiomerus sp. A larva taken under old wood ?

. Sirthenea carinata Kab. ‘Three taken in April under logs in damp places

on the edge of the swamp. N. O.

-Rasahus biguttatus Say. Four nymphs taken in April under logs in same

places as the preceding species. N.O.; B. la F. The locality
of this species was formerly given as the Western States.

-Melanolestes picipes H. Schf. Six taken in April in same places with the

two preceding. N,O. MHavealso taken this species in Kansas.
-Conorhinus variegatus Drury. One nymph taken with the preceding
species. N. O.

GALGULIDA.
Galgulus oculatus Fab. One taken in slow water in April. N. O.

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

BELOSTOMATID, ~

Zaitha sp. Three taken 17th April in slow water; another was taken:
also, which was being devoured by a specimen of Cydzster-
jfimbriolatus Say, all the under part of the abdomen having been
eaten away. N. O.

Belostoma americanum Leidy. This species has been noticed by Mr. L.
O. Howard (Ent. Amer., I., p. 54) as very abundant in New
Orleans, being attracted to the electric lights. I have also
referred to this fact in a note in No. 8 of Vol. I. of the same-
journal.

~~

PARTIAL PREPARATORY STAGES OF APATELA
LOBELIA, GuEn.

BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Found feeding on a wild cherry, September 19, 1884, two larve of this.
species. They were .80 of an inch long, nearly cylindrical, the body
somewhat elevated in the middle, from which it tapers a little both ways,.
the dorsum of joint 12 with a slight elevation ; eight low tubercles on each
joint, from each of which arise a few spreading white hairs. Color
green ; a dorsal stripe that is mostly red on joints 3 and 4, and on the:
elevated portion of joint 12, the rest of the stripe yellow with a reddish.
blotch to each joint ; the anterior part of dorsum of joint 2 red, separated!

by green in the middle, yellowish round the edges. Head slightly bilobed ;.

the lower part reddish green, the upper part more red.

September 24th, they moulted when they were 1. inch long, the same
shape as before. Color dark blackish brown, with a magenta dorsal line
bordered each side with black, and a patch of the same color on the top

of each lobe of the head. The dorsum of joint 2 is pale instead of.
magenta. Each joint has twelve small orange tubercles, each supporting,
a spreading tuft of gray hairs. They pupated October 1st, producing.

two imagines May roth and May roth, 1885. These are interesting larve.
in both of their last larval stages, as the colors are bright. The cherry
upon which they fed is the common wild black cherry, Prunus serotina,,
the larvee resting when found on the upper side of the leaf.

‘
i
hy
F

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119

OBITUARY.

We deeply regret to announce the death of Mr. William D. Shaw, of
Montreal, on the 29th of June, 1886, at the early age of 19 years. The
deceased was well known for his early application to science, he having
been the leading spirit in founding the Montreal Chapter of the Agassiz
Association. Of this Chapter Mr. Shaw was Secretary and Treasurer, and
in 1885 was appointed General Secretary for Canada. Mr. Shaw was also
a member of the Council of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological
Society of Ontario, a member of the Natural History Society of Montreal,
and a member of the Astro-Meteorological Association. A devoted
student of science, his loss will be deeply felt by his fellow workers. WUn-
assuming, guileless and upright, his memory will ever be held in loving
remembrance by those who had the privilege of knowing him.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ON EXPLOSIVE EMISSIONS FROM CARABID#.

Dear Sir; There are other Carabidz in our fauna which make an
explosive emission from anal glands besides Brachynus. Mr. Ricksecker
has observed the same in Metrius, and while I have taken these, I have
never been so fortunate as to observe that act.. The same is, however,
done by Psydrus piceus. Many of our Carabide genera emit forcibly an
irritating liquid, decidedly acid in its reaction, but without any explosive
noise or with visible vapor ; among these are Cychrus, Calosoma, Carabus,

_LNomius and Chlaenius. It is possible that Ca/athus does the same, as

stated by Mr. Townsend, but the “ white smoke” observed is probably
the result of a chemical combination between the vapors in the cyanide
bottle and the acid exudation, similar to that noticed when the vapors of
hydrochloric acid and ammonia meet. Many of these exudations are not
unpleasant to the smell, but in JVomzus the offensiveness of the odor is
entirely disproportionate to the size of the insect.

’ Philadelphia, April 28, 1886. GrorGE H. Horn, M. D.

s

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

A CORRECTION.

Dear Sir: I described in the Canapian EntTomotocist, June, 1885,
vol. Xvil., p. 115, a new Ichneumonid for which I created the new genus
flatysoma. But advised by my friend, Mr. E. T. Cresson, I recognized
that this name was pre-occupied for a Coleopterous insect of the family
Histeridez. I propose in consequence to change this name in that of
Aplomerus (from aplous simple, and meros thigh). Thus, Platysoma
tibialis must be read Aplomerus tibialis Prov.

Cap Rouge, April 15th, 1886. L. PROVANCHER.

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VOL. XVIII. LONDON, JULY, 1886. No. 7

PROF. FERNALD’S SPHINGIDA OF NEW ENGLAND.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

This very carefully written pamphlet brings us quite a step forward in
our knowledge of the structure of our Hawk Moths. In the first place,
it may be doubted whether the divisions of the Sphingidz, first laid down
in their present shape in Grote & Robinson’s Synonymical Catalogue
(1865), are not of lower rank than sub-families, but as all our divisions
are based on comparative characters, this point need not detain us long.
I had diligently searched the literature for older terms for these groups,
finding them in part, but they were not adopted by Butler, and the terms
of our Catalogue of 1865 with a sub-family ending seem to be preferred.
I commenced with the Macroglossinz, because these genera more re-
semble the Hesperidz in their frequent diurnal flight, pupation on the
ground between leaves with a few threads of silk, and in the more pris-
matic antenne. Our genera are Hemaris, Aellopos, Euproserpinus and
Lepisesia, with entire wings. I never was so fortunate as to possess any
specimens of the genera Lefzsesta or Fogocolon. ‘Twelve years after
describing Zipisesta from a specimen in Coll. Phil. Ent. Soc., another
species of Lefisesia was sent me for determination from Cambridge,
where accordingly my type of Z. Victorie now is. This species is said
to be the same as Boisduval’s Pogocolon Clarkia, unknown to me. We
have then at least two species of Zefisesia. I only know Abbot’s figure
of Gaure ; this represents a species with angulated wings, looking a little
like the European Ginothere. In the Central Park Coll. is or was a
specimen belonging to Mr. Robinson, brought by Mr. Ridings from
Georgia. I thought, after only casually examining it, that it might be an
allied species or a variety; but I never had it in my possession long
enough to study. Nor do I know any of Mr. Hy. Edwards’ species.
Whether these are true Pogoco/on, or whether this genus is distinct from

Lepisesia (which is much the older term), I cannot at all say. But having

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

compared Lufproserpinus I am satisfied that this is not Zzpisesia, it is
made a distinct section of J/acroglossa by Boisduval; it is our nearest

genus to Macroglossa. Ihave compared JV. ste//atarum with the species.

of Hemaris. Not only the opaque wings, but the vestiture, tuftings,
head, neuration, give comparative differences which I set down as gen-
eric. It has been one of my studies, and I believe I am even the first
writer to correct the statement that the European Hemaris has a vein on
the cell; on removing the bar of scales I found no vein as described in
European text books of ten or more years ago. We have no true Macro-
glossa and no true Acherontia in North America, though both are asserted.
The remaining genera have the wings angulate, except Arctonotus and
Cautethia. These are: the genus to which gaurae belongs, Amphion,
Thyreus and Deidamia. If Prof. Fernald will examine the primaries of
these three last genera, he will find them very like, also the body tuftings,
though the abdomen is elongated in Detdamia, and has lost the plump
typical Macroglossian form. But the larva has not the cordate head of
Smerinthus, and I cannot class the moth with this latter, notwithstanding
what Butler says. The fact that Dez/ephi/a also pupates like the first
group and does not enter the ground, that the flight is often diurnal, the
colors vivid, make me bring the Cherocampini in here. It is a notice-
able fact that the lower genera of the Macroglossinz and many Cheero-
campinz feed on the grape. I have nothing to say upon these genera of
the second group except that I believe Ampelophaga to be older than

Everyx ; if therefore Myron and Versicolor are congeneric, they may »

both be referred to this genus of Bremer’s ; while for Cherz/us we may
retain Everyx. Having studied extra-limital Chcerocampid forms with
angulated wings, I discovered an Ambulyx from Brazil with eye-spots like
a Smerinthus, and I look upon this genus as a sort of passage to the
Smerinthinze in consequence, aided by the sunken head, brown colors with
roseate patches, etc. The Smerinthinz feed as larve on fruit and nut
trees. We have one true Smerinthus, congeneric with oce//atus of Europe,
viz., ophthalmicus from California. Then we have a type which deviates
in small details and is represented by gemznatus, having a representative
-in Asia Minor, as Butler tells us. Prof. Fernald points out that Cerzsyz
agrees with Calasymbolus Asty/us in antennal structure, but I never saw
Cerisyz, which, from the figure of Kirby, seemed to me like geminatus,
with which, if I remember rightly, Kirby compared it. Probably there is
nothing like Astylus, Cerisyz or myops in the Old World, and it would be

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123

well if we accordingly restricted Swmerinthus to the Californian species and
separated our Eastern forms under Zusmerinthus and Calasymbolus. I
used Paonias for Excaecatus, which differs by the scalloped wings. Also
Cressonia for jug/andis, correcting Dr. Clemens’ notion as tothe European .
Populi, which represents neither juglandis nor modesta, though nearer
the latter. Cvessonia is as distinct a genus as we have in the whole

family. Zyiptogon is largely represented in Asia. I follow now with the

Sphinginz, which enter the ground to pupate, commencing with Ceratomia,

which in its larva approaches Z7f¢ogon and is a peculiar American form.

I follow then with Daremma, Diludia, Pseudosphinx (= Macrosila

Butler), Amphonyx, Phlegethontius, Dolba, Sphinx (= Lethia), Dilo-

phonota, Hyloicus, Ellema, Exedrium. Ido not believe these latter to

be Smerinthine, but low bombycoid Sphingine. This ‘group feeds

especially on the Solanacexz, also Convolvulus and Privet. The tongue

is often attached, like a jug handle, as Prof. Fernald says, to the pupa,

which reposes in a naked cell under ground, the larva rolling the soil

about it compact. Iam glad Prof. Fernald uses Phlegethontius, which

has priority and is a clean genus against which nothing can be said. If
we study these insects carefully, I am sure we will finally accept all the

genera, or nearly all, I have proposed. It is unwise to lose sight of the

very clear characters which have been so well discussed by Prof. Fernald

so far as his very readable pamphlet goes. _I think when the extra-limital

and especially South American forms are studied by the Professor, he

may incline to place the Sphinginz where I have placed them. I have

been guided by their subterraneous pupation, their gray colors like the

lower moths, The Macroglossians and the Chcerocampians are gayer

colored, day loving, active species. How often have I not taken Lineata,
and also Pandorus, at midday. Iam glad to see that my use of Pan-

dorus, which was made after careful comparison with the true Sated/etza

of Linné, is being sanctioned. The reading of Prof. Fernald’s pamphlet

has given me great pleasure, and I should be affected and ungrateful not

to acknowledge it. But it will have, with all that this author has given us —
that I have yet seen, a far more important value than the mere vindication

of this or that name in our lists. It will show how much there is yet for

us to learn about our moths, and also the way to learn it.

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON AN UNDETERMINED LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA.
BY IDA M. ELIOT AND CAROLINE G. SOULE, STOWE, VERMONT.

We have found a caterpillar which we cannot identify, nor can any
one to whom we have shown the description and a water-color drawing.
“ Papilio,” Vol. iii., No. I., p. 14, has a description which is nearest it,
but is not exactly like our larva, as ours has no tufts.

Our first specimen was found Sept. 12th, 1883, and our last one Aug.
13th, 1886. Between these we have three others ; all of them pupated,
but none emerged.

The larva is 14 inches long; the head is brownish-green with a
whitish bloom over it ; mouth parts dark; no marks or hairs.

The body is almost evenly cylindrical, tapering very slightly towards
the head; green in color, very smooth, firm, and free from markings and

warts, and evenly covered with long, silky hairs, cream-white in color, and ~

growing singly, without warts or tufts which could be seen even with a
powerful lens. The hair turns towards the head, and droops in a beauti-
ful curve over the sides, almost as if parted on the dorsal line. There are
a very few short black hairs, not noticeable unless looked for, scattered on
the last three segments. The feet and props are green, a little brownish
at the tips. Spiracles are white and inconspicuous.

The larve were found, three on white birch, and one each on willow
and poplar, all being curled around on the under side of leaves. In this
position it always rests, with the head covered by the drooping hairs, and
looks like a downy white feather. It is very beautiful and conspicuous on
the tree, where it is always on one of the lower branches.

It is wholly different in appearance, and in the arrangement and
quality of the hair, from the Apatelas, Lophocampas, or Arctians, or any
of our common hairy caterpillars, and some of its habits also differ from
these. Resting on the leaf-stem and beginning at the edge of the leaf, it
eats into the middle, leaving the margin except where it began ; or it rests
near the stem, aud eats the leaf all around, leaving only the part on which
it is resting.

None of our specimens moulted, but just before pupation every one
changed color, the body being olive brown, and the hairs dull black. On
the day following this change the larva began to bore into a piece of rot-
ten wood, entering head first, then backing out with the bits of wood it

Bk Soatitina thie. 5 ae pad iP

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125

had dug out collected between the props. When outside it‘opened the
props and dropped the bits of wood. This operation was repeated until
the hole was large enough, when the caterpillar entered for the last time,
leaving its black hairs at the entrance.

The last one made but one opening to the hole, and did not, as far as
we could see, spin a door across. Three of the others made openings at
each end, and closed both with silk and hairs. The first one was kept in
a paste-board box, and, no wood being given to it, gnawed a hole through
the box. When we covered this hole, the caterpillar spun against the
side of the box a thin cocoon of silk mixed with the bits of paste-board
gnawed from the box. None of them would go into the earth when it
was provided for them. The pupa of the second one was kept for two
years, but showed no sign of life, and was then thrown away.

We should be very glad of any information about this larva that any
readers of the ENTOMOLOGIST can give.

COLEOPHORA LARICELLA Hs. VERY INJURIOUS TO LARIX
EUROPEA, IN MASSACHUSETTS.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Professor Sereno Watson communicated to me some twigs cut on the
grounds of Mr. Henry Watson, in Northampton, Mass. Several Larix
Europea about thirty years old stand on an avenue, and have never
suffered before. In April they showed to a large extent pale needles and
many little larvee of the well known sac-bearing form. In May numerous
slate-colored moths appeared, the true Coleophora laricella Hub. This
insect in all its stages is well described in Stainton’s Nat. Hist. Tineina,
vol. iv., p. 1, and figured on pl.i. f. 2. It would be useless to give a
description here. Our biological collection possesses types of all stages
by Rosenhauer, Zeller and Hofmann. As far as I know, it has not yet
been observed in the United States. Some twigs given by the late J. Boll
were perhaps collected in 1872 in Cambridge, Mass. ; but as he did not
mark any locality on the label, I am not sure that he did not bring them
over from Europe. Iam not able to find any published notice in North
American papers. I may notice that the caterpillar keeps its abode very
clean by expelling the feces out of a hole in the needles.

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pooh a se RIN bus ots a ee ag Se
Ratzeburg Waldverderbniss, Ton I., speaks at some length about the

injury done by the insect. There is till now no remedy known for the

insect, as the caterpillar is well protected in the needle.
This year Chernes laricifolie A. Fitch, Rep. 4, No. 289, is very com-

mon in the Arnold Arboretum here. I do not find the species mentioned

except by A. Fitch, of which Prof. Packard gives a copy.

EMBIA MINUTA, Costa.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

I am indebted to Sc. E. Bergroth, Helsingforz, for knowledge of this
species. Prof. A. Costa has published, Atti della R. Accad. Sc. fisiche,
etc., vol. vii, 1878, Napoli No. 2, the account of his journey through
Egypt and Palestine. He was (p. 11) very interested to find, Feb. 17,
after Assouan, at -Kom-Ombos, on irrigated and humid grounds, a very
small (long. corp. 5 millim.) species of Embia, for which he proposes the
name Z. minuta. As far as I know, nothing more has been given about
this insect, and we will have to wait till Prof. A. Costa will publish its
description. Oligotoma Westwoodi is the only species known of such
small size, but it has only been found in copal.

A LIST OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPHINGID@, OR
HAWK MOTHS.

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

The present List of the North American Sphingide or Hawk Moths
embraces the principal features of my former Lists, in particuiar the
division into groups, retained by Butler and lately by Fernald. I have
originally in our Synonymical Catalogue (1865) proposed the genera
Macroglossa, Cherocampa, Smerinthus and Sphinx as typical of the four
principal groups recognized by me. A fifth group, represented by the
Old World genus Acherontia, seems to me to fall in between the Smerin-
thinee and Sphingine. It seems to me unimportant whether we consider
these groups as Tribes, with the ending wz to the terms, or as Subfamilies,

i
j
4
y
i
‘
s
3
:

:
\
;

cS

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 127

with the ending zz@. Iam myself of the opinion that these divisions are
only of tribal value, and should prefer to so designate them. But, under
this view, the Family Sphingide, as here considered, would remain only
of Subfamily value, somewhat as intended by Dr. Harris, whose “tribes ”
have a wider significance, whereas I intend by “ tribes” assemblages of
genera subordinate in rank to Subfamilies, and as intended by LeConte
in Coleoptera. These matters must be left, however, to final revisions of
our classification. At this moment I am interested, in view of Prof. Fer-
nald’s recent valuable paper, in defending my sequence of the genera and
groups as laid down in my former papers.

I have commenced with the Macroglossine on account of their
diurnal flight, the frequent use of silk in the pupation, the fusiform
antennze, characters which ally the moths to the lower butterflies. I have,
since 1865, pointed out that the European Macroglossum stellatarum is
the type of a distinct genus from Hemaris; it is an Old World genus
containing several species and differing from a large number of partially
vitreous allies, by the abdominal tufts, the comparatively stouter antenne,
the thicker palpi, different vestiture, besides the thickly scaled wings. I
denuded the wings of these forms, discovering that V. Heineman’s state-
ment that the cell of Bombyliformis was crossed by a vein, to be incor-
rect, the bar being formed by scales only, and found certain slight neur-
ational characteristics which I no longer can refer to. The neuration of
Lepisesia is figured in my Sphingidz of Cuba, p. 6 (1865)...

The characters of the Family Sphingidz are the narrow wings, the
primaries long, the secondaries short ; the frenulum is present ; the fringes
short, vestiture scaly and close; there is a general absence of tuftings
and all impediments to a swift and continuous flight. The abdomen is
heavy, long. usually tapering, the segments armed. The head is promin-
ent, ocelli wanting, eyes naked, large ; antenne prismatic, maxillary palpi
wanting, labial palpi thick, tongue variable but usually well and even
excessively developed. Pupation sometimes on the surface in a slight
web, but oftenest in the ground without cocoon. In the higher genera of
the first Subfamily the wings are entire, in the lower, Zhyreus, Deidamia, .
etc., angulated. These lower genera of the first Subfamily approach the
Chcerocampinz, and I cannot interpolate here the Sphinginee. The larve
feed also on the grape and Ampelopsis; the young of Zhyreus are com-
parable to PAz/ampelus in the loss of the caudal horn and the assumption
of a tubercle. While the larvee of Hemaris, etc., feed in preference on

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Viburnum, Vaccinium, Lonicera, the genera with angulated wings and the
Chcerocampine generally are grape-feeders. Hveryx and Ampelophaga
spin surface cocoons like Hemaris. The colors of the lower Macroglos-
sine are brown and green, with here and there light yellow, as on the
secondaries of Danum and Adédotiz. Claret red, olive green, sericeous
yellow, are the tints of the first two Subfamilies, with rich browns and
hard red tints ; the gray colors of the Smerinthine and especially of the
typical Sphingine are not as yet displayed. I think that, from the pupa-
tion, Lveryx is higher than /Philampelus, while from a_ struc-
tural study I have formerly brought Dezlephila and Philampelus
together. I ‘merely remark here that in reference (to — recent
statements, I do not know Abbot & Smith’s Gaure, nor any
of the species with angulated wings referred here to Pogocolon. I had
only examined and described the two species of ZLepisesta, while from
figures I should judge Abbot’s species belonged to a different genus.
While the higher genera of the Chcerocampine have the wings entire,
often falcate, the lower have them angulated, and in the genus Ambulyx
we have a species with ocellated secondaries. The colors become rich
tints of gilded brown and yellow; roseate hues obtain largely and the
spots on the secondaries prepare us for their final expression in Smerin-
thus. The ornamentation of the thorax in Smerinthus recalls Philam-
pelus, Ambulyx. Although, on general grounds, I would admit that the
Bombycid analogies of the Smerinthinze lower them in the rank in the
family, I believe the nearest approach to them at present existing is the
genus Ambulyx among the Chcerocampine. ‘The frequently pink sec-
ondaries in Ambdulyx prepare us for the usually pink hind wings in the |
Smerinthine. Every indication from color, pattern and shape of wing,
favors the idea that the two Groups, Choeeocampinz and Smerinthine,

are related. This is the main point of my arrangement of the imagoes,
and I believe the known larve sustain this view of the relationships
within the Family. The real gray colors only obtain as a rule within the
Subfamily Sphinginz ; the Smerinthinze are gray, tempered with brown
shadings and with pink discs to the secondaries, as we see in some other
moths, such as the Dryocampe. The most splendidly ornamented Hawk
Moths are to be found in the Chcerocampinz, radiant in rich golden
yellows and olives, and some Asiatic species are marvels of beauty. The
larvee of the Smerinthinz feed by preference on fruit and nut trees. The
larvee of the Acherontiinze and Sphingine on plants belonging to the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129

Solanacee (Tobacco, Tomato, Potato, Deadly Nightshade, etc.) <A few
species, such as Paonias Excecatus, may be almost considered polypha-
gic ; but, generally, the species are pronounced in their preference for
special genera or families of plants., At last the gaudy colors yield to
gray, in the Smerinthinae, suffused with rich brown and with pink shaded
secondaries ; the dull gray and blackish species at the most only relieved
by yellow spots on the body in the Sphinginae. A few species have
warmer tints, but the resemblance to the gray Noctuidae becomes now
apparent and the gay colors of the Chcerocampinae do not again appear.
The pupation is subterranean, the cocoon wanting, the flight crepuscular

and even nocturnal. After a very diligent study of foreign genera, which

we must always consider, I think the naturalness of the sequence as pro-

posed by me cannot be gainsayed. There may be a better sequence for

the genera here and there, within the groups, to be attained, but that the

groups do thus better arrange themselves in a linear series, I am con-

vinced, not leaving out of sight the fact that the relationship is net-like

and not to be truly expressed by a straight line. As to particular points,

I believe Ampelophaga is older than ZLveryx, which latter I retain for

Cherilus with its spined tibiez. I believe Dezdamza to be allied to

Thyreus by the shape of the wings. I follow Butler’s extension of.
Calasymbolus, leaving Eusmerinthus as a subgeneric title for Geminatus

with its bi-pectinate male antennz. Our only true Smerinthus, as origin-

ally pointed out by me, is from the West Coast, but I believe the Califor-

nian species has also occurred in Upper Canada. We haye in South

Florida a West Indian colony, the extent of which is not yet known.

Stragglers from the south, as ///o, Titan, Labrusce, iwvade even New

England. How far north these breed with us, is not known. They seem

hardly to belong to the North American Fauna, but are all included here

so far as they have been reported to me as being taken within the political

limits of the United States.

In this list I have followed with a dash (—) all species not known to
me in nature. (I trust my critics will observe these signs.) I have also
used the sign { to denote erroneous identifications. In the localities of
the species known to me I have tried to express my idea as to their dis-
tribution.

Family SPHINGID.

Sub-family MACROGLOSSINA.

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus Hemaris Dalman.

1. Palpalis Grote. California.

2, Thetis Bozsd. California.

3. Cynoglossum Hy. Lad.—

4. Rubens Hy. Ed.—

5. senta Streck.—

6. Aethra Streck.—

7. Tenuis Grote. Can., N. Y.

Fumosa Streck.

8. Diffinis Botsd. N. Y., southward.

g. Marginalis Grote. Ohio, south and west.
10. Axillaris G. @ #&. Texas to Ill.

Grote: Butl.

11. Metathetis ButZ. 1 —

(Subgenus Chamesesia Gr.)
12. Gracilis G. & R. Maine; N. Y.
(Subgenus Hemorrhagia G. & R.)

13. Thysbe fabr. Can., southward.
Pelasgus Cram.
dim var. Uniformis G. & &.
(?) var. min. Buffaloensis Gr.
(?) var. maj. Floridensis G. & R.
14. Fuscicaudis Gosid. Georgia.

Genus Aellopos Hiubn.

15. Titan Cram. Florida, northward.
Annulosum Swains.
Balteata Kirtl.
16. Tantalus Zzzn. Florida, northward.

1, How many of these eleven species, belonging to the typical group of Hemaris,

are really distinct, it is difficult to say, and there must be careful breeding from the egg

to decide. Incollections 7ezwzs is usually labeled Dzffinzs, but the latter, from Abbot’s
and Boisduval’s figures, differs in several points. Since Mr. Hulst has shown that —
Uniformis is only a dimorphic form of Zhysbe, the value of the terminal band of prim-
aries as a specific character becomes doubtful. a

ie

18.

19.

20.
21.

Bias
23:

24.

25.

26.

27;
28.

29.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus Euproserpinus G. & R.

Pheton G. & #&. California.
Erato Boisd.

Genus Cautethia Grote.

Grotei Hy. Hd. Florida, Cuba.
Genus Arctonotus Boisd.
Lucidus Bozsd. California.
ieee Lepisesta Grote.

Flavofasciata Barnst. Can., N. Y.
Clarkie Boisd. California, etc.
Victoria Grote.

Genus fogocolon Boisd.

Circeae Hy. Edw.—
Gaurae 4bb. & Sm.—
var. Juanita Streck.—

Genus Amphion Hubn.

Nessus Cram. Can., southward.

Genus Zhyreus Swains.

Abbottii Swazzs. Can., southward:
Genus Zzyo Hiubn.

Lugubris Zzzn. Florida, northward.
Camertus Cram. Florida, northward.
Danum Cram. Florida, northward.

Genus Deidamia Clem.

Inscripta Harris. Can., southward.

Sub-family CH@ROCAMPINA.

Genus Zveryx Boisd.

131

2a°

32.

33:

34:

35:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Cheerilus Cram. Can., southward.
Azulee A. & S.

Genus Ampelophaga Brem.

Myron Cram. Can., southward.
Pampinatrix Ab. & Sm.
var. Cnotus Hiibn:
Versicolor Harris. Can., southward.

Genus Cherocampa Dup.
Tersa Zzun. Southern States, northward.
Genus Deilephila Ochs.

Chamaenerii Harris. Can., southward.
' Canadensis Guen.
? Intermedia Kirby.
2 Oxybaphi Clem.

Lineata Fabr. East to west.
Daucus Cram.

Genus Philampelus Harris

Vitis Drury. Southern States.
Fasciatus Sulz.
Jussienaee, Hibn.

Linnei G. & &. West Indies, Fla., Ga.
Vitis { Cram.

Pandorus Hiibn. Can., southward.
Satellitia { Harris.

Posticatus Grote. West Indies, Fla.
Lycaon { Gr.

Achemon Drury. East to west.

Genus Argeus Hibn.
Labruscae Zzzn. West Indies, northward.
Genus Pachylia Walk.

Ficus Zinm. West Indies, northward.
Crameri Men.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133

43. Syces Hiibn. West Indies, northward.
: Lnornata Clem.
Ficus { Men,
44. Lyncea Clem. —
Genus Ambulyx Walk.

45- Strigilis Zzzw.2 West Indies, Fla.

Sub-family SMERINTHINA.

Genus Calasymbolus Gr.

46. Astylus Drury. Can., southward.
. Lo Boisd.
\ LIntegerrima Harr.
47. Myops 4. & S. Can., southward.
48. Cerisii Kirby. Can., Maine, N. Y.
Subgenus Lusmerinthus Gr.
49. Geminatus Say, Can., southward.
var. Jamaicensis Drury. —

Genus Smerinthus Latr.

sp ph

50. Ophthalmicus Bozsd. California.

4 var. Pallidulus Hy. Ed.

: Genus Paonias Hubn.

f 51. Excaecatus Ad. and Sm. Can., southward.

; Genus Cressonia G. R.

52. Juglandis 4d. and Sm. Can., southward.

i @ Lfallens Streck. .

¢ var. maj. Robinsonii But7.

‘ 2. This species, Phzl, Posticatus, Amph. Duponchel, have been reported to me

from South Florida, but I have seen no specimens, The same is true of Macrosila
= Ochus, reported to me from South Texas. It is probable that most of the Cuban
be Sphingidz may occur sporadically on our shores.

134

53-

54.

55:

56.

Be 5 7s

58.

59-
60.
61.

62.

63.
64.

65.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus Z7iptogon Brem.

Modesta Harris. Can., southward.
Princeps Walk.
Cablet Von Reiz.

Occidentalls Hy. Hd. California, etc.
Impertalis Streck.

Subfamily SPHINGINZ.

Genus Ceratomia Harris.

Amyntor Aiibn. Can., southward.
Quadricornis Harr.

Genus Daremma Walk.

Undulosa Walk. Can., southward.
Brontes { Boisd.
Repentinus Clem.

Hageni Grote. Texas.

Catalpae Boisd. Southern States.

Genus Diludia G. & R.

Jasminearum Bozsd. and Lec. Ga., northward.

Leucophaeata Clem. —
Brontes Drury. —

Genus Dolba Walk.

Hylaeus Drury. Southern States, northward.
Prini A. &S.

Genus Amphonyx Poey.

Antaeus Drury. West Indies, Fla.
Duponchel /oey. West Indies, Fla, (?)

Genus Philegethontius Hiibn.

Rustica Fadr. Southern States.
Chionanthi A. & S.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 135

Ochus K7ug. Mexico, Tex. (?)
Lnstita Clem.
Carolina Zinn. West Indies to Can.
Celeus Hubn. Can. southward.
5-maculata Steph.
Carolina { Harr.
Cingulata “adr. Southern States, northward.
var. Decolora Hy. Ed.

Genus /yloicus Hibn.

Plebeius Fadr. Can., southward.
Sequoiae Loisd. —

Genus Allema Clem.

Bombycoides Wadk. Can., southward.

var. Harrisi Clem.
Coniferarum Ad. and Sm. Southern States, northward.
Pineum Zintn. —

Genus Fxedrium Gr.

Halicarnie Streck. —

Genus Sphinx Linn.
(= Lethia Hibn.)

Drupiferarum Ad. and Sm. Can., southward.
var. Utahensis Hy. Hd. Utah.
Kalmiae Ad. and Sm. Can., southward.

Chersis A/ién. Can., southward.
Cinerea Harris.

Oreodaphne Ay. Hd. —

Libocedrus Hy. Ha.—

Perelegans Hy. Ed.

Vancouverensis Hy. Hd. West Coast.
Vashti Streck.

Canadensis Goisd. Can., southward.
Flota Streck.

Gordius Cram. Can., southward,

Albescens Zepper. —

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

86. Luscitiosa Clem. N. Y., Maine, N. J.

87. Lugens Wa/k. Western States.
Lremitotdes Streck.

88. Eremitus Hiibn. Can., southward.

89. Separatus Veum. —

go. Dollii Meum. —

gi. Elsa Streck. —

Genus Dzlophonota Burm.

92. Ello Zzzn. West Indies, northward.

93. Melancholica Grote. West Indies, northward.
94. Merianae Grote. West Indies, Mex., Tex.
95. Festa Hy. Edw. —

96. Obscura Fabry. Southern States.

97. Edwardsii Butler. —

BROTIS VULNERARIA Husn.
BY GEO. D. HULST.

In the CanaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, this volume, p. 72, Mr. Ph. Fischer
tells us of the capture of the above moth at Buffalo, N. Y., adds some-
thing of the bibliography of the species, and remarks upon its aberrant
appearance and character. Permit me to add a few words to what was
there said. |

Guenee, Phalenites, vol. i, p. 116, 1857, describes this species of
Hubner, under the generic name Sphecelodes, crediting the species to
Hubner, but ignoring his genus, as was Guenee’s custom. He also de-
scribes the 9, and pl. 22, f. 9, gives a figure of it. It differs very much
from the f, having ciliated antenne, and lacking the triangular flesh-
colored costal spot. He is as much in doubt as was Hubner, as to its
classification, but places it among his Fidonide. Walker, Cab. Brit. Mus.
Geometride, p. 213, 1860, catalogues vu/neraria under Brotis Hubn.,
placing Sphecelodes Guen. as a synonym of the genus. He also is in
doubt as to the proper location of the genus, but places it at the end of
the Ennominae, and says it does not seem to fit well anywhere. Guenee’s

a hte nrc

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 13%

five specimens were from Brazil. Walker’s five specimens were from St.
Domingo. Neither seemed to have any doubt that the insect was a Geo-
meter, though a somewhat anomalous one.

In the CanapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, Viil., 154, 1876, Mr. Grote tells us:
*“‘ A drawing which I recognize as of this species (Brotis vulneraria Hub.)
has been shown me by Prof. Hinsdale, of Racine, Wis., where the original
was taken. I would not refer it to the Geometrae, but to the Noctuae
(Fasciatae).” In the CanaDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, xil., 116, 1880, under the
heading ‘‘ North American Noctuidae in the Zutraege,” Mr. Grote, after
mentioning its capture as above stated, says: ‘“‘ Hubner considers it to be
a Geometer, but I think incorrectly.” But neither in these places, nor
elsewhere that I can find, does Mr. Grote give any hint as to his reasons
for his determination of the place of the insect.

In Papilio, iv., 72, 1884, Rev. W. J. Holland describes as new, Sphe-
celodes floridensis, from Indian River, Florida. I have one of his type
specimens, but am not able to separate it specifically from wvulneraria
Hubn.
=. From the above it seems the species ranges from the Lakes to Buenos
Ayres. It is probably common through the Tropics, and may be common
in Southern Florida.

So far as its classification is concerned, it seems to me to be beyond
doubt a Geometer. Antennae, head, venation and legs are all geometri-
form.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES, SPRING, 1886.
BY A. W. HANHAM, HAMILTON, ONT.

Owing to the unusual and continued warmth of the weather during the
two weeks ending April 28th, insect life has been very abundant, consider-
ing the time of year, and the few opportunities I have so far enjoyed of
looking up their haunts have amply repaid me.

April 17.—Under boards and pieces of wood along fences were to be
seen hundreds of Drasterius dorsalis Say. In company with this e/ater,
besides many, to me, common beetles, I secured for the first time several
Languria Mozardi Latr., a very showy beetle—the male looks very smal}
by the side of the female. In the same afternoon I found a fine specimen

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the goldsmith beetle, Cotalpa /anigera Linn. Is not this an early
appearance P

April 18.—Observed Hymenoptera and Diptera in large numbers and
variety on and about a row of young sugar-maples, the bark of which had
been punctured. Some hibernated Lepidoptera could have been easily
secured by hand had I felt so inclined, so engrossed were they in imbibing
the sweet sap. There were, however, too many Vespidae about for me to
care to do much investigating. .

April 23.—I found Erycus puncticollis Lec. very plentiful under logs
and debris generally, along the edge of the marsh near Dundas. These
weevils were all paired.’ Among some others taken the most conspicuous
was Sphenophorus pertinax Oliv. Many Elateridae were taken from
under the bark of stumps and fallen logs. They included several
Adeloceras. was fortunate enough to find a pair of Cychrus Lecontei
Dej. copulating under a piece of wood. Also Brachylobus lithophilus
Say. Other Carabidae were numerous, especially near the water. A
better locality could hardly be found for the last named family. Sothr7-
deres geminatus Say, and Chrysomela clivicollis Kirby were among my
captures this day. ;

April 26.—Took Dicaelus elongatus Dej., a few Silphidae, and from
under the bark of decaying stumps lots of small beetles, mostly Scolytidae.

April 27.—Two fresh specimens of Staphylinus maculosus Grav. from
under stones.

May 1.—Discovered a good hunting ground a few miles from town,
near the lake, namely, a few acres of thinly wooded forest land, on which
were the stumps of many freshly-cut hardwood trees. On these, and
especially under the chippings surrounding them, Coleoptera were very
abundant, the most common being AHylobius stupidus Boh., Clerus dubius
Fab., and several species of Nitidulidae (Ips). I captured one specimen
of Grynocharis 4-lineata Mels., and a pair of Cytz/us trivittatus Mels.
On several of the stumps in sheltered nooks I came across patches of that
beautiful lady-bird, MWegi/la maculata De Geer. Some of the larger
patches must have contained quite fifty beetles. They were mostly of a
lovely bright pink color ; a few, however, had a brown or reddish tinge.
About this date I took, in quantities, Byturus grisescens Lec. ? off wild
raspberry canes, evidently feeding on the opening buds. A little later in
the year they are common upon the blossoms of the wild plum and cherry.

I must have taken or observed over thirty species of Carabidae during

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139

my rambles on the days mentioned, some of them rather scarce ; also the
followimg Cicindelidae: C. Leconte: Hald., C. sexguttata Fab., C. pur-
purea Oliv., C. vulgaris Say, and C. repanda Dej., the first named
being the only rare or local kind. In walking over some sand hills or
tracts on April 23rd they arose from about my feet almost in clouds. I
do not remember to have met with them so abundantly before except late
in the summer.

Cut-worms of many sizes and markings appear to be common this
spring under boards, stones, etc. One morning about the beginning of
May I noticed a sand wasp (Pompilidae Leach.) dragging a cut-worm,
apparently nearly full grown, to its nest in the sand. When first seen by
me the wasp was a foot or more away from home. The larva was not
only much larger but heavier than its capturer, and much too weighty to
be carried. The wasp found it quite an undertaking, for it left its
prey several times, going to the nest, only to return for another pull. It
is not unlikely that the distance covered previous to my arrival was con-
siderably more than that while I was present.

I intend in the course of a few weeks to trespass further on the kind-
ness of readers of the ENromotocist by the insertion of continued notes.

ON WILLOW AS FOOD-PLANT OF P. TURNUS.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

In Nov. No., 1885, I asked if readers of this magazine had ever found
the larva of Zurnus feeding on willow, etc., to which I have had several
replies. :

Mr. W. Brodie, Toronto, Can., wrote that on Sept. 10, 1885, Thos.
Parks, of Toronto, found three larvae in his garden under a peach tree,
and he put them in a box and fed on peach leaves for several days, and
till pupation. So far as I know, the peach has not before been observed
to be a plant of Zurnus.

J. D. Sherman, jr., Peekskill, N. Y., writes that his father, who once
had a very large collection of American butterflies, ‘‘ states positively that
he has several times taken the larva of Zurnus from the wild willow.”

Miss Caroline G. Soule, of Boston, Mass., writes: ‘“‘I have found
more larve of Zurnus on willow than on any other plant. I have found
it on ash and poplar, but if I hunt for it, I take willow as the plant most
likely to supply my need. This is in Stowe, Vermont, where most of my

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

entomological work is done. So marked was the preference for willow,
that I find written on the margin of my Insects Injurious to Vegetation,
‘chiefly willow, sometimes poplar.’ Ihave always raised my Zurnus
larve on willow.” And Miss Soule quotes from a letter from Miss I. M.
Eliot, of New York, ‘‘ with whom my summer work is done,” and to
whom she had mentioned the subject: “I wish Mr. Edwards could have
seen the willow where we first found Zurnus /”

Also, Wm. Bentenmiiller, of New York, writes: ‘‘I have frequently
found the larva of Zurnus feeding on willow.”

It is therefore settled beyond all question that willow is one of the
food plants, though I do not learn that it is known to many collectors.
Mr. Scudder quoted willow in his ‘ Butterflies,” but from a statement
made by Mr. Gosse in 1845. And as I have before said, my larve at
Coalburgh died before they would eat willow, and the plant was offered
them repeatedly. As the same thing happened with me when I gave spice
wood and sassafras to larve of P. Ajax, though in Tenn. Mr. Aaron says
these larvz certainly will eat both these plants, I conclude that larval
habits as to food may differ decidedly in different localities.

ANNUAL REPORT, 1885.

Owing to unforseen circumstances, the distribution of the Annual
Government Raport for 1885 has been unavoidably delayed. We are
glad to state, however, that they have at last been received and forwarded
to those members entitled to receive them.

ANNUAL MEETING.
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20, 1886, at 7.30 p.m. Members are invited to prepare papers to be read,
and to send them to the Sec.-Treas., Mr. E. B. Reed, if they are unable to
attend.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Dear Sir : I notice in my article two serious errors that I overlooked
in the proof, one clerical and the other typographical: Page 112, 11th
line from bottom, read dorsal instead of ventral; page 115, 13th line
from top, read deak instead of back.

Joun Hami.ton, Allegheny, Pa.

gee

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VOL. XVIII. LONDON, AUGUST, 1886. No. 8

ON THE HISTORY AND THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
FENESICA TARQUINIUS, Farr.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.

Nothing has been known of the ‘history or earlier stages of this butter-
fly till quite recently, except what Boisduval and LeConte (1833) gave,
both plate and text having been copied from Abbot (about 1800). On
the plate the mature larva is represented as lying on a leaf of Hawthorn,
and the chrysalis is attached to a stem of same. The larva is green and
white-striped, and neither in coloration nor shape resembles the real larva,
and the description in the text is made up from the figure. The chrysalis
is a little better. The larva (according to Abbot) “lives upon Crategus,
and the species is very scarce.” We also read that “this butterfly is
plainly quite unlike the true Polyommati in its caterpillar and the shape
of its chrysalis. Godart, who knew this species only by the description
of Fabricius, wrongly believed that it was an Erycina.” Boisduval puts
it in Polyommatus with PrZeas.

The late Professor Glover figured the mature larva and the chrysalis
on plate xxii of his Lepidoptera, but the larva is surprisingly ill-done,
being studded with round knobs that have no place in nature. The
chrysalis is fairly done, and both dorsal and side views are given. On
another plate is copied Boisduval’s figures with no alteration (B., fig. 5).
Mr. Glover told me that the larva fed on Hawthorn, and I believe that
plant alone is written in his original work.

Many authors have spoken of the butterfly, and according to Prof.
Riley, Mr. Scudder has given quite a list of food plants in different papers,
as Alnus, Ribesia, Vaccinium, Viburnum, and conjecturally, Arrow-wood,
Elder, Hawthorn.

At a meeting of the Ent. Soc. of Washington, 6th Jan., 1886, “a
letter was read from Mr. C. L. Johnson, stating that he had observed a
lepidopterous larva feeding on a species of Aphid, and had bred the insect
to maturity. Mr, Lugger stated that the larva was that of 4. Targuinius,

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and that he had also made the same observation several years in succes-
sion ; though he had never actually seen them feeding on the Aphids, they
were always found among them.” At a subsequent meeting, Feb. 11,
1886, “ Mr. Howard read a note from Prof. Riley in relation to the food
habits of Zarguinius, in which it was stated that he had had for some
time in his notes the records of observations by Mr. Pergande, who had
found the larve actually feeding on the following species of Aphididae :
Pemphigus Fraxinifolii, Schizoneura tessellata, and Pemphigus imbricator.
The last named species is the one referred to by Messrs. Johnson and
Lugger, at the last meeting.” Ent. Amer., vol. 2.

Prof. Riley gave an abstract of the accounts by different authors of
Targuinius, in ‘‘Science,” Vol. 7, No. 169, April 30, 1886, and of what
was known as to its food, and stated four reasons why it was “ more than
probable” that different species of plant-lice “are the normal food of this
larva.” The essential reasons are the first and fourth. That attempts to
feed the larvae on leaves had proved futile. That both Mr. Lugger and
Mr. Johnson had found the larvae, but never dissociated from the plant-
lice. But, concludes this paper, “neither of these observers were able
to get positive proof of the fact.” That is, I suppose, ‘“ proof of the
fact” that aphides were the sole food, because all the gentlemen named
had seen the larvae eating aphides.

That is all, so far as I know, which has been published on this matter
to the present date. I am pleased to be able to say now that the full
history of Zarguinius from egg to chrysalis has been followed out the

sae

past season, by Miss Emily L. Morton, of New Windsor, Orange Co., |

New York, well known as an enthusiastic lepidopterist. It has cost much
patient labor, the observations having to be made mostly at a distance
from home, in difficult ground, and running through several weeks.- But
the object has been attained, and I think little can remain to be discovy-
ered about the habits of Zarguinius.

Miss Morton kindly wrote me her notes from day to day, and sent
eggs and larvae repeatedly, as well as supplies of aphides. Also sent the
same to Mrs. Peart, at Philadelphia, so that drawings could be made at
every stage. I propose to publish these drawings soon in But. N. A,,
Vol. 3.

Miss Morton wrote 11th Aug., 1886: “I saw a Targuinius laying an
egg on the twig enclosed (alder). She flew about and finally settled on
the branch, depositing the egg right in the middle of the aphides. From

a pean

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143

the care with which she settled in the midst of these creatures, I thought
the larvae might possibly live on them. So I cut off the twig and send it
to you. This female is in a bag in the woods where I found her.” (I
should say here that Miss Morton knew nothing of observations on Zar-
guinius by other persons. It was all new ground to her.)

On 13th Aug.: “The female laid but a few eggs, and those on the
side of the bag, but I saw two more butterflies this morning, and both
acted just as did the first one, carefully selecting a place in the midst of
the plant-lice, in spite of a large black and red ant, which in great num-
__ bers was guarding the aphides. I watched closely, though I had to stand
_ in the brook, and after some time I saw them lay 3 or 4 eggs, all among
_ the aphides. I then cut off the limbs and brought them home, first bag-
_ ging the females on the spot. After brushing off the lice, I found a dozen
eggs, all on under side of the twigs. There were a few queer looking
other eggs on the /eaves” (perhaps of the grubs afterwards spoken of,)
‘also one small hairy larva, which I do not think can be Zarguinius, but
as it possibly may be, I send it.”

Leaving the letters for a little while, I will give my observations on the
eggs and larva spoken of. One egg had not hatched, two or three had,
and the shells remained, each with a hole eaten out of the top. They did
not look to me like Lycaenid eggs, and I thought there must be some
mistake about it, and that they were of some moth, or possibly Hemip-
' terous. They were button-shaped, flat at base, lying nearly full breadth
on the bark and firmly set, not quite circular ; the curve at top like that
of Lemonias /Vais, not like Lyc. Pseudargiolus, the central depression
__ broad and shallow, the surface somewhat rough, with no appearance under
_ aCoddington lens of network ; color pale yellow. Now all Lycaenid
eggs known to me are covered with an elaborate and conspicuous lace-
work, or are much sculptured. And the little larvae did not look like
Lycaenid larvae. Rather like Tortrices, and their movements suggested
that. The same thing struck Miss Morton. They were slender,
of even thickness, each segment rounded, the body itself rounded, the
_ feet, legs and head not in the least retractile ; the hairs long and short,
disposed very much as in some of the Nymphalidae, say Grapta or Phy-
ciodes, the head as broad as body, and obovoid, but prolonged at the
mandibles ; on segment 2 a chitinous bar ; color whitish-green.

I wrote Miss Morton forthwith that I could see no probable Zarguin
eggs or larvae. However, I went in search of aphides, first visiting a

79

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Hawthorn bush which I had set in my garden years ago expressly that I
might some day have food for larva of Zarguin, and on which there had
been myriads of aphides a few weeks before. But I now found none.
The elms were visited with same result. At last I found a few on weep-
ing willow, and put them in a glass tube with the larvae. I watched some
time, but there was no haste on part of the larvae. I saw one of them go
to an aphis, nose at it, push it and bite at it, lifting it partly off the leaf
(the aphis being the larger of the two) and shaking it as a dog would
shake a rat. But the victim escaped and retreated to the reverse side of
the leaf, and the larva rested. Next morning, not an aphis was to, be
found. I got another small supply of willow aphides and presently saw
a larva bite an aphis near the head and eat into the body so that its own
head was buried, the aphis not resisting, nor even removing its sucker
from the leaf. Afcer a moment the larva let go and went its way.

Not finding more aphides on willow, I searched many trees and shrubs
in vain, but at last found a young wild plum somewhat infested with them,
and thereafter had a moderate supply. But there soon began to arrive
boxes of twigs of alder covered with large woolly aphides, and eggs and
larvae in all stages, sent by Miss Morton. The young larva (and the
habit continues through the two earlier stages) pushes its way under the
large aphides, or m case of such as are found on plum and willow, among
them, and forthwith begins to spin for itself a loose web, not close enough
to conceal it from view were the aphides away, but sufficient to keep the
aphides from walking over the body, and to protect it when the moult is
approaching and the skin sensitive. The web seems to be just about the
length of the larval hairs from the body. The aphides may be seen run-
ning over it, and often get their legs fast in the meshes, and are very apt
to be devoured as a consequence. Receiving these other eggs and larvae,
I had pretty soon become satisfied that these hairy larvae were of Zarguin.
The first stage was about two days in duration.

At first moult, the body was not so round, but a little flattened, and a
little broadest in middle, the dorsum not raised, the legs and feet not re-
tractile ; the head a little within 2, but not more than with a Papilio larva ;
body clothed with many long hairs disposed in six rows, two sub-dorsal,
one on mid-side, one along base; the hairs not in tufts but in groups,
which spring from low tuberculous swellings ; the hairs from base falling
down and fringing the body ; on 2 a chitinous band and in front of it 3 or
4 rows of long hairs which fall over head. :

r. 0) 2 —

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145

Miss Morton wrote 18th: ‘I have often found on the alder a hairy.
red and gray larva which produces an Apatela, and I thought the small
larva I first wrote you about might be that. But if you saw it and the
others were all like it, of course it can’t be that.” On roth: ‘“ This morn-
ing I found what I think is a full-grown larva. It was resting in a fork
of the bush close to a large colony of the aphides, but while 1 was won-
dering how I should get it in my box, so high on the limb was it, the way
was suddenly made plain by a large ant rushing at and biting it furiously,
and the larva curled up and fell to the ground. I thought I had lost it,
but it fell on a bare spot, and here it is in a tube for your investigation,
together with two other smaller larvae found feeding on the aphides.
These were in a very thin web directly under a mass of aphides, and both
were in the act of eating, each with an unlucky aphis kicking on its back,
the head of the larva buried in its body. I have two more now before
me, and both are devouring from underneath as fast ‘as they
can the swarms of aphides collected around them. ‘There was
a curious creature walking up and down the aphides, pulling
the wool off them and sticking it on its own back. I removed it, fearing

- It might injure the young Zarguins, such formidable jaws had he.” *

On 21st: The ants do not let the larve alone, but bite at them
furiously whenever they see them ; but until nearly grown the larvae lie
concealed under the aphides with a web covering them, and cannot be
got at by the ants without disturbing their cows. I went to the swamp
again to-day to watch these most interesting creatures, and under nearly
every pile of aphides found either eggs or larvae. But the larvae are so
covered with the wool of the aphides and their webs conceal them so
effectually that it is most difficult to detect them even with a powerful
glass. The day was cool and cloudy and I did not see a single buiterfly,
but found about a dozen eggs and small larvee, besides two nearly as large
as the one I send you. There were places on the limbs of the alder
where evidently full-grown larvae had cleaned off the aphides. At one
place, the ants, a very large species, with black head and abdomen, and
red thorax, were in a state of great excitement, running and biting in
every direction, and had probably just discovered and routed a full-grown
larva, as a large brown spot with all the aphides cleared off showed itself
on the limb.”

* This erature wasa larva of a Chrysopa of Lace-Fly, See Hann Ins, plate
3, page 247, for habits,

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

On 26th: ‘I went to-day to another swamp where I found quite a
number of aphides, all on the stems of alder, some so low down as to be
under the grass. There was also one butterfly flying, but I could not
catch it. I got, however, one egg, which I mail to Mrs. Peart. There is
a small Syrphus fly grub which devours the aphides far faster than does
Targuinius. Itook 6 from the twigs of aphides which I send you to-day.
These grubs stick the wool from the aphides upon their own backs, and
are often difficult to detect.*

‘* After second moult, I find the larvae crawling naked on the limb
seeking for fresh supplies of food; then they again spina web, which
they leave after the aphides are consumed. I do not think they spin
after third (the last) moult. They then go about very quickly.
There are four species of ants guarding the aphides on the alder,
and I find fewest Zarguinius larvae among those guarded by the black
and red ones I before told you of, though the butterflies do not seem
to fear them in the least. The female lays her eggs generally close to or
among a bunch of aphides, but occasionally on the leaf, if it rests on the
aphides. The latter do not feed upon leaves unless just at’ the
junction of them. On putting in a fresh supply for the larvae they at
once burrow under and devour the aphides from the under side, unless
after third moult, when the larvae eat roads through, but still from the
under side, their backs covered with wool from the unlucky aphides. I
think the wool prevents eating from above, for I noticed the larvae eat
the red aphides from cherry from the back, or wherever they seized
them.”

Aug. 3oth: ‘‘Each stem has to be cleared of ants, some species of
which not only bite sharply encugh to draw blood, but also sting, and cut
off with a knife, the slightest jar often knocking off the aphides and such
larvae as are not in webs. Then there is what I take to be a Syrphus
larva which has to be removed, as it devours twice as many aphides as
do the Zarguins. These lie under the aphides, often in a web of the
Tarquins, and are very difficult to find.”

Sept. 3rd: ‘Last night Isaw a Zarguin just out of egg and watched
it for over an hour spinning a web close to and almost under a large
Syrphus grub. SoI do not suppose these grubs injure the Zarguins. It
crawled under the mouth of the grub and over its back, without the least

* Syrphus-fly grubs. See Harris, p. 248. *

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 147

notice being taken by the grub.” In another letter a farther observation is
made going to show that the relations of larva and grub are not
unfriendly.

Sept. 4th: “Have you noticed the ape’s face which the chrysalis
shows, when looked at upside down?” .

At the second moult, the body was higher, and was broader in middle,
and was more the shape of maturity, the hairs more abundant ; the feet
and legs not retractile; the head more covered by next segment than
before, but very little, and that only along forehead.

The growth of these larvae is remarkable for rapidity, scarcely more
than two days between moults, and there are but three moults in all.
Such haste to reach chrysalis is what might be expected when one con-
siders the nature of the food, its precariousness, and the activity of the
enemies the larva is constantly exposed to. There is no long interval
preceding a moult when the larva lies helpless, and this is particularly so .
at the third moult, when the larva is fully exposed to view. I watched
several most carefully when I anticipated the third moult, but never was
able to see it, or to know precisely when it occurred. I could see that.a
moult must have taken place by the fresh and differently colored skin of
body, and the enlarged head. Miss Morton at first experienced the same
difficulty, and wrote 3oth Aug.: ‘Thursday morning the larvae had
devoured every aphis in the box, and I remembered seeing some red
aphides on. wild cherry near the house. ‘These I put in until I could go
to the swamp, a mile away. When I returned, 3 hours after, three of the
five larvae had moulted, after eating nearly the whole of the two square
inches of aphides, though there was no appearance of a moult when I
went away. These three had changed from the whitish and gray to the
mature orange (on dorsum) and pupated Sunday morning (i. e., 3 days
after 3rd moult.)” But Sept. 21st: © “Since writing on the moults, I have
seen the three, and have now eight larvae in all stages from first to last.”
Mrs. Peart also detected the third moult, and sent me four tables of the
length of the several stages of as many larvae.

At third moult, the larva is .44 inch long,and .14 inch toad 3 in middle:
the sides tapering about equally either way ; the dorsum is flattened broadly,
and is highest at 6; the under side flattened; the feet are not retractile
and the pro-legs cannot properly be called so; the head is covered more
than before. As the stage proceeds, the head is more and more concealed
by the growth of segment 2, but there is no extensile neck as in Lyc.

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

Pseudargiolus or Thecla Henrici, both which species I have described
in their early stages; the low swellings before spoken of form
three rows on either side, and on these are the clusters of hairs
as before, but more numerous; and the lower hairs make a fringe
as before; the color of dorsal area is pale gray, the outer edges
white, and the side is white, with a pale brown macular stripe
running through it, and above this is an oblique brown bar on each seg-
ment, except at the extremities ; on mid-dorsum a macular brown stripe,
and on 7 to 11 four brown rounded spots, two in front, two on rear; the
sub-dorsal swellings are red-orange, or Indian red, or pinkish; there is
much variation in individuals in all the markings; and I suspect the
species of aphis fed on may cause variations, as one larva raised by me
wholly upon plum aphides was at all stages whiter than those on alder,
and the darker markings pale. The chrysalis of this larva was also lighter
than any I have seen.

The chrysalis is .31 to .39 inch long, .12 to .15 inch broad at
mesonotum, .18 to .22 at abdomen; extreme height of abdomen
.2; the ventral side flattened and rounded laterally; the head case
is prominent on ventral side, and nearly shape of larval face ; behind it,
and projecting somewhat over it, is the second segment, broad and _ in-
curved ; the front of both 2 and 3 are turned up a little, so as to increase
the excavation of 2; mesonotum prominent and nose-like, but flattened,
and with a decided carina ; followed by a considerable dorsal depression,
and a deeper one on side, in which is an oval eye spot, as if set in ; next, the
abdomen rises abruptly, overhanging the depression like a brow on face ;
the abdomen is very high for width of three segments, then diminishes
rapidly, and on dorsum rounds down to 13, but the sides of 11, 12 are
greatly compressed ; 13 is rounded and widened at the edges, and lies flat
on the object to which it is attached like the hoof of a horse ; the under
side shows a flat rim, and a rounded interior depression, on which last is
a broad circle of minute points ; under a high power these look like so
many walking sticks, with their straight handles bent at an angle of about
40 ; color of ventral side whitish, glossy, more or less dotted with dark -
brown ; the second segment white ; mesonotum whitish and black ; the
eye-spot spoken of glossy black ; the abdomen brown, grading on the sides
into yellowish ; dark patches on sides of 6, 7, 11,12; the whole upper
surface indented and roughened, but has a glossy appearance.

In all, the monkey’s face is a conspicuous feature, the overhanging

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149

brow, the deep-set eyes, the flattened nose, the curled and open lips (the
white second segment.)

The chrysalis is closely pressed to the object by the shape of its last
segment, but is also held by a girdle which passes over dorsum between
; 4 and 5, and is free at the upper lids of the eye-spots.

: On 22nd Sept., I found that one imago had come from chrysalis, and

was dead and dry. I suppose the period in this case was about ro days.
The other chrysalids will hibernate.

From laying of egg to hatching 3 and 4 days; in one instance in
which Miss Morton saw the egg laid, the larva came forth at 3 days, and
had reached 3rd moult at 9 days, date of the letter. One egg sent me
: hatched 29th Aug., rst moult 31st Aug., 2nd moult grd Sept., 3rd not
observed ; pupation 8 Sept. Allowing 3 days for egg period, that would
make 13 days from laying of egg to chrysalis, a pace unequalled in my
experience. In the case of Agraulis Vanil/e, C. Ent., 12, 125, from egg
to pupation was 16 days, the shortest period I think recorded by me.

The larvae, at Coalburgh, have several times been without food for
many hours, or two or three days, and pupation has taken place when
they were dwarfed from starvation. They always had plum leaves in the
tubes, but never eat of them. I asked Miss Morton about this, and the
reply 21st Sept., says: ‘I can answer as positively as you could wish,
I left in the swamp, where I saw the first butterfly, four eggs in a bag, on
a limb with leaves and a small cluster of aphides.. Being prevented from
going again for several days, I found the larvae hatched and three of them
gone ; not a trace of them in the bag, which I emptied on a sheet., The
fourth larva was still alive, but stunted and weak. Being put in with
fresh aphides, it eat ravenously, and finally changed to a very small pupa.
It certainly had not eaten of the leaves. Besides this, I have always had
a few leaves in the tin box with larvae and aphides, but even when the
latter are entirely gone, the Zurguins have never touched leaves except to
make their chrysalids on them. I have found that the larvae prefer
leaves for pupating on.”

On 24th Sept., I received from Miss Morton three larvae in 2nd, 3rd,
4th stages, and experimented with them amongst aphides on willow
and plum, all small and naked species. The ants on willow are of a small
species, honey-colored, those on plum of same size, but black. I laid the
smallest larva on willow leaf directly by a small cluster of aphides, at
which few ants were engaged. ‘The larva paid no heed.to the aphides,

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150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

but walked past and back and forth and was on both sides of the leaf
The ants were somewhat inquisitive but did not trouble the larva, nor
were they disturbed by it. This went on for about'15 minutes, when I
removed the larva.

I put the next sized larva (2nd moult) on same leaves, and the ants
were agitated, ran about gesticulating, but paid more attention to
their cows than to the larva. I put this larva on a plum leaf by a large
colony of aphides, at which were a dozen of the black ants. The ants
sprang at it, bit at it everywhere, especially trying to get a hold under the
edge of the body, where the surface is naked, or at the joints of the seg-
ments, or at 2, which being bent over the head is more exposed than any
other segment. One determined fellow seized on 2 and was hardly to be
dislodged, was at last by violent jerking of the head, but wounded the
larva so that blood flowed. When the attack was at the joints the larva
squirmed so as to tighten the joints just there. These attacks were sim-
ultaneous and by at least six ants at a time. The larva crawled away and
the assailants mostly dropped off. I though it best to come to the rescue,
else I should lose the larva.

I then put the largest larva (3rd moult) amongst the same excited ants,
and they attacked it in same manner, but seemed unable to make impres-
sion on it. The hairs protected the whole upper side more sufficiently.
The larva crawled up and down and over the leaf, followed by some of
the ants, who attempted to seize it at every vulnerable part. But no harm
was done. I repeated the experiments the next day, and came to the con-
clusion that the willow ants were mild-tempered, and seemed unlikely to
hurt a larva ; but that the black ones were fierce and would attack wher-
ever they saw their enemy.

Now it may be that the butterfly avoids the fiercer ants and the
aphides they guard, and therefore that the larvae are not to be looked for
on certain plants. There is room for farther observation on this point.

I had noticed that whenever one of these larvae was removed by forceps
a thread held it to the object, and I watched when making the experi-
ments related to see if the ants would force the larve to drop from the
leaf. But they did not drop. I shook the largest larva out of the box
till it let out a thread a length of four inches. Then held the box to see
if the larva would climb the thread, which it did, in about 20 minutes.
It twisted its body into a spiral and whirled about so fast that I could
not bring the lens to bear, but I could see that jaws and feet were active,

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151

Now, all young lepidopterous larvae spin threads, and in falling guard
themselves by this means, but I certainly never saw or knew of this habit
in an adult butterfly larva. Adult or middle-sized Lycaenid larvae double
up and fall on least provocation, but use no cord. Here would seem to
be a means of defence in a larva always liable to sudden attacks.

Miss Morton calls my attention to the fact that ants do not disturb the
larvae of the Syrphus flies, which with either woolly larvae, or naked
species, as on cherry, devour far more aphides than do the Zarguins.
“One would suppose.the ants would at least expostulate in some way at
the wholesale destruction going on, but though I have watched until the
aphides were nearly devoured, the ants did nothing but pet their cows.”

Perhaps the wise ants have learned to submit to the inevitable.

I watched these larvae at every stage to see in what degree the legs
and feet were retractile, and they certainly are not at all in the earlier
stages, that is, up to second moult. Nor in the remaining stages any
more than is the case with a Papilio larva. Mrs. Peart, who from drawing
figures of feet and legs of many species and genera of butterflies, is
accustomed to notice such points, writes me: ‘‘ Through all the stages they
seem to be the same as in Papilio larvae, but the fleshy legs are very
short.” I found a mature larva of Lyc. Pseudargiolus and placed it on
glass slide by side of a mature Zarguin, and the difference in the appear-
ance of and the handling of the legs and feet, was decided. If at the
last stage Zarguin may be held to have the pro-legs at all retractile, as
that word is used in describing onisciform larvae, it is but imperfectly, and
not after the manner of the Lycaenide.

I should have said before that on looking at a stem of alder, which
may be completely covered by the aphides, there will appear inequalities
on surface, little hillocks as it were ; and on pulling these apart, small
larvae of Zarguinius will probably be found, in their webs. None at all
will be visible, unless they are nearly mature.

Miss Morton writes, 23rd Sept.: “‘ Zarguin gets itself stuck over with
the wool of the aphides, and the Chrysopa larva, running over the Zar-
guins as well as the aphides, pulls the wool off the former also. I have
watched, but never saw one of these formidable creatures bite or annoy a
Tarquin. When the Zarguins moult, they come out bright and clean, but
by the time they crawl their own length, they are again stuck over with
wool, and this is the case till pupation. They are naturally so exactly the

152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

color of the aphides on alder that I should not suppose the wool would be
necessary to their preservation.”

Also: “I have never found a chrysalis. though I have looked for
them whenever I have been in the swamps. My larvae generally seek a
leaf, but I think it probable the wild ones crawl down the stems and
pupate among sticks or grass.” The larva of Lyc. Pseudargiolus when
ready to pupate drops to the ground. Bia |

The observations settle these points: that the eggs are laid directly
among the aphides, and in case of stem-aphides, on the bark ; that the
ants do not destroy the eggs (though usually ants destroy every egg they
find) ; that the larvae from egg to past second moult conceal themselves
under the aphides, and under spun webs of loose texture, through the
meshes of which they devour their prey, and which webs also serve to
protect them from injury, especially at moulting time; that the larger
larvae, that is, from before third moult on, are in full view, but besides
being coated with wool from the aphides, have ways of protecting them-
selves from enemies, as by falling off the stem, throwing out a thread, or
’ by falling to the ground ; that there is no period, at any moult, of much
length when the larva is helpless, and apparently none at all at third
moult, when it is most exposed ; that there are but three moults, and the
whole larval period is exceptionally short ; that the larvae will eat many
species of aphides (possibly any, unless deterred by certain species of
ants), but prefer the large, woolly ones.

I have repeatedly had letters from different parts of the U. S. and
Canada, asking if I knew on what the larva of Zarguinius fed, and in
nearly all cases the writers stated that the butterfly had been taken on or
near alders.

Prof. Riley, in the Science paper quoted, notes that this is the. only
butterfly known whose larva is carnivorous. But next to nothing is known
of the early stages of tropical butterflies, especially in the great family of
Erycinidae. Both there and among the Lycaenidae there may be species
which have this same peculiarity.

Godart conjectured that Zarguinius should be classed with Erycina.

His instinct was right; Fenesica belongs to the Erycinidae. The present
classification of butterflies, based as it is solely upon one stage of the
four, is imperfect and at best but temporary, and is sure to give way toa
better as the early stages of species become known.

At Coalburgh there would appear to be at least three broods of the

;
if
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:
|

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153

imago of Zarguinius. 1 have taken it in several years, in April, from
t7th'to end of the month and 5th May. Again in June, from 14th to
4th July; on this latter date I took 24, in 1868, and saw large numbers
more ; and again last of July, in several years. And I have repeatedly
bagged the females on hawthorn, led thereto by what Prof. Glover told
me, but always have failed of getting eggs. I have taken these examples
generally up the branches of the creeks, flying about the stones in the
nearly dry beds thereof. I remember that on the occasion spoken of
when I took so many, the butterflies persisted in visiting a large stone,
and I caught most of my examples by a bottle,so tame were they. So
far as I know there were no alders or hawthorn within a mile of the
points where the butterflies have been abundant. ‘There were plenty of
beeches, but the probability is that many trees or shrubs on which there was
a good supply of aphides would attract the females.

I know nothing about the broods of this species at the north. As we
have seen, eggs and larvae were found at New Windsor from middle of
August to last of September.

Note.—After the above lines had been sent to printer, on 4th Oct., I
received three nearly mature larve of Zarguinius from Mr. Henry F.
Schénborn, at Washington, D. C., on alder. No information was received
respecting these larve.

ON THE PREVIOUS STAGES OF. PTINIDZ AND ALLIED
GROUPS.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

A small round box of bamboo (8 by 6 inches) was bought nine years
ago in Hong Kong, China, and brought home to Boston. It was placed
on a little shelf on the wall, and used for Turkish tobacco. The box was
lined inside with a perfectly closing box made of East Indian block-tin,
about a millimetre thick. I examined the box January, 1885, and found
it hollowed throughout like a sieve, and containing between the tin box
and the bamboo cover a large number of dead and living beetles and two
living larve. The tin box had four small round holes apparently cut
through by the insects. The beetles represented two species, one, a little

154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

larger, only two specimens, all the others belonging to the second species.
I submitted the beetles to Dr. G. H. Horn, and received the following
kind answer :

“The beetles are not specifically known to me. The Lyctus (the
numerously represented species) is different from any we have. The
other is a Bostrichid, and is allied to Stzoxylon. There is just enough to
show that the last three joints of the antennz form a loose club as in
Stnoxylon.”

Therefore as the beetles are not yet known living in the U. S., they
must have been imported from China, and lived and propagated in the
bamboo box. I remembered directly a similar fact represented in the
biological collection here. In 1870 was presented by Mr. J. H. Hubbard
from Detroit, Mich., a piece of Supple-tack, a vine of Jamaica, imported
‘nine years ago. Only during the last two years was observed fine mealy
dust dropping out of numerous small round holes. By splitting the stick
many living beetles and larvee of a species of ZLyctws were discovered. —

I tried to make out the Chinese species, but Harold’s Catalogue has
no species of Lyctus or Stnoxylon from China. Lewis’s Catalogue of
Japan has Lyctus brunneus Steph. By comparing the description and
figure in Steph. Ilust. ui., p. 117, pl. 18, f. 4 (Wollaston Ins. Mad. were
not at hand), and Kiesenwetter, Insect. Deutschl., v., p. 17, I suppose
that the Jamaica species may be Z. brunueus. ‘This insect is given as
imported by trade into Germany, and has been raised by Mr. Fuss out of
walking sticks made from the so-called Cuba vine.

I compared the Jamaica and the China specimens, and find the latter
ones identical with the smaller specimens of the lot from Jamaica, as I
was not able to find any difference. But some of the larger specimens
from Jamaica have a decidedly stronger sculpture on the thorax. Being
well aware of the difficulty of determining species of Zyctus, and not
having to compare a specimen of Z. drunneus, 1 may only draw the
attention of American entomologists to this species. It would be sur-
prising if a species so widely spread and imported into Germany to the
Baltic shores, and living in the Antilles Islands, should not be found in
the United States. Considering the species near S¢zoxy/on, Iam not able
to give a determination. The larve in the bamboo box belong very pro-
bably to Zyctus.

In my Bibliotheca, ii., p. 499, are related all cases of insects boring
through metals, mostly lead. I do not know if block-tin is known as in-

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Lee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155

jured by insects as in the bamboo box from China, I believe that the
boring was done by the species allied to Szwoxy/on, because only very few
holes were made, and because a related species, 2. capucinus, has bored

As it is of general interest to know the history and the habits of the
insects belonging to this obnoxious and dangerous group, I have tried to
make out the species of which the previous stages have been described.
Therefore I have given a catalogue of the 32 species represented to-day
in the biological eollection of the Museum in Cambridge.

Besides these, Harold’s Catalogue mentions 28 species more, of which
the previous stages are described ; Rupertsberger mentions 29 species
more, and Riley 2 from the U. S.

The species of Ptinidz- and allied forms represented in the earlier
stages in the biological collection in the Museum, are in alcohol, and
besides, dry inflated larvz ; also parts of wood or other things in which
they have made borings. For want of time and space, a very large lot of
later additions have not been classified and arranged. There may be
among them more species from North America.

PTINID.

Hedobia imperialis L. Europe. Im., larv., nymph, and bark with the
craddle.

Ptinus fur L. Europe. Im., larv.
rufipes ¥. Eur. Im., larv., wood bored.

Anobium tessellatum F. Eur. Im., larv.

pertinax L. Eur. Im, larv. Setula alba injured.

striatum Oliv. Eur. Im., larv., nymph., wood of Aesculus
fTippocastani injured.

emarginatum Duft. Eur. Im., larv., nymph, wood of Pinus
picea injured.

nigrinum Er. Eur. Im. larv., wood of Pinus sylvestris injured.

paniceum L. Eur. Im., larv., boring in candy; the same
species from U. S., boring in the pith, larv.; also vestoyiee
insects—Mr. Austin.

Ernobius abietis F. Eur. Im, larv., boring in cones of Pinus picea.

mollis L. Eur. Im., larv.; the same from U. S., boring in
pine sap-wood ; boring in corks.

Ptilinus costatus Gyll. Eur. Im., larv., boring in Salix alba.

‘

156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Lasioderma serricorne ¥. Eur. Im.,, larv., boring in Cacuma longa from
East India.

_Mesocoelopus niger Muell. Eur. Im,, larv.

Dorcatoma chrysomelina Strm. Eur. Im,, larv.

Dresdensis Hist. Eur. Im., larv., and cells in Polyparus

Srumentarius.

Caenocara boviste Hoffg. Eur. Im., larv.

Anitys rubens Hoffm. Im., larv., boring in Quercus pedunculata.

BOSTRYCHIDA.

Apate (Bostr.) capucina L. Eur. Im., larv., and a larva type from
Ratzeburg.

Dinapate Wrightit Horn. Cala. Im., larv., from Horn’s types.

Xylopertha sinuata Fr. Eur. Im., larv., nymph, boring in Quercus
pedunculata.

LYMEXYLONIDA.

Fylecoetus dermestoides L. Eur. Im., larv., nymph; borings in Fagus
sylvatica; also types from Prof. Ratzeburg. Larva, borings
in Fagus sylvatica and borings in oak, a fact not known
before (c. f. Ratzb. Waldverderbniss, ii., p. 151), from
Stolberg in Harz.

lugubris Say. U.S. Im, larv., nymph ; borings in elm, from
Trenton Falls, N. Y., by Mr. H. J. Hubbard, May 20, 1874.

CIOIDA.

Lyctus canaliculatus F. Eur. Im.,, larv., nymph; borings in Quercus

pedunculata. |

opaculus LeConte. Philadelphia. Im., larv., nymph; types sent
by Dr. LeConte.

planicollis LeConte. California. Im., larv.; raised by Dr. Horn
from borings in Mesquit wood, from San Diego, Cal , 1884. ;

striatus Say. U.S. Raised from hickory, the types of the borings 1
figured in the Hub. 1879, presented by Dr. Horn. i

brunneus Steph.? Jamaica. Im., larv.; raised from borings in a
vine.

sp., perhaps the same. China. Im., larv.; raised from the bam-
boo box from China. .

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157

Rhopalodontus perforatus Gyll. Eur. Im., larv.,nymph. In Polyporus
Srumentarius. ute
LEnnearthron affine Gyll. Eur. Im., larv.; in Polyporus sguamosns.
Octotemnus sp. Detroit, Mich. Im, larv.; in old sponges, by Mr. H. J.
Hubbard, Aug., 1874.

Of the 668 species given in Harold’s Catalogue, the previous stages
of 100 species are published. They belong to 34 genera of the 81
enumerated by Harold. Only of 28 genera of the 53 enumerated in Mr.
Henshaw’s Catalogue of the Insects of the U. S., the previous stages are
known. Only of 13 species of the 176 mentioned by Mr. Henshaw have
the previous stages been described.

THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA OF ANTHRACINA.
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, LOS ANGELES, CAL.

The sub-family Anthracina differs from any other of the Bombylide,
as well as from any other group of Diptera known to me, in that the
second vein issues from the third at a point opposite or nearly opposite
the small cross-vein, the distance being never greater than the length of
that cross-vein ; the course of the third vein at the place where the second
vein issues from it, is perfectly straight, while in the other Diptera the
third vein bends obliquely downward at the same angle that the second
vein extends upward at its base.

The genus Dipal/ta O. S. must be united to Anthrax Scop. It was
founded upon a species (serpentina O.S., West. Dipt., 237) which differs
from a typical Anthrax only in having three submarginal cells in each
wing instead of two, and also in that the second vein is strongly bent
S-shaped before its tip. I have two undescribed species which agree in
every particular with D. serpentina O. S., except the course of the second
vein ; in one of these species this vein is nearly as strongly bent S-shaped
before its tip as in serpentina, but in the other species it is not more
strongly curved than in an ordinary Anthrax. The number of submar-
ginal cells in each wing—three in Dzfa/ta and normally only two in
Anthrax—will not serve to separate these two genera, since specimens
occur in several different species of Anthrax in which there are three

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

submarginal cells in each wing, and occasionally there are three of these
cells in one wing and only two in the other wing of the same specimen.
Thus every gradation between these two genera occurs, making it neces-

sary to unite them under the older name.

From Lxoprosopa proper I have separated those species in which
there are four submarginal cells in each wing, the third being divided into
two cells of nearly an equal size. I have examined numerous specimens
of this group from all parts of the world, and in every specimen of any
given species the number of submarginal cells in each wing is very con-
stant. For the genus which shall contain these species I propose the
name Velocia (from velox, swift); the Anthrax cerberus Fabr. may be

regarded as the type of this new genus.

My new genus, Mancia (from mancus, defective), although most
closely related to Anthrax, is sufficiently distinct ; its separation from
Anthrax is the more desirable as the latter genus already contains a great

many species.

The following table contains all the genera of the Anthracina known

to occur in North America :
1—Pulvilli pad-like, distinct ; wings usually with only two
Submarginaligells fic%.4 iS ceeds... See

LP a oes 2

Pulvilli spine-likevor wanting; ....'s.. 2.22 222. 2 EERE B08 e's 3

2—Tip of antenne bearing a pencil of hairs.......... .. Argyramoeba

Tip of antennz destitute of a pencil of hairs.......... HHemipenthes
3—Style at tip of third antennal joint at least one-fourth as
long as that joint ; wings with three or four submar-

PPA CELS, eects ic «sisi che7 ore ee aetna de. . < epm. Uitte mam ole en 4
Style at tip of third antennal joint minute or wanting ;

wings usually with only two submarginal cells..............-- 5

4— Wings with only three submarginal cells.............. .Lxoprosopa
Wings with four submarginal cells, the third being di-
vided by a cross-vein into two cells of nearly an

EQual SIZE ARs tela oie Unk A GRRE sas) = = ARMAS eine Nat . Velocia
5—Axillary cell not longer than twice the distance between
tips of last two veins ; third basal cell widest at its

EDGR (i. aS ee eee tee oes ESN g 2c -o « GARR Ps Ra Mancia
Axillary cell much longer than twice the distance be-
tween tips of last two veins; third basal cell not

widest at ItstApex ts.) . 3). aaa ss. BAe ot .. Anthrax

ala a ale le ae a ad

=>
od
x

Lappe

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159

Genus MANCIA, n. gen.

Same as Anthrax except that the axillary cell is not longer than twice
the distance between the tips of the last two veins, and the third basal
cell is wider at its apex than at any other part. Wings tapering consider-
ably toward the bases, axillary cell very narrow. (Name from mancus,
defective).

Mancia nana n. sp.—Front black, reddish tomentose and black
pilose ; face yellowish, much produced below, middle part white, the sides
reddish tomentose ; antennz black, first joint sometimes yellowish, base
of third joint subglobular, the styliform portion slender and linear ; pro-
boscis projects from one fourth to one half its length beyond the hyper-
stoma. Occiput reddish tomentose. Thorax black, mixed white and
reddish tomentose ; pleura reddish tomentose. Scutellum black, reddish
tomentose. Abdomen black, reddish tomentose, a cross-band of white
tomentum on the second segment. Venter black, white tomentose. Legs
reddish, yellowish tomentose; front tibiz sometimes provided with
bristles ; tarsi black, claws of front tarsi well developed. Wings hyaline,
a brown cloud in middle of first basal cell, faint brown clouds on veins at
bases of first submarginal, first and fourth posterior cells, and of the
discal cell. Length 3%-4% m.m. Cal.; 20 specimens, in April.

ON CECIDOMYIA LIRIODENDRI.
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

The two galls of the Tulip tree described by Osten Sacken, Monogr.,
Vol. L., p. 202, No. 26, C. Zériodendri n. sp., and No. 27, C. tulipifera
n sp., were wanting in the collection of his types presented by the Baron
to the collection of the Museum in Cambridge. I am glad to state that
I collected one of them in considerable numbers on leaves from a young
Tulip tree on Quincy Street, Cambridge, in October, 1885. But all those
galls were burst open along a part of the margin, and were empty. Prof.
G. W. Farlow presented some collected in Newton, Mass., Oct. 12, 1886,
and I found the living, full grown, larva in one gall. I remembered then
the tree in Cambridge, and found the same galls numerous, but again all
empty. Apparently the larva has to be collected in]the beginning of

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

October, or somewhat earlier. It is possible that the brown or reddish
halo around the galls appears only later, after the larva has left the gall ;
at least the only gall containing a larva had no halo. The larva and its
breast-bone agree with the Baron’s description. But I was very much
interested to find in the body of the larva two large eggs, with an embryo
similar to those described for Miastor. We may conclude therefore that
C. liriodendri also can be propagated by the larva. Perhaps the very
numerous galls found often on the same leaf, of different sizes, may be the
results of this kind of propagation.

In comparing the galls in the collection, I found very similar ones on
Fraxinus americana (C. pellex O. S.), on Quercus tinctoria (C. sym-
metrica O. S.), on Carya (C. carye-lamina Walsh, and C. glutinosa
O. S.), and on Zilia americana ( C. verruricola O. S., CAN. ENT., 1875, P.
201). Osten Sacken, l. c. p. 202, speaks of similar spots on the leaves
of the Tulip-tree produced by a Lepidopterous larva. JI presume they
are made by Nepticula or by Phylocnistis.

Of the 32 species of Cecidomyia galls described in Monograph, Vol.
I., p. 190-205, besides the two from the Tulip-tree, 4 are not in his col-
lection, C. cynipsea from hickory, C. erubescens from oak, C. impatientis
from Jmpatiens fulva, and C. agrostis from Agrostis.

CORRESPONDENCE.

A CORRECTION.

Dear Sir: I wish to correct the statement made by me on p. 13 of:

the present volume of this journal, in regard to a pupa of Elaphidion
parallelum Newm. being found inclosed in a silken cocoon. The cocoon
in question was undoubtedly that of a parasite.

C. H. T. Townsenb, Constantine, Mich.

Dear Sir: In the article on explosive emissions from Carabidae, June

No. Can. Enr., I notice that the genus Harpalus is not included. While ,

collecting in Conn. about a year ago, I took & ca/iginosus in large num

bers on the flowers of the rag-weed. Several filled my cyanide bottle with

a dense white smoke. I noticed no explosions outside of the bottle.
Geo. F. Cuxtiss, Lynn, Mass.

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VOL. XVIII. LONDON, SEPTEMBER, 1886. No. 9

CATOCALA NOTES.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

C. SappHo, Strecker.—Last season five specimens of this rare species
were taken near here, and it was found about ten miles further north
than before. It is as constant in its markings as any species.

C. Rerectra, Grote.—Both the pale and the dark forms of this species
were taken last year, with intergrades. I should probably have taken
them this season, but I was away from home at the time they were flying.
In the woods the habits of the two forms are alike.

C. FLesiLis, Grote.—This species is pretty constant here, the ground
color being rather dark bluish gray, with the blackish longitudinal shade.
A specimen in my cabinet from Pennsylvania that I received for //edi/is
seems to be a stunted form of Desferata.

C. Tristis, Edw.—This beautiful little species has been found near
here for three seasons.

C. Reticta, Walk.—Through the kindness of Mr. James Behrens my
cabinet contains a specimen of this species taken at Portland, Oregon,
one of two captured August 22, 1885. It does not differ materially from
our eastern forms, being intermediate between vars. Bianca and Phrynia.
This is the first record I have seen of it further west than Illinois and
Wisconsin.

C. WatsHu, Edw.—From the material that I have seen, it would
seem to me that this ought to be far enough removed from /umctura
to be at least a variety. The ground color is pretty uniform, and is nearly
the same as that of WVebraske.

C. Apopriva, Grote, Delilah, Strecker.—Has been taken near here
twice, a single example each time ; and C. Consors once.

C. Patazocama, Guen.—Singular freaks in insect life are illustrated
in this species. Some seven years ago fifty of these could be taken in
the woods in a single afternoon. Since that season scarcely one could be

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

found till last year, when they began to be numerous again, and are more
abundant this year.

C. Amasta, A.-S. Var. VIRENS, 2. var.—This differs from the usual
form in having more clear white for the ground color, very few brown
scales in the median space below the median vein, the costal brown patch
inside the t. a. line mixed with olive, a similar patch on the hind or inner
margin, with traces only of brown and olive between. In the usual form
this forms a continuous shade across the wing. The subterminal shade
has only traces of brown in its anterior part, while the rest of the way the
brown is pale. But the principal feature is an olive green shading that
accompanies nearly all the black markings and forms shades below the
forks of the median vein, and shades the terminal space. Described from
one 7, but it does not seem to be a sexual variation. I have males and
females without these characters, as well as intergrades.

In the 16th Report of the Ontario Ent. Soc., Mr. Bowles quotes me as
whipping trees and taking the Catocalee that flyup ina net. They should
be taken by placing the mouth of the poison bottle over them when they
settle on the same or another tree. Taking in a net spoils them. While
on this subject, I might add that I seldom capture females on trees in
the afternoon, while half of those taken at sugar are likely to be females.
Can any one say where the females are during the day time?

It is generally understood that Catocale are to be found on trees in
the afternoons if the wind blows from the south or southwest. I find
that during extreme dry weather the direction of the wind makes little or
no difference.

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH
AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

BY AUG. R. GROTE, A. M.

In the preparation of the present paper I have used articles by myself
which have appeared in the “‘ Popular Science Monthly,” in the pages of
“ Silliman’s Journal,” and elsewhere. I have also noticed what has been
printed bearing on the subject by other writers. I have tried to present
the whole subject as it now appears to me, at the risk of repeating myself

in part. This seemed at times excusable if not unavoidable, but as it is .

3

i is

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163

my own writings that I have chiefly borrowed from, the use of quotation
marks is unnecessary, the more so as I have here gone freshly over the
subject, digesting my previous observations and adding new ones before
preparing the present chapter in a history of our North American Lepi-
doptera. Some of my views, as here stated, were put forth in a lecture
I held in 1885, before the Bremen ‘“-Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein.” I
shall be glad if this paper adds to the interest naturally evoked by this
field of study in Natural History.

It is a curious thought that our butterflies and moths have very pro-
bably remained unchanged, to any great extent, for real zons of time.
These little fringes to the great web of animal life have withstood the
tooth of time, while the pattern itself has been frayed out in places and
replaced. It is not unlikely that our Zibythea Bachmanii™ itself may
have sported about the now long extinct Mastodon, alighting on the huge
_ back of this great beast as it sunned itself by summer pools in the willow-
hedged meadows and low lands. At the close of the Tertiary we have
evidence that our butterflies and moths were much the same as they are
to-day—not always the same species, nor the same genera, perhaps ; and
some of the kinds of these little fluffy ornaments may well have been
worn away by the cold and storms of the slowly advancing Ice Period.
But the pre-glacial ancestors of the present lepidopterous fauna of the
Northern Hemisphere must have greatly resembled their descendants of
to-day, while in the ranks of the larger animals great changes were to
occur. While in size, structure and appearance these butterflies and
moths of the Tertiary probably resembled those of the Quarternary, they
were to undergo the vicissitudes of a general change in the climate under
which we cannot believe but that they were forced to the South and the
great separation of the faunas took place, their former Arctic sporting
ground being converted into the frozen wilderness which it is yet so largely
to-day. At the opening of the Quarternary the migration commenced to
set back, but the conditions of climate under the Tertiary have never

* T chose this species not only on account of the fact that I believe it to be a very
ancient form of butterfly, but because I found it very plentiful in Alabama about swampy
places on the roadside, from whence the species flew up in numbers to play in the air,
some settling on my horse in a particularly fearless manner, allowing me to catch one on
the very reins I held in my hand. This species is rare and solitary in New York, and
illustrates what I have to say here about the increase in #zmders of certain species as we
go southward,

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

again obtained and probably will never do so. ‘The first conditions, then,

for the presence of a species of Lepidoptera are those of warmth and —

food—a minimum of cold to be supported, a sufficiently extended time of
warmth during which the insect can provide for its metamorphoses. The
summers running too short, will prevent the existence of species, even
where the food is abundant ; while a few kinds of Arctic butterflies seem
to take two years in which to perform their life changes, an acquired
habit with the other phenomena of hibernation. In this respect there is
a difference of hardiness between the species ; it is probable that the
average temperature is not of so much consequence as the point of its
absolute lowness at given times, exposure to which, in certain of its states,
the insect cannot survive. The same amount of cold might be innocuous
to the egg, which would kill the chrysalis. That food itself is not suffi-
cient for the presence of the species to which it is adapted, is a fact well
known to collectors. While there are a good many accidental causes to
account for this, in any one region, it is found also that the range of the
plant is not necessarily co-extensive with the range of the species feeding
upon it; here the climate (humidity, degree of cold) is one of the
determinating causes. After warmth and food we must next consider
enemies, parasites, competing species. This is a vast field for observa-
tion. The number of ichneumon flies is apparently influenced by special
causes, so that in some years they do not destroy so many caterpillars ; in
shifting their ground the lepidopterous hosts sometimes evade their guests
for a’season. The birds destroy yearly a large percentage of these
insects, but they, as well, are more or less plentiful from causes which are
independent of the supply of insect food.

There is then to be considered the physical geography and the geology
of the country. What are called by Entomologists ‘‘ Chalk insects,” are
those species which inhabit by preference this formation, the geology of a
district influencing its flora, and this in turn its insects. Forests are also
protective to some considerable extent, less from depredators and enemies
than from high winds, which tear our frail friends to pieces ; and from
sudden changes of temperature at an awkward moment, such as the
change of dress from the caterpillar to the chrysalis state, or the previous

and various steppings out of the larval skin, which, like getting out of.

one’s trousers, is always a risky undertaking. ‘The forest itself may seem
to be bare of insects as compared with the open fields, where the broad
bits of color of a butterfly’s wings come into quick notice. But, in

ee eT aN Se AR, Oe FY

: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165

reality, the edges of the woods are usually, and the interior quite often,
where not too dark, the haunting piace of these hamadryads where they
escape notice for a time, while the moths, which I here especially discuss,
are fond of these quieter dusky places in the daytime.

To understand the way in which our species of North American
Moths are distributed (and by North American we mean those inhabiting
the territory north of Mexico and the West Indies) we must then study
the physical geography of the continent. There are a host of species.
which for the most part depend on special kinds of plants, and their
diffusion is in this way limited by the range of the plants upon which their

caterpillars subsist. The botany of a region is, to this extent, an index

to its entomology. But, from their greater activity, these flying flowers,

the Moths, range on occasion out of the way of the plants upon which

they have fed in their young stages. If we take a map giving a bird’s-eye
view of the continent, with the elevations marked, we can understand the

_ problem better. Ranges of mountains obstruct, valleys and river chan-

nels assist the dispersion of Moths. They travel on the wings of the
wind, and an important factor in their range is the prevailing seasonal
direction of the air-currents. There is, in North America, a summer
migration of many species from the South to the North, aided by the
prevailing winds, so that, towards the Fall, several tropical kinds have
followed for long distances the coast line, or up the valley of the Missis-
sippi. The Cotton-worm Moth, which, in its caterpillar state, inflicts great
damages upon the plantations, is a case in point. If the direction of the
prevailing winds in early summer from South to North were reversed, the
Cotton Worm would not.come up North. I have noticed that its advent
along the coast was retarded by contrary or no strong winds. This seems
to be the view held by planters along the coast of Georgia. Individual
specimens or flocks of other moths, such as the Great Owlet, V. Agrip-
pina, the Blue and Green Hawk, Argens Labruscae, visit us yearly, com-
ing up from the West Indies, with other of the larger stronger-winged
Sphingidze and Noctuide. They die out in the winter and leave no
progeny behind to continue the species the ensuing spring. But many
kinds have effectually colonized themselves in South Florida, and there is ©
probably an irregular line of successful hibernation for all these foreigners,
including the Cotton-worm Moth, to be drawn through the Southern States.
It is, then, clear that the provisions of Nature for the sustenance of these

animals render a certain exertion necessary on the part of the Butterflies

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and Moths themselves, to partake of them. ‘This exertion it is which, in
its results, assists in the formation of distinct species. To get their food,
rest, protection, etc., a certain amount of work has to be done, and to do
this work to the best advantage the functional systems are impressed.
The food even of a caterpillar does not fall into its mouth... With all their
apparent helplessness when discovered, it is only necessary to consider
how difficult it is generally to find these helpless beings which exert them-
selves constantly to avoid observation from their enemies. Insects as
well as man have probably much to learn, and are probably learning after
‘their peculiar fashion every day. In particular I have been struck with
the conscious way in which insects seem to provide for their escape from
observation. They become rigid in their efforts to keep still) I do not
think, however, that the ‘“‘ death mimicry” is a tenable theory. It is by
the keeping sti// that the insects seem to me to appear to “feign death,” of
the existence of which latter they could have no knowledge. Hard-
shelled beetles readily tumble to the ground, not caring for the fall, but
soft-skinned caterpillars cling tenaciously. They seem to know that they
cannot support the shock of a fall, the practical result of which accident
I have often observed by finding dead Sphinx larve on the sidewalks after
a storm which had blown them from their perches. Hairy caterpillars
stick less closely than naked ones, relying on their bristles to act -as
buffers, and coiling themselves so as to shield the head, legs and under
surface.

Rivers assist in the dispersion of insects, and in a less degree, perhaps
the particular insects we are now discussing. Nevertheless, upon leaves
and sticks the eggs of moths are floated on the current, while the com-
merce Of the water routes and the great ocean itself brings eggs and
pupze with the vegetables and fruits which are carried from place to place
in boats and ships. In this way the White Cabbage Butterfly has been
introduced from Europe, and probably the Currant Borer, Aegerta Tipult-
formis. — A bird’s-eye view of the continent of North America shows us —
the elevations of the Rocky Mountains and parallel spurs in the West
and the Alleghanies in the East. These mountain ranges stand in the
way of the spreading of Moths, which perish in the cold atmosphere and
the storms which gather about their rocky summits. Our faunz can be
best appreciated by studying the elevation of the land above the level of
the sea. Over the vast plains east of Colorado, the same kinds of Moths
generally prevail. The canons and valleys of the West, on the other

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 167

hand, contain everywhere peculiar varieties and kinds often more local
than in the East. In New York we are cut off again from several kinds ~
plentiful in Ohio and Indiana. Our tropical wanderers come to us up and °
along the coast. I have met, sailing along the Gulf Stream, flights of
moths, mostly of one and the same species, which fell on the rigging and
sides of the vessel in numbers. In the autumn, on Staten Island, I have
captured many Owlet Moths whose true home is the West Indies, such as
Perigea Epopea, Aletia Argillacea, Anomis Erosa. The light houses on
the coast attract many moths, and here specimens of Euthisanotia Tinais,
the Spanish Moth, are not unfrequent in the late summer; this species
breeds in South Florida, as discovered by my friend, Mr. Roland Thaxter.

Although smaller faunz, limits of particular species, may be traced
over the entire eastern portion of the continent, our mountain ranges are
the best guide as to changes of a more general character in the Moths.
When we get to the Rocky Mountain region we part with most of the
Eastern species, though a few traverse the entire continent from East to
West. As awhole the Californian and Western fauna resembles the Euro-
pean more than the Eastern. In the Butterflies this is seen in the more
numerous kinds of Meadow Browns and the presence of a species of
Papilio which greatly resembles the common European P. Machaon.
In the Moths we have such genera as /Vemeophz/a not found in the East ;
while, conversely, in the East we have Mexican, or South American forms,
which do not seem to ascend the coast on the west side of the Rocky
Mountains, such as the genus C7theronia. ‘These and other facts lead me
to a study of the origin of our various structural types of Moths, and the
conclusion that we have three proximate sources for our fauna: 1.
Descendants from a former Northern fauna, which in the Tertiary obtained
in Northern Europe, Asia and America ; 2. Immigrants and descendants
of a migration from the South which is still going on ; 3. Descendants of
a former fauna, proper to North America itself and surviving the Glacial
Epoch. An attempt to sort the genera of the family Sphingidz under
these three headings will be found in the pages of the American Journal
of Science and Arts.

So true it is that one branch of a subject leads us to questions and
matters quite foreign to the immediate enquiry, that here the subject of
the geographical range of North American Moths leads us into myth and
poetry. For, in finding out that we have species of moths closely related
to cr identical with some found on other quarters of the globe, the ques-

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tion arises at once, How did they get here? They could not fly over
from Europe, nor could they cross Behrings Straits with the cold climate
there existing in recent times. We have historic evidence of the impor-
tation of but one or two species. We may surmise that others have at
different times made their way across through commerce. I conjecture
this may be the case with the Boll Worm and other species of the genus
- Heliothis. ‘1 think that the Cabbage Plusia, P. Ni of Hiibner, is likewise
an imported species. This latter insect is characterized by curious abdom-
inal tuftings, which no other species of the genus shares; it is, in my
opinion, its strongest specific character, and it is an absurdity to make a
different species out of the American specimens (which have the same
_ tufting as the European) on the strength of some infinitesimal differences,
which, small as they are, are not even well made out to be constant.
Much greater differences are exhibited by the American specimens of the
Boll Worm ; the race which I have called wmbrosus being larger, paler,
more greenish or olive tinted than the European, but other specimens
occur also equally of a dirty ochrey, and undoubtedly equivalent to the
European. It is the case also with the Cabbage Butterfly, that a sulphur
colored variety, which has rarely been found in England, is not unfrequent
in America, and for aught I know the form wmdrosus may also occur in
Europe, where, on the whole, this species of He/zothis is rare. The
genus Pyrrhia resembles /Ze/iothis in general structure, but differs
decidedly generically by the tibie being unarmed, without spines or
claws ; the thorax is closely and thickly haired with a slight longitudinal
crest ; the face between the eyes is smooth, elevated. The wings are
pointed at the tips, and the colors are peculiar, light yellow and dark
orange red. We have in our fauna a species with rusty reddish yellow
fore wings, crossed by darker lines, which is described by Walker as
Exprimens, but is undoubtedly equivalent to the European P. Marginata
Fabr. We have then a second form, not found in Europe, occurring in
the Middle and Eastern States and Canada, P. Angulata Grote (=P.
exprimens Speyer nec Walk.) Besides these two Eastern species we have
a third, P. sti//a Grote, found by Prof. Snow in Colorado, which has the
fore wings of a bright orange red, smooth, evenly colored ; the usual stig-
mata are wanting; the deep brown even median shade forms a band,
acutely angulated on cell, strongly contrasting, diffuse outwardly ; fringes
with a bright red tint. The hind wings of this highly colored, lovely
species, are light yellow, with a blackish lunule, blackish at base and with

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169

a vague terminal blackish band tinged with red outwardly. Beneath yel-
low ; the fringes on primaries red ; red exterior bands and discal marks.
This perfectly distinct species I have fully described in the pages of the
North American Entomologist, 45. Here it is evident that a separation
into several species has resulted from the isolation of the American

- original stock, unless we consider the form marginata to have been

imported by commerce, of which we have no historical data, but yet which
may have well happened. Not only & Armiger, but I now believe the
other European species of He/iothis, viz., Dipsacea and its variety Marz-
tima, with yellow secondaries, and Scutosus, also occur in America, where
I have given them other names when first discovered, not having Euro-
pean specimens at hand to compare, and also under the impression, which
was first, I think, disseminated among us by Agassiz, that the European
and North American species were distinct as a whole, and that the forms
which resembled each other were ‘representative species.” There is
then a class of identical species of moths which have been probably dis-
seminated by commerce, such as the above species of /lusia and
Heliothis, the Codling Moth, Carfocapsa Pomonella, the Clothes Moths,
Tinea and Tineola. But there are other zdentical species which have
evidently zo¢ been so distributed. An example of this class is Scolzop-
teryx Libatrix, the Drinker Moth, which is found very far north in Hud-
son’s Bay Territory, and occurs on the Atlantic coast at least as far south
as Virginia. We then find species which, if found side by side with the
type in Europe, would hardly be considered distinct; but, since the

American specimens show a slight character in all stages, they may be

held correctly to have attained the rank of species. Such species as
Apatela occidentalis, Hadena finitima, Hyppa xylinoides, Mamestra
atlantica, among the Noctuide, Dezlephila Chamaenertt among the
Hawk Moths, C/stoeampa Americana among the Spinners, fall under this
category. In fact, as I have shown, there is an ascending scale’ of differ-

ences increasing in obviousness and importance until we arrive at what

appear to me to be perfectly distinct species. In a number of different
papers, published in various scientific journals since 1873, I have adduced
facts bearing on the identity and difference of our species with European
forms, and illustrating the existence of this element in the North American
fauna. The latest and most interesting discovery made by me is that of a
species inhabiting Arizona and allied to the European Mamestra Bras-
sice of Authors, This species and the European constitute, in my

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

opinion, a distinct genus from the presence of a claw on the front tibie ;
the species have hairy eyes and otherwise generally agree with the very
numerous forms of the genus J/amestra. I have called the new genus
Copimamestra, and described our Western species as C. Occidenta. So
wide a geographical separation as that of these two species, which, in
structure as well as markings, agree so closely, must have a deeper reason
and in my opinion points conclusively to a former common habitat which
has become disturbed by climatic and geologic change.

We shall have to leave Entomology and go back into past geologic
epochs to explain the existence in our North American moth fauna of this
large number of forms with varying European affinities. Imaginative
persons have supposed the existence in former times of an Atlantic con-
tinent now submerged and which bridged the chasm of the waves. The
myth of the Atlantis has been furbished anew and on an immense scale
by certain writers under the inducement of the facts supplied by the dis-
covery of a plateau at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean by the soundings
of H. M. S. Challenger, in its famous voyage of oceanic discovery around
the world.*

It is sure that there was formerly a warm climate in the arctic zones
during the Tertiary and preceding geological age. This was a certain
measurable time ago, when the circumpolar regions had a warm average
temperature, with no winter, and the probable identity of the fauna ex-

* JT print here the following note received from the lamented Naturalist, R. von
Willemoes-Suhm, after whom I named the now well known genus of eyeless Crustacea
(found in the Atlantic at great depths by the Expedition) :—

‘Challenger, Yeddo, May 7th, 1875.
“My DEAR PRoF, GROTE,—

‘¢ There can be no doubt, I think, that Prof. Thompson will allow me to put aside
specimens of W2J/emoesta when we come back to Europe. Just now they are all packed
away and sent home, where the bottles remain unopened until we come back, which
will be in about a year’s time, and I shall then be very happy in sending you the desired
Crustaceans. I am, with great respect, your obed’t serv’t,

** (Signed). R. VON WILLEMOES-SUHM.
‘To Pror. AUG. RADCLIFFE GROTE, Buffalo, N. Y.”

This was the second and last note that I received from this enterprising Naturalist,
who died on board the Challenger shortly after, and before the ship left the Japanese
waters. So we may hope to get safely back home from our journeys and never see it
again !

Fae ea tae nl Mee

:
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;
a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171

tending from Scandinavia, across Siberia to Greenland. During this time
we must imagine that no impediment existed to the migrations of animals,
and, among them, insects, across what is now Behring’s Straits. Were
this narrow channel then existing, it could be easily crossed by the flight
of almost any Moth, and of itself could make no effective barrier against
a constant interchange of species.

It is probable that the Tertiary, as it witnessed the first appearance of
Man, saw also his first wanderings in North America. He, too, came
from Asia by way of the North and the Strait. Evolution had performed
surprising work in the meanwhile with one branch of the human family,
members of which sailing to the West and landing from Scandinavian or
Spanish ships, met, upon American soil, the descendants of a migration
from Asia to America in a former geological period, and to the East! At
the close of this Tertiary period of the earth’s history, cold and snow and
ice set in ; the long winter of the ages made its appearance in the shape
of the Glacial Epoch. The circumpolar Moths, whose more humble for-
tunes we must be content here alone to follow, were forced gradually
southward by the change in climate which gathered its frigid strength in
the North. The European, Asiatic and American faune then became
separated, the latter the most completely, and by barriers both of ice and
ocean. The American species of Moths which formerly lived by the
Arctic Ocean, were gradually forced downwards to the South, year by
year, until they reached Mexico or the then elevated portions of the
Southern States. When the ice sheet melted and slowly drained away
through the valleys and water channels of a continent awakening for the
first time to a Spring and released from a Winter of the Years, the Moths,
modified as to species in the long conflict with the climate, retraced their
way to the North. As marks of this retreat and return, colonies of But-
terflies and Moths were left on the mountains to tell of the flood. On
the White Mountains we find to-day the White Mountain Butterfly, Oenezs
Semidea, and the Arctic Lappet Moth, Zarza Rossii.* At this time the
Western Clawed Cut-worm, Copimamestra Occidenta, had become per-
manently separated from what is now the European C. Srassicae, and the
differences which separate the two to-day as distinct species are the result

* See a number of papers on this subject, in particular my original communication
read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, August, 1875,
and an article entitled ‘‘ A Colony of Butterflies,” originally printed in the American
Naturalist.

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the action of the total environment upon what was once the same un-
distinguishable form. The element in our Moths which has its affinity
with the European and Siberian fauna, must be traced back to the time
when the species were throughout the same and inhabited a common
territory.

Let us turn back to the other theory, that of a submerged Atlantic
Continent. Whatever may be finally proven by geology as to the exist-
ence of such an Atlantic bridge, it is clear that the myth of the Az/antzs,
cited to support the theory, must be separated from such facts as being of
recent and even historic origin. | Primitive Man existed zeons before the
notions which were worked into the poetic and semrhistorical*myth of
the Hesperides and Atlantides. The setting sun was followed by human
eyes for untold ages, as it bathed itself in the golden flush of evening and
sank behind the purple veil of clouds into an ocean whose waters were at
first believed to surround the circular, flat earth. The sun was the golden
apple of the garden of the Hesperides, the Golden Fleece after which
Jason sailed. The poets transformed the primitive notions into charming
myths, which probably had their origin in the observation of low-lying
clouds, floating, like islands, in a sun-flushed western sky. In this region
of conjecture and romance it is excusable to take to rhyme:

ATLANTIS.

The western sky is all ablaze,
And, floating on that golden sea,
The clouds, like islands in a maze,
Blest dwelling-places seem to be.

When first this sight was viewed by man,

He thought the earth was flat, not round ;
That all about its rim there ran

An ocean which the land did bound.

The poet in those early days
Immortalized the sun-flushed seas ;

He peopled those far slopes and bays,
And called the isles Atlantides.

And so the legend grew until
The clouds in evening’s dreamy light,
With which the poet showed his skill,
Had vanished from the mental sight ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. is

Instead, the story true appeared
And every sailor did his best,

While straight from port the vessels steered
For those far islands in the west.

But none returned of all who went,

Who sight of those fair islands caught,
Through the white waves the tempest sent

The barks which shattered home were brought.

And some returned no more—but these
Were fabled to have reached the strand,
Where, anchored in luxurious ease,
Their ships will never leave the land ;

The crews lie on those sunny slopes,
Purple with fruit, with vintage blest ;
The ships are held by flowery ropes
In sleepy bays content to rest.

\ The poet steps into his boat,
The sunset makes his starting fair,
Through the long night with Death he’ll float,
And in the morning he’ll be there.

The study of the geographical distribution of our Moths has led us a
long way back in the history of our race and the birth of our ideas. We
have now somewhat briefly, but, I hope, clearly, discussed the basis for
this first element in our Moth fauna, and I would merely point out that in
studying the unequal differences which show themselves between the ~
allied forms, I have found a certain system in the variational characters.
These, when compared, are first obvious on the upper surface of the fore
wings, then on the upper surface of secondaries, and finally beneath. In |
other words, this variation follows the exposure of the different surfaces
to the air and light, the moths resting Chiefly by daylight with the primaries
more or less deflexed and their upper surfaces exposed, covering the hind
wings. An instance in point is the White Underwing, Catocala Relicta,,
an insect which has a certain range of variation in the general color of
the fore wings, which are sufficiently unlike those of its near European
ally, the Blue Underwing, Catocala Fraxini. The upper surface of the
hind wings is very much like that of the European species, except that
the narrow median band is w/zte, not dusky b/ze. But I have originally

174 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

shown,* and my statement has been copied by later Entomologists, that
in some specimens of our species the band shows blue scales on the
edges, evidently a trace of a former greater resemblance between the two,
on the under surface yet very similar species.

The second element in our Moth fauna is that which is South Ameri-
can or intertropical in its character. In the Hawk Moths such genera as
Aellopos, Enyo, Cautethia, Philampelus, must be reckoned as such, while
in this category we must distinguish between those forms of recent and
partial or more ancient and entire acclimatization in the United States and
Canada. As coming under the latter head we may reckon the genera
Citheronia and Zacles among our larger Moths which enjoy a much
greater representation in species in Mexico and South America.

The final element of peculiarly North American genera is a large one
and in every family of Moths has abundant representation. In the Hawk
Moths Arctonotus, Lepisesia, Deidamia, Everyx and Cressonia are in-
stances ; both the Spinners and the Owlet Moths have numerous examples
of this category.

(To be Continued.)

A NEW PHYTOPTOCERIDIUM FROM NORTH AMERICA, ON
ACHILLEA.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

In the middle of September, 1886, Prof. W. G. Farlow sent to me
several specimens of the heads of Achillea (probably A. mzl/efolium L.)
collected on Mt. Washington. ‘They correspond well with the deformity
described by Dr. Fr. Thomas in Giebel’s Zeitschr., 1872, vol. 39, p. 464,
on A. moschata Wulf. The flowers are to a large part changed in white
hairy sacs or galls, containing a number of living Phytoptas. As far as |

* In the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, vol. vii., p. 186; also Aux. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
NV. Y., xi., p. 301, 1876, where I show that certain writers are at fault in considering
the variation in the color of primaries in this prominent species as sexual, the whitest.
examples being given as the males ; consult also an article in the CANADIAN ENTO-
MOLOGIST entitled : ‘* On Species of Catocala,” pp. 229-232.

<fey Sirieteepie

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 175

known to me, this gall is not yet described from the U. S., and is very
similar to those of A. millefolium described by Mr. Fr. Loew, Verhdl.
Wien. Z. B. Ges., 1878, vol. 28, p. 130, which is to be found in Baron
Thuemen Herbar. mycolog. oeconom. Suppl., I., No. 60. Our collection
possesses a specimen by Prof. Thomas with the indication of Zylenchus
(Anguillula) millefolii Loew. At first I believed to see also in Prof.
Farlow’s specimens, besides the Phytoptas, some Mzgui//ula. But the
polarised light showed directly that I had mistaken some fragments of the
fine white hairs for Anzgui//ula; the polarised light would have shown
directly the muscular apparatus in the Azguillula. It is nevertheless
probable that other plants of Achi//ea may contain the Zylenchus. 1
believe that the galls before me may have contained before a Cecidomyia,
though the European species is not yet recorded from the U.S. As
Achillea millefolium is common in the north of the U. S., I desire to
draw the attention of Entomologists to this plant. The European litera-
ture on the parasites of A. mz//efolium is somewhat large.

ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB, A. A. A. 58.

The Club met at Buffalo, N. Y., on August 17, 1886, at the rooms of

- the Buffalo Society of Natural History, 14 members being present.

The session continued at intervals during the meeting of the A. A. A. S.
The following persons were in attendance during the meeting: J. A. Lint-
ner, Albany, N. Y.; J. H. Comstock, Ithaca, N.Y. ; S. A. Forbes, Cham-
paigne, Ill. ; L. M. Underwood, Syracuse, N. Y.; T. B. Stowell, Court-
land, Ill.; Rev. R. Benjamin, Cincinnati, O.; E. W. Claypole, Akron,
O.; Dr. J. B. Tweedale, St.. Thomas,.Ont.; D. S. Kellicott, E.. M:
Chamot, O. Reinecke, C. D. Zimmerman, Ph. Fischer, E. P. Van Duzee,
Buffalo.

The Entomological Society of Ontario was duly represented by Mr.
Wm. Saunders, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Mr. J. Alston Moffat, and Mr, E.
Baynes Reed.

The President, Prof. J. A. Lintner, took the chair, and Mr. E. B. Reed
acted as Secretary in the absence of Mr. J. B. Smith, of Washington,

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The President gave his annual address, which was a very able review
of the progress of Entomology, as shown in publications which have
appeared since the last meeting.

Prof. Lintner also alluded to the absence of some who were usually
attendant at the Club meetings, referring especially to Prof. C. V. ee
who was then in Europe for the benefit of his health.

Dr. D. S. Kellicott, on behalf of the Buffalo Society of Natural His-
tory, placed the rooms at the disposal of the members of the Club.

The President paid a high compliment to the contributions to Ento-
mology that had emanated from the rooms where they were meeting.

Prof. Comstock explained a new method of arranging collections by
which loss of time is avoided in transferring specimens so as to make
room for additional species, or making necessary changes in their arrange-
ment. The main feature of this plan consists in having movable blocks on
which the insects are pinned, but made in sections to fit the cases.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year :—

President - Prof. J. H. Comstock - Ithaca, N. Y.
Vice-do_ - - Prof. S. A, Forbes - -' Champaigne, III.
Secretary - Mr. E. Baynes Reed - London, Ont.

The following is a summary of papers read before the meeting during
the session :— |

Prof. S. A. Forbes—Notes of the Past Year’s Work: The Hessian
Fly, Cecidomyia destructor, has been found to hibernate in Southern
Illinois as a naked white grub, not forming puparium until May following,
and emerging before harvest ; these are probably the offspring of a mid-
summer brood, which develop in volunteer wheat. The Clover Seed
Midge, C. Zeguminicola, was observed first in 1879 in Illinois. A new
Chalcid parasite, Zetrastichus, has been reported, but its worst enemy so
far observed was Zriphleps insidiosus. The young of this species are
often so abundant on the clover heads as to be mistaken for the injurious
midge, but a little observation will show their beneficial character. The
Wheat-stem Maggot, J/eromyza Americana, is shown to have three broods
instead of two only. Eggs and half-grown larve were found in abund-
ance, August 4th. Two species of Je/anotus, communis and cribulosus,
were bred to maturity, and a third Elaterid not yet determined, of which
figures and precise descriptions have been prepared. Larvee of these, and
of Agriotes mancus, and of a Cardiophorus, were reported as injurious to

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Pike

Indian corn, the peculiar larve of the last boring the roots in all direc-
tions in sandy soil. JZ. cridulosus pupates in July and forms imago in
September. The Corn-root Worm, Déiabrotica longicornis, is reported as
seriously affecting crops in Southern Illinois. The common pale Flea
Beetle, Systema blanda, was bred from larve feeding on kernels of sprout-
ing corn in the earth. picerus imbricator taken feeding on leaves of
pear ; eggs laid in single layer on leaves, concealed by the insect fastening
together the opposed surfaces of the leaves. Larva of Sphenophorus
parvulus found to infest the roots of meadow grass (timothy). The
midge sucks the sap from stems of wheat and corn. The Corn-plant
Louse, Aphis maidis, was very injurious ; observation shows that they are
strictly dependent on the ant, Zasius alienus, which mines along the

principal roots, collects the plant lice and conveys them into these burrows

and there watches over and protects them. ‘The ants have nothing to do
with the hibernation of the lice, their winter nests never containing them
in any form, either in corn-fields or other situations ; the facts indicate
that the lice hibernate as wingless females on the earth of fields previously
infested. The Currant Worm, Vematus ventricosus, waS mentioned as a
case of retarded development. Mr. Bethune had noticed a similar case
in Attacus promethea. The Root Web-worm, Crambus zeellus, was very
destructive to cornin Illinois. A detailed description was given of its
earth nest and the method and character of injury done to corn by this
species. It hibernates as a larva, pupates in a tubular nest in June,
emerging June and July.

A paper was read from H. Garman: Contribution to Life History of,
Aphis mardis.

Paper read from W. L. Deveraux: A Dangerless Insecticide for Col-
lecting Bottles. The best vegetable container of prussic acid is the bark
of the wild cherry, Prunus serotina, to be used for the Serotina bottle for
young collectors, like the Laurel bottle of European entomologists.

In the discussions that took place,

Prof. Forbes stated that the attacks of myrmis had considerably les-
sened the number of grasshoppers in Illinois.

The President called attention to the unusual number of Aphides in
New York State. They had been found on apple, black currant, tomato,
and on potato in the Eastern States. The hop crop was almost destroyed
by them in New York.

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mr. Bethune had also found them very numerous on the north shore
of Lake Ontario.

In reply to a question, Prof. Lintner stated that European entomolo-
gists had come to the conclusion that the Aphis of the wild cherry and of
the hop were identical.

Mr. Fischer called attention to the probable identity of Spilosoma
Suliginosa and rubricosa. He also exhibited a specimen of Catocala
obscura just taken by him for the first time in Buffalo.

The President called attention to the fact of the earth worm being the
host of a parasite, and therefore dangerous to fowls and poultry.

An excursion of members of the Club took place to Ebenezer, where
a very pleasant afternoon was spent, and some interesting captures were
made, among the most interesting being Cicindela ancocisconensis.

The Club adjourned to the call of the President at the next meeting
of the Association.

THE HIGHEST ELEVATION FOR NEUROPTERA IN THE
UNITED STATES.

BY DR. H. A. HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Mr. H. W. Turner, U. S. Geol. Survey, San Francisco, Cal., has sent
to me Phryganid cases from Mt. Conness, Mono Co., living in water at an
altitude of over 10,500 feet. They are 15 m. m. long, the front half
made by irregular small bits of stones, the apical half of short bits of
pine leaves, and the case being narrower; around the case are placed
longer parts of pine leaves or grasses in a herring-bone fashion. A few
dry larve and the shape and arrangement of the cases show them to
belong to the family of Limnophilidz, and to the group of Hallisus.

Other cases were collected from a small lake on the north side of Mt.
Dana, at an altitude of over 11,500 ft. These cases are smaller, 10 m. m.
long, of little bits of mica and other stones, more cylindrical, sloping a
little to the end. They seem to belong to the family of Sericostomide,
which is at least not contradicted by some remnants of dry larve.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179

At the same place were collected a few sub-imagoes of Ephemerina,
probably belonging to the group of Potamanthus ; wings and body are
blackish.

As far as I know, this is the highest elevation in the U. S. from which
Phryganid larvae and Ephemerina are reported to live. From South
America I have Phryganid cases out of Lake Titicaca.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Dear Sir: In the July No. of the Canapian EntTomo.ocist for this
year, is a list of the North American Sphingide, by A. R. Grote, A. M.,
in which, amongst other valuable matter, there is a paragraph which reads
thus: ‘We have in South Florida a West Indian colony, the extent of
which is not yet known. Stragglers from the south, as 27/0, Titan,
Labrusce, invade even New England. How far north these breed with
us is not known. They seem hardly to belong to the North American
fauna, but are all included here so far as they have been reported to me
as being taken within the political limits of the United States.” I have
now to report that Délophonota Elio Linn. has reached this locality, four
specimens having been taken this fall, three by Mr. Johnston in the city,
and one by Mr. Kyle in Dundas. Mr. Grote’s remarks seem naturally to
suggest the question, Did these specimens fly to us from a distance, or
were they bred here? If they were bred in this locality, then the next
thing in order will be information about its food plant. It seems to appear
somewhat late in the season, one being taken on 1st of October.

In June last I took a beetle seldom seen in Canadian collections,
Anthophila viridis Lec., which I identified by a specimen in the fine
collection of Mr. Reinecke, of Buffalo, the attractive, sparkling golden-
green of its elytra giving it far more the appearance of a South American
species, than one to be got in the North. Some information about its
habits would be very acceptable. I captured my specimen on the wing.

J. Auston Morrat.

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A RARE MOTH,

On the 23rd of August last, I had the gratification of capturing a

female Erebus odora at Niagara Falls, Ont. The specimen, which was ©

fresh and perfect, evidently just emerged from the chrysalis, was resting
on an awning close to an electric light, on the verandah of the Clifton
House. It was about 11 p.m. when I made the capture; the evening
was warm, and a gentle rain had been falling for some hours. Close to it
I also obtained a beautiful specimen of Catocala relicta, a moth that I
have rarely taken of late years.

C. J. S. BerHune, Port Hope.

A few days ago Professor Ropes, Andover, Mass., had the kindness to
show me the library of the Theological Seminary. The books of the
library, i. e., the back of the binding, as the Professor wrote to me some
time ago, are injured to a very large extent by Lepisma. Most of the
_ bindings were from Germany, covered with varnished paper, but some
bindings were from England and from the U.S. Some loose sheets of
printed paper are eaten on the margins and have many holes besides.
The Professor believes that Turkish-Morocco bindings stand best against
these pests.

H. A. Hacen, Cambridge, Mass.

DATES OF PUBLICATION.

The numbers of this current volume xviii. of the CANADIAN ENTO-
MOLOGIST, were published at the following dates :—

January number, March 6. May number, July 22.

February 11 n 16, June " August 16.
March " pil? 22) July " October 7.
April " April 21. August 1 ~ "1 29.

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For particulars address—

ROBT. BARTHOLOMEWM, 1521 Poplar St., PHiLtapa., Pa.

A LIST OF SPECIES OF N. AM. BUTTERFLIES has been printed
to accompany Vol. 2, But. N. A., just completed. Separate copies
of this List may be had of Houcuron, Mirr.in & Co., Cambridge,
Mass., or of W. H. Epwarps, Coalburgh, W. Va. Price, 50 cents.

¥ SOUTH AMERICAN INSECTS.

Wishing to go to the Amazon Region in South America, to collect Lepidoptera
and Coleoptera, but not having sufficient funds, I would like to get subscribers for
Lepidoptera or Coleoptera in equal shares of $1 5-00 each. I intend to go first to
Para, and after making collections in that vicinity, ascend the Amazon as far as
Iquitos, making collections at towns on the River. Address, —

FRED, KNAB, P. O. Box 249, Chicopee, Mass.

References by permission: His Excellency, George D. Robinson, Governor
Massachusetts ; Jos. E. Chase, Holyoke, Mass.

ATENTS

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NOTICE TO ENTOMOLOGISTS.
Butterflies and Moths of North America.

Instructions for collecting, breeding, preparing, classifying, packing
for shipment, etc.

A Complete Synonymical Catalogue of Macrolepidoptera, to which is
added a FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY, a glossary of terms, a descriptive list of localities, and
the food-plants of the larve. Diurnes. 8vo, pp. vi, 283. Sent by mail prepaid n
receipt of $2.00 by

HERMAN STRECKER, Box 111 Reading P.O., Pennsylvania.

In Jan., April, July and Oct., price 10d., 44 pp. 8vo. e

“THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST.”

A Journal of Scottish Natural History. Edited by F. Buchan White, M.DA

This Magazine contains much original information in all branches of Scottish Natural
History, and is occasionally illustrated by plates and wood cuts.

The Scottish Naturalist will be sent direct to subscribers in Canada or the United

States for 4s. per annum, postpaid, or may be had at the office of the American
Naturalist.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

FLETCHER, Ottawa; and J. M. DENTON and E. BAYNES REED,
London. :

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

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The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances and other business communications should be addressed to the
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All exchanges and articles for insertion, etc., to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 16 can be supplied at
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Annual Reports.—Fifteen have been issued ; the back numbers can be
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No advertisement less than one inch.

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.
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CORK.—Double thickness, 30 cts. per square foot.

LIST OF CANADIAN COLEOPTERA,—Price 15 cts. each, embracing 55
families, 432 genera, and 1231 species (for labelling cabinets). Printed
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Published Fortnightly. Annual Subscription, 6/6—Post free. '

ENTOMOLOGISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Edited by Dr. F.KATTER
A. Doser, Putbus, Rugen, Germany.
The VI. year of Entomol. Nachr. gives, with the assistance of several illus-
trious Naturalists, a complete Review of Entomological Literature.
Back Volumes (1875 @ 2/, 1877 @ 3/, 1878 @ 5/, 1879 @ 6/6) may be had

from the publisher post free; payment in advance.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST.

A popular illustrated monthly magazine of Natural History, 8vo., 64 pages
and illustrations in each number. Subscription $4.00 a year. Single numbers,
35 cents. ;

McCalla & Stavely, 237-9 Dock St., Phila., Pa.

Published Monthly, Price Sixpence.

DS EN TC Om OG rar
Lidited by John T. Carrington, F. L. S.

AN ILLUSTRATED JouRNAL OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
yA SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO., Stationers’ Hall Court,
~ ” “Lorteny Engso

General Editor —WM. SAUNDERS, London, Ont.
| Editing Committee—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M. A., Port Hope; JAS.

<
Sy

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lay

» VOLUME. XVII

EDITED BY ©

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE,

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

sR
OCTOBER, - 1886,

25 So pi Zex a

LONDON.
FREE PRESS PRINTING CO, RICHMOND-ST.

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS.

Subscriptions to The Canadian Entomologist are now due.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE HASTERN UNITED STATES.

BY G. H. FRENCH, A. M.,
Professor of Natural History and Curator of the Southern Illinois Normal
University, Carbondale, Il.

A Manual of Butterflies for the use of Schools and Private Students. Illustrated
by 93 Wood Engravings, and containing a Map of the territory represented. Large
12mo. Price $2.00. For sale by all booksellers, or sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt

of price by the publishers,
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa.

A COLLECTION OF
COLEOPTERA and LEPIDOPTERA
FOR SALE.

The collection of Coleoptera includes about 500 Speczes and nearly
2,000 Specimens. Will sell at $20. The Lepidoptera are mostly exotic,
and are in very fine condition. For particulars address

E. L. KEEN, 816 Charlotte St., Philada., Pa.

NOW READY.

A new and revised Zzst of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, by Samuel
Henshaw, assisted by Dr. George H. Horn. Published by the American Entomological
Society. Edition limited. Price, $1.25. Price List of Entomological papers for
sale, mailed on application.

E. T. CRESSON, TREASURER,
P. O. Box 1577, Philadelphia, Pa.

FOR SALE —Florida Insects and Other Specimens of Natural
History. -

Intending to reside in Florida after Nov. Ist, 1885, I should be glad to correspond
with any ene wanting Insects, Botanical specimens, or any other natural history objects,
and would endeavor to supply them at low prices. Address JOS. E. CHASE, 231
Main St., Holyoke, Mass.; after Nov. 1st, Lakeville, Orange Co., Florida.

INSECT BOSSES.
A well made, double Box, ready for use, size 9 x £2 x 4 (outside meas.)
at $17 per doz., exclusive of transportation. Will guarantee that this box

gives satisfaction.
Send $1.50 for sample to C. W. STRUMBERG,
Galesburg, Ill.

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; Che Canadian Entomologist.

VOL. XVIII. LONDON, OCTOBER, 1886. No. 10
EDITORIAL.

It will be with deep regret, we are sure, that the readers of THE Can-
ADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST will receive the information that Mr. SAUNDERS, who
has for so many years so ably filled the position of Editor of this maga-
zine, has felt himself obliged to resign for the present all active connection
with it. His resignation has been occasioned by his appointment to the
important and arduous office of Director of the Experimental Farm Sta-
tions of the Dominion.

For some time last year Mr. Saunders was engaged in visiting many
of the Agricultural Colleges and Experimental Farms in the United
States, and prepared an exhaustive report upon his observations, which
was laid before the Dominion Parliament at its last session, and received
the highest commendation. During the present year he visited England
in charge of the Canadian fruit display at the Colonial and Indian Exhi-
bition in London, and since his return he undertook and carried out suc-
cessfully the experiment of shipping to England a large variety of fruits
and vegetables in special refrigerators, constructed under his direction in
two of the principal ocean steamships sailing from Montreal. These
multiform occupations, involving almost constant absence from home,
while they attest the versatility of Mr. Saunders’ powers, will account to
our readers for the occasional want of punctuality in the issues of this
magazine during the last twelve-month.

With regard to his fitness for his new position, we may quote an
extract from the Ottawa correspondence of the London /ree Press :

“Mr. Saunders is a gentleman singularly well qualified for the position
to which the Government has appointed him. He was for years President
of the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association—a position which he held by
reason of his superior knowledge of all that appertains to the cultivation
of fruit. He is recognized as one of the leading chemists of the
Dominion, and was at one time one of the chief officers of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science. He has been for years the

182 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

leading entomologist of the Dominion, and to that branch of natural
science has made many valuable literary contributions. He is a member
of the Executive Board in charge of the Provincial Agricultural College
at Guelph—a position which shows in some degree the extent to which
his knowledge of scientific agriculture is recognized by the Ontario Gov-
ernment. He has, to an extent more generally perhaps than any other
man in the Dominion, conducted delicate experiments of an agricultural
character, and in assuming the directorship of the new farm stations will
be following in the groove to which his efforts and education have for
years tended. He also combines with rare executive ability the faculty
of intelligently communicating his ideas to others. Just such a man was
wanted.”

Having enjoyed the privilege of Mr. Saunders’ friendship for close
upon five and twenty years, we feel that the above description does not ©
express one half his merits. Taking him all round, we know of no one
who possesses such an accurate knowledge of various departments of sci-
ence, for instance, Entomology, Botany, practical Chemistry, etc.—of
fruit culture, embracing the scientific work of hybridization—of finance,—
in fact, in all that he takes up he speedily becomes facile princeps; and
with it all he has a geniality of character and a kindness of heart that win
for him hosts of affectionate friends wherever he goes. While we regret
his loss to our Entomological Society—a temporary one, we trust—we
cannot but congratulate the Dominion upon the possession of a man who
is so well qualified in every way for the important work of organizing and
directing its Experimental Farm Stations. |

At the request of Mr. Saunders, as well as of other members of our
Society, we have consented, with much hesitation, to endeavor to fill the
vacant chair of Editor of THE Canapian EnTomo.ocist. We only ven-
ture to resume this work, after a lapse of thirteen years, in full reliance
upon the kind consideration and the hearty co-operation of all our old
friends—of all, indeed, who are interested in the welfare of this magazine,
and in the extension of a knowledge of our special department of science.
We have already received so many cheering letters and so many valuable
and interesting contributions from leading entomologists in this country
and the United States, that we feel very hopefully confident that the
reputation and usefulness of our journal will be sustained in the future as
in the past. |

3 eee

> SSS

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183

Not to trespass further upon the patience of our readers, we have now
to request that all communications for THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
should be addressed to the Editor,

Rev. C. J. S. BETHUNE,
Trinity College School, Port Hope, Ontario.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF ONTARIO. :

The annual meeting of the Society was held pursuant to notice at the
Society’s rooms, London, Ontario, on Wednesday, Octobe= 20, 1886, at
8 o’clock. .

The Vice-President, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., of Port Hope, in
the chair. ; |

Present: Mr. James Fletcher, Ottawa; Mr. J. Alston Moffatt, Ham-
ilton ; Rev. Thos. W. Fyles, South Quebec; Mr. A. W. Hanham, Hamil-
ton; Capt. Gamble Geddes, Toronto; Dr. J. R. White, Toronto ; Mr. J.
M. Denton, Mr. J. Bowman, Dr. Burgess, Dr. Arnott, Dr. Woolverton,
Mr. H. P. Bock, Mr. Laurence Reed, Mr. Werner, Dr. Wishart, Dr.
Mitchell, of London, and the Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. E. Baynes Reed.

The minutes of the previous meeting having been printed and circu-
lated among the members, their reading was dispensed with, and they
were duly confirmed.

The Secretary read a letter from the President, Professor Saunders,
regretting his inability to be present at the meeting, and stating that he
would be unable to continue in active participation in the work of the
Society, or to act as Editor of THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, inasmuch
as he had accepted the Government appointment of Director of the Ex-
perimental Farm Stations, and consequently the whole of his time would
necessarily be fully occupied.

The report of the Council, the audited financial statement of the
Secretary-Treasurer, the report of the Librarian, the report of the Delegate
to the Royal Society of Canada, and the report of the Delegates to the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, were laid before
the meeting, and on motion duly received, discussed and adopted.

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

These reports will appear as usual in the Society’s Annual Report to
the Ontario Government.

The report of the Montreal Branch was read by the Secretary, and
was ordered to be printed in the Annual Report.

In the absence of the President, his annual address was read by the
Secretary.

ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

GENTLEMEN,—

It is seldom that a season passes in Canada with so little to record in
reference to the injuries caused by destructive insects. Not only have we
been favored by a kind Providence with a bountiful harvest, but our
farmers have been free in great measure from the losses which usually
occur from insect pests.

The Colorado Potato Beetle, Doryphora decem-lineata, has proved
destructive to potato vines in a few localities, and where the application
of the usual remedies has been neglected or too long delayed, they have
destroyed the foliage to such an extent as to injure the crop ; but where
the use of Paris green has been promptly resorted to, no difficulty has
been experienced in keeping this pernicious insect within due limits.

The Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, has been far less pre-
valent than usual, so that in many instances good crops of plums have
been secured even where no efforts have been made to keep the insect in
subjection. The plum crop generally has been a good one, and plum
culture has consequently received a considerable impetus.

The worm of the Cabbage Butterfly, Prerzs rape, although still plenti-
ful, is no longer the terror to cabbage growers it formerly was, its
natural enemies having multiplied to an extent sufficient to keep it within
some reasonable degree of subjection. The general immunity which has
of late prevailed regarding the Pea Weevil, Bruchus pisz, still continues,
and pea culture has become more general. Even the Codling Worm, that
perennial plague to the apple grower, has been less injurious than usual,
so that our apple and pear crops have been freer than common from this
obnoxious insect. Indeed there seems to have been a general scarcity of
insect life during the past season of which collectors in this department
of natural history in Canada generally complain.

ee oe ee

Tm A

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

Our large and important crops of cereals have been almost entirely
free from insect pests, but this experience has not by any means been
universal. In the mother country much consternation has been caused
of late by the sudden appearance of the Hessian Fly in the wheat fields
in considerable force, so that very serious injury has occurred in many
quarters. When first noticed, specimens of the infested grain were sub-
mitted to Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, Consulting Entomologist to the
Royal Agricultural Society, who at once divined the cause, found the lin-
seed-like chrysalis in the wheat stalks, and promptly suggested the usual
remedies for this trouble, advice which, if persistently followed, will no
doubt soon reduce the numbers of the insect to about their normal pro-
portion. Mr. Whitehead also has been actively engaged in investigating
this important subject and in disseminating information among farmers.

Having been absent in Europe during the spring and early summer
months, I have been unable to give the usual attention to Entomological
subjects. While in England I had the privilege of seeing severai fine
collections of insects, but none gave me more pleasure in inspection than
that of the immortal Linnzus, the result of whose painstaking work is
carefully preserved in the library of the Linnzan Society. Through the
kindness of Dr. James Murie, the librarian, I was permitted to inspect
this interesting cabinet, where every specimen bears evidence of having
been mounted and named by this great master in Natural History. One
could not help dwelling in thought on the marvellous progress which has
attended the study of natural science since the master mind of this won-
derful genius was brought to bear on the simplification of its nomen-
clature.

Every facility was also afforded me for examining the marvellously
complete collections of insects in the natural history department of the
British Museum, in Kensington, under the kind guidance of Messrs. But-
ler and Kirby. Both these gentlemen did all in their power to make my
visits to that institution both pleasant and profitable, and showed me
many kindnesses which will never be forgotten. The collections of But-
terflies here are especially wonderful in their completeness. Take for
instance the species composing the genera Pieris and Colias, and begin-
ning with the plain ground color of white or yellow, one can trace the
black bordering of the wings through all the different gradations from the
faintest marginal outline to the heaviest and widest bands, and the transi-

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tion is so gradual that it is extremely difficult to say where one species
ends and another begins.

While passing through the extensive grape-growing regions in the
south of France, a sharp eye was kept on the vineyards with the view of
detecting evidences of Phylloxera. I am pleased to report that I saw but
‘few indications of its presence, and from inquiries made the conclusion
was reached, that this insect pest, which a short time ago was so exceed-
ingly destructive to the vine-growing interests, is now doing comparatively
little harm. It was the occasion of much regret that the limited time at
my disposal would not permit me to visit any of the noted collections of
insects to be found in most of the large cities of Europe.

While in London an opportunity was afforded me which I gladly
availed myself of, that of visiting the South Kensington Museum in com-
pany with Miss Ormerod, and of inspecting the work of that talented
lady as displayed in. the cases of insects mounted, and the preparations
made by her to illustrate the life history of injurious insects and to depict
their ravages, forming a most interesting and complete series of object
lessons in this important economic department of entomological science.
I was also present at one of the monthly meetings of the Entomological
Society of London, where I had the good fortune to meet many ento-
mologists of note, including the venerable Professor Westwood, H. T.
Stainton, Esq., Mr. McLachlin and others. All treated the stranger with
the greatest possible courtesy and kindness, and at the same time mani-
fested the warmest interest in everything relating to the progress of ento-
mology in Canada.

During the past year there have appeared several important works on
economic entomology, prominent among which may be mentioned the
_ reports from the Entomological Bureau of the Department of Agriculture
at Washington, under the direction of Prof. C. V. Riley, and the report
of Prof. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York. In both these
publications are recorded a number of useful observations and many new
facts relating to the life history and habits of the species treated of.
Among other important works on entomology may be mentioned the
continuation of that magnificent work on the Butterflies of North America
by W. H. Edwards, and a volume on the Butterflies of the Eastern States
by G,. H. French, of Carbondale, Illinois.

At the recent meeting of the Entomological Club of the American

3
'

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 187

Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Buffalo, New York,
our Society was represented by the President, Vice-President, Secretary
and Mr. J. Alston Moffat. Our Society was honored in the election of
our Secretary, Mr. E, Baynes Reed, to be Secretary of the Club. The
local members did all in their power to make the gathering a pleasant
one, and, in addition to the ordinary meetings, special entomological ex-
cursions took place which were much enjoyed by all. The collections of
the several members residing in Buffalo, and the fine library belonging to
the Society of Natural Science, were freely opened to the visiting
members.

The entomological collections in the American National Museum at
Washington, are being rapidly augmented under the energetic direction
of the curator, Mr. John B. Smith. The valuable private collections
which have been acquired, added to the large amount of material con-
stantly accumulating and being rapidly arranged, have already made it a
most valuable collection of reference. In accordance with a request
made by the Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion, the valuable col-
lection of our Society was specially prepared for exhibition during last
winter, and forwarded early in the spring to the Colonial and Indian Ex-
hibition, in London, where it has been an attractive object to visitors
throughout the summer. In the work of preparation, most valuable aid
was rendered by one of our esteemed fellow members, Mr. J. Alston
Moffat. who devoted many weeks of consecutive labor to this end.
Mention should also be made of the valuable aid rendered by our
esteemed Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. E. Baynes Reed, and of his son
- Lawrence, also of a member of our Council, Mr. J. M. Denton, for it is
to the combined efforts of these several individuals that our great success
has been mainly due.

In bringing these brief remarks to a close, I desire to refer to the
pleasure it has given me during many years past to fill, to the best of my
ability, the post of honor in which, year after year, you have been pleased
to place me. Public duties of an important character which I have
recently undertaken, will, from this time forward, necessarily engross all
my time, and in case my name should be mentioned again in connection
with the position of President, I beg to state frankly that I shall be no
longer able to serve you in this capacity. I regret also that I shall be
compelled to relinquish the work of editing THz Canapian EnTomoLo-

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

GIST, a position which I have long filled with much pleasure to myself
and, I trust, with some acceptance to the Society. In taking leave of the
many kind friends who have rendered so much assistance to our journal
by their valued contributions, I would, while sincerely thanking them for
past favors, bespeak for my successor a continuance of their kind services.
With many thanks for all past kindnesses, I have the honor to be
Your obedient servant,
WM. SAUN DERS.

Moved by Mr. Fletcher, seconded by Rev. Thos. W. Fyles,

That the Society learns with regret that their esteemed friend, Prof.
Saunders, has found it necessary to withdraw from the Presidency of their
body, and also from the Editorship of their organ, THE CANADIAN ENTO-
MOLOGIST ; but recognizing the importance of the work Prof. Saunders has
been called upon to superintend, and the wisdom of the choice made in
him by the Government, it congratulates the Professor upon this recog- 5
nition of his abilities and zeal in the public service, and respectfully ten-
ders to him a Life Membership in the Society.

The resolution was carried unanimously by a standing vote.

ee ee ee eT

SAP eee Se

ELECTION *OF OFFICERS.

The following named gentlemen were duly elected as officers of the
Society for the ensuing year :

President—James Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.

Vice-President—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope, Ont.

Sec.-Treas. and Librarian—E. Baynes Reed, London, Ont.

Council—W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Quebec ;
J. Alston Moffat, Hamilton, Ont.; G. J. Bowles, Montreal; J. M. Denton,
London, Ont.

Editor Canapian Entomotocist—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope.

Editing Committee—Wm. Saunders, Ottawa ; J. M. Denton, E. Baynes
Reed, London, Ont.; Capt. Gamble Geddes and Dr. White, Toronto.

Auditors—W. E. Saunders, H. P. Bock, London.

Delegate to Royal Society—W. H. Harrington, Ottawa.

On motion of Mr. E. B. Reed, seconded by Mr. A. W. Hanham, the
Society resolved that all ex-Presidents of the Society be ex-officio mem-
bers of the Council.

pipe reyoton

*
:,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189

Papers were read on the following subjects :
1. Note on Sawfly Larva, Hy/otoma dulciaria ; by Rev. T. W. Fyles.
2. On the Stridulation of Geotrupes Blackburnii ; by Mr, A. W. Han-

3. Notes on the Genus Co//as ; by Capt. G. Geddes.

4. The Home of Chionobas jutta; by Rev. '‘T. W Fyles.

5. Notes on Larva of AZal/ota posticata; by Mr. Laurence Reed.

6. On Destruction of Insects by Electric Light ; by Professor E. W.

_ Claypole.

An interesting letter was also read from Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod,
Consulting Entomologist of the Royal Agricultural Society, with informa-
tion on the recent occurrence of the Hessian Fly in England.

NOTE ON WESTERN SPHINGID.
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M.

It is one of the pleasures which we older Entomologists alone feel to
its full extent, when a well written paper, full of matter, falls under our
notice on a favorite subject. Such a pleasure I experienced on receiving
the June No. of the “old reliable” Canapian Enromotocist, and the
Rev. W. J. Holland’s paper on our Sphingidz opened before me. Sup-

-plementing, as it does in various points, Professor Fernald’s valuable

pamphlet, it will be welcome to all interested in the beautiful study of our
Hawk Moths. Upon these I need not further dwell. I wish here to
point out, in reference to the interesting remarks on our Western Sphin-
gidz, that on page 8 of my “ New Check List” I say that I am indebted
to Mr. Henry Edwards for various assistance, and that “I have received
from the same Entomologist information as to the synonymy of certain
Western Sphingide.” Now the only two which have any synonymy
beyond the original name are Occidentadis and Vancouverensis, and these
are the ones meant. In fact the only Western form I ever possessed in
my own collection was a specimen of .S. perelegans, which seemed to me
undoubtedly a distinct species, nor have I ever made any study of our
Western forms. In my “New Check List” I omitted the use of the
dash (—), which I have generally used (following Leconte) in my shorter

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

lists after species unknown to me in nature. In my paper in July No.,
the locality, ‘‘ West Coast,” belongs to the preceding species perelegans,
and a dash should follow Vancouverensis, as to the synonymy of which, as
well as its validity as a species, I was indebted to Mr. Hy. Edwards for
information. As will be seen by the absence of the dash after perelegans,
as well as the wrong position given by me to Vancouverensis, the locality
has been misplaced, as I give no locality to species unknown to me in this
last list. Mr. Edwards quite naturally was our authority as to the Cali-
fornian species. Since Mr. Butler considers the various Asiatic forms of
Triptogon as local, rather than ¢rue species, I thought it might be so with
occidentalis ; but it may well be a mere variety, as Mr. Holland considers
it. If I remember, Mr. Edwards originally described it as a geographical
variety of modesta, which may be true if no typical modesta occur in
California, and although this var. occidentalis may also be found in the
East. This species will have then received four names (two applied to
varieties) since Cad/ec from Louisiana, the larva on water plants, seems
nothing but modesta, which its author did not know.

Mr. Holland’s note on Hemaris uniformis is exceedingly opportune ;
from the data it may well be that it is a more northern form. But, if so,
what are we to make of Mr. Hulst’s assertion (for he had no material)
that AYoridensis is a large variety of Zhysbe ?—naturally, of course, of
uniformis, for the band is not dentate in the Florida species. And why
do we not find dentate Buffaloensis ? if this is only a “small” variety,
naturally, also, of wziformis. That Prof. Lintner describes the larva of
Buffaloensis and appears to regard it as distinct (in letters Prof. Lintner
kindly informed me he considered the imagos distinguishable) does not
seem to have had any weight with Mr. Hulst, whose discovery of the
relationship between uziformis and thysbe seems to have affected his
proper study of these forms. I believe we may find that these are distinct
species.

In view of this paper of Mr. Holland’s, my list in July No. must be
amended by referring occidentalis, No. 54, as a var. to modesta, No. 53.
Further, No. 79, oveodaphne Hy. Ed., may be referred as a var. min. to
No. 78, chersis; while the position of No. 82 must be changed to follow
No. 76, drupiferarum, the name followed by a dash, as I do not know
the species of which Vashtz may well be a synonym, as Strecker’s figure
of Zmperialis does not also quite agree with specimens of occidentadis, yet

»
3

ete tart eer ee eee

aN ae SGA PCT Ra eT an

RE tne

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 191

is that species, and the synonyms of this author are unusually numerous
in this family.

This reduces the number of our Sphingide to 95, which is an ample
allowance, since I have my doubts as to one or two other species not
studied by me. I refer to my paper, Papilio, 2, 172, for notes on un-
identified species of Clemens, Kirby and Boisduval. I may also refer
here to my pamphlet on “ The Sphingide of the Middle States,” issued
separately, which may, I hope, be of value in view of my continuous
studies on this group of Lepidoptera.

NOTES ON FENESICA TARQUINIUS, Farr.
BY PROF. C. V. RILEY. _

In his interesting article “‘On the History and the Preparatory Stages
of Fenesica tarquinius” (CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, XvVili., pp. 141-153)
Mr. Wm. H. Edwards makes some comments upon my article in Science
of last April (30th), in which I announced the carnivorous habit of the
larva of this species. He has been led to do so in part by the incorrect
report in Extomologica Americana of the Proceedings of the Entomo-
logical Society of Washington for January 6th last, In that report “ Mr.
C. L. Johnson” is said to have observed ‘a lepidopterous larva feeding

ona species of Aphid,” but the report is incorrect both as to the fact and

as tothe name. Judge Lawrence C. Johnson, an old-time correspondent
and for a while one of my assistants in Mississippi, was the correspondent
intended, and his communication, which I was familiar with, particularly
states that “he thought he saw the larva eating the plant-lice, but failed to
convince himself of the fact.” Mr. Lugger, in the very report quoted by Mr.
Edwards (Can. ENT., xviil., 142, lines 2 and 3) expressly states that “he
had never actually seen them (Fevesica larve) feeding upon the Aphids,”
and as he previously remarked that he had “‘ made the same observa-
tions” as Mr. Johnson, the report in Automologica Americana is naccur-
ate and contradictory on its face. Mr. Lugger is one of my assistants
here and I knew of his observations. Mr. Edwards’ statement that “all
the gentlemen named had seen the larva feeding upon Aphides” is, there-

fore, neither justified by the facts nor by his own quotations, and whatever

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

obscurity he may have labored under through the careless report in Ext.
Am. will, I hope, be hereby dissipated.

Proof of the carnivorous habit is what I was aiming at, and it is one
thing to presume a probable fact ; it is another thing to establishit. The
presumptive fact had been recorded here for four years, but the positive
fact was only obtained by Mr. Pergande at the time stated by me. .

Again, in another place (Joc. cit. p. 152, paragraph 4) Mr. Edwards’s
language would indicate, to one not familiar with my article, that I had
said something to the effect that no other butterfly had, or could have, a
carnivorous larva. He makes me say in fact that ‘‘this is the only but-
terfly known whose larva is carnivorous” ; whereas my language was, “ so
far as I can find, there is not another recorded carnivorous butterfly
larva.” No one could justly use his language who was not familiar with
the larva of every butterfly known ; whereas my remark simply emphasizes
mine as the first record of such a carnivorous butterfly larva and leaves
the implication that others may be found.

I was much interested in the experience of Mr. Edwards and Miss
Morton, not only because it confirms the carnivorous habit of the species
announced in my paper, but because it adds so many interesting obser-
vations which tend to prove the carnivorous habit normal and not excep-
tional.

Mr, Edwards has asked me to publish the facts we have recorded here
in the C. E.

Mr. Pergande’s notes were merely chronological and colorational, con-
nected with the preserved egg-shells and about 30 larve of allsizes. I
did not use them last spring because I had not time to go over the
material and draw up full descriptions that should combine structure as
well as coloration. Ill health has since prevented, and with Mr. Edwards’s
very full descriptions there is no longer the necessity. In brief I may
state, however, that Mr. Pergande’s notes show that : |

July 8, 1880, the larvee were found in the leaf curls of Pemphigus
(fraxinifolii) on Ash, and that the larve died without feeding on the
leaves that weré placed with them.

In 1881 search was again made for the larvze on the same tree without
finding any.

Aug. 23rd, 1882, three larvee were found on a twig of Witch Hazel ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 193

they were not feeding when seen and attempts to feed them upon leaves, |
with which they were placed in a jar, failed. The larvee died.

Oct. 2, 1882, several larvee were noticed with Schzzoneura tessellata.
They were intermixed with the plant-lice and not readily observed, but
seemed to hide among the mass of plant-lice. They were brought home
with some of the Aphids for experiment, and while the butterfly larvee
were actively crawling about for some days, they all died without its being
noticed that they fed upon the Schizoneura.

Sept. 18, 1884, again a few larvee were found among the same Schzzo-
neura. They were placed in a jar with the branch containing some of
the plant-lice. Subsequently the larve were found crawling about and
the lice had disappeared, some of them having apparently been eaten.
This gave rise to a conviction that the butterfly larvze feed upon the lice,
but they all died without the fact being proven.

Aug. 8, 1885, the larvee were again found of all sizes among Pemphigus
imbricator. ‘They were quite active, crawling over the plant-lice, and
stopped as soon as the twig was touched.

The egg-shells were at the same time observed and the actual fact of
feeding upon the lice was proven by direct observation.

August 12th several had changed to pupz, and by Aug. 2oth four
imagos of ¢arguinius had issued.

I have already sent the substance of this communication to Mr.
Edwards, but believe that it will have interest, in connection with his
article, for the readers of THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Washington, D. C., Nov. 10, 1886.

NOTE ON FENESICA TARQUINIUS Farr.
BY GEORGE HALEY, BROWNFIELD, MAINE.

I have seen this butterfly light on a species of Aphis, Schzzoneura
tessedlata, found on Alnus in crowds on the bark, and from the position of
its abdomen it seemed to be going to lay an egg among the plant-lice, but
seeing me, she did not. Afterwards I scraped some of these larvee off a
twig of Alder and found a couple of larve; I sent them to Mr. W. H.
Edwards, and he said that they were / targuinius, as I thought. The

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

larvee were under the bodies of the plant-lice, covered with a thin net-
_ work of silk to keep the woolly secretion of the Aphides away from them.
They were only half grown. On another occasion I found two full-grown
larve among the plant-lice in the same position as the first. One of these
changed to a chrysalis and I have it now. It is hung up like other chry-
salids of the family Lycenide, and has a peculiar humped back. This
butterfly is always wandering round Alder bushes with a peculiar flopping
motion, as though its wings were too large for its body. After I sent the
larve to Mr. Edwards, saying that I thought they fed on the plant-lice, as
there were many dead bodies, or skins, of the lice where I found the
larve ; I saw in the June (1886) number of the American Naturalist
that the larve probably fed on this species of Aphis, also on Pemphigus
Sraxinifoliz, found on the twigs of beech trees. Next summer I intend.
to observe the habits of this butterfly and its larve more closely.

THE OPERATIONS OF A PREHISTORIC BEETLE.
BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Some years ago, I received from Prof. G. J. Hinde, of Toronto, a twig
of juniper about as thick as, and a little longer than, one’s finger, which
he had taken from interglacial deposits at Scarboro’, near Toronto, and
which showed the marks where beetles had bored the surface just beneath
where the bark had been. From the same locality a number of remains
of beetles have also been found, mostly Carabidz, two of which I
described at the time as new species of Loricera and Loxandrus. The
others still remain unpublished, but there are none among them which
could have made these borings, as these are evidently the peculiar work
of some species of Scolytide, and apparently one of the Hylurgini, -
though in our very imperfect knowledge of the characteristics of the
mines made by existing forms of this family, it is difficult to pronounce on
its relations.

There are parts of at least six different sets of borings on this small
twig, and all are evidently the work of one species. The mating-chamber
is more or less triangular, generally equiangular or tridentate, one angle

SE ae ee
=a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195

upward. From two of these chambers no main galleries arise ; there
may be some special reason for this, since they are much narrower and
much more deeply excavated than the ordinary chambers ; they were
perhaps unsatisfactory to the constructor and left unfinished.

From the other mating-chambers, which are about three millimetres in
diameter, the main galleries generally run obliquely, but more nearly
transversely than longitudinally to the stem ; they are subequal and take
their rise one on each side of the mating-chamber at the lateral angles,
and run in exactly or almost exactly opposite directions. In one case,
however, there is but one main gallery, and in another they are at right
angles to each other, one being perpendicular ; in this latter case, the
mating-chamber is reversed, the apex being downward. These main gal-
leries vary from one and a half to eight millimetres long, and are slightly
more than a millimetre wide, with dentate eee? where the eggs were
probably laid by the parent.

At least this is the general custom with the Scolytidz ; but here, as in
some other rare cases, the young larve do not commence to mine, each
at right angles to the main gallery, but collect together and all start from
one spot, the summit of the mating-chamber or the extremity of one of
the galleries, and thence burrow in irregular and somewhat interlacing
mines along the stem, and all apparently either upward or else down-
ward, not, as is usually the case, in both directions ; apparently they may
often turn upon their course again and again, or they may mine in an
almost perfectly straight line, or in a tortuous line, for half a decimeter.
In that whole distance the mine will scarcely have doubled in width with
the growth of the larva, and in many cases it is difficult to tell in which
direction the larva moved. The greatest width of these larval mines is
scarcely more than half a millimetre, and they vary greatly in depth. The
connection between the main gallery and the mines is often obscure, owing
doubtless to the larva burrowing, while young, more in the bark than in
the-wood. In one case there is a mating-chamber and a pair of short
galleries, but nothing more ; here, apparentiy, the mother fell a prey to
some enemy before accomplishing her purpose.

This mode of origin of the larval mines seems to be different from
anything described hitherto, and therefore it is difficult to decide to what
group the insect making the mine belonged. In the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Cambridge is a mine of the European Scolytus rugu-

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

osus on cherry, which shows a somewhat similar distribution of the larval
mines, which emerge and diverge from one point of the mating-chamber ;
but the main galleries are reduced to almost nothing, and the normal mine
of this species, as figured by Ratzeburg, shows nothing of the kind.

Of course it is entirely possible that the species which constructed
these mines is still living and doing similar work. _If so, it is probably a
northern species, and my object in publishing this account is to ask if any

one in Canada can produce similar borings on juniper or some allied

conifer, made by existing beetles. I have for years searched for such in
vain, on every occasion which offered. The nearest approach to it that
I can find is in the mines of Ph/wosinus dentatus (Say), figured by
Packard.

NOTE ON DICERCA DIVARICATA, Say.
BY F.-B. CAULFIELD, MONTREAL, P. Q.

On the 12th of last June I observed a female of this species on a dead
Maple. She was creeping down the tree, feeling the interstices of the
bark with her ovipositor, but apparently without finding a suitable place,
as no eggs were deposited so far as I could perceive. On the roth, I
observed another female, also on Maple. She was resting head down-

wards with the terminal segments of the abdomen slightly inclined, the |

ovipositor extended at a right angle with the body and placed in an old
hole of some borer. She remained in this position for several minutes,
the ovipositor being alternately dilated and contracted as if eggs were
passing through. After she had gone away, I examined the place and
found that, at a little distance from the surface, the hole was stopped with
a smooth grayish substance. Not having a knife about me, I tried to
remove it with a stalk of grass, but only succeeded in breaking it up into
a yellowish fluid. I have no doubt that the creature deposited an egg, or
eggs, and covered them with a kind of cement. Whether this is the
usual manner in which. the species oviposits I cannot say. The only
reference that I have seen is in Packard’s Insects Injurious to Forest and
Shade Trees,” where he says, speaking of insects attacking beech :—
“ Observed by Mr. George Hunt laying its eggs in the bark in July.”

:
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pase, eek es

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH
AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

BY AUG. R. GROTE, A. M.

(Continued. )

The study of the forms referable to the first or European element in
the North American Moths, is complicated by the circumstance of the
great range in the character and amount of the differences separating the
related species now living so widely apart. These related species are
found, in fact, to offer also difficulties as to their correct nomenclature.
We have seen that the term “‘representative species,” like that of “ pro-
phetic types,” hides the real significance of the inter-resemblance which
is that of a common descent. In naming these “representative” forms
we must be guided by the rule that where the differences are such that the
species would be considered distinct if members of a common fauna, a
different specific title must be given them, but where these differences are
slight, and what, under the same supposition, would be considered only
varietal, the species must be considered as still identical, though separated
so long in time and by so wide a space. The study of those forms which
are practically identical is, as we have seen, further complicated by the
difficulty of deciding as to whether they may have been introduced since
the discovery of the New World by the Spaniards, or whether the species
have continued unaltered since the Tertiary in both America and Europe.
While certain species such as Sco/iopteryx are undoubtedly in this latter
case, it is less easy to feel so sure with regard to this in instances like
Dipterygia Pinastri and the various identical forms of Agrotzs, but on
the whole I am inclined to believe that the number of species artificially
exchanged is very small, and that these identical species have simply
proved more constant and are of an older type than the rest. An agent
which, however, must not be omitted in the interchange of species of
insects is the voluntary importation by collectors for purposes of acclima-
tization, deception, or from a desire to destroy, through the introduction
of injurious-species, the crops of another country. It seems quite clear
that the Natural History of most insects precludes the idea of their im-
portation in an accidental way by commerce. It seems certain that the
Colorado Potato Beetle never found its way to Europe in cargoes of
vegetable provisions. Where it was found on the Continent it was evi-

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

dently sown by mischievous persons receiving live specimens through the
mails. In the Moths, the wood-boring species may be introduced by
accident, but, unless in such cases as the Currant Clear Wing ( Aegeria),
such an introduction would be usually futile for the establishment of the
species. Specimens of the Wood Leopard, Zeuzera Aesculi, are said thus
to have been found about New York, and even the Goat Moth, Cossus

Ligniperda, is stated to have been so found. Again, in Wood’s “ Index

Entomologicus,”: are figures of one or two of our Noctuidz, the originals
of which; if authentic, must have been accidentally introduced into Eng-
land, and disappeared again without leaving progeny behind them. One
or two cases have fallen under my notice where deception has evidently
been intended, but the naturalist, from his knowledge of the habits of the
insect, will quickly detect such frauds. One case of reported identity I
regret not to have been able to verify. It is that of the European Cafo-
cala Nupta, said to have been found on Long Island. Now the genus
Catocala is peculiar to the Northern Hemisphere, and our species and the
European have undoubtedly a common ancestry. But the remarkable
fact is that our forms have differentiated widely and multiplied exceed-
ingly, so that we have fresh Groups and a much greater number of species
compared with Europe. ‘That, therefore, one form of Catoca/a should
have remained constant is, to me, incredible, and I shall prefer to believe
that the reported American specimens of C. Vufta are the result of recent
importation or of deception. We have witnessed the acclimatization of
the Chinese Silk Worm, Philosamia Cynthia, on the Ailanthus trees in
the vicinity of New York and Philadelphia, and, in the case of the Spin-
ners, cocoon-making species, it seems likely that the wholesale transference
of such species in the pupal state would result in the permanence of the
form in the wild state in the new locality. But the very difficulty which
generally attends the introduction of new species into a fresh locality,
suggests that most of the species common to America and Europe have
simply remained unaltered since prehistoric ages. The pattern of orna-
mentation has remained constant, while Dr. Speyer has noticed a shading
or quality in the colors which renders the specimens still distinguishable
by the practised eye, and which is evidently due to the differences in light
and humidity. But, as in the case of Catoca/a Nipta, the naturalist will
have to take into consideration the whole range of special facts to decide
any one case where historic evidence is totally wanting.

q

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7s

Manes

SERS

al

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199:

The Moths are unequally represented, both as to the number of species
and that of individuals, over our territory. The barren and hot lands of
the South-west nourish few species, while the lands along the Eastern coast,
from Massachusetts to Virginia, seem to be among the most prolific in the
variety of kinds. Certain species swarm in certain localities, as one or
two kinds of Cataclysta on the islands in the Niagara River and else-
where in the North. In Alabama, aside from the Cotton Moth, it was at
certain times hardly possible forme to read at night by light for the
swarms of Acrolophus agrotipennella and mortipennella, which fluttered
over the table and the page. Colorado is a rich field for Moths, as also.
certain portions of Texas, judging from the collections of Belfrage (Bosque
County) and Boll. The pine lands of the Southern States are on the
whole poor in species, and, in parts of North and South Carolina, I found
the collecting poor, without, however, preventing the occurrence of many
interesting Moths. Practically we have one common fauna, broken by
the Alleghanies and other mountain ranges, until we get as far South as
the tropical colony in Florida, while in Texas we meet South Californian
species, besides the first indications of the tropical Mexican fauna of the
low lands, which extends its range along the coast so far north as Louisi-
ana. The Moths go hand in hand with the vegetation and the flowers, so
that rich botanical districts are also rich entomologically. Swampy or
boggy spots yield many peculiar moths ; the different species of Sarra-
cenia, the Pitcher-plants, both at the North and in the South, yield several
curious Moths, among which the species of Zxyra, a genus of Owlet
Moths, the larvze of which feed on the folded leaves, are the most note-
worthy and the prettiest in color.

In a final consideration of the second, or South American element, in
our fauna of Moths, we must distinguish, as we have seen, between those
forms which have effected a more or less precarious lodgment in our terri-
tory and those which, through distinct species, have become thoroughly
amalgamated with the North American fauna. The occurrence of such
species as Syllectra mirandalis or erycata, or Thysamia Zenobia, is
undoubtedly accidental and may not occur again for years. On the other
hand, there is a stream of certain species which yearly reach points in
our territory, such as Avgeus Labrusce, without leaving progeny ; there
are then other species which have attained a more or less extended foot-
hold, such as the Owlet Moths belonging to the genera Anomis, Aletia,

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

etc. With these may be reckoned the members of the South Florida
colony of Moths, species like Cautethia Grotei, also found in Cuba, and
many others. Finally, the thoroughly domiciled Southern element is seen
in such genera as Hyperchiria, of which we have four or five species, the
most widely disseminated of which is A.. Zo, a form not reaching the
tropics and becoming somewhat variable in the Southern States. This
genus is numerous in South and Central American species. Our prettiest
species of Hyperchiria is, perhaps, H. Zephyria, from New Mexico and
Arizona, in which the dark primaries have a white stripe running from
apex to middle of internal margin. The hind wings are yellow with a
large central ocellus and pink hairs at base ; the thorax is fuscous, marked

with white on the sides, and the abdomen is fawn color shaded above
- with red.
(To be Continued.)

NOTICE OF DR. WILH. MULLER’S WORK ON THE SOUTH
AMERICAN LARV OF THE NYMPHALID.

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

Readers of THe CanapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST .have, no doubt, through
the papers of W. H. Edwards, followed with interest the discovery of so
many facts bearing on the evolution of species in the Butterflies. We
have now a work by a German writer of remarkable industry and ability,
on the larval peculiarities of the Nymphalidz, which deserves the study
of all interested in Lepidopterology in America. The work is adorned
by four plain lithographic plates of the caterpillars and their peculiar struc-
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VOL. XVIII. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1886. No. 11

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
COENONYMPHA GALACTINUS, Botspuvat.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.

Ecc.—Conical, broadly truncated, the flat top covered with a low
network of irregular meshes, very fine about the micropyle; the lower
part rounded, almost hemispherical ; the upper part of side and to about
two thirds the distance to base ribbed vertically,—about forty low ribs,
with fine transverse lines between them ; below the ribs there is an irregu-
lar network ; color yellow-green. Duration of this stage about 13 days.

Younc Larva.—At 24 hours from egg, length .1 inch; thickest at 2
and 3. Dorsum and sides sloping regularly to 13, ending in two short
conical tails, which meet at base; color pale yellow-green, under side
more yellow ; a mid-dorsal brown line, and three such lines on the side,
the lowest running with spiracles, the next near it, the third at a little
greater distance from second and in fact, sub-dorsal ; on each segment are
white clubbed processes, each of which rises from a rounded brown tuber-
cle ; these form three rows on either side, one sub-dorsal, one mid-lateral,
with a demi row between the two on three anterior segments ; in these
rows there is one process to the segment; the third row is at base, over
feet and legs, two processes to each from 5 to 11, one each on 3, 4; on2
and 12, 13, two hairs to each, in place of processes ; these lower processes

‘ are smaller than elsewhere, and less bent, but are turned down ; the upper

rows are bent back, except on 2, there forward ; feet and legs color of
under side ; head one half broader than 2, rounded, narrowing towards
top, depressed at top; color pale pink ; over the face are a few white
tubercles with processes like those upon body, bent down, Duration of

this stage 12 days. ,

After First Moult.—At 24 hours, length .19 inch; nearly same shape ;
color yellow-green ; covered with fine, irregular white tubercles, each of
which gives a very short hair, all except on 2 turned down and back; the

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mid-dorsal line green ; three green lines on side; the basal ridge yellow ;
head sub-globose, a little broader than 2, depressed at top; the surface
much covered with fine white tubercles and short hairs; color green,
darker than body. To next moult 7 days.

After Second Moult.—At 18 hours, length .32 inch; generally as at
second stage ; color more yellow, greenish-yellow, the tails reddish. To
next moult ro days.

After Third Moult.—At 24 hours, .56 inch; shape as at previous
stage. Soon after this moult some of the larve gradually changed to buff
and red, the others remaining green.

Mature Larva.—Length .84 to 1.06 inch; slender, scarcely arched
dorsally, of even height and width from 3 to 7 or 8, then tapering gradu-
ally ; ending in two short conical tails which meet at base, and are rough
with tuberculations ; whole upper surface of body covered thickly with
fine sub-conical white tubercles, each of which gives out a fine short hair,
so that the surface is downy ; these hairs are either tapering, or clubbed, ~ a
or cylindrical with round tips ; color yellow-green striped longitudinally
with yellow, there being two narrow, pale stripes near together on mid-
side, and a heavier and deeper basal stripe; on mid-dorsum a dark
green line edged by paler green than elsewhere ; the tails tipped with red ;
under side, feet and legs bluish-green ; head broader than 2, sub-globose,
narrowing towards top, a little depressed at suture, finely granulated, and
with a very short down; color greenish-yellow, the mandibles brown, the
principal ocellus emerald in brown ring.

Or the body was reddish-buff, the stripes yellow ; the tails red; under
side red-brown ; feet green, legs red-brown; head greenish-yellow, with a
tint of brown. In one larva the sides stripes were nearly obliterated,
leaving the side almost solid buff. From’third moult to pupation about
12 days.

CHRYSALIS.—From green larva: length .36 inch ; breadth at mesono-
tum .14, at abdomen .16 inch; shape of Satyrus A/ope, the outline of
ventral side more straight, the abdomen more swollen and less tapering;
cylindrical, stout, the upper end truncated, the abdomen swollen, conical
at extremity ; head case narrow, ending in a sharp cross ridge which is a
little arched at top, its sides excavated roundly ; mesonotum prominent,
arched, the carina rounded transversely, the sides slightly convex, followed —
by a shallow depression ; color yellow-green, over dorsum and abdomen _

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203

finely specked with white; marked by nine black stripes of irregular
length ; of these there is one on dorsal edge of each wing case from base
to inner angle of wing ; a curved stripe on middle of each wing reaching
the hind margin ; a short stripe on the hind margin on ventral side of the
curved stripe ; two short parallel ventral stripes on antenne cases, a longer
one on ventral side between the wings ; besides these there is an imperfectly
colored narrow stripe on either side at posterior end; top of head case
whitish with.a dash of black below this on dorsal side.

From buff larva: color pinkish-brown, no black stripes, but the curved
wing stripes appear in deeper brown, and along dorsal side of wing casés
the same.

Another chrysalis from a buff larva was green, fully striped, but the
wing cases were buff.

Another from buff larva was pinkish at first, with three darker stripes
on dorsum, one on middle below the excavation, one short one on either
side this, and all the stripes first described were also present, but were
faint brown ; this chrysalis in a day or two had changed to full green, with
the nine black stripes, but lost the three additional ones.

Another was wholly green, no stripes at all. So that there is much
variation in the number of these stripes, as well as in color of the chry-
salis. Duration of this stage 11 and 12 days. Result wholly form
CaLirornicus Bd.

GaLactinus was described by Dr. Boisduval in 1852, together. with
Californicus. Of the latter he merely says: ‘‘ It is found here and there
in shaded places.” Of the other: ‘“ Inhabits the mountains in the north,
and appears to be rare.” The two forms, as is seen from what I have
stated above, are of one species, Ga/actinus being the winter, Californicus
the summer form. It appears to be a common species near San Fran-
cisco. On 1st May, 1885, I received 13 eggs laid by Gadactinus from
Prof. J. J. Rivers, at Berkeley, and which were mailed 23rd April. Hatch-
ing began 5th May. On 7th, I received another lot, which began to hatch
on 8th. By 11th, all had hatched. On17th May, the first moult was
passed by some of the larve; on 24th May, the second moult; on 3rd
June, the third. The first pupation took place 15th June, and first but-
terfly came out 26th June. From laying of eggs to imago 65 days, the
egg stage being 13, larval 41, chrysalis 11. The growth was rapid for a
Satyrid, and in contrast with the tedious growth of Coen. Ochracea. The

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

larve feed on any species of lawn grass in confinement. TI had grass in
flower pot, covered by a muslin bag, and changed as it was eaten or lost
its freshness. In all I brought seven larve to pupation, but at every stage
had put one or two in alcohol. The number of moults was three, but
probably the winter larve pass a fourth in spring, as does the larva of
Coen. Amfelos. In general appearance the larve and chrysalids much
resemble the genus Satyrus, but the processes on the young larvee have
nothing of the fish-bone character of A/ofe. The peculiar stripes on the
chrysalis seem to be a generic character, as Ampelos and the European
C. Davus (according to Mr. Wm. Buckler, Larve of British Butterflies,
vol. 1, page 36, plate 6). But in Davus it is said that the pupa was light ~
green at first, and “in a few days showed brown streaks on the edges and
centre of the wing covers and at the tip of the tail.” The figure on plate
shows pale stripes to same extent and number as on Gadactinus. The
eggs are quite different from eggs of Satyrus, and still more unlike Neo-
nympha, having a great number of ribs, which cover only the upper two
thirds of sides.

NOTES ON THREE SMALL COLLECTIONS OF DIURNAL
LEPIDOPTERA MADE DURING THE SUMMER OF 1886.

BY GAMBLE GEDDES, TORONTO.

The following species were taken by Capt, Gilpin Brown (late H. M.
g2nd Regiment) in the Island of Newfoundland, during the months of
July and August last :

. Grapta Faunus, Zdw.

. Chrysophanus Florus, Zdw. (or C. Helloides, Boisd.—uncertain.)
. C. Epixanthe, Bd.—Lec.

. Argynnis Atlantis, Adw.

. Meliteea Harrisii, Scud.

. Phyciodes Tharos, Druvy.

. Colias Interior, Scud.

. 2b. var. Laurentina, Scud.

. Coenonympha Inornata, Zdw.

wo On DAMN HW ND &

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 205

Strange to say, no specimens of Lycena Couperii or Papilio Brevi-
cauda were seen, though possibly it was too late in the season for both
species.

The variety Zaurentina of Colias, found by Captain Brown, is inter-
esting from the fact that it is the identical species from which Mr. Scudder
made his descriptions and observations in 1876. — It has a very distinct
appearance, being much rounder in the outline of its wings—whether
open or closed—than any of the species of Co/zas with which I am familiar.

It is interesting also to find Cenonympha Inornata in Newfoundland ;
this species is quite different from the C. zxornata, so named by Mr. W.
H. Edwards, from the prairies of our North-west. The difference is so
marked that I am inclined to think that ‘the butterfly that is so common
in the North-west is C. Ochracea, Edw., and that Zwornata proper does
not occur there. This conclusion is arrived at after consulting abundant
material, over one hundred specimens having been examined.

II. At Lake Superior, in the neighborhood of the fo pee River,
I took the following species :

1. Grapta Progne, Cram.

2. Colias Edwardsii, Behr. 2.

Bo cy Interiors mew”.

4 * Philodice, God.

5. “ Hageni, Adw.

6. ““° Eurytheme, ozsd. (seen in numbers, but not taken).

7. Pieris Virginiensis, Haw.

8. Argynnis Bellona, Fad.

9 ie Chariclea, Schueid.—quite common.

10. i Atlantis, Edw.
EL. <6 Myrina, Cram.

These lists are published for the sake of the localities, as I believe there
is no authenticated report of the appearance of Co/ias Edwardsii so far
east, or of C. Hageniz; also Argynnis Chariclea, or A. Boisduvalii, which
I have found at a high altitude in the Rocky Mountains, but not so far
south and east as Port Arthur, on Lake Superior.

III. A small collection of butterflies was made last summer in the
Hudson Bay Straits by Mr. Frank Fitz Payne, of the Toronto Observatory,
who accompanied Lieut. Gordon’s expedition on the ‘“‘ Alert” to the Arctic
Regions. The specimens were kindly identified by Mr. W. H. Edwards,

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of Coalburgh, West Va. They can be easily referred to at any time in
my collection. .

Although Mr. Payne devoted much of his time to the collection of
insects, I regret to say that nothing absolutely new to our present list of
diurnals of N. America has come to hand. With the exception of one
curious green ? of Colias Hecla, Lef., Mr. Edwards had seen all the
species before. As this 2 was the only one out of many that had this
peculiar appearance, it may perhaps turn out to be something new—-there
being a great similarity between all the others.

The Chionobas vary greatly in size and appearance of apparently the
same species—-Chionobas Taygeta and Chionobas Crambis particularly.
In Chionobas Semidea the shades of gray in some are efunte light in color,
and in others run almost into black.

The following is a complete list of the butterflies taken :
Colias Hecla, Lef.
“ Nastes, Ba.
ie aii: Polaris, Bd.
a4 Freya, Zhunb.
Chionobas Semidea, Say.
ef Crambis, Frey
eF Taygeta, Aid.
Lyczna Aquilo, Bd.
I hope at no distant date to be able to give a list of the moths, and as
far as possible of the Hymenoptera and Diptera. Strange to say, no
Coleoptera were seen at all.

Sa AKHRY DP

CORRECTIONS TO MY PAPER IN JULY NO. OF CANA-
DIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

EY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

On pages 121-122 the generic term Lefzseséa is twice written wrongly,

“ Lipisesia.” To my statement with regard to the food plants of the

Smerinthine, must be added that several unocellated genera feed on —

forest trees, such as poplar, linden, oak, etc. I have taken our geminatus

on willow; my statement as to fruit trees (Rosacee, Cary@) gives the
*

— SF

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

general food of Cressonia, Calasymbolus, Smerinthus and Paonias. 1
would likewise add to my remarks as to the sequence of the groups that
they seem to me to form two series; the first embracing the dacro-
glossine, Cherocampine and Smerinthine ; the second the Acherontine

and Sphingine; the members of each series resembling each other more

than the members of the opposed series. With regard to my List, p.
126 et seq., I would say that the manuscript was in the main long com-
pleted, perhaps nearly a year before I received Prof. Fernald’s excellent
paper. After receiving it I merely so far corrected and added to my
MSS. This accounts for the resemblances between my paper on page
121 and my preface to the List, in both of which I bring out the same
points with regard to the groups. In the List itself “octuiformis Tt
H.-Sch.,” should be cited in the synonymy of Cawtethia Grote: Hy. Ed.
It has been shown that the Cuban and Floridian species are the same,
but Walker’s Woctuiformis from’ St. Domingo is a different species. I
only accidentally saw the description of S. Separatus; and possibly
some species described within the last three years has escaped me during
my absence from home.
Oct. 23, 1886.

NOTES ON ABNORMAL TYPES OF THE LARVA OF
i SMERINTHUS MYOPS.

BY ROBERT BUNKER, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

For three years past I have reared this species from eggs and young
worms, and in no instance have they agreed with descriptions I have met
with. Two years ago I had a brood of eight. Three of them had six
spots—three on each side—two four spots, one two spots, and two
without spots.

Last year I had nine, not one of which had the least semblance of a
spot, and were lighter green than those of the year before. This year
the brood consisted of seven, two of which were unspotted, one with
four, three with two, and one with a single spot.

Where there were but two spots they were invariably on the third
segment. Incase of four spots on the third and seventh. When six.
occurred the intermediate ones occupied the fifth segment. The unique

208 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

that claimed but one spot was polite enough to carry the zusignia of rank
on the right side of the third segment. yp ues

The immaculate specimens were destitute of oblique lines on the
sides, or at least the lines were so faint they could scarcely be seen.

The two broods produced fine specimens. ‘The third has entered
the ground, and no doubt will appear in their rich dark brown dress next
spring. Smith and Abbott describe the spots as reddish brown; other
writers as rust red. My specimens were bright crimson or cardinal red.
Stigmatal spots olive green.

It will be seen from the foregoing that the larva of JZyops is exceed-
ingly variable ; but that out of twenty-four specimens not an individual
answered to the description given by authors is remarkable.

A NEW NOXIOUS CAPSID.
BY P. R. UHLER, BALTIMORE, MD.

Lygus monachus, n. sp.

Long oval, pale green or testaceous, coarsely punctate above, sericeous
pubescent. Face convex, highly polished, bald; base of vertex with a
longitudinal impressed line, towards which a similar line runs obliquely
forward each side from the inner corner of the eye ; antennz sparsely and
minutely pubescent ; basal joint thickest, a little longer than the head,
tapering at base ; second joint thrice as long as the basal, infuscated, and
alittle enlarged towards the tip ; third and fourth setaceous, both together
not as long as the second. Pronotum highly polished, convex, coarsely
punctate in transverse wavy lines, each side with a dark brown vitta, or
long spot; lateral margins smooth, callous at base, the humeral angles
subacute ; callosities prominent, convex, almost confluent on the middle ;
lateral flap of pronotum irregularly punctate. Pectoral pieces pale,
impunctate. Legs pale green, feebly pubescent; apex of posterior
femur usually with one or two fuscous bands, tip of tarsi and the nails
black. Scutellum moderately convex, excavated at base, transversely —
obselete, punctate, move or less infuscated. Corium coarsely transversely
vastrate-punctate, the clavus more or less infuscated, sometimes with all
but the margins covered with dark brown; corium usually with a trans-_

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

verse dark brown arc next the posterior border ; cuneus long and wide,
the incised base fuscous and the inner margin brown ; membrane pale
testaceous, with two or more dark clouded spots, the inner submargin of
the principal areole, a spot at its tip and the base next the cuneus all more
or less fuscous. Ventor pale greenish.

Length of body, $ 5 millims.; to tip of wing covers 7 millims. ; width
of pronotum, 2 millims. {g. Length of body, 4 millims. ; to tip of wing
covers 5% millims. ; width of pronotum, 134 millims.

This has proved to be a very common insect in various localities.

Mr. Cassino collected numerous specimens around Peabody, Mass.
Mr. Bolter sent to me a pair from Illinois and Missouri, and I have taken
it from Alders, Maples and many other kinds of small trees and shrubs on
Cape Ann, Mass., also near the base of the White Mountains in New
Hampshire, and near Quebec, Canada.

Mr. Forbes has also forwarded to me specimens from near Normal,
Ill. It resembles Zygus invitus, Say., and presents several of the color
varieties common to that species, but it is a much larger insect, of a longer
figure, and has a more flattened upper surface.

OCCURRENCE OF THE CHINCH-BUG (BLISSUS LEUCOP-
TERUs, Savy) AT BUFFALO, N. Y.

BY E. P. VAN DUZEE.

This perniciousfinsect has been very abundant here for many years.
As early as 1874 I found it in considerable numbers among moss on dry,
grassy hill-sides at Lancaster, N. Y. This season (1886) it was remark-
ably abundant in a dry upland hay field near the same locality. I have
also taken it at Ridgeway, Ont. Ordinarily the short winged form
predominates, but in hot, dry summers, such as those of 1881 and 1886,
they mostly acquire fully developed membranes. I find on comparison
with a lot of perhaps one hundred fully developed examples from Kansas,
that ours are quite uniformly larger and more robust, with longer hairs on
the pronotum.

210 ' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Prof. J. A. Lintner says (2d Annual Report NV. Y. State Ent., page
z50) that, previous to its appearance in St. Lawrence county in 1882, the
only recorded occurrence of this insect in New York State is that men-
tioned by Dr. Fitch (2vd@ Report, 7856, p. 287). From this it appears
that it has not been recorded, if indeed it occurs generally in this State.
Its early introduction at this locality is only natural, considering the
immense grain traffic which yearly passes through this city direct from
the infected States of the West, on its way to the seaboard; yet it does
seem strange that its first appearance in sufficient numbers to attract
general attention should have been in Northern New York, quite aside
from any of the main lines of transportation, unless, as Prof. Riley sug-
gests (Science, vol. L7., p. 627), it be a native species, which, through an
unusual series of favoring circumstances, has increased enormously in
certain localities. That it has not been reported as an injurious insect in
this locality seems to me no proof that it has not been injurious. To be
sure, it has not appeared in such overwhelming numbers as to force itself
upon public notice as in other places, but from my own observations I
think that no inconsiderable part of the injury to hay fields charged to the
dry weather is in reality the work of this insect, or rather the combined -
effect of the two. For example, the hay field at Lancaster mentioned
above, which last year yielded an abundant crop, is literally ruined and
will have to be plowed under in the spring, while other fields less pro-
tected, where the bug was not found in numbers, escaped injury ; and I
know of several other fields near this city apparently affected in the same
manner.

I have always found this insect in hay fields, generally in timothy or
clover, occasionally among wild grasses. I do not recollect ever hav-
ing taken a specimen in a grain field of any kind.. If it has so thor-
oughly acquired the habit of subsisting upon the cultivated cereals in the
West, why should it not affect the same plants here, especially if it has
been introduced from that section of the country through commercial
transportation? It would be highly interesting to learn of its occurrence
in this State at localities distant from main railroad lines.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 211

LIST OF ORTHOPTERA TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF
MONTREAL, P. Q.

BY F. B. CAULFIELD.

BLATTID.

*Stylopyga orientalis, Zzvz. Common in houses; have also taken it
under stones in a lane behind a bakery in summer.
Ischnoptera pennsylvanica, De Geer. Not common. I took a specimen
under bark of a stump on Montreal Mountain some years
since, and on June 4th, 1885, I took three specimens under
bark of a stump at Abbotsford, P. Q.

Temnopteryx marginata. Rare. Two specimens taken under bark of a
fallen tree on Montreal Mountain.

*Ectobia Germanica, Stephens. Common in houses in the city of Mon-
treal. Has been so to my knowledge for the last fifteen
years ; how much longer I cannot say.

PHASMID.

*Diapheromera femorata, Say. Common at Montreal.

GRYLLID.

Gryllus neglectus? Scudd. Abundant. Specimens in the larval stage

may be found under stones as soon as the snow has melted.

Have passed through their moults by the end of May, when

they may be heard “shrilling.” Have not heard them during

July. Again heard beginning of August and from that to end

of the season. Several heard shrilling October 30th, 1886,

Gryllus luctuosus, Serv. Very rare ; only two specimens taken.

Gryllus domesticus, Zinn, Common in bake-houses.

Nemobius vittatus? Harr. Abundant. Its song commences about the
first of August and lasts until the end of season; heard
shrilling October 30th, 1886.

Nemobius fasciatus De Geer. Not so common as last species.

CEcanthus niveus, Serv. Very common ; season from about the first of
August to about the middle of October,

\

yA td THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

LOCUSTID&.

Ceuthophilus maculosus, Harv. Common under stones and bark of dead
trees in damp situations.

Amblyconypha oblongifolia, Harr. Not common.

Phaneroptera curvicauda, Serv. Not uncommon.

*Xiphidium fasciatum, Serv. Common in damp fields, ;

Xiphidium brevipennis, Scwdd. Common in same localities as last species.

Orchelimum agile, De Geer. Common in tufts of herbage in damp places.

ACRIDIDA.

Stenobothrus curtipennis, Harr. Very common in fields during latter
part of summer and fall.

*Tragocephala infuscata, Harr. Common during spring and early sum-
mer ; var. viridifasciata, not so common.

Melanoplus femur-rubrum, Burm. Very common during the end of ~
summer and fall.

Melanoplus femoratus, Burm. Common during latter part of summer.

Dissostria carolina, Burm. Abundant during latter part of summer.

(Edipoda verruculata, Scud. Not uncommon. :

*(idipoda phcenicoptera, Germ. Very rare, one specimen taken on
Montreal Mountain, some years since.

Eucoptolophus sordidus, Burm. Not uncommon in dry fields during the
latter part of summer ; flies with a rustling sound like Trago- _
cephala.

Camnula pellucida, Scudder. Abundant; appears about the middle of
June and lasts until September.

Tettix granulata, Kzrdy. Common.

Tettix triangularis, Scudder. Not uncommon.

Tettigidea polymorpha, Burm. Very common.

Tettigidea lateralis, Say. Very common.

I have taken the four latter species in early spring as soon as the snow
was off the ground. With the exception of those marked with an *, the
species in the above list were kindly named for me by Mr. Scudder. The
Gryllides were also submitted to him, with the exception of Zuctuosus and
domesticus, but he wrote me that he was unwilling to say what they were
until he could take time to study them.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 913

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH
AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

BY AUG. R. GROTE, A. M.

(Continued. )

Again, the genera Citheronia and Lacles are a South American
element in our fauna, while the typical Attacine, such as Actias, probably
belong to the Old World element in our fauna, together with all our
Platypteryging. Among the Hawk Moths the genera Philampelus and
Phlegethontius are of probable South American extraction, though repre-
sented now by certain strictly North American species. Mr. Robert
Bunker, writing from Rochester, N. Y., records the fact that PAi/ampelus
Pandorus, going into chrysalis August 1, came out Sept. 10 as a moth,
showing that in a warmer climate the species would become double-
brooded. And this is undoubtedly the case with many species the farther
we go South, where insect activities are not interrupted so long and so
strictly by the cold of winter. Since the continuance of the pupal con-
dition is influenced by cold, a diminishing seasonal temperature for ages
may have originally affected, if not induced, the transformations of insects
as a whole. Butterflies and Moths which are single brooded in the North
become double brooded in the South. The winter is the season during
which the activities of insects cease and the existence of Lepidoptera
becomes artificially lengthened by the intervening of the cold. Prema-
ture hibernation is a relic of the time when the winters were longer than
at present ; this habit is seen in the case of the larvz of several species
of Butterflies, and is otherwise inexplicable. Again, the Notodontid
genus Afatelodes is of a Southern type of this Sub-family of the Spinners,
while Datana is descended ultimately from Tertiary Arctic forms. In
these two cases the genera have probably gradually become distinct from
their allies; nevertheless the relationship to existing genera in South
America and Europe may be plainly traced. The foreign elements in our
Moth-fauna overlap those which may be considered North American
per sé.

From studies of this nature, here briefly summarized and but partially
displayed, the Science of Entomology derives an importance not discern-
able when it is limited to a mere sorting of species classified after their
variety and their value according to the collection. It is part of the task

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

which the intellect perceives to await accomplishment after a mass of work
has been performed in recognising the different kinds. It is hardly
advanced by the use of difficult language and the employment of abstruse
terms ; for my own part I have always tried to use plain English in the
proportion as I seemed really to understand the subject I had in hand,
and, without in any way undervaluing the use of proper scientific terms,
I think that writings on our Butterflies and Moths are occasionally over-
loaded with them, to the detriment of the clear understanding of the
subject. We are here facing the one simple problem of the ancestry of
our present species and in explaining the existence of the different elements
-in our fauna, and in trying to sort a few of our leading genera, I have
aimed at making the subject clear and attractive, if I could, rather than
at expressing myself in a simply technical manner. After the first passion
for possessing rare or fine specimens has become blunted, the deeper
problems connected with these beautiful and interesting insects obtain a
hold on the mind, exercising a more controlling fascination as they lead
to wider results. I have been especially struck with the fact that so many
leading genera, e.g., Catoca/a, do not cross the Equator, being confined
to the Northern Hemisphere, as also that there is perhaps, on the whole,
between the different faunze, from East to West, a greater general resem-
blance than from North to South. The hot central Equatorial Region
evidently precludes the passage of certain genera, notwithstanding its
fecundity in peculiar forms. And notwithstanding physical barriers, such
as oceans and mountains, there seems to have been a transference through
changes in climate on isothermal lines around the globe. All these matters
are very interesting to speculate upon, and the common mistake of setting
up an hypothesis and then treating it five minutes afterwards as a fact as
old and well established as the hills, I have myself often, no doubt, fallen
into. But I have always relied on my friends to correct my mistakes in
print, a matter they have ever promptly attended to, so that, in some
sense, I feel quite secure in my statements, which, if they are likely to be
true, will be “‘ absorbed,” and, if they are not, will be “ corrected,” myself
abused and the public disabused by the operation.

The subject of geographical distribution is, as I have said, best sued
in connection with the topography of the country. In this connection the
two principal drainages of the country, the Mississippi and its tributaries,
and the chain of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence, must be taken
into consideration. Valleys and water courses have attracted and furthered

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215

the propagation of animals, and assisted the development of the civiliza-
tion of man. In America we have evidence of the former existence of
human societies along the Ohio River, and to whatever branch of historical
studies we may betake ourselves, the topography of the country must
supply the foundations and become fixed in our minds. It is the scaffold-
ing upon which is displayed the picture of animated Nature. After the
physical features, the prevailing winds, the amount of rainfall, the average.
warmth must be observed. Early in my studies I became interested in
the migrations of the Lepidoptera in North America. A yearly zoological
wave sets in from the tropics and carries upon its crest numbers of light-
winged Moths, which eventually range up our entire coast, and are found
in Maine in the autumn. ‘The summer, that pulse of the year, the length
of whose recurring beat is at once the measure of the time elapsed since
the culmination of the last ice period, gives us a prevailing northward
direction for the winds that sweep the North American continent. They
offer aerial paths along which numbers of feathery winged moths are hur-
ried. They distinctly aid the dispersal of the Cotton Moth, for instance,
and on the coast of Georgia it comes earlier or later as the south wind has
blown fitfully or steadily. We have wind visitors on our shores during
the whole season, some of which become citizens for a time by breeding
intermittently within our territory. .
All natural barriers succeed to some extent in producing more or
less local variation in flora and fauna, and local variation ends, in connec-
tion with the climate, in producing distinct species. The species of moths
inhabiting islands, or confined between mountain chains, often show dis-
tinctive features in color, size and markings. From what I have seen I
think that Ziyatira Pudens,* found on Anticosti, has become grayer, the
pink spots less vivid than on the main land; the darkening by mixing of
color, noticeable in Polar species, has here taken place. Many other
instances occur to me in writing, but it is sufficient here to refer to local
variation as affording an interesting part of the study of Lepidoptera.
After a certain phase of variation has been attained it seems probable
that interbreeding stops, and that, were the original form introduced, it
would continue breeding side by side and without intermingling with the

* This variety is worthy of a distinct name, and in my second Check List of N.
Am. Noct. (MSS.) I have called it Avdicostiensts.. The moth is grayer, more hoary,
the pink color has faded. Mr. Wm. Couper has taken this form on the island,

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

local form, until finally succumbing to the same influences. A good deal
of what we are now warranted in assuming, is merely reasonable con-
jecture in default of experiment, but more and more facts are becoming
known, all tending to throw light on the origin of species, and in this
progress the study of Butterflies and Moths has proved of the greatest
assistance to naturalists and philosophers.

As a special illustration of the study of the probable origin of our
North American fauna I may attempt a brief discussion of the genera
of our Hawk Moths, and present some tables of the different categories.
We have seen that there are three proximate sources for our fauna. 1,
Descendants of an Arctic Tertiary fauna. This fauna was forced south-
ward and apart by the last Glacial Epoch, the species descending into
Central Asia, Southern Europe, and the American tropical and sub-
tropical region. This category includes species now identical in Europe
and America, and which have not been introduced by commerce in his-
torical times, while these latter form a distinct sub-category. 2, Descend-
ants of the North American Tertiary fauna, the members of which latter
occupied about the same limits that their descendants do to-day, probably
they ranged further to the North. 3, Descendants of an immigration from
the South. This stream is still of yearly occurrence. A colony, as we
have seen, has been planted in South Florida from the West Indies and
South America. Probably also, on the decline of the Ice Period, certain
species of South American origin settled permanently and became modi-
fied by their residence in the regained territory. This category includes
forms permanently domiciled and also such as visit us merely during the
summer and do not survive the winter. As belonging to the first category
in the Sphingidz we have the genus Hemaris, which in Europe‘has only
two species, but with us from 12 to 15. (The series Zenuis, Difinis,
Marginalis and Axillaris, ranging from Canada to Texas, have probably
the same origin as the European /uciformis. And we havea distinct
sub-genus, Haemorrhagia, which contains at least two distinct species,
Thysbe and Fuscicaudis. If we are to believe Mr. Hulst, Uniformis is a
dimorphic form of Zhyséde, differing, as I pointed out, by the evenness of
the inner edge of the terminal band of primaries. Now the typical series
of four species of Hemaris, above mentioned, differ from each other in
much the same way. In Zenuzs the band is narrowest, tapering to anal
angle, being evex inwardly and the usual red apical spot wanting, or at

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . Jie

best only the faintest indication. In D#finis the spot is distinct and the
inner edge is very slightly wzeven. In Marginadzs the inner edge is regu-
larly dentate on the interspaces. In Axi//aris the dentations are irregu-
lar, some very deep and long, while the red spot has become almost a
band, extending over the inferior interspaces. In Haemorrhagia the body
proportions are slightly modified and the band is all claret red. In Zhysbe
the inner edge of the band is dentate. In Umzformis it is even. I have
described and figured both sexes of Buffaloensis, a smaller form agreeing
with Uniformis by the evenness of the band, while the cell is so filled in
as to obscure the bar inferiorly. Now if Buffaloensis is only a starved or
small Uniformis, why do we not find starved or small Zhysde with the
band dentate? Similarly if Alorédensis is a stuffed or large Uniformis,
why is the shape of the band itself modified? Clearly we do not as yet
know everything about these insects. We must experiment and breed
them, without prejudice or desire to make more or less species than there
really are. Mr. Lintner has, I believe, described the larva of Buffaloensis.
We must not expect very great differences in the larvee of these forms,
but if they differ from each other and breed true, then they are good
species. Mr. Hulst says Ziysbe does not breed true, but occasionally
produces Uniformis, and this we must accordingly accept. But it is not
shown that Buffdloensis or Floridensis are so produced, or that Mr. Hulst
knows these forms. I would recommend him to read and study our
original papers and figures, which, of Buffaloensis, are very excellent, but,
if I recollect, right, the artist made a mistake in color in the abdomen of
Floridensis.) Our next genus to Hemaris falls into our third category.
The species of Aed/ofos are of South American origin. Our next Eastern
genus, Lefisesia, is probably of North American origin and falls into the
second category, but as to this I need further studies of the allied Euro-'
pean Prerogon Ginothere. But the following genera are decidedly North
American in their origin, Amphion, Thyreus and Deidamia, while Enyo
is again South American. The two Californian genera, Euproserpinus
and Arctonotus, are, the first allied to the European Macroglossum Stella-
-tarum, while the second is swz generis and decidedly American. There
remains, in this sub-family, the genus Cauéethia to examine. This is un-
doubtedly South or Central American in its origin. The moth Cautethia
Grote: is found in Florida and also in Cuba; thus it is a member of the
Florida colony of which I have spoken, while the two other species, /Voc-

218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tuiformis and Spuria, are found in Saint Domingo and Mexico respec-
tively Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer mistakenly identifies the Cuban species
Grotei of Mr. Edwards, with Walker’s Voctuzformis, and in my papers on
the Cuban Hawk Moths I followed him. In the second sub-family, the
Cherocampini, we have the genus Dezlephila decidedly belonging to our
first category. Here the position of Hemaris is reversed. We have but
two species of Dec/ephifa in America, representing the Ga/iz and Livor-
nica of Europe; while, in Europe, a number of species have descended
from the common Tertiary progenitor of both the American and European
forms. The remaining genera, except Averyx, are decidedly South
American in character. Our two more Northern common forms of Phz/-
ampelus have long been settled in our territory. Pachylia and Argens
are South American, even as to species, the latter being a summer bird of
passage. In the Smerinthini we have, as a whole, descendants from an
Arctic Tertiary fauna, but certain of the forms probably are strictly
belonging to our second category, such as Cressonia and Paonias. Smer-
inthus proper is only Californian, and Calasymbolus has probably an
Asiatic species, Kindermaniz, which I have never seen. TZ7riptogon is
decidedly a descendant of an Arctic Tertiary genus, which in Asia is
represented by many species. The fourth group of the Sphingide@ is not
represented in North America. <Acherontia is probably descended from
Tertiary Old World ancestors which equally probably never occurred in
North America. The fifth group, the SpAzmginz, is interesting from the
mixture of genera of different origin. While the Serznthini do not seem
to cross the Equator, in the New World at least, the Sphingine are widely
spread, so that their origin is an interesting study. The forms of purely
North American descent and belonging to our second category, are
Ceratomia, Dolba, Ellema and Exedrium, genera with single peculiar
species, if we except Z//ema, which, with its unspotted abdomen, contains
three doubtfully distinct species and is not unlikely derived from Hy/oicus.
I cannot believe we have to do with an aberrant Smerinthoid form, not-
withstanding what Prof. Fernald seems to think about it. The genus
Sphinx deserves careful study. It seems to me that the European Sphinx
ligustri is a true Sphinx, and in this regard our species depart a little
from the type and are numerous, while in Europe there is only one, the
European Convolvudi being, in my opinion, referable to Phlegethontius.
But this latter genus is decidedly South American in its character, and to

iris: rh nn ha ea FR Ma tthe PE RO A alicia

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219

‘

this category I would refer the remaining genera, Diludia, Amphonyx (a
Florida colonist) and Dilophonota, while Hyloicus belongs to the first
category. Daremma, with its three species, Undulosa, Catalpe and
Hagenii, may be rather strictly North American. Its nearest ally is the
tropical Syzygia Afficta (Cuba) and VFamphiltus (Surinam). The
rough, mixed gray, sometimes greenish, stout Sphzmgide belonging to the
genera Diludia, Syzygia and Daremma (as also Mlacrosila tetrio) are
South American and tropical in their general character. They approach
Phlegethontius in structure and ornamentation, and the series culminates
in the gigantic species belonging to Poey’s very distinct genus, Amphonyx.

When we study the Canadian fauna we see that the South American
forms tend to become rarer and drop out, whereas the forms of European
affinity and strictly North American in character, persist. The condition
of our present knowledge warrants the hope that we shall before long
attain complete information as to the range of our Hawk Moths, and, by
the aid of strict, unprejudiced studies of their structure, comparative with
the South American and European forms, arrive at nearly exact conclu-.

sions as to the origin and progress of this most interesting family of
Moths.

The conclusions, though entirely preliminary and tentative, which I
have reached, as above, concerning our Sphingide, and which in detail I
am willing to correct from further evidence, show us at least how deep-
reaching the study of the origin of our fauna is, and what vast questions
attend the subject of Geographical Distribution. It cannot be doubted
that the study of our fauna, pursued in this way, gains in importance.
The small links in the chain of eternal causation must be delicately
handled and much must remain a matter of opinion, but always of zzte//1-
gent opinion. Dogmatism is ridiculously out of place in all scientific
studies, and nowhere is it more absurdly useless than in dealing with But-
terflies and Moths, these frail structures which have hardly left an impres-
sion behind for all the zons they have flitted about this globe. Sipping

_the honey from the flower-cups, they have found their sudden grave most
often in the stomach of some insectivorous vertebrate, and this may in
one way account for the few fossils we find of them. But a variety of

_ causes contribute to this result, and the imperfection of the geological or

palaeontological record with regard to the Lepidoptera, entirely prevents
our making tables of descent, such as have been prepared for so many of

220 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the vertebrates by modern science. We are thrown for our surmises upon
the structure of existing forms, and this very alluring study I have
endeavored to give a sketch of in the present chapter. I repeat what I
have often said, that only by such views of the Lepidoptera, such higher
uses to which we may put our knowledge and observations, do we relieve
the study from the charge of triviality, a mere sorting and arranging of
objects which is pursued by some even to the elimination of zsthetic
amusement and pleasure, and degenerates into a mere storing up of speci-
mens rare and difficult to obtain, and panders to the strictly selfish pas-
sions of the human heart.

(To be Continued.)

NOTE ON AGROTIS HOSPITALIS.

BY A. R. GROTE.

Having recently, through the kindness of Mr. W. W. Hill, the well
known Lepidopterist, been able to carefully compare my type of hospitalis
with a series of Agrotis perconflua Gr., I believe we have to do with a
variety of this latter species differing by the black marked t. a. line, the-
black edging on costal region of t. p. line, the more suffused and deeper
color. The insects are structurally identical, and although variation in
these points is not usual (I have not met with it), yet the perfect corre-
spondences in other points carry the conviction that in hospztalis from
Lewis Co., N. Y., we have only a form of perconflua. These more
northern forms of the genus, viz., Aid/iana, conflua, perconfiua, and
rubifera, are related to our common New York species, 4, Phyllophora,
and the Californian 4. Rosaria, as well as to several European species of
the genus Agrotis.

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VOL. XVIIL. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1886. No. 12

ON A NEW LIBRARY PEST.*
BY DR. H. A. HAGEN. .

Everybody now-a-days has books, even if he never reads them. It
has become an acknowledged fashion—the more books the larger the
wisdom, the finer the culture. The climax is reached in France, where
you can buy as decoration for fine rooms large libraries, where all the
prominent classic authors are represented only by the handsomely lettered
backs of the volumes, stored in cabinets with glass doors. The key of
the cabinets is invariably mislaid ; in fact, the cabinets do not open at all.
But even where book-cases contain real volumes, it is interesting to observe
which authors are never taken out. In German private libraries, the
binding of Klopstok’s masterpiece, the Messiah, is almost invariably as
fresh as possible, and in England and here I have often seen Paradise
Lost in a very fine condition. As an instance of the contrary, when I
was a young man, an older prominent naturalist singled out a volume
from my library in a condition best to be described by book and binding
in tatters, and then exclaimed, “ That is just how I like to see books.” It
was on bugs, and my scientific digestive organs were at that time in excel-
lent condition. Later I was always interested in picking out books in
similar condition in libraries, in order to have an idea of the taste and
favorite studies of the patrons. I should state that the first prize could
be given to a copy of Pepy’s Memoirs, in the truest Billingsgate condi-
tion, greasy as candles. It was in a library intended for the culture of
the young.

Let that be as it is; but certainly no owner of books likes to have his
property destroyed except by himself. I had believed until recently that
the most obnoxious enemies of books were my special friends, the insects.
But I see now that I was decidedly wrong. A most interesting publica-
tion, ‘‘ The Enemies of Books,” by William Blades, in London, which

* Read before the Boston Thursday Club, January, 1886,

222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

has gone through three editions during the past five years, shows conclu-
sively that men are far greater enemies of books, at least in old England.
Mr. Blades describes everything injuring books—fire, water, gas, heat,
dust, neglect, and ignorance. Then come two short chapters on the book
worm and other vermin, followed by chapters on bookbinders and collec-
tors. The small volume contains facts which will be read with virtuous
astonishment and disgust. A rich shoemaker, John Bagford, one of the
founders of the Antiquarian Society, in the beginning of the last century,
went from library to library, tearing away title pages from rare books of
all sizes. These he sorted out according to nationalities and towns, and
so formed over a hundred folio volumes now preserved in the British
Museum. Others collect initials on vellum, all rich in gold and colors,
floral decorations ranging from the 12th to the 15th century, all nicely
mounted on stout cardboard. A Mr. Proeme collects only title pages, to
follow a senseless kind of classification. One of his volumes contains
coarse or quaint titles, showing how idiotic or conceited some authors
have been: ‘ Bowels Opened in Diverse Sermons,” ‘ Die and be
Damned,” and many others too coarse to be quoted. Certainly it is sure
that the poor bugs cannot compete with such rivals, except some more
enterprising ones, apparently bound west, and going straight through 80
folios of patristic works, making them look like a spy-glass, in a fashion
never dreamed of by Chrysostomus and his partners.

Nearly six years ago I was invited to make a communication about
library pests, at the meeting of the librarians in Boston. After a review
of the literature then at my command, I came to the conclusion that only
two insects were to be considered very dangerous and obnoxious in North
America, the Anobium and the White Ants. The Anobium is a small
beetle, which is also very destructive to old furniture and old picture-
frames. All who have the infirmity to indulge in the love for old furni-
ture, will have often observed with disgust small round openings in their
treasures, out of which a fine mealy dust falls in little heaps on the floor.
I observed myself such a case long ago, when I was a boy, but I confess
that the remembrance of this case is always accompanied by a strong
itching of my right ear. A lady cousin of mine who was a lover and
lucky owner of such old jewels, had decided to take care of them herself.
I had been naughty enough to write the date in these dust heaps with my

fingers. When IJ impudently ventured to show to her about a fortnight

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223

later the date I had written still undisturbed, the only acknowledgment of
my service came forth with admirable dexterity.

Use every man after his desert, and who should ’scape whipping ?
Nevertheless I gave up forever this kind of chronological record.

Three additions to my communication before the librarians have been
published, but they contain only isolated cases, certainly nothing of gen-
eral importance. Of course the insects mentioned had injured books, and
as everybody likes to have his own little pest, the new comers were chron-
icled with some emphasis. Nevertheless I have followed up the matter
carefully during these six years, and would be able to give a nice list of
names of more or less queer composition. Six years ago a part of the
publications on book pests was not to be found here. SBut in the mean-
time I have been able to get some of them, the most important ones
through the splendid custom of the public library of ordering books
wanted by scientists for their study.

‘There is, in fact, no end of obnoxious creatures. ‘ Misery acquaints
a man with strange bedfellows.” Perhaps the word obnoxious ‘is not
exactly in the right place, as probably those bedfellows may consider the
intruding stranger decidedly obnoxious. Nevertheless, as such philo-
sophical views would destroy every legitimate Museum’s business, we are
bound to our accustomed impoliteness towards all intruders.

One morning Mr. R. T. Jackson, assistant in Geology in the Museum,
asked my advice and help against a new pest in his department. The
stones and petrefacts were left untouched, but all the new labels, written
during the past year, were more or less injured, or nearly destroyed. Of
course this is a serious danger for a collection, as the specimens lose their
value if the locality or the scientific name is lost. A new form of labels
had been chosen last year printed on excellent card paper, The stones
are kept in small square open boxes, the label is folded in the middle ;
upon the lower half the stone is laid, to keep the label in place ; upon the
upturned half the locality and the name are written in order to afford an
easy view of the contents of the collection. Now, since last winter this
upper half has appeared to be scraped on both sides in such a manner
that the writing is injured and in some cases has disappeared. The lower
half of the label was similarly injured, so far as not covered by the stone ;
the under side of the lower half proved never to be injured, and was
apparently protected by the bottom of the box, to which it was pressed

224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

by the weight of the stone. The damage, is a considerable one, as the
whole collection is again to be provided with new labels. A careful
research led to the discovery of an insect belonging to the genus Lepisma,
which lived in the boxes and cabinets. The old labels of common writing
paper were never attacked, therefore it was to be presumed that the finish
of the new labels was the attraction to the insects. Indeed, Professor
C. L. Jackson found the new labels finished on both sides with starch, and
without doubt the starch covering attracted the Lepisma. I was rather
puzzled by this fact. It has been known for more than a century that the
greatest library pest, Anobium, does not like starch. Therefore it was
recommended to use in binding books only such paste as was made of
pure starch without meal, of course also with the addition of several drugs
of the most vicious odor ; and now a new customer proves to prefer starch
to othef things. It is, by the way, a queer but very common association
of ideas that substances with an unpleasant scent to man should also be
unpleasant to insects. But the virtuous hater of Rockfort or Limbourg
cheese would directly be disabused by discovering with a common hand
lens a lively carnival of bugs in those disgusting dainties.

The Lepisma destructive to the labels is a true American insect, de-
scribed by Professor Packard as Z. domestica. It belongs to a small
group of insects with the euphonious name Thysanoura, and there are
half a dozen species known in the United States. The principal one
found in Europe is the Z. saccharina, better known as the Small Blue
Silver-fish. This little insect is found in dark places or corners near pro-
visions, running very fast, and being so soft that it is crushed by the light-
est touch. In Europe it has always been considered, but without proof,
as imported from America. It has been known there for more than 200
years, but its existence cannot be traced before the discovery of America.
The whole body of.the insect is covered with very fine iridescent scales,
which have been used as a delicate test object for microscopes, and are
the cause of its vulgar name, Silver-fish.

The earliest notice of the small European species is in R. Hooke’s
Micrographia, a folio, London, 1665. It was printed at the expense of
the Royal Society, and is an account of innumerable things examined by
the microscope. The book is still respected for the accuracy of the
authors observations. Mr. Blades calls it most amazing for its equally
frequent blunders. I have reason to suppose that the absurd blundering

MN

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 225

is more on Mr. Blades’ side. R. Hooke calls it Book-worm, and states
that it corrodes and eats holes through the leaves and covers of books.
The figure ‘is for the time tolerably good and recognizable. On Mr.
Hooke’s authority, Lepisma was reported as obnoxious to books. As Mr.
Hooke has apparently mixed up the destructions done by Anobium with
those of Lepisma, of which in the following hundred years no damages
were observed, the whole observation was doubted, and Prof. Herman, in
Strasbourg, in his prize essay on library pests, declared (1774) that
Lepisma was erroneously recorded as obnoxious. This was the reason
that I did not mention Lepisma in my communication to the librarians,
the more so as in the past hundred years no new observations had again
been recorded. I did not mention other remarkable facts, as the Jehthio-
Bibliophage, a codfish which had swallowed three Puritanical treatises of
John Frith, the Protestant martyr. No wonder, after such a meal, the fish
was soon caught and became famous in the annals of literature. This is
the title of a little book issued upon the occasion: ‘“‘ Vox Piscis, or the
Book-fish, containing three treatises which were found in the belly of a
Codfish in Cambridge Market, one midsummer eve, 1626 ;’ great was the
consternation at Cambridge upon the publication of this work.

Nevertheless, just after the delivery of my communication, new proofs
of the depravity of Lepisma came forward.

‘*€ God made him, and therefore let him pass for a man,”

Prof. Westwood, of Oxford, showed to the Naturalists’ Association in
1879, a framed and glazed print of which the plain paper was eaten by
Lepisma, while the parts covered by the printing ink were untouched. I —
accept this as a sufficient proof of obnoxiousness, the more so as the
white paper is often the best part of a print. Prof. Westwood mentioned
that the same fact had been observed in India, where some of the Gov-
ernment records had been injured in the same manner.

Patrick Brown states in his Natural History of Jamaica, that Lepzsma

_saccharina is very common there, and extremely destructive to books and
all manner of woolen clothing. This notice had been reproduced by
Linneus, but was later considered as not reliable.

Mr. De Rossi writes in 1882 as follows: Lepisma saccharina likes
damp places and destroys in my house paper hangings from inwards
entirely. Muslin curtains were perforated and the living animals found
near fresh holes. Probably the curtains were starched, though it is not

226 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

stated. Also, insect boxes and the wings of butterflies have been damaged.

Prof. Liversidge, in Sidney, reports the same year Z. saccharina as
very common in New South Wales. It does not do so much harm. to
books, as it cannot well get in between the closely pressed leaves of a.
book, but it injures loose papers, maps and labels; the loose edges of
piles or bundles of letters suffer more than the central portion. Writing
paper, too, probably contains more attractive matter in the way of size.
The labels were written only 15 months ago, and some hundreds have
been rendered totally worthless. : ;

The same calamity is reported by Mr. H. Lucas, assistant in the
Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris. Z. saccharina destroys labels
of white paper, but the parts printed with oil and minium remain un-
touched. ‘The labels on starched paper were very much injured, but only
the white parts. When leaving for the country in 1862, he put in a drawer
various articles of clothing, all starched, collars, cuffs and bonnets, and
returning after six weeks, he found numerous holes, round or oval, in a
bonnet, and Lepisma near by. On the labels of Polyps, Madrepores and
others in the Museum, the writing was in a great part destroyed. Dr.
Aube, in Paris, says that the black part of the backs of bound books was
nearly destroyed, probably by Lepisma. |

Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Assistant of the Society of Nat. Hist. in Boston,
enclosed purposely living Lepisma with soft paper, part of a newspaper, in
a glass jar, and ascertained that the insects had eaten large holes in the
paper.

The well-known antiquary, Mr. Quaritch, in London, had complained,
1870, of the ravages done to books ; and Mr. Lewis, in London, after
careful examination, stated that by eating parts of the bindings the books
were caused to fall to pieces ; yet he considered it impossible for Lepisma
to bore holes in the books, which were probably made by Anobium. |
Prof. Packard, in his Guide, reports of silk and silken tapestry eaten by
Lepisma, which also devour the paste, making holes in the leaves of books.
Also, Mr. Horne, in London, alluded to the damages done to silk gar-
ments in India by Lepisma. The insect evidently attacks the silk on
account of the stiffening matter in it, but nevertheless makes holes in the —
fabric. Finally, Mr. Adkin showed a species of Lepisma which damaged
account books kept in the iron safe of an office in London.

After all these reliable facts, there is of course no doubt that Lepisma,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227

when left undisturbed, may become very obnoxious. The question, Why
has that not been observed long ago? may be answered by the well
known “I awoke one morning and found myself famous!” I think there
is a very simple explanation. ‘There are so many rogues who work in the
same way, that the swiftest one to disappear is often easily overlooked.
Many times I have been told by ladies that their silk dresses, always
black ones, had been destroyed by carpet bugs, and have always answered
that the carpet bugs only attack wool. Indeed, I confess that I have only
recently learned that these aristocratic desires belong to the Silver-fish.

If we tabulate all the facts, we find directly that all damages, except
those to paper and its combinations, have been inflicted on silks, clothing
and muslin curtains which were invariably starched or finished with some
stiffening size, making them more easily eaten or eroded. — Secondly, the
backs of books have been more or less seriously injured. But just here
paste had been used in quantity. The gold lettering of the backs is com-
monly done by putting the gold on paste and burning the hot brass letters _
into the back. I have been assured that in one case only the gold of the
lettering had disappeared. There is no wonder that silken and paper
tapestry has been eaten ; but it is to be hoped that the industry now com-
mon of making paper hangings solely of arsenic may induce Lepisma to
emigrate to more hospitable quarters.

That labels in collections have been destroyed, is observed here, in
France andin N. S. Wales. All those labels were starched. Prints have
been destroyed in England ; letters, when lying loose or in heaps, and
government records in England, in N. South Wales and in Boston. I
think many gentlemen present will find the most rascally instance of de-
struction is the making erasures in account books in the safe. :

After all these facts, there is no doubt that maps, engravings, collec-
tions of photographs, herbariums, even label catalogues, are in evident
danger. But if we look more closely at the injuries reported, we find
directly that all such papers, when pressed firmly together, were not
reached by Lepisma, and in this way a large number of accidents may be
_avoided. Engravings and maps, which would suffer if pressed too hard,
will be perfectly safe in simple pasteboard boxes, provided that they are
made to close perfectly, so that it is impossible for Lepisma to find an
entrance. Insect powder sprinkled in’ the nooks and corners where
Lepisma is often observed—in Cambridge, behind the kitchen stove or

‘

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

range—kills directly all reached by the powder, and I should recommend
the same for silk dresses or the closets and drawers in which they are
stored. Concerning valuable engravings, I would cover the backs of those
framed with common paper fastened on with a paste mixed with insect
powder or tincture. I consider, therefore, Lepisma as not dangerous
when proper care is taken to prevent the danger.

The most dangerous enemies to papers and books are the white ants,
the Termites, because they destroy everything and avoid the daylight,
when they work. As I had before this the pleasure of delivering a com-
munication on this subject, I will give only some additional facts which ©
have come to my knowledge during late years. The common white ants
of the United States are to be found everywhere, from Manitoba down to
the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In the moun-
tains in Colorado, Washington Terr. and Nevada, they ascend to 5000,
and even above 7000 feet. It is of course not possible to exterminate
them, but they must behave if they intend to live together with man.
Their depredations should not exceed certain limits allowed to them.
Everybody is accustomed not to forget for one moment the precautions
necessary to protect his property against destruction by fire, and if the
same precautions were taken and not for one moment forgotten, against
the destruction by white ants, I think all that men are able to do would —
have been done. Of course, very valuable property we are accustomed
to shield by fire-proof buildings, and similar caution will be necessary to
protect very valuable property, i. e., libraries, against white ants. Build-
ings should be stone or brick, and all stumps or roots of trees taken out
of the bottom of the cellars to a depth of six feet before the cellar floor
is carefully cemented. Outside the building should be surrounded by a
deep open area ; no flower beds, shrubs, ivy, as the necessary manure is
the greatest attraction for white ants.

Large cities are certainly in less danger, at least some parts of them. —
I am sure that all that is called Back-bay in Boston, will be free from —
white ants, if they are not brought in by nice parks and similar fineries.
The older parts of Boston are by no means free from the pest, but for
palpable reasons the owners of infected property do not like to speak of
such things. Their presence in the State House, in the so-called Dungeon, ~
was noted in the papers four years ago. As nothing has been done to P
prevent the pest from entering other parts of the building, it is very pro-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229

bable that they have spread further. The note in the newspapers about
the sudden break down of the wooden stand supporting the ensigns and
standards, looks very suspicious. Perhaps white ants may know more
about it. In the Dungeon only the taxation papers of the State were
stored, and the white ants, when I saw it, had arrived at the twentieth
year of this century. According to another notice in a newspaper (I can-
not say if it is true), the archives of the Board of Health have been placed —
in the Dungeon—as the notice stated—for preservation. As the State
House was built on a place that was formerly a beautiful garden, it is very
‘possible that stumps not taken out may be the cause of the presence of
the pest. To find out where the white ants came into the Dungeon, and
to follow their gangs outside the building, would be the first and most
important step to take. Indeed, two years ago a bill asking for a paltry
sum for this purpose was brought before the Legislature, but laid upon
the table. In a boarding house in France, infested by white ants, the
floor of the dining room suddenly came down two flights, together with
the table boarders. It is gratifying to learn that nobody was hurt, and as
it is stated, they lost only their appetites for one day. So we may hope
that if the Legislature should come down in a similar soft manner, they
may lose only their appetites for one day, and that this argumentum a
posteriori may be followed by an enlightenment about the pest. Indeed,
the State House is not the only place infested by white ants in those parts
of the city. A few months ago an old bachelor, in a house very near Mt.
Vernon Street, had to take out all the injured lumber supporting the-
walls and to replace it by new. When told by one relation that it was
rather dangerous, he answered that he felt very comfortable, as it was only
every ten years he had to meet this expense. In the neighborhood of the
State House, in small courts, are some sickly looking old trees, probably
dear old pets of the owners. They have decidedly the appearance of
knowing something about white ants. That may be as it is, but I believe
that no library here is more in danger than that in the State House, and I
am told that it contains very rare books, difficult or impossible to be re-
placed. The Athenzum, situated near the State House and on one side
bordering on an old churchyard, seems at first in'a rather dangerous situ-
ation. But the very substantial building, with high, and, I believe, vaulted
basements, makes danger to the library appear very improbable. Never-
‘theless, it would be reasonable to always have the pest in mind, and to

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

often make a revision of those parts of the library which are little or
rarely used. The Public Library does not seem in danger, but I know
the surroundings only imperfectly. , After all these gloomy predictions, I
may assert that nobody would be happier than I if they were forever un-
founded, and the librarian might say, What’s Hecuba to him, or he to
Hecuba! 5

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH
AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

BY AUG. R. GROTE, A. M.

(Concluded. )

The following tables contain a partial resumé of the species common
to Europe and North America, and also of what are technically known as
representative species. I have intended to include only species which I
have myself examined and which are with some certainty accurately com-
pared. But the term “representative” species is in itself perfectly elastic,
as I have elsewhere shown ; in the present case the species compared are |
believed to have had a common ancestor in the Tertiary. With regard to
the introduced species no historical data are accessible to me, and I doubt
if any exist ; it is a case for the operation of reasonable surmise. I think _
these tables are of preliminary interest and-value ; I first commenced to
publish similar observations in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences. In a comparison of European and American species
we are chiefly indebted to M. Guenet and Dr. Speyer.

FIRST CATEGORY OF ORIGIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

L. Species of Moths Common.to North America and Europe, probably
not Introduced by Commerce, and ehus Unchanged Descendants
of a Tertiary Fauna.

Europe. LV. America.

Euprepia caja (Zzu7.) Grote, Check List, p. 15.
Agrotis C-nigrum (Zzz7.) Guenet, Noct. 1., 328.
plecta (Zizn.) Guenee, Noct. I., 326.

fennica (Zausch,) Guenet, Noct. I., 270.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; 231

Agrotis conflua Z7ezts.

saucia [iibn.

ypsilon (Hufn.)
Eurois occulta Aiibn.

prasina (fadr.)
Mamestra trifolii (o¢t.)
Dipterygia pinastri (Zz77.)
Euplexia lucipara (Zzzn.)
Apamea nictitans (Bk/.)
Heliophila pallens (Zzzz.)
Pyrophila tragopogonis (Zizz.)
Xanthia togata (Zsper.)
Scoliopteryx libatrix (Zzz27.)
(?) Heliothis armiger Aubn.*
Anarta melanopa Zhunbd.

myrtilli (Zzz7.)

cordigera (Zhunb.)
Orgyia antiqua (Linz.)
Prionia lacertinaria (Zzzz.)
Ennomos alniaria (Lzzn.)

Metrocampa margaritata (Zznz.)

Boarmia crepuscularia (Zreits.)
Asopia costalis /aér.

Scoparia centuriella W. V.
Botis octomaculata (Z.)
Nomophila noctuella W. V.
Salebria fusca Haw.

Pyrrhia umbra Hufn.}

Grote, 6th Ann. Rep. Peab. Ac.
Sci., 29.

Agrotis inermis Harris.
Agrotis telifera Harris.
Grote, Can. Ent., vi., 13.
Guenee, Noct., IL, 5.
Speyer, St. Ent. Zeit., 137. :
Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., L, 218.
Gueneé, Noct. IL., 65.
Guenee, Noct. I., 126.
Guenee, Noct. I., 95.
Bethune, Can. Ent., II., 73.
Walker, C. B. M. Noct., 461.
Walker, C. B. M. Noct., torr.
Grote, in Proc. Ent. S. Phil.
Anarta nigrolunata Pack.

acadiensis Beth.

luteola G. & R.
Orgyia badia Hy. Hdw., Papilio, iii. 39.
Prionia bilineata Pack.
Ennomos magnaria Guen.
Metrocampa perlata Guen.
Boarmia occiduaria Guzen.
Grote, in U. S. Geol. Reports.
Grote, Check List, 52.
Botis glomeralis Wak.
Grote, Check List, 53.
Grote, in U. S. Geol. Survey.
Pyrrhia exprimens Wadk.

* Of this species I have described the large, pale greenish form, apparently not
found in Europe, as &. Umbrosus ; the dirty ochrey typical form is apparently common
to both hemispheres. But the species of He/zothzs may have been introduced by com-
merce, and I do not refer to them here any further on this account.

+ This species (= marginata Fabr.) is the same apparently on both continents, .
but some authors erroneously regard angzlata as a form of it. Now the varieties of a
species seem always to follow the type form, and as amzgz/ata does not occur in Europe,
it is not likely that it isa variety of «bra. I have figured both forms in the Buffalo
Bulletin, while Dr. Speyer has been at some pains to point out the differences between

232 THE CANADIAN ‘ENTOMOLOGIST.

LT. Species of Moths Common to Europe and North America, probably
Introduced by Commerce.

Lurope. N. America.
Trochilium apiforme (Z.) Grote, Check List, 11. i
Sesia tipuliformis (Z.) ffarris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 234.
asiliformis (/oZt.) Grote, Check List, 12.
Heliothis dipsaceus (Zz7n.)* Heliothis phlogophagus G. & R#.
var. maritima Gras/. var. luteitinctus Gr.
scutosus W. V. nuchalis Gr.
Plusia ni Hubn.} Plusia brassicz /2z/ey.
Asopia farinalis (Zzzm.) The Meal Moth.
Galeria melonella (Zzzn.) The Bee Moth.
Carpocapsa pomonella (Zizz.) The Codling Moth.
Tinea and Tineola. The Clothes and Carpet Moths (three
; species).
_ Dakruma convolutella Audn. Dakruma grossulariz Pack.

the two, although his material from America of avzgu/ata was incorrectly named for him
“‘exprimens.” Sarely Dr. Speyer must be good authority that in Europe no variety of
umbra corresponding to angulata exists! That another species of Pyrrhza exists in
America is proved by s¢z//a, which is perfectly and undoubtedly a distinct species from
any of the others, and handsomer in colors.

* T incline to believe in the possibility that the species of He/othis and Pyrrhia
umbra have been imported by commerce ; in this case the other two American species
of Pyrrhia may be held as descended from a common ancestor in the Tertiary. This is
at the best conjecture. But I am tolerably confident that our two species, amgulata and
sttlla, are perfectly valid and distinct.

+ This species is regarded as distinct and representative by some writers, but I can-
not agree with them; the lateral abdominal tufts are the remarkable specific feature
common to both forms ; the larva feeds on cabbage, and I think it has been brought
over like the Cabbage Butterfly. The Heliothians may have been brought with plants,
but I do not feel confident of this with regard to dipsaceus and armiger ; it is more
likely, perhaps, with regard to scztosus, the larva of which feeds in Europe on Artemisia
campestris. Probably specimens of the European Zeuszera Aesculé have occurred in
New York, brought by the importation of trees or in wood, but the species has not
spread. The Clear-wings above noted have probably been imported. There is a pur-
posed importation of European insects, with a view to acclimatization, going on, con-
ducted by collectors acting from unscientific motives. Prof. Fernald has given us a very
careful paper on 7zuea and 7zneola,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233

LIL. Species which have very close Allies, and which have accordingly
Undergone a Slight (Specific) Change since the Separation of the
European and North American Faune in the Tertiary.*

Europe. . North America.
Hemaris fuciformis (Z.) Hemaris diffinis Bozsd.
Deilephila galii (Z.) Deilephila chamzenerii Harris.
Habrosyne derasa (Z.) Habrosyne scripta Gosse.
Triaena Psi (Z.) Triaena occidentalis G. & R.
Jocheaera alni (Z.) Jocheaera funeralis G. & R.
Arsilonche albovenosa (G.) Arsilonche Henrici Grote.
Agrotis baja (W. V.) Agrotis Normaniana Grote.

augur (Faér.) haruspica Grote.

Copimamestra brassicz (Zzuu.) |Copimamestra occidenta Grote.
Dianthoecia cucubali (Bk/.) Dianthoecia bella Grote.
Hyppa rectilinea (Zs/.) Hyppa xylinoides Guen.
Helotropha fibrosa (4zbn.) Helotropha reniformis Grote.
Oncocnemis campicola (£z.) Oncocnemis pernotata Grote.

confusa (Z7.) Behrensii Grote.
Caradrina lepigone (JZoesch/.) Caradrina mirandaGvofe.
Pyrophila pyramidea (Zzmz.) Pyrophila pyramidoides Guen
Orthosia ferruginea (/s/.) Orthosia ferrugineoides Gwen.
Cosmia paleacea (Zsf.)+ Cosmia infumata Grote.
Lithophane lambda (Zs/.) Lithophane Thaxteri Grote.

ingrica G.t pexata Grote.
Lithomia solidaginis Aid. Lithomia germana JZorr.
Calocampa vetusta (A/ubn.)+ Calocampa nupera Lintn.
Calpe thalictri (Bkx.)+ Calpe canadensis Beth.
Rivula sericealis (.Scop.) Rivula propinqualis Guzen.
Cidaria populata (Zzn7.) Cidaria Packardata Zintn.
Triphosa dubitata (Zzz.) Triphosa indubitata Grote.
Glaucopteryx caesiata (Z.) Glaucopteryx inventaria Grote.

*/This category may be in so far almost indefinitely extended since I have shown
that a// grades of similarity exist, from undoubtedly different, but congeneric, to un-
doubtedly identical species. I have only included forms which run very close, about
some of which perhaps naturalists are not clear whether they are the same or different.
In the discussion of these it is to be regretted that much unscientific temper has been
displayed, but that is the fault of that amateurism which Dr. Packard so deprecates,

+ These are probably identical species.

234 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

SECOND CATEGORY OF ORIGIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

L. Species which are probably Descended from North American Ter-
tiary Ancestors, Occupying Comparatively the Same Territory.*

Thyreus Abbotii Swainson.
Deidamia inscripta Harris.
Cressonia juglandis Abbot & Smith.
Dolba Hylaeus Drury.

Phemonoe quinquecaudata Azdings.
Alypia octomaculata /aér., etc.
Hypoprepia fucosa Abner.
Leucarctia acraea Drury.
Packardia fusca Packard, etc.
Lacosoma chiridota Grote.
Hyparpax aurora Abbot & Smith.
Heterocampa Astarte Doubleday, etc.
Platysamia cecropia (Zzmu.), etc.
Prionoxystus Robiniz Peck. °
Leptina dormitans Gzen., etc.
Eutolype Rolandi Grote.
Copipanolis cubilis Grote.
Harrisimemna trisignata Wadk.
Arzama obliquata G. & &., etc.
Ufeus satyricus Grote, ete.
Marasmalus ventilator Grofe, etc.

THIRD CATEGORY OF ORIGIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

L. Species which have been long Domiciled and probably Originally of
South American Origin.+
Philampelus Pandorus Abner.
Citheronia regalis Haér.
Eacles imperialis Drury.
Cosmosoma omphale Abner.

* These are mere selections from a host of species which belong by descent to the
North American fauna Zev se.

+ This list is also extremely partial; at some time in the past there has probably
commenced a movement from South to North which resulted in the settlement of the
ancestors of these forms within the territory of North America,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235

Gnophaela vermiculata Grote.
Lycomorpha pholus Drury.
Ecpantheria Scribonia Sto//.

Empretia stimulea C7Zem.

Oiketicus Abbotii Grote.

Apatelodes torrefacta Abbot G& Smith.
Hyperchiria Io Faér.

Scolecocampa Liburna Geyer.
Remigia latipes Gyen., etc.

Panopoda carneicosta Guen., etc.
Homoptera edusa Drury, etc.

Lagoa opercularis Abbot & Smith, etc.
Carama cretata Grote.

Anticarsia gemmatalis Hibner.
Antiblemma canalis Grote.

Selenis monotropa Grote.
Homopyralis tactus Grote, etc.

LT. Species which are Partially Domiciled, not probably Continuously
Breeding in the Middle States and to the Northward, where
they are Winter-killed.

Enyo lugubris Zzzz.:
Aellopos Titan Cramer.
Dilophonota Ello Zzzz., etc.
Philampelus Linnei G. & R.
Anomis erosa Hxz67., etc.
Aletia argillacea Hud.
Euthisanotia timais Cramer.
Hyblaea puera Fadr.

(?) Hypocala Hillti Lintner.
Erebus odora Zum.

Plusia egena Guen.

LIL. Species which form part of the West Indian Colony in the
Florida Peninsula.

Spragueia pardalis Grote.
Cautethia Grotei Hy. Edwards.
Amphonyx Antaeus Drury.

bo
©
lop)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pachylia Ficus Zz.

Didasys Bele Grote.

Lymire Edwardsii Grote.
Eupseudosoma floridum Grote.
Euhalisidota longa Grote.
Byssodes obrussata Grote.
Urapteryx floridata Grote.
Mecoceras Peninsularia Grote.
Almodes rivularia Grote.

These last eight species are presumed to be distinct from closely allied
species inhabiting the West Indies. They have been colonized from thence
and in part have undergone some local modification which is presumed
to have progressed far enough to warrant a distinct title. It is in the
same case with the first category; there will probably be found all grades
of relationship in these Florida species, and we shall have to express as
best we may the amount of these differences in our nomenclature. A
sufficiently difficult task! And the “lumpers” will have to be fought
against until all the life histories are known and have been quietly com-
pared.

LIV. Species which are probably mere Summer Lirds of Passage from
the West Indies and South America, following the Gulf Stream
or Aided by Prevailing Winds.

Diludia Brontes Drury.
Argeus Labrusce Zzuz.
Thysania zenobia Cramer.
Noctua agrippina Cramer.
Brotis vulneraria Hiibner.
Sylectra Erycata Cramer.

These tables will rather show of what material our fauna is made up,
what its relationships are, than any attempt to classify with precision a
part of our genera and species according to their probable origin and
distribution. But very little has been yet published, so that full lists can-
not be compiled ; the foregoing are mainly drawn up from my own experi-
ence and work.

I believe that these conclusions as to the origin of our genera may be
properly criticized from a better knowledge of the facts, but I also believe

i ni et i 55 at eS i

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pera

that these general ideas as to the origin of our fauna will more and more

come to be'regarded as probably true, and that I have given them a proper
scientific basis.

As we go southward, the Canadian fauna gradually absorbs southern
elements in its character. Certain genera, which are plentifully repre-
sented in the West Indies, appear in single species ; as, for instance, the
brightly colored, clear spotted, arctic form, Zygaenide. Occasionally, at
least, Cosmosoma omphale occurs in New Jersey ; it is not rare in South
Carolina ; I have taken it, flying in the daytime, in Alabama. Again the
larger species of Ceratocampineg, such as Citheronia and Sphingicampa.
_ become more plentiful in individuals in the Middle and Southern States,
There is a change in the character of the Woctuide ; certain genera of the
Nonfasciate, such as Orthosia and allies, Lithophane, etc., gradually dis-
appear, and the genera of the /asciate, such as Homoptera, Pleonectyp-
tera, Poaphila, Remigia, Homopyralis, etc., become more plentiful.
Again, as we go westward, the Heliothians appear in more numerous
forms of genera and species, and, in Colorado and California, are quite
important components of the /Voctuzde. But, as a whole, we have a
fauna of moths homogenous in general character until, on the Atlantic
side, we strike the tropical colony in Florida, and, on the west, we meet
the Mexican fauna in Texas and the South-west Territories. Labradorian
and Arctic forms we meet again on the summits of the White Mountains
in the east, and on the Rocky Mountains and parallel ranges in the west.
The local lists which have appeared of late, and the compilation of which
is most laudable work for entomologists in all parts of the country, bear
out this general view. The replacement and change of species is a very
gradual one ; striking differences will be called out by the comparison of
localities separated by mountain ranges. If the student will bear in mind
the different elements which go to make up our fauna, and which are here
superficially discussed and indicated, he will arrive at some comprehen-
sion of the relationship which our fauna bears to that of Europe, Northern
Asia and South America, and, in time, its true distinguishing features can
be fully grasped. My own principal satisfaction, during late years, has
arisen from a slightly increased apprehension of the importance of the
problems of geographical distribution, and how they may have been influ-
enced and brought about. Ill this will come clearly to light when large
collections shall have been brought together from all principal points

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

within our territory, while the study of the West Indian, Mexican and
South American faunz is one to which the North American student of
our moths must sooner or later betake himself, if for no better reason than
that it is necessary for a better knowledge of his own particular fauna,
which stands in close relationship to these and takes no note of political
boundaries. Already I hear of one good student, Mr. Wm. Schaus, work-
ing away in Mexico!
Very instructive tables may be prepared of the different expression of
European and American genera of moths. We have, for instance, more
than double the number of species found in Europe of the genera Afate/a,
Oncocnemis, Catocala, etc. In fact, going parallel with our larger terri-
tory, all the principal genera of Moths represented on either side of the
Atlantic contain a larger number of American than of European forms ;
and this with but few exceptions, such as Hufethecia, where the American
species are probably but indifferently known. Certain genera, very largely
represented in Europe in the Moths just as in the Butterflies, are totally
wanting in America, as, for instance, Zygaena. I am speaking now of
peculiar genera which give a determinative expression to the faunz, leav-
ing out of sight the innumerable cases of nearly allied genera replacing
each other on the two hemispheres. The time for the institution of such
comparisons will not fully come until our Western faunz are well known.
So important an European genus as Hypofpta has only been recently dis-
covered in Arizona, and undoubtedly we have yet much to learn before
we really know what forms our territory harbors. Quite unexpectedly
Prof. Snow found in New Mexico a species, Hadisidota trigona Grote,
which has an exceedingly close ally in South America, figured by Dr.
Herrich-Schaeffer. But what was to me a most surprising fact was the
discovery, by Mr. W. W. Hill, of Albany, N. Y., of Hepzalus auratus
Grote in the North Woods. This species belongs to the genus or sub-
genus Plusiodes of Herrich-Schaeffer, and our species has a near ally in
Brazil as illustrated by this authority. That such a genus as Hepzalus
should be so widely distributed, considering its life history, structure and
habits, is a proof of the great age of this type of the Moths. Other Bom-
bycide might easily spread themselves, but the Ghost Moths would seem
by their weak structure, somewhat unwieldy flight and nocturnal habit, not
to be of this number. A. auratus has patches of dead gold scales prin-
cipally about the cell of primaries at base, while three bright, gilded, tri-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239

angular, superposed, brown-edged spots form part of the subterminal band
opposite the cell. The hind wings are pinkish fuscous ; both wings have
the short fringes shaded with orange. Almost all the Hepzaline are thinly
scaled, sub-transparent, and the peculiar fact that the secondaries are also
12-veined render them anomalous among Moths. I notice that the Rev.
Mr. Cramer records the fact that he captured some twenty specimens of
the “Graceful Ghost,” Aepialus gracilis Grote (the tautology of the
English name is better than its equivalence), sitting against the trunks of
trees in a cemetery (appropriate spot !) at St. Johns, New Brunswick. I
wonder he did not run away from them, with their ill-omened name, con-
ferred, I believe, from the ghostly appearance of the European Hepzalus
Humuli when flying, the male of this species being silvery white above
and brownish gray beneath, and, in its vacillating flight, exposing now the
white and then the dark surface, presents an uncanny appearance in the |
dusk of evening. A large species, Hepialus argenteomaculatus of Dr.
Harris, inhabits the Catskill Mountains, as also various localities in the
Eastern States. Dr. Harris originally in his Report describes this species,
which has dusky fuscous bands and is of a dull obscure tint, as compared
with a second larger silver-spotted species, having a salmon pink tinge
and figured by me in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Entomological
Society many years since under the name of Hepzalus quadriguttatus.
The silvery spots are smaller as compared with Dr. Harris’ species ; but,
strange to say, in Agassiz’ “ Lake Superior,” now a rare book, Harris
figures my larger species, which inhabits the Lake Superior Region and
Canada, as identical with his argenteomaculatus. I have also a suspicion
that my guadriguttatus has been re-named by Mr. Strecker, but I am not
certain of this synonym as I am of so many others which might have been
avoided by only a little more care as to what has been published. If
students would only study our own periodical literature covering the Jast
twenty years or so before putting pen to paper! I know of so many
instances where this obvious duty has been neglected. And then if they
would always have surely the right name of the species they discuss. I
have known a great deal of argument wasted on a wrong determination.

In concluding this somewhat discursive, but I hope not on this account
less readable paper, I cannot but pay my tribute to the CANADIAN ENTO-
MOLOGIsT and its contributors for important contributions to the develop-
ment of our knowledge. Speaking with the experience of more than a

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

quarter of a century of active scientific work behind me, I may be excused
if I acknowledge how much I myself, at any rate, have profited by this
regularly appearing publication, which, alone by its constancy, gives one
courage to persist. A host of facts have been painstakingly recorded in
its pages, year by year, and an article on our Insects written without a
knowledge of what the CanapIAN ENTOMOLOGIST contains, would be a
comparatively valueless contribution. The Canadian Entomologists them-
selves are a body of careful, if conservative, workers, filled with the pro-
per spirit of devotion to their pursuit, and, above all, courteous and kind
as correspondents. J am myself so much indebted to their many favors
that what little I have been able to accomplish takes much of its value
from their assistance ; while the impartial editorship of their journal has
led me to entrust my manuscripts freely for publication, thankful for the
opportunity of recording my modest discoveries upon its friendly page.

PRESENTATION.

It affords us much pleasure to announce that our esteemed friend and
valued contributor, Mr. Auc. R. Grore—now residing at Bremen in Ger-
many—has been presented by His Highness the Duke of Saxe Coburg-

Gotha (brother-in-law of Her Majesty the Queen), with the large Silver |

Medal, Princeps Musarum Sacerdos, for Art and Science. The award
was accompanied by a very friendly letter, alluding in warm terms to Mr.
Grote’s literary and scientific talents, and was entirely unexpected by its
recipient. We beg to offer Mr. Grote our hearty congratulations on this
pleasing recognition of his work and attainments.

DATES OF PUBLICATION.

The dates of the publication of the numbers of the current volume of
the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST from January to August, 1886, were given
at the end of the September number, page 180. The remaining numbers
were issued as follows :—

September number, November 25, 1886.
October " December 29, 11
‘November nn January 30, 1887.
December 1 February 19, 1

:
|
i

tN De cro VOLUME 2 VIL.

Allis, E. W., article by, 79.
Ashmead, W. H., articles by, 18, 57, 97.
Acarina, preliminary list of, 4.
' Agrotis hospitalis, note on, 220.
Annual report, 1885, 140.
» meeting, 1886, 140, 184.
Ant Lions, notes on, 76.

Anthracina, notes on N. A. genus of, 157.
Apatela lobeliz, preparatory stage of, 118.

Aphididz, monograph of, 57.
Arctia, notes on certain species of, 107.
Acmaedera pulchella, 29,
Acordulecera dersalis, 39.
Agraulis vanillz, 149.

Agriotes mancus, 176.

Agrotis perconflua, 220.
Alcidamea pilosifrons, 69.

Aletia xylina, 23.

Amphion nessus, 102,

Amphisa discopunctana, 0. sp., 31.
Andrena clypeata, 69,

n fragilis, 69.
Andronicus cylindricus, 69.
Anthomyia angustifrons, 22,

" calopteni, 22.
Anthophila viridis, 179.
Anysopteryx pometaria, 23.
Aphis maidis, 177.

Apheebantus corvinus, 86. P
u hirsutus, n. sp., 85.
1° &itus, 0. sp., 84,
mus, 85.
" pavidus, 0. sp., 87.
" . vittatus, n. sp., 86.
Aplomerus tibialis, n. sp., 120.
Arctia michabo, 108.
1 nevadensis, 109.
Argynnis cypris, 0. Sp., 62.

" diana, 14,

1 Semtranits, 0. Sp., OI.
Attacus promethea, 177.

Bates, J. E., articles by, 74, $0, $4.
Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., article by, 180.
Brodie, W., article by, 60.

Bunker, R., article by, 207.

Basket worm, new parasite of, 97.

Book notices, 100, 120.

Butterflies, miscellaneous notes on, 14.
" new speciesin U, S., 61.

Brotis vulneraria, note on, 136.

Batrisus bistriatus, 26.
Belostoma americanum, 80, 118.
Blissus leucopterus, 209.
Boletobius exoletus, 25.
Botys terrealis, 31,

_-venalis, 31.
Bruchus pisi, 184,

Caulfield, F. B., articles by, 40, 41, 196,
211.

Claypole, E. W., article by, 80.

Coquillett, D, W., articles by, 81, 157.

Curtis, G, T., article by, 160.

Calathus gregarius, fulminating property

ol, 74-
Canadian lepidoptera, additions to list of, 3.
Capsid, a new noxious, 208,
Carabidze, on ea emission from, 119,
100,
Catocala notes, 161.
Cecidomyia liriodendri, on, 159.
Celiptera bifasciata, 94.
Ceresa bubalus, notes on, 51.
Chalcid, a new parasite, 57, 97.
Chinch bug, occurrence of at Buffalo, 209. »
Chrysomela elegans, note on,.40.
Cicindela, protective coloration in, 46.
Ccelodasys mustellina, larva of, 92.
Ccenonympha galactinus, preparatory
stages of, 201.
Cold, effect of on larvee, 18.
Coleophora laricella, injurious to larch,
125.
Coleoptera in dead trunks of T, Ameri-
cana, 65.
" Nat. Hist. notes on, 26, 111.
" notes on, Galesburg, Ind., 93.
Colias controversy, 54, 80.
Correspondence, 57, 78, 119,140, 166, 179.
Cantacader Henshaw7z, 0. sp., 20.
Cassida unipunctata, 45.
Cataclysta folicalis, 31.
Catocala adoptiva, 161.
" amasia, Var. vives, N. Sp. 162,
" flebilis, 161.
" palzeogama, 161.
" relicta, 161, 180.
u retecta, 161.
" sappho, 161.
" tristis, 161.
" Walshii, 161.
Cecidomyia destructor, 176, 185.
" leguminicola, 176.
Ceophyllus monilis, 26.
Cercus pennatus, 27.
Ceresa bubalus, 21, 51.
Chariessa pilosa, 28.
Chernes laricifolize, 126,
Chimabacche haustellata, 31,
Chionobas bore, 15.
n jutta, 189.
" norna, 10.
" taygete, 15.
Cicada canicularis, 23.
Cicindela ancocisconensis, 178 |
n campestris, 46,

242

Cicindela cuprascrus, 48.

n germanica, 47.

» maritima, 46.

" macra, 47.

1 parryi, 48.

1 _-puritana, 48.

1 _repanda, 46.

» sexguttata, 46.

1 tortuosa, 47.

» tuberculata, 48.

» vulgaris, 46.

1 Wapleri, 48.
Clytanthus albofasciatus, 113.
Ccenonympha ampelos, 18, 204.
" californicus, 18, 201.
" galactinus, 18, 201.

u ochracea, 203, 205.
Colias philodice, 14, 21.
Conchylis straminoides, 31.
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 184.
Copidosoma truncatellum, 23.
Cotalpa lanigera, 177.
Crambus alboclavellus, 31.

" elegans, 31.

" sericinellus, 31

" topiarius, 31.

" vulgivagellus, 31.

" zeellus, 177.
Cratoparis lunatus, 68.
Cremastochilus caniculatus, 26.
Cressonia juglandis, 105.
Cryptobium bicolor, 25.
Cryptolechia tentoriferella, 31.
Cucujus clavipes, 27, 66.
Cyrtophorus verrucosus, 23.

7

Dates of publication, 180, 220, 240,
Dicerea divaricata, note on, 196,

Daremma undulosa, 102.
Dendroides canadensis, 27.
Diabrotica longicornis, 177.
Dicerca divaricata, 196.

» obscura, 78.
Dilophonta ello, 103, 179.
Dinocarsis thyridopterygis, 0. Sp., 97+
Dolba hylzeus, 103.
Dolesus abdominalis, 38.

n _ apicalis, 38.

» _ collaris, 38.
Doryphora 1o-lineata, 184.
Dytiscus marginalis, 80.

Edwards, W. H., articles by, 14, 61, 88,

134, 141, 201.
Eliot, Ida M., article by, 124.

Editorial, 181.
Elaphidion parallelum, 12.

INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII.

Electricity killing larvee, 17.

Embia minuta, 126.

Entomological Club, A. A. A. S., 175.
'" notes, 1886, 137.

Eccopsis concinnana, 31.

Footiana, 31.

» inornatana, 31.

" permundana, 31.
Elasmocerus terminatus, 28.
Elater linteus, 28.

u_-militaris, 27.
Elaphidion parallelum, 12,

" villosum, 13.
Eleusis fasciatus, 27.

pallidus, 27.
Ephestia interpunctella, 31.
Epicerus imbricator, 177.
Epigraphia eruditella, 31. °
Erebus odora, 79, 180.
Eucessia rubens, n. sp., 82.
Everyx versicolor, 104.

Fernald, Mrs. C. H., article by, 50.

Fischer, Ph., articles by, 73, 78, 79.

French, G. H., articles by, 49, 92, 105,
118, 161.

Fyles, Rev. T. W., article by, 38.

Fenesica tarquinius, notes on, 191, 193.
preparatory stages of,
141, :

" "W

Falagria dissecta, 24.

Geddes, G., article by, 204.

Goodhue, C. F., article by, 58.

Grote, A. R., articles by, 95, 98, 99, 100,
107, 121, 126, 162, 189, 197,
200, 206, 213, 220, 230.

' Guignard, J, A., article by, 68.

Geographical distribution of N. A. Lepi- .
doptera, 162, 197, 213, 230. |

Geometridz, three new species of, 74.

Gteasy Coleoptera, quick mode of clean- :
ing, 115.

Gelechia roseosuffusella, 31. :

Geotrupes Blackburnii, 189. |

4

Hagen, Dr. H. A., articles by, 1, 125, 126,
153, 159, 174, 178, 180, 221.

Haley, Geo., article by, 193.

Hamilton, Dr. John, articles by, 26, 111,

140.
Hanham, A. W., article by, 137.
Harrington, ye H., articles by, 30, 32,

3°, 45-
Haussen, J. F., article by, 79.
Henshaw, S. H.., article by, 80,

INDEX TO VOLUWE XVIII.

Holland, Rev. W. J., article by, ror.
Horn, Dr. Geo., article by, 119.
Hulst, Rev. G. D., article by, 136.

Harrisimemna sexguttata, notes on, 58.

Hemiptera, Heteroptera, two new, 18.
SATO n South Lousiana, 116.

Hermileuca maia, 60.

Hymenoptera, notes on, Ottawa, 68.

Heemaris tenuis, 101.

u thysbe, 102.
Harpalus caliginosus, 160.

n _ viduus, IIT.
Hessian fly, 185.
Homalota festinans, 24.
Homophysa albolineata, 31,
Hylotoma dulciaria, 189.

n McCleayi, 38.
Hyphantria textor, 23.

Jack, J. G., articles by, 21, 51.

Library pest, a new, 221.

Lichenstein, monograph of Aphidide, 57.
Lepidoptera, diurnal, notes on, 204,
Lepidopterous larva, notes on, 124.
Lomatina, monograph of N, A,, 81.

Lachnosterna fusca, 21.
Largus succinctus, I17.
Lasius alienus, 177.
n integerrimus, 26,
Lepisma, 180.
1 domestica, 224.
1 « saccharina, 225.
Leptochilus modestus, 84.
" transitus, 83.
Libythea Bachmani, 163.
Lophoderus politana, 31.
Lophyrus albietis, 39.
Lygus invitus, 204.
1 monachus, 0. sp., 208.

Moffatt, J. A., articles by, 31, 76, 179.
Monell, J. T., article by, 57.

Moth, a rare, 180.
1 description of rare, 72.
Muller, Dr., note on his work on S. Am,
larve of Nymphalidz, 200.

Magdalis Lecontei, 115.
Mallota posticata, 189.
Mancia nana, n. sp., 159.
Mantis carolina, 57.
Melanotus communis, 176.

" cribulosus, 176.
. Melitzea Wrightii, 64.
Meromyza americanum, 176,

243

Metapodius femoratus, 117.
" granulosus, 116.
Myrmis, 177.

Neuroptera, highest elevation for in U. S.,
178

7.
Notes on insects of 1885, 21.

Nematus Erichsonii, 22, 39.

1 _-ventricosus, 38, 177.
Nemognatha nemorensis, 29.
Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 28.

Osborne, H., article by, 4.

Obituary, 119.

Oily specimens, cleaning, 78.

Operations of a prehistoric beetle, 194.
Oryssus Sayi, notes on, 30,

Orthoptera, list of, taken at Montréal, 211.

Oecanthus fasciatus, 79.

" niveus, 79.
Oenectra xanthroides, 31.
Oeneis bore, 12.

Oligotoma Westwoodi, 126,
Olophrum obtectum, 25,
Oncodocera leucoprocta, 87.

" valida, 81,

Oryssus Sayi, 30.

Peabody, S. H., article by, 120.

Provancher, L., article by, 120.

Pairing butterflies in captivity, 17.
Presentation, 240,

Papilio turnus, notes on, 50.
Phymatodes variabilis, 12.
Physonota unipunctata, 41.
Phytoptoceridium, a new, from N, A., 174.
Plagiomimicus Richii, on, 99.
Prionoxystus Robiniz, note on, 98,
Protective coloration, 46,

Ptinidze, on previous stages of, 153.
Pyrameis cardui, notes on, 50.

Peederus littorarius, 25.
Pzedisca Scudderiana, 31.

» transmissiana, 31.
Pandennis lamprosana, 31.
Papilio ajax, 15, 140.

1. cresphontes, 16, 80.

1 palamedes, I5.

'" troilus, 15.

" turnus, 139.
Parapomyx plenilinealis, 31.
Pemphigus fraxinifolii, 194.
Penthina hebesana, 31.
Phasiane cinereata, n. sp., 75.

" neptata, 75.

244 INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII,

el ee A ee

Philonthus apicalis, 25.

" baltimorensis, 24.

" brunneus, 24.

1 microphthalmus, 24.
Phlzeosinus dentatus, 196.
Phoxopteris nubeculana, 31.
Phyciodes myrina, 17.

" nycteis, I7.

" tharos, 17.
Phymatodes amcenus, 28.
Physonota helianthi, 42.

" quinquepunctata, 41.

" unipunctata, 41, 117.
Pieris rapze, 21, 184.
Platysoma tibialis, 170.
Podagrion mantis, 57.

" religiosus, 58.
Peecilostoma albosectus, 39.
Polenta Tepperi, 99.

Prionus imbricornis, I12.
Pteromalus puparum, 21.
Pyrameis cardui, 21.

Quedius fulgidus, 111.
_—«-peregrinus, IIT.
n vernix, 24,

Reed, E. B., articles by, 175, 183.
Riley, C. V., article by, 191.

Retarded development, on, 80.
Rubber stoppers, experiment with in Camn-
bridge Museum, !.

Rheumaptera brunneomaculata, 0. Sp.) 74

Saunders, Wm., resignation of Editorship
by, 181.

" 1 annual address of, 184.
Scudder, S. H., article by, 194.
Smith, J. B., article by, 60.
Soule, Caroline G., article by, 121.
Stretch, R. H., article by, 54.
Strumberg, C. W., article by, 93.

Satyrus charon, preparatory stages of, 88.
Sawfly larva, notes on, 38.
Scenopinus, on probable food of larva of,

' 73:

Seridonta bilineata, note on, 49.
Shaw, W. D., obituary notice of, 119.
Smerinthus myops, notes on larva of, 207.
Sphingide, list of North American, 126,

" notes on U. S., Iol.

" " Western, 189.

" Prof, Fernald’s pamphlet on

NE. ben.

Staphylinidz, notes on, 24.

Staten Island Noctuide, 95.

Saperda calcarata, 23.
Satyrus alope, 17.
Scenopinus fenestralis, 73.

" pallipes, 73-

" senilis, 73-
Scolytus rugulosus, 196.
Scoparia libella, 31.
Schcenobius longirostrellus, 31.
Schyzoneura tessellata, 193.
Selandria barda, 40.

" cerasi, 23.

" rubi, 38.

Semasia formosana, 31.
Semothisa sexpunctata, 0. Sp-, 75»
Sericoris agilana, 31.
Smerinthus geminatus, 206.
Smycronyx griseus, II4.

" tychoides, 114.
Solenopsis fugax, 70.
Sphecelodes floridensts, 0. Sp., 137+
Sphenophorus parvulus, 177.
Sphinx Vancouverensis, 103.
Spilosoma fuliginosa, 178.

" rubricosa, 178.
Steganoptycha nubiculana, 31.
Stenocephalus Mexicanus, 19.
Sylectra erycata, 96.

Systema blanda, 177.

Taylor, G. W., article by, 34.
Townsend, C. H. T., articles by, 24, 46,
65, 79, 116, 160.

Tenthredo delta, note on, 32.

Tenthredinidz, notes on, 38.

Tetracis trianguliferata, preparatory stages
of, 105.

Tenebroides corticalis, 28.

Termites, 228.

Thysiodopteryx ephemerzeformis, 97.

Tremex columba, 23.

Trephleps insidiosus, 176.

Triptogon occidentalis, 105.

Tylenchus millefolii, 175.

Underwood, L. M., article by, 4.
Uhler, P. R., article by, 208.

Van Duzee, E. P., article by, 209.

Vancouver Island, Entomology, 34.
Willow, a food-plant of P. turnus, 139

Xyphydria albicornis, note on, 45.

Xantholinus cephalus, 25.
Xanthonia villosula, 29.

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