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LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
LOANED BY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

THE CANADIAN

Or nOGIs T.

yO Mai ex 2018.

EDITED BY THE

Reo. €. I. S. Rethune, W.3., D.C. H.,

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO,

ASSISTED BY

J. Fleteher, Ottawa; J. M. Denton and W. E.
Saunders, London.

London, Ont.:
LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO,

1890.

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME.

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By, NA Tr EICAUN Cou. Mniamiereas oven TaAGan. Ne Vi:

BRAN PEONUAS) Hietcics A oseeeethee. ss LaGGAaNn, ALBERTA.
BETHUNE, “REV. C.J: Ss. (Editor)...2or®, Hope, Ont.

BUREN MUIGGE RR. WM. vscsacbes cist New YorK.

JELESIUN Ce) he 8 De eee nr a Brockport, N. Y.

CAUL BIEL DEE: B. Mabame na ono atcaliise eas MONTREAL.

CLARKSON, FREDERICK............ New York.

CO CIE oe Oe Awe sco sk cece ces Lonpon, ENGLAND.

COOMA PRO! VAR aitiens ceca dean dase ssc AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH.
ASIN ere Wier Flos ses ot ere Sora isiacice coe Wacrorr, B. GC,
TINGE, WAP Ge Lines Sc canacenecete sees «20 Catcutta, INDIA.

ENGR ONG Sc Was casecenn aiaeteeas es an ecen WELLESLEY, Mass.

EAM eee Gyo. d Pe Cnet cutee sv saad eEINEBECK, .N. a¥s
EVENS e Wier EE 3 ances pose ectee cece COALBURGH, WEST VA.
ELWES, H. J... Feidedese ssn RESTON, LUNGLAND,
FERNALD, PROF. C. a «. eeeeee AMHERST, Mass.

CIE Te OE INS AMES 2522 ae arrests cine: S26 Ottawa, ONT.

BRE NG Hr ROE. (Gs Hi x. .5..c2..08.0c CARBONDALE, IDL.
BGS ROR Nae. Woaopcceesencesees 1occ< SOULE) QUEBEC,
Reser VIAN sollte ooo de eet ae wm astoctss oe ER ING TON: OY,
SAGE Be HOP. oo At cee aeiae yeasts oe MES: (LOWA,

(GEC 74D Eves 2 eel CoG eee cei eanee a 2 ae BREMEN, GERMANY.
EOS ve PON DR. JOIN ccc... +08 ALLEGHENY, Pa.

a es eelN GOIN Wi ET ta Sce cows ses one OTTAWA, ONT.

Ia EIN Elie Is ote aa ces we dis acct MOonrtTrREAL.
MOFFAT, J. A.. Cee Manone... LONDON: ONT.
MURTFELDT, MISS M. E Pence one St. Louis, Mo.
OsbOkR Ne PROV. HERBERT. .......¢: Ames, Iowa.

Reb ED). bye ACY NiLSIes, 2. oscs0e4 08 Shae LONDON, ONT.

EP ORG co IN eat dec oc aeicpebamslas 0 0bak CURRYVILLE, Mo.
SC NO Ra Se ELE caw acsccceseaimsice aon vi CAMBRIDGE, Mass.
Soe Wistteees OES Ot ish 27. scasesesss+2 NEW (DRUNSWICK, N. J.
“BAS 8 B LOIS BYES Gh 0 Ba ea BuFFa.o, N. Y.
UG KO EVAIM) olde el = kote. terctkescnsss «se OWA Crry, Lowa.
BS PINDIN e AcotiHives await gat 2 ccc it Manno ce'aeaaks MONTREAL.

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-larve ; and our chestnuts as

he wanatliay Fontomologist

VOL; . XXIL LONDON, JANUARY, 1890. No. 1.

BALANINUS—ITS FOOD HABITS.
BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, ‘PA.

All the described species of Ba/aninus inhabiting America north of
Mexico when larve live in the fruit (nuts and acorns) of the various
species of Quercus, Castanea, Corylus and perhaps Fagus of the order
Cupulifere, and Carya of the Juglandacee. Acorns, somewhat largely
used in this country in the arts and in the manufacture of certain dietetics,
are mostly imported, the
native production being rend-
ered almost worthless by these

soon as collected must be
kiln-dried orotherwise treated,
which renders them greatly
inferior to those of foreign
countries. Lalaninus has not
yet received any attention
from an economic standpoint,

“but from the above would Fic, 1.

seem deserving of some consideration in that direction. The systematic
separation of the species has only been effected recently and definite

characters furnished for their recognition. Say probably had all the now

described species before him, and excluding prodoscoideus, included them
in his rectus and’ nasicus. The failure of Say, one of the clearest of
describers, to make his species recognizable by description, is suggestive
of the absence of points of saliency, and has been the source of much
confusion in our literature, some of which is evidenced in the earlier
volumes of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Notre.—Figure 1, drawn by Miss Ormerod, represents a European species,
Balaninus nucum Linn., which feeds upon filberts. It conveys a good idea of the
characteristic forms of the genus.

bo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

—wy

The separation of Ba/aninus into species with valid characters was
effected by Dr. Geo. H. Horn in a monograph of the genus in 1873
(Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Phil., xili., 457, et. seq.). The species assigned to
Say’s names were determined by the descriptions of Gyllenhal from types
sent him by Say, and the assignment has not been questioned —Reguiat.
To the old species, caryatrypes, rectus, nasicus and uniformis (Lec., 1857),
were added carye and guercus; and in 1885, Mr. F. Blanchard (Bul.
Brook. Ent. Soc., vii., 107,) described obtusus. The systematic part of
the work has been well done, yet the accurate separation of a mixed
collection requires much care and considerable practice, and cannot be
effected by mere inspection. To determine whether each species has a
preference for some particular species of acorn or nut, or whether there is
an absence of choice, I instituted some experiments in rearing them, the
results of which I ‘propose to give, without, however, claiming them as
finalities. In the year 1888, larve from hazelnuts (Corylus Americana
and C. rostrata) collected here by myself; from chestnuts ( Castanea
vesca) purchased in the market, collected in many places in the surround-
ing country ; and from acorns of white oak ( Quercus alba), chestnut oak
(Q. monticola), black oak ( Q. tinctoria), red oak (Q. rubra). scarlet oak
(Q. coccinea) and Q. imbricaria, all collected in the same woods, were
placed in separate breeding jars, which were kept in my office till the
present time, the winter temperature not falling below 40°, nor that of
summer exceeding 65°. This was evidently an unnatural condition, and
in part accounts for the irregular developement of the most of the species,
and the not inconsiderable number of larvee that go over till the next year.

B. proboscoideus Fab. (caryatrypes Bohm.).—This species was bred
only from chestnuts. The first example appeared June 25 and the last
July 12—a period corresponding with the blooming of the chestnut here.
At the tire of blossoming the chestnuts are fully formed, and larger than
might be supposed. The envelope or burr is over three-fourths of an inch
in height, soft, and covered with distant tubercles from which the prickles
afterwards develope. The 2 proboscoideus at this time deposits her eggs
and dies, her life being limited to a week or two at the most—none being
found after the bloom has fallen. About eighty examples were reared, the
sexes being numerically equal. They were uniform in size and color, and
beautifully variegated with fuscous lines and spots interspersed among the
dense clothing of ochreous scales on the thorax and elytra. I have, how-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3

ever, seen in collections examples entirely ochreous. The @ beak varies
in length from one and one-quarter to about twice that of the body. ‘The
character distinguishing it from all the other species is that the first joint
of the funicle of the antenna is shorter than the second.

B. rectus Say.—This, like the preceding, was bred from chestnuts
only. The first example appeared June 28, and others followed very
sparingly, and till date (Oct. rst) ninety-five examples have been taken.
Pupz in various stages and many larve are yet in the earth, and will no
doubt go over till next year. The conditions in breeding are evidently
unnatural, but why prodoscoideus was not influenced equally (being in the
same vessel) seems strange. In nature the beetles would certainly have
been on hand for the chestnuts when in bloom, at which time they are
taken by beating the blossoms. Though only raised by me from chestnuts,
this species may breed here in acorns, as I tooka 2 May r5th with
nasicus by beating. Dr. Levette, of Indiana, once sent me a set raised
by him from Arizona acorns, the beetles appearing in December of the
year in which the acorns grew, which in no way differ from those bred
from chestnuts. The individuals vary greatly in size (4 to 7 mm.) and in
colour. The general colour of the scales and hair is light brown above,
paler below; the thorax has a dark brown discal stripe, limited at the
sides and divided longitudinally by a pale yellow line, the elytra being
interspersed in various ways with markings of the same colour. I have
never seen one entirely unicolorous. The beak of the @ is very long
and slender, equalling or even exceeding that of the preceding species in
proportion to the size ; this and the form of the thorax, which is long and
conical, will distinguish the 9 from all others. The jf has a shorter
thorax, but it is still narrowed anteriorly ; this, with small femoral tooth,
oval elytra rapidly narrowed from base, and a yellowish or brownish spot
of condensed scales on each side of the central line of the metasternum
(occasionally obsolete), will, with practice, distinguish it.

B. quercus Horn.—This species was bred from all the species of
acorns mentioned except the annuals (white and chestnut oak). The first
example appeared June roth, and till August rst about one hundred and
sixty were observed ; scattering ones have since occurred from time to
time, and now the earth contains a few pup and larve, but not so many
as in the case of rectus. This species seems to have no preference for
any of the kinds of acorns mentioned, being reared from each in about

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

equal numbers, Whether development was retarded or deranged by
indoor raising is uncertain, as I never took even a single specimen by
beating, though evidently excessively abundant. The individuals vary
from 5 to 9.5 mm. in length. The general color of all bred was ochreous
brown, nearly uniform on the thorax and variously interspersed on the
elytra with small yellowish spots. 'My specimens from New Jersey and
Florida are entirely cinereous, mottled on the elytra with darker spots, and
look as if belonging to a different species. The f of this species is dis-
tinguished from that of all the others by a very unique and striking
character, viz., the pygidium deeply concave, with the cavity smooth and
surrounded by an acute rim, fimbriated with long silken hairs. The beak
of the 2 does not equal in length that of either of the two preceding
species, but is, in most cases, as long at least as the body ; the posterior
margin of the hind femoral tooth is oblique ; the pygidium is very pilose
and fimbriate, and the scape of the antenne is short—about equal to the
first two joints of the funicle (sometimes shorter and sometimes longer,
the relative length of these parts not being a constant). The careful
observance of these characters will readily separate it from any of its
allies.

B. nasicus Say.—This species was bred abundantly from the acorns
of the white and chestnut oaks, and six examples from those of the scarlet.
The first example appeared June rst, and one or two daily till July 6th,
between which and the 16th about one hundred and fifty were observed,
and scattering ones till the present writing (Oct. 1st). Some larve and
pupee are still in the earth. In nature, this species is taken here by
beating from about tne toth of May till the last week in July in great’
abundance, and individuals occur till near October. The prevailing
colour of the vestiture above is ochreous, variegated on the thorax and
elytra more or less with brownish markings, many examples, however, are
nearly uniform in colour, varying from pale ochreous to dark brown, and
I have a specimen from Florida that might be called cinereous. The beak
of the is: about the length of the body in the majority of individuals,
and in the remainder either longer or shorter in about equal numbers.
The species may be distinguished at a glance from all others except carya
by the larger posterior femoral tooth, the hind border of which meets the
femur at a right angle, with no tendency to become sinuate or obtuse.

L. carye Horn.—This species has not been taken here, and was not

pail

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST: 5

bred, as I could not obtain last year any hickory nuts containing larve,
but as more success was had this season I hope hereafter to make known
whether cary@ wilibe developed. It is somewhat difficult to find infested
hickory nuts, as comparatively few are attacked. The Carya glabra
seems to be preferred, next the C. a/baand C. amara, while C. tomentosa
and maxima are nearly exempted. From one to eight larvee will inhabit
a single nut, their size not being affected by the number. Many of them
never attempt to gnaw out of their bony habitation, but when full fed
shrivel up and die. In size they equal the larvee of proboscoideus. Some
of the nuts are also depredated on by a lepidopterous larva, apparently
the same as one of the four species I find in acorns. ‘This is not an
inquiline, but feeds on the kernel either with the Balaninus, or by itself,
there being seemingly no place of entrance. ‘Two other species inhabit
the thick hulls of ¢omentosa and alba which I hope to rear. ‘This species
averages larger than zasécus, which it much resembles, but differs by the
larger femoral teeth ; the tibiz more strongly mucronate at tip, and the
narrow hair like (not oval) scales below. The 2 beak is rather longer ;
the last ventral more deeply impressed, and the antennal scape about
equals four joints of the funicle. My specimens were bred by Dr. Levette,
of Indiana, from C. o/iveformis, Pecans.

B. uniformis Lec.—This species was bred from the acorns of all the
biennials in about equal numbers, and three examples from those of the
chestnut oak; forty-two specimens were taken in all—not nearly so
numerous as guercus with which it was reared. ‘The first example was
seen June 21st, and none after August 1st. The individuals were very
uniform in size (5.5 to 6.5 mm. in length) and color, being all clothed
with cinereous pubescence of a scaly nature, and the elytral intervals
variegated with darker spots. My specimens from Texas and New York
are exactly similar. This is not the typical color. The species was
described from examples taken at Sacramento, California, and at Steila-
coom, Washington, which were “concolorous” and ‘“‘ densely fulvo-
pubescent,” but colour is of no value in the species of this genus. The
nostrum of all the females seen was shorter than the body; the antennal
scape short, about as long as the first two joints of the funicle. The
femoral tooth in both sexes is comparatively small, with the posterior edge
deeply sinuous. This and the foregoing ? characters will help to dis-
tinguish this species, but in case of doubt, reference in this, as in all other

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species, should be made to the two papers mentioned for more minute
characters.

B. obtusus Blanch.—This species was bred from hazelnuts alone. The
first example was seen June 25th, and the last July 20th. From about
one-third pint of nuts 24 specimens were obtained, the size and colour
of which were nearly uniform. Compared with wziformis, this species is
of a more robust facies ; the claw appendices are broader ; the beak of
both g and 2 is much thicker and black altogether, or at least to the
insertion of the antennz, the base being in both sexes punctured,
and in the # more or less striated. The scape of the’ antenna of the @
is equal in length to that of three of the succeeding joints of the funicle
combined ; the femoral tooth is stronger than in wziformis, with the
posterior edge oblique and less sinuate ; the last ventral of the 2 is rounded
at tip and strongly pubescent ; not at all impressed as in the preceding.
The differences are somewhat comparative, but in the absence of more
salient points, this is about all that can be done by description. This
species in nature seems to be short lived, as I have never obtained it by
beating previous to June 2oth, nor after July r5th; till about this time
the shell of the nut is soft and easily pierced ; the puncture for the egg is
made directly through the involucre and shell into the kernel near its
base.

There is a nondescript form of Balaninus which I did not raise, of
which about thirty examples were taken in June with was/cus in beating
oak by Mr. Klages in Westmoreland County, and about a dozen others
were received from Mr. S. Auxer, of Lancaster, Pa. It seems to be allied
to obtusus, uniformis and nasicus, but cannot well be assigned to either.
The form, density of vestiture, shape of the elytra and colour are the same
as in zasicus, but the femoral tooth is much smaller and oblique, and the
beak of the 2 does not often exceed two-thirds the length of the body ;
this last character groups it with wzéformis and obtusus, with the former
of which it agrees in having the claw appendices acute, but differs by
having the beak thickened and punctured at base in both sexes like in
obtusus, by the longer antennal scape of the 2, which is equal to at least
the three first joints of the funicle (in wéformis to joints one and two),
and by the denser covering of hair-like scales and less robust form of
body ; the fem:ral tooth is a little larger, oblique and less sinuate
posteriorly, From odtusus it differs by the claw appendages being acute

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7

(not obtuse), its much less robust and posteriorly attenuated form, and
by the more or less impressed last ventral segment of the 2 ; vdtusus is
much more sparsely clothed. There are other minor differences, but. the
above suffice to show that it is not in harmony with any of the species
mentioned. From a mixed lot of zasécus its separation requires an
examination of the femoral tooth in every individual, but mixed with the
other two, simple inspection wili suffice in the most of cases,

It is quite probable other species of Ba/aninus remain to be dis-
covered, only one species of which is known from the Pacifie Coast. A
very pleasant and certain way to determine this would be for collectors
everywhere to rear them from nuts and acorns and publish the results.
Other modes of collecting are not to be relied on, as for example, in
twenty years collecting here I only took zasicus and obtusus, and in chest-
nut time rectus, but all this time all the other species (cary@e probably
included) were sufficiently abundant.

DISTRIBUTION.

B. proboscoideus.— Middle States westward, Horn; Massachusetts,
Blanchard ; Tennessee, Illinois, District of Columbia, Ulke ; Ohio, West
Virginia, Pennsylvania.

B. rectus.—Middle and Southern States, Horn; Arizona, Smith ;
District of Columbia, Virginia, Ulke ; Canada, New York, Massachusetts,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia.

B. quercus.—Ulinois, District of Columbia, Ulke; New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio.

B. nasicus.—Canada to Georgia, and westward to Colorado and New
Mexico.

B. carye.—Illinois, Ulke ; Indiana, Levette ; Kansas (Douglas Co.),
Snow ; Pennsylvania, Klages.

B. untformis.—Canada to loridat from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

L. obtusus.—Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Blanchard; Texas,
Nebraska, Horn; Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia.

Undescribed form.—Massachusetts, North Carolina, Blanchard ;
Pennsylvania (Lancaster Co., Auxer; Westmoreland Co., Klages).

Balaninus has a single parasite common to all the species, except
that it was not reared from od¢tusus,; the larva was not observed while
living in that of Balaninus, but it forms a tough papery cocoon so thin

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

and transparent that the enclosed larva and pupa can be observed. ‘These
cocoons occupy the cell formed by the Ba/aninus, and are shaped much
like those of the large ants, but-much larger. The imago is quite graceful,
the 2 ovipositor being proportionately as long as in Rhyssa. Mr. Cresson
would have described this species under the specific name da/anini, but
was anticipated by Mr. W. H. Ashmead, who probably describes the same
thing under the name Uvosiga/phus armatus (Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum,
1888, p. 637, but only issued Oct. 1st, 1889). Besides the larve of
Balaninus, those of at least four lepidopters infest acorns, two of which
seem to enter by the holes made by the a/aninus in leaving, and live on
the debris within. The other two are found with the Balaninus larve,
one of them feeding on the refuse made by them, but the other depredates
on the substance of the acorn, and is sometimes found in acorns by itself ;
it pupates in the earth without forming a cocoon. The others formed
thin papery cocoons against the sides of the jars in which they were con-
fined. I failed to obtain their names, the gentlemen of whom inquiries
were made being seemingly unacquainted with these forms.

SUMMARY.

B. proboscoideus is so far only known to depredate on chestnuts.

B. rectus has been reared here from chestnuts only, but elsewhere
from Arizona acorns.

B. quercus was reared in about equal numbers from the acorns of all
the biennial fruiting oaks mentioned.

B. nasicus prefers the acorns of the annual fruiting oaks (white and
chestnut), but depredates sparingly on those of biennials.

B. carye has been reared from pecan hickory nuts elsewhere, and
many larve from nuts grown here are now in rearing and will almost
certainly develope this species.

B. uniformis prefers the acorns of biennials, but will depredate
occasionally on those of annuals (chestnut oak).

B. obtusus is only known to depredate on hazel nuts.

The indescript form probably lives in acorns in the larva state, but
has not been reared.

Obs.—The acorns of all species were collected from oaks growing in
the same place promiscuously, so that the parent beetles evidently dis-
criminated in their choice, .

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 9

—<—<$— oo

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIID OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 219, Volume xxt.)
Genus ArcTIA Schrank.
1802—Schrank, Fauna Boica II., 2, 152.

The typical genus of the family—a general favorite with collectors and
the source of a good deal of worry and uncertainty to describers. I
have seen very large series of specimens of many species, and have seen
nearly all the species. From a rather careful study of the species I can
see no reason why they should not be as easily recognizable or
limited as those of any other Lepidopterous genus—indeed, the problem
strikes me as a remarkably easy one, the key to which lies in the fact that
no amount of obsolescence of maculation authorizes a species, while
change of pattern can be easily detected even in specimens with the
markings much broken. Reference for general papers, lists, &c., relating
to American species, are :—

1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 183.

1856— Walker, C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 594, syn. sp.
1860—Clem , Proc. Ac. N. Sc. Phil., XII, 526.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 73, fig. and syn. sp.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 37, 296.
1883—Neumoegen Papilio, III., 150, list sp.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 117.

In the paper last cited I give at some length the features to be relied
upon for specific separation in this genus.

The head is retracted, tongue weak and short, palpi almost rudiment-
ary, antenne moderate in length ; bipectinated in the {, simple in the 2.
The legs are moderate in length, the posterior longer ; spurs short and
weak, but normal as to number ; the tarsi are finely spinulose, the claws
simple.

Moeschler, in the Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1876, v. 37, p. 296, says :—A.
_nais, phyllira and virgo have a distinct claw on the fore tibia, but I
utterly failed to find any trace of it on any specimens examined by me.

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The venation of virgo and arge, compared, showed no differences ;
_ ten out of the subcostal in each, neither with an accessory cell. In other
respects it agrees with the venation typical of the family.

The recent suggestions as to synonomy have been so conflicting, and
none being based on a monographic study, they are simply indicated
under the proper head, but not adopted.

A, achaia Grt. & Rob.
1867—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., I., 334, pl. 6, ff. 44, 45,
Arctia.

1868—Bd., Lep. Cal. (Am. Soc. Ent. Belg., XII.) 76, Chelonia.
1873—Stretch,* Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arcéza.
137 3—— uns a «124, pl. 5, fi. 17-21, Aretias
1875—Hy. Edw.. Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 187, Arctia.
1881—Butl., Papilio, I., 131, Arctza.
1882—Stretch, Papilio, II., 91, varieties of.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, Avcéza.

var. barda Edw.
1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 39, Arctia.

var. ochracea Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 124, pl. 5, ff. 18 and at.
1881—Butl., Papilio, I., 131, an sp. dist. Achaia.
Habitat—No. Calif., Oregon.

A. anna Gtt.

1863—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II., 335, pl. 8, f. 1, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 220, pl. 9, f. 6, 2, Arctia.
1875—Streck., Lep. Rhop. et. Het., I., 106; =ersephone.
1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 196, an sp. dist.
1878—Streck., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., II., 273, =persephone.
1879—Gref, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., I., 4, =var. persephone.
1883—Hulst, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =parthenice var.
1883—Neum., Papilio, II], 149, =persephone.

var. persephone Grt.
1863—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., I1., 433, Arctia.
1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III., 77, Avctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.
1886—Grt., Can. Ent., XVIII., 110, =azna var.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III, 110, Aveta.

virguncula { Wk.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 11

1856—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III, 609, Aredia.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 71, pr. syn.
Habitat—Penna., N. Y.

The form azza is much the least common, being in fact but a suffused
form of persephone. By the operation of the law of priority this suffused
and aberrant form must remain the species, while the normal form
remains the variety. It is much more widely distributed than above in-
dicated.

A. approximata Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 104, Arctia.
Habitat—Canada.

A. arge Dru.
1770—Drury, Illustr., I., 35, pl. 18, f. 3, octua.
1791—Oliv., Enc., Meth., V., 92, ( Phalaena ).
1816—Hubner, Verz., 183, Arctia.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, I., 33, Spzlosoma.
1841—Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., 244, Arctia.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 609, =dzone.
1858—Duncan in Jard. Nat. Lib, XXXII, 174, pl. 19, f. 2,
Spilosoma.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Phil., XIL., 528, Arctia.
1862—Harris,* Ins. Inj. to Veg. ed. Flint, 346 (Zife hist.)
1873—-Stretch,* Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 225, pl. o, ff 10 and 11,
Arctia:
1874—Lintner,* Ent. Contr., III., 143, Arctia.
1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 196, Arctia.
Andrews,* Psyche, II., 79, Arctia.
1882—Gilbert,* Papilio, II., 50, Arctza.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, Arctza.
dione Fabr.
1775—Fabr., Syst. Ent., 572, Bombyx.
1781—Fabr , Spec. Ins, II., 186, Bombyx.
1787—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 116, Bombyx.,
1793— Fabr., Ent. Syst., III., 1, 442, Bombyx.
1797—Sm. Abb.,* Ins. Ga., I, 125, pl. 63.
1816—Hiubner, Verzeichniss, 180, Huplagia.

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1837—Westw., ed. Drury Illustr., I., 32, pr. syn.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL., 609, Arctza.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci, Phil., XII, 528, Arctia.
1862—Clem.,* App. to Morris, Syn., 340, pr. syn.
1863—Saund., Synopsis Can. Arct., p. 7, Arctia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IIL, 118, pr. syn,
1868—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 78, Chelonza.
1883—Neum, Papilio, III., 150, an sp. dist.
1886—Grt., Can. Ent., XVIII, 108, Arctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III, 111, pr. syn.
Habitat—Canada to Georgia, Texas, west to California, Vancouver ;
abundant.
Recorded food plants are Plantago and Polygonum, but the list is
much larger.

A. blakei Grt.
1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, IIL, 523, pl. 5, fi-2, 2; Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 224, pl. 9, f. 9, #, Arctia.
Habitat—Colorado.

A. bolanderi Stretch,
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 76, pl. 3, f. 13, Arctia.
1887—-Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, Arctia.
Habitat—California.

A. brucei Edw.
1888—Edw., Ent. Amer., IIL, 183, Arctia.
1888—Bruce,* Ent. Amer., III., 219, Arctia.
Habitat—Colorado.
Food plants are P/antago and Polygonum.

A. celia Saund.
1863—Saund., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., II., 59, Avctia.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 13, Arctia.
1865—G. & R., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., VIIJ., 368, =figurata.
1869—Saund.,* Can. Ent., IL., 74, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, var. figurata.
1883—Hulst, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI, 70, =nazs.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, Avctia.
Habitat—Canada.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13

A. cervinoides Strk.
1876—Strk., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil, XXVIII., 151, Arctia.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief., Eng., 1878-79, V., 1860, pl. IL, f. 4,
Arctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 112, Arctza.
Habitat—Colo., July 15.
This will prove an undersized phy//ira, with black secondaries.
A. complicata Wk.
1864—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het. Supp., XXXI., 279, Arctia.
1868—Grt., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 117, Avctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 79, =dahurica.
1883—Neum. Papilio, III, 149, =achaia var.

A. dahurica Bav.
1843—Bdv., Icon., Hist. Lep., 126, pl. IL, f. 1, Chelonia.
1845—H. Sch., Schmett Eur., II., 145, Che/onia.
1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.), 49, Chelonia.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 597, Avctia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci:, Phil., XII., 527, Arctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 341, Arctia.
19667—G, 2 R., Cr, Am: Ent.;SocQali;:3 36, pl. 6)-£..48; 79 ;Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 78, pl. 3, f. 10, 2, Arctia.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, var. complicata.
Habitat—California.

A. decorata Saund.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 12, Arctia.
1863—Saund., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Il, 60, Arctia.
HOO Gre broc. Hntysve. Phill yy. pio, f.°4. 9, Arca,
1865—Grt., Ann. Lyc. N. Hist., N. Y., VIII, 369, =nazs.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, =var. nazs.
1878—French,* 7th Rept. Ins. Ills., 182, Arctia.
1881—French,* Papilio, I., 8, Avctia.
1882—French,* Papilio, II., 179, Arctia.
1883—Hulst, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =nazs.
1883—Neum., Papilio, IIL, 149, an sp. dist. zs.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, =vazs.

colorata Wik.

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

et ee ee ee

1864—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., XXXI, 302, A/oa.
1868—Grt., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IL, 117, pr. syn.
Habitat—Can., N. Y., Penna.

The citation of colorata as a synonym of decorata was made by Mr.
Grote before he concluded that was and dtcorata referred to the same
forms. I leave the reference as made, since the monographic study of
the species may develope the above as the correct conclusion. See under
nats for further references.

A. determinata Neum.
1881—Neum., Papilio, I., 28, Avctza.
Habitat—Colorado.
A. docta Wik.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 592, Huprepza.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent.-Soc., IL., 71, =mexzcana.
mexicana Grt. & Rob.
186s—G. & R., Ann. Lyc. N. Hist., N. Y., VIII, 367, pl. 13, ee
1883—Neum., Papilio, 1II., 150, =docta.
autheola Bdv.
1868——Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Arn. Soc. Ent. Belg., X.), 76, Chelonta.
1876—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, pl. 3, ff. 3, 4, Arctza.
1881—Butler, Ann. & Mag., N. H., Ser. 5, VIII, 310, =docta.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, =docta.
arizonensis Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 217, pl. 9, £ 4, Avcfia.
1876—Stretch, Rept. Surv. West. 100 Mer., V., 799, pl. 46, ff. 2 and
3, == var docta.
1883—Neum., Papilio III., 150, =docta.
Habitat—Ariz., Calif., Mexicana.
A, dodgei Butler.
1881—Butl., Ent. Mo. Mag. XVIII., 136, Aretia.
Habitat— Unknown.

According to Mr. Butler this may be a Mexican representative of
Drury’s species phy//ira, but the single specimen bears no locality label.

(To be continued. )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15

NOTE ON THE LARVAL ORNAMENTATION OF THE N. AM.
SPHINGIDA.

BY A. R. GROTE,

In my “ Hawk Moths of North America,” I have assumed that the
caudal horn is a prolongation of the skin itself, stiffened by chitine (p. 41).
It supports a bristle, or pair of bristles, and Dr. W. Miiller, whose valu-
able work on the Wymphaldide of South America in their larval stages
(Zoologischen jahrbuchern, 1886.) I have noticed in these pages, figures
the horn of Délophonota, p. 249, and regards it as a prolongation of the
base supporting the two normal bristles of the eleventh segment. We may
assume that the caudal horn is a later development, and that the sur-
mounting bristles were originally sessile as in the A¢tacine. The bristles
themselves may have disappeared, and the horn itself, the prolongation of
the base, remain. I would draw attention to this character as supporting
generally my arrangement of the family. The thoracic ‘‘horns” of
Ceratomia are probably homologous with those of Cvtheronia. This
character, together with the comparatively sunken head and soft brown
colors of the moth allies Ceratomia with TZriptogon, as I have pointed
out. Dr. Wm. Miler concludes that the caudal horn of the Hawk Moths
is the remains of what was once a system of bristles, and that there is a
perfect homology with the Saturnide. This entirely agrees with my
idea as to the derivation of the family, which may have thus been thrown
off from the Spinners in a parallel direction with the Ceratocampina,
The modern Smerinthine remain as the descendants of intermediate
phases, the ocelloid spots and colors of the moth are retained. In this
sense they are synthetic characters appearing in the other three or four
groups which are to be referred to Smerinthoid affinities. The relatively
small and sunken head, and the square prothoracic parts, the pectinate
antenne, are probably low characters in the Hawk Moths, recalling the
Bombyces. In this view the shape of the body in Hemaris and allies is
a point of widest departure, and warrants the position I assign to the
Macroglossine. The method of pupation needs further elucidation. — It
must be studied in this group, with regard to the physical nature of the
surface. Probably the cocoon is older than the absence of silk, the
tendency to spin silk appearing by reversion in species to-day where it
seems to have become gradually lost as a character. The change to
pupation in the earth may have had some relation to changes in the sur-
face conditions in past ages,

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DESCRIPTIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVA,
BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

MAMESTRA LOREA, Giien.

Head black, with dirty, whitish, irregular markings ; antenne pink.
Body of a dirty, creamy, brown color, except the first three segments
blackish. Along the dorsum is a series of lozenge shaped blackish
patches, one on each segment; on the dorsum are also two rows of
minute piliferous spots and two rows along each side, where there is also
on each segment an ill-defined, oblique, blackish stripe. Underside semi-
translucent whitish, with a number of minute piliferous spots which bear
a short pale brown hair, as also do the spots above. Thoracic feet pale
brown. Length 34 mm. Collected.April 21st. Imago emerged May
18th. Food-plants, strawberry and wild geranium.

PHYCIS RUBIFASCIELLA, Pack. variety.

Head deep chestnut brown, rugose; mouth parts whitish, cervical
shield chestnut brown. Body brown, with a pinkish hue ; on each side
of the body are scattered a few minute piliferous spots each, with a short
pale brown hair ; on each side of the first and second segment is a shiny
black spot. Thoracic feet black ; abdominal leg concolorous to the body,
which is the same as above. Length, 13 mm. Collected May 3oth.
Imago emerged Jvne 17th. Food plant, alder. Living in a horn-shaped
case. Another form of this species was published by me in the Ent.
Amer.; V.,.p: 38.

SALEBRIA CONTATELLA, Grote.

Head jet black, shining, as is also the cervical shield. Body pale
green, with a series of about four or five longitudinal stripes, almost of the
same hue, along each side, where there are three rows of minute pilifer-
ous spots, each bearing a short, light brown hair. Underside of body
same color as above, except the first segment, dull black. The segments
slightly decrease in size toward the posterior portion of the body,
Length, 15 mm. Food-plant, locust (Robinia pseudacacia). Laving
singly between two leaves spun together flatly. June 5th. Imago
emerged July 8th.

Botys FISSALis, Grote.

Head small, pale brown, shiny ; mouth parts pitchy. Body very
shiny, yellowish white, semi-translucent, with a number of piliferous spots
concolorous to the body, except those in the first, second and third seg-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. VG

ments, which are brown. Each spot with a light brown hair. The
cervical shield same color as the body ; lateral edges brown ; underside
same as above; thoracic feet tipped with brown, Length,.24mm. Food-
plant, asters ; drawing together several leaves so as to form a bunch,
May 31. Imago emerged June 18th.

SALEBRIA CELTELLA, Hulst (MS.)

Head pitchy black, with irregular, dirty, whitish markings, and an
oblique stripe of the same color on each side. Body pale green, with a
number of pea green, equidistant, longitudinal stripes, as broad as the
intervening spaces. Cervical shield jet black, and on which the stripes
of the body are sordid white. Along the subdorsum is a row of minute
piliferous spots, and two rows along the sides. Body beneath green, and
without marking, except the first segment is jet black, as are also the first
pair of thoracic feet. A few hairs are also scattered over the body.
Length, .22 mm. Food plant, Ce/tzs occidentalis, folding together a few
of the terminal leaves. Aug. Spins a rude cocoon between leaves.

NOTE ON THE GENUS CROCOTA AND PROF. J. B. SMITH.
BY A. R. GROTE.

Readers of Mr. Smith’s papers will have noticed the frequent critical
remarks at my expense, and it may have appeared to them that I have
been often most culpable. But, in every case, although I have not the
pleasure of knowing all of Mr. Smith’s publications, these criticisms can
be shown to be perversions of the case. So in the genus Crocota, in
which determinations are difficult, Mr. Smith says (p. 193, vol. XXI.) :—
“The matter has been further confused by Mr. Grote’s persistent refusal to
refer to Mr. Reakirt’s species,” and further that ‘‘he ignores them alto-
gether.” I ask anyone how I can “confuse” the ‘‘ matter” by simply
not referring to Mr. Reakirt’s species by name, seeing that I do not know
these species, have never seen the types, and am not disposed to
believe in them? And, moreover, since Mr. Reakirt’s descriptions refer
to Eastern species, fostdating my own, and those of other author’s which
I discuss, if they are not distinct species they are thus clearly synonyms,
and Mr. Smith says the descriptions may be “poor,” as indeed they seem
to me to be. But the whole statement is inaccurate, for everywhere,

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

where I have referred collectively to the species of Crvocota, I have also
expressly referred to Mr. Reakirt’s descriptions, giving my reasons for not
particularly citing the species by name. Hence, my writings have had
the exactly contrary effect, to that stated by Mr. Smith, “ of causing others
to lose track of” Mr. Reakirt’s ‘ descriptions.” I always reminded
students of the existence of Mr. Reakirt’s descriptions, though I confessed
I could not make them out. Nor is Mr. Smith apparently any wiser than
I. I did, indeed, suppose that zzgricans was a synonym of ofel/a, or
founded on the dark form of that species, but I kept this and all other
surmises to myself, because I had no certain data to go upon, and a
scientific writer must, in such cases, have a reasonable certainty. With
regard to /e¢a, I, in my first list, am the first to refer ¢veatzz here, to show
that I had probably rediscovered a totally unknown species since Boisdu-
val’s figure. I first, in fact, direct attention to this unrecognized figure,
which has been copied in Encyce. Brit. To me belongs the credit of
directing Mr. Smith’s attention to this figure of Zefa and its probable
identity with ¢veatid in my first Check List. This identification is not
quite assured in the absence of any description ; hence, in my new Check
List, I made a query. If Mr. Smith had written correctly and impartially
on the genus’ Crocota he should have said: Mr. Grote first refers this
genus to the Arctzine on account of the presence of ocelli, and removes
it from the Zithosiine where he leaves Ameria. Further, Mr. Grote has
figured the species he described in Proc. Ent. Soc., and no doubt exists,
in a confusing genus, of the species he intended. Instead of this, with
the evident intention of making an adverse criticism coute gui coute, we
have the perversions above exposed. As was the case when Mr. Smith
replied to my statement, that, in the De/foiding, the eyes were always
“naked,” that in one genus the eyes were “lashed ” (as if these characters
were contradictory or exclusive), it must seem clear that the limit of
proper criticism is exceeded by Mr. Smith. The errors of an author must
be judged by the material at his command in specimens and literature.
If under all the circumstances under which he laboured his work is of a
character virtually to advance the study of his subject, and if a large
proportion of his determinations are accurate and in the state of the
science very opportune, no right-minded person should be able to bring
himself to prevert such labours. I may remark, in conclusion, that I do
not regard Cydosia, Cerathosia or Gnophela, as Arctiine, and I believe

THE CANADIAN: ENTOMOLOGIST. 19

that they are thus incongruously placed and associated. Both Cydosce
and Guophela appear to me to be Zygenide with Bombycid analogies iz
sensu. Packard. I hope Dr. Packard may be induced to study these
forms. Neither do I believe our Texan species of Cydosia to be the
nobilitella of Cramer. But all these questions, which ever way a full
knowledge of these moths my determine us, must be entered into without
temper and without unnecessary animadversions upon those whose
experience has led them to opposite conclusions from those reached by
the final verdict, a verdict which Mr. Smith’s studies will, we may hope,
be of a character to influence.

NOTES.

NOTES OF THE YEAR.

Dear Sir: With few exceptions insects were unusually scarce last season,
probably on account of the continued cool weather and heavy rains. Codzas
Philodice, generally so abundant, was almost entirely absent, a few ap-
peared in midsummer and the fall brood was more plentiful, but by no
means abundant, and the latter might be said of most of our diurnals.
The Noctuas were also conspicuous by their absence, at least at sugar,
the baits failing to attract even the commonest species. Eufitchia rib-
earea was observed in numbers in a plot of black currant bushes, in an
old orchard now included in Mount Royal Park, and Orgyza deucostigma
was abundant on shade trees about the city. In the fall I found several
species of /rista/is common on solidago blossoms, &. Bastard: and E.
Brousi being especially abundant, while Z. ¢ransversus, E. Tenax and
£. dimidiatus were less common. The other orders were poorly re-
presented, making it one of the worst collecting seasons in my experience.

F. B. CAULFIELD, Montreal.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

Dear Sir ; The photograph from which the beautiful figure on p. 204,
vol. xxi. of Papilio Turnus (aberrant form) was taken by Mr. H. N.
Topley, of Ottawa, by the new Isochromatic process, and the engraving
was made direct from the photograph. This acknowledgment should

» have appeared in the article, but was accidently omitted from the proof.

J. FLETCHER.

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

A CORRECTION.

Dear Sir: In my note which appeared in your November number,
I wrote, through inadvertence, Phytolacca decandra. The plant I
referred to is Veratrum viride—not the ‘‘Garget,”’ but the “Indian
Poke” or “ Poison Poke.” Iam ashamed at having to take up valuable
space with a correction. Tuomas W. FYLEs.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE COTTON WORM.

Dear Sir: The cotton worm (Adetia Xylina, Say). This interest-
ing moth has been tolerably abundant during the middle of September in
this district, and is as much of an entomological conundrum as ever. I
took several specimens round the electric lights. They seemed quite
fresh and presented no appearance of being travel-worn by their supposed
journey from the cotton fields of the “land of Dixie” I captured two
specimens on September rg and endeavoured to hibernate them but failed,
one dying on October r2th and the other on October 15th. I hope to
make another attempt at some future day. It does seem curious that we
cannot solve the problem of the northern food-plant of this moth.

E. Baynes REED, London, Ont.

CHRYSALIDS DEVOURED BY CATERPILLARS.

Dear Sir: A few days ago I found a number of Pyrameis cardui larvee
and also several (4) of the common reddish brown hairy caterpillars ( Sp2/o-
soma Isabella), so often seen about gardens in the fall feeding on plants
of the common garden hollyhock (Adthee rosea). Not having extra
boxes to spare I placed both species in a roomy pasteboard box with a
plentiful supply of hollyhock leaves. In the course of a day or two
several of the Cardui larvee hung themselves to the corner of the box, and
in a short time three more transformed to chrysalids. What was my
surprise on looking into the box this morning to see if any more had
hung or transformed to find the reddish brown caterpillars had devoured
two of the Cardui chrysalids, and one of the caterpillars was actually
engaged eating the third and had consumed fully one-half of it. This was
not done from lack of food, as there was an abundance in the box. Here,
then, is a new source of destruction to our butterflies—a sort of canni-

balism among caterpillars.
SHELLEY W. Denton, Wellesley, Mass.

Mailed January 9th.

; as ?
he Canadian, Hyutomalogist,

LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1890. Nou 2:

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
MELITHA AUGUSTA.

Male.—Expands from 1.6 to 1.75 inch; belongs to Chalcedon group,
but is as conspicuously red as the species Chalcedon is black ; upper side
black, the surface nearly covered with light red and pale yellow spots,
disposed as in the group ; the basal areas dusted with yellow scales, which,
on primaries, extend along both margins ; costa of same wing edged red ;
both hind margins bordered by small red spots, varying in shape, some-
times narrow and as of a broken stripe, sometimes more or less rounded
or ovate ; the spots of second row are small, lunular, largest on second-
aries, edged with red, the interior being yellow, or they are nearly all red
with a small yellow patch in middle; sometimes this yellow is thinly
washed red ; the third row on primaries is either wholly yellow, or yellow
with red edges, particularly on the outer side ; on secondaries wholly red,
and often very deep, so as to make a conspicuous broad band ; the fourth
row on primaries is red, sometimes with the spots next the two margins
either yellow or in p&t yellow ; around the end of cell yellow spots four or
five in number; in the cell spots of red and yellow alternately, four
in all, the yellow one at base more or less stained red; two yellow
spots below cell with black ground between, and. nearer base a small
duplex red one ; the fourth row on secondaries is yellow, either of small
spots or pretty large ones, and the three or four from costal margin are
red on their outer sides ; a red stripe outside the cell from the end to
costal margin; two small yellow spots inside cell, with a red one
between them and a yellow spot below ; fringes yeliow, black at the tips
of the nervules. Some examples have scarcely any yellow, the yellow
having been replaced by red, or tinted red.

Under side of primaries red, the yellow spots repeated, enlarged, and

22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of clear color ; outside end of cell a large suboval red spot heavily edged
black, and the cell is crossed by two wavy black lines.

Secondaries have the margins red, in a continuous band; the
second row yellow, on black ground, lunate ; the third row red, rounded
on inner side and edged narrowly with yellow on all sides but the
exterior ; the fourth row yellow, cut unequally from one margin to the
other by a black line; thence to base red ; a triangular yellow spot at
end of cell, and in a straight row from costal margin three yellow spots,
one on margin and partly in costal interspace, one at top of cell, the
third in lower median interspace. Sometimes the fourth row is expanded
towards base along inner margin, giving the appearance of a fourth spot
to the basal row ; the shoulder and edge of costa yellow.

Body above black; red hairs on collar; thorax beneath yellow ;
abdomen red at sides, yellow along venter, red at end; legs red ; palpi red ;
antenne pale red-brown, annulated whitish above, red below, club black
on upper side, the tip ferruginous, elsewhere red-brown.

Female.—Expands from 1.7 to 2.2 inches.

Like the male in general, but the spots larger in proportion ; on the
underside, the spots of second row on each wing are large, lanceolate, the
outer side deeply incised. In occasional examples the outer part
of upper side of secondaries is covered by a broad red band in place of
the spots of second and third rows, and this area is separated from the
narrow marginal band by a black line.

In an aberration there is no trace of yellow on upper side, and on the
under side of secondaries the yellow bands from margin to cell are
replaced by wood-brown, while the yellow basal spots are obscured.

I name this species Augusta, in memory of the late Mrs. W. G.
Wright. Mr. Wright has taken it in vicinity of San Bernardino abund-
antly, and writes of it thus: ‘AZ. Augusta is found on top of the
mountains, elevation 5,000 feet, and is not found at all till you reach the
top. They do not descend the mountain sides, nor are they found in the
canyons. On the summit oak and pine trees are scattered, and the
ground is covered with grasses and flowering plants. The butterfly
seems all the time on flowers, and is a great feeder. I have never seen a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 23

pair in copula, nor a female ovipositing, and I know nothing of the early
stages. Every year I find Augusta at the same place, in the month of
June.”

It seems to me probable that Augusta will be found in Utah and
Arizona, perhaps also in Nevada.

TENTHREDINIDA COLLECTED AT OTTAWA, 188g.
BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

The past season was not a favorable one for the collection of Hymen-
optera. The early spring was very fine and warm, but was followed by
prolonged spells of cool and rainy weather, which not only made collect-
ing difficult, but appeared to destroy many of the insects. This will be
seen by the following list, in which a large proportion of the species are
represented by single specimens. It contains about eighty species, or
nearly two-thirds of those that have so far been taken in this locality.

Few of the species were at all common, the most abundant and de-
structive being 4. Erichsoniz Hartig., which we now find wherever there
are larches, and by whose larvee these trees are defoliated and injured.
NV. Ribesti Scop. (ventricosus Hartig.), the gooseberry saw-fly, and 4.
maculatus Norton, the strawberry saw-fly, were also numerous. On the
other hand several of the species, especially of Macrophya and Tenthredo,
which are usually common in midsummer, were not observed, and there
was a noticeable scarcity of larvee.

Cimbex americana Leach, var. decemmaculata Leach, female, June 16.
var. La Forte: St. Farg., male, May 11.
Trichiosoma triangulum Kirby, male, May 12.
Abia Kennicott: Norton, female, May 11.
Hylotoma clavicornis Fabr., female, June 13.
McLeayi Leach, female, May tro.
Priophorus equalis Norton, female, July 14.
Pristophora identidem Norton, male, May 27 ; male, June 16.
tibialis Norton, female, May 12 ; female, June 26.
Euura orbitalis Norton, three females, May 24.
Nematus aureopectus Norton, female, May 9; two females, May 10; female,
May 18 ; female, May 27.

24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bivittatus Norton? female, May 11. °
corniger Norton, male, May 17; male, May 24; male and female,
May 27 ; female, June 2; male, June 16; male, Aug. 8.
Erichsonii Hartig., female, abundant from May 19; male, June 15.
latifasciatus Cresson, female, June 7.
malacus Norton, female, May 18,
mendicus \Valsh, one male and two females, May 9 ; female, May 17 ;
female, June 26.
pleuricus Norton? female, May 9.
Ribesii Scop., female and male, common, May, June.
Several species not yet examined, May, June.
Emphytus apertus Norton, female and male, May 17 ; female, May 18 ,
female, May 27; female, Aug. 8.
hullensis Prov., female, June 23.
mellipes Norton, male, May 11 ; female, May 24.
Harpiphorus maculatus Norton, male and female abundant, May 9 to
June 26.

Dolerus albifrons Norton, seven males and two females May 24.
aprilus Norton, male and female, May and June, common.
arvensis Say, female, April 19, May and June, common.
bicolor Beauv., female, May 27.

collaris Say, female, May 10; female, May 19; female, June 2.
unicolor Beauv., male, May 12.
Monophadnus bardus Say, female June 13.
medius Norton, two females, May 11; female, May 18; female,
May 24; two females, June 13.
rubi Harris, female, May 12; female, May 27.
Phymatocera canadensis Harrington, female, May to; female, May 11 ;
female, May 17.
Sumipennis Norton, four males and three females, May 17; female
and male, May 18 ; female, May 20; two males, June 22.

Hoplocampa halcyon Norton, female May 11 ; female, May 17.

Monostegia ignota Norton, two males and one female, May 27.
rosé Harris, female, May 19; female, May 22; female, May 24.

Selandria flavipes Norton, two males, May 24; male and female, June 2 ;

female, june 8; male, June 13 ; two females, August 8.

Allantus basilaris Say, female, June 28 ; male, July 28.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25

Macrophya externa Say, female, June 26.
Jiavicoxe Norton, female, June 13; female, June 23 ; two females,
June 26; two females, June 28 ; female, July r.
varia Norton, female, June 20.
sp. female, June 26.
Pachyprotasis délta Prov., male, June 16; female, June 20; one male
and two females, June 23 ; two females, June 30.
omega Norton, male, June 28 ; male, July 28.
Taxonus albidopictus Norton, female, July 14. :
amicus Norton, male, June 16 ; male and female, June 26.
rujipes Harrington, male, May 18.
unicinctus Norton, female, May 27.
Strongylogaster annulosus Norton, female, May 24.
apicalis Say, female, June 13; female, June 28; male, July 11;
female, July 28.
Jongulus Norton, male, May 24.
luctuosus Prov., female, May 22.
robustus Prov.,? female, June 13; two females, June 28; male,
July r.
soriculatus Prov., female, May 24.
tacitus Say, male, May 24; female, June 8; male, August 8.
Lenthredo eximia Norton, male, May 24; female, June 28.
grandis Norton, female, June 15.
mellina Norton, female, July 7.
rujicolor Norton, female, May 24; female, July 1.
rujipes Say, female, June 2 ; female, June 23 ; two females, June 26.
rufopectus Norton, male, June 14; male, June 16 ; female, June 26 ;
male, July 1.
verticalis Say, female, June 13 ; female, July 1 ; female, July rq.
Lenthredopsis atroviolacea Norton, female, June 16 ; female, June 30.
Lophyrus Leconte: Fitch, two females, (bred) May.
Monoctenus fulvus Norton, one male and two females, May 13.
Lyda canadensis Norton, female, June 26.
luteicdrnis Norton, female, June 2.
luteomaculata Cresson, female, May 24.
perplexa Cresson, male, May 11; male, May 17.
quebecensis Prov., female, June 30.

bo
lor)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE NOCTUIDZ OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA
COMPARED.

(fifth Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.
Tribe Orthosiini.

The vestiture is woolly, and in this lies a distinguishing character from
the Agrotini and Hadeninz, which some genera much resemble, while the
body is hardly tuftéd; the rather broad thorax has sometimes a median
ridge. The colours of the moths are often shades of brown, red and
yellow, like the autumn foliage, in which many of the hibernating species
hide. The eyes of the first genera are hairy ; in several the tibie are
spinose, the reverse being usually the case. Whether our, mostly western,
species allied to Perigrapha cincta are strictly congeneric, I have not
been able to decide. Acerra normalis has simple antenne in the male ;
the ornamentation in most cases suggests the relationship. There are two
European species of Lerigrapha against seven related North American
species. The genus TZéeniocampa has twenty-two described American
species and only eleven European ; among these is one, a/za, identical.
I have not a particle of doubt that for this genus the term Graphiphora
Hiibn., must be retained. My efforts to place the generic nomenclature
upon a final basis, by fixing the types in 1874, has met with thoughtless
opposition and incorrect criticism. The question of whether Hubner, or
others,held our modern (supposed by empirics infallible) ideas upon genera,
is quite beside the question of the oldest and therefore proper name for a
genus. I have exposed this sort of reckless criticism in the second part
of my Check List, 1875, 1876. | Only my desire to avoid contention and
to enable a comparison of our fauna by the use of the same terms, has
induced me to cede the present instance, because the name Graphiphora
taken from Hubner (to whom we owe almost a// the leading generic
names in the Noctuidz), had been mis-applied. I think, now, I may
have been wrong in this, and that Graphiphora should be used, as I or-
iginally proposed, with the type Gothica, and Zeniocampa rejected.
Only in this way shall we obtain a stable nomenclature, and the European
catalogues must conform, if nearer conclusions are to be arrived at, and
lists are to be useful beyond a mere stringing of the different species.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 27

The North American hairy-eyed genera allied to Zenzocampa are, further,
Crocigrapha, with a tuft behind the collar; Orthodes, Himella and
Morrisonia (the species of which latter curiously resemble Actznotia, but
seem to hibernate, being found early in the year on sallows); while I have
described American species belonging to the naked-eyed European genera
Parastichtis and Anchocelis. Naked-eyed genera, with armed tibiz, are
Pachnobia and Metalepsis, occurring in both faune, and Pseudorthosia,
Choephora, Pseudoglaea, which seem to be American only. Zrichor-
thosia, which has hairy eyes, seems to be more allied to Xanthia, or
Orthosia, in the shape of the wings ; but, if we do not divide this tribe,
as is perhaps unnecessary, it may be ranged with the. other hairy-eyed
genera, together with the somewhat aberrant Z7zchocosmia. The
principal genus is, perhaps, Orthosza, of which fourteen European and
seventeen American species are described, mostly of a European habitus,
and one representative, ferrugineoides. While I have referred one iden-
tical species (fogata) to Xanthia, which, as distinct from Orthosza, con-
tains seven European species, the singular genus Jodza Hub. (—Hoporina
Boisd.), has an American representative of croceago in J. rufago Hubn.
Eucirroedia is a modification of the European genus Czrroedia ; while the
peculiar genus Sco/iopteryx with its one species, /7batrix, is common to
Europe and America, from Hudson’s Bay to Virginia, and is probably a
survival of the former circumpolar fauna. G/aea Hubn. (=Orrhodia
Hiibn., Cerastis Tr.) has twelve European and only four American
species, but the nearly related American genus ///g/aea, which differs
from G/laea, much as Richia differs from Agrotis, by the presence,
namely, of a median thoracic ridge, has five, and H/fomog/aea two de-
scribed species. Our most beautiful species is 4 carnosa, in which the
egg is also pink in colour. J. venustula is said to be the same as £.
sericea ; if the description of the latter is compared, it will be seen to
contradict that of #. venustuZa in important points, which remain incom-
prehensible if the two are really the same. The genera /pimorpha and
Calymnia have representative, the genus Cosma, an identical species,
paleacea. While there are a few peculiar genera in both faunz, such as
Dicycla in Europe, and Zotheca in America, the affinities of the two faunz
in this tribe are strongly marked. The peculiar genus Scofe/osoma has in
Europe one, in America nine species. Of these it is difficult to say which
is nearest to the European sate//itia ; the identification of Guencte’s s¢dus

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

is hence almost impossible; his type also cannot be found. In my
opinion he may have had a form of Wadkeri before him ; but whether
this, or winulenta, or even tri-stigmata, or Morrison, cannot, with
certainty, be made out from his comparative description. As I ‘have
separated all the American forms under distinct names, and Mr. Thaxter
has shown the distinctness of most of them by breeding, these names
should be retained until further evidence be forthcoming as to the single
species indicated by Guenee. A different course would be the result of
mere opinion and, without scientific value, only make confusion.

Tribe Calocampinz.

The vestiture resembles that of the preceding tribe, bat the wings are
narrower, the legs proportionately shorter, unarmed. ‘The palpi are short;
male antennee thickly ciliate. The primaries are blunt, not widening out-
wardly as much as usual, with gray or brown, streaky, stone-like mark-
ings, hence the name Lz¢hophane, used for the principal genus by Hiibner.
This genus is incorrectly called Xyéiza,; Hibner’s genus of this name
having for type a species of Hadena. It seems to have been customary
for earlier authors to take names out of Hubner’s writings and apply them
arbitrarily, with or without diagnosis. The injustice and absurdity of
this proceeding must be evident to all thinking persons. Only an empiric,
full of his own importance and wishing to elevate himself by contrast, can
commit the blunder. If Hubner has not given neurational characters, it
is because neurational characters were not then known; at least he has
not given us incorrect descriptions of the venation, which is in his favor
as compared with certain quite modern writers. Lithophane has eight
European and about twenty-five American species ; again a large pre-
ponderance. Of these, Z/axteri represents the European Zamdda ; but
no variety of the latter corresponds with our American form, which must be
regarded as a distinct representative species accordingly. The European
ingrica seems to be represented also by fexata and its variety Washing-
toniana, although in the latter instance nearer comparisons are necessary,
which I have not been able to make. LztHomia Hiibn., which differs by
the character of the palpal vestiture and the elevated collar, has appar-
ently a representative species in germana,; but I strongly suspect that
‘this is really identical with the European solidaginis. Calocampa has

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 29

two European and apparently four American species, one of which is
unknown to me; of the other three, zwpera is said to represent the
European vefusta, although perhaps identical with it ; céerctia has the
widest range, while both this and curvimacuda are quite different from
either of the European forms. ‘The representation of this tribe in Europe
is covered by the American forms.

Tribe Cuculliine.

‘The elongate wings are sharply pointed, the collar hood-shaped ; the
abdomen is tufted terminally and extends beyond the proportionately
small secondaries. ‘The European species (43) greatly outnumber the
described American forms (rr). There are a large number of closely
related species in the European fauna, many of comparatively recent
detection. Perhaps more remain to be described in North America,
though it is probable that both this and the next tribe will show an excess
of Eurcpean forms. The specific groups seem to be represented in
America. Ido not know, however, Za, which appears to be allied to
the European silvery forms. In addition we have a Californian species,
matricarie Behr. (=serraticornis Lintr.), which has _ pectinated 7
antenne ; I have doubted its being a true cucud/ia.

Tribe Cleophanini.

I have referred to Cleophana, two American species with hood-
shaped collar and the facies of Cwucud/ia, but with a claw to the front
tibie. The other European genera, Epimecia, Calopharia, I have not
recognized. Vyctopheata I believe to be a Heliothid form.

Tribe Auteliine.

In this tribe of smaller moths, the wings are more or less extended in
repose, in the American genus Marasmalus folded like a fan. The small
secondaries ally them to Cucud/ia. ‘The antenne have a basal tuft ; the
collar cut out behind, not hood shaped ; the abdomen more or less tufted ;
the eyes naked. The American &ifogenus pulcherrimus, a rare moth,
seems to be related to the European Lutelia adulatrix.

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tribe LZagurini.

The male antenne are simple at tip. An American form coming to
our fauna probably from the south. The form resembles the preceding
tribe, but the wings are entire. The species of the single genus /ugura
are small moths, resembling the species of Adrosto/a in ornamentation,
except, perhaps, ocu/atrix, which is a pretty, singularly marked moth.

Tribe Anomiintz.

Thinly or closely scaled untufted forms, with rather broad and pointed
wings and slimy vestiture, the larve half loopers. Amomzs has uneven
margins to the primaries. A/etia (the “cotton worm”) has them even,
somewhat sickle-shaped. Pteretholix and Chytoryza have peculiar clear
spots and structure of the fore-wings. The tribe is American, and comes
to our fauna from the south.

Tribe Letoprosopint.

Larger species with Plusia-like palpi, untufted, with brown wings,
having curious ocellate markings and metallic points on secondaries.
fTatney from Cuba, confligens from the west coast, /utz/zs from Florida, all
belonging to LZztoprosopus, and are tropical American forms intruding
into our territory in the south. ;

Tribe Calpini.

The fore-wings are wide, with pointed apices, full external margin, a
tooth on inner margin. Eyes naked, lashed. Palpi prominent, hirsute
to the tips, terminating bluntly as if cut off. A single genus and species
in Europe, Cale capucina, has apparently an American representative in
C. canadensis Beth. I have not been able to study other genera, indi-
cated by Guenée and figured by various writers. This tribe would seem
to be tropical in its origin. The genus Cadge probably belonged to the
tertiary circumpolar fauna, and is of so pronounced a form that the
American and European descendants have retained a decided resembl-
ance. I do not know that Canadensis has been bred or carefully com-
pared with its European ally, but 1 was able to recognize type specimens
among Mr. Waiker’s synonyms and somewhat confusing generic references
in this family. Full and careful comparisons are needed in many cases
to decide whether the species are representative or identical.

9

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ou

PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 14, Volume xxi.)
A. doris Bdv.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg.), 77, Chelonca.
Habitat—So. California.

Iam not aware that any reference of this species to the rank of
synonyms has been made. It refers almost certainly to one of our
western species now known under another name. Mr. Grote has
omitted the species from his list.

A, edwardsii Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 77, pl. III., f. 9, Avctza.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 149, =achaia ?
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, =dahurica.
Habitat—California.

A. excelsa Neum.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 70, Arctza.
1883—Hulst.,* Bull, Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 69, =wmavs.
Habitat—No. Car., New York, Long Island.
Food plant—Plantago major.

A. elongata Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 105, Avctza.
1885—Neum., Ent. Amer., I, 93, =var. determinata.
Habitat—Was. Terr.

The curious anomaly of a species being referred as a synonym before
it was described arose from the fact that Mr. Stretch, basing his species
upon Mr. Neumoegen’s material, returned the specimens before sending
in the papers for publication. Mr. Neumoegen, working on the genus,
made the reference from the label, and both gentlemen sent in their papers
for publication at nearly the same time.

A. figurata Drury.
1770—Dru., Ilustr., I., pl. XII, f. 4, Bombyx.
Pal., Beauv., Ins. Afr. et. Am., Lep., p. 265, pl. 24, f. 4, 6,
Phalena.

1820

Os
Lo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1837—Westw., ed. Dru., Illustr., II., 22, Memeophila.
1837—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 73, Arctza.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus, Lep. Het. III., 625, Memeoprzla.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris, Synops., 341, Arctza.
1865—Grt. & Rob., Ann. Lyc., N. Y., VIIL., 368, Avctza.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arciza.
1879—Graef,* Bull., Bkln. Ent. Soc., I., 3, life hist.
1883—Hulst., Bull. BklIn. Ent. Soc., VI.. 70, =vazs,
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 114, an sp. dist.

ceramica Hbn.
1816—Hbn., Verz., 180, Huplagia.
1865—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 625, pr. syn.

var. franconia Edw.
1887—Edw., Ent. Amer., III., 184, Avrctza.
Habitat—Can., N. Y., Mass., Payeetlis;, Do'C.

The distribution is undoubtedly wider, and, as certainly, some of the

described species must fall in as forms of this.

A. flammea Neum.
1881—Neum., Papilio, I., 9, 4rctza.
1883—Hulst., Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =wvazs.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 149, =p/acentia var.
Habitat—Florida.

A. f-pallida Strk.
1879—Strk., Rept. Eng., 1878-79, v. V., p. 1860, pl. II., f. 3.
1883—Hulst., Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =vazs.
Habitat-—Rio Navajo, Colo., July 13.

This is simply a variety of figwrata, in which all the marking save
those forming a distinct & , are obsolete. Any good series of fgurata will
show such specimens.

A. geneura Strk.
1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. N. Sei., II., 270, pl. 1X., f. 5, , Arctia.
1884—French, Papilio, IV., 158, 2, 4rctia.
188g—French, Can. Ent., XXL, 162, Arciia.
Habitat—Colo. (Gilpin Co.), Mt. Shasta, Calif.

Mr. French seems rather inclined to believe that the California speci-

mens may refer to a distinct species. There is a series of geneusa in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33

U.S. National Museum, and this species, zmzcorrupta Edw., with all its
variations and wevadensis, G. & R., are all forms of a single, not very
variable species, of which docta is the Californian form, and perhaps
specifically distinct. The materia] in the National Museum will go far
towards settling the relationship of these forms. The description of new
species would be therefore rather unwise until this material can be
properly studied.

A. michabo Gtt.
1875—Grt, Can. Ent., VII., 196, Arctia.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, =arge.
1886—Grt., Can. Ent., XVIII., 108, an sp. dist.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, an sp. dist.
Habitat—Nebraska, Dist. Col.

A. nais Dru.
1870—Drury, [llustr., I., pl. VII., f. 3, Bombyx.
1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 183, Arctia.
1823— Hubner, Zutr,* 300, ff. 599, 600, Arctia.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, I, p. 15, Spz/osoma.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 609, Arctia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII, 528, Arctza.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn. 339, Arctia.
1864— Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IIIl., 177, Arctza.
1868—Grt., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., IL, 117, Arctia.
1868—Saund., Can. Ent., L., 27, Arctza.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 4vrctza.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit, XXXVII., 296, Arctia.
1882—French,* Papilio, II., 176, life hist.
1883—Hulst., Bull. Bkn. Ent. Soc., VI., 69, 120, Arctia.
1884—Bean,* Can. EnT., XVI., 65, Arctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer. IIIL., r11, Avctia.
phalerata Harris.

1837—Harnis, Cat. Ins., Mass., 73, Arcétia.
1841-—Harris, Rept. Ins., Mass., 245, Arctia.
1862—Harris, Inj. Ins., Flint, ed. 347, f. 166, Arctia.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 11, Arctia.

. 1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 177, Arctia.

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1868—Grt., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., II., 117, pr. syn.
radians Wik.

1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het, III,, 632, Apantesis.

1868—G. & R., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., I1., 72, pr. syn.
colorata Wk.

1864—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., XXXI., 302, Adoa.

1868 —G. & R., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., [1., 85, pr. syn.

1876—Butl., Journ. Jinn. Soc., XII., 432, radians.
var. zncompleta But. °

1881—Butl., Ann. and Mag., N. H., Ser. 5, v. VIII. 311, Arctia.

Habitat—Can., U. S., generally.

The species has been recorded as a strawberry feeder. Mr. Butler’s
variety refers to one of those forms with the maculation partly obsolete,
such as any decent series will show. The synonomy of Walker's species
has been already referred to. The reference is rather to decorata Saund.
than to zazs Dru., but I have not much doubt of the identity of the two
forms. There is, however, a species closely allied to zazs in the National
Museum collection, which is, I believe, as yet undescribed.

A. nerea Bdv.
1868—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XII.), 77, Chelonza.
Habitat—California.
This species has disappeared from our lists. It is perhaps only a
variety of arge, but I cannot find that it has been so referred.
A. nevadensis Grt. & Rob.
1866—Grt. & Rob., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., VI., 1, pl. 1, f 1, @, Avrctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.
1885—Neum., Ent. Amer., I., 93, —-gives synonomy.
1886—Grt., Can. Ent., XVIIL., 109, Avctia.
behriz Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 75, pl. 3, ff. 11 and 12, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 238, pr. syn.
var. 7zcorrupta Hy. Edw.
1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 38, Arctia.
1883—Neum., Papilio, IIL, 71, 150, =nevadensis.
1885—Neum., Ent. Amer., I, 93, =evadensis.
var. sudphurica Neum. Ent. Amer., I., 93, Arctia.
ochracea \| Neum.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 35

1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 71, Arctza.

1885—Neum., Ent. Amer., L., 93, women bis lectum.
vat. mormonica Neum.

1885—Neum., Ent. Amer., I., 93, Arctia.

Habitat— Nevada, Arizona, Oregon, Calif.

As I have already indicated, [ believe that veneura Strk. belongs to

this series.

A. obliterata Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 105, Arctza.
Habitat— Unknown.

A. ochreata Butler.
1881—Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., XVIIL, 135, Arctia.
Habitat— United States.

Mr. Butler says his species is close to phaderata, and after carefully
reading his description I believe he is right. At all events I cannot find
anything in it that does not apply to phalerata as well.

A. oithona Strk.
1877—Strk., Lep. Rhop. et. Het., 131, Arctza.
Habitat—Texas.

This will turn out a remarkably close ally to ¢ntermedia Stretch, which

1s not saundersiz Grote.

A. pallida Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 118, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.
Habitat—New York.

The type is in the collection of the Am. Ent. Soc., where I have
several times seen it. It is certainly not an Arct7a, but perhaps nearer to
Seirarctia.

A. phyllira Dru.
L770 Drury. Ulsstr; Ia ase pl. VER t 2, .bombyx:
1791—Oliv., Enc. Meth., V., 94, Bombyx.
1797—Abb. & Sm.,* Ins., Ga., IL., 127, pl. 64, Phalena.
1816—Hiubner, Verzeichniss, 180, Huplagia.
1820—Hiubner, Zutraege, *108, ff. 215, 216, Euplagia.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, I., 15, Cadlimorpha.

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1837—Harris, Cat., Ins., Mass., 73, Arctia.
1841—Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., 245, Avctia.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL, 610, Arcétza.
1858—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., VII., 1780, Aretia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Phil., XII, 528, Arctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morr. Synops., 339, Arctia.
1862—Harris, Inj. Ins., Flint ed., 347, Arctia.
1863-—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 11, Arctia.
1876—Moeschl, Stett. Ent. Zeit, XX XVII., 296, Arctza.
1883—Hulst., Bull. Blkn. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =zazs.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., r11. an spec. dist.
var. dugubris Uulst.
1886—Hulst., Ent. Amer., II., 182, Arcéia.
Habitat—Penn., N. Y., N. J., D. C., Can., Mass., Ills., Mo., Ga.
The distribution is wider—when the synonomy is once ascertained we
can complete the record of occurences.

(To be continued. )

DESCRIPTION OF THEEBARVA (OF TRIRHAERDA
TOMENTOSA, L.
BY WM. BEUTENMULLER.

Body elongated, subcylindrical, rounded above and flattened beneath ;
color above steel blue, with a series of transverse elevated ridges along the
dorsum, two on each segment, and along the sides are three rows of
tubercles, all steel blue. Body beneath, dirty brownish white ; cervical
shield also steel blue.

Thoracic feet jet black, shiny ; abdominal and anal legs wanting.

Head small, subglobose, depressed in front ; shiny jet black.

Mandibles simple, short, stout, slightly excavate internally beneath
the apex.

Maxillz robust, cylindrical; lobe rounded at the apex with a few
bristles ; palpi three jointed ; first joint short, second joint somewhat
larger, cylindrical, third joint conical, extending a little beyond the lobe.

Labium subtriangulate, palpi two-jointed, very short.

Antenne very minute, hardly visible.

Length, about .to mm ; width, about .3 mm.

Food-plants, various species of golden rods and asters. June; single
brooded.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, ail

NOTES ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF HIGH ALTITUDES IN
CUSTER COUNTYACOLORADO.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, CUSTER CO., COL.

The faunz of high altitudes always possess a peculiar interest by virtue
of the light they throw on problems of geographical distribution, and
especially the distribution in ancient times of what is now a strictly Arctic
and Alpine fauna. For this reason, the following lists of species, fragment-
ary as they are, may be of some value as a contribution to our knowledge
of the Alpine fauna of Colorado, and for comparison with Arctic and
Alpine faune in general. The species here enumerated were taken in
1887, 1888 and 1889, on the eastern slope of the Sangre de Cristo Range,
in Custer County, Colorado, Three gulches have been explored, namely,
(1) Smith’s Park Gulch, on a fork of Brush Creek, (2) Horseshoe Bend
Gulch, the next gulch south of No. 1, and (3) Swift Creek Gulch. The
great majority of insects came from Smith’s Park Gulch. ‘The altitudes
are from 10,000 to 12,000 feet. A large number of insects were taken
about the Micawber Mine, which is possibly not quite 10,000 feet ; but it
cannot be far from it, so the species are included. A list of the fauna
and flora of the same part of Custer County, de/ow 10,000 feet, is now in
course of publication in the “ West American Scientist.” A comparison
of the two lists will show that the fauna of higher altitudes differs very
materially from that of the valley :—

COLEOPTERA,

These have been kindly identified by Dr. John Hamilton. They are
classified according to locality and date of collection :—
(1) Near Brush Creek, June 26 and 27, 1889—
Dolopius lateralis Esch.
Podabrus lateralis Lec.
Orsodacna atra var. childreni Kirby.
Cicindela longilabris Say.
Acmeops proteus Kirby.
Adoxus vitis L.
Dichelonycha backii Kirby.
O. childreni and D. backii were common. A. vitis had the thorax
‘black, and elytra reddish-fulvous.

5 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

(2) Near Micawber Mine, 1889—
Chrysobothris trinervia Kirby. ‘A small example.
(3) Horseshoe Bend Gulch, August 15—
Chrysomela continua Lec. Many specimens on flowers of
Gymnolomia multifiora.
(4) Near Micawber Mine, Aug.—
Lachnosterna sp. 2 (fragment).
Coccinella transversoguttata Fald.
Trichodes ornatus Say.
Buprestis nuttallii ? (flying by day ; not caught).
(5) Micawber Mine, Aug. 7, 1889—
Acmacops pratensis Laich.
Adoxus vitis L.
Leugophora abnormis Lec.
Anthobium sp.
Mordella melena Germ.
Leptura propingua Bland.
is subargentata Kirby.
Anaspis rufa Say.
Flomalota sp.
Mordella scutellaris Fab.
(6) Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—
Cardiophorus tenebrosus Lec.
(7) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 4—
Leptura propingua.
Athous ferruginosus Esch.
(8) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—
Dasytes hudsonicus Lec.
(9) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6—
Lhyllotreta pusilla Horn. n. sp.
fippodamia convergens Guér.
Glyptina atriventris Horn, n. sp..
Platystethus americanus Erichs.
Leptura propingua Bland.
Adoxus vitis L.
Leptura subargentata Kirby.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39

HYMENOPTERA.

All the Hymenoptera have been submitted to Mr. W. H. Ashmead.
The types of the new species are in his collection, and will be described
by him.
(1) Near Brush Creek, June 27, 188g—
Bombus rufocinctus Cr
Prosapis basalis Smith, 7.
Oryssus occidentalis Cr.
Rhodites spinosetlus Ckll., n. sp.
Limneria tibtator Cr.
Odynerus leucomelas Sauss.
Macrophya albipictus Ashm., 2, 2.
Camponotus sp.
Orthocentrus leucopsis Ashm.
Lurytoma diastrophi Welsh, °&.

Of &. spinosel/us only the round pickly leaf-galls were found.

(To be continued.)

CORRESPONDENCE.

CHRYSALIDS DEVOURED BY CATERPILLARS.

Dear Sir : A few days ago I found a number of Pyrameis carduz larve,
and also several (4) of the common, reddish brown, hairy caterpillars
(Spelosoma Lsabella), so often seen about gardens in the fall feeding on
plants of the common garden hollyhock (Althez rosea). Not having
extra boxes to spare, I placed both species in a roomy pasteboard box,
with a plentiful supply of hollyhock leaves. In the course of a day or
two several of the carduz larve hung themselves to the corner of the
box, and in a short time three were transformed to chrysalids. What
was my surprise on looking into the box this morning to see if any more
had hung or transformed, to find the reddish brown caterpillars had
devoured two of the cardui chrysalids, and one of the caterpillars was
actually engaged eating the third, and had consumed fully one-half of it.
This was not done from lack of food, as there was an abundance in the
box. Here, then, is a new source of destruction to our butterflies—a
sort of cannibalism among caterpillars.

SHELLY W. Denton, Wellesley, Mass.

40 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

EREBIA EPIPSODEA VAR, SINE-OCELLATA Skinner.

Dear Sir: Is not this variety (Can. ENT., p. 239) identical with var.
brucei Elwes, (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1889, June, p. 326), described as
smaller, without ocelli, the red band almost obsolete? Arzacez was de-
scribed from high altitudes in Colorado, so it is interesting to have it re-
appearing at lower levels in N. W. Ter. Mr. W. H. Edwards has kindly
sent me the “fipsodea plate of his Butt. N. A., whereon are beautiful
figures of 4rucez and the early stages of the species.

Dec. 16, 1889. T. D. A. C@@KERELL, West Cliff, (Custer Co. Col:

: /

‘

GRAPTA INTERROGATIONIS.

Dear Sir: 1 beg to record the capture by myself of a beautiful
specimen of Grapta interrogationis at Cote St. Antoine, Montreal, on
the 11th of July. Its sluggishness and perfect condition showed that the
insect had but just emerged from the chrysalis. G. znterrogationis is
extremely rare in the Province of Quebec. Tradition says that it had
been, once upon a time, taken at Lachine—a few miles away ; but for
twenty-five years I have looked vainly for it.

South Quebec, Oct. 16, 1889. THomas W. FYLEs.

THE CORN SAW-FLY.

Dear Sir: The occurrence in America of Cephus pygmeus Curtis,
known in England as the Corn Saw-fly, may be worth a special record.
In 1887, among insects taken by sweeping in a meadow, I found a Cephus
not agreeing with any of the described American species. Mr. Ashmead
has fully identified it as C. pygmaeus. In some Hymenoptera received
from Mr. VanDuzee a few days ago, I find three specimens, all females,
and taken at Buffalo—two on gth June, 1888, and the other on rith
June, 1889. This shows that the occurrence of the species is not acci-
dental, and that it is already widely distributed. Possibly next season we
may hear of injuries inflicted by it upon wheat fields.

W. HacuE HARRINGTON, Ottawa.

Mailed February 4th.

The anatliary ¥ontomatagist

VOL. XXIL LONDON, MARCH, 1890. No. 3.

POPULAR AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

THE MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH (Lphestia kithniella, ZELLER).

BY JAMES FLETCHER, OTTAWA.

During the summe: of 1888 considerable anxiety was caused amongst
North American millers by the alarming intelligence that the small Pyralid
moth, bearing the name given above, had made its appearance in one of
our large Canadian milling centres. There are two or three well-known
insects which attack manufactured cereal products; but none of these,
have ever occurred in injurious numbers
in Canada. When, therefore, it was
learned that a large warehouse, twenty-
five feet wide, seventy-five feet deep and
four stories high, had been completely
over-run by the caterpillars of a new
insect, which had infested all the flour
and other manufactured foods therein
contained, and had rendered much valu- cae
able machinery temporarily useless, it naturally caused much excitement
lest the pest should spread to other mills ; nor did this excitement abate
when it was announced that the new comer was the same species as had
been causing so much loss and trouble in English and European mills
during the last ten years. The attack was so severe that it became
necessary to close the mill where the outbreak occurred, and also to
destroy a large quantity of goods. ‘The insects in all stages were to be
found in every part of the building. The cocoons were found adhering
to the wails, joists, shelves and ceiling. Every crack or nail hole, in the
wood-work, machinery and furniture throughout the whole building was
found to contain caterpillars or cocoons, and the moths were flying about
in thousands. The attention of the Ontario Government was called to

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the matter in August last, and, under instructions from the Hon. Charles
Drury, the Minister of Agriculture, prompt and vigorous steps were taken
by Dr. P. H. Bryce, Secretary of the Provincial Board of Health, to
ensure the extermination of so dangerous a visitor, which has been
described as “the scourge of the Mediterranean ports.” Dr. Bryce’s
investigations and the methods he adopted have been published in
Bulletin I. of the Provincial Board of Health. This pamphlet, which is
written in a clear, intelligible manner, and is illustrated with figures* of the
insect in its various stages, will certainly be of great use to millers in
showing them how to recognize and wage war against the insect should
they meet with it upon their premises. Other valuable sources of infor-
mation on this subject are Miss E. A. Ormerod’s article in her Twelfth
Report (pp. 66-72), and Prof. Riley’s article in “Insect Life” (Vol. IL,
pp. 166-171). The object of the present note is to draw the attention.of
our readers -to the subject, so that the gravity of the case may be recog-
nized and prompt advice sent either to our Society or to the Ontario
Government in case of further outbreak occurring in other parts of the
Province. The perfect moth is a slender species about half an inch in
length, with the wings folded close to the body when at rest. The upper
wings are of a leaden grey colour, more or less sprinkled with black scales
and crossed by three waved dark lines, two near together at the tip and
the other a little nearer the shoulder than the middle of the wing. Just
beyond the middle and in the centre of the wing is a black dot (some-
timestwo). The under wings are greyish-white, edged by a dark line, and
all the wings are conspicuously fringed. The eggs, which are about 4 of
an inch in length, are oblong, bluntly rounded at the ends, or some-
times rather kidney-shaped. Under the microscope they are pretty
objects, being covered with rather large but indistinct star-shaped _pro-
minences, the rays (or wrinkles) of which are waved. As a rule the eggs
are laid singly, but sometimes in strings of from three to fourteen, con-
nected at their ends. In nature they are probably laid on the outside of
sacks, or are possibly pushed in between the meshes by means of the long
ovipositors of the females. One female confined in a glass bottle closed
with a plug of cotton batting had forced her eggs into the cotton plug to
a depth of over 4% of an inch. When first laid the eggs are greenish-

*Fig, 2, showing 2. £u/nzel/a enlarged, and of the natural size in outline, is kindly
lent by Dr. Bryce.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43

white, after about twelve days they turn purplish, and in nineteen days
(in September and October) the young caterpillars eat their way out of
the eggs.

When first hatched they are reddish-brown, with dark heads, slender,
hairy, and very active. They at once begin to spin a silken thread where-
ever they go. When full grown the caterpillar is three-quarters of an
inch in length, slender and cylindrical; of a greenish-white, but pink
where the skin overlaps. The head is reddish-brown. Upon the segment
next to the head, and on the last segment, are two chitinous plates of a
honey-yellow colour, known, respectively, as the thoracic and anal
shields. Along the sides of the body are four rows of dark piliferous
tubercles, the most distinct of which are those upon segments 2, 3 and
13. These tubercles are arranged in four series, as follows :—Subdorsal
(two on each segment, from 5 to 12), lateral, substigmatal, and supra-
ventral. The substigmatal series is double throughout, each tubercle
bearing two bristles, separated a little at the base. On segments 3, 4 and
13 the subdorsal and lateral series are represented by a single double
tubercle instead of two separate tubercles, as on the other segments.

These tubercles are small but distinct, the dark colouring is in the
form of a cloud round the bases of the bristles. On the anterior section
of segment 13, the two subdorsal rows of tubercles are joined by a dark
cloud, and there is a large double conspicuous tubercle in the lateral area,
When full-grown the caterpillars crawl to some crevice or corner and en-
close themselves in close cocoons, into which they spin particles of flour
dust, or any other material at hand. ‘The chrysalis is honey-yellow at
first, but turns darker as the moth matures within it. In about three
weeks the moths appear, pairing takes place and eggs are laid within 24
hours.

Remedies —As to remedies, these will have to be applied according
to circumstances. In the attack above referred to, all machinery was
brushed and subjected to a blast of super-heated steam. Fumigation, with
sulphur and chlorine, was also resorted to. The experience of all who
have had the misfortune of being visited by this pest is, that the only safe-
guard is scrupulous cleanliness. In Canada, where we have several
months consecutively of severe winter weather, there should be no very
great difficulty in keeping this pest down if millers will only recognize
the danger of being indifferent. It is hardly probable that cold will kill

44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

the insects if they are left undisturbed in their silken tunnels ; but, if these
are broken by constant sweeping, and the caterpillars are left exposed,
cold will certainly injure them. Moths and caterpillars placed in a glass
bottle, and exposed to a temperature of five degrees above zero (Fah.),
were all severely crippled, and did not recover. The above facts suggest
the advisability of occasionally opening mills, which are supposed to be
infested, so that the cold of winter may penetrate. If the moths are seen
about in spring, fumigating with sulphur at short interval must be practised.
Old sacks received from outside sources should be carefully examined, as
these would probable be the most frequent means of carrying the pest
from one mill to another. It is probable that this insect passes the winter
in the caterpillar state, in which it is more or less active, according to
the temperature.

SOME NEW COLORADO MOTHS.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.
Cossus Brucei, nov. spec.
Expanse, male 2.50, female 3.00 inches.

Ground color, very pale gray, almost white, no dusky shading over the
wing. Fore wings crossed by a great number of fine black lines. In the
male none of these form reticulations except a few along the basal half of
the internal vein and near the outer margin. The female has a few more
of the reticulations in the outer third of the wing. On the male one line
more prominent than the rest crosses the wing through the middle from
the costa to the posterior margin at the origin of the fourth median vein,
forming a straight line. On the female this line follows the fourth median
vein about a tenth of an inch, and then goes ina straight line obliquely to
the margin, and is not so heavy as inthe male. Both sexes have a sub-
terminal line not quite so prominent as the median, from near the apex
to the posterior angle, bifid on costa, nearly straight in the male, slightly
curved outwardly in the femaie, reaching the angle in a fine line. Veins
dark only as denuded. Hind wings, with a space at the base and along

a... -Fo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45

the inner margin, covered with long hairs as usual, the rest reticulated ; of
the same color as the fore wings.

Head gray, darker in the male ; colar slightly more buff tinted than
the ground color of the wings, making a light drab, without marks ; thorax
gray, a mixture of the ground color of the wings and black, a black line
round the posterior margin preceded by a space devoid of black ; abdo-
men of a lighter gray than the thorax. Beneath the thorax and abdomen
concolorous with the same parts above, the legs ringed with light.

This species is nearest to Cossus Angrezi Bailey, but differs from that
in several particulars. It lacks the dark shading on the fore wings, in the
shape and distinctness of the transverse median line on fore wings, and in
the shape and position of the subterminal line. The fore wings are a little
less rounded at the apices, otherwise they are shaped alike. The hind
wings in this species are reticulated over the terminal two-thirds, while in
Angrezi the reticulations do not cover quite half. In Angrezi the thorax
is black, with the edge of the tegule shaded with yellowish gray ; in this
the thorax and tegulae are both gray. The antennz are pectinated in
both sexes, most heavily so in the male. The under side of the wings
repeat the markings of the upper side, but a little blurred. The space
between the two transverse lines is a little shaded with brownish, The
female has the ovipositor exserted about .30 of an inch.

Described from two examples, one of each sex, taken by David Bruce,
in Colorado, in 1887, and in the name dedicated to him.

Tolype distincta, nov. spec.
Expanse, male 1.12%, the female 1.50 inches.

Male.—In color and markings between Vel/eda and Larvicis, rather a
dark leaden gray ; the fore wings crossed by two geminate lines and a
subterminal line, similar to those of Ve//eda, but the subterminal line is
also inclined to be geminate. These lines are lighter than the ground
colour, but not white asin Ved/eda. ‘The geminate lines bordered each
side by a shade line that is slightly brownish ; fringes concolorous, a
whitish gray line at the base. Hind wings nearly the color of fore wings,
a pale shade through the middle and at the outer border ; fringe like that
on fore wings.

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Head and thorax gray, the front a little mixed with brown, the middle
of thorax with the usual glossy brown scales in the form of a longitudinal
crest ; abdomen gray, brown tinted, the sides at the base white, beneath a
little paler than above ; antenne strongly pectinate. |

°

Female.—Color and markings as in the male, the bands and veins a
little more decided in contrast of color with the wings. Thorax dark
leaden gray, patagiae rather lighter gray than the wings ; the entire absence
of white anywhere.

This species is between Ve//eda and Larvicis in size, as well as mark-
ings and colour. The antennz are strongly pectinate, more so than
_Laricis, but not so much as Velleda. There is no decided white on
either sex, except on the sides of the abdomen of the male, the cross
bands and veins of the fore wings being whitish gray. The fringe of the
fore wing show a tendency to be paler at the ends of the veins, but they
are not pale externally, as are those of Ve//eda.

Captured by Mr. David Bruce, in Colorado, and described from two
males in my cabinet, and one female in that of Mr. Bruce.

Halisidota occidentalis, nov. spec.
Expanse, 1.30 inches.

Fore wings hyaline, except the anterior part to subcostal vein, the base,
and the posterior part along the submedian vein and a little above that at
the base. The costal space alternately four patches of yellow, between a
buff and a chrome yellow, and yellowish brown ; the posterior margin
alternately two spots each of the yellow and brown, the basal yellow and
the terminal brown spots the longest. From the costal brown spots three
irregular sub-hyaline brown bands extend across the wing, the two outer
connecting with the two brown spots on the posterior margin, the third
from the outer margin not reaching the margin but blended posteriorly
with the second ; the sub-basal brown spot on the costa is in line with a
red-brown spot on the median vein at base ; the subhyaline brown, is
darker than that on the costa. The hyaline spaces left between these
brown bands corresponds to the light bands in such species as Agassiziz,
etc. Veins brownish yellow, as also the extreme outer portion of the wing.
Hind wings hyaline, immaculate ; fringes of both wings pale.

Head pale yellowish brown, a yellow transverse stripe in front, antenne

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47

pectinate, pale yellow-brown. Thorax yellow buff; collar, a dorsal line
and a line on outer edge of patagiae brown, the edge of collar next to head
yellow ; abdomen yellow ; beneath pale yellow, with the front of anterior
legs brownish.

Described from one male taken by Mr. Bruce, in Colorado.
Halisidota subalpina, nov. spec.
Expanse, 1.55 inches.

Fore wings yellow-buff, so sprinkled with brown scales as to appear
quite brown, crossed by six rows of spots that are part yellow and part
white, all except the costal surrounded by a brown annulus. ‘The first
row is of two spots, the first on costa and the second on median vein, all
yellow ; the second row is of three, the first large and at right angles to
the other two very small white ones; the third row is of five spots, the
costal yellow, the next three white, the second very small, the third and
fourth equal, the fifth yellow and lacking the basal part of annulus ; the
fourth row is of five spots, the costal yellow, the second large and in the
cell white, the third a brown spot, the other two small, white ; the fifth
row of six spots all white except the costal, the first and second only separ-
ated by the vein, the sixth very small ; the sixth row is of nine spots, all
white but the costal, the first, second and ninth very small, the seventh
and eighth tending to fuse, the ninth removed inward out of line with the
others. ‘The last spot in four of these rows is below the submedian vein.
Fringes brown, with buff at the ends of the veins. Hind wings pale buff,
a pale stain spot at the end of cell and at the apex.

Head yellow in front, brown between the antenne, antennz pale yellow
brown ; collar buff, a central line and a spot each side brown ; thorax buff,
a brown line each side of the centre ; centre of patagiae pale buff, with a
brown line each side, the two uniting in front ; abdomen buff. Beneath
similar to the upper but paler, the abdomen with a central and lateral
brownish stripe, the costa of hind wings with three brown stains.

Collected in Colorado by Mr. David Bruce. Described from one
male. This species is near H. Scapudaris Stretch, but differs in size,
colour and markings. In Scapwaris all the spots are white, and the
ground color is brown, with the thorax brown instead of buff. These are
a few of the differences between the two species.

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON EREBIA EPIPSODEA, BUTLER.*

Epipsodea was first known to me by examples taken by Mr. T. L.
Mead, in Colorado, 1871. He says, in Report of the Wheeler Expedi-
tion: ‘This species inhabits the mountains of Colorado below timber
line. Specimens were brought from Fairplay by the Expedition. It
begins to appear about the first week in June, is common by the middle
of that month, and remains until the last of July.”

Several examples were received in 1883, by Mr. William M. Courtis,
from Judith Mountains, Montana, at about 4,o00 feet elevation, in July.
From Mr. Ernest Stevenson, at Walla-Walla, southeast Washington, came
some unusually large specimens, late in June, 1885 ; others from Spokane
Falls, in east Washington, by Dr. W. J. Holland. Ihave also received
this species from St. Michaels and Nushagak, Alaska ; and have received
eggs from Mr. Thomas E. Bean, at Laggan, Alberta. On the other hand,
I have not seen Zfipsodea from south Colorado, or New Mexico, or
Arizona, or Utah, nor from the Sierra Nevada range anywhere. So far as
appears, it is confined to the Rocky Mountains from middle Colorado
northward to the Arctic sea, but flies over the lowlands in its northern-
most range, and may there have a wide distribution. Many examples
from Colorado are small, the wings expanding less than any seen from
Alaska ; and the largest have come from Washington. Throughout its
territory the two principal varieties seem to be found, the banded and not
banded.

Mr. Butler described the species from two individuals “from Rocky
Mountains,” but the locality was not stated.

Mr. Bruce writes: “I first met with Zppsodea in Platte Canon,
Colorado, at about 9,000 feet elevation. It frequents damp and boggy
places where the grass grows rank and coarse. In such situations, up to
nearly 12,500 feet, I found it rather common. In one place, at the high-
est altitude named, a small stream of muddy water from a mine had been
conveyed in wooden troughs which emptied into a basin-like depression ;
in this place, “being always moist, the grass and flowers grew
luxuriantly, and many species of butterflies were in profusion. Zpzpsodea
was plenty, and in almost all the examples I captured here, the ocelli on

*From Edwards’s Butt. N. A., Vol. 3, Part IX., issued Feb. 1, 1890. As com-
paratively few of our readers are likely to see this work, we have thought it worth while
to reprint these interesting notes. —Ep. C. E.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 49

upper wings were absent. Many had none on lower wings, others showed
black points more or less minute.

“This variety, which Mr. Elwes has called E. Brucei I see, is prob-
ably peculiar to these high stations, where I have found it during three
seasons, for, in the valley below, there was a narrow, boggy tract, more
than a mile long, where Z/zpsodea was plentiful; but I found none of the
variety spoken of. The only variation there was marked by the absence
of the band on under side hind wings, and this was confined to few indi-
viduals.

“ Epipsodea has a rather quick, jerky flight, It is not very readily
captured, for, although it never appears to be in a great hurry, it flies close
to the ground, and is always just ahead, dodging under every bush, and
around every grassy hummock, as if in earnest search for something. It
takes long flights without going far away, and seldom alights on flowers.
Directly the sun is obscued, it dives in the grass, like almost all the
mountain diurnals. All the Erebias, as well as the alpine species of
Chionobas, ‘ play possum,’ and pretend to be lifeless when captured, and
will lie in or under the net, or on one’s hand, some moments in that con-
dition. I have found “fzpsodea from June gth to the end of August, in
the front Range, in Colorado ; at the latter date it was badly worn.”

Mr. Elwes says, Tr. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1889, Part II, p. 334: ‘I have
a single specimen, and Mr. Godman has a similar one, collected by
Bruce in Cashier Valley, Summit County, Colorado, at 12,000 feet, which
are considered by Bruce and W. H. Edwards to be a variety of Apzpsodea,
though it is so different from it that, had I more specimens, I should be
inclined to consider it a different species, more especially as Lpzpsodea
does not appear to extend to such great elevations, or to vary much ;
though its range of altitude is very great. I have taken it in Idaho at about
2,000 feet elevation, and in the Yellowstone Park at 5,000 to 6,000 feet,
and have it from Colorado, taken by Bruce, as high as 9,500 feet. The
specimens above mentioned are somewhat smaller, and with rounder
wings, than the average of Epzpsodea, but are best marked by the entire
absence of ocelli on either wing or on either surface, and the partial dis-
appearance of the red band.” In the Synopsis of same paper, page 326,
Mr. Elwes puts this under the species name as ‘? Var. Brucei.”

Mr. Bean writes: ‘“ At Laggan, fzpsodea is moderately common in
June and early July, frequenting open, grassy flats of the Bow River valley,

50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

at an altitude of about 5,000 feet. It is, in my experience, rarely found
on the mountains, but I took a single male, the past seaon ona mountain
ridge, at 7,800 feet, or about 500 feet above the tree line. ‘This specimen
does not differ from those of the valley, 3,000 feet below. _ The form you
mention (.7rucei), which partly lacks the eye spots, I do not find.

“ Epipsodea occurred at McLean, altitude 1,900 feet, in 1884, though
not so common as it is at Laggan, and the localities were open grassy
flats.”

The eggs sent me by Mr. Bruce, in 1888, were laid by a female of this
var. Brucei, not wholly destitute of spots, there being two or three black
points on fore wings. The outcome was a single male, true type Zpipsodea,
scarcely banded beneath, out of chrysalis t2th May, 1888. The eggs were
laid 8th July and hatched zoth. On 25th, there were seven young larve.
The first one passed first moult 27th July, the second moult 4th August, the
third moult 28th August. The others lingered in their stages, but by 15th
September, five had passed third moult. They were at all times kept out
of doors, and cool weather now coming on they ceased feeding gradually.
On 29th October, I found but three larve, all in lethargy, two of the five
having disappeared. In November, I took them to Clifton Springs, as
before stated. On 5th April, 1888, I received them again, two alive and
wide awake as I opened the box. These were at once placed on grass,
and in five minutes thereafter were feeding. On 15th April, one passed
its fourth moult, the other on 17th. On 30th April, I noticed that one
was bringing together leaves of the grass and forming a sort of loose
cylinder. It was in the middle of a pretty dense tuft, the leaves of which
were three to four inches long. On one of these the larva rested, holding
by its prolegs, and was spinning a few threads and drawing the leaves
down and about it. Before night the inclosure was complete. Nearly a
score of leaves were held, mainly by threads at top and bottom, that is,
above and below the larva, making a pretty close covering, but open by
spaces so that most of the side, and the head, were exposed to view.
The larva rested head up, back arched. Mr. Scudder, in But. N. E., has
well characterized this structure as “‘an imperfect cocoon.” Pupation
took place on the night of rst-2zd May. Some hours after, when the
chrysalis had hardened, I cut away the leaves one by one. There were
fifteen of them, and the pupa rested upright, its lower end one and a-half

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 51

inch above ground, in an angle formed by three leaves. As I cut one
of these, it turned over and fell, showing itself to be unattached. In fact
the cremaster was found to be furnished with but straight bristles, very
short, and there were no hooks by which attachment could be had. As
before stated, a male of the typical form came from this chrysalis on 12th
May.

I had received young larve of this species from Mr. Bean, at Laggan,
25th July, 1886, they having hatched ev route. I lost all but one of these.
It passed first moult 2d August, the second moult roth August, and soon
after became lethargic. I kept it at Coalburgh, and brought it into the
house middle of January, 1887, apparently healthy. But a month later it
unaccountably disappeared.

Mr. Bruce had also sent eggs from Colorado which reached me 28th
July, 1886. From these, five larvae reached second moult, and went into
hibernation, and died during the winter. From the behavior of the differ-
ent lots of larvee, it apears that hibernation may take place at either second
or third moult.

This, therefore, is the complete history of an Erebia from egg to imago,
and, so far as I know, the first such that has ever been published of one
of the genus. To get drawings of the several stages, it was necessary to
send them to Mrs. Peart, at Philadelphia, through the mails, some five
hundred miles, with risk of loss or damage. Indeed, the second larva
was in Philadelphia in its last stage, and being returned to me, imperfectly
pupated on the way, and died.

The genus Erebia comprises many species, nearly all of which are
European and Asiatic. Dr. Staudinger, in 1871, enumerated forty-eight,
many of them boreal, others alpine, the latter found as far to the south as
the Pyrenees, Alps, Caucasus, and Himalayas. Great Britain is credited
with three species, and, in Buckler’s Larve of British Butterflies, Vol, I, on.
Plate VI, are figured the mature larva and pupa of one of these, E. B/an-
dina, and the young larva of another, E. Casséope. In the text, Mr.
Buckier relates that he raised the larva of B/andina from the egg, obtain-
ing pupa and imago ; anda brief description of the several stages is given,
that of the larval being imperfect, as nothing is said of the several moults.
Nor is it told how the larva pupated. Nevertheless, the plate represents
the pupa resting nearly upright on a tuft of grass, but not at all inclosed.
It looks very much like the pupa of Zpipsodea. So an incomplete des-

52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

cription is given of the stages of Casszopfe, but how pupation took place is
not told, nor is there a figure shown. The young larva as figured has
forked tails, and therefore, I apprehend, it must have been drawn after the
first moult.

In North America, are eight or nine species, three at least of which
are said to be old world, namely, Zyndarus, Discoidalis, and Disa. One
species heretofore erroneously credited to North America, on the authority
of Doubleday, E. Vesagus, belongs to the Andes, in South America.

The group is a very interesting one, and together with Chionobas, and
some others, embraces those members of the Rhopalocera, or Diurnals,
which are nearest the Heterocera, or Moths, allied to them in important
characters in each of the four stages. The resemblances of the larve and
pupz are particularly striking. The latter are destitute of cremastral
hooks in Erebia, in Chionobas, even of bristles, and pupation takes place,
sometimes on the bare ground, sometimes in or on the sod, in one case,
as we have seen, in an imperfect cocoon ; sometimes in a real cocoon
beneath the surface of the ground ; or the larva goes into the ground and
pupates naked, in a cavity made by the movements of its body, after the
manner of nearly all the Sphingide.*

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 36, Volume xxit.)
A. placentia A. & S.
1797—A. & S.,* Ins. Ga., II., 129 pl., 65, Phalaena.
1816—Hubner, Verzeichniss, 180, Heracdia.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 610, Arctia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei, Phil, XII., 529, Arctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris, Syn. 337, Arctza.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct. 5, Arcrza.

*NoTe.—Since the foregoing paper was printed, I have seen the CAN. ENT. for
December, 1889, and learn therefrom (Vol. XXI., p. 238,) that Dr. H. Skinner has
received examples of Zpzpsodea, caught in Assiniboia, about 325 miles west of Winnipeg,
and with them one of the var. Arzcez, mentioned as var. Sz7e-ocellata.

=

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctza.
1883—Hulst, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =xazs.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III, 150, aw sp. dst.
Habitat—Georgia, Canada.

A. quadrinotata Strk.

nO oe otk werog Dav aac. N. Scigmll, 271, pl LX. 17 6:
Habitat—Texas.

A. guenselii Geyer.
1830—Geyer, Zutr. No. 424, ff. 847-848, Arctia.
1849—Moeschl , Stett. Ent. Zeit. IX., 173, 174, Euprepia.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het, III., 611, Arvctza.
1858—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., VII., 1780, Arctza.
T900-—Glem., Proce, Ac. Na Ser, Phileexil.; 527, Avctia:
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 223, Arctia.
1864—Gn., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1864, 4e trim., Vemeophila.
EO00-—Pack.. Proc. Bost. coc. N. Hay xXl. 240 Arciza.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb, 74 et 222, pl. IX., f 8 (2).
1874—Pack., *Rept. Geol. Surv., 1874, 558, f 14 (larva).
1887—-Smith, Ent. Amer., IIL, 109, Avctza.

gelida Moeschl.

1849—Moeschl, Stett. Ent. Zeit., [X., 174, Huprepia.
1856—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 611, Arvctza.
1900-—CGlem:))/Eroc.. Ac, N. Sci. Phils xll., 528, Arciza.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 341, Avctza.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctza.
1873—Streck., Lep. Rhop. et Het., 23, pr. syn.
1883—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XLIV., 116, pr. syn.
1883—Neum., Papilio III, :50, pr. syn.
Habitat—Labrador, White Mts., Col.

A. rectilinea French.
1879—French, Can. Ent., XI, 45, Arctza.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 110, Arctza.
Habitat—Illinois, New York.

A. remissa Edw.

1888—Edw., Ent. Amer., III., 184, Arctza.
Habitat—H. B. Terr.

n4. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A. rhoda Butl.
1881—Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., XVIII., 135, Arctia.
Habitat— United States.
This species bears the same relation to ochreata Butl. that decorata
Saund. does to zais Dru., and Mr. Butler suggests that it may be the
female of either pha/erata Harr., or ochreata Butl.

A, saundersti Gtt.
71604—Grt, Proc. Hnt.. Soc. emt, Til 75 er 34, ple awtas aes
Arctia.
1868—Saund., Can. Ent., 1, 27, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Arctia.
1881— Butler, Papilio, I., 131, Arctza.
1883—Hulst, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VIL, 71, parthenice.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III, 149, an sp. dist. parthenice.
1887—Grt., Ent. Amer., III, 147, Arctza.
1887—-Grt., Can. Ent., XIX., 32, an sp. dist. parthenice.
virguncula ¢ Saund.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 9, Arctia.
1864—Grt.,, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 75, pr. syn.
intermedia Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 216, pl. [X., f 3, Arctia.
r875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 197, pr. syn.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, an sp. dist.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III, 110, an sp. dist.
Habitat—Can , N. Y., Mass., N. J., Ills.
Mr. Stretch’s species cztermedia is certainly not referable to saundersti,
but to strefchiz Grt. and ozthona Strk.
A. simplicior Butler.
1881—Butl., Ann. and Mag., N. H., ser. 5, VIII., 311, Arctza.
“Possibly a well marked variety of A. achaia ; but apparently inter-
mediate between that species and A. sawndersit.” So says Mr. Butler.
Habitat—Oregon.
A. snow Grt.
1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 197, Arctia.
1883—Hulst., Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, =vazs.
Habitat— Kansas,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. dO

A. shastaensis Behrens.
1889—French, Can. ENT., XXI., 35, Arctza.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 162, fig. 2, Arctia.
Habitat—Mt. Shasta District, Cal.

A. speciosa Moeschl.
1865—Moeschl., Wien. Ent. Monatschr, VIII., 195, pl. V., ff. 13-14

Arctia.

TOOO——E ack. E1OG: bOStaSOG: N. Heexl, 34.) gwenselr.
1873—Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het., I., 23, Arctza.
1874—Fack., Rept. Geol. Surv., 1874, 558, guenseliz var.
1883—Neum., Papilo, IIL, 150, =guense/z7.
Habitat— Okak, Labr., White Mts.

(To be continued. )

NOTES ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF HIGH ALTITUDES IN
CUSTER COUNTY, COLORADO.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, CUSTER CO., COL.
(Continued from page 39, Volume xxtz. )
(2) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6—
Lysiphlebus salicaphidis Ashm.
Lipolexis chenopodiaphis Ashm.
Limneria montana Cr.
Periclistus sp.
Apanteles sp.
Diaeretus atricornis Ashm.
Megachile sp.
Andrena sp.
Flalictus sp.
Sapyga aculeata Cr.
Camponotus vicinus Mayr.
ae sp.
Perilampus platygaster Say.
Flabrocytus rose Ashm.
Passalecus mandibularis Cr.
Lysitermus coloradensts Ashm.
Aspilota obscuripes Ashm.

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Aphidius montanus Ashm.

“ atropetiolatus Ashm.

Sphecodes dichroa Smith.

Prosapis affints Smith.

formica integra Nyl.

Dolichopselphus n. g., 0. sp., Ashm.

(3) Near Micawber Mine—

Pteromalus vanesse Harris. Bred from a pupa of Vanessa. The
larva of /. vanessa is about 21% mill. long, and is tinged with
purplish, The pupa is pale yellow, with the eyes red and
very conspicuous.

(4) Timber line and above, above Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—

Bombus ternarius Say.

Habrocytus rose Ashm.

Nomia nortoni Cr.

Atractodes sp.

Mr. Ashmead remarks, concerning HZ rosw: ‘I first received this
species from Messrs. James Fletcher and Harrington, who reared it from
a rose-gall collected in British Columbia.” I have reared it from galls of
Rhodites ignota O. S., and R. fusiformans Ckll., n. sp., collected at
West Cliff. 5

(5) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 4—

Tapinoma sessile Say.

Lipolexts atriventris Ashm.

Habrocytus rose Ashm.

Leptacis tetraplasta Ashm.

Psilophrys occidentalis Ashm.

(6) Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—

Calliopsis sp.

Tenthredo occidentalis Cr.

“< ferrugineipes Cr.

Cremastus sp.

Tapinoma sessile Say.

Bracon sulcifrons Ashm.

Aphidius atropetiolatus Ashm

(7) Micawber Mine, Aug. 7—

Lampronota coloradensis Cr.

—s-

/

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

St

=I

Camponotus sp.
Formica sp.
Cremastus Sp.
Passalwcus mandibularis Cr.
Figites coloradensis Ashm. 2.
Apanteles sp.
Aspilota pallidipes Ashm.
Pimpla annulipes Brullé.
(8) Horeshoe Bend, 1887—
Urocerus flavicornis F\.
Dolichoselphus Ashm., is allied to Atractodes, with abnormally length-
ened maxillary and labial palpi.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Mr. W. H. Edwards has kindly examined many of the butterflies.
The two species of C7daria were identified by the Rey. G. D. Hulst.
(1) Lakes of the Clouds, 1857—

Colias meadit Edw.

(2) Near Micawber Mine, 1888—

Nathalis tole Bdv.

(3) Near Brush Creek, June 27, 1889—

Phyciodes camillus Edw.

Nisoniades icelus Lintn.?

Argynnis hesperis Edw.

Lycena sepiolus Bdv., f, &.

“ Lozovscudd:
(4) Near Micawber Mine, June 27—

Pyramets cardui L.

is “form minor Ckll., nov.

Anthocharis ausonides Bav.

Vanessa milbertii var. subpallida Ckll.

Pieris oleracea Bdv.

Gnophaela vermiculata Grote.

Agrotis auxiliarts Grote.

Papilio rutulus Bdv.

Colias scudlderti Reak.

Lycena acmon D. and H.

P. cardui f. minor differs from the type only in being much smaller.

58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A P. rutulus was caught at the flowers of Hrystmum asperum vat.
alpestre V. NOV.
(5) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, June 27—
Limenitis weidemeyerit Edw.
Chionobas chryxus West. and Hew.
Colias eurytheme Bdv.
C. chryxus was abundant, but difficult to capture because it flew over
exceedingly precipitous and rocky ground.
(6) Horseshoe Bend Gulch, June 27—
Argynnis Edwardsit Reak.
Grapta sp.
Vanessa antiopa L.
(7) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug.—-
Lrenthis sp.
Parnassius smintheus Dbl. and Hew.
(8) Smith’s Park Gulch, August—
Lrenthis sp.
Colias alexandra Edw. f.
Chrysophanus helloides Bdv.
Gnophaela vermiculata Grote f, 2.
Limenitis weidemeyerit Edw.
(9) Near Micawber Mine, Aug.—
Gnophaela vermiculata Grote.
Cidara montanata Moesch. (Aug. 15).
“ nubtlata Pack. (Aug. 4).
Pyramets cardut L. ;
Vanessa antiopa L.
Parnassius smintheus D. and H.
Limenitis weidemeyerii Edw.
Alucita hexadactyla L.
Grapta sp.
Pieris protodice B. and L., 3 (Aug. 6).
Chrysophanus helloides Bdv. (abundant).
Nomophila sp.
Lotys sp.
Metrocampa margaritata var. per/ata Guen. (Aug. 6).
Flusta sp.
Clistocampa sp.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Colias alexandra Edw., &, 2
Pieris occidentalis Reak. (Aug. 6).
Satyrus charon Edw.
Colias eurytheme var. pallida Ckll.
oh y var. keewaydin Edw. (Aug. 6).
a it var. eriphyle Edw. (Aug. 6).
(10) Horshoe Bend Gulch, Aug. 15—
Colias eurytheme Bdv.
ORTHOPTERA.
Ceuthophilus sp., near Micawber Mine.
HEMIPTERA.

The Hemiptera have been identified by Mr. Ashmead.
(1) Smith’s Park Gulch, 1889—
Cicada sp.
(2) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—
Nysius californicus Stal.
(3) Smith’s Park Gulch, Aug. 5—
Lygus diffusus Uhler.
ce) pratensis, Var.
(4) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6—
Podisus bracteatus Fitch.
Nysius angustatus Uhler.
Anthocoris melanocerus Reuter.
Corizus hyalinus Say.
Hadronema militaris Uhler.
ey robusta Uhler.
(5) Timber line above Smith’s Park Gulch, July 27—
Lioderma viridicata Uhler ?
(6) Micawber Mine, Aug. 7—
Lygus pratensis L., var.
Idiocerus alternatus Fitch.
Pycnoderes insignis Reuter.
(7) Near Micawber Mine, Aug. 15—
Alydus eurinus Say.
(8) Near Brush Creek, June 27—
Dacota hesperia Uhler.
Lygus pratensis L., var.

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

DIPTERA.

Tipula sp., Micawber Mine, Aug. 7.

Musca domestica L., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6.

Culex sp., Lakes of the Clouds, 1887.

Various other species of Diptera, etc., as well as some Z7yichoptera,
and species of Zhrips and Zomocerus (probably p/umbeus L.), and many
Aphides, are as yet undetermined. The Arachnida are represented by
Epeira and Misumena (probably vatia), and Phalangodes robusta Pack.
was found near the Micawber Mine, this being the highest altitude known
for this species. ‘The Myriapoda are represented by species of Lithobius
Geophilus and /udus, and most interesting of all, Polydesmus was found
near the Micawber Mine.

BipitioGRaAPHy.—The only species hitherto recorded from 10,000 feet,
or above, on the Sangre de Cristo Range, seem to be Parnassius,
Guophaea, Lrenthis and Lombus. But some not very distinct ranges
have been explored. Many species are recorded from Veta Pass, and
Mr. Scudder has written (Appalachia, 1878) on the insects of Sierra Blanca,
and Mr. W. S. Foster has collected Lepidoptera on Marshall Pass.

CORRESPONDENCE.

RARE CAPTURES.

Dear Sir :—When in London last winter, I assisted in naming the
private collection of Mr. Rowland Hill, our present young curator. As [|
was going over his material, my attention was arrested by the unfamiliar
look of a few specimens he had secured the season before ; they had a
resemblance to a familiar enough form — Lachnosterna—but much smaller,
and I concluded that I had seen it before. After several ineffectual
efforts to secure its name, I sent a specimen to Dr. Hamilton, Allegheny,
and he has identified it as Cyclocephala immaculata Burm., and remarks
that “this species is widely distributed from Ohio to West Mexico, but I
never heard of its being taken in the Northern States, east of North-
western Ohio.” I have also been in communication with Prof. Fernald,
and I copy the following from his reply :—‘ No. 2 is Pedisca nisella
Cl., a European species never before reported in the United States.”

J. Atston Morrat, Hamilton, Ont.

Mailed March ist.

Me lo al oe

VOL. XXIL LONDON, : APRIL, 1890. No. ie

ON CERTAIN STATEMENTS IN SCUDDER’S “ BUTTERFLIES
OF NEW ENGLAND.”

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.

As Mr. Scudder has charged me with blunders of one sort or other, I
am compelled to notice the matter, as silence on my part would properly
be construed as an acknowledgement that he was right.

I. On p. 1805, the synonymy of Argynnis (Brenthis) /7ez7a is given,
closing thus: ‘‘ Argynnis Chariclea Edw., in his catalogues.” And on
p. 1808, under Chariclea : “Argynnis Freya Edw., in his cat.”

In the text, p. 1807, we read that “ /7ez7a is a circumpolar species in
the strictest sense, being found on the northern shores of both worlds,
and in each extending southward to the habitable zone. * * * In
the New World it occurs from Alaska to Labrador, * * * andin
the Rocky Mountain region as far south as Lake La Hache and Crow’s
Nest Pass, west of Fort McLeod. It is said by Edwards to occur in
Colorado, but the specimens obtained there by Mr. Mead, to which he
probably refers, belong to the next species” (7. e. to Chariclea), ‘while
three from Nepigon, referred by him to Charéc/ea, belong here” (7. e. to
Freya).

On page 180, under Chariclea, we read: ‘ This northern butterfly
inhabits circumpolar lands on either side of the Atlantic, but extends
much further southward on the western than on the eastern continent,
being found * * * not only in Greenland and Labrador, but * * *
even (in) Colorado,” ete.

Now, although I knew I had not mistaken one of these species for
the other, as alleged, I got from Mr. Bruce a pair of the Colorado form,
taken by him last summer, and mailed them to Mr. Butler, British Museum,
asking which species they were. The reply came two weeks ago, short,
sharp and decisive: ‘‘ Your species is /reya ; it can by no means be
confounded with Chariclea * * * It has nothing to do with Chariclea.”

6
THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

(or)
Lo

The Colorado species is “veya. The examples taken by Mr. Mead in
Colorado, 1871, and of which Mr. Scudder speaks, all passed through my
hands, as did the whole catch. i received the butterflies, week by week,
through the mails in papers ; and, on Mr. Mead’s return, we divided the
entire lot equally between us. There were many /veya (and some of
them I have now), but no Chariclea; nor has Chariclea ever been taken
within the limits of the United States, so far as I know. It flies as far to
the south as the Canadian Pacific Railway in the Rockies ; and I not only
have examples taken at Laggan by Mr. Bean, but I have twice had eggs
and larvee from him.*

II. On p. 1863, in the synonymy of Pamphila (Limochores) Palatka
it is said that Pamphila Dion Edw., Can. Env., XI., 238, is the same thing.

*Mr. Scudder says, page 1807, under veya, by which he means Chariclea: ‘‘To
judge from the captures north of Lake Superior, it is a late species, flying late in August
and early in September, or at the very close of the season, at that place. Evidently
winter must be passed, by the caterpillar just from the egg.” I have not learned from
Mr. Bean the date of first appearance of Chariclea imago, but I received eggs sent by
him 4th of August, 1866, and another lot 6th August, same year. Part of each lot hiber-
nated direct from the egg, but part went past third moult and then hibernated. I lost
these during the winter. But these last larvze, had they lived, would have reached
imago three or four weeks earlier than the larve that hibernated from the egg. This
would give the appearance of two broods of the butterfly, and account for some flying in
July and others in September.

Under Chariclea, p. 1809, by which Mr. Scudder means Freya, we read: ‘* Noth-
ing is known of its seasons or history, except that it appears in Colorado early in the
season, in May, or early in June, so that winter can certainly not be passed as a cater-
pillar just from the egg.” I have not had eggs of “veya from Colorado, but received
some from Laggan, sent 6th June, 1886; and again, sent 4th June, 1889. I lost the survivors
of the first lot after they had passed the second moult; but those of the last lot (6) reached
eight-tenths of an inch in length, and had passed three moults before 2nd July. I
thought from their actions they would pupate, but after several alternations of quiet and
activity, they finally dropped asleep, and I sent them to Clifton Springs, N. Y., 16th of
July, to go in the refrigerating house.

The species 4. Helena is the representative of Charzclea in Colorado, and as that
behaves so Chariclea might be supposed to behave, if it dwelt in Colorado. Eggs of
Ffelena, sent from that State 24th July, 1886, gave larve. all of which passed the third
moult and then went into hibernation. I lost them during the winter.

I may as well here speak of one other of this group, A. Z7zclarvzs, found in Colo-
rado and north. I received eggs sent from Laggan, 2nd August, 1889. The larve
passed second moult and hibernated, and were sent to Clifton Springs 19th September.

The larvee of all four species are closely like that of Ged/ora. In the first stage, the
alternate segments are green and brown, asin 4ed/ona, and also JAZyrina. The spines
of Z7iclarzs are somewhat different from the rest after the first stage, but these others are
same as in 4el/ona, so far as I carried the larve. Mr. Scudder has tried hard to find
characters in the preparatory stages by which to separate the genus Brenthis Scudder
(not the coitus Brenthis of Hubner, by a good deal), but wholly without success ; and
the same is true of the imago. The small species are merely a group of the genus
Argynnis. As to two other genera, so called, chipped off from Argynnis, viz., Semno-
psyche and Speyeria, there is not a feature in any stage to justify either of them,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

Had Mr. Scudder read the two descriptions ever so carelessly he ought not
to have made a mistake like this. Also Prof. French pointed out to him the
error, and I did the same indirectly through Mr. French. But, neverthe-
less, he was bound to have his own way. ‘The species Pa/atka was named
from a single ~, 1867, taken at St. Augustine, Fla. In several years this
example was an unique. I have it before me now as I write. But in
later years Palatka has been taken abundantly at Indian River, mostly
by Dr. Wittfeld, and is known to all collectors. In the description the
expanse Is given at 1.7 inch. Omitting all mention of upper side, we
come to under side of secondaries, which differs widely from Déow in
colour and absence of markings, ‘‘ Under side of secondaries uniform
brown, immaculate.” . Dion was described in 1879, from the southern
shore of Lake Michigan, from Hamilton, Ont., and from Nebraska. It is
compared with 47fa B. & L. Expands 1.2 inch (that is to Palatka as
12 is to 17). “Under side of secondaries ferruginous, of uniform tint,
except that there are two pale rays from base, one of which passes
through cell, the other occupies submedian interspace to margin.” These
pale rays are a conspicuous feature of this species. Palatka is a coffee-
brown, solid colour. Don is a red-brown, with two pale bands. On p.
1931, among “ Additions and Corrections,” are these words: “ 1715,
line 9, the species here referred to as Z. Palatka is not the Palatka of
Edwards, but his Pa//as.” I never described a species under the name
of Pallas. ‘The author has got things in a tangle.

III. On p. 1595, in the excursus ‘‘ Butterflies as Botanists,” we read :
‘*The narrow choice of certain species is, perhaps, indicated in our own
fauna of the food plant of Phyciodes Zaros. So far as we know it feeds
only upon a single species of Aster ; ‘and if your butterfly selects only
that,’ said the late Dr. Gray, when I told him of this, ‘it is a better
botanist than most of us.’ Only one other plant has been alleged as its
food, and that probably by mistake. This special aster the female
selected out of many furnished it by Mr. Mead whereon to lay her eggs,
and no one has yet reared it upon anything but aster Nove Anglize
* * * Such restriction of choice, if reaily true, certainly .indicates
some keen perception on the part of the butterfly.” It certainly would,

Mr. Mead, Can. Ent., VII., 161, 1875, says: “I prepared a box by
partly filling it with earth, and transplanting into this small specimens of
all the common Composite I gould lay my hands upon, * * * and

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

about a dozen 2 2, P. Marcia and Tharos, were introduced. In a few
days I examined the leaves and found six patches of eggs upon one of the
plants, etc. The plant proved to bea species of aster, * * ™ from
the leaves I think it will prove to be aster Novee-Anglie. No eggs were
found on any of the other plants.” He also says that he afterwards found
a brood of young caterpillars upon a plant of this aster in a meadow.

In Can. Ent. IX. 1, 1877, I related that I was in the Catskills with
Mr. Mead when he made the above mentioned discovery, and that I
afterwards got eggs for myself by tying the female butterfly over the stems
of A. Novee-Angliz, and brought the larve while young to Coalburgh.
“On the journey, stopping at several points, I had to give them leaves of
such species of aster as I could find, and they ate any and all readily—
even German Asters from the garden.” Then:I related how I repeatedly
got eggs of Zharos in same way at Coalburgh, W. Va., (where A. N.-
Angliz does not grow). I do not know that Zharos will feed on any
other plants than asters, but they will eat any sort of aster surely.

IV. Onp. 1926: ‘Mr. Edwards tells me that Mrs. Peart observed
one case (of G. Znterrogationis) in which the final egg of a chain had
eleven ribs, when all the others had nine. Could a second female have
possibly placed an egg upon a chain laid by another!?” I did not know
what the author meant to imply by the italicised word and the note of sur-
prise. The observation as to this chain of eggs is mentioned in Part VIIL.,
Vol. 3, Butt. N. A., in the paper on Juterrogationis, as follows: ‘I had
supposed the number of ribs in all eggs laid by one female was the same,
but Mrs. Peart found that, in a string I sent her, the topmost egg had
eleven ribs, while all the rest had but nine, as shown on the plate, fig. a‘.”
The eggs were laid by a single female in confinement, and were put in
alcohol and so sent Mrs. Peart. Itoccurred to me to ask Dr. C. S. Minot,
an authority in biology, if he could explain how this could have been, and
he replied: ‘The eggs of insects descend from the ovarian tubes into
the so-called uterus, where they lie for some time, and have the shell
formed by the secretions of the uterine walls. These walls are thrown
into folds, which are characteristic of the genera and species, and the egg
shell, so far as its outer pattern is concerned, is a cast, so to speak, of the
folds in question. It seems to be quite possible that the number of folds
(and therefore the number of ribs on the shell) should vary in different

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65

parts of the uterus. But I doubt if there are any observations on that
point at present.” That seems a reasonable explanation.

V. Argynnis Atlantis, p. 578. It is said: ‘‘The early history of
this species is almost wholly unknown, the different stages of the cater-
pillar and the chrysalis never having been adequately described.” I had
this species from the egg, and described every stage, egg, larva and
chrysalis, in Can. Ent., XX., p. 1., 1888, in the manner usual with me ;
and as Mr. Scudder has copied my descriptions of other species by
wholesale, I am at a loss to see’what there is “inadequate” in this of
Atlantis, or why it is dismissed so curtly.

VI. Colias Eurytheme, p. 1126. Under the division of Hurytheme-
Eriphyle comes the species Harfordii H. Edw., and its var. or co-form
Barbara, and reference is made to the description and life history of
same, with plate, in Butt. N. A., V., 3. I showed in the paper cited
that the male Harfordii comes near C. /nterior Scudder, a species
which the discoverer regards as genuine ; and that the var. (or co-form)
Barbara approaches the Lurytheme group, 7. e. Hurytheme and Philodice,
and I said, ‘“‘So that the species in certain points resembles species
belonging to two distinct sub-groups.” Dr. Hagen, Trans. Bost. Soc. N.
H., 22, 165, 1883, judged Harfordi to be neither more nor less than
Interior. Mr. Scudder might have compared the genitalia, as he believes
in those organs as tests of species, and told us wherein Harfordii
resembles Hurytheme.

VII. Limenitis Disippus, called Basilarchia Archippus. There is
so much in this life history that is at variance with what I myself have
observed in West Virginia, that one would seem to be dealing with a
distinct species, and that the New England form could not be the same
as the Virginian.

Page 261. The protection of the egg from “ants, mites and spiders
* * * is undoubtedly in the fewness of their number on one plant.
The spider that finds two eggs of a Basilarchia in one day must be an
excellent hunter.” In this region there is no limit to the number of eggs
that may be laid on one tree. The seedling plants of aspen are often
full of eggs or larvee. On one occasion I found four larve on four leaves
of one little stem ; on another I found eleven eggs and young larve on a
plant not over eighteen inches high, nearly one to every leaf ; on another
I found nine eggs ona small tree. I once discovered a female oviposit-

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ing on a willow of some ten feet high. She laid in my sight at least six on
different parts of the tree, and I brought away two of them, the rest I was
unable to reach.

I asked Prof. Rowley, at Curryville, Mo., what was his experience in
this matter, he says: ‘‘I watched a female Dzszppfus last August laying
eggs on aspen. She flitted here and there, and in the course of about
fifteen minutes had laid a dozen eggs, and was busy when I inadvertently
frightened her away. Once or twice she returned to the same twig. In
searching for cases of this species on New Year’s day (1889), I examined
but two plants of willow ; the first, scarcely four feet high, yielded twelve
cases ; the other, less than ten feet high, gave me forty-five. In one case,
two were found on one twig, not twelve inches apart, on another three.
I have seen five larve on one small sprout of aspen; seven eggs on
another. Once found two young larvz on one leaf, both on perches, one
at the end, the other at the side.”

Page 273. ‘On hatching * * * it eats the apical leaves, and then
those next in order, omitting none in its passage down the stem, so that,
as Lintner says, its position may be ‘at once revealed by the twig upon
which it had fed * * * being entirely defoliated from its tip. about
eighteen inches downward, leaving only the footstalks remaining.’” The
fact is that the larva makes its case of the leaf it was hatched on, though,
for cause, it will move to another in order to make the case. __ As to strip-
ping a stem, even the mature larva does not do that to any such extent as
is intimated above that the young larva does. It is at all stages a light
feeder.

Page 277. ‘“Itis a curious thing that we find in the caterpillars of
the first brood, no tendency whatever to construct hibernacula ; here we
have an instinct inherited by alternate generations.” On page 1416, speak-
ing of the same caterpillar: (it is) ‘‘the caterpillar of the latest brood
which constructs a hibernaculum * * *; yet, with this common butter-
fly, no instance has been given where a caterpillar of an earlier brood
showed the remotest tendency towards such action.” Now, Mr. Scudder
may be right for New England, where Discppus is said to be two-brooded
only, but in West Virginia the caterpillars of the brood before the last
(there being three annual broods) often make hibernacula, and some of
the same lot will do this, while others go on to pupa and imago. If
this fact has never been recorded before, I put it on record now. Some

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 67

of a lot of larvz also will make their cases after second moult, others after
third and in the following spring. Some, but not all, of those which hiber-
nated after second moult, will pass three more moults. ‘There would seem
no reason why some larve of the first of the three Virginia broods should
not make cases, as some of the second (in mid-summer) do. And cer-
tainly we could not say positively that they do not ; nor do I see how one
could say positively that some of the first New England brood do not
make cases. The evidence against it is negative only. I have found
that caterpiliars and butterflies are apt to do just what we would think
they could not. I never knew of a larva hibernating after first moult, as
it is stated that they “ not at all infrequently” do, on page 275 ; nor do I
think the small larve, after that moult, would have the physical ability to
cut out and weave together a case.

A RAINY DAY ON THE MOUNTAINS.
BY DAVID BRUCE, BROCKPORT, N. Y.

There is a tradition extant in Denver that the sun shines in Colorado
nearly every day. This last summer was a woeful exception, however,
for, from the middle of April until the end of June, the weather would
have been thought respectable only in Labrador, but the unusual wet and
cold spring, although it retarded the insects, gave such an impetus to the
growth of flowers and herbage on the mountain sides and tops, that, when
the hot weather set in, all species of diurnals appeared to be unusually
abundant, and every kind seemed to be flying at one time. I had col-
lected for some time with indifferent success during this wet season in the
foothills and lower canons, and I made up my mind, despite the weather,
to try the higher ranges. So I climbed above timber line one showery
afternoon the beginning of June, and spent the night in the same shanty
I had occupied on my visit in 1887 ; the proprietors, two honest miners,
welcomed me heartily. The next morning was gloomy, cold mists rolled
up from the valley and white clouds collected round the peaks, but, I
donned a pair of miner’s overalls and went out determined to do some-
thing. In a drizzle that seemed as much snow as rain, I climbed the
sloping sides of Mount Bullion, which was covered more thickly with

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

vegetation than I had ever seen it before, owing to the frequent rain. I
had not searched long before I found several full grown larve of Par-
nassiuss Smintheus on Sedum. ‘This was a fair beginning, as I had for
several years searched unsuccessfully for this larva. A .pretty Arctian
larva was also feeding on the same plant (from this I bred Arctia
cervinoides Strecker). I commenced overturning the smaller rocks, and
was soon rewarded by finding numerous larve and pupe, also many .
small Noctuids. Attached to the sides of larger rocks I found several
pupee of butterflies ; these produced in a few days MJelitea anicia and
Argynnis Helena. Under flat stones and in crevices were many species
of Agrotis, sometimes from ten to thirty individuals crowded together.
The ants were swarming under most of the rocks, and they, with the
predaceous beetles had destroyed hundreds, as was evidenced by the
mutilated wings and empty pupe. I was so fascinated with my occupa-
tion that I forgot all about the weather. After I had filled all my tins
and boxes and got very hungry, I worked my way to the cabin again,
quiet satisfied and surprised with the morning’s work. From the larve
and pupe obtained I bred :—

Arctia cervinoides Strecker, five specimens.

Arctia Brucei H. Edw., three specimens.

Arctia sp. (2), one specimen.

A grey Bombyx, allied to Dasychira, from a tufted pupa enclosed in
a cocoon like A/a/es:dota but thinner, this came out next day in the box,
and I didn’t see it until it was spoilt and could not recognize it.

Apatela, two, allied to Ae/ina, but larger and darker.

Plusia Hochenworthi, several.

Agrotiphila Montana, six, the pupa and imago were common under
rocks.

Agrotis ochrogaster, four, imagines abundant and variable.

Agrotis, several specimens not yet determined.

Hadena lateritia, one.

Anarta melanopa, common, both pupz and moths.

On sheltered sides of rocks were several Glaucopteryx magnoliata,
or a species very like it, and one G. phocataria. Larve and pupe of
Melitea anicia were not uncommon. <Argynnis Helena, one pupa, also
one of Pieris calyce.

The elevation of my hunting ground was about 13,000 feet,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 69

THE NOCTUIDA OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA
COMPARED.

(Sixth Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.
Tribe Stiriini.

This tribe is, so far as I know, exclusively American. The thorax is
elevated, the patagia usually deflected. The eyes are naked ; the front
embossed ; the legs thinly scaled, with a claw on front tibiz ; the abdo-
men somewhat short and weak, untufted on dorsum ; the wings pointed
at tips. The genera seem to fall in between Cal/ge and Plusia.* They
are: Lasilodes, Stiria, Stibadium, Fala, Plagiomimicus, Acopa. The
genus Cirrhophanus probably belongs to the He/iothini; we do not
know the larva, but the moth is allied to Chariclea delphinii, by the
Hiibnerian character of the pattern of ornamentation. It is probable,
also, that Chamaeclea is best placed among the Heliothians.

Polenta, referred here by me (Can. Ent., XV., 75), based upon an
erroneous identification of Mr. Morrison’s Zepferi, with my Plag. Richi,
may be related to one of the species figured by Hiibner in the “ Zutraege,”
under Schinia. I saw the type, but was not able to examine it for generic
characters. It seemed to me to be a faded example of a southern form of
Plagiomimicus, which I possessed, narrower than Pityochromus, of a
delicate olive green, with a frontal cup-like excavation and a claw on the
fore tibiz. Mr. Smith assures us that Zepper? has the fore tibize unarmed ;
consequently, I described my species as P. Richi. Finally, Mr. Smith’s
Cerathosia may belong here. This moth has the false appearance of a
Psecadia. Ihave shown that it is not a micro, neither is it an Arctian,
“next to Utethersa,’ as stated by Mr. Smith. It has a globose thorax ;
a frontal horn, thinly scaled legs with a claw on front tibiz. The shape

*In reference to the question of rank in the Lepidoptera and to a former paper of
mine in these pages, I would state that, while from morphological grounds, we must
consider the four-footed butterflies as the highest, the sequence zw2¢hzz the family must
be decided on comparative grounds. It may be that the Satyrzn@ are the lowest sub-
family group of the Wymphalide, but they must be nevertheless classed with the family.
The characters by which the butterflies approach the moths are apparent in all the
groups, as might be expected if we consider the moths to represent an older phase of the
Lepidoptera. The highest Mymphalzde must be sought for in the tropics ; but it may
be, that the sequence in our North American fauna is to be inaugurated by the Hack-
berry butterflies,

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

—— = —— a —— _————e

of the wings is not unlike Acofa. The secondaries are 8-veined: vein 5
weaker ; costal vein 3-branched ; 7 to tip; 7 and 6 a rather short furca-
tion ; 8 thrown off from the upper margin of 7 near the ,base. The
frontal horn is impressed on the face. The moth was evidently classed
“next to Ufetheisa,’ upon Hiibnerian characters: the paler, spotted and
narrower primaries the bright discolorous hind wings. A superficial re-
semblance to Emydia and Utetheisa is thus given. Utethetsa has a
smooth front and unarmed tibie, fringed antenne, with two stronger bristles
on each joint. Cerathosia has ocelli, and is otherwise distinct from the
Lithosians, while the curious termination of the generic title (¢osza ?)
would seem to be a fragment of the Greek Zthos. The discovery of the
larvee of Cerathosia will probably throw additional light upon the affinities
of the insect. In the mean time, I wish to point out that, in its generic
characters, this form coincides in many particulars with the Noctuidee
belonging to this tribe, as also to the Zarachini in its scaly vestiture.

Tribe Plusiinz.

The thorax is rather short and square, but globose above, with hairy,
somewhat silky covering, which forms, posteriorly, an abrupt tuft. The
eyes are naked, lashed in //usza, unlashed in Zé/es//a. The wings are
somewhat pointed with full external margins. The tibize are unarmed.
The ornamentation of //usza is remarkable for the silvery or golden
middle marks, or sheeny patches. The American species are forty-two
in number, exceeding the European thirty-eight ; but, probably more
remain to be described with us. We have representatives species, i. e.
Puinamt, allied to the European festuce, while parzlis is found in Lap-
land and Labrador. The question whether zz can be separated from our
brassice, | have been inclined to answer negatively. The peculiar ab-
dominal tufts speak for the identity of the forms. Among American
forms are a greater number of gray and brown species, allied to gutta,
interrogationts, chalcytes, etc., and are, perhaps on the whole, less showy.
Nevertheless, a resemblance may be traced between many species, as
between V-argenteum and Mappa, Zosimi and balluca, etc. The resem-
blance is further shown in the species of Hadrosto/a, which have the cater-
pillar 16-footed and the moths without metallic marks, while P/usza has
12-footed larve. But the most remarkable among the American species
of Plusia are the three mimetic forms: ¢hyatiroides which resembles a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71

Thyatira, formosa which resembles a Leftina and striatella which re-
sembles a Heliophila (Leucania). Behrensia is a Californian type,
allied to Habrostola ; and Deva, an eastern and western genus, as closely
allied to Plusia.

Tribe Heliothini.

The body is untufted, the abdomen rather short, the eyes (except in
Anarta ) naked, sometimes narrowed, the tibize usually armed, the antenne
brush-like. The activity of the species, and several of their characters,
suggest a resemblance to the Agrotinz; so that I have thought of them
as flower-haunting Agrotidians, whose bright colors are due to their
changed habits and the gay tints of their floral homes. How the colors
of the larva may come to resemble those of the plant on which it feeds,
how the tints of the moth may copy the corolla in which it hides, has been
shown by Prof. Kellicott in the case of Rhodophora florida. Several of
the European genera are represented in. North America by identical or
related species. In particular is this the case with the species of Hiibner’s
genus /Ye/iothis. As might be expected, the flowery western plains afford
a large number of species ; while, in Europe, there are some forty species
belonging to about thirteen genera, in America we have over 110 species
belonging to about thirty-five genera. The species of Heliothis seem
identical with the European; whether they have been imported with
plants (which seems less likely), or are unchanged survivals, I cannot
decide. No variety of armiger like var. umbrosus, which is longer, more
of a pale olivaceous, and not dirty ochrey like the type, and which I have
taken in Southern cotton fields, seems to be known in Europe. My
Pyrrhia angulata and P. stilla are, beyond any question, distinct from
the European P. umbra. The pink and yellow Rhodophora and Rho-
dosea are peculiar to America ; the extraordinary genus He/iochilus is said
to occur likewise in Aisa. The shiny white genera Ludeucyptera and
Tricopis are peculiarly American. I regard WVyctophaeata ( Epinyctis ) as
a Heliothian, notwithstanding certain coincidences, mostly in outline, with
the Cucudliini, or again in armature with C/eophana. The European
genus Xanthodes appears to belong here, and we seem to have a repre-
sentative species in the Texan X. duxca, but I have not been able to com-
pare the moths. The white coloured genera Antaplaga, Grotella,
Triocnemis, prepare us for the following tribe. Our beautiful western
species, Z: saporis, has a resemblance to the European Luterpia laudeti.

72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tribe Zarachini.

The thorax is squamose, being covered with flattened scales. The
legs and wings are also covered with oppressed scales ; while the form is,
on the whole, like the preceding type. Whether more than the genus
Tarache (Acontia) and Chamyris belong here, I am doubtful— Zrzcho-
tarache having a resemblance to the Heliothians, to which Xanthodes and
Trileuca may also belong. The genus Zarache has its metropolis in
Africa. We have some twenty-two species, while Europe has but six.
The species bear a general resemblance to each other from the prevailing
white colour, to which ¢ermnimacudata offers a singular exception. Our
most beautiful species, with a resemblance to the exquisite moth Czrés
Wilsoni, is, perhaps, Zarache lactipennis Harvey.

Tribe Lustrotiini.

The moths are small, with broad squarish primaries, which have usually
somewhat of a tortriciform cut, rounded secondaries, the squamation on the
body thin, mixed scales and hair. The eyes are naked, antenne simple,
the form is frail. Boisduval. calls these insects “ JVoctuophalenide.”
The caterpillars are 12 or 14-footed. The typical genus Lustrota
(Erastria) has nine European and thirteen American species. The
European genus Zha/pochares, with twenty-six European species, is but
sparingly represented with us. I have been able only to study the neur-
ation of aetheria, which is an undoubted Zhalpochares. In this group I
have found the neuration useful in separating the genera. From neur-
ational characters I have separated the American forms, related to the
European genus 4Agrophila, under Spragueia. I have also referred here,
under the generic name Luherrichia, certain American forms with silvery
marks, previously referred to Zriopus. The peculiar Californian genus
Annaphila, with fourteen species curiously resembling miniature Brephine,
I refer also here. Among interesting American genera are Hxyra, which
is parasitic on Sarracenia, the pitcher plants ; Zscarza, a western form,
and Azenéa with large clypeal projection. This tribe, although represent-
ed by some of the principal European genera, offers many peculiar
American forms, such as 2ripudia, Gyros and Fruva. The departure
from the European types is perceivable. Consult for the neuration of
Thalpochares and Eustrotia Grote, N. Am. Ent., I, p. 46-47. Also,
for the structure of Lroty/a, Spragueia, Hruva, Xanthoptera and Exyra,
Can. Ent., XL, pp. 231-238. For Huherrichia, New Check List, 1882,
p. 64, (sub. Herrichia).

~j
©

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDAZ OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 55, Volume xxii.)
A. stretchii Grt.
1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 197, Arctia.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 150, =¢ntermedia.
1886—Grt., Can. Ent., XVIII., 110, an var iztermedia ?
Habitat—Texas.

There is no doubt but that Mr. Neumoegen’s reference of this species
to zntermedia is correct.
A. superba Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 227, pl. 9, f. 12, Arctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III., 111, Avctia.
Habitat— Vancouver.
A, virgo Linn.
1758—Linn, Syst. Nat., I., 501 (ed x.), Bombyx.
1764—Clck.*, Icones, pl. 45, f. 5, Phalaena.
1764—Linn, Mus. L. U., 311, Bombyx.
1767—Linn, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), 820, Bombyx.
1775—Fabr., Syst. Ent., 582, Bombyx.
1781—Fabr., Spec. Ins., IL., 199, Bombyx.
1787—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 129, Bombyx.
1791—Oliv., Ent. Meth., V., 93, Bombyx.
1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., II., 1, 472, Bombyx.
1793—Gmel., ed. Linn. Syst. Nat., 2419, Bombyx.
1797—sSm. and Abb., Ins. Ga., IL, 123, pl. 62, Phalaena.
1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 180, Auplagia.
1823—Hubner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. II., pl. 402, Auplagia.
1837—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 73, Arctia.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass, 244, Arctia.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 608. Arctia.
1858— Duncan, Nat. Libr., XXXII., 175, pl. 19, f. 3, Spzlosoma.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 528, Arctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 338, Arctia.
1862—Harris*, Ins. Inj. to Veg., ed. Flint, 345, Arctia.

(4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 6, Arctia.

1864—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 325, pl. 4, f.4, ¢, Arctza.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 126, pl. 6, ff. 1, 2.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XX XVII., 296, Arctia.
1878—Graef., Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., [., 4, var. of.
1878—Schaupp*, Bull. BklIn. Ent. Soc., L., 59.
1881—Graef, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., IV., 58, Arctia.
1883—Hulst, Buli. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VI., 70, Avctia.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III, t10, Arcéza.

var. parthenice Kirby.

1837—Kurby, Fn. Bor. Amer., IV., 204, Caldimorpha.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 339, A”. var.
1863—Saund.*, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Il., 28, Arctza.
1863—Saund.*, Syn. Can. Arct., 5, Arctia.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, III., 116, Arctia.
1864—Grt., Proc, Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 325, =wergo.
1879—Beth., Can. Ent., XI., 153, Arctia.

1883—Hulst, Bull. BklIn. Ent. Soc., VI., 71, =saundersiana.
1883—Neum,, Papilio, III., 149, =aberr. virgo.
1887—Grt., Can. EnT., XIX, 31, =vérgo.

1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., III, 110, =saundersit.
Habitat—Can. to Ga., west to Iowa, Mo., Ills., Mich.
An omnivorous feeder, according to records and statements.

A. virguncula Kirby.

1837—Kiurby, Fn. Bor. Am., IV., 304, pl. 4, f. 6, Cadlimorpha.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., III., 609, Arctza.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 528, Avctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 338, Arctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, 218, pl. 9, £5, Arctia.
1879—Beth., Can. Ent., XI, 153, Arctia.
1881—Coquillet*, Papilio, L., 7, Arctia.

1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., IIL, 109, Arctia.

nais { Saund.

1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 9, Arctia.
1864—Pack.,-Proc. Ent. Soog Phil, I11., 117, prosyn:
Habitat—Can.. Me., N. Y., N. J., Ils.
Recorded as feeding on Polygonum aviculare,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. DS

—

A. williamsii Dodge.
1871—Dodge, Can. ENT., III., 167, f. 34, Arctza.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 74, Avctza.
Habitat—Colorado.

(To be continued.)

CORRECTION OF AN ERROR.
BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.

Mr. H. J. Elwes has recently published a paper in Trans. Ent. Soc.,
London, 1889, p. 535, entitled ““A Revision of the Genus Argynnis,” and
on page 574 writes as follows :—‘‘I have also specimens of Avge Strecker,
from Strecker and Mr. Holland, both from Spokane Falls and California,
which are, undoubtedly, the same as Eyrinna, which was described in
1883 as a var. of Hurynome by Edwards, and in his catalogue of 1884
is put down as a variety of Montivaga. If, therefore, he is himself so
uncertain of the true position of these forms, he cannot expect others to
follow him blindly,” etc. On reading this I looked at the catalogue re-
ferred to, and sure enough, on p. 30, Zrinna is set down as a var. of
Montivaga. How this happened I cannot say, but I suppose by an error
of the printer, which was overlooked in correcting the proof. I see
the same mistake occurred in the list which closed Vol. 2, Butt. N. A.,
also dated 1884 ; but as the list was copied from the catalogue, that is
understood. riuna was rightly described by me in 1883 as a var. of
Eurynome, which, to my mind, it undoubtedly is. Part of my collection
is now in possession of Dr. Holland, including Hurynome and its vars.,
and I wrote him to please look at the Hyzmma specimens and tell me
what the labels say. I have his reply as follows :—‘‘All the specimens
bearing that name are classified in your collection under ELurynome,
according to your original description. ‘The labels read:

A. Eurynome.
var. Hrinna Edw.
Type. Spokane Falls.”

I therefore suggest that persons using my catalogue should note the
correction, and transfer Hrinna to Eurynome on page 29, following
Arge. Str,

~I
lors

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

APPENDIX TO THE NOTES ON INSECT FAUNA OF HIGH
ALTITUDES.
BY T. D, A. COCKERELL, WEST CLIFF, CUSTER CO., COLORADO.
Alpine Orthoptera.

Mr. L. Bruner has kindly identified the following Orthoptera, found
at 10,000 feet and upwards :—

Circotettix undulatus Thos., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6.

Ceuthophilus maculatus Scudd., g, near Micawber Mine.

Pezotettix dodgei Thos., 2 and pupa, timber line above Brush Creek,
about 12,000 feet, Aug. 5.

Gomphocerus carpenterit Thos., 2, same locality and date as P. dodget.

Alpine Lepidoptera.

The Rey. G. D. Hulst has kindly identified the following Lepidoptera,
from 10,000 feet and upwards in Custer Co., Colo., additional to my pre-
vious list :—

Acidalia Californiata Pack., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6.

Cidaria designata Hubn., Micawber Mine.

Botis plumbosignalis Fernald., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6.

Euceratia? georgiella Hulst., near Micawber Mine, Aug. 6.

There are a few misprints in my paper, viz.:—P. 39, line 15 from top,
for Welsh read Walsh; p. 39, line 16 from top, for pickly read prickly ;
p. 56, line 9 from top, for vanessa read vanesse ; p. 57, line 9 from top,
for Horeshoe read Horseshoe ; p. 57, line 10 from top, for Fl. read Fb.;
p-. 59, line 7 from top, for Horshoe read Horseshoe.

NOTES.

THE TACHINID PARASITE oF CIMBEX AMERICANA.—Mc. L. Bruner, in
the report of the Entomologist, Nebraska State Board of Agriculture, for
1888, has an interesting article on that notable pest Cimbex Americana

Leach, in which he states that although the insect is abundant in Nebraska,
he has failed to find that it has any parasite. Last year, however, I
obtained a larva of C. Americana on willow by Short Creek, Custer Co.,
Colorado, which produced the puparium of a Tachinid parasite. In
“Insect Life,” 1889, p. 164, we learn that Mr. Lugger has also found a
Tachinid parasite of the Czmébex in Minnesota, presumably the same
species as the Colorado one. It will be curious if it turns out that the
parasite is confined to high latitudes and altitudes, while its host is more
widely spread. TT. D. A, CocKERELL, West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. vi

BOOK NOTICES.

THE Cave Fauna or Nortu America, with remarks on the Anatomy
of the Brain and Origin of the Blind Species. By A. S. Packard,
M. D. Vol. IV: First Memoir—National Academy of Sciences.
ArtO:;-pp. 150:

The author of this admirable volume is everywhere known throughout
the scientific world from his numerous works, especially on Entomology,
and has obtained a deservedly high reputation in Europe as well as in
America. This reputation will, we are confident, be, if possible, enhanced
by the elaborate monograph before us. It contains many original
observations of cave animals, some careful scientific investigations, and
a very interesting chapter of philosophic considerations. It is also fully
illustrated by a map of the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, a number of
wood cuts and a series of twenty-seven beautiful lithographs, nearly all of
them drawn by the author himself. The work begins with a description
of the Mammoth Cave and others in the neighbourhood, and gives lists
of the various animals found within them; an account of the Wyandotte
and other caves in Indiana, Clinton’s Cave in Utah, and one in Colorado;
a discussion of the geological age of the caves and their inhabitants, the
mode of colonization and the source of their food-supply. The second
chapter describes the vegetable life of the caves, which is naturally of the
most meagre description. Then follows a systematic description and
list of the invertebrate animals found in North American caves, among
which spiders are the most numerous. Insects are represented by eight
species of Thysanura, four of Orthoptera, two of Platyptera, ten of
Coleoptera and nine of Diptera—a by no means extensive list, but one
that includes some very curious and interesting forms. The beetles of
the genus Anophthalmus are especially remarkable and attractive to the
ordinary entomologist. Lists are also given of the European and North
American cave animals, and of the blind, eyeless creatures which do not
live in caves, and which, strange to say, almost equal in number their
cavernous relatives. The next chapter gives a careful account of the
anatomy of the brain and eyes (when partly developed) of certain blind
Arthropods. The chief interest of the work culminates in the final
chapter where the author discusses the origin of the cave species as bear-
ing upon the theory of evolution. We have not space for any abstract
of his views, which are well-deserving of study, but must refer the reader
who desires fresh evidence on the subject of evolution to the work itself. .

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

We entirely agree with the author in his closing words: “In the case of
too many naturalists the dogma or creed of natural selection has tied their
hands, obscured their vision, and prevented their seeking by observation
and experiment to discover, so far as human intelligence can do so, the
tangible, genuine, efficient factors of organic evolution.”

AMERICAN SPIDERS AND THEIR SPINNING Work. A natural history of
the Orbweaving Spiders of the United States, with special regard to
their Industry and Habits. By Henry C. McCook, D.D. Vol. I’
Published by the Author, Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, 1889. 4 to., pp. 372.

The author of this sumptuous volume is so well known from his
valuable and interesting works on the natural history of various kinds of
Ants, and his charming little book, ‘‘ The Tenants of an old Farm,” that
any productions of his pen are looked forward to with lively. anticipation
and keen interest. We are quite sure that no one of the subscribers to
this, his latest and greatest work, has been in the least degree disap-
pointed by this first volume of the promised three. Though spiders are
not insects, we have no doubt that every entomologist, and indeed every
lover of natural history in any of its departments, will deeply enjoy the
perusal of this volume. We cannot give a better idea of its contents than
by mentioning the subjects treated of. They are, first, the general
classification, structure and spinning organs of spiders ; the construction
and armature of Orbweavers’ snares; the characteristic forms and
varieties of snares ; unbeaded orbs and spring snares ; the engineering
and mechanical skill and intelligence of spiders ; their modes of procur-
ing food and habits in feeding ; their fangs and poison bags ; their modes
of nest making and its development in various tribes; and finally: the
“genesis of snares.” All these different subjects are fully illustrated with
more than three hundred and fifty waod cuts. The second volume is to
treat of the mating and maternal instincts, the life of the young, the dis-
tribution of species, etc.; and the third will be devoted to descriptions of
the orb weaving fauna of the United States, with coloured illustrations of a
number of species. The whole will form one of the most complete works
of the kind in the English language. Entomologists will need to have
long purses if they wish to possess all the literature of the day, and to
procure for themselves such costly and beautiful books as Scudder’s and
Edwards’s Butterflies and McCook’s Spiders. We trust that all who can
possibly afford it will aid the authors in their self-sacrificing enterprises.
by subscribing for their books, but those who cannot do so should us-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 79

their influence with their local Scientific Societies and Public Libraries
and induce those in charge to purchase these valuable works for the
general benefit. We are glad to say that the Public Library in Toronto
and our Entomological Society have set a good example in this respect
and rendered these works available for many of our readers.

Entomo.LocicaL News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. I., Nos.
1-3.; January March, 1890.

We gladly welcome another addition to the serial publications on
North American Entomology. There is plenty of room for this new
monthly Magazine, as it takes charge of a field which we and others
have been unable to cultivate fully. It is intended to bring before
students and workers the news and gossip of the day gleaned from all

quarters of the globe ; the contents of current literature ; abstracts of the
proceedings of Societies, etc. We hope that the new venture will have
the fullest measure of success, and enjoy a career of long continued pros-
perity and usefulness,

REPORT ON INSECT AND Funcus Pests. No. 1. By Henry Tryon,
Assistant Curator of the Queensland Museum. Published by the
Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, Australia, 1880. LoVols
8 vo., pp. 238.

We have perused with great interest this first work that we have seen
on the Economic Entomology of Australia. Some of the pests referred
to are very familiar to us here, for instance, the Codling Moth and the
Woolly Aphis of the apple tree, while others are species closely allied to those
which are very destructive with us. The report takes up the different
fruits, vegetables and field crops that are most commonly cultivated in the
colony, and describes the insects which especially attack them ; as far as
possible the life history of each pest is given and remedies are suggested.
The work is very carefully and thoroughly done, and will, no doubt, be
of great value to the fruit-growers and farmers in that part of the world.
Its usefulness would of course be greatly enhanced by illustrations of the
insects treated of, but evidently there were difficulties in the way of pro-
curing these that could not at first be overcome. Future Reports will
doubtless be made more popular in this way. The author deserves much

credit for the valuable book he has produced. We trust that the Queens-
land Government will give him all the assistance and encouragement
possible in the prosecution of his studies in practical entomology, and
enable him to continuea work that is of the utmost economic importance.

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CORRESPONDENCE.

RARE CAPTURES.

Dear Sir: In my letter with this heading in the March number,
p. 60, there is an omission of a word which quite alters my meaning.
Line 6 of my letter should read, “I. concluded that I had wot seen it
before.” I took Pedisca nisella, referred to at the same time, last August,
about twenty miles north of Hamilton, in the County of Halton. I found
it sitting on the trunks of small birch and poplar trees.
J. Atsron Morrat, Hamilton, Ont.

GRAPTA INTERROGATIONIS AT MONTREAL.

Dear Sir: 1 was somewhat surprised to see the capture of the
above species at Montreal recorded as being an unusual and almost
unknown occurrence (Feb. number, page 40). In Mr. Caulfield’s list,
Can. Ent., VIL., 87, Znterrogationis is given, “ Rare; May (hibernated);
July to October,” and I have always considered it one of those species
which are neither rare nor abundant. The first specimen I have any
record of was taken by me in Mr, Trenholme’s garden, Rosemount Ave.,
Cote St. Antoine, on Sept. 7th, 1886. In the fall of 1887 it was abun-
dant at Mr. Trenholme’s, and a number of specimens (all Fadriciz) were
taken ; between that time and the present I know of about 4o other
specimens being captured in various parts of the town, and I succeeded
in rearing three separate lots of larva to imago during last fall, all feeding
on elm leaves. The form ‘‘zmbrosa” seems to be much rarer here than
Fabricii, but a few have been taken by Mr. P. M. Dawson and other
collectors. I saw a single specimen of Zzterrogationis at St. Rose, P. Q.,
July 6th, 1889, but was unable to catch it.

ALBERT F. Winn, Montreal, P. Q.

Errata.—The following corrections should be made in Dr. Hamil-
ton’s paper on “ Balaninus” in the January number :—Page 1, line 23,
and elsewhere, for “proboscoideus” read “proboscideus.” Page 5, line 33,
for “ nostrum ” read “rostrum.” Page 6, line 34, for “ three first” read

*¢ first, three;

Mailed April 7th.

Che wanatiay Fontomolagist

VOL. XXII. LONDON, MAY, 1890. NOa5*

NOTES. ON “A REVISION OF THE GENUS ARGYNNIS,”
BYCHENRY [cE LOWES aR SSCk 27: Se) Barc:

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.

So much of the text of Mr. Elwes’ paper as relates to North American
species has recently been printed in Psyche (March), but the synonymic
list, which is most important for a full comprehension of the state of mind
of the author, was omitted. I applied to the editor of the Can. EnT. to
print this list, but it was found that it would occupy nearly one-half the
space of a number, and it was not thought expedient to give it. In
course of the present paper, however, enough of said list will be given to
show the features of the whole. Mr. Elwes, in “ revising,” as he terms
it, has cut the forty-two-species enumerated in Group L, in my Catalogue
of 1884, adding Czprzs and Semiramis, described later, to fifteen; and
in Group II., makes one of Le//ona and Epithore. He says, page 560,
(Psyche, 308): ‘The Argynnides of North America are, without excep-
tion, the most difficult butterflies to classify that I have studied. I have
a collection which includes authenticaily named specimens of almost all
the species and varieties, many of them direct from such well known col-
lectors as Messrs. H. Edwards and Morrison, many from Messrs. Strecker
and Geddes. I have also seen some of the best collections in the United
States.” * * * “Jt seems presumptive for a man to set aside much
of what has been written by those who have seen, both living and dead,
sO many more specimens than I have seen, etc.”

‘Undoubtedly it is a difficult group, and Messrs. H. Edwards and Scud-
der, with myself, have studied it long, but do not pretend to know com-
pletely some of the forms ; and it seems odd that a stranger can skip
from ocean to ocean and back again, stop here a day and there a week
to ply his net, visiting a few collections, and those mostly second or third
rate, getting his specimens “ authentically named,” in nearly all cases by

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

persons who never saw several of the described species, or have their
knowledge at second hand, and on the strength of this pronounce
judicially on the American Argynnides! One of my correspondents, a
lepidopterist, not a mere collector, on reading the paper in Psyche, wrote
methus: ‘It is an amazing piece of presumption for a visitor to America
to collect and buy a lot of specimens, and on the strength of that to de-
nounce and try to overthrow the work of yourself and Scudder, who have
been studying the butterflies for more than a quarter of a century, and must
know a thousand times more about them than he*possibly can.” And
another correspondent, of same character, says: “I think it a pity fora
man to write on such a subject, unless he can throw some light on it,”

Mr. Elwes gives the impression that he had studied the important col-
lections of the country, but he never saw mine, nor that of Mr. Bruce
(rich in the Colorado species), nor that of the American Entomological
Society in Philadelphia, nor any collection on the Atlantic slope except
Dr. Holland’s, Mr. Neumoegen’s, Mr. H. Edwards’s and Mr. Strecker’s.
On the Pacific, those that he could have seen were local and small. It
is known that I have sold my collection to Dr. Holland, but at the time
Mr. Elwes visited Pittsburgh, the greater part of the rarer and less known
Argynnides, and particularly those that have so perplexed this gentleman,
had not been delivered. At Mr. Neumoegen’s he scarcely glanced at the
group, but gave all his time to the East Indian butterflies. He says him-
self that he ‘‘ went through” Mr. Edwards’ collection, but,as Mr. Edwards
has not returned from Australia, I cannot learn at what pace, though I
can imagine it. But he spent considerable time at Reading, and Mr.
Strecker tells his friends that ‘‘ he took copious notes,” and that he “ gave
him many points.” The paper shows as much.

I had cordially invited Mr. Elwes to visit me and inspect the Argyn-
nides, but not finding himself able to come, he failed to see the most com-
plete collection in the group treated of ever brought together, containing
not only the types of ali the species I had described, but every one of Dr.
Boisduval’s types of Californian species: in other words, of nearly every
species described since 1852. Of the two species described by Mr. H.
Edwards, and the four by Dr. Behr, I have examples named by them,
and in most cases long suites, with all the varieties which during thirty
years I had been able to bring together.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83

I could have shown Mr. Elwes the points of difference in difficult sub-
groups, and could have named all his specimens “authentically.” But
he preferred to take counsel of this and that ‘“‘ collector,” with the plain
result that his specimens are not named “ authentically,” and that his
collection must be a hopeless jumble. It is clear as can be from his list
that in half the cases he does not know what he is talking of. For ex-
ample: ‘A. Aphrodite, A. Cybele, A. Alcestis, A. Cipris, A. Halcyone.
This is a group of species or forms which are extremely hard to define ;
and though Edwards and Scudder, and most other North American Ento-
mologists, agree in keeping them separate, I think it is very difficult, if
not impossible, to identify them, unless you know their habitat.” (One
would think that such cases were unheard of elsewhere. Habitat is an
important aid in determining between closely allied species, and zoologists
in every branch, and botanists, take it into consideration.) I have a
pretty good series of all, except C7zprzs, which must be very close to, if
not identical with A/cestis, etc.” Plainly, he does not know C7pr7s then,
a species closer to Aphrodite than to Alcestis. ‘“ Either such experienced
collectors as Morrison or Geddes did not know ApArodite when they saw
it out of its usual range, or Scudder and Edwards are mistaken.” Truly, it
does look so. However, it is not remarkable that the collectors named did
not distinguish Czf77s, inasmuch as, in their day of collecting, it had not been
separated. ‘‘Mr. Edwards perhaps would say that my AHa/cyone, which
were sent by Mr. Strecker, and taken near Denver, are not true to name ;
but what can they be from that locality?” Here it seems that locality
helps him to decide on a species. ‘‘ What can they be?” I can answer
this pathetic appeal: Ha/cyone is not “ taken near Denver,” but Czpris
is, and Mr. Elwes was viewing a C7zgrzs undoubtedly. Now /alcyone
does not belong to the Aphrodite sub-group, as anyone can see by the
figure of the female in Butt. N. A., vol. 3, part IX. It has the peculiar
cut of wings of Hdwardsiz, and great egg-shaped silver spots. So, here
are two species our author is at fault about.

And he is bothered with C/ztone, “sent by H. Edwards from Nevada,”
which “does not agree with W. H. Edwards’ description on the under
side ” (which is the important side), ‘“‘and is nearer (Vevadensis.” He
never saw C/itone, a species not taken in Nevada, but in Southern Utah
and in Weber Mountains, and totally different on both sides from
Nevadensis.

84 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A Lais “seems to me very near At/antis”; and in the list, p. 546,
he says ‘‘ Lats (Atlantis var.?),’ not being able to determine whether it
is a species or a var. He never, in text or list, refers to the plate of Zazs,
in Butt. N. A., vol. 3, which, as well as the description, testifies to a
species that cannot be confounded with AZ/antis.

‘“There occur, however, in Nevada, forms which are described as
Laura and Macaria, of which I have authentic specimens from Mr. H.
Edwards, and which, by their under sides, seem to be Corvonis.” Then,
in same connection, speaking of Chitone, as before quoted, he goes on:
‘** None of these names can, in my opinion, be retained, except as syno-
nymns, though they are a// kept up in Mr. Edwards’ Catalogue as distinct
species.” On this I remark that Mr. Henry Edwards is one of the few
experienced lepidopterists who are well acquainted with the American
Argynnides. He collected for several seasons in California and Nevada,
and knows more of the living butterflies than any other one man. In
doubtful cases I rely on his judgment above all persons. His collection
does not embrace, by a good deal, all the described species ; but, so far
as it goes, it is complete, and each species is represented in long suites.
This collection was undoubtedly the most important one Mr. Elwes
visited. “In going through Mr. Edwards’ collection, I noted Columbia
as similar to Hesperis;” and on the strength of that casual glance one
May morning, down goes Hesperis as Atlantis pure and simple, and
Columbia as well but with a query, the usual confession of
ignorance of its position. It takes something more than “ going through ”
a collection in this fashion to make one’s self acquainted with forty
species, and giving the right to pronounce on them. In the present
case, also, some deference might be thought due to Mr. Edwards’ standing
and experience. But, I doubt very much whether Mr. Elwes saw
Macaria. So far as I know, it is not Nevadan, but is confined to the
Greenhorn Mountains and Kern River region in South California.

“Whether J/ontivaga and its var. “gZeis are really distinct from
Eurynome and its varieties, is hard to say,” p. 574. Who said £g/ezs
was a var. of Montivaga? Iam confident the author of this paper never
saw Afontivaga, unless under anothername. It is neither Zg/ezs nor Eury-
nome, but the same as Arge Strecker, which last is not Zvzzza at all, as
anyone can see by reading the two descriptions. Mr. Mead, who has a keen
eye for resemblances or differences, (alas, that he has gone over to the

—_ ss,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

(oa)
Or

botanists !) on his return from the summer’s collecting in California and
Nevada, 1878, went to Reading, and at once identified Avge as Mont-
vaga, many examples of which he had taken at Tallac, Nevada. The de-
scription supports Mr. Mead’s testimony. 7zuza was unknown till five
years after Avge was described, when the first examples were brought in
from Washington Territory. Neither it nor Huwrynome are Californian.
In Butt. N. A., Vol. Il., Zurynome is figured and its egg: in Vol. III.,
Egleis and its egg. Apart from the sufficient distinctness of the imagos,
the different form of the eggs is decisive, though doubtless Mr. Elwes
does not know it. There is no appreciable variation in the shape of the
eggs of any species of Argynnis. Mr. Scudder relies implicitly upon this
fact, even in the characterization of genera. If one is higher than broad,
with a given number of ribs, all are ; if one is broader than high, all are.
The egg of Zurynome is squat, as broad as high, with twenty ribs ; Zg/ecs
is tall, considerably higher than broad, with eighteen ribs. I may say
here that nowhere in the paper do I find the least reference to the plates
in Butt. N. A., except on page 574. When talking of Azschoffii and Opis,
I read: “In Edwards’ figures I can see no specific characters.” In the
list most of the plates are referred to, but in the text no one would sup-
pose that any of these species had been figured, or that such figures as
are given were of the least use in determining species. The author pre-
fers to trust to his “‘ authentically named” specimens.

On p. 536, he says he has not /wornata in his collection, and indirectly
that he never saw it, but he ‘cannot recognize it as a species.”
Nothing further is said of it, but in the list it is put under Cadlippe,
“>? var. vel trans. ad Edwardsit, vel ad Zerene, Inornata.” Edwardsit
in no one character resembles Zerene, and is Coloradan, while /nornata
is found only in California. The plate shows it to be one of the
most distinct species of the fauna. The male is as red as Advante.
Callippe has no red about it, but is dark and melanic. So that here
Inornata is put down as related to three wholly unrelated species, under
one of them, and ov ¢ts way, “trans.” to the other two !

A. Hippolyta, which is kept up” (a favorite and charming phrase ! )
“by its author as a species, and seems to be something intermediate
between Hesperis and some form of Zerene” (all toads lead to Zerene /)
“‘Tts locality would indicate that it may be nearer to them than to
Atlantis.” (Observe the admission that habitat is worthy of considera-

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

tion!) But, in the list, p. 547, Bremneri is put as a true species and
Hippolyta as a synonymn of it—not even credited as a var! It strikes
me there is discrepancy between text and list. And ARhodope, also one
of the most distinct species in the fauna, is put under Bremneriz, to which
it has no relation, as “? var. Rhodope.” The “authentically named”
specimens have misled the author, and, as usual, the plate would have set
him right.

“The species allied to AZonticola, namely, Zerene and Bremnerit,
have puzzled me quite as much as Edwards, Strecker and others. In the
damper climate of Oregon * * * a darker form, Bremnerii, occurs,
* * %* and might be considered as the Pacific coast form of Ad/antis,
but in the specimens taken at Mt. Hood, the silver is absent, and these
might well be considered a northern and darker form of Zerene. A
characteristic sample of this author’s hazy views of species! In the first
place, I will say, that Edwards is not and has not been puzzled by the
species in question. In the next place, that Bremneriz is not at all like
Atlantis. n the third place, I had long suites of the Mt. Hood speci-
mens from Morrison, receiving by pre-contract every variety and every
species taken, and no Bremnerii was without silver. Nor in the
many examples I have seen from Oregon and Vancouver, have I seen
one that was not as fully silvered as Cyde/e. In the fourth place, Mr.
Elwes has never seen a Bremnerii without silver. Doubtless, he is talk-
ing of Zerene. And in the last place, notwithstanding all his bewilder-
ment and error of determination, he actually puts in the list Aonticola,
Bremnerii and Zerene, as three of his fifteen true species !

A. Behrensii is put under Monticola as “? var.,” with this funny
comment: “? trans. ad Monticola, vel. ad Bremnerii, nomen vix con-
servandum.” Now, Behrensiz resembles neither ; it is one of the rarest
of our species so far, and in all these years I have seen but four examples
of it. Ido not believe the author ever saw one. Here again the plates
could have enlightened him.

So much for ignorance. There is another class of species, differing
radically in colour, size, form, and in the shape and number of the silver
spots, which, to our author’s eye, look all alike. “ A. Leto is a species
which, though undoubtedly nearly allied to Cyde/e, is fully as distinct
from it as Wokomis, and may be regarded as its Pacific Coast form in the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87

same way as /Vokomis is the form (i. e. of Cybele) of the dry central
plateau of the continent.” He had already said that Cyde/e and Aphro-
dite, and several others, were all one species, and now gets into the same
corral Leto, Nokomis and Witocris, which last, he says, is nothing but a
form of Vokomis. And he quotes the wise remarks of his friend and
counsellor, Strecker, with approval: “I have always contended that
Nokomis was a pale abnormal form of Cybele, of which we have so many
other instances in other species, (I should like to see a statement of these
other instances !) from the dry salt regions of Utah and Arizona,” p. 568.
Pity that Mr. Darwin had not lighted on that explanation of the origin of
species! The dry salt air changes the form of a species, changes its
coloration throughout, changes the form of the silver spots, enlarges or
decreases their number, lines the spots with heavy bars of black on
both anterior and posterior sides. Thus a /Vokomis is manufactured
out of a Cybele! Leto is as unlike Cybele in shape, in the silver spots,
their size and number, and in the colour of both sexes, as it is unlike Zerene.
LVokomis female, on the upper side, is of the same pattern as female
Diana, the spots being yellow, which in Diana are blue. Leto female,
in place of the extra-discal oblong spots on hind wings, seen in the other
two species, has a solid yellow band. ‘To me it seems absurd to the last
degree to be talking about the identity or even the nearness of the three
species to each other. I happen to have bred Zefo from egg to imago,
and the larva has striking differences from that of Cyde/e. And how any
one can look at the plates of okomis and Witocris, and call them forms
of one species, is past my understanding.

A. Semiramis “to my eye is nothing more than a form of Coronis, in
which the black markings of the upper side have become paler and more
reduced, as might be expected from the arid character of the country
where it is found. It has been taken by Mr. Wright in the mountains
separating the San Bernardino Valley from the Mohave Desert, and was
not out when I visited these mountains in May, 1888.” Why might it
have been expected? ‘That strikes me as on a par with the reason given
for transformation of species in Utah, the dry salt air ; and in Oregon,
the damp climate. As it happens, the region where Semiramis is found
is not on the desert side of the mountains, and Mr. Wright, in answer to
my inquiry, denies the arid character, and says that no mountains are dry

88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

there. ‘‘ The winds all the year are from the Pacific ; the desert is 20
miles away, across 5,500 feet of a mountain range.”

“A. Adiante is a form which both Strecker and Edwards consider dis-
tinct. On the coast of Calif., according to Strecker’s information, it is
now extinct, and all the male specimens (7 have seen no females) in Mr.
Godman’s and my collection were evidently taken many years ago. I
should certainly be inclined to set it down as a variety of one of these
species,” ¢. ¢. Zerene or Monticola. ‘The opinions held twenty-five
years ago, when Dr. Behr was an active collector, are not conclusive.”
In the list, under the true species Zerene, is set: “? Hydaspe Bavl.;
? Lrene Bdvl.; ? Rupestris Behr.; ? Adiante Bdvl.”. Now Hydaspe is
really a var. of Zerene. I have Boisduval’s types of both. Rupestris is
in no way related to Zerene, and in both these cases the author is unable
to pronounce definitely. He does not know, confessedly, what they are ;
nor whether Adzanfe is a var. or not. In the text, he says he thinks it is
a var. of either Zerene or Monticola. Well, which? Knowing nothing
at all, he puts it as a ? var. of Zerene. Perhaps if one could cut down the
wings of Zerene or Monticola, trim the edges a little, change the hue of
the upper side, reduce to streaks all the heavy black markings or obliter-
ate half of them, wipe out all the marks and spots of the under side, one
could manufacture an Adante that would seem the real article to the
reviser of the Argynnides. For myself I am content with the species as
nature made it. But this is the process by which 42 species are cut down
to 15.

I could have shown Mr. Elwes recent specimens of Adzante of both
sexes, and told him where to seek it. In 1889, a correspondent obtained
eggs of it for me,

In the list, p. 545, we have under the head of true species Aphrodite
Fabr.; “? var. Alcestis: Cipris” (put as a mere synonymn of Adcestis),
“? Aphrodite Mead” (which is neither more nor less than what, thirteen
years after Mead’s mention, was separated as Czpris.) But the gem of
the group is put thus: “var. vel bona sp. Vausicaa Edw.” It is either
a var. or a good species, the author does not know which, but all the
same itstands under Aphrodite, and another species is disposed of. If
the author knows nothing, why not say nothing !

List, p. 541, ‘‘ Bellona Fab.; var. Lpithore Bdvl.; the fore-wings less

ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89

produced apically, the hind margin convex (in Be//ona it 1s concave or
sinuous), the base less obscured, beneath paler.” If these characters are
not enough on which to found a ‘species, or separate two species, how

much further must we look? But in addition there are other separating
characters.

What are we to think of a transient visitor on the strength of his
desultory experience “‘ going through” such collections as he had access
to, pencil in hand and carpet bag in the hall, and of his “ authentically
named ” specimens from “ experienced collectors,” making a list after this
fashion? Confessing at every step that he is lost, groping his way by
query marks, uncertain whether to call a thing a var. or a good species ;
but, all the same, putting each incomprehensible form under something
else. He laments his trouble, but can’t approve of Edwards’ way of
getting over the difficulty (Elwes’ difficulty) by creating other species,
p. 566. Everywhere trans. ad Zerene, vel Edwardsii, vel Monticola, vel
Behrensit, vel Callippe, vel Meadit, one species half the time trans. to at
least two others. The result of this floundering is a paper and list on the
lines of, and level with, Strecker’s Catalogue! With a difference, how-
ever, in favor of Mr. Strecker: that no matter how ignorant he is, he
never allows it, but is cock sure that Cyse/e and Leto and Nokomis are
but the same thing; and Colias Eriphyle, Philodice and Eurytheme ;
and Satyrus Wephele, Ariane, Boopis, Gabbii, Alope, Pegala, Wheeleri,
all one (vide Cat.). We do not find him dealing in query marks or alter-
natives. Such assurance is at least refreshing in contrast with the painful
uncertainty and confusion of this paper.

Indefinite knowledge is definite ignorance, but when one is in the
latter state, why take the world into his confidence ?

I suppose, before Darwin, all naturalists were perforce lumpers of
species. Each species was a little world with its group of satellites.
But, since 1861, the view is changed, and in this country lumpers are
nearly as scarce as dodos.

I myself am the reverse of a lumper in my method of work, and as I have

always avowed the fact, my position is well understood. “I apprehend,”

says Prof. Owen, “‘that few naturalists nowadays, in describing and propos-
ing a name for what they call ‘a new species,’ use that term to signify what
was meant by it twenty or thirty years ago. * * * * The proposer

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the new species now intends to state no more than he actually knows ;
as, for example, that the differences on which he founds the specific
character are constant in individuals of both sexes, so far as observation
has reached,” etc. .That is what I act on, and I believe the lepidopterists
of this country do the same, as a body. In Can. ENT., 21, 235, 1889,
Mr. Lyman says: ‘I hold very strongly that whenever a form is dis-
tinctly and easily separable from previously named species, it is entitled
to be treated as a good species, and to be given a specific name, until it
is proved to be only a variety by breeding,” etc.

Dr. Holland writes, after reading Mr. Elwes’ paper: ‘‘ Your course
in applying specific names to constant, or apparently constant, varieties,
is proper, no doubt. The species so called may be relegated at a later
time to the rank of a mere variety ; but science has been the gainer by
the process.” Professor Rivers, in his recent paper in Psyche, holds the
same view. So does Mr. Grote in his new Check List.

In illustration of the two ways of working: In 1876, I described a
certain yellow Colias from British Columbia as C. ZripfyZe, being satis-
fied that it could not be P%z/odice, the then only described yellow species
of the sub-group. In 1883, I named another yellow Colias from Colorado,
that seemed to have distinct features, as C. Hagenii. Year after year I
endeavored to get eggs of the Colorado form, and when at last I succeed-
ed, the butterflies resulting showed that that Hagenzz and Lriphyle were
essentially the same thing, and both were a yellow form of the orange
species Lurytheme.

Per contra, as an example of lumping without knowledge, quite after
Mr. Elwes’ own heart: Mr. Strecker, in his Catalogue, puts Phzlodice as a
species, and “riphyle as a variety of it—not only that, but Occidentalis
and Chrysome/as as well, though these belong to a different sub-group
from Lhilodice. Which was the more reasonable proceeding, to lump as
varieties or synonymns several forms of which the lumper knew nothing,
or to spot them as separate, and go to work to ascertain the facts ?

In the same way I had separated the two orange Colias, Ariadne and
Keewaydin, as species, and when the opportunity came for breeding them,
they were proved to be polymorphic forms of Zurytheme. So two of the
polymorphic forms of Papilio 47ax were reckoned, not only by me, but
by Dr. Felder, as distinct species, till breeding showed them forms merely,
but deserving a name of course. By naming and separating a probable

——-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. oil

species, attention is directed to it, it can never more be lost sight of, and
sooner or later its true position will become established. But if severa]
forms, of which nothing definite is known, are rolled into a lump, who
can say that they will ever again be separated or even noticed !

In Mr. Elwes’ revision of the genus Erebia he enumerated Zfpzpsodea,
and hesitatingly under it (with a query) a var. he thought worthy of a
name, 4rucez. He says he did not know whether to call this a var. or a
species. He and Mr. Godman had each one specimen, and “it is so
different from Epzpsodea that, had [ more specimens, 1 should be inclined
to consider it a different species.” So he puts it down as a var. with a
query. If he had had more specimens—say one or two more—he would
have done exactly what he is holding Mr. Edwards up to public reproba-
tion for, put it as a species! Well, Mr. Bruce sent me eggs laid by the
Brucei, and in due time one of them gave a typical Lpipsodea imago.
The indefinite knowledge has become definite.

On p. 569, larval characters are deprecated as a means of determining
doubtful species, because the larve “are liable to vary” as much as the
perfect insect. I will put my experience against the author’s, and I say
that the variation in the larve of each species of Argynnis is practically
nothing.* They are as like each other as so many peas. When, there-
fore, I have reason to think, from the imago, that a certain form is a dis-
tinct species, as, for example, the one now known as A. Cifris, and which
was called by Mr. Mead and myself the Rocky Mountain form of Aphrodite,
but on my part always with doubts, if I can get eggs, I may find out the
truth one way or the other. In case of Czprzs, the larva and pupa
showed a distinct species, and thereafter I had no difficulty in defining
the geographical limits of Cipr7s. Aphrodite has a chocolate-brown larva
and brown pupa, with no other markings ; Czprzs has both stages varie-
gated and striped with yellow, and is as remarkable in its ornamentation

*There are many cases among the Heterocera, where the larvee alone are relied
on for distinguishing species, vide Weismann’s Theory, p. 543, Eng. Ed. ‘‘In the
Sphingidz, cases are not wanting in which the moths are far more closely allied than the
larvee. This is especially striking in the genus Deilephila, eight species of which are
allied in the imaginal state, in a remarkable degree, whilst the larve differ greatly
from one another in color, and to as great an extent in marking.” In the case of D.
Euphorbie and Nicea, whilst the larvze show great differences *~ * * the moths
cannot be distinguished with certainty. The imago of the rare /Vzcea is, for this reason,
wanting in most collections ; it cannot be detected whether a specimen is genuine, i. e.,
whether it may not perhaps be a somewhat large example of Zuphorbie.”

92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

as /dalia. Suppose I had followed the example of the lumpers and
Cipris had been overlooked altogether! What gain would have accrued ?

I will lay down another rule that is infallible in Argynnis. | Each
species has its own style of silver spots, and there is practically no varia-
tion throughout the species, or in the range of it. Covonis Behr. abounds
in South California, flies in all the intervening States to Montana, and in
Oregon and Washington, and varies as much in coloration of both sur-
faces as any American species. But take it where we may, the great egg-
shaped spots are always the same. It does not follow, though, that every
specimen with egg-shaped spots is therefore a Coronis. Cybele always
has silver spots of its own type; so has Leto, so Wokomis. Inno case
does one of these species approach the other. In J/acaréa the spots are
at their maximum, in C/ztone at their minimum ; yet, in the list, both are
put down as vars. of one other species. I would commend a careful
course of study in these points to the author of the paper.

Mr. Elwes is sure that Mr. Edwards “ will one day regret” having
‘in his earlier years created a great number of synonymns.” I am sorry
that he should be pained on my account. Jam as much of a sinner in
my later years as in my earlier, and have within a week described two
species of Argynnis, which Mr. Elwes will regard as either “ vars. or
bona sp., or trans. ad Zerene.” “ His later views, as expressed in such
papers as he has written on P. Vapi and its vars., and in Lyc. Pseudar-
giolus, give evidence of a correct appreciation of the variation of species,”
for which condescending and patronizing approval I am duly grateful.
But the illustration of L. Pseudargiolus is not so pat as was intended. I
named both L. Violacea and JVeglecta as species, and figured them as such
in Vol L, Butt. But, when eggs were got, the whole curious and com-
plicated relationship was made out, and these forms and several others
were proven to be polymorphic forms of the one species Pseuwdargiolus.
And I will venture to say I proceeded scientifically from first to last.

With regard to P. afz, all I attempted to do was to show how a
parent species could originate distinct derivative forms, and though I
called all JVafz, yet the derivatives, every one of them, are good and true
species, or dimorphic forms of species, breeding true, not intermixing,
and in the next edition of my Catalogue I shall put them down as such.
I think I can see how the derivation from a single form occurred, but the
derivatives are now species, and at present entirely separated from the
parent Vapi.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93

Anyone who has collected, and studied, and bred butterflies for years
will have ideas as to the limits of variation in each species, and he will
judge forms newly presented to him by those which he already knows.
The eastern Argynnids—seven species—show little variation except in
size, and it is only Cybele and Aphrodite that show that, according as
they are northern or southern. The others are remarkably constant.
Neither of these species, whatever its variation, runs into another, or
approaches another. No one but a novice can possibly mistake one for
another. Judging by what I see of them, I do not expect to find
much variation in the genus elsewhere, and in fact if there are any variable
species in our fauna, they form the exception, not the rule. The
greater part are certainly as well defined as Aphrodite and Atlantis. I
believe all the 42 described species, unless perhaps C/o, to be good
species, constant to type, breeding true. C/zo may turn out by breeding
to be a dimorphic form of Hurynome. I should be delighted to be the
means of proving it, but till it is proven, I hold it as separate. As to
Artonis, that it is distinct from Hurynome and Clio I have no doubt
whatever. I know it is found abundantly where Hurynome does not fly,
and of course it breeds to its own type.

On page 535, in this remarkable statement, when speaking of the
Argynnides of all the world: ‘‘ The difficulties in this genus are not so
great as in Colias and Erebia, except in the species inhabiting the Rocky
Mountains and Pacific States of North America, which run into each other
in a most extraordinary manner. Most of the European species, though
closely allied, are fairly distinct, and I have on/y marked one species out of
America as doubtful.” So far as relates to all the world, then, except these
western districts of America, the rule I laid down holds good by Mr.
Elwes’ own admission, that the several species of Argynnis vary only
within certain limits, and nowhere run into each other.

Mr. Elwes had only to make sure of his American species, which he
could easily have done by seeing the original types, and he would have
found his rule held good universally. But ignorant of the types, he
started wrong, and trusting to what he calls authentically named speci-
mens, received from experienced collectors, together with his lack of know-
ledge of the preparatory stages, or of what are the most important features
of the imagos, he has landed where we find him.

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF LAGGAN, N. W. T.; ACCOUNT OF
CERTAIN SPECIES INHABITING THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS IN LATITUDE 51° 25’.

BY THOMAS E. BEAN, LAGGAN, ALBERTA.

Tue Locatiry.—Laggan is a telegraph station of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, 956 miles west of Winnipeg as the railway runs, and six
miles east of the British Columbia eastern boundary. A mile west of
Laggan the railway leaves the Bow River Valley, and turns more directly
west into the valley of Noore’s Creek to cross the central range of the
Rocky Mountains, the summit of the pass being six miles from Laggan.
Directly east of Laggan, Pipestone Creek, flowing from the north, joins
the Bow ; its sources are about twenty miles to the north, among the
crags of the Sawback Range, only a few miles distant from the headwaters
of the Red Deer River. A short distance west of Laggan, Noore’s Creek
enters the Bow: this stream, although scarcely ten miles long, carries, on
warm days, a great volume of water, derived from an extensive snow field
on the eastern face of the Waputtehk Range. The Bow River itself, ris-
ing about latitude 51° 45’, flows southeast for a long distance in an ele-
vated shallow valley parallel to the axis line of the Rocky Mountains, and
close to the basal slope of the central range of peaks. At Laggan, the
surface of the river, at its ordinary summer level, is but three hundred feet
below the elevation of the summit of Kicking Horse Pass.

The entomological ground, whose butterflies I propose to speak of, is
chiefly a limited district immediately around Laggan, comprising, on the
east, the valley of the Bow to a distance of four miles, and on the west
the same valley for two miles ; embracing on the southwest the valley of
Noore’s Creek, and the summit valley of Kicking Horse Pass to a point
about three miles west of the British Columbia boundary ; and extending
on the north from the level of the Bow to the peaks of the nearest of the
‘Slate Mountains.” A less complete examination has been made for
nineteen miles east along the railway, and above timber line upon moun-
tains at Stephen and Hector ; also between the Bow River and Emerald
Lake, three miles south.

As regards continental position, Laggan is about one hundred and
sixty-five miles north of the international boundary, on a line with the
western boundary of Montana, in the same longitude as the Great Slave

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95

Lake and the peninsula of Lower California. It is approximately in lati-
tude 51° 26’ north, and its elevation above the sea is recorded as 5,005
feet, only 290 feet less than that of the railway summit at the head of
Kicking Horse Pass, while it is nearly a thousand feet higher than Morley,
at the edge of the mountain district, and over three thousand feet more
exalted than Regina, in the region of the central prairies.

To aid an estimate of the climatal and zoological conditions of the
Laggan district, certain facts may be mentioned, partly of a general nature
and partly local. The latitude of Laggan brings it about in line with the
Aleutian Islands, Moose Fort on James Bay, and York Point, Labrador,
while it is almost two degrees more northerly than Anticosti Island, and
about four and a-half degrees further north than the city of Quebec. The
district is thus seen to be considerably more northern in position than any
other equally accessible North American entomological field which has
been as fully examined. This district is on the warmer side of the con-
tinent. Although so much further north than Mount Marcy in the
Adirondacks, on which timber line occurs at 4,850 feet, and the White
Mountains of New Hampshire with timber line at 4,250 feet, yet the
mountains about Laggan lift their forests to a far greater altitude, the
uppermost fringe of larches illuminating timber line in September with a
soft yellow glow at a height of 7,000 feet. The difference in the climate
of western British America from that of the eastern side is illustrated by
the occurrence of rattlesnakes at the ‘“ Forks of the Red Deer River,” in
the warm plains east of the mountains ; the locality is nearly due east
from Laggan, and is in the latitude of Southern Labrador.

The ZocaZ conditions of the Laggan district, however, are distinctly of
a boreal tendency. So great is the altitude of the Bow Valley that the
railway grade is but 2,000 feet below timber line ; in the vicinity of Pike’s
Peak, Colorado, an equal relative position would be met with at an
altitude of 9,700 feet. The valley of the Bow, indeed, is but a compara-
tively narrow pass, parting two great systems of chaotic upland, where
peak is frozen to peak by an almost unbroken line of glaciers—every sun-
less height a field of snow, each shaded alpine abyss a gulf of ice. As
may well be supposed, these frigid environments powerfully affect the
summer climate of the region, and exert a controlling influence upon the
night atmosphere even when the days are warmest.

Among the noteworthy features of the scenery may be mentioned :

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mount Hector, in the northwest ; Mount Temple, about eight miles south-
west, with a great field of snow and ice on its summit a mile above the
valley ; Mount Lefroy, seven miles to the south, and the glacier of
Noore’s Creek, nine or ten miles west ; also Emerald Lake, three miles
south of the Bow, and the various rapids and canons of the Bow and
Pipestone.

For names and figures made use of, I am indebted chiefly to the
“ Geological Survey of Canada” and “ Gannett’s Dictionary of Altitudes.”

Preliminary to a consecutive list of the Laggan butterflies, to be
written when all the material is sufficiently understood, I propose now to
present such details as are likely to be of interest in regard to some of
the least familiar of these Western Alberta autochthones. )

Co.ias Exis Strecker ; its seasons and variations, with information in
regard to the male :—

This fine butterfly was first collected by Capt. Geddes, who records
the capture of the female at Laggan, on Aug. rst, 1884—the only definite
date I find in print. The reason the Captain did not find the male was
because it was not lost, but gone before. Capt. Geddes also catalogues
Colias Meadii Edw., as collected at Laggan in the season of 1884.

Mr. Strecker’s description of 4/’s may be found in “ Proc. of the
Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia” for 1885, pp. 24-25. Mr.
Strecker says :—

* Capt. Geddes took about fifteen examples, all females, nine of the
orange form, and about six of the white ; but nothing that could possibly
be considered as the male. The other examples of Co/zas captured in
the same locality were lemon-coloured males and females probably of one
species, and allied to Fedzdne, but bearing no kinship to the above. The
most remarkable and distinctive feature of this C. e//s is the white female ;
as the species, I am positive, will be found, whenever the male is dis-
covered, to belong to a group in which albinous females are unknown, its
congeners being Hecla, Hela, Staudingeri and Hogene, species in which
no instance of the pale female has yet been known to occur ; all of which
are found only at great altitudes, or at the North Polar Regions, and are
in the male distinguished from the other red or orange species by the ab-
sence of the mealy kidney or oval-shaped spot on the upper surface of the
costa of secondaries near the body.

‘Tt is curious, in regard to these albinous females of the Coliades,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97

that in one group they should occur in one species only, whilst in another
there should be but one species, C. J/eadz7, found also at great elevation,
in which they do not occur ; and in yet another species, C. Vautieri?, of
the same group with the last mentioned J/ead7z, found in Chili, the female
is always white, such a thing as a red one being entirely unknown.”

I find nothing in print from Capt. Geddes as to the elevation at which
he found his specimens of #77s. Mr. Strecker states it as ten thousand
feet, but that is evidently incorrect : timber line in the region occurs at
about seven thousand feet, and the habitable belt extends but little more
than a thousand feet above that elevation, while comparatively few of the
ultimate barren peaks reach a height of ten thousand feet. /zs is by far
most frequent at a little over five thousand feet, and is often met with in
appropriate localities up to about six thousand feet ; it is rarely seen much
higher than about six thousand feet, and never in my experience found
above the tree line.

In regard to the distribution of 77s, I have little information. It is
known to me only as inhabiting a very limited district. Eastward it
becomes less frequent quite abruptly, and I have not seen it further east
of Laggan than four or five miles ; it probably drops out of the fauna
entirely on the east within ten miles of Laggan. To the southwest, across
the summit, I have found it only as far as Hector siding, three miles west
of the height of land ; beyond Hector its territory cannot extend far, as
the decrease of altitude on the west slope at the head of the pass is very
rapid, amounting to one thousand feet in the first six miles. The entire
extent of the range of 72s from east to west, as known to me, is not more
than thirteen miles. As to the distribution north and south, along the
central line of the mountains, nothing is known, but in that direction its
empire may be extensive. An interesting problem it is: How far the
domain of 472s extends north and south from its thinly settled reserve on
the Bow ?—how far northward along the narrowing angle of the upper
Rockies toward the wide-spread country of Hec/a >—and southward, how
far across a thousand miles of intervening mountainous wilderness toward
the ancient villages of M/eadii on Colorado’s cloudy summits? Within
the narrow limits of its known district, #/zs is of general occurrence in
localities where its food plant grows, though at few points is it ever any-
thing but rare. A part of the best locality known to me was devastated
by the fires just east of Laggan in June, 1889. 77s has partially estab-
lished itself upon the high flats and hills between Laggan and the nearest,

®

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mountains north, a district burned a few years ago, and_ will, no doubt
become more frequent there in future years, as its food plant is abundant.
At the summit, this butterfly and most others were well nigh exterminated
in the summer of 1886 by the storm of fire which raged through the pass,
sparing nothing but the little marshes and their inhabitants. Collecting
there several times in 1888 and 188g, I saw scarcely a butterfly other
than the two species of Chrysophanus, which live at the edges of the little
swamps. ‘These were as frequent at the summit as I found them in their
resorts elsewhere. ‘The larger butterflies, however, were lacking or were
excessively rare, excepting only Preris occidentalis, which seemed to have
in some degree regained a footing.

The fg of £7zs flies chiefly from about the 28th of June to the end of
July. My initial date in 1886—an early season—was June 23. After
July few fs are seen, and those few not newly out of chrysalis. The
9s are abroad during a period about equal to that of the gs, but begin-
ning and ending a few days later ; my collection dates indicate a term of
about five weeks, say from July 6th to August xsoth or rath. The ¢& is
most frequent near the middle of July, and the 2 a week or ten days
later. The total period of the imago, including both sexes, varies in
different seasons from a term of thirty-five to one of forty-five days : dur-
ing the last five to ten days there are seen none in good condition—the
females appear in faded finery, and rarely a tattered male lingers among
the asters. There is but one flight in a summer. No indication of
hybernation in imago or pupa has come to my notice. All the evidence
so far obtained tends to show that the larva invariably hybernates at a
very early stage, almost certainly at first stage, and that the species, in its
habit of development, is a strict biennial.

Admitting #77s to be a distinct species, it is without doubt extremely
near to AZeadiz, far closer than to any other well known form ; this the #
especially proves. Probably its description as a distinct species was im-
mediately due to the incident of failure to collect 2s in the first instance.

DEFINITE CHARACTERS OF THE f.—Material examined, twenty-nine
caught specimens. The smallest measures 48 mm., or 1.9 inch ; the
largest is 57 mm., equal to 2.24 inches. These measures are obtained by
adding the length of the two primaries (measuring from apex to centre of
base of wing) and the breadth of the body. Average expanse of the
twenty-nine individuals 51.2 mm., or 2.01 inches. This is a larger butter-

y than MWeadii or Hecla, It is smaller than Christina, or even Alex-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 99

andra, being nearer the expanse of Hdusa, Myrmidone and Thisoa, and
to the last one it has a more than superficial resemblance. The border
of primary varies greatly in breadth in different individuals, ranging from
2.5 to 4.5 mm. in my specimens, measured at middle of outer margin : this
is an important point of contrast from JZeadiz f, in which the breadth
of the border of primary, in different individuals, is peculiarly uniform.
At apex the border is not usually so broadly produced proportionally as
in Meadiz, but more nearly as in Hec/a. At inner angle, the border is
generally much produced, in which it follows the method of A/eadiz and
differs from /ecla. Asa general statement, the border of both wings is
relatively much less produced in £/¢s than in WZeadiz. In the shape of
the border of primary, £/zs differs from J/eadii definitely, though
slightly, but its difference from /Zec/a is emphatic and essential. A more
detailed comparison between 477s, J/eadii and Hecla may be attempted
later, with a more ample material of J7ead7i for inspection. At present
it may safely be said that #/zs is on upper surface partly near Meadiz, and
in part more like Hec/a ; that its resemblance to /ec/a is comparatively
superficial, while in essentials it is nearer A7eadzz, yet is not quite identi-
cal in the method of its pattern. On under side the differences between
Lillis and Meadii are not definite, nor very considerable. The cell-spot
above primary is uniformly small, often sub-linear, and in six of the
twenty-nine it is almost obsolete. Under hind wing the cell-spot is also
small, but in five of the twenty-nine specimens it is faintly double. The
presence of submarginal dark spots on under surface is scarcely to be
called a feature of 77s, though slight traces of this submarginal row occur
in twelve of the specimens. The same is true as to the “ patch,” or
cluster of dark scales, found on costa beneath secondaries in many
species of Co/ias; in Z/is it is but feebly exhibited, traces of it being
found in only seven of the twenty-nine males, Details of this kind do not
constitute very interesting reading, but they are important. Such features
as the cell-spots of both surfaces, the submarginal row of spots, and the
costal “ patch” on under side, and the nature of the marginal border on
upper surface of wings,—when their averages in the several Co/as forms
have been fully collated from ample representative material of both flown
and bred specimens—will prove to be efficient criteria in determining the
standing of these forms.

(To be continued. )

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 75, Volume xxi.)
Genus NEMEOPHILA Steph.

1830—Steph., Ill., Brit. Ent,, Haust., II, 72.
1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 623.

Head small, not retracted, with rough vestiture. Eyes small, yet
somewhat bulging or prominent. ‘Tongue moderate in length, but weak.
Palpi short, straight, scarcely projecting beyond the clypeus, clothed with
short, thin vestiture. Ocelli present. Antennz moderate in length, the
g rather lengthily bi-pectinated. Legs unarmed, subequal, the posterior
longest, rather closely scaled, the spurs distinct.

Primaries with accessory cell distinct, giving off 7-10 from its apex,
4 and 5 close together, well separated from 3.

Secondaries with 3, 4 and 5 almost equidistant from the end of the
submedian ; 6 and 7 together from the end of the subcostal, which latter
gives off 8 from about the middle of its course.

The species in this genus are variable and the relation of the described
forms is by no means fixed. As usual I follow Mr. Grote’s List, without,
however, intending to subscribe to the correctness of the synonymy.

LV. geddest Neum.
1883—Neum., Papilio III., 137, Memeophila.
Habitat—N. W. Brit, Col.

LV. modesta Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III, 113, Platarctia.
1882—Grt., New List, 16, Memeophila.
Habitat—California. ;

LV. petrosa Wik.
1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., II1]., 626, Wemeophila.
1872—Pack., 4th Rept. Peab. Ac. Sci., 85, Wemeophila.
1874—Streck., Lep. Rhop., et Het., I., 79, =plantaginis.
1878—Streck., Pr. Dav. Ac. Sci, II., 272, pl, [X., ff. 2-4, =plan-

taginis Linn.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief Eng., 1878-79, V., p. 1859, =plantaginis.
1882—Stretch, Papilio, II., 92 (variations), (Vemeophi/a.
var. cespitis Grt. & Rob.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1Q1

E3908 —Grt. ce Oe kansapA map@y sac, f., 337, pl. VI., f. 43.
Nemeophila.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 75, Memeophita.
1873—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am, Ent. Soc., IV., 248, Wemeophila.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief Eng., 1878-79, V., 1859, =var plantaginis.
var. cichorit Grt. & Rob.
1868—Grt. & Rob.,; Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1., 338, pl. VI., f 44,
Nemeophila.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 75, Memeophila.
1873—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV., 428, Wemeophila.
1879—Strk., Rept. Eng, 1878-79, V., 1859, =var. plantaginis.
var. geometrica Git.
1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., [V., 318, pl. I1., f. 1, Bupsychoma.
1872—Pack., 4th Peab. Rep., 86, =/etrosa.
1875—Pack., Rept. Geol. Surv. for 1874, 559, emeophila.
1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., II., 272, pl. IX,. f. 3, plantaginzs.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief Eng., 1878-79, V., 1859, plantaginis.
1879—Grt., Can. Ent., XI, 209, Wemeophila.
geometroides G. & RK.
1868—Grt. & Rob., List N. A. Lep., p. VIII., Zupsychoma.
ab. hospita Schiff.
1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., IL, 272, Wemeophila.
Habitat—Calif., Rocky Mts., Colo.

A very variable species. Mr. Strecker mentions the early stages in
his paper in the Rept. Engin. for 1878-79, and refers everything to
plantaginis. How far he is correct I will not venture to say at present ;
but this much I can say, I have never in all the series seen by me found
anything which was like the series of European specimens. That all
these names refer to one variable species is not, I think, disputed.

LV. scudderi Pack.
1904——Pack,, Proc.. Ent. -soc., Phil; UL... 1.13, //aterciza.
1872—Pack., 4th Rept. Peab. Ac. Sci., 86, Memeophila.
Habitat—Brit. Amer., Calif.

LV. selwynit Hy. Edw.
1885—Edw., Can. Ent., XVIL, 65, Wemeophila.
Habitat—Ontario.

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus SEIRARCTIA Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 119.
1873—Stretch, Zgy. & Bomb., 81.

Antenne of 2 short, with joints marked but scarcely serrate, the sides
ciliated. Head moderate in size, closely applied to the thorax, but not
sunken. ‘Tongue obsolete. Palpi short, third joint equal to the second
in length, not much exceeding the first ; straight. The eyes are rather
large, but not prominent. Ocelli present. Vestiture long and hairy.
Legs short, fore-tibize shorter armed with a long claw at tip, middle and
posterior tibiae nearly equal in length, each armed with a pair of short
terminal spurs only.

No male has been under examination, and I cannot therefore speak of
the characters of that sex.

Primaries without accessory cell, seven to ten-on a stalk out of the
end of the subcostal at the same point with six ; ten from nearest to base
of stalk to costa ; seven next to outer margin ; eight and nine forking close
to tip, the former to apex, the latter to costa; four and five together from
the end of median ; three from median some little distance before the end.
Secondaries six and seven together from end of subcostal ; four and five
together from end of median ; three some little distance before the end ;
eight, as usual, from about the middle of subcostal.

These studies were all made ona 2, S. echo. |

S. clio Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc:;ail., IIT., 120, Serarceia:
1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 82, pl. 3, f. 1, Secrarctia.
1882—Behr.,* Papilio II., 187, biol. notes.
Habitat—California.
Food plant—Afocynum androsenifolium.

S. echo Sm. & Abb.
1797—Sm. & Abb.*, Ins., Ga, IT., 135, pl. 68, Phalena.
1816—Hiibn., Verzeichniss, 184, stzgmene.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 668, Spzlosoma.
:860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XIL, 531, Zyphantria.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 342, Spzlosoma.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 120, Se¢rarctza.
1865—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep., Het., XXXII, 352, Hyphantria.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 103

1889—Slosson*, Ent. Amer., V., 153, larval habits.
18g0—Slosson*, Ent. Amer., VI., 8, larval habits.
Habitat—Georgia, Florida, Dist. Col.
Food plants—-Oak, Persimmon, Palmetto: omnivorous.
Seirarctia boltert does not belong to this genus, and has been referred
by its describer to Hadisidota ambigua.

Genus £ctypia Clem.

Meco Clem, Proc AGN. oct, Philee ell, 520,
E. bivittata Clem.
1660——Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil, XII., 530, Actypza.
nigrofiava Graef.
1887—Graef., Ent. Amer., III., 43, Spzdosoma.
Habitat— Texas.

A poor specimen of this species is in the collection U. S. National
Museum, also from Texas. I did not recognize it as Clemen’s species
until I had identified it with Mr. Graef’s description. Mr, Hy. Edwards
subsequently called Mr. Graef’s attention to the probable synonymy, and
there remains no doubt that Clemens’ species is again known in collections.
I have no notes on the genus, and believe it will either not prove a good
one or some other must fall in with it.

Genus PyrrRHarcria Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 120.

Head small, somewhat retracted. Tongue short and weak. Palpi
very short, scarcely reaching the front. Antenne very short, simple in
’ both sexes. Legs stout, moderately long; spurs short, middle tibize with
one, posterior with two pairs. Fore tibize without armature. Claws with
tips toothed.

In venation this species does not differ from Zeucarctia, which will be
fully described in this respect. The remarkable male characters of this
genus have been described and figured by me.

P. isabella Sm., Abb.
1797—Sm., Abb.*, Lep., Ga., II., 131, pl. 66, Phalena.
1816—Hubn., Verzeichniss, 184, “stzgmene.
1833— Harris, Cat., Ins., Mass., 591, Arctia.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 59, Arctia.
1855—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 611, Spz/osoma.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 531, Spzlosoma.

104

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1862—Harris*, Inj. Ins., Flint ed., 335, f 170, Avctza.
1862—Morris, Synopsis Lep. Supplt., 340, Arctia.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris Syn., 352, Spz/osoma.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 16, Spz/osoma.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc.,#Phil., III., 121, Pyrrharctia.
1869—Saund.*, Can. Enr., I., 26, Spzlosoma.
1870—Riley*, Am. Ent., I., 48, Arctia.
1871—Riley*, Am. Ent., II., 182, f. 112, Avctia.
1872—Riley*, 4th Rept. Ins., Mo., 113, f. 65, Arctia.
1873—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 187, 370, Pyrrharctia.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., 37, 297, Pyrrharctia.
1878—Mann”*, Psyche, II., 270, Spz/osoma.
1880—Riley*, Am. Ent., IIL, 133, f. 51, Avcétza (life hist.).
1881—Riley*, Gen. Index to Mo. Rep., 55, Pyrrharctia,
1882—Coleman”*, Papilio, II., 18, Pyrrharctia.
1883—Weed, Papilio, III., 84, Pyrrharctia.
1884—Bean*, Can. Ent., XVI., 67, Spzlosoma.
1886—Smith, Ent. Amer., II., 79, Pyrrhareciia.
1888—Dimmock (A. K.)*, Psyche, 1V., 281, Spzlosoma.
Coleman, Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc., I., 28, Spz/osoma.

californica Pack.

end

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent, Soc., Phil., III, 121, Pyrrharctia.
1872—Pack., 4th Rept. Peab. Ac., 86, pr. syn.
1873—Butler, Cistula Ent., II, 39, pr. syn.
Habitat— United States and Canada.
Food plants—Omnivorous.

(To be continued.)

CORRESPONDENCE.

ERRATA TO THE REVISED CHECK LIST OF N. AM. NOCTUIDZ.

Dear Sir; Although the list was nearly three months in press, from
of December to beginning of March, and I had a large number of

proofs, I find that three mistakes escaped correction which I desire to
note in this place :—No. 211, for Harv. read Harr. ; No. 359, for Harv.
read Harr.; No. 802, for Grt. read Morr. Students using the list will
please note these necessary changes.

April, 1890. A. R. Grove, Bremen, Germany.

Mailed May 2nd.

The anailiay ¥ontomologist

VOUT XCXI. LONDON, JUNE, 1890. No. 6.

THE NOCTUIDA OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA
COMPARED.

(Seventh Paper.)

BY A..R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.

We have now passed in brief review the bombyciform JVoctuide, or
Thyatirine, and the typical LVoctuide, or Loctuine ( Noctue nonfasciate ).
The former group differs in certain details of the neuration, and the ques-
tion comes up as to the value of this character for classification. In all
other respects, this small assemblage of moths must be considered as be-
longing to the Woctuide. The palpi, though short, have the Noctuid
form. The’eyes are sometimes naked, sometimes hairy. The legs, though
somewhat short, are not unlike those of other owlet moths ; the fore pair
have a tibial epiphysis so faras known to me. ‘The fore wings are sub-
triangular with pointed apices. The resemblance to the Votodontine is
seen in the neuration of primaries where vein five is intermediate, though
this vein is sometimes wanting in the Bombycid group. But in olaphana,
which Fitch considered a Tortricid, Zeller at first a Nolid, vein five seems
also intermediate. This character of vein five of fore wings is, perhaps,
of more value than the variations of the secondary costal veins. The
difference in the position of vein seven of hind wings is, perhaps, not so
important when we see that, in S¢/béa and Rivu/a, vein eight springs
from seven, the upper margin of the median cell. This is also the case
with Cerathosia, and we may briefly consider the position of this moth.
The name is derived apparently from the Greek eras, a horn, in allusion
to the clypeal tubercle perhaps ; and ¢oséa, whatever that may be, I
know not. It looks like a piece of Zéthosca, a name derived from the
Greek Zithos, a stone, so that it might seem as though Mr Smith intended

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

to classify the moth as a Lithosian before asserting it to be an Arctian,
‘“next to Utetheisa.” I have already pointed out Mr. Smith’s misstate-
ments as to the neuration. These corrected, we have before us a Noctuid
in all structural characters, except that the secondaries have vein eight of
seven ; but thus also paralleled by Sti/bca. On the fore wings vein five
originates near four, and runs nearer four than six. The clypeal tubercle
and the legs, with a claw on fore-tibiz, recall, as I have said, the Stzrzinz,
and, so faras I can see from my six specimens, the tegule do not lie
close to the thorax. But the squamation resembles that of Zarache, and
we may place the moth after this group and before Spraguweza and the
Eustrotiint. Since 1868, I have been occupied in bringing our JVoctuide
into natural genera, founded on characters exposed by Lederer, characters
used also by prominent recent specialists, such as Prof. Fernald and Lord
Walsingham. It is therefore ridiculous for Mr. Smith to accuse me of
ignorance of Lederer’s definitions. But it will be better not to discuss
any further Mr. Smith’s remarks on this genus. The question whether
relatively slight variations in the neuration can establish natural families
in the Lepidoptera, is not to be decided after the fashion of Mr. Smith,
but must be reasonably discussed. I have shown cases of individual
variation in neuration, and science has not yet removed the scales and
studied the veins of all the species. of moths. We must not fall into the
fault of tucking away an insect under a scientific label, but constantly
occupy our minds with its various characters until its affinities become
clear to us.

We may now enumerate the tribes into which I have divided the
Noctuine. It may be premised that the genera thus associated may,
in some instances, need transference. The limits between certain of these
tribes seem faint, and I have had to rely often on somewhat vague and
general characters for their definition. Unlike the Coleoptera, the in-
vestigator of the Lepidoptera is often at a loss to find structural features,
so uniform is the general character, so soft the body parts, clothed with
dense hair and scales, difficult to remove so that the external skeleton
be studied. I have recognized the divisions of tribes, sub-families and
families, and have endeavored to follow Leconte in his classification of the
Coleoptera in my nomenclature. I think we should make a distinction
between the characters employed for these divisions, and that we should
not allow for a subordinate structural character a “family” value. On

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 107

this head the student is referred to a most valuable paper by Dr. Packard
on the Woctuide, published in the Proceedings of the Portland Society of
Natural Sciences, I., 153. This paper should be reprinted. It speaks of
the natural value of the great families of moths, and contains statements
of fact and admonitions to students, which can only be disregarded to the
detriment of the study. From the relative intangibility of the structural
characters of butterflies and moths, arises some necessary latitude of
opinion. In no case is there any excuse for an improper criticism of the
opinions of older or of more experienced writers. | Rather is there room
for a gentler treatment of this subject of our moths, these pretty locks of
nature’s fleece, so tender and so fleeting! In the paper above alluded to,
Dr. Packard complains of the effect of amateurism on the literature of the
science. No doubt in one sense the remark is well founded, but this
amateurism is rather a proof of the attractiveness of the study and its
aesthetic value. For my part I should be glad of the largest possible ac-
cession to the ranks of butterfly hunters and students, and I have tried
always to do what I could toward creating a larger interest in this field,
Elsewhere I have drawn attention to the greater general interest felt in
England on the subject, and how valuable an addition to the charms of
life the collection of butterflies and moths is proved to be. For this
reason I have favored the gradual use of English names, and I have
looked forward to the time when the distinction between ‘amateurs ”
and “scientists” should be obliterated by good work being done on all
hands. Far more do I incline to disapprove of the work of those, whose
temperament and training allow them to misrepresent what others have
said and done, in order to ease their wounded vanity, or rise by improper
criticism. Let us forsake such conduct. We are, as Mr. Scudder would >
call us, Aurelians, although this title smacks a little of the hobby, and it
were well if our kinship in interest would make us kind. There cannot
be an agreement, as the world is infinitely diverse.

The tribes of Noctuine I have defined are:—1, Bombycoidi; 2,
Apatelini, including Bryophila, although the disposition of the American
genera is not settled between these two first tribes; 3, Agrotini; 4,
Dicopini*; 5, Hadenini; 6, Arzamini*; 7, Nonagriini; 8, Scolecocam-
pini; 9, Nolaphanini*, only Nolaphana ; 10, Caradrini; 11, Orthostini,;

* These groups do not occur in the European fauna,

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

12, Calocampini, only Lithophane (Xylina), Lithomia, Calocampa and
Xylomigis ; 13, Cleophanini, only Cleophana. I regard WVyctopheata as
a Heliothid ; 14, Cuculliini; 15, Eurhipiini; 16, Ingurini*; 17, Ano-
miint*; 18, Litoprosopini*; 19, Calpini; 20, Stiriini; 21, Plusiint; 22,
Ffeliothini; 23, Tarachini; 24, Cerathosiini; 25, Eustrotini; 26,
Lybleini.

There remain to be considered the geometriform VVoctuzde, or the
Catocatine (Noctue fasciate), the pyralidiform JVoctuide, or the Del-
toidine and a small sub-family group, the Lrephine, containing only two
genera, with few species, found in northern latitudes and elevations over
Europe, Siberia and North America, a relic of a preglacial fauna. The
genera are Brephos and Leucobrephos.

As may be drawn from the above names applied to the leading groups,
the JVoctuide are a large family, with various resemblances to the sur-
rounding families of moths. The Owlet moths touch the Spinners, the
Spanner and Sparkler moths, while the typical /Voctuine, from their total
form and embryology, bring the whole family, in a linear arrangement,
between the two first. In number of species and structural variation the
Noctuide yield to no other in interest, and its large representation in
North America commends it to the attention of the student. For the
student I have at least originally shown the way his studies in this group
should be carried on. The matters of detail have not always seemed so
important to me as the method, and this method I have originally intro-
duced into the study, combining my reading with observations under the
microscope. ‘There is growing up a tendency, especially in Europe, where
the living material is wanting, to engage ina sort of book working of
nature. ‘The new student constructs, out of the writings and pictures of
others, some new turn to our views of life and variation, fancying even
that Darwin may be damaged by such methods. It is vanity displayed
in vain.

Sub-family Catocadine.

The earliest recognition of this group which I find in literature is that
of Borkhausen, who calls this Voctue fasciate, in contradistinction to the
Noctuine, or Noctue nonfasciate. These terms are clumsy and had
better give way to those proposed by Packard (Proc. P.S. N. H., Vol. L.,
153, et seq.). The wings are broad ; primaries triangulate ; secondaries

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109

full, tending to be marked by continuous bands. The eyes are naked ;
antenne generally simple ; body usually untufted ; abdomen smooth and
tapering ; the dorsal surface rarely crested ; the tibia not unfrequently
armed. Packard says that the epicranium is longer than in the Voctuzne.
The basis of this sub-family is comparative form. No single structural
feature holds the genera together, and Lederer does not recognize its
existence. Nevertheless the moths and larve seem to me more or less
readily distinguishable, and that we may retain the sub-family term. Dr.
Packard says (1. c.) that these two sub-families ‘agree in the main with
the Zrifide and Quadrifide of Guence, though the use which he makes
of the venation seems to us to lead to artificial distinctions. The very
constant venation of this family does not admit of any variation in the
grouping of these veins and their branches, and hence they offer characters
of secondary importance.” With this statement my experience fully
agrees. I do not think that the venation*alone should decide family
position. There are already too many exceptions known to the system of
Herrick-Scheffer, which is, in some cases, considered the test of family
character by Lederer. I regard this paper of Dr. Packard’s as of funda-
mental value in the study of the Woctuzde ; the author, however, excluded
the Deltoids, which, I think, from a// their characters are Voctuide. It
is not at all clear also, whether Dr. Packard considers the Zhyatiring as
a distinct sub-family group. Probably not, and that they are merely a
tribal division of the /Voctuine. To this view I should not seriously
object, although I do not venture to decide upon it. The unequal
characters by which we separate the Zhyatirine and Brephine from the
rest of the LVoctuide are an objection to Lederer’s classification. In the
present series of papers the object is mainly to compare the fauna and
the full discussion of this and similar points, must be left to a future
occasion. Primarily this sub-family falls into two groups :—First, the
tribe Catocalini, in which the secondaries, though often gaily coloured,
are covered by and subordinated to the primaries. The European genera
belong chiefly to this tribe. Secondly, the Pheocymini ( Pheocyma,
Homoptera, Erebus, etc.,) in which the secondaries are partially exposed
and marked like the forewings, decidedly geometriform moths. The
larva thus first becomes geometriform as we recede from the higher
WNoctuide, and then the perfect insect follows suit,

110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEW NORTH AMERICAN HOMOPTERA.
BY E. P. VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, N. Y.

IDIOCERUS CRATAGI, 0. sp.

Soiled white. Antennal depression, a dot on each ocellus, a pair of
large round spots on the vertex, an angular spot behind each eye, the
basal angles of the scutellum, the tergum and disc of the pleural pieces,
black ; the elytra whitish hyaline generally with fuscous nervures. Length
about 6 m.m.

Front slightly convex, the sides gradually converging to the rounded
apex. Clypeus narrow, at the apex abruptly but not widely expanded ;
lore rather narrow ; outer margins of the cheeks feebly concave. Prono-
tum short, hind edge obscurely concave, the posterior angles rounded.

Colour soiled whitish ; tinged more or less with yellowish green on the
margins of the vertex and face, sides of the pronotum, scutellum, basal
and costal nervures of the elytra, and on the connexivum. A curved
longitudinal cloud on each side of the front, and two subtriangular oblique
spots between the ocelli, brown ; these marks may be obsolete, or they
may be deepened to piceous black in places. A narrow triangular spot
below the antenne, a dot on each ocellus, and a large round spot above
the latter on the vertex, deep black. Eyes brown. Antennz white, setze
brown. Pronotum with an oblong black spot on the anterior margin
behind the inner angle of each eye, disc sometimes with an indistinct
brownish cloud. Scutellum with a large triangular spot within each basal
angle, and two dots before the transverse depression, black ; the middle
of the anterior field sometimes clouded with brown. Elytra whitish
hyaline, ordinarily with heavy brown nervures ; the shoulder, commissure
and claval suture yellow, costal nervure at base brown. Wings slightly
smoky, iridescent ; nervures brown. Pleural pieces black, edged with
pale yellow. Legs soiled white, tarsi black. Tergum black ; connexivum
yellow ; venter yellowish, sometimes clouded with brown, laterally ;
pygofers in both sexes black, edged with pale.

Genital pieces, male: Last ventral segment large, subtriangular, con-
vex, longer than the two preceding, and covering the pygofers for about

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 111

half their length ; the latter broad and short, almost cylindrical, meeting
on the ventral aspect nearly to their tips, thus forming a small opening
around the anal style, a little separated basally beneath the ultimate ventral
segment ; plates slender, weak and flaccid, but slightly exceeding the
pygofers in length, fringed with long soft hairs. Female: Last ventral
segment as in the male, except that the apex is truncated or slightly con-
cave ; pygofers short and thick, the blunt apex but little exceeded by the
ovipositor,

P

Buffalo, N. Y., July and August, occasional on thorn bushes; Hamil-
ton, Ont., James Johnston, Esq. Described from five male and six
female examples.

Allied to Z. Zachrymadis, from which it can be readily separated by its
smaller size, different markings, and the form of the genitalia,

L’Abbe Provancher, in his Petite Faune Ent. du Canada III., p. 288
(Jan. 1890), describes a very pretty little species of Zdéocerus as Bythos-
copus clitellarius Fitch, with the reference ‘“ Third Rept. Inj. Ins. p. 69”;
this should have read No. 69, and may be found on p. 365 of the Trans.
N. Y. State Agl. Soc. for 1856. Fitch, however, here refers to /assus
clitellarius Say, a species of Zhamnotettix and not to the insect described
by M. Provancher, for which I now propose the name /diocerus Pro-
vanchert. This conspicuous little insect pertains to the group repre-
sented by /. maculipennis Fitch. It is not uncommon here at Buffalo on
oak and other bushes through June, July and August. I have also taken
it at Muskoka, Ont., and have seen examples captured at Hamilton, Ont.
by Mr. James Johnston.

Since the publication of my paper on Pediopsis in Ent. Am, for Sept.,
1889, I have received from M. Provancher a pale example of Bythoscopus
Senestratus Fitch., labelled Pediopsis flavescens Proy., and accompanied by
a note stating it to be a typical example. It agrees well with his des-
cription in the Nat. Can., IV., p. 376, Dec., 1872, and it is the insect de-
scribed as Pediopsis flavescens on p. 295 of the Petite Faune Ent. du Can.,
Feb., 1890. This, therefore, leaves the insect described by me as the
fiavescens (Ent. Am., V., p. 173, No. 7) without a name. _ It is a well
characterized species, and may be called Pediopsis canadensis,

fin THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PLATYMETOPIUS FRONTALIS 0. sp.

Smaller and shorter than P. acutus. Blackish fuscous, sparingly
irrorate with pale ; face pale yellow. Length about 4 m.m.

Vertex shorter than in acutus, one-quarter longer than broad between
the eyes, with a longitudinal depression, apex obtuse. Cheeks broader,
and the clypeus shorter and broader than in acutus, the sides of the latter
almost rectilinear. Head, scutellum and abdomen, closely punctured.
Pronotum smooth, obscurely transversely wrinkled. Last ventral seg-
ment of the male rather deeply concave, valve large and rounded ; plates
triangular, on the impressed suture about as long as the valve, apex sub-
acute, margins sparsely ciliate ; pygofers elongated, surpassing the plates.
Last ventral segment of the female broad, slightly keeled and compressed
apically, the hind edge feebly notched on the middle, pygofers short and
broad, scarcely exceeded by the ovipositor.

Colour fuscous, or almost black ; posterior disc of the vertex, prono-
tum, scutellum, and all beneath, minutely but sparingly irrorate with pale ;
vertex and venter of the male almost immaculate. Apex of the vertex
whitish, with some irregular fuscous lineations on either side of the central
line ; face yellow, cheeks infuscated exteriorly, base of the front with but
faint indications of the concentric lines characteristic of our other species.
Pronotum, with five whitish longitudinal lines, faintly indicated. Nervures
of the elytra bordered with interrupted pale lines that sometimes form re-
ticulations on some of the areoles ; costal area outwardly whitish hyaline,
crossed by about eight oblique blackish veinlets ; apical areoles, except-
ing on their base fuscous, the extreme edge pale. Elytra normally with
about fifteen round whitish dots placed on the ends of the areoles, but
more or less of the basal are frequently wanting. Wings sordid hyaline,
nervures fuscous. Tibiz spotted with pale; tarsi pale, the joints tipped
with black.

Described from two f and five 2 examples. Buffalo, N. Y., June
and September ; Ames, Iowa, (H. Osborn).

I have swept this species from low bushes and weeds with P. acutus,
from which it may readily be distinguished by-its smaller size and blackish
colour. . acutus has the sides of its clypeus concave, and the apex of
the valve of the ¢ obtusely pointed. . modestus Steel is unknown to me,
as is also P. magdalensis Prov., but these are larger pale species. \

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Lia

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ARGYNNIS FROM
CANADA.

BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, WEST VA.
Argynnis Alberta.
Belongs to the Chariclea group.

Male.—Expands 1.9 inch. Upper side pale yellow-fulvous ; the
markings as in /edena, but pale black, reduced ; the mesial stripes on
both wings interrupted, macular ; the extra discal rounded‘ spots on
primaries minute, the sub-marginal crescents wanting, and represented by
small clusters of scales at the summits only, leaving a clear space to the
margin, which margin is edged by an even strip2 ; on secondaries the
rounded spots are larger, and the crescents are represented by larger
clusters of scales ; the marginal border is extended on each nervule so as
to encroach on and make narrow the clear space. Under side of prim-
aries pale red-brown, uniform from base to margin; the black markings
obsolescent or altogether wanting. Secondaries brown (without the red
shade) ; across the disk a belt of same form as in Chariclea and Helena,
a shade only lighter than the ground, and all of one hue (no white as in
the allied species); the rounded spots and clusters of scales repeated
faintly, and behind each of the latter a pale, undefined patch.

Female.—Same size. Brown, dusky, inclining to melanism, some-
times of a slaty hue rather than brown, and always witha peculiar smooth
surface, suggestive of grease which had been removed by benzine ; the
markings pale, diffuse ; the mesial stripe, on primaries, has become a
broad band reaching from margin to margin, and the sub-marginal clusters
of scales are merged in a continuous stripe ; on secondaries, all the
markings about base and on disk are obsolescent, the sub-marginal
clusters are large and diffuse, and the margin is edged by a crenated band.
Under side as in the male. *

From one f and two 2 sent me by Mr. Thomas E. Bean, and taken
at Laggan, Alberta. He writes: ‘‘ This Argynnis, I think, occurs strictly
above timber line, and not very near it either, though also not at the
highest points of the mountains. In 1888, on one mountain, it was
decidedly frequent, but in 1889, I saw not one. ‘The females all present
the same slightly shining surface, whether brown or slate in color, but it
is not grease. The examples | sent you were not in the least greasy, nor

114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

are any that I have.” (This was in direct reply tomy question, suggested
by Dr. Holland, who was confident they had been greased and cleaned.)
“JT do not notice this shiny surface especially in the males ; they are all
fulvous, and none show melanism. All the females tend to obscuration,
and more than half are about as melanic as those sent you, one or two
perhaps a little darker. Some few are clear enough for the fixed lines to
show. ‘This form does not at all frequent the same localities as Chariclea,
which only occurs below timber, so far as I know.”

Alberta is wholly unlike any member of the group known to me. It
does not at all agree with Chariclea, var. obscurata McLachlan.

In the delicacy of its markings the male is nearer He/ena than
Chariclea, but these are interrupted and reduced. Se/ena is an alpine
species, and found above timber line. But it retains at every elevation
which it frequents the same features. The examples under view are
larger than any /Ze/ena, and equal the largest Charic/ea.

NOTES ON SIGALPHUS CURCULIONIS AND SIGALPHUS
CANADENSIS.

BY C. P. GILLETTE, AMES, IOWA.

I reared from Conotrachelus nenuphar l\ast summer a number of
parasites, which were determined for me by Dr. Riley as Sigal/phus cur-
culionis Fitch, and S. curculionis, var. rufus. Full descriptions of both
of these may be found on page 27 of Riley’s Third Missouri Report, and
upon page 67 of the Supplement to the Missouri Reports.

The variety 7z/us appeared much more abundant than curculionis in
my breeding cages the past summer, ‘These two forms differ so much
from one another, and in some respects, especially in the number of joints
of the antenne, from Riley’s descriptions, that I have made the following
notes upon them :—

Three females of the dark form, bred by myself, and two males loaned
me by Prof. Osborn, have the ocelli in every case, not touching, but dis-
tinctly separated. The two males have respectively 29 and 30 joints in
the antennz. ‘Two of the females have 29 joints each, and one 28 joints
in the antenne. The largest female measures just .14, and the males

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 115

measure a scant .13 of an inch in length. The ovipositor is exserted in
one case .11, and in two cases .12 of an inch. Length of wing .1q of an
inch ; length of antenne .125 of aninch. The breadth of the head, as
compared to rufus, is as five to six.

In the eleven specimens of 7z/zs now in my collection the ocelli are
in every case distinctly separated. In five cases the antenne are 32-
jointed ; in four cases they are 31-jointed, and in two cases they are 30-
jointed. All are females, and in no case do they vary much from .15 of
an inch in length. The shortest measurement of exserted ovipositor is
.14, the average is .18, and the longest is .20 of an inch in length. The
breadth of the abdomen, as compared to curcudionis, is in the proportion
of four to five. Length of wing .15 of an inch; length of antennz .15 of
an inch. Rufus is decidedly more robust and larger in every case than
curculionis, and, were it not for the fact that so eminent an authority as
Dr. Riley considered them the same species, I should think that rufus
ought to be raised to the rank of a species.

Sigalphus canadensis.—Three specimens of S. canadensis were reared
by me the past summer from the plum gouger Anthonomus scutellatus
(prunicida). How this little braconid can deposit her egg within the hard
pit of the plum, Iam unable to say. It can not be that it is deposited
there before the pit becomes hard, for the larva of the gouger does not get
entirely through the pit until the latter becomes very hard, and the para-
site does not attack the larva of the gouger in time to prevent its complete
development and pupation, as was found by cutting into the plums con-
taining parasitized pupze of Anthonomus scutellatus. When the larva of the
gouger becomes full grown it gnaws a hole through the pit, out of which
it can escape when it has changed to a beetle, and the parasite is de-
pendent upon this provision of the larval gouger for its own escape.
Possibly the parasite does not deposit the egg until the opening has been
made in the pit ; but, if this is the case, it must go through its transform-
ations in a very short time. And how would the female know at what
part of the plum to insert her ovipositor to strike the small opening in the
pit? Although but three of these parasites were secured, it was not un-
common to find a plum with a small exit, such as is made by the mature
parasite in escaping, and which is much too small for the exit of the
gouger.

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIID OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.

(Continued from page rog, Volume xxtz.)
Genus LEPTARCTIA Stretch.

1873—Stretch, Zygzenide and Bombycide, 118.

Head small, hardly retracted; eyes inconspicuous, bulging ; ocelli
distinct ; vestiture thin, loose and divergent ; tongue weak and short,
spiral ; palpi weak, short, drooping, with thin divergent vestiture ; legs
sub-equal, posterior slightly the longest ; middle and posterior tibize each
with minute terminal spurs only. The thorax is short, stout, convex with
thin hairy vestiture. The antennal joints of the female have the joints
marked, scarcely serrate ; in the male they are bipectinate. The primaries
have 7 to ro out of a long stalk from the end of the sub-costal, 6 from a
short spur out of the same point; 3, 4 and 5 are nearly equi distant from
the end of the median, and quite close together. On the secondaries 8 as
usual, 6 and 7 from the end of the sub costal; 3, 4 and 5 rather close
together from the end of the median. I had intended to give a review of
Mr. Butler’s work on this genus (1881, Ann. Mag., N. H., ser. 5, VIIL.,
312), but the excellent paper by Mr. French in the November-December,
1889, numbers of the Can. Ent. has rendered this unnecessary, and I
simply give the bibliography, using Mr. French’s sequence of species or
varieties. Whether in a genus like this, where no two specimens are alike,
so many names are desirable is a question. Twice the number could be
as justly applied. A large series of specimens is in the United States
National Museum, one lot bred from eggs produced by a f stretchii with
a 2 /ena—the extremes of the series as arranged by Mr. French.

L. stretchit Butler.
1881—Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIIL, 312, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 222, f. 12, Leptarctia.
2 dimidiata Str.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., pl. V., f. 9, Leptarctia.

1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 312, zy. pr.
Habitat—Oregon, So. California.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117

L. botsduvali Butler.
1881—Butler, Ann: Mag. N. H., 5, VIII, 313, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 222, f. 13, Leptarctia.
decia Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., pl. V., f. 15, Leptarcéza.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 313, ¢yp. pr.
Habitat—Oregon.

L. dimidiata Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 123, ff. 7-10, Leptarctia.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 313, restr. to f. 7 and 8.
1889—French, Can. EnT., XXI., 222, f. 14, Leptarctia.
Habitat—Calif., Oregon, Colorado.

L. albifascia French.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 232, f. 15, Leptarctia.
Habitat—California.

L. occidentalis French.
1889—French, Can. ENT, XXI., 223, f. 16, Leptarctia.
Habitat—Northern California.

L. latifasciata Butler.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 313, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 223, f. 17, Leptarctia.
Habitat—Oregon, So. California.

L. fulvofasciata Butler.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIIIL., 313, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 223, f. 17, Leptarctia.
Zena Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., pl. 5, ff. 13-14, Leptarctia.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIIL., 313, ¢yp. pr.
Habitat— Oregon, Truckee Calif.

L. california Walker.
1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus. Lep., III., 625, Memeophila.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 240, =J/ena.
1881—Butler, Papilio, I., 130, an sp. id. lena.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIIL., 312, Zeptarctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 223, ff. 18-19, Leptarctia.

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

lena Bdv.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII), 73, Lethosia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., pl. V., ff. 11 and 16, Leptarctia.
adnata Bdv.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc, Ent., Belg., XII.), 73, Lethosia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 120, pr. syn.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 313, pv. syn.
Habitat—Calif., Oregon.

L. wrightit French.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 224, ff. 18-19, Leptarctia.

L. decia Bdv.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 72, Zzthosza.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., rat, pl. 5, ff. 1, 2 and 15, Leptarctia.
1878—Strecker, Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., II., 273, Leptarctia.
1881—Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 314, Leptarctia.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 224, ff. 20, 21, Leptarctia.
Habitat---California, Oregon.

L. lena Bav.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann Soc. Ent., Belg., XII), 73, Zethosia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb, 120, 240, pl. V., ff 3-6, 11-14, 16.
1881—Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., 5, VIII., 314, restr. to ff. 3 and 5.
1889—French, Can. Ent., XXI., 224, f. 22, seer aie®
Habitat—California, Oiewor! Colorado.

This arrangement, giving each of the forms equal value, is of course
not to be taken as indicating the specific distinctness of any. The indi-
cations are all that there is but a single species with a wide range of
variation. It remains only to state that in Mr. French’s paper he gives
the life history of the species, describing all stages.

Genus KopiosoMa Stretch.

1873—Zyg. & Bomb., 67.

This genus contains a series of forms of doubtful distinctness, none of
which I have been enabled to study. The species seem excessively rare,
and there are no specimens of the genus in the collection U. S. National
Museum.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119

KK. eavesii Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 69, pl. II., f. 6, Kodzosoma.
Habitat— Nevada.

K. fulva Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 67, pl. 2, f. 7, Kodzosoma.
Habitat—California.

K. nigra Stretch. .
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 68, pl. 2, f. 8, Kodzosoma.
Habitat—California.

K. tricolor Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 68, pl. 2, f. 5, Kodzosoma.
Habitat—California.

Genus PHRAGMATOBIA Steph.

1830—Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., IL., 73.
1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 628.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 346.

Head small, retracted; tongue weak and short, palpi rudimentary.
Vestiture woolly. Antennze simple in both sexes. Legs weak and rather
short ; tibial spurs distinct and normal in number. The anterior and
middle claws seem simple ; posterior with a decided tooth at tip. The
tarsi are very feebly spinulose.

Primaries with 7 to 10 out of a stalk from the end of subcostal ; 7 and
10 from about the same point ; 8 and g forking just before the apex ; 3,
4 and 5 are about equi-distant from the end of the median.

Secondaries veins 6 and 7 together from end of subcostal, 8 from its
middle ; 3, 4 and 5 from the end of the median rather close together; 4
about twice as far from 3 as from 5.

P. assimilans Wik.
1855—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 630, Phragmatobia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII, 536, Phragmatobia.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 346, Phragmatobia.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 23, Phragmatobia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 122, =rubdricosa.
1889—Slosson, Ent. Amer., V., 85, am sp. dist. rubricosa.
Habitat—New Hampshire.

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This species—if species it is—has languished among the synonyms,
ever since Dr. Packard referred it there in 1864. A specimen taken in
1888 by Mrs. Slosson seems to justify its claim to recognition as a
species, and it is so recognized here.

P. rubricosa Harris.
1841—Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., 253, Arctica.
1852—Bdyv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.), 49, Arctia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 541, =Crocota rubt-

cundaria.

1862—Harris, Inj. Ins., 356, f. 171, Avctia.
1862——Morris, Synopsis Supplt., 341, Avctza.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 24, Phragmatobia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 122, Phragmatobia.
1883—Edw.*, Papilio, III., 127, Phragmatobia.
1887—Edw.*, Ent. Amer., III., 168, Phragmatobia.
fuliginosa { Auct.
1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.), 40, Arctia.
1855—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., II., 628, Phragmatobia.
1860—Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., XIL., 539, Phragmatobia.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 71, pr. sym.
Habitat—Mass., New York, Maine, California, Canada.

It is not admitted by some of our old collectors that »wbricosa refers to
a form really distinct from the European /w/iginosa. Superficially they
undoubtedly resemble each other very closely; but how nearly they will
agree when closely compared is another question.

P. dubia Wik.
1856—WIk., C. B, Mus., Lep., Het., III., 682, Cycnza.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., I., 72, Phragmatobia.
Habitat--H. B. Terr.

This species has dropped out of our list ; but I cannot find that it has
been referred as a synonym anywhere. Messrs. Grote and Robinson in
their notes (supr. cit.) say: ‘‘ Wings semitranslucent, brown or mouse
color ; veins on both wings whitish above ; eyes margined narrowly with
white ; legs shaded with whitish outwardly ; abdomen (greasy in the
specimen) with three rows of brown spots.” ‘There should be no difficulty
in identifying this species should it turn up.

(To be continued. )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 128

FOOD PLANT OF MELITAA TAYLORI, EDW.

Having been asked by Mr. Jas. Fletcher, of Ottawa, to look for the
larva of IZ. Taylori, with the purpose of discovering its food plant, &c., it
was with much pleasure that I accepted the commission, and now have the
gratification to inform you of my success.

I began searching on March roth, but found everything very back-
ward, owing to the severe winter experienced on this island. Being
determined, however, not to miss an opportunity of succeeding, I con-
tinued making a close examination of the declivities of the coast at
Beacon Hill (thinking it probable that the larvae had not reached the
top of the bluff before hibernating) ; but after several attempts to locate
it, I turned my attention on March 3oth to the level land above the cliff,
and was rewarded by finding it feeding in numbers on the Rib-wort
Plantain ( Plantago lanceolata, L.)

One peculiar fact I must mention of JZ. Zaylori is that the larvae
evidently avoided the old plants, and fed solely on the younger ones,
instinctively knowing, perhaps, that they would be less exposed to the
attacks of their natural enemies, as the young plants were mostly hidden
by the dead grass of last year’s growth; however, when the first was
found it was an easy matter to follow them up, with the result of capturing
about two dozen in half an hour.

They varied considerably in size, some being 6 lines, while most of
them were to lines in length. I found a cast-off skin showing that they
had moulted since “ feeding up” this spring ; and also that had I looked
in the right place a few days sooner I should, without a doubt, have found
them. They generally feed singly, but as their food plant grows in large
patches it was possible to collect a dozen or more without changing one’s
position.

They occur all along the coast immediately fronting Beacon Hill, and
I have found them a mile away from where they were plentiful ; but, in
that case, they were very few and far between, although I have collected
several dozen during the few hours I could spare from business. They
are day feeders, and naturally very slow in their movements.

The following table gives dates of capture with result :—
March 30 took 23 in % hour.
“cc aE 66 37 66 I ce
SLDGUY ark is. 254 sate

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

April 6 took 11 in 2 hours.
‘¢ t1 & 12—heavy snow storm.
*« 14 took 5 in 1 hour.
66 17 “ec I “é I “ce
The larvee are doing well in the breeding cage, and at some future
time I shall be glad to submit my observations as to habits while in cap-
tivity. Meanwhile am pleased to contribute the above facts.

W. H. Dansy, 57 Government Street, Victoria, B. C.

ARGIOPE RIPARIA AND ITS PARASITE ICHNEUMON ARA-
NEARUM, AND ITS PARASITE A CHALCID FLY.

BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK.

The nests of Argiope riparia were unusually abundant last autumn in
the neighborhood of this city. During the preceding summer this gayly
colored, but atrocious looking spider, could be seen stationed in the cen-
tre of its well formed geometric web on nearly all of the low shrubbery
in the uncultivated portion of Central Park. Merciless to every insect
caught in her web, her household is nevertheless oftentimes greatly
reduced, if not altogether destroyed by Zchneumon aranearum, a fearless
and victorious enemy. Among a large number of nests collected last
autumn, those obtained in the latter part of September and as late as the
toth of October contained ova: a single cocoon possessing by actual
count 1,277 eggs ; those found later in October, and as late as November
3rd, contained young spiders. Only a few of those collected in October
had suffered parasitic attack, but the greater number of such as were
gathered later in the autumn, contained the larvze of /chneumon aranearum
feeding upon the spiders, or else spun up in their cocoons sometimes to
the number of forty. May we not infer from these facts that the parasite
deposits her eggs in the nest of Argiope after the eggs of the latter have
hatched, or at least, whatever may be the time of depositure, the larva of the
parasite feeds upon the spiders ?

In examining the cocoons of this Ichneumon an interesting exhibit of
secondary parasitism was revealed. In several of the nests of Argiope
containing each some thirty cocoons of the Ichneumon, I found that each
larval inhabitant was being devoured by from eight to ten larve of a
Chalcid fly.

‘¢ Great fleas and little fleas have smaller fleas to bite em,
The smaller fleas have lesser fleas, so on ad infinitum.”

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123

CASES OF LONG PUPAL PERIODS AMONG LEPIDOPTERA.
BY R. R. ROWLEY, CURRYVILLE, MO.

In May, 1888, I received from Mr. W. H. Edwards, of Coalburgh,
two larve of Anthocharis genutia which were feeding on pepper grass.
On the 22nd (May), both larve pupated, having suspended two days
before.

As the imagoes did not appear in a reasonable length of time,
I communicated the fact to Mr. Edwards, and he informed me they
would remain chrysalids till the next May. The summer of 1889 came
and went and still my little Gexutza pup slept on and entered upon the
second year of their fast. I then learned of the tendency in the genus
Anthocharis to remain two years in the chrysalis state.

The pupe were kept through the past two winters in a closet adjoin-
ing a warm room, and the first imago, a beautiful male, appeared March
7th, 1890, the other, a female, five days later (12th), after a pupal period
of nearly twenty-two months.

In a recent letter from Mr. Edwards, I was informed that the Cali-
fornian species of Authocharis often remain two years as chrysalids, but he
does not state that he has ever known a Genutia pupa to go so long.

Another case.—On the 13th of February, 1888, I received four cocoons
of Callosamia angulifera from Miss E. L. Morton, of Newburgh, N. Y.
These cocoons were spun in the mid-summer of 1887. Three of them
produced imagoes the following May, but the fourth remained over till
the roth of the next April (1889), having passed twenty-one or twenty-
two months in the pupal state. I have had pupe of Zriptogon modesta,
Philampelus pandorus, Citheronia regalis and Eacles imperialis to fail
to give imagoes in the’ spring, living through the summer, and lingering
even till early autumn before death overtook them, but never knew one to
survive till the second summer.

NOTES.

A Rare ButtTEerFLy.—We learn from the Ottawa Naturalist that five
specimens of Erebia discoidalis Kirby, one of the rarest in the Canadian
fauna, were taken by Mr. John D. Evans, at Sudbury, Ontario, on the
r2th May last. The perfect insect is figured and described in Edwards
“Butterflies of North America,” 3rd Series, Part VII.

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

TWO INTERESTING MONSTROSITIES.
‘BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

Many minor malformations of wings, elytra, etc., have been observed.
in examining insects, but recently I have met with two monstrosities
which seem worthy of record. The first insect is a 2 Henus tarsitorius
Say., given to me by my friend, Mr. Guignard, and captured by him on
24th June, 1885. In this specimen the left posterior tibia becomes trifid
about one-fourth of its length from the base, the side branches diverging
at an angle of about 30°. The three portions are symmetrical, of nearly
equal size (but slightly smaller than the tibia of the opposite leg), and.
bearing the terminal spurs, etc. The three tarsi issuing from them are
perfect in every particular of size and colour. The femur is swollen and.
gives an impression of three agglutinated, while the trochanter and coxa
are also enlarged.

The second specimen was noticed a few days ago while I was putting
sex labels on some Carabide, and isa 2 Pterostichus lucublandus Say.
In this insect only the last joint of the left middle tarsus is in triplicate,
and while the parts are equal in size to one another, they are individually
under the normal size. The fourth joint is widened (like three small ones.
joined laterally), while the remaining articles are somewhat shortened and.
thickened. The tibia is also slightly modified ; the spines being irregular,
and one of the terminal spurs flattened and bifid.

CORRESPONDENCE.

HEPIALUS QUADRIGUTTATUS.

Dear Sir: In a letter to me, dated October 7, 1864, the late Mr.
Francis Walker wrote as follows: ‘‘ Your guadriguttatus is, as you.
suppose, identical with my H. argenteomaculatus var.” I have myself no.
doubt that these two Hepiali are distinct species. In Agassiz’s Lake
Superior, Harris gives guadriguttatus as the same as the eastern argenteo-
maculatus, which latter Mr. Mead took in the Catskills, N. Y.

A. R. Grote, Bremen, Germany.

Mailed June 4th.

The Canadiay Hotomolagist

OM SetL LONDON, JULY, 1890. No. 7.

APHIDIUS GRANARIAPHIS, n. sp.
BY PROF. A. J. COOK, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN.

Black above, yellowish brown beneath. The antennez are black, the
front, mouth parts and legs yellowish brown. Rarely the femora and
tarsi are dusky, and the ventral surface quite dark. Very rarely the dorsal
surface is brownish, except the pedicel and tip. The occiput or collar is
brown. The antenne are sixteen-jointed in the female, and seventeen in
the male, and are cylindrical, recurved, and thickly set with short, light
colored hairs. The first two joints are shorter and larger than the others ;
the succeeding joints are cylindrical, close together, and equal in length,
except the last, which is longer and conical. The abdomen is lanceolate,
and all the segments are freely moveable on each
other, so it can be easily bent under the thorax.
The venation of the wings—see figure—is simple,
and the first discoidal cell incomplete. We know
from the simple venation of the wings that this is
a Braconid. It belongs to the genus Aphidius,
as the first discoidal cell is incomplete, the abdo-
«=% men lanceolate, the antenne sixteen or seventeen-
zi jointed, and the ventral valves in the female

simple. It is 2% mm. (1-10 in.) long.

This species differs from Aphidius avenaphis
Big: 3: Fitch, as that species has nineteen or twenty joints

to the antenne, is honey yellow where this is brown, and the first two

joints of the antennz, the pedicel of the abdomen, and a spot on the su-

ture between the first and second joints of the abdomen are honey yellow

and not black as in Granariaphis. The joints of the antennz are also less

pedicelated, or closer together than in the Avenaphis.

This species is interesting from the fact that it was the principal agent
in exterminating the countless millions of grain Aphides last season—1889
—in Michigan and adjacent States. While Aphidius avenaphis and other
enemies, like Syrphus flies, Coccinnelids and Chrysopa fly larve were

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

numerous and very active. Yet, by far the greater part of the louse de-
struction here was accomplished by this new species—Aphidius gran-
ariaphis. June 30th.—The heads of
wheat were thronged with healthy
vigorous lice, with but few of the light
colored rounded parasitized lice—see
figures. Ten days later the lice were
nearly gone, and the parasitized ones
were largely in the majority. Rapidly

Hig. 4. as the lice increase, they seem to be
no match in this respect for the parasites.

I think the grain lice Aphis (Siphonaphora) avenz destroyed at
least one-third of the wheat crop of Michigan last year, and greatly
injured the balance of the crop. Had it not been for these parasites we
should have had, I think, no crop at all.

Fig. 5.

THE BUTTERFLIES “OF LAGGAN, N.-W.: TT. ACCOUNT OF
CERTAIN SPECIES INHABITING THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS IN A TIP UDE 51° 25
BY THOMAS E. BEAN, LAGGAN, ALBERTA.

(Continued from page 99.)

DEFINITE Marks oF THE §.—Observation of 62 caught specimens
enables me to supplement, in some degree, Mr. Strecker’s description.
The smallest measures 46 mm., equal to 1.8 inch. The largest is
58.5 mm., or 2.3 inches. The average expanse of the 62 is 52.5 mm., or
2.07 inches. The cell spot above primary is larger than in the males,
and has never that semi-obsolete appearance which it presents in some of
the males ; it varies from a small but definite spot of .5 mm. in diameter
to a spot of 1.5 mm., is usually sub-rotund, sometimes sub-linear, and is
frequently centered with yellow in moderate degree. On under side hind
wing the dark nucleus or “ patch” of costa is lacking-in all, and the sub-
marginal series of dark spots beneath both wings is found to be plainly
presented only in three specimens, with slight traces in fifteen others.
Elis varies greatly as to condition of border above primary ; a few of
my specimens have a completed dark border, much as in an average
Hecla, with the yellow spots small and entirely enclosed. These, how-
ever, are extreme instances. At the opposite extreme are specimens

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 12%

with only the outer side of the border formed, the inner side lacking, but
with the row of yellow spots tolerably conspicuous in contrast to the
orange ground of the disk. Between these two extremes occur numerous
intermediate degrees. The most qualitative distinction of the fore-wing
border is that the yellow spots are in general nearly of equal size in the
same individual, and especially that the spot at anterior median interspace
is usually almost as large as the others ; this is the spot which in most
forms of Co/éas is usually much smaller than the adjoining spots, and
which tends to become obsolete in proportion as the border is more com-
pletely developed.

The special type of 2 Mr. Strecker drew his description from, with
seven yellow spots in fore-wing border, is not the more common variation.
Usually the two spots near apex are obsolete ; an occasional specimen,
however, with all the seven spots neatly defined, attests the accuracy of
the printed description.

Mr. Strecker also describes an ‘“ Albinous 2 form” of 477s, stating
that about six of the albinous and nine of the orange form were taken by
Capt. Geddes. This proportion of six albino to nine orange, indicates
that the “‘albinous 2” was based on an error of identification. In the
course of several summers’ collecting, and also in breeding ///s pretty
freely from the egg, nothing resembling an albino has been found, while I
have seen zzmety orange Ys. The 9 of another species must have been
mistaken by Mr. Strecker for a white form of #/zs. In the district oc-
cupied by #7s occurs a codias rather less frequent, the 2 usually nearly
white, but with a variety still more rare which is a bright clear yellow.
It seems likely this white Co/éas, about size of a small “/zs, may have
been the original of the supposed ‘‘ white 77s.” The status of this form
is somewhat in doubt. It is near to FPelzdne and Scudderi, as its &
sufficiently demonstrates, and of course not specially close to Z/7s,; its 9,
however, has some resemblance to /7/7s 9.

One important character of ///s remains to be mentioned, which is,
that the # is characterized by the presence of the so-called ‘glandular
space ” on upper surface of hind wing on costa near base of wing. This
structure appears, under moderate enlargement, as a dense cluster of
much tilted scales of special form. — Its function (if it has one) is probably
mechanical rather than physiological. So far as the Co/zas forms are con-
cerned, it is found especially, if not exclusively, in the higher forms, and

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

wanting in the more primitive, being apparently a modern improvement
adapted to some purpose of mechanical utility and developed only at an
advanced. stage of Coliad progress. Perchance ’tis a refinement in the
mechanism of flight, or mayhap some new sort of musical implement,
dispensing ultimate atoms of harmony inaccessible to our coarse sense as
the ‘“‘music of the spheres.” Of the North American forms of Codzas
only three beside 77s are possessed of this peculiar apparatus. These are
Meadii, Cesonia and Eurydice, and the possession of this character brings
them into very good society indeed, comprising such fine species as
Lesbia, Aurora, Vautiert, Fieldit and Electra, in all of which I have
examined this structure, as also in Hdusa and Myrmidone. In £iis it
appears in all the males I have obtained, whether bred or caught. This
‘‘ glandular space” is not peculiar to Co/ias. I have noticed it in several
species of Catopsi/ia, among them Rurina, Trite and Pyranthe. In
Gonopteryx clorinde f the structure is well developed, being in the
specimen I examined 17 mm. long, and 2 mm. broad in the middle ; the
colour pale brown. In Cod/as edis the “‘ glandular space” varies from a
pale—slightly greenish—yellow to a bright orange.

The foregoing parts of this. description, relating to the size and propor-
tions of the butterfly, the breadth of the dark borders, and the size of the
several spots and marks on the wings, have been taken from captured
butterflies, because bred specimens seldom present the natural averages,
but instead exhibit differentiations constituting either type retardation or
race progress resulting from and proportioned to the conditions under
which they are reared ; conditions usually diverse from those of nature.
It will not be necessary to adhere to this discrimination in describing the
colors and the minute details, and these can more profitably be derived
from observation of the bred specimens, where they are displayed ina
perfection almost impossible to find intact in flown specimens.

The material of Z//s bred during three seasons, 1887 to 188g inclusive,
consists of three families ex ovo, and four butterflies matured from larve
found wild—altogether 37 7 and 289, not to mention a lot of parasites
from one of the estray larva. These bred specimens mostly show a de-
parture from the average type developed under ordinary out-of-doors con-
ditions. In general this diversion is a progress, an advance of type, a
presentation of the ideal instead of the practical #/zs. In natural con-
ditions Eis is subject to somewhat severe limitations. The caterpillar

SS

THE. CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129

issues from the egg early in August in average seasons, and its term of
hibernation, beginning soon after the middle of August, continues until
approximately the beginning of May, so that ordinarily hibernation lasts
somewhat more than eight months. Emerging from its winter shelter
early in May, the juvenile larva re-enters active life, still a literal infant
though over eight months old*.

So chilly are the May nights, and many of its days also, that more
than half this active period of the larva must be passed in a state scarcely
different from actual hybernation. The conditions of life are doubtless
somewhat restrictive, and a removal of these disabilities, by rearing the
caterpillars in a warm house, is like an introduction into the tropics.

The result of this culture in an improved climate, other circumstances

being favorable, is a notable progress of type, an outcome of butterflies
definitely in advance of the ordinary averages.

One of the bred families illustrates well this immediate improvement
of type. This lot comprises nine fs and ten Qs, and is a natural family
from eggs of one 2. The increased size of these specimens, as compared
with the caught lot, is decisive. The twenty-nine caught %s average
51 1-5 mm.; the nine 2s of this family show an average expanse of 5324
mm. Only one of the {sof this family expands less than the average of
the caught gs, each of the remaining eight exceeding that average. The
ten Qs average 5734 mm., against 5214 mm., as the average measure
of the 62 caught ?s; indeed, each of the ten 9s of this brood is decidedly
beyond the average of the caught @s, none being under 5514 mm. One
of the $s, measuring sixty mm., is slightly over 2.36 inches, is the largest
Elis in my series. These nineteen specimens are as much superior to
the caught material, in average of pattern elaboration, as in size. Ata
first general view they might almost suggest the idea of a distinct species,
so superior are they as a body to the general mass of the caught set.
But the difference would become intelligible to any careful observer, on
inspection, as a simple advance of one set beyond the average development
of the other ; a difference in degree, not a change in method. This dis-
tinction between quantitative and qualitative differences is the vital point in

*I hope none of my younger readers entertain the absurd medizval superstition that
hibernating caterpillars pass the winter in a froze condition. In successful hibernation
they do not get near to such a condition ; but if they do absolutely freeze, then are they

undone caterpillars. Valkyria gives them sleep, unmixed with dreams, and they wake in
Valhalla.

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

estimating the status of closely related forms. With fully representative
material of any two forms to compare, the pattern on the wings tells the
story, if the observer can read in the butterfly alphabet. The errors of
interpretation come chiefly from the primary fault of mistaking a contrast
between less and more for a diversity of like from unlike, or the reverse.
In frequent comparisons of Z//s and Meadzi, my chief effort has been to
ascertain the nature of the difference between them, and my resulting im-
pression is that Z/is is a valid species, near as it is to Meadiz. I do
not find an overlap of closely similar specimens uniting them, and the
two forms appear to have a somewhat diverse plan of pattern, a somewhat
dissimilar method of variation, indicating that they are travelling different
roads. ‘They are, I take it, already a little different in kind, not merely in
degree. In comparing the nineteen Z//s of the family above mentioned,
with the set of caught 4//s, however, the difference is one which need
not be misread, even were the circumstances of origin unknown. It is a
difference large in amount, but not signifying alienation. The overlap
between the two series consists chiefly of a small proportion of males ;
several of the most finely developed of the caught set being about of the
same rank as several of the least developed males in the bred family.
Among all the caught females only one compares in size and fine develop-
ment with the average of the ten females of this family. Evidently, in
this signal advance in race character, the females showed more tendency
to depart from type than the males. All the females in this family except
one, and more than half the males, far surpass the average of caught set
as to breadth of dark borders, and it is a genuine progress, entirely free
from that erratic over-development of dark markings often occurring in
bred specimens ; in these specimens the effect is completely harmonious
and symmetrical. In this family there are two colors, both of males and
females. Four of the males are yellow-orange, the other five bright red-
orange, one of them very fiery orange. Eight females are of the red shade,
several being almost of as intense a shade as the most brilliant male ; the
remaining two are yellow, not so clear and light as the yellow-orange
males, but slightly tinged with ochre. The reddest males and females are
unlike any MZeadii in my collection ; clearer red than any, and lacking
the burned-brick tinge of one very red female WZeadzz. Only two, both
females, of the caught Zs, are quite of this pure red-orange hue. The
caught Z/7s do not specially differ from AZeadzz in the color of disk above
primary, and are in general somewhat tinged with ochre ; one female is

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 131

unique in color, being greenish-yellow, but is not otherwise variant from
usual form.

Another family consisting of twenty-five 7s and thirteen 2s, from
eggs laid by one female, scarcely, if at all, surpasses the averages of
the caught material as to expanse. The twenty-five ¢s show an
average of only 5044 mm., while the caught males average 51 1-5 mm.
The thirteen 9s average slightly larger than the caught females, 53 mm.
against 524%4 mm. As to pattern, the females present a rather more
perfected type than the out-door average, but the males are scarcely
equal to the natural average.

The relation found in these two bred families between the numerical
proportion of the sexes and the degree of type development, lends some
support to the hypothesis that favorable conditions during larval growth
tend to a greater production of females, while less favorable conditions
produce an increased outcome of males. The proportion of males to
females in these two broods is in great contrast. The brood which shows
such improved averages contains slightly more than an even share of
females ; and the family averaging scarcely up to nature’s mean level
contains a large overplus of males.

Additional to the direct evidence derived from inspection of the
butterfly, there are several circumstances which add somewhat to the
probability that Z/zs is a good species. Of some little weight, perhaps,
is the argument from geographical distribution, that so far as known there
is a great gap of country between the district of the form 77s, and the
territory in which dwells AZeadiz proper. Should later discovery be made
of Z/is considerably further south, or of AZeadzz much more to the north
than at present known, the probability of their distinctness would be some-
what lessened. Another and better argument is the inference from
relative altitude. /eadii is normally an alpine butterfly, AZzs is sub-
alpine. All accounts agree that J/eadzz lives above timber, though like
_ other alpine habitants, it may in peculiar circumstances make excursions
to a lower level. Just such an incident may have originated #//s. One
needs not an india-rubber imagination to suppose that somewhere in its
mountain line of territory, under specially favoring conditions, Meadiz
may have established a colony below timber line. That accomplished,
and the feeble colony proving able to maintain itself in the changed con-
ditions, all the elements of the case would combine to speedily separate
the new from the old, in kind. Perhaps hardly in any other way could

132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a distinct species be so rapidly evolved. The ties between the old and
the new forms would either be immediately and permanently sundered,
or at least greatly enfeebled, as the only means by which these ties of
consanguinity could be preserved would be in recurrence of such unusual
incursions as that by which the colony had at first been established. The
direct influence of the new conditions would be especially effective in pro-
ducing modification, because the change of conditions would be an un-
usually great one. However, this is but conjecture. As facts, we know
that JZeadi lives above timber, and £//s, ata great distance to the north,
below timber ; and that they differ, although not broadly. They are not
known to live next door to each other, anywhere. The geographical relations
of Zits to Meadii may prove more interesting and important than the ques-
tion as to the exact biological ties. Should the name of £7//s prove to be
** Dennis,” itis but one more skeleton to stand upon end with the rest of
the weird monuments up on Synonym Mountain ; but, in either event,
one would like to know just why 47s and MW/eadii live at different relative
altitudes,

The nature of the difference in the imago between Z//s and Meadii is
the chief reason for considering them distinct. At first sight, I did not
expect “/zs would prove distinct from Meadiz7, After obtaining gradually
an ample material of #//s, and becoming quite familiar with its mode of
variation, such differences between #/s and WWeadii became evident, that
I was obliged to consider the two forms as probably distinct. By the
kindness of Mr. David Bruce, I have lately obtained an additional fine
series of Weadiz, and after repeated comparisons find my previous im-
pression strengthened. I suppose that a new species of butterfly may be
considered inaugurated, so soon as a varying form has acquired a visible
diversity in the method of its biological progress, as compared with the
method of the proximate species ; and that our earliest recognition of this
acquired diversity will be by observation of a correlant diversity in the
method of the color-pattern of a representative series of the new species,
as compared with the method of the proximate species. I think A//s has
reached this point and that it is a valid species.

Meadiz, as such, does not occur at Laggan. My set of six male and
eleven female JZeadii compare with the caught £//s, in average size, as
follows: Meadii, males 4734 mm., females 48 5-7 mm.; caught Z/Zis,
males 51 1-5 mm., females 5214 mm.; “‘ fair count and no favour.”

- ERRATUM.-—Page 96, lines 1 and 2, ‘‘Mount Temple about eight miles south-
west ’—for ‘‘south-west” read ‘‘ south-east.”

=

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. laa

SOME NEW MOTHS.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Crocota Rosa, nov. spec.

Expanse .8o0 of an inch.

Upper surface of fore wings, thorax, collar, upper and front of head
and terminal joint of palpi pale yellow-brown or fawn color, the only trace
of a discal dot is a little duskiness at the end of the cell. Hind wings
red, pale, a little dusky, somewhat rosy tinted. Abdomen concolorous
with the hind wings ; fringes concolorous with the wings.

Beneath, hind wings concolorous with the upper surface ; fore wings
more red, uniformly so except that the costa is ochre; legs dusky ; abdo-
domen as above, without marks of any kind ; under side of palpi yellow-
ish red ; eyes black.

One example from Texas and one from Ohio.

This species is close to ARubicundaria but lacks the black terminal
border to the hind wings and the black marks on the abdomen. __ Besides
this the fore wings are a little narrower.

Hemaris Brucet, nov. spec.

Expanse 1.55 inches.

Top of head, thorax and basal two joints of abdomen, olive, not very
dark, the shoulder tufts yellowish, only a little lighter than the adjacent
parts ; the third joint black, with the lateral hairs bright pale yellow, the
lateral tufts of one and two the same color, and a faint line of the same
on the posterior margin of these joints for a short distance above the tufts ;
joints 4, 5 and 6 bright pale yellow, the last one slightly rusty, the lateral
tufts the same ; the terminal joint with its tufts, both lateral and central,
jet black. Palpi beneath very pale yellow, almost white, above blackish,
only a few black hairs laterally ; eyes with a circle of white hairs ; body
beneath black but sparsely covered with yellow hairs, except the terminal
joint where the hairs are black. Wings as in the Senta group, the terminal
and costal borders dark bruwn, narrow, somewhat dentate on the inner
edge, the most so near posterior angle ; the outer two-thirds of the basal
patch dark red, a small red apical patch that does not reach the apex, a
few oliye hairs at the base. Hind wings with the margins dark brown,
the inner one sparsely overlaid with olive, a red anal patch. Under side
of fore wings with the borders about the same shade as above, the basal
portion overlaid with pale yellow, the same scattered well over the costa,

- 134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

a mere trace of the red on the basal patch, the apical red patch as above.
Hind wings with the basal-internal patch overlaid with pale yellow the
same as the fore wings, two red stains, one at the anal angle and the other
toward the base, the outer border with a slight red tinge, but no more so
than above. Antenne black.

One male from Colorado, collected by David Bruce, and dedicated to
him in the name.

Flatycerura Gigantea, nov. spec.

Expanse of wings 2.25 inches.

Head, thorax and abdomen rather dark gray, much darker than its
ally Furcidla, the head and collar with a mixture of brown scales, the
abdomen also mixed with brown, except the lateral semi-tufts and the
terminal joint. The fore wings with a basal half line and three transverse
lines as in /urcilla, the second representing the transverse shade of the
Noctuidz, all black; the t. a. line is not quite so much angled on
median vein as on Furcil/a, the line broader ; the shade line or second a
little more wavy, curving outward on median vein and outward again on
submedian, not touching the t. p. line but more separated from it than in
Furcilla ; reniform a black slightly curved mark, shaded a little outward-
ly ; t. p. line takes the same course as in its ally, but not bent inward
quite so much below the cell, bordered externally with a very slight pale
shade ; s. t. line a very faint pale shade taking the same course as in
furcilla, and scarcely noticeable only for the slight internal shading of
darker gray, this shading more prominent in its anterior third. The wing
is almost a uniform gray, except the black transverse lines. Hind wings
sordid white, the veins and the internal margin smoky, the costal margin
sprinkled with dark scales. Fringes gray, checkered at the end of the
veins, the fore wings only faintly so. Under side pale gray, the transverse
lines of the fore wings subobsolete, only distinct as black spots on the
costa, but the t. a. line and the shading in connection with the s. t. line
crossing the wing ; hind wings with two black shades extending backward
from the costa and a discal spot, the latter showing faintly above. Body
below concolorous with the wings. The palpi are short like those of
Furcilla, the terminal joint blackish ; the antennz with the shaft gray
above, the pectinations and all parts below ochre.

One male from Colorado, received from David Bruce. He writes me
that he took a half-dozen examples at light. In size this is more nearly

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 135

that of a female that I have from Texas that I have called Aurcz//a, but
which may possibly be the female of this species. This example expands
a little over two inches, the fore wings are a little lighter than the one
from Colorado described above, and the t. p. line and the median shade
line are united. The hind wings of the Texas specimens are darker than
the Colorado, and the fringe of the hind wings is white.

ON .THE. LISTS, OF COLEOPTERA, PUBLISHED;, BY ; THE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, 1842-1888.

BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.

During nearly fifty years the Geological Survey of Canada has been
engaged in exploration, and since Confederation it has had practically an
unlimited field for its operations. The investigation of the fauna and
flora of the Dominion, and the formation of a museum of natural history,
are included in the plan of its present organization, but its equipment has
hitherto permitted but a partial accomplishment of these departments of
its work. Geological investigations and collections have largely absorbed
the members of the staff, and systematic work outside of these has been
chiefly in ethnology, botany and ornithology. In the museum, entomology
is as yet represented but poorly, the only order in which there is a credit-
able collection being the Lepidoptera, of which the diurnals are well
shown by the collection purchased from Capt. Geddes. Any collections
made by the officers of the Survey have been in addition to their daily
duties, and have been, in consequence, neither very numerous or extensive.

The lists of Coleoptera, which are thinly scattered through the Reports
of Progress, have, however, a considerable value as having been made in
many instances in remote districts, and before the influx of settlers ;
thereby giving mostly species indigenous to the various localities, and
offering good records for the study of distribution. The fact, also, that
all but three short recent lists were furnished by LeConte, renders the de-
terminations of additional value and interest.

As the publications of the Survey are inaccessible to very many ento-
mologists, and as their cost, even when obtainable, prevents their pur-
chase merely for the few entomological lists they contain, it is thought
that a reproduction in the Canapran EntTomo.ocist will be appreciated
by its readers.

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The lists of LeConte’s determinations have been collated so as to pre-
sent a complete catalogue of the species and show the localities where
each occurred. The omission of the names of describers (except in lists
A. O., L’O., St. L. and N.C.), and occasional clerical or typographical
errors have made the identification of some species difficult, and in a few
instances so doubtful that they have been allowed to remain as in the
original, and will appear in italics in the catalogue. The list of the British
Columbia species was especially puzzling in this respect.

The catalogue, collated from the twenty lists which follow, contains
goo references to 469 species (including about a dozen varieties or races),
which belong to 216 genera of 40 families. Of these references 300, or
exactly one-third, are to 137 species of Cicindelida and Carabide, while
many of the other species in the catalogue are such as one might expect
to be found by collectors whose attention would be largely directed to the
ground. The following are the lists which have been collated :—

Report of Progress, 1858, pp. 233-237 and 247-240.

A.O.—Catalogue of Coleoptera, collected by Mr. D’Urban, in the
Counties of Argenteuil and Ottawa, in 1858, (99 species
named, and following not determined Gyrinus, Dineutes,
Flomalota, Tachyporus, Philonthus, Stenus, Epurea, Cis,
Cistela, Nyctobates, Apion, Tomicus ),

L’O.—List of Coleoptera from L’Original and Grenville, collected
by Mr. R. Bell, (34 species).

St. L.—List of Coleoptera, collected by Mr. R. Beil, on the south-
east side of the St. Lawrence, from Quebec to Gaspé, and
in the Counties of Rimouski, Gaspé and Bonaventure,
(69 species, besides Lrachinus, Aphodius, Tomicus and
Galeruca).

Report of Progress, 1875-76, pp. 107-109,

B.C.—List of Coleoptera, collected during the expedition of Mr.
Selwyn to British Columbia in 1875, (146 species, besides
Llaphrus, ‘“‘probably n. sp., unless described from Szberza,”
Hydnobius, Boletobius, Philonthus, Melée, Sitones and un-
determined genera). Collection placed in museum of the
Natural History Society of Montreal.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. TSy

Report of Progress, 1878-79, pp. 65, 66c.

N. C.—List of Coleoptera collected by Dr. R. Bell, in 1879, on
the Nelson and Churchill Rivers, (37 species and Gyrinus ).

Report of Progress, 1879-80, pp. 70, 74C.

List of Coleoptera collected in 1880 in Manitoba, and between
Lake Winnipeg and Hudson’s Bay, (by Dr. R. Bell, in four
localities).

Y. F.—York Factory, Hudson’s Bay, August and September, (24
species, also Amara, Hydroporus, “near Schonherri of
Europe,” and Graphoderes “to be described by Dr. Sharp”).

N. O.—Norway House to Oxford House, July, (39 species, Azzs-
otoma and Graptodera).

W.—Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba, June and July, (38 species).

C..L.—Cross Lake, Nelson River, July, (35 species and Amara).

Report of Progress, 1880-81-82, pp. 29, 39¢.

List of Coleoptera collected in 1881 by Dr. Bell and others in the

Lake Superior district, and in the Northwest Territories, east of

tr2th meridian and south of the 6oth parallel.

The species given in Lists I. to VII. were collected by Dr. Bell ; those
in VIII. by Mr. William Isbister, and those in IX.-XI. by Mr. A. S.
Cochrane.
S. M.—I, Sault Ste. Marie, between Lakes Huron and Superior,
Lat. 46° 31’, Long. 84° 20’, (96 species).
M.—II. Mouth of Michipicoten River, Lake Superior, Lat. 47°
56’, Long. 84° 51’, (9 species).

H. M.—III. Head Waters of the Michipicoten River, Lake
Superior, Lat. 48° 30’, Long. 84° 00’, to Lat. 48° 30’,
Long. 84° 10’, (28 species).

M. F.—IV. From Missinaibi House, north-east of Lake Superior
to Flying. Post, Lat. 48° 29’, Long: 83° 35’, to Lat.
48° 02’, Long. 82° 20’, (18 species and two Graf-
todera ).

O. K.—V. Oba and Kabinakagami Lakes and Rivers, north-east

of Lake Superior, Lat. 48° 30’, Long. 84° 27’, to Lat.
49° 45’, Long. 83° 45’, (43 species).

138

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

T. L.—VI. From Thunder Bay to Lake-of-the-Woods, west of
Lake Superior, Lat. 48° 25’, Long. 89° 10’, to Lat.
49° 25’, Long. 95° 00’, (23 species).

O.—VII. Oxford House, between Lake Winnipeg and Hudson’s
Bay, Lat. 54° 53’, Long. 95° 44’, (67 species and Cry-

ptophagus and Graptodera ).

N.—VIII. Nelson River House, near Churchill River, Lat. 55°

50’, Long. 99° 30’, (51 species).

C. C.—IX. From Cross Lake, on the Nelson River, to Cumber-
land House, on the Saskatchewan, Lat. 54° 40’, Long.
98° 00’, to Lat. 54° 00’, Long. 102° 22’, (19 species).

C. R.—X. From Cumberland House to Reindeer Lake, Lat. 54°
oo’, Long. 102° 22’, to Lat. 58° 30’, Long. 101° 00’, (19
species).

R. A.—XI. From the north end of Reindeer Lake to the west end
of Athabasca Lake, Lat. 58° 30’, Long. 101° oo’,
to Lat.’ 58° 3073, Long. to1° co," (Long. 111° Go Pyi5
species).

Catalogue of the Coleoptera determined for the Geological Survey of

Canada by Dr. J. L. LeConte :-—

CICINDELID.

Cicindela longilabris Say. A.O., St.L., B.C., S.M., M.

‘purpurea O/zv. S.M., T.L.

var. to-notata Say. B.C.

vulgaris Say. A.O., St. L., S.M., H.M.

repanda De. [baltimorensis Aés¢.]. A.O., St. L.
Ver. 12-cuttata 27, Sew, 2-C., SeMb, bee

CARABIDA.

Trachypachys inermis J/o?¢s. B.C.
Cychrus nitidicollis Chev., var. Brevoorti Lec. A.O., St. L.
Carabus Meander Fisch., [palustris /isch.| [Lapilayi Zec.]. St. L.,

N:0:,'G.L., O} ee C:C:
Chamissonis Fisch. Y.F., O., N.
tedatus. feb. BC.) Nas YEO; N.
race Agassii Lec. W.,C.R., R.A.
serratus Sey. .St. Ly, BaGs, CE:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139

Calosoma calidum fad. St. L., M.
tepidum Zec. B.C.

Elaphrus Clairvillei Azrdy. B.C.
riparius Zinn. St. L., O.
race californicus Mann. B.C.

Opisthius Richardsoni Azréy. B.C.

Notiophilus sibiricus Mos. [punctatus Lec]. A.O., C.C.
Hardy Puiz. NO Cli, O.

Nebria Sahlbergi Fisch. B.C., N.C., N.
Mannerheimii Fisch. B.C.

Pelophila rudis Zee. O.K., N.
Ulkei Horn. N.

Nomius pygmaeus De. H.M., O.K.

Bembidium punctatostriatum Say. A.O.
carinula C/d. [impressum /ad,|. A.O., O.K., O.
littorale OZiv. [paludosum Sturm]. B.C.
erasum Zec. [Mannerheimii Zec.]. B,C.
dilatatum Zee. St. L.
concolor Kirby [salebratum Zec.]. W.
quadrulum Lec. B.C.
planatum Lec. B.C.
complanulum Jann. B.C.
funereum Lec. B.C.
bimaculatum A7zrby. N.O., C.L., O.
lucidum Zee OALOs St. L., B.C. YAP:
picipes Kirby. T.L.

Grapei Gy//. [nitens Zec.]. C.L., O.
incrematum Lec. B.C.

patruele De7. A.O.,.B.C.

nigripes Azrdy. B.C., O.

versicolor Lec. B.C.

sulcatum Lec. B.C.

connivens Lec. B.C.

mutatum G. & H. [axillare Zec.]. B.C., O.
quadrimaculatum Zinn. C.C.

140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Patrobus longicornis Say. <A.O., St. L., S.M.
septentrionis Dey. [hyberboreus De7.]. O.K.
rugicollis Rand. St. L.
aterrimus Dej. B.C.

Pterostichus honestus Say [fastidatus De7.]. A.O.

coracinus JVewm. [adjunctus ZLec.]. L’O., St. L., H.M., M.F.,
O.K.

punctatissimus Rand. Y.F., N.O., O.K., O.

lucublandus Say (Pecilus). <A.O., St. L., W., S.M., T.L.

caudicalis Say. A.O., 9&.L., W.

corvinus De. St. L.

scrutator Zec. (Lophoglossus). A.O.

orinomum Leach. A.OW St. LawBsC.,, N.Ce Yaron. Os Waa:
1, 5.M., HM. Mite OLE O., Ni CiGaeek.

Luczotu 27, (‘‘ var. preer’).) A.O., St. L.

erythropus Dey. L’O., St.L,S.M.

patruelis De A.O., St.L., T.-L

empetricola De7. N.C.

mandibularis Azrdy. St. L., C.L., O.

Amara avida Say. W.
similis Kirby [hematopus De7.|. N.C., N.
rufimanus K7rdy |reflexus Putz.|. Y.F.? N.O.
cylindrica Zec. N.O., W., C.L., O.
elongata Lec. N.
latior Kirby [libera Zec.]. St. L., TL.
angustata Say. LO.
pallipes Azrby. St. L.
impuncticollis Say. L’O., St.L., S.M., O.K., O.
littoralis Wann. C.R.
fallax =Ziec. | St. 1. BC GsE.
protensa Putz. N.O.
erratica Sturm. B.C., H.M., T.L., N. .
\ interstitialis Dey. St. .L.,C.L., T.L.; O., N.
obesa Say. W.,S.M.
musculus Say. W.,N.

(To be continued. )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 141

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.

(Continued from page 120, Volume xxtt. )
Genus ANTARCTIA Hbn.

1816—Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 192.
1e904—Pack),, Prog. Hut, soc, Phils Ai. 122.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 191.

The head is small and retracted ; tongue obsolete, palpi very small
and weak ; antenne moderately long, bipectinated in the male, simple in
the female: the pectinations are long and extend to the tip ; legs short
and weak, all the spurs present, but very short: the two pairs of the pos-
terior tibiz close together. The tarsal claws are as in Sfz/osoma, and,
indeed, there is no structural difference between these two genera. Ant-
arctia has shorter, broader wings, somewhat longer vestiture, and is not
white !

Primaries with 7 to 10 stalked, the branches arising in pairs ; 3 to 5
from the end of the median, and about one-half closer to 5 than to 6.
Secondaries 6 and 7 together from the end of the sub-costal; 8 rather
closer to base than usual; 4 and 5 together from the end of the median,
3 very close to the end.

A. punctata Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc Ent. Soc., Phil., III, 123, Antarctia.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 192. =vagans.
1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 188, Antarctia.
rufula 2 Bdv.
1855—Bdv., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1855, Bull, p. 32, Memeophila.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Cat. Lep. N. A., Memeophila.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 79 Avrctia.
1870—Grt. & Rob, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., III., 175, pr. syz.
1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 367, D7. sym.
1881—Neum., Papilio, L., 80, Av. syz.

var. proba Hy. Edw.
1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 39, Antarctia.
Habitat—Sierra Nev., California, Oregon.

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A. rubra Neum.
1881—Neum., Papilio, I., 79, Antarctia.
1881—Butl., Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. 5, VIII., 311, Antarctia.
Habitat—Oregon, California.

A. vagans Bav.

1852—Bdv.*, Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 2 ser. X., 322), 50, Arctza.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het. III., 630, Phragmatobia.
1860—Clem., Pr. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. XII., 336, Phragmatobia.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 346, Phragmatobia.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III., 122, Phragmatobia.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Cat. Lep. N. Am., Phragmatobia.
1869—Bdv., Lep. Calif. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 79, Arctza.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 192, pl. VIII, ff. 8-12, Antarctia.
pteridis Hy. Edw.
1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 264, Antarctza.
1875—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 367, pr. syn.

var. rufula Bdv.
1852—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 80, Arctza.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 192, £7. syn.
1881—Neum., Papilio, I., 79, pr. var.
Habitat—California, Vancouver.
Food plant—Zzpzn (Stretch).

A. walsinghami Butl.
1881—Butl., Ann, & Mag. N. H., ser. 5, VIII, 311, Antarctia.
Habitat—Oregon.

The synonymy in this genus is far from settled. There are probably
fewer species than are given here. At all events, I do not see why ru/ula
must not replace punctata Pack., for, though the male was a mere variety
of vagans, the female referred to a good species, and the name cannot be
dropped, because in part a synonym. I have not made the change here,
but content myself with calling attention to the necessity for it.

Genus LeucarctTia Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, III., 124.
Head small and retracted ; palpi short ; tongue short and weak.
Antenne short, pectinated in both sexes, the pectinations in the female

ro

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 143

short, but nearly as long as those of the male. Legs short and stout,
anterior tibize with a short stout spine at either side of tip ; middle and
posterior tibiz with minute terminal spurs only. The claws of tarsi are
toothed in both sexes.

Primaries with 7 to ro from a stalk in the order ro, 7, 8,9; 3 to 5
from end of median, 4 nearer to 5 than to 3.

Secondaries 6 and 7 from same point at end of sub-costal ; 8 from sub-
costal half way to base ; 3 to 5 almost equidistant from end of median.

Moeschler, in 1876, Stett. Ent. Zeit.. XXXVII., 297, makes this
a synonym of S#2/osoma.

L. acrea Drury.

1770—Drury, Exot., I., pl. IIL., f. 2 (2) and.3 (¢), Phalena.

1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., III., 1, 451, Bombyx acria.

1797—Sm. & Abb.*, Ins. Ga., II., 133, pl. 67, Phalena acria.

1816—Hiub., Veizeichniss, 184, Lstigmene.

1820—Hub., Samml. Auss. Schmett, II., pl. 404, Estigmene acria.

1823---Harris*, Mass. Agr. Repos. & Journ., VII., 323, Arctza.

1833—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 591, Arctia.

1837—Westw., ed Dru., I., 7, Spz/osoma,

1841—Duncan*, Nat. Libr., XXXII. 171, pl. 20, ff. 1-3, Spzdosoma.

1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 53, Spz/osoma.

1862—Morris*, Synopsis Supplt., 342, Spzlosoma.

1862—Harris*, Inj. Ins., Flint, ed. 351, f. 169, pl. VI, ff. 9 (¢) and
10 (?.), Spelosoma.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 125, Leucarctza.

1869—Bdv., Lep. Calif. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 78, Arctza acria.

1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., gg, pl. 4, ff. :-3, and pl. 10, f. 6,
Leucarctia.

1874—Morrison, Psyche, I., 21, Leucarctia.

1875—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 368, Leucarctia.

1883—Weed, Papilio, I11., 84, Zeucarctia.

1883—Grt., Papilio, III., 84, Leucarctia.

1883—Stretch, Papilio, III, 141, Leucarctia.

1884—Bean*, Can. Ent., XVI., 66, Spzlosoma.

1886—-Smith, Ent. Amer., II., 79, Zeucarctia.

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

pseuderminia Peck.

1823—Peck., Mass. Agr. Rep. & Journ., VII., 328, pl. 1, Avctza.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, Li5.j5 P= alas

1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 667, Spzlosoma.
caprotina Drury.

1770—Dru., Exot. I., pl. 3, f. 3, Phalena.

1782—-Cram., Pap. Exot., III., 170, pl. 287, f C, Phalena.
1797—Sm. & Abb., Ins. Ga., II., 133, pv. syn.
1837—Westw., ed. Dru., L., 7, pr. syn.

californica Pack.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, IlI., 125, Leucarctia.
1872—Pack., 4th Rept. Peab. Ac., 86, pr. sy.

packardii Schaupp.

1882—Schaupp, in Check List Bkln. Ent. Soc., 8, Spzlosoma.
Habitat— United States and Canada.

Food plant—Omnivorous.

L. albida Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 203, pl. 8, f. 22, Leucarctia.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., II., 36, az sp. dist. virginica ?
1876—Stretch, Rept. Geol. Surv., west roo merid., V., 798, pl 40,
ff. 4 and 5, Leucarctia.
Habitat—California.

The Arctia scuirus of Boisduval was referred by Grote and Robinson
to acrea, but is now recognized as referring to Euchaetes collaris! The
peculiar male characters of the acr@a have been described by Mr. Mor-
rison, and later figured by myself.

Leucarctia permaculata Pack. is an Lcpantheria, and is referred to
under that genus. I do not find the species in Mr. Grote’s list, but
perhaps it may be referred to in some paper which I have not seen.

(To be continued.)

Mailed July 4th.

he wanariay Fntomologist

VOL: XXII. LONDON, AUGUST, 1890. No. 8.

THE NOCTUIDZ OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA
COMPARED.

(Eighth and Last Paper.)

BY A. R. GROTE, A. M., BREMEN, GERMANY.
Tribe Catocalint.

In this tribe the secondaries are oftenest gaily coloured (mostly yellow)
and banded, still subordinated to the primaries which show, more or less
adequately, the usual Noctuidous ornamentation. The abdomen is rarely
tufted. On account of the shape of the primaries, the form of the abdo-
men, the abdominal tuftings, the pattern of the wings beneath, the
approach to Ophideres, I regard the genus and species LAuparthenos
nubilis, Ann N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., as entirely distinct from Catocala
sp. The most important genus is Catoca/a, in Europe with 22, in North
America with upwards of 100 species. A division of this genus on the
peculiarities of tibial armature (as I have suggested in Agroftis) was stated
to me as possible several years ago by Mr. Smith, and has more recently
been attempted by Mr. Hulst. I must think that his observations need
verifying, judging from his published opinions on the value of the forms
of Catocala, which I have shown to be in a number of instances incorrect.
The Ophiderine and Toxocampine of my Check List are probably not to
be separated from this tribe, in which the anterior ventral feet of the
larvee are more or less incomplete. The genera become gradually
broader winged and concolorous as we approach the next tribe.

Tribe Pheocymint.

This comprises the Evrebiine of my Check List. The wings are
marked by rivulous lines crossing both pair and recalling the Spanner

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

moths. The tibie are variously armed, but become unarmed in the
weaker genera, Homopyradlis, etc., and as we approach the De/toidine.
In Europe this tribe seems represented only by Lericyma and Zethes-
As we go southward the moths of this tribe become more numerous and
we find the largest Voctuide among them in Erebus and Thysania. The
tribe is tropical and subtropical, and some of the species are summer
migrants from the South, not breeding in the Middle and Eastern States,
or Canada.

There remain to be considered certain tropical forms which are found
in Florida, or accidentally on our coast, such as Hexeris enhydris,
Syllectra erycata and Brotis vulneraria. These probably are to be
separated as affording distinct tribal types, but I cannot at the moment
compare their structure with that of their South American allies. The
tribe Pangraptini, with the frail genera Pangrapta and Phalaenostola,
seems to close the series and lead to the Deltoids. The North American
genera must be compared here with their tropical allies. This element
of our fauna comes from the south, and, as we have seen, is almost
wanting in Europe.

Sub-family De/toidine.

This sub-family was formerly regarded as belonging to the Pyradide.
In the vernacular the Deltoids are called ‘‘ Snout Moths,” from the long
labial palpi. But Herrich-Scheffer showed that’in their essential char-
acters they conform to the Noctuid type; they are pyralidiform JVoctuide.
The wings are usually pointed at the tips, the colours are gray and dusty,
the usual Noctuid ornamentation is hardly to be discerned. The eyes
are always naked. ‘They fall into two principal tribes. The character
of this sub-family becomes again largely European. As the name
*Snout Moths” refers to this sub-family, I have called the Pyralde by
the name of Sparkler Moths.

Tribe Herminiini.

The type of this tribe is the European Herminia tentacularis, to
which our North American P/ilometra is related. The wings are con-
colorous, marked with continuous lines, reminding us of the Pheocymini
and the Geometride. ‘The antenne are often furnished with sexual
nodosities. The species fly in grass upon which the larve generally feed.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147

One of the most variable JVoctuzde known to me belongs to this tribe,
Zanclognatha levigata. Our species resemble generally the European,
but are much more numerous.

Tribe Hypeninz,

The type of this tribe is the European Hypena proboscidalis. The
hind wings are unicolorous and subordinate to the primaries, which show
the usual Noctuid markings more or less distinctly. The body is some-
times tufted, the brush-like antennz are simple. In Lomolocha the eyes
are lashed, but this character has nothing to do with the hairiness or
nakedness of the eye itself, which, in the De/totdine, so far as I know, is
always naked. This nakedness is a general characteristic of the lower
moths. I know of only one Geometrid with hairy eyes. The genera in
my Check List, down to /yfenu/a, referred to this tribe, should probably
be included in the preceding.

Sub-family Lrephine.

The members of this small sub-family group are boreal or sub-boreal
in their habitat, and resemble certain Geometride, inhabiting similar
zoological zones, in their hairy body, a more or less marked diurnal flight,
and the 16-footed larve. The ocelli are wanting, and this character
excludes the Californian genus Azzaphila, which is really related to
Eustrotia (Erastria), but has a certain resemblance in colours to this sub-
family and the Catoca/inz. Our single species, Brephos infans, is found
from Labrador to New England. Another form, Leucobrephos brephoides,
I identified originally from Hudson’s Bay. It may be the same with a
species described by me from Wisconsin, and, among the figures of
Siberian moths which I have examined, is one which, I think, represents
a form belonging to this North American genus. Europe has three
species of Brephos Hiibn. (nec. Ochs.). The name 4rephos, like Agrotis,
etc., was originally proposed by Hiibner. Through neglect and corruption,
Hiibner’s names became credited to other European writers. I have
done my best to clear up the generic synonymy by indicating the types
in my Buffalo Lists. The student is referred to these for special infor-
mation on this point.

Although the Owlet moths are quite numerous in the east, yet
the Western States of North America seem richer in genera and

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species. The different elements among the numerous genera need
bringing out, but it has been sufficiently shown here where the general
lines of relationship are to be sought. Like the Hawk moths, these too
have been redistributed by climatic changes, the most important of which
was the Glacial Epoch. We receive a large accession from the south,
but the bulk of our JVoctuide show a northern parentage. The common
ancestors of certain of the European and American Owlet moths of to-day
had, at one time, a common sporting ground. I have shown the existence
of every grade of resemblance from undistinguishable species like Sco/zof-
teryx libatrix and Dipterygia pinastri, through slightly modified forms
like Apatela occidentalis, Dianthoecia bella, Copimamestra occidenta,
Agrotis normaniana, Lithophane Thaxtert, to forms readily distinguish-
able in all their stages by the experienced student. The mass of species
is so great that detailed observations on each particular one must await
time ; but I trust I have laid down the lines by which our Owlet moths
are to be studied until our information with regard to them is perfected.
Some idea of the preponderance of Cafoca/ine in North America may
be given by the statement that in Europe there are about fifty-six species
belonging to about sixteen genera, while in North America there are about
two hundred and fifty species belonging to about fifty-six genera. These
latter figures may be changed by new observations with us, but hardly
diminished. In the De/tocdine the proportions are more in conformity
with the numerical relations in the typical group, the Moctuine. The.
reason I have given for this preponderance of the Catoca/ing, lies in the
physical geography of the continent, the prevailing atmospheric and ocean
currents, all of which favor the introduction of southern or tropical! lepi-
dopterous forms. And we must consider the Catoca/ine as tropical in
general character in the same way as we consider the other groups of the
Noctuide as belonging to temperate regions of the earth’s surface.

In a general view of the evolution of the Lepidoptera we may conceive
it as represented by an inverted and spreading bell of net work, in hang-
ing threads of unequal lengths, branching variously and in different direc-
tions, and ever widening in departure and circumference. The depend-
ing tips of the threads represent the existing species, all connected with
the past, and the task before us is the tracing of the threads, always run-
ning here and there together, grouping themselves about thicker strands,
converging in the hand of time. The means at our disposal for the un-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149

ravelling are the characters of existing species in a// their stages, and the
sadly imperfect, almost failing, record of fossil species. To add to the
difficulty, the species have been distributed and redistributed. affected by
geological changes, modified by differences in temperature, moulded by
the winds. It is clearly impossible to arrange existing species in a linear
series and thereby express also their probable descent. We can only
group them according to natural characters and for purposes of con-
venience. Undoubtedly our categories, through their characters, corre-
spond vaguely to the general plan of evolution. But the arrangement of
our catalogues and collections must remain artificial in the main, con-
ditioned by our own physical limitations. |Our mental picture of these
insects remains relatively imperfect, but enlarges through new studies and
fresh thoughts.

ERRATA ET ADDENDA.—Vol. XXI., p. 123, line 10, for Voctuid@ read
Noctuine ; id., p. 155, line 30, for Dasychinine read Dasychirine. The
first three North American genera in the list, on p. 157, I refer to the
tribe Bombycoid:, the rest to the Apate/ini; the tribal divisions accident-
ally omitted. Id., p. 189, line 34, for merely read mainly. In connection
with my remarks on Gortyna, p. 192, I refer to my paper on this genus
and Ochria, p. 139, written subsequently. Id., p. 229, line 19, insert
“apices of the” before ‘still pointed primaries”; id., p. 230, line 29, for
pyramided read pyramidea ; id., p. 230, atter saucia insert clandestina ;
Vol. XXII, p. 29, line 23, for Ca/opharia read Calophasia; id., p. 30,
line 2, for form read tribe ; id., p. 30, line 9, for slimy read shiny ; id.,
id., line 17, for Hatney read Hatuey; id., p. 28, line 3, dele “or
Morrisoni.” Dr. Thaxter inclines to consider s¢dus=vinulenta, while I
sought for it in red forms of Wadkerz. The latter species is nearer the
European sate//itia, which tristigmata also resembles. Without Guenée’s
type I think no certainty can be obtained. While I think the outlines of ©
a more correct classification of the family are here given, certain points
remain to be discussed, such as the separation of /mgura as a distinct
tribe, while the location of certain genera will be altered when minuter
comparisons can be made and the full life history of the species is known.

' As nature did not produce these creatures in a linear series, one after

another, we can only approximately exhibit their relations in our cata-
logues and collections,

150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

A REPLY TO MR. W. H. EDWARDS.
BY H. J. ELWES, PRESTON, CIRENCESTER, ENGLAND.

I am surprised to see in the May number of the CaNnapDIAN ENTOMO-
LOGIST a Criticism of my paper on “Argynnis” in a style which is not
easy to reply to, and which is certainly not justified by the paper itself.
Mr. Edwards seems to think that no one has a right to question his opin-
ions on butterflies until they have seen the so-called types from which his
original descriptions were made, and that the practical monopoly which he
has lately held in the description of new species in the United States
gives him the position of an oracle. He accuses me of haste and care-
lessness, of not having taken the trouble to see what I could easily have
seen, and implies that I have not seen the species I have written about.
I will only ask those who may be interested, to read my paper* in full and
not to judge from the abridgement of it which was published in the March
number of Psyche. I will also ask them to refer to Papilio, Vol III., p. 152.
It will there be seen that I have for seven years been collecting all avail-
able material for the better understanding of a genus which, naturally
difficult in itself, has been rendered doubly so by Mr. W. H. Edwards. It
will be seen that in 1883 I had publicly, as well as privately, asked him
to inform me how I could identify species which had been described
by him, often from very imperfect or scanty specimens—sometimes in such
inaccessible publications as /ie/d and Forest, and usually, if not always,
without giving any characters by which the species could be distinguished
from its near allies. To these questions I have received no reply. My
valued correspondent, Mr. H. Edwards, “ whose judgment in doubtful
cases Mr. W. H. Edwards relies on above all persons,” had kindly sent
me a considerable number of the rarer western forms named by himself.
Mr. H. Strecker, who certainly has as good an eye for, and as good a
‘judgment of species as almost any one I met in America, sent me many
more, and in various ways I had collected all the known so-called spectes
except four, of two of which I had seen the types, so thatI have, as I
believe, a larger and better series than any one in Europe or in any of the
collections I was able to examine in America. I did not therefore write
hastily or carelessly, and the numerous queries in my synopsis show how
uncertain I still felt of the proper position and specific value of many of

* A copy will be sent, as long as they last, to any Entomologist who will write for
it to me at Preston, Cirencester, England.

s

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151

the western forms. After having repeatedly tried to find in Mr, Edwards’s
published figures, all of which I have carefully studied, any help in separat-
ing these doubtful forms, I had visited and examined the collections of
Mr. Holland (who, I was informed, had acquired Mr. Edwards’s types), of
the Harvard Museum; of Messrs. H. Edwards, Strecker, Neumogen,
Hulst, Scudder and Dr. Behr, to all of whom my best thanks are due ;
after having gone through all the American and European literature and
museums, and written to every one from whom I hoped to learn anything,
and after having collected personally in Southern and Northern California
and the Yellowstone Park, I am told I have no claim to know anything
about “ Argynnis,” as I have seen mostly second or third rate collections.
(Where then are the first rate ones that I did not see ?)

I am pleased to learn, that whatever Mr. Edwards’s opinion of my
work may be, it is not shared by all of his countrymen, from three of the
most able of whom I have received flattering approvals of my attempt to
enable others to understand this genus, and to arrange their collections on
amore rational basis. Mr. Edwards implies that I pay no regard to local
variation, that I do not allow that locality is any help in deciding the
name of a species, and am generally inclined to lump everything that I
do not know.

Will he then see how slight a difference is sufficient in my eyes to
separate a local variety, as in the case of the Himalayan form of A. /athonia,
or. a local race worthy to be called a species, such as A. montinus, and
how I have tried to make these slight differences clear to my readers, as
in the case of A. helena ?

Let him do the same with Chitone, Cipris, Lnornata, Hippolyta and
others, and he will find me the most appreciative of his followers.

But when he rambles on in the way he sometimes does, failing to re-
cognize his own species when they are sent to him for name from unex-
pected localities, as I am told he has done, I can only say that the fact of
a butterfly being confined to one station is not enough to separate it speci-
fically unless it has through isolation or climatic influences developed
some peculiarity by which it may invariably be recognized as having come
from that place. I do not blame him for describing such things twenty
years ago, but I say that now, after he has himself proved by breeding
the extraordinary amount of variation to which many species are subject,
he has no right to expect anyone at once to recognize as a species such a

15> THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

form as Argynnis Alberta, which he has just described from one f and
two 2 sent him by Mr. Bean.

It would be useless for me to reply in detail to his remarks upon par-
ticular species, because he will always fall back upon his so-called types,
whilst others must rely on his published work, if they can get it, and if
not, upon the best materials they can get. No doubt there are many errors
in my arrangement which only time and better knowledge can clear up.
I shall welcome the criticism of any one who will show me where I am
wrong, and who has better means of coming at the truth than I have, but
I am quite content to live under Mr. Edwards’s aspersions in such good
company as that of Dr. Hagen, and hope that Mr. Edwards will think
better of us both when he gets cooler.

A NEW PSEUDOSCORPION.
BY NATHAN BANKS, ITHACA, N. VY.

Upon looking over the specimens of this family, which I had collected
during the past few years near Ithaca, I discovered a new species of
Chernes, which may be characterized as follows :—

Chernes pallidus, nov. spec. Length about 2 m.m.; body ovate ob-
long ; cephalothorax a little broader behind than in front ; finely serrulate
on the margin ; body finely granulate and furnished with short, yellowish,
clavate hairs. Abdomen pale yellowish ; cephalothorax reddish near
anterior end ; palpi a uniform red ; legs yellowish ; no light median line
on dorsum. No eyes ; palpi stout, longer than the body ; 3rd joint near-
ly as long as cephalothorax, and three times as long as 2nd; 4th a little
shorter than 3rd; hand large and stout, fingers a little curved. Larger
than C. Sanborni H. and C. oblongus Say, the palpi larger and longer,
and the legs much stouter than in these species. In C. Sanborni H. the
3rd joint of palpi is but twice as long as the 2nd. C. od/ongus is smooth,
not granulate ; one specimen, Ithaca.

The following species are also found near Ithaca: Chernes Sanborni
H., several specimens ; Chernes oblongus Say, more common ; Chelifer
cancroides L.,in houses ; Chelifer muricatus Say, one specimen ; Obisium
bruneum H., several specimens ; Chthonius pennsylvanicus H., three
specimens.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153

ON THE LISTS OF, COLEOPTERA ‘PUBLISHED BY .THE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, 1842-1888.
BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.
(Continuced from page 140; Vol. xxitt. )
Diplochila major Zec. |Rhembus]. A.O.
Calathus gregarius Say. L’O., St. L.
ingratus 77am .C.,C.L., OKO. N:, RVA:
race confusus Lec. B.C.
mollis Esch., race lenis Wann. B.C.
impunctatus Say. St. L.
Platynus maurus Mots, [stygicus Lec.]. Y.F.
Simuatus: 2e7, sass St, Li, Gs ©. 1e., 1 Le 0,
extensicollis Say. St. L,
anchomenoides Rand. B.C.
tenuis Zec. St. L.
melanarius De. St. L., B.C., CL.
affnis Azrdy. M.F.
metallescens Zec. O.K., O.
deceptivus Zec. O.K.
cupripennis Say. L’O., St. L., W., S.M.
perforatus Lec. O.
placidus Say. St. L., W.
cupreus De. W.,S.M., C.C.
Bogemanni Gy//. [obsoletus Say]. A.O., W., S.M., M.F., O.,
Wa Crk.
race strigicollis Wann. B.C.
quadripunctatus DeG. W., O.
sordens Kirby. T.L.
ruficornis Zec. N.C., N.
retractus..icc,. ALO St. L.,.8. Co W.,.O_K.
picipennis Azrdy. St. L.
lutulentus Zec. St. L.
Lebia cyanipennis De. B.C.
viridis Say? <A.O.
Metabletus americanus De/. [borealis Zimm.]. B.C., N.O.
Cymindis cribricollis Dey. [reflexa Lec]. L’O., St. L., B.C., N.O,
HM. O.K.,° GR;

154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Chlenius sericeus Forst. L’O., St. L., S.M.
leucoscelis Chev. [chlorophanus De7.]. St. L.
tricolor Qe. L’0.,:St. L.
pennsylvanicus Say. O.K.
impunctifrons Say. <A.O.

Agonoderus pallipes Fad. W.

Harpalus amputatus Say. W.
viridizneus Beauv. St. L.
pennsylvanicus DeG. L’O., W., S.M.
megacephalus Zec. St. L.
pleuriticus. Kirby. - St. L., We C. Ls, 5.M:, O., Ni
herbivagus Say. L’O., N.O., W., S.M.
cautus De. B.C.
rufimanus Zec. St. L.
oblitus Zec. B.C.
basilaris Kzrby. B.C.
ruficornis (misprint ?). B.C.

Stenolophus conjunctus Say. B.C., S.M.

Bradycellus cognatus Gy//. O.K.
rupestris Say. W.

Tachycellus nigrinus De7. [Bradycellus]. T.L.

Anisodactylus piceus JZén. B.C.
rusticus’ e7, 10: ;
californicus Dej. [confusus Lec.]. B.C.
Harisi Zeer, “L'O., Sti.
baltimorensis Say. L’O., S.M.

HALIPLID&.

Haliplus cribrarius Zec. A.O.
ruficollis DeG. (immaculaticollis Harr.), A.O.

DyTISCIDA.

Laccophilus proximus Say. C.L.

Ccelambus inzequalis /aé. [Hydroporus]. H.M.
ovoideus Lec. [Hydroporus]. Y.F.
impressopunctatus Sch. [Hydroporus]. Y.F.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 155

Deronectes depressus ad. [Hydroporus rotundatus Zec.]. O.K.
griseostriatus DeG. [Hydroporus]. B.C.
Hydroporus proximus Avéé._ A.O.

sericeus Zec. H.M.
alpinus Payk. O.

tartaricus Lea Y.F.
tristis Pay. [subtonsus Lec.]. Y.F.
modestus Aubé. Y.F.
Ilybius confusus 4udé. H.M., N.
Coptotomus interrogatus Fad. A.O.
Agabus parallelus Zec. O.K.
seriatus Say. A.O., St.L.
punctulatus 4udé N.
anthracinus Zann. [scapularis Mann.]. B.C.
infuscatus Audbé. B.C.
Erichsoni G. & ZH. [nigrozneus £7.] [lutosus Cr.]. B.C., N.C.,
O.K.
dissimilis Sah/. [Gaurodytes longulus Zec.|. Y.F.
Rhantus binotatus Harr. [Colymbetes]. B.C., S.M.
tostus Lec. [Colymbetes]. B.C.
Colymbetes sculptilis Harr. [Cymatopterus]. B.C., M., H.M.,O.K., N.
Dytiscus circumcinetus Ahr. [anxius Afann.|. B.C., N.C.
dauricus Ged/. [confluens Say]. St.L., N.C., M.F., O., N.
Harrisii Azvdy. H.M.
lapponicus [Gy//?]. O.K.
Acilius semisulcatus Avbé. H.M.
fraternus Harr. L’O.

GYRINIDA,

Gyrinus confinis Zec. M.F.
limbatus Say. H.M.
ventralis Kerby. B.C.;,0., GC.
affinis dubé. M.F.
pectoralis Zec. H.M.
borealis 4udé H.M., N.
picipes Audbé. B.C.

Dineutes emarginatus Say. O.K.

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

HYDROPHILIDA.

Helophorus lineatus Say. Y.F.

Berosus striatus Say. W.

Philhydrus cinctus Say. <A.O.
petplexus Lec. YE. Tol:

Hydrobius fuscipes Zium. B.C., Y.F.

SILPHID&.

Necrophorus Sayi Zaf. [lunatus Zec.|. A.O.
marginatus ad. [Silpha]. A.O.
vespilloides “dst. |pygmzeus Kirby]. A.O., M., O., N.
tomentosus Wed. [velutinus Fad.]. St.L.

Silpha surinamensis /aé. L’O., T.L.
lapponica Hést. St.L., B.C., N.C., N.O., C.L., M., H.M., O., N.
trituberculata Kirby. N.C., C.L.
americana Zinn. S.M., M.F.

Choleva basillaris Say [Spenciana Kirby]. B.C., M.F., O.K.

Liodes globosa Lec. S.M.

STAPHYLINIDZ.

Quedius fulgidus Fad. B.C.
levigatus Gy//7, T.L.
Listotrophus cingulatus Grav. W.,S.M.
Creophilus villosus Grav. [Staphylinus]. St,L., B.C., N.O., C.L., O.
Philonthus zneus Rossz. S.M.
cyanipennis fad. A.O.
Lathrobium simile Zec. N.C.
Pederus littorarius Grav. L’O.
Tachinus fumipennis Say (conformis De7.). A.O.
Tachyporus jocosus Say. O.
Oxytelus pennsylvanicus Zr. A.O.
Porrhodites fenestralis Ze¢z. O.
Olophrum rotundicolle Salo. O.
Anthrobium pothos Zann. <A.O., B.C.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 157

CoccINELLID&.

Anisosticta strigata Zhunb. O.

Hippodamia s-signata Kirby. B.C., N.C., N.
13-punctata Zizn. LO., N., C.C.

Coccinella trifasciata Zinn. B.C.,S.M., N.
g-notata Hés¢. [novemnotatem Faé.]. St.L.
transversoguttata Fad. [5-notata Azrby]. B.C., N.

Harmonia picta Rand. [Coccinella]. A.O., B.C., H.M., M.F., T.L.
r2-maculata Geb/. [Coccinella]. N.C.

Mysia pullata Say. S.M.

Anatis 15-punctata O/iv. N.O., N., R.A.

Psyllobora 20 maculata Say. B.C.

CucujID&,

Pediacus fuscus #r. (planus Zec.). A.O., St.L., N.O.,S.M., O., C.C.
Cucujus clavipes /ad. A.O.
puniceus JZann. B.C.

DERMESTID&.

Dermestes caninus Germ. [nubilus Say]. O.
talpinus AZann. B.C., N.O.
lardarius Zimm. A.O., S.M., N.
Attagenus piceus O/zv. [megatoma fad.]. O.
Trogoderma tarsale AZe/sh. [inclusum Lec.]? O.
Anthrenus museeorum Zzuzm. (castanee Me/sh.). A.O.

HISTERIDZ.

Hister abbreviatus Fad. S.M.
depurator Say. B.C., S.M.
perplexus Zec.? L’O.
parallelus Say (Platysoma). A.O.

Dendrophilus punctulatus Say. S.M.

Saprinus oregonensis Zec. N,O., S.M.
fraternus Say. S.M.
mancus Say. S.M.
estriatus Lec. B.C.

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

NITIDULID&,

Carpophilus niger Say. A.O.
Epurea rufa Say. S.M.
immunda Sturm. O.K.
Nitidula bipustulata Zinn. S.M.
Omosita colon Zinn. St.L.
discoidea fad. B.C.
Ips fasciatus O/iv. (4signatus Say) [4-guttatus Fad.]. L’O., T.L.

TROGOSITIDA.

Peltis ferruginea Zinn. B.C.
Calitys scabra Zhunbd. [dentata Fad.| B.C.
Thymalus fulgidus Zr, C.R.

ByRRHID&.

Cytilus sericeus Forst. (varius Fad.). LO.
trivittatus AZe/sh. B.C.
Byrrhus Kirbyi Zec. [picipes Kirby]. St.L., B.C.

DASCYLLIDZ.

Scirtes tibialis Guér. N.O.
Cyphon variabilis Zund. S.M.

ELATERIDA.

Adelocera rorulenta Lec. B.C.
profusa Cand. B.C.
Cryptohypnus abbreviatus Say [silaceipes Germ.). A.O., B.C., S.M.
Elater nigrinus Payk. O.K., N.
luctuosus Lec. O.
apicatus Say. W.,S.M.
Agriotes mancus Say. S.M.
stabilis Zec. (Dolopius). A.O.
fucosus Lec. (Dolopius). A.O., W., S.M.
oblongicollis Mesh. S.M.
Dolopius lateralis Zsch. S.M.
Sericosomus incongruus Lec. B.C., N.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159

Corymbites virens Schr. [wneicollis O/.]. B.C., O.K., O., N.
resplendens Zsch. N.
spinosus Lec, O.
caricinus Germ. [umbricola Zsch.]. B.C.
ochreipennis Zee. O.K., N., R.A.
triundulatus Rand. A.O., N.O.
cruciatus Zimz. B.C.,S.M.
Suckleyi Zec. -B.C.
eripennis Kirby. B.C., C.L., O.
metallicus Payk. O.

Asaphes memnonius dst. S.M.

BuPRESTID&,

Chalcophora virginiensis Drury. S.M.
Dicerca prolongata Zec. B.C., W., C.L., O., N.
tenebrosa Kirby. B.C., M., O.
Buprestis consularis Gory. S.M.
Nuttall Agziy. INECOEN: O., OF Na C.C.
maculiventris Say (Ancylochira). A.O., St.L., M., O.K.
rusticorum Azrby. C.L., S.M., H.M., O.
fasciata fab. S.M.
race Langit Mann. W.
Meiaropiie acuminata DeG. [longipes Say] [appendicula Faé.]
BG Wy cen NEC .C.) Cake
Drummondi coy 13, 0m N.C.
Anthaxia zeneogaster Za. [inornata Rand.]. B.C.
Chrysobothris dentipes Germ. S.M.
trinervia Kzrby. N.C., N.O., S.M., O.K.

LAMPYRIDA.

Calopteron terminale Say (Digrapha). A.O.
Celetes basalis Zec. O.K.
Eros simplicipes ann. B.C.

aurora //bst. [coccinatus Say]. A.O., B.C.
Plateros caniculatus Say. S.M.

lictor vewm. (mollis Zec.). A.O,

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Ellychnia corrusca Zzzm. A.O., St.L., N.C., S.M., M.F., O.K., T.L.,
Os N:
race lacustris Zec. A.O., Y.F.
Pyractomena angulata Say. A.O.
Photinus ardens Lec. S.M.
Photuris pennsylvanica DeG. L’O., S.M.
Podabrus modestus Say. A.O., W.
piniphilus Zsch. B.C., N.C., (allied to piniphilus).
puberulus Zec. N.O., S.M.
levicollis Kzrby. B.C.
Telephorus fraxini Say. A.O., B.C., N.C., N.O., S.M.
carolinus fad. A.O.
nigritulus Lec. N.O.
scitulus Say. S.M.
rotundicollis Say. A.O.
Curtisii Kzrdy. B.C.
grandicollis Zec. B.C.

MALACHID2&.

Collops tricolor Say. O.K.
vittatus Say. C.C.

CLERID&.

Trichodes Nuttalli Azvdy. L’O.
Clerus spegeus /ad. B.C.
Thanasimus dubius fad. LO.
undulatus Say [Cleris]: “Cs V.P3N.0., CE) S.86, OC.
Hydnocera humeralis Say. R.A.
Necrobia violaceus Zénm. [Corynetes]. B.C., T.L.

PTINIDA.

Hadrobregmus foveatus AKzrby (Anobium). A.O., O.
Dinoderus substriatus Payk. C.R.

LUCANID&.
Platycerus depressus Zec. A.O., St.L., B.C.,5.M.

(To be continued.) {

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 161

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.

(Continued from page 144, Volume xxii.)
Genus SPiLosoMa Steph.

1830—Steph., Ill. Br. Ent., Haust., IL, 74.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 663.
1560—Glem., Proe:Ace N; Sci., Pinks X11» saa.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 130.

Head small, retracted ; tongue short and weak, membraneous ; palpi
very short and feeble. Legs moderate, rather short ; tibial spurs present
but very feebly developed. Fore tibiz unarmed. Anterinze moderately
long, bipectinated in the male, simple or serrate in the female. The
tarsal claws are toothed in all the species examined. In virginica the
posterior tarsi only, in vesta/zs all are toothed.

The primaries have the cell somewhat shorter than usual, veins 7 to
ro on a Stalk from the end of the subcostal in the order 10, 7, 9,8; 3
to 5 are from the end of the median, 4 rather closer to 5 than to 3.

Secondaries with 6 and 7 together from the end of the subcostal, 8
from same rather past the middle, 3 to 5 from the end of the median, 4
much closer to 3 than to 5.

S. antigone Strk.
1879—Strk., Rept. Chief Eng., 1878-79, V., p. 1860, Spzlusoma.
1883—Grt., Can. EntT., XV, 9, =congrua.
1886—Hulst., Ent. Amer., IIl., 162, =congrua.
1889—Smith, Ent. Amer., V., 121, az sp. dist. congrua.
S. congrua{ Grt.
1883—Grt., Can. ENT., XV., 9, Spzlosoma.
1886—Hulst*, Ent. Amer., II., 15, Spz/osoma.
1889—Soule & Elliot*, Psyche, V., 259, life hist.
Habitat— Mass., N. Y., Ga., Colorado.

My reasons for this synonomy are given in Ent. Amer., V., 121.
Walker’s description does not apply to aztigone at all, while it does apply
to cunea, a specimen of which, according to Butler, was of the “ types.”

162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

S. latipennis Stretch.
1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 133, pl. 6, f.5, 2, Spzlosoma.
1874—Lint., Ent. Cont., JII., 144, Spzlosoma.
1883—Edw.*, Papilio, III, 190, Spz/osoma.
1884—Hulst*, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., VII., 120, Spz/osoma.
Habitat—Buffalo, Albany and L. I., N. Y.; Mass., N. J.

This species seems to favor damp, almost swampy meadows. I have

taken specimens in such localities very sparingly.
S. niobe Strk.
1884—Strk., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phil, XXXVI, 284, Spz/osoma.
Habitat—Florida.
This species I do not know at all.
S. prima Slosson.
1889—Slosson, Ent. Amer., V., 40, Spz/osoma.
Habitat—Franconia N. H., June.

Mrs. Slosson’s captures at this locality indicate that there is a great
deal yet to be done by the thorough collector in the mountainous parts of
New England.

S. vestalis Pack.
'1:864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil, IIL, 125, Spzosoma.
1872—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 133, pl. 6, ff. 7 (f) and 8 (2)

Spilosoma.

1876—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., VII., 22, Spzlosoma.
Habitat—California.
Food plant—Zupinus sp.

S. virginica Fabr.
1798—Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppl., 437, Bombyx.
1833—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 591, Arctia.
1841-Harris*, Rept. Ins. Mass., 248, Arctia.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het., IIL, 668, Spz/osoma.
1857—Fitch, 3rd Rept. Ins., N. Y., SpzZosoma.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 531, Spz/osoma.
1862—Morris*, Synopsis, Supplt., 342, Spzlosoma.
1862—Harris*, Inj. Insects, 350, ff. 167-168, Arctia.
1862—Morris in note to Harris, l. c., Spzdosoma.
1863—Saunders, Syn. Can. Arct., 14, Spzdosoma.
1871—Riley*, 3rd Rept. Ins. Mo., 68, f. 28, Spz/osoma.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 163

1871—Riley*, Am. Ent., II., 272, f. 170, Spzlosoma.

1872—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 131, pl. 6, f. 6, Spzdosoma.

1873—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 187, Spzlosoma.

1878—Lint.*, Ent. Cont., [V., 143, Spzdosoma.

1880—Saund.*, Can. Ent., XII., 56, f. 9, Spz/osoma.

1883—Saund.*, Fruit Insects, 271, f. 281, Spz/osoma.

1884—Bean*, Papilio, IV., 66, Spzlosoma.

1887—Bruce*, Ent. Amer., III., 140, Spz/osoma.

1888—Dimmock, A. K., Psyche, IV., 281, Spz/osoma.

Habitat—U. S. generally, Canada, Nova Scotia, H. B. Terr.

This species is the most widely distributed of the genus ; its biblio-

graphy is very much more extensive than above given, if the economic
literature be taken into account. ‘The larva is omnivorous.

Genus Hypuantria Harris.

1841-—Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass., 255.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 530.
1862—Harris, Inj. Insects, 358.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 204.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXXVII., 297.

Head small; tongue weak and short ; palpi mere rudiments. An-
tennz moderate in length, shorter and simple in the female, bipectinated
in the male. Legs short and rather slender. Spurs of middle tibiz very
short and weak ; posterior tibiz with small terminal spurs only ; anterior
tibiae with a small spine each side of tip. Claws simple.

Primaries with 7 to 10 on a stalk, ro very close to the base of the
stalk ; 7, 8 and 9 close together near the apex ; 3, 4 and 5 from the end
of the median ; 4 and 5 from the same point, or on a short stalk, 3 very
close to 4.

Secondaries, 8 from subcostal past the middle; 6 and 7 ona long
stalk from end of subcostal ; 4 and 5 from the same point from end of
median-; 3 somewhat remote from 4.

Despite its superficial resemblance to Sfz/osoma this is really a strong-
ly marked genus.

Al. cunea Dru.
1770-—Drury, Ex. I., XVIII., f. 4, Bombyx.
1816—Hibn., Verzeichniss, 184, Cycnza.

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1825—Hibn., Zutraege, 203, ff. 405, 406, Cycnia.
1837—Westw., ed. Dru., I., 34, Spzlosoma.
1856——-Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 669, Spz/osoma.
1856—Fitch.*, 3rd Rept. Ins., N.Y., 384, Zyphantria.
1860—Clem , Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phil., XII., 531, Myphantria.
1862—Clem., in Morris Syn., 352, Ayphantria.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 343, Spélosoma.
1865--Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXII., 352, Hyphantria.
1873--Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 205, pl. VIIL, ff. 18-20, Ayphantria.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., II., 32, Wyphantria.
1881——-Graef., Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., III., 14, Spzdosoma.
1881—French, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., IIL, 31, Spz/osoma.
1887—Riley*, Bull. X., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agl., Ayphantria,
fT. punctatissima A. & 8.
1797—Abb. & Sm.*, Ins. Ga., II., 139, pl. 70, Phalena.
1825—Hubner, Zutraege, 203, p7. syn.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, I., 34, pr. syz.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 255, Wyphantria.
1862——Harris*, Inj. Ins., 358, Hyphantria.
1862—Morris, note to Harris, l.c., pr. syn.
1871—Saund.*, Can. Ent., III., 36, Wyphantria.
1881——Graef., Bull. Bkln., Ent. Soc., IIL., 14, pr. syn.
fT. congrua Wik.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Het., III., 669, Spz/osoma.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 532, Spzlosoma.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 343, Spz/osoma.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 72, Spz/osoma.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 130, Spz/osoma.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., II., 33, =cumea.
1883—Grt.J, Can. Ent., XV., 9, Spélosoma.
1889—Smith, Ent. Amer., V., 121, =cunea.
Hi. punctata Fitch.
1856—Fitch, 3rd Rept. Ins., N. Y., 387, Wyphantria.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, Supplt., 344, Spzlosoma.
1874—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 204, Hyphantria.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., IL, 33, pv. syn.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 165
1881—Graef, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soc., IIL, 14, pr. syx.
1881—French, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., III., 31, pv. syv.

Hf, textor Harris .
1828—Harris*, New Engl. Farmer, VIL, 33, Arcétia.
1833—Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., 591, Arctia.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins. Mass., 255, Lyphantria.
1856—Fitch*, 3rd Rept. Ins., N. Y., 387, Hyphantria.
1856—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., IV., 834, Auproctis.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII, 530, Hyphantria.
1862—Morris, Synopsis Supplt., 344, Spzlosoma.
1862—Harris*, Inj. Ins., 358, pl. VIL., ff. 10-12, Hyphantria.
1862—Morris, in Harris |. c. note, Spz/osoma.
1865—Walk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXII, 351, Aypantria.
1870—Riley*, Am. Ent., L, 59, Zyphantria.
1871—Riley*, 3rd Rept. Ins., Mo., 130, f. 55, Hyphantria.
1871—Walsh*, 2nd Rept. Ins., Ills., 18, Wyphantria.
1871—Saund.*, Can. Enr., III., 69, Hyphantria.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 206, pl. VIIL., f. 21 (2), Ayphantria.
1875—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., VI., 187, Hyphantria.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., I1., 33, Wyphantria.
1881—Johnson*, Can. Ent., XII., 18, Hyphantria.
1881—Graef, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., III., 14, =cunea.
1881—French, Bull. Bkln. Ent. Soc., III., 31, =cunea.
1881—Riley, Gen. Index to Mo. Reports, 55, =cunea.
1883—Saund.*, Fruit Insects, 71, ff. 66-68, Hyphantria.
1888—Dimmock*, A. K., Psyche, IV., 280, Hyphantria.

Fl. candida Wik.
1864—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXI., 291, Spilosoma.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IL, 84, pr. syn.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., II., 33, az sp. dist ?
Habitat— United States and Canada.

An elaborate list of food plants is given in Bull. X. of the Division of
Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, to which reference is made
above. The synonymy is the generally accepted one, except as to
congrua, which is added for the first time. In Mr. Grote’s list of 1882,
textor and punctata stand without number but in Roman letters, and
therefore not as synonyms, ‘There is no doubt at all of the identity of all

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

these forms. Prof. Riley has proved that to demonstration, if proof were
required to the statements of earlier writers.

Genus EuPSEUDOSOMA Grt.

1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., 240.

This genus I do not know autoptically. Mr. Grote, describing a
male, gives the character, from which the following notes are made:
Body stout; finely scaled, squammation close and short ; head prominent,
eyes large ; tongue moderate, palpi finely scaled, not exceeding the front ;
legs rather stout, finely scaled, provided with minute spurs ; antenne
long, biserrate, tapering to the tips, the serrations short, acute and rather
distant ; primaries large, triangulate, apices produced, costa very straight,
external margin oblique ; discal cell open; veins 3, 4 and 5 very nearly
from one point, 2 not greatly removed from 3.

Unfortunately, Mr. Grote does not describe the arrangement of the
costal series, but it is probably not different from Spz/osoma. The vena-
tion of the secondaries is not described. Our only described species is :

EL. floridum Grt.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 187, Lupseudosoma.
Habitat—Florida.
Said to be closely allied to the Cuban £. niveum.

Genus EUCHAETES Harris.

1841—Harris, Rept. Ins., Mass., 257.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phil., XIL., 532.
1862—Harris, Inj. Insects, 360.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 185, sy. spec.
1882—Grt., Can. Enty, XIV., 196, syn. spec.
Pygarctia Grt.

1871—Grt., Can. Ent., III., 124.

Head moderate or rather large, closely applied to the thorax; eyes
large, but not prominent. Palpi slender, not exceeding the middle of the
front ; third joint moderate. Tongue long, corneous. Antenne long, in
the ¢ rather lengthily bipectinated. Legs with rather close vestiture,
posterior but little the longer, spurs normal. _Vestiture hairy, but rather
close. Abdomen exceeding secondaries, cylindric, obtusely terminated.

Primaries with 1o out of the subcostal before the end, 7 to 9 on the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167

same stalk, 8 and g dividing just before the apex; 6 out of the same
point with the stalk bearing 7-9 ; 3, 4 and 5 close together from the end
of the median.

Secondaries: Subcostal rather long, forking to give rise to 6 and 7
unusually close to apex ; costal very short from the subcostal beyond its
middle ; 3, 4 and 5 very close together out of the end of the median.

These studies were made on /. eg/e. In Mr. Grote’s paper on the
genus in Can. EntT., XIV., 196, is an excellent table of the species at
that time known, which renders their recognition easy. Several have
been since described. From what we know of the early history of some
of the species, dimorphism occurs in the genus, and some of the described
forms may yet prove synonyms.

£. abdominals Gtt.
1871—Grt., Can. Ent., III., 124, Pygarctia.
1873—Grt., Buff. Bull., L., 34, Pygarctza.
1882—Grt., Papilio, IL, 111, Huchaetes.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, Auchaetes.
Habitat—Alabama.

E, bolteri Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 106, Huchaetes.
Habitat—Texas.

£. collaris Fitch.
1856—Fitch, 3rd Rept. Ins., N. Y., 265, Hyphantria.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 344, Spc/osoma.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 130, =eg/e.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 75, —eg/e.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 188, pl. 8, f. 5 ¢, Huchaetes.
1874—Lint.*, Ent. Cont., III., 146, Luchaetes.
1877—Van. Wag.*, Can. Ent., IX., 171, life hist.
1880—Jewett*, Can. Ent., XII., 228, Huchaetes.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, Auchaetes.
1883—Edw.*, Papilio, III., 146, Auchaetes.

£ antica Wik.
1857—Whlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., VII., 1745, Zanada.
1868—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., IL, 75, =eg/e.
1873—<Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 188, pr. syn.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., Il., 37, pv. syn.

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

£. sciurus Bdv.
1868—Bdyv., Lep. Calif. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII), 79, Arctia.
1869-—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., III., 174, = JZ. acrea.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 188, =col/aris.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., I1., 37, =col/aris.
Habitat—Canada, New York, Ohio, California.
Food plant—Apocynum androszemifolium, and Asclepias sp.

£. egle Drury.

1773—Dru., Exot. II., pl. XX., f. 3, Bombyx.
1837—Westw., ed. Drury, II., 38, Spz/osoma.

1841 —Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 257, Huchaetes.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III, 669, Spz/osoma.
1860—Clem., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 352, Auchaetes.
1862—Harris*, Inj. Ins., 359, ff 172-174, Zife hist.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 343, Spzlosoma.

1862—Clem., in App. to Morris, 352, Euchaetes.
1869—Harris*, Ent. Corresp., 288, pl. 2, f. 5, (larva), Euchaetes.
1872—Strk., Lep. Rhop. et. Het., I., 3, Auchaetes.
1872---Lint.*, Ent. Cont., II., 136, Zuchaetes.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 186, pl. 8, f. 4, Euchaetes.
1874—Pack., Rept. Geol. Surv., 1874, 558, Huchaetes.
1880—Andrews*, Psyche IL, 271, Huchaetes.
1880—Jewett, Can. Ent., XII., 230, Zefe hist.

1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, Luchaetes.

1883—Hy. Edw.*, Papilio, III., 147, Zuchaetes.
1884—French*, Can. EnT., XVI., 221, Auchaetes.
Habitat—New York, New Jersey, Mass., Maine, IIls., Colorado

Canada.
Food plant—Asclepias cornutus, etc.

’

E. eglenensis Clem.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phil., XIL, 533, Auchaetes.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., Il., 37,? =eg/e.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, Luchaetes.
1882—Grt., Papilio, II., 111, Auchaetes.
1883—Hy. Edw.*, Papilio, IIL, 147, Zuchaetes.
Habitat—-Texas.
Food plant—Asclepias sp.

(To be continued.)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169

A MONTH ON VANCOUVER ISLAND.
BY H. F. WICKHAM, IOWA CITY, IOWA.

But little seems to have been written on the fauna of this interesting
island, and therefore I hope that a few notes bearing on the subject may
not be without interest to the readers of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
It was my good fortune to spend nearly a month in the vicinity of Victoria
last summer, and I append some account of observations made at the
time.

The Cicindelidz are represented only by two species of Omus and by
Cicindela oregona, the latter flying on the beach. Omus audouinit also
frequents the beach, hiding under logs high enough up to be out of the
the way of the water, while O. deyeantz dwells in the woods, and may be
found under damp logs.

Two species of Cychrus—angusticollis and marginatus—are found in
the heavy forest, and may be dug out of very rotten logs, or found in hol-
low roots of trees. They both seem to be rather common in places, as
I dug over fifty amgustico/lis and a number of marginatus out of a single
log. The former species emits a very strong and unpleasant odor when
disturbed by handling.

Carabus oregonensis seems to prefer rather more open spots, and I
took it mostly in the lanes around the outskirts of the town. These
specimens are larger than those from Oregon and Washington, and have
lighter colored elytra—resembling a specimen shown to me as coming
from Sitka. Many other Carabidze are common, especially B/ethisa,
Notiophilus, Leistus, Nebria and Bembidium.

Seashore collecting yields a rich return here, and nearly every log
thrown up by the waves out of reach of the tides has its colony of beetles
underneath. They are of various species and represent nearly all the
large families, though, perhaps, Staphylinide are the most abundant.
The large Hadrotes crassus may be seen under any log or bunch of kelp,
which is damp enough to suit. Then we see Cafcus represented by three
species and numerous specimens of a little A/eochara, these living mostly
in seaweed, along with Cercyon fimbriatum, a widely distributed species
which I found in plenty at San Diego. The little Trichopterygid with
the formidable name—Jotschulskium sinuatocolle—may be seen on the
under surface of logs on the beach, and the omnipresent Dermestes looks
‘out for whatever the sea may give up of its dead.

Occasionally a good E/aterid is found. I got my only specimen of

170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Corymbites carbo on the beach, and in dead wood Hadrobregmus gibbi-
collis makes its burrows. ‘The curious little Malachiid known as Endeodes
collaris runs on the salt sand, and an occasional Ceruchus may be seen
under the drift.

I found no maritime Chrysomelids, but the Tenebrionide furnish an
Lleodes and a Coniontis together with an occasional Phaleria. Anthicide
were rare here, though common further south, but in the Rhyncophora
some very interesting species were found.

In this group I found Agaspherops nigra and Amnesia decorata both
on the beach, and once came across a little colony of Emphyastes fucicola,
one of the most curious looking weevils Ihave everseen. The testaceous
color of this species seems to be shared by a great many others, which
are strictly confined to a life on the beach. /assoptes marinus is com-
mon under logs, boring in them from the lower surface, in company with
a species of Rhyncholus.

Just back of the beach, near the park, is a nearly level space over-
grown with various plants, a large majority of which are leguminous, and
in the pods of these breed Apion antennatum and a species of Sruchus.
With a sweep net vast numbers of these may be taken, along with numer-
ous individuals of a species of Ceutorhynchus. In the lanes the sweep
net may be used to great advantage, and some good species are certain to
be taken—mostly Elateridz in June, the month in which my work was
done. These Elaterids form one of the most striking features in the
fauna of the island, and are numerous both in species and individuals.
Corymbites and Athous seemed the most plentiful of the larger forms,
while Dolopius and ALegapenthes represented the smaller.

Serica anthracina and Odonteus obesus were the only Scarabeeids of
note that I found, and these both, but rarely Lepture were the common-
est longhorns, though a few others came to hand in beating: Aumuchthus
edipus on flowers, Molorchus longicollis and Xylotrechus annosus on
willows.

Chysomelide are also rather backward in showing themselves. I took
only one Donacia by careful search, and the only Cryptocephalids seem
to be Diachus auratus and D. catarius. 1 took D. auratus in the moun-
tains of Arizona in 1888 and have DY. catarius from Michigan, so these
forms are both very widely distributed. /lagiodera oviformis occurs on
low ground with Prasocuris vittata and the familiar green of Crepidodera
helxines shines on the willows.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. LF

In the meadows I found a few specimens of Zp7cauta puncticollis, but
that was all I saw of the Meloidz. We could hardly expect to find many
of them so far north however.

Having a love for Rhyncophora I took pains to get as large a series
as possible, and was rewarded by finding quite a number of species.
Rhynchites bicolor lives on roses there, as I believe it does everywhere in
North America, in fact I doubt if there is a spot on this continent where
roses grow, that Rhynchites bicolor does not inhabit too. Besides A.
nigra and A..decorata previously mentioned, other species of Otiorhy-
nchids may be found, and of these Amnesia granicollis and Sciopithes
obscurus are the most plentiful. The former is found in moss or around
the roots of grass under logs, while the latter lives on various bushes,
preferring blackberry, I think. In company with the Ammesza may be
found large numbers of a species of Sztones, which may some day require
the attention of the economist. The injury done to the roots of grass by
this little beetle must, I think, be considerable.

I took one Plinthodes taeniatus from a rotten log, and two or three
Trichalophus didymus on low ground among a lot of willows. Apzon
has already been spoken of, Zepyrus is common on willow with Dorytomus
brevicollis, D. mannerheimii, Magdalis salicis and Orchestes niger.

Sweeping in a field yielded a fine specimen of Zrachodes quadrituber-
culatus, one of Phytonomus setigerus and two or three of a new Anthon-
omus. Ceutorhynchus furnished two or three species, Pe/enomus one,
and Phytobius one, probably P. ve/atus Beck, a very interesting species
of wide distribution, occurring in Michigan and Illinois as well as in
Europe. I found no signs of Centrinz and no Sphenophorus. The Scoly-
tide taken were all of two species—Scolytus unispinosus and Hylesinus
aspericollis.

There seems to be a preference among water-beetles for small bodies
of water, and often after sifting the waters at the edge of a lake or stream
with little or no success, I have thoroughly cleaned out a little spring or
puddle and found it swarming with them. This experience, repeated so
often before, was gone through again at Victoria and I made quite a col-
lection of aquatics in the course of a couple of hours. The species
were few in number—not over twenty probably—but there were a good
many examples of some of them. The genera Azdessus, Deronectes,
Agabus, Dytiscus, Helophorus, and Hydrobius hold the bulk of the

* species.

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Before closing I wish to speak of the results of sifting, a method of
collecting which is sadly neglected by many collectors, but which yields
some of the rarest and most interesting species. I had expected a good
deal of material to result from the use of the sieve here and was not dis-
appointed. Putting in a good-sized bundle of moss and rubbish I shake
it over a white cloth and out tumble the beetles faster than I can take care
of them—little Staphylinidz in abundance, now and then a 7Zychus cog-
natus or Batrisus zephyrinus, dozens of Cyphon exiguus and single
specimens of various kinds. Once in a while some weevil falls out or a
Simplocaria, Bembidium is racing around the cloth, and so are the little
—almost invisible—Trichopterygide, in which the fauna of the Island is
rich. Many Latridiide also fall through the wires.

I would recommend this Island as a fine field for investigation by any
Entomologist who wishes to spend his summer in a spot charming in itself
and rich in insect life. While the fauna of the Island is in some degree
marked by one of the peculiarities of the Pacific coast—i. e. a less num-
ber of species occupying a given small area than isthe case in the East—
there are enough to keep one always happy by finding something new or
of interest, and material from this region is in good demand among stu-
dents of our North American fauna, therefore duplicates find a ready ex-
change. My own work was done mostly in the Coleoptera, but insects of
other orders seemed to be plentiful, with the exception of Lepidoptera.
There may be more of these however at other seasons of the year.

THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF ONTARIO

will be held in the rooms of the Society, at London, on Wednesday, August
27th, at 9.30 a. m.

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE A. A. A. S.

will meet in a room to be assigned by the local committee in the Capitol
building at Indianapolis, Indiana, Wednesday, August zoth, at 9 a.m.,
when members will register and obtain the Club badge. Members intend-
ing to contribute papers will send the titles to the President, Prof. A. J.
Cook, Agricultural College, Michigan, or F. M. Webster, Lafayette,
Ind. It is to be hoped that members will contribute freely, not only to
the proceedings of the Club, but also to those of Section “ F ”.
F. M. WEsSTER, Sec. Ent. Club A. A. A. S.

Mailed August 6th. x

The anata oo

VOL. Posi LONDON, , SEPTEMBER, Bate No. 9:

A SUGGESTION AS TO THE GENERIC NOMENCLATURE
OF INSECTS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, LONDON, ENGLAND.

Mr. Scudder’s recent admirable work on the butterflies of New Eng-
land has, naturally enough, given rise to fresh discussion of the question
of generic nomenclature, without, however, leading to any very decisive
result. Mr. Scudder’s views on the sub-division of hitherto-accepted
generic units are certainly extreme, and probably few will be found to
follow him entirely. On the other hand, many no doubt feel that. Mr.
W. H. Edwards’s genera require some sort of sub-division, and would
compromise matters by admitting some, and rejecting others, of Mr.
Scudder’s divisions. Mr. Edwards himself, in his 1884 catalogue, has
numbered sub-divisions of many larger genera; thus of Zycwna we get
groups I. to VII. But these numbers are not adopted by others, partly
because different authors treat the subject differently, thus creating con-
fusion, and partly because it is not easy or convenient to use a number
instead of a name.

So we come to this conclusion: It is necessary that the larger genera
should be sub-divided, but it is highly unadvisable to call all those sub-
divisions genera. We therefore need a system of section or group-names
which shall be uniform, used generally,—not, like the numbers, variable
according to the fancy of the author,—and yet not of the nature of genera
or sub-genera. .

In the treatment of Carex by the botanists I think we see a similar
problem solved. Carex is a huge genus, which even after a reasonable
amount of subgeneric division, needs further grouping to be made in-
telligible. So, Fries, Drejer, Tuckerman and others have proposed
section-names: SVlexiles, Panicew, Sigitate, etc. These names are
always in the plural, and have nothing to do with sub-genera or genera

. properly speaking, nor does any trouble arise about priority, provided the
name has not been used before in the same genus. ‘The groups may not

174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

be all of equal value, and there are sections again sub-divided into sec-
tions. This system is not new, and I believe it to be very useful, allow-
ing us to recognize the natural sub-divisions of genera, without being
obliged to make genera of them. I have already adopted these section-
names in a list of North American land-shells now ready for printing, and
have thereby been able to reduce the number of so-called sub-genera
without refusing to notice the natural groups they represent. I derived
my section-names when convenient from a prominent species of the group,
or in other cases, by adopting a descriptive term, or turning a sub-
generic name into a plural section-name.

Before writing this paper, I wrote to Mr. W. H. Edwards, telling him
of my idea for getting out of the present difficulty. He comments favour-
ably on the suggestion, and writing of Mr. Scudder’s “ genera,” made by
sub-division of Codias, etc., he says: ‘I consider them groups merely,
or sub-groups. All Anthocharis, I think, should be one [genus], all
Argynnis one, all Codias one. If numbers‘can’t be accepted, I am per-
_ fectly willing to try the section-names as you suggest * * *, By-and-by
I propose to give a new edition of my catalogue, and then I may adopt
the pie throughout. It would save us from fifty genera in Pamphila at
once.” (t# ditt., May 17, 1890.)

Should Mr. Edwards decide to adopt section-names, we can hardly do
better than leave him to decide about the sections and choose appropriate
names; but to illustrate the point I will here treat a few ‘‘ genera” as
proposed :—

W. H. Epwarps. SCUDDER. PROPOSED SECTION-NAME.
Papilio, group V. Jasoniades. Turni.
Colas, group I. Zerene. Ceesonie.
-Vanessa, pars. Euvanessa. Antiope.
Pamphila, group IL., pars. | Erynnis. Erynnes.
‘Thecla, group IV., pars. Incisalia. ' Incisalize.
Lycena, group V. Rusticus. Rustici.
Chrysophanus, group III. —§- Heodes. Chrysophanuli.

As will be seen, the first three names are taken from prominent
species ; the second three from the so-called genera, and the last from a
character of the group. It may be found advisable, at least as often as
possible, to adopt the name from a species ; but some specific names, as
poweschick, pawnee, etc., would be rather difficult to render plural, not to

——s

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. [eye

speak of the objection to increasing the use (as section-names) of such
extraordinary appellations. The plural termination, I should think, ought
always to be Latinised.

The same principle may, of course, be applied to other groups of in-
sects. Such genera as Agrotis, Pterostichus, Tipula, Bombus, etc., might
be well sectionised.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE’ OF THE ARCTIID4 OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 108, Volume xxt.)
E. elegans Str.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 189, pl. 8, f. 6, Huchaetes.
1875—Butler, Cist. Ent., IL., 37, Luchaetes.
1876—Stretch, Wheeler's Rept. Surv., west too mer., V.. 797, pl.
40, ff. 5 and 6, Luchaetes.
1882—Grt., Can. Enr., XIV., 196, Luchaetes. %
Habitat—California, Owens Valley.
LE. immaculata Graef.
1887—Graef., Ent. Amer., III., 42, Huchaetes.
Habitat— Florida.
E. inopinatus Hy. Edw.
1882—Edw., Papilio, II., 13, Auchaetes.
Habitat— Florida.
£. murina Stretch.
:885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I., 106, Euchaetes.
1887—Graef., Ent. Amer, III., 142, Huchaetes.
Habitat—Arizona, ‘Texas.
E. oregonensis Stretch.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 187, pl. 8, f. 7, Huchaetes.
1874—Lint.*, Ent. Cont., If], 145, Azchaetes.
Habitat—Oregon, Texas, New York.
E. perlevis Grt.
1882—Grt., Can. ENT., XIV, 196, Huchaetes.
1882—Grt., Papilio, II., 131. Huchaetes.
_Habitat—Arizona,

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

E.. pudens Hy. Edw.
1882—Edw., Papilio, II., 126, Huchaetes.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, Euchaetes.
Habitat—Texas.

E. scepsiformis Graef. :
1887—Graef, Ent. Amer., III., 43, Euchaetes.
Habitat—Texas.

E. spraguet Grt.
1875—Grt., Can. Ent., VII., 200, uchaetes.
1877—Grt., Can. Ent, IX., 85, Buchaetes.
1882—Grt., Papilio, II., 111, Auchaetes.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, Huchaetes.
Habitat— Kansas, Texas.

E. vivida Grt.
1882—Grt., Papilio, IL, 131, Huchaetes.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, Euchaetes.
Habitat—-South-western Texas.

E.’ yosemite Hy. Edw. |
1883—Edw., Papilio, III., 146, Huchaetes.
Habitat—San Jose Valley, California.

E.. zonalis Grt.
1882—Grt., Papilio, II., 131, Huchaetes.
1882—Grt., Can. Ent., XIV., 196, EZuchaetes.
Habitat— Arizona.

The genus Vanessodes G. & R., which Mr. Grote inserts in this place
seems to be a Zithos:an. I cannot demonstrate ocelli in any specimens
I have examined. The venation and habitus is also Lithosiform rather
than Arctiid.

Genus ARACHNIS Hbn.

1837—Hubner, Zutrege, 457.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 83.
Head very small, retracted ; palpi small ; tongue short and weak, not
longer than the head. Legs short and stout ; tibie with the spurs normal
in number, but very short.

ley,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Wer

Primaries with 7 to ro on a stalk, 10 branching a very short distance
from the end of the subcostal, 7 to 9 branching rather beyond the middle.
of the common vein ; 3, 4 and 5 almost equidistant from the end of the
median.
Secondaries with 6 and 7 forking from the subcostal slightly before
the end of the cell ; 3, 4 and 5 very close together from the end of the
median.
The antennz are simple in both sexes, and the tarsal claws are also
simple.
we picta? Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 126, Arachis.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 83, pl. 3, f. 6, ? = aulea.
1876—Moeschl., Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXXVII., 298, Arachnis.
Habitat—California, Colorado.
Food plant—Lupinus sp.

A. aulea Geyer.
1837—Geyer, Zutraege, 913, 914, Arachnis.
1860—Clem , Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 526, Avachanis.
1869—Badv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 78, Ecpantheria.
1873-—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 86, Arachnis.
1876—Moeschler, Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXXVII., 298, Avachuis.
incarnata Wik.
1855—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III, 690, Ecpantheria.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XIL, 524, Ecpantheria.
1865——Wik., C: B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXII, 300, p7~. syn.
Habitat—California, Mexico.

Whether we have here to do with one or two species is a question ?
Packard, in describing his species, does not refer tu audea at all.
Moeschler says the difference between the two is that in fccta the costal
margin of primaries beneath is yellow, whereas in az/ea it is red.
Whether or not the Mexican form is different from the Californian ex-
amples must be settled by those who have the material. All the California
specimens I have ever seen refer to the picta variety.

Genus EVERYTHRA Harv.

1876—Can. Ent., VIIL., 5.
1887—Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X., 335.

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Head moderate in size, scarcely retracted ; tongue weak ; palpi small,
longer in the 9. Antenne of 2 bipectinated, of the Q simple. Legs
almost equal in length, spurs normal in number but short.

Primaries with 7 to 10 stalked, out of the same point with 6 from the
end of the subcostal; 3, 4 and 5 from the end of the median, 4 more
remote from 3 than from 5.

Secondaries without costal vein, subcostal extended some little dis-
tance beyond the end of the cell and forking to give off 6 and 7 ; 3, 4 and
5 from the end of the median, 5 rather more remote from 4 than is 3.

For further details I would refer the student to my paper in Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., X., 335.

LE. phasma Harv.
1876—Harv., Can. Ent, VIII, 5, Auerythra.
1887—Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X., 336, Zuerythra.
Habitat—Texas.

E. trimaculata Smith.
1887—Smith, Ent. Amer., IIL, 17, Auerythra.
1887—Smith, Proc. U. 5S. Nat. Mus., X., 336, Huerythra.
Habitat—Texas.

The two species are closely allied, but are, I believe, distinct.

Genus ECPANTHERIA Hbn.

1816—Hiubner, Verzeichniss, 183.
1855—Walker, C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., LII., 668..
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 347.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 174.

Tongue very short and weak. Legs short and stout, subequal in
length ; middle and posterior tibia with minute terminal spurs only.
Tarsi short, the claws split nearly to the base in both sexes. Antenne of
the male serrate, of the female simple.

Primaries with 6 to ro stalked out of the end of the subcostal, 6
branching off almost immediately, ro a little further on, 7 more than half
way to apex, while 8 and g divide just before the apex ; 3, 4 and 5 from
the end of the median, 4 nearer to 5 than to 3.

Secondaries with 8 from the subcostal unusually close to base ; 6 and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 179

7 from the same point at the end of the subcostal ; 4 and 5 from the same
point at end of median, 3 very close to the same source.

The wing form of the genera has not been described very generally in
these notes, but in this genus it may be added that the secondaries are
disproportionately small and tend to become caudate.

Ly. permaculata Pack.
1872—Pack., 4th Rept. Peab. Ac. Sci., 86, Leucarctia.
reducta Gtt.
1877—Grt., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., III., 799, Acpantheria.
1887—-Bruce, Ent. Amer., III., 14, Acpantheria.
ceca Strk.
1884—Strk., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil, XXXVI., 283, Acpantheria.
Habitat—Colorado, Arizona, So. California.

Dr. Packard’s term fermaculata seems to have become lost in some
way. It is not referred to in Mr. Grote’s list, and Mr. Edwards does not
mention it in his additions in Ent. Amer., III. It refers without doubt
to the reducta of Grote. Mr. Bruce has taken it quite abundantly in
Colorado.

EF. scribonia Stoll.
1787——Stoll*, Sup. to Cramer’s Pap. Ex., f. 177, pl. 41, f. 3, Phalena.
1816—Hbn., Verzeichniss, 183, Acpantheria.
1825—Hbn., Samml. Ex. Schmett., pl. 403, Hcpantheria.
1855—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., II., 689, Acpantheria.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII., 523, Acpantheria
1862—Harris*, Injurious Insects, 349, “cpantheria.
1862—Clem., App. to Morris, Syn., 347, Hcpantheria.
1863—Saund.*, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Il., 28, Acpantheria.
1863—Saund.*, Syn. Can. Arct., 22, Ecpantheria.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil. III., 127, Acpantheria.
1868—Bav., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII), 78, Acpantheria.
1872—Riley*, 4th Rept. Ins. Mo., 141, ff. 63, 64, Ecpantheria.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 174, pl. 7, ff. 20 (f) and 21 (),

Lecpantheria.

1882—Saund*, Can. Ent., XIV., 113, f. 12 and 13, Acpantheria.
1888—Slosson, Ent. Amer., III., 185, Ecpantheria.
oculana Kabr. _

180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

1775—Fabr., Syst. Ent., 564, Bombyx.

1781—Fabr., Sp. Ins., II., 177, Bombyx.

1757—Fabr., Mant. Ins., II., 112, Bombyx.

1791—Oliv., Enc. Meth., V., 44, Bombyx.

1793—Fabr., Ent. Syst., III., 1, 425, Bombyx.

1797—Sm. Abb., Ins. Ga., I., 137, Phalena oculatissima.
1855—WIk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 689, pr. syn.
oculatissima Sm. Abb.

1797—Sm. Abb*, Ins. Ga., II., 137, pl. 69, Phalena.
1841—Duncan, Nat. Libr., XXXII., pl. 30, f. 4.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 127, pv. syn.
cunegunda Cramer.

1782—Cram., Pap. Exot., IV., 104, pl. 344, f. D. E., Phalena.
1805— DeB., Ins. Afr. et. Am., 134, pl. 24, f. 4, Bombyx.
1865-—Grt. & Rob., Ann. Lyc., N. Y., VIII, 368, pr. sya.
var. denudata Slosson.

1888—Slosson, Ent. Amer., III., 212, Ecpantheria.
Habitat—Canada to Florida, to Texas, to California.

Food plant—Omnivorous.

I do not see why the term ocudana Fabr. should not be eseree foi
this species, but do not make the substitution lest there be some reason
I have not yet discovered, to prevent it. Walker makes the reference, but
retains the later name. Packard cites Walker, but does not refer at all to
oculana, although ocu/atissima is referred to in the synonymy. Smith and
Abbot refer to ocuzZana as identical with their form, and also cite Cramer’s
figure of cunegunda, which also antedates scribonta.

LE. sennetti Lint.
1884—Lintner, Papilio, IV., 147, Acpantheria.
Habitat—Texas.

Genus NELPHE Boisd.

I do not know this genus at all, either autopticaily or by description.
The only described American species is :
QV. carolina Hy. Edw.
1886—Edw., Ent. Amer., II.,.166, Velphe.

(To be continued. )

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 181

Se

NOTES. ON ARGYNNIS FREYA, CHARICLEA AND MONTINUS.

BY H. H. LYMAN, MONTREAL.

SW OAs is well known to readers of the Canapian Enromo .ocist, Mr.
Scudder, in his sumptuous work on the Butterflies of New England
recently published, stated that Mr. Edwards had confused the two
northern species, Avgynnis Freya and Chariclea. This was denied by
Mr. Edwards in the April number of this journal and Mr. Butler’s
authority was invoked to prove that Mr. Scudder had himself transposed
these names. Here the: matter rests, but as I think that I can throw
some additional light on the question I shall endeavour to do so.

In the preface to Mr. Scudder’s work he states ‘that ‘‘ twenty years
ago the present work was definitely planned, announced and begun and
the greater part of it has been written for fifteen years,” though he adds
that much of it was rewritten within the past few years.

On page X. of the same preface, in speaking of the appendix in
which certain butterflies not found in New England are described, he
says: “It was, however, an afterthought not entering into the original
plan * * * * it has, indeed, been written during the printing of
the work.” This fact that the first volume was written fifteen or more
years ago and the third only last year, no doubt explains the contra-
dictory statements .in reference to the affinities of Argynnis Montinus
which appear in these volumes.

On page 604 of the first volume Mr. Scudder, in speaking of A.
Montinus, says: ‘This species is certainly distinguishable from B.
chariclea (Schneid), or B. chariclea boisduvalii (Somm.), both of which
forms have been found by Mr. Couper on the northern shore of the Bay
of St. Lawrence. Whether it should be looked upon merely as a geo-
graphical race, or as a species, is a question about which there may be
easy difference.” ‘This certainly implies a very close connection between
these forms, and in the original description of Jontinus, in Scudder’s
“‘ List of the Butterflies of New England,” published in the Proceedings
of the Essex Institute in April, 1863, reference to which he curiously
enough omits from his recent work, he began his description with ‘ Very
similar to A. Chariclea.”

So far so good, but on turning to the appendix in the third volume,
page 1807, under the heading of Brenthis freija Thunb., which is the
same as /yeya Hiibn., he says: ‘This species is very closely allied to

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

B. Montinus.” Now, these two statements are quite irreconcilable, for
while it is quite true that some so-called species stand so close together
that a third may be quite correctly described as very close to both, this is
certainly not the case with the species in question, which are very distinct.
I think it will therefore be conceded that Mr. Scudder is wrong in one of
these statements, and we can therefore proceed to examine which is
erroneous, and I believe it will be found that in this case second thoughts
were not best.

Both Chariclea and Freya occur in Europe and have been studied
and illustrated by European entomologists. /reya, or Freija, is figured
and described in Boisduval’s /cones, p. 100, pl. 19, fig. 4, 5, and in the
same work there is a description and figure (p. 98, pl. 20, fig. 5, 6) of 4.
Boisduvailii, which all the authorities that I have been able to consult,
with possibly one exception, concede to be but a variety of Charic/ea.
Both of these references were omitted by Kirby from his catalogue and
the former was overlooked by both Edwards and Scudder, but both are
given in Strecker’s catalogue. The figures in Boisduval’s work, though
inferior to those to which Messrs. Edwards and Scudder have accustomed
us, are still sufficiently accurate to prove that it is truly Chariclea, as
stated by Mr. Scudder in his first volume, to which 4. A/ontznus is allied.

Mr. Scudder also makes the mistake of giving, doubtfully it is true,
M. Targuinius Curtis as a synonym of A. Loisduvaliz, while all the
other authorities give it as a synonym of “veya. From its description in
the appendix to the “ Narrative of Sir John Ross,” it must certainly be
very close to /veya, and is probably identical with it, but it has no con-
nection with Chariclea or its variety, Boisduvaliz. It thus appears that
Mr. Scudder must have confused these species, and so transposed their
names, a very curious mistake, and apparently similar to that which he
formerly made in regard to Phyciodes Harrisii and Wycteis, to which I
called his attention in 1878. F

As there are doubtless many readers of this journal who are not
familiar with these northern species of Argynmis, a few descriptive notes
may not be out of place.

Chariclea may be described as somewhat like JZyrzva upon the upper
side, though the markings are heavier, especially upon the secondaries,
and it is rather more deeply shaded at the bases of the wings. ‘There is,
however, a very striking difference in the fact that in Charzclea the cres-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183

cent-shaped markings on the hind wings open outwards, while in JZyrzna
they are much lighter and open inwards. There is, of course, no simi-
larity between these species on the under side.

Freya is strikingly different from Chariclea upon both the upper and
the under surfaces. Above the colour is duller and the bases of the
wings are very heavily shaded ; in fact, in the case of the secondaries,
this shading extends over nearly the half of the wing. In Chariclea the
black so-called mesial band is composed of a series of almost straight
bars placed rather irregularly, while in Freya it is made up of a series of
deep lunules. A like difference may be observed on the secondaries, but
it is not quite so marked. On the under side of primaries similar differ-
ences are observable, although the markings are lighter; but the under
side of secondaries show the most marked differences, for the beautiful
band of pearly lunules crossing the wings just outside of the mesial black
band in /veya has no counterpart in Charicfea and the course of the
black band in its deep lunules is also very distinct.

There are many other points of difference between these species, but
it is not very easy to indicate them clearly without going into a tedious
description.

Mr. Scudder’s descriptions of these species being reversed, what he
says of Fredja belongs really to Chariclea, and vice versa. ‘These de-
scriptions are given in great detail and are generally correct, but contain
several curious errors. For instance, in describing the primaries of his
Freija, but really Chariclea, he says: ‘* Within the mesial band are
three narrow transverse bands crossing the cell, the innermost not reach-
ing the median nervure ; within these is a small lunule opening outward.”
Surely he should have said inward, as the concave side of the lunule is
towards the base of the wing. I might also allude to the fact that he says
that the mesial band starts “a little beyond the middle of the costa”; as
it really starts at a point very nearly two-thirds from the base of the wing
I consider his statement rather loose for a man as particular as Mr. Scud-
der is known to be. Similarly in describing Freya, or Frei7a, he says
that the black mesial band of primaries starts at the middle of the costa,
while it is really not less than three-fifths from the base. In describing
this form he omits to mention the small lunule inside the three bars cross-
ing the cell, though it is recognizable, at least in my specimens, in spite
of the heavy shading just inside of it, and he also fails to observe that the

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

black mark below the first divarication of the median nervure is angulated
in a similar manner to that in the other species. But the most curious
statement is that which he makes in speaking of the underside of
primaries, where he says that ‘the sagittate spots are more Celicate, and
the nervules beyond them are distinctly yellowish or white,” whereas these
yellowish or white lines are on the creases forming the centres of the inter-
spaces and not on the nervules at all.

There are other slips in these two descriptions, but mention of these
is sufficient to show that Mr. Scudder’s descriptions, though laboured, are
not always quite accurate. Mr. Scudder also speaks of these species as
flying—one in May, or early in June, and the other late in August, or
early in September. At Laggan, however, where my specimens were col-
lected by Mr. Bean, the difference of seasons was not so marked, as /reya
was obtained May rith and 16th, and Chariclea June 29th to July 18th.
The latter occurs, howover, later than this, and is doubtless found up to
the end of August.

ON THE LISTS OF COLEOPTERA PUBLISHED. BY THE
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, 1842-1888.

BY W. HAGUE HARRINGTON, OTTAWA.
(Continued from page 160, Vol. xxii.)
SCARABAIDA.

Onthophagus Hecate Panz.. A.O., W., S.M.
Aphodius fossor Zinn. St.L.

validus Horn. W.

fimetarius Zzmm. A.O., St.L., T.L.

ruricola AZelsh. W.

feetidus Fab. T.L.

pectoralis Lec. B.C.

granarius Zinzn. S.M.

leopardus Horn. Y.F., N.O., O.
Geotrupes Egeriei Germ. <A.O.
Dichelonycha subvittata Zec. A.O., St.L.

Backii Azrby. B.C., M.
Serica tristis Ze¢, S,M.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185

Diplotaxis brevicollis Lec. B.C.
Lachnosterna fusca /7véh. L’O., St.L., B.C., S.M.
Osmoderma eremicola Anoch. L’O.
scabra Beauv. A.O.
Trichius piger Fab. A.O.
affinis Gory. N.O., W., S.M., O.K.

SPONDYLID&.
Spondylis upiformis AZann. B.C.
CERAMBYCID&.

Orthosoma brunneum /ors¢. (unicolor Drury). LO.
Asemum atrum Zsch. B.C. :
Cniocephalus agrestis Azrpy. .N.C., VYabs C.1.., S.M,©., N., C.R:-
Tetropium cinnamopterum A7zréy. O.
Gonocallus collaris Azrdy. C.R.
Hylotrupes ligneus /aé. [Physocnemum]. St.L., O.
Phymatodes dimidiatus Azrby. B.C.
Merium proteus ‘Kirby. B.C., Y.F., N.O., C.L., O., N., C.C., C.R.
Xylotrechus undulatus Say. N.C., N.O., C.L., S.M., O, Ne GeRY
Neoclytus muricatulus A7zrdy [leucozonus os N.O.
Desmocerus palliatus Forst. S.M.
Encyclops ceruleus Say. A.O.
Rhagium lineatum O/iv. O.
Pachyta monticola Rand (Evodinus). <A.O.

liirata: Kirby. BCs C1. N
Achmeops proteus Kzrby. A.O., N.O.,-0., C.R.

pratensis Laich. N.C., N.O., 5.M.
Leptura subargentata A7rdy. B.C., N.C.

var. similis Kirby. N.O.

Sexmacilatasezy72. .N-C., O., Cok.

nigrella Say. C.R. ©

canadensis fad. A.O., O.K.

chrysocoma A7rby.: N.C.,5.M.

proxima Say. A.O.

vittata Germ. A.O.

pubera Say. A.O., S.M.

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mutabilis Vewm. A.O.
aspera Lec. S.M.
Monohammus maculosus H/a/d. S.M.
scutellatus Say. A:O., Sti, N.C., Y.F.5N.O4.5.Mi, M.,.EOoM
NEO. KS, OO. NatGae
race oregonensis Lec. B.C.
confusor Kirby. A.O., St.L.
marmorator Avrby. H.M.
Pogonocherus penicellatus Zec. H.M., O.K., QO.
mixtus /fa/d. N.C.
Saperda vestita Say. L’O.
tridentata Oliv. A.O.

CHRYSOMELID.

Donacia pubicollis Suffr. O.K.
palmata Ofiv. A.O.
hirticollis Azvrby.. C.L., M.B., N:
tiaemihea Lee. C1. Ee
proxima A7rby. N.O., C.L., M.F., C.C., R.A.
subtilis Kumze. A.O., C.L., H.M., C.C., R.A.
equalis Say. O.K.
cuprea Avrby [pusilla Say.]. A.O., T.L., N.
aurea [? misprint for aurifer Zec., =var. cuprea]. M.F.
flavipes Kirby. A.O., T.L.
Orsodacna atra Ahr. [Childreni Azrdy]. B.C., N.C.
Syneta ferruginea Germ. [tripla Say]. A.O., B.C.
Cryptocephalus 4-maculatus Say. C.C. .
Adoxus obscurus Zinn. |vitis Fab.]. A.O., B.C., N.C., O.K., N.
Chrysochus auratus Yad. A.O., 5.M.
Graphops marcassita Cr. S M.
Entomoscelis adonidis fad. B.C.
Prasocuris Phelandrii Zinn [Helodes trivitta Say]. L’O.
varipes Lec. S.M.
Doryphora clivicollis Azréy [Chrysomela trimaculata 4ad.]. LO.
to-lineata Say. S.M.
Chrysomela scalaris Zec. A.O., St.L.
philadelphica Zivn. S.M., T.L.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 187

var. spiree Say. A.O., N.C.
multipunctata Say, race verrucosa Suffr. B.C.
Plagiodera oviformis Zec. B.C.
Gastroidea polygoni Zzunx [Gastrophysa]. W.
cyanea Me/sh [Gastrophysa] W., N.
Lina lapponica Zzun [Plagiodera interrupta Fad.]. A.O., B.C., C.1..
OrRC Rs. var:
scripta Fab. O.K.
Gonioctena arctica Wann. N.C.
pallida Zivn |rufipes DéG.|. B.C., Y.F., N.O., O., N.
Phyllodecta vitellinze Zzzn. A.O.
Phyllobrotica decorata Say. A.O.
Galeruca sagittarie Gy/. A.O., B.C. ?var., N.O., C.L., H.M.,
OK, OF NEC.C.
Hypolampsis pilosa 7/7. C.L.
Oedionychis lugens Zec. B.C.
scripta [? misprint for scripticollis Sey var vians //7/.]. C.L.
Disonycha collaris “ad. [Haltica]. L’O.
Haltica bimarginata Say |Graptodera]. B.C., N.C., N.O., M.F.
evicta Lec. [Graptodera]. B.C.
Crepidodera mancula Zec. BC.
Systena frontalis Fab. A.O.
Chelymorpha argus Zécht. [cribraria Fad.]. L’O., W.

TENEBRIONIDA.

Phellopsis porcata Zec. B.C.
Coniontis ovata [? misprint for ovalis Zsch.|. B.C.
Eleodes cordata Esch. B.C.
Nyctobates pennsylvanicus DeG. (Ipthimus). L’O.
Ipthimus opacus Zec. S.M.
Upis ceramboides Zz. (reticulatus Say). A.O., St.L., B.C., C.L.,
SM One OUcN: C:C. aRoA.
Tenebrio molitor Zinn. L’O, N.O., W., S.M.
tenebriodes Beauv. S.M.
Blapstinus moestus JZe/sh. S.M., H.M.
interruptus Say. S.M.
Hypophlceus punctatus [misprint ?]. B.C.
Boletotherus bifurcus /aé. (Bolitophagus cornutus /z.). A.O.

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

CISTELID&.

Isomira quadristriata Coup. S.M.
Hymenorus pilosus dZe/sh. S.M.

LAGRIIDA.
Arthromacra eenea Say. S.M.
MELANDRYID.

Peuthe obliquata Yad. M.F.
Serropalpus barbatus Schad/. [substriatus H7@.]. St.L., O.
Stenotrachelus arctatus Say. N.C., M.F., O.

PYTHID&.

Crymodes discicollis Zec. B.C.
CEPHALOIDA.
Cephaloon tenuicorne Zee. B.C.
MORDELLID&.
Mordellistena vitis [? misprint for vilis Zec.]. B.C.
nigricans JZe/sh. A.O.
ANTHICID.
Corphyra lugubris Say. S.M.
collaris Say. (Pedilus). A.O.
MELOID&.

Meloe angusticollis Say (rugipennis Zec.). A.O., St.L., N.
americanus Leach. N.C. ;
Macrobasis unicolor A7zrby. S.M., O.K.
Cantharis cyanipennis Say. B.C.
OTIORHYNCHIDA.

Evotus naso Zec. B.C. .
CURCULIONID&.

Sitones flavescens Marsh. (lepidus Gy//.). A.O.
Trichalophus alternatus Say. B.C.
Lepyrus gemellus Avrdy. N.

colon L277. B.C. NIG:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189

Pissodes strobi Peck. H.M.
costatus Zann. B.C.
dubius Rand. H.M.

Hylobius pales ost. A.O., S.M., O.,.C.R.
confusus Kzrby. S.M.

Hypomolyx pineti “ad. [pinicola Coup.|. A.O. (near pineti), O., N.,

GAR:

ixus cauditer Leni 5.C.

Dorytomus laticollis Zec. B.C.

Acalyptus carpini A/ést. Y.F.

Baris confinis Zec. S.M.

CALANDRID&.

Dryophthorus corticalis Say. 5S.M.
SCOLYTIDA,

Xyloterus bivittatus Azrdy. T.L.
Dryoccetes septentrionis JZann. B.C.
Dendroctonus rufipennis A77dy |obesus MZann.]. B.C.

ANTHRIBIDZ.

Gonotropis gibbosus Lec. C.C.
Report of Progress, 1882-83-84, p. 62d.
List of Coleoptera collected by J. R. Spencer, at Fort Churchill,
(determined by Mr. J. B. Smith for Mr. James Fletcher, 14 species).
Carabus chamissonis /%sch., var. baccivorus Fisch,
Pterostichus hudsonicus Lec.
Amara hyperborea De7.
similis A7zrdy.
Agabus [Gaurodytes] griseipennis cec.?
Colymbites sculptilis Harr.
Dytiscus dauricus Ged/. [confluens Lec. ].
Cryptohypnus abbreviatus Say.
Criocephalus obsoletus avd.
Neoclytus conjunctus Lec.
Pachyta liturata Azrby.
Acmeeops proteus Avzrdy.
Two species unknown to Mr. Smith.

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Annual Report (new series), Vol. I., 1885, p. 26dd.
List of Coleoptera collected in 1885, by Dr. Robert Bell, in con-
nection with the Hudson’s Bay expedition, (determined by Dr. G.
H. Horn for Mr. W. H. Harrington, 10 species).
Stupart’s Bay.
Amara hypoborea Dej. Over 100 specimens.
Pterostichus hudsonicus Lec.
Hydroporus longicornis Sarp. Occurs in Europe.
perplexus Sharp.
Agabus dissimilis Sa/0. [longulus Zec. ?]. Fifty specimens.
After the list was printed, Dr. Horn sent specimens of this species,
which he had referred with doubt to /ongudus Lec., to Dr. Sharp, who de-
termined them to belong to @zss¢milis Sahlb.

Cape Chudleigh.

Nebria Sahlbergi Fisch.
Amara hyperborea De7.
Lepyrus colon Lzzz.

Cape Digges.

Amara hyperborea De7.
Agabus dissimilis Sa//d. [longulus Lec. ?].
Criocephalus agrestis A7zrdy.

Blane Sablon.

Nebria Sahlbergi Fisch.
Pterostichus Luczotii Dey.
Quedius sublimbatus JZak/.

Annual Report (new series), Vol. III., p. 75).
List of Coleptera taken on the South Coast and Islands of James
Bay, by Mr. J. M. Macoun, in 1887, (determined by Mr. James
Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, 21 species).

Cicindela 12-guttata De.
Calosoma frigidum A7zrdy.
Chleenius sericeus /orst.
Silpha lapponica /Zés¢.
Buprestis maculiventris Say.
Asemum meestum /add.
Criocephalus obsoletus Rand.
Xylotrechus undulatus Say.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 191

Rhagium lineatum OZ/v.

Pachyta liturata Avrdy.

Acmeeops proteus A7zrdy.

Leptura chrysocoma Kirby.

Monohammus scutellatus Say.

Orsodacna atra Ahr.

Adoxus obscurus Lizn. | vitis Fad. ].

Lina lapponica Zinn.

Gonioctena pallida Zinn.

Upis ceramboides Linn.

Lepyrus colon Lez, ;

P.S.—Line 18, page 155, should read longulus Lec. [Gaurodytes].

Ne Oe

BOOK NOTICE.

THE PHYCITIDZ OF NORTH AMERICA, BY GEO. D. HULSYT.

This valuable paper forms number 2, volume 17, of the Transactions
of the American Entomological Society. The author not only gives us
what has been done on this family by others, but also the results of his
own critical and long continued study and investigation.

He complains of difficulties in the study of these insects owing to the
fact that so many of the types are in European museums, and further,
that so many are in private collections. There may be some question
whether this last is not an advantage, for, as a rule, private collections
are more easily accessible than public ones, and the visitor is not ham-
pered by stringent rules. There is but little use to attempt the study of
microlepidoptera in a museum where the rules forbid the removal of an
insect from the trays, as is the case.in many.

The Phycitide are given family rank “in the super-family Pyralide,”’
and after the family characters, the literature of the subject is quite fully
and very fairly given, which is always a difficult task. Mr. Hulst divides
the family into two sub-families, based on the presence or absence of the
lower anal plate, and differs from Ragonot, who divides them on the de-
velopement of the tongue. From my own studies I am inclined to agree
with Mr. Hulst.

The structure of the imago is treated thoroughly and exhaustively.

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

This part of the work is a model worthy of imitation by other systematic
writers. When all our insects have been studied in this careful manner
and then monographed, we shall have a sound basis for further work.

A vast field is open for future investigation on the early stages of these
insects, and undoubtedly our economic entomologists will, in time, give
us much valuable information in this direction now that the way is made
clear.

The author states that he ‘“ takes little interest, comparatively, in the
guesses which are made of the ancestry of any group of the Lepidoptera.”
I am greatly surprised that he should decline to enter upon this fashion-
able field of conjecture.. A person may as well be out of the world as
out of fashion!

There are given synopses of the sub-families and of the genera, and
under each genus is a synopsis of the species. A valuable feature is the
giving of the type under each genus and the full synonomy. A list of
undetermined species is also given with the original descriptions. Seven
of these are Walker’s species and the remaining three were published by
Clemens. It would have been a great satisfaction if Mr. Hulst had given
us the correct pronunciation of the generic names, especially those of
Indian origin, for some of us may forget our Latin so far as to pronounce
some of them incorrectly.

Under Notes on other Species, p. 221, by a slip it 1s stated that J/Ve-
phopteryx intractella Walk. is a synonym of Blepharomastix ranalis
which is itself asynonym of Gofés sémi/a/is Guen. As the information
went from me, and I may. have made the slip myself in writing, I take this
occasion to correct and say that WVephopteryx intractella Walk. is a syn-
onym of Vymphula similalis Guen., and is given in Grote’s Check-List
under the name of Hurycreon rantalis Guen. See Ent. Am., Vol. 5, p. 211.

At the end is given a catalogue of the Phycitide of North America,
comprising 71 genera and 2o1 species, followed by three plates of struc-
tural details.

On the whole this is one of the most satisfactory papers on the micro-
lepidoptera I have ever seen, and it is “ devoutly to be wished” that Mr.
Hulst will immediately take up the Geometride and treat them in as
thorough and complete a manner ashe has the Phycitide,

C. N. FERNALD.

Mailed September 11th.

lhe Canaan Hantomalogist

VOL. XXIL _LONDON, OCTOBER, 1890. No. to.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE.

The Club assembled in the State House at Indianapolis, Ind., on
Wednesday, August 20th, 1890, and began its regular sessions at 9 o’clock
a. m., the President, Prof. A. J. Cook, Agricultural College, Mich., in
the chair.

There were present during the meetings :—W. B. Alwood, Blacksburg,
Va.; Geo. F. Atkinson, Columbia, S. C.; W. S. Blachley ; P. Carter ;
Prof. E. W. Claypole and K. B. Claypole, Akron, Ohio; F. S. Earle,
Ocean Springs, Mich.; S. G. Evans, Evansville, Ind.; James Fletcher,
Ottawa, Ont. ; H. Garman, Lexington, Ky.; Mrs. O. Hanney; C. W.
Hargitt, Oxford, Ohio ; Thos. Hunt; John Marten, Albion, Ili.; Miss
Mary E. Murtfeldt and Miss Augusta Murtfeldt, St. Louis, Mo.; W. W.
Norman ; Prof. Herbert Osborn and L. H. Pammel, Ames, Iowa; R. S.
F, Perry ; C. Robertson, Carlingville, Ind. ; Prof. J. W. Spencer, Athens,

James Troop and Prof. F. M. Webster, Lafayette, Ind.; Dr.
Clarence M. Weed, Columbus, Ohio, and others.
The President, Prof. A. J. Cook, delivered the following address :—
ON TEACHING ENTOMOLOGY.

LaDIES AND GENTLEMEN OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLuB,—I con-
gratulate you that another year has passed, and our number has not been
broken in upon by death. While our ranks have been much enlarged,
no one has been called to that undiscovered country from whose bourne
no traveller returns. I also congratulate you upon the great increment in
our force of working entomologists. I think I may say, with no fear of
contradiction, that no year in the history of America has been so remarkable
in this respect as has the last. This is a cause for special felicitation, not
only to entomologists, but to all our people. Ours is a tremendous
country—by ours I include, of course, our Canadian brothers, for we, as
scientists, know no line of separation—and to spy out the entire land
needs an army of workers or observers, all trained to keen sight and

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ready apprehension. But more than this the magnitude of our country
is fully equalled by the magnitude of the insect hosts, and to know all of
these, with their full life history, requires an incalculable amount of closest
research. But our business economy demands this for all our species :
for so wonderful is the balance of nature, so close the relations of all
species of life, that really we may hardly divide insects into those im-
portant and those unimportant in our agricultural economy. All are
important ; and so from an economic, no less than a scientific standpoint,
it is desirable that all such research be widely encouraged, and it is a
most hopeful omen—the rapid increase of earnest and trained workers.
I shall not in this address occupy time by giving the peculiarities of the
season in respect to insects, nor yet call attention to interesting dis-
coveries, like the importation of the Vedalia cardinalis. All these will
be brought out in papers and discussions. I must, however, refer to the
new association for the advancement of economic entomology, which was
organized at Toronto a year ago, and which held its first meeting at
Washington last November. This meeting, under the Presidency of Dr.
Riley, was a valuable one ; and that society promises much for the
science of entomology, as well as for its economic development. It is
also a. matter of much interest that a new paper—“ Insect News ”—is
started at that great centre of entomology—Philadelphia-—which will also
do much every way for our science. This, with the very excellent
periodical “Insect Life,” published by the Entomological Division of
the Department of Agriculture, can but give new impetus to entomo-
logical research. In addition to these, we have an addition to Prof.
Comstock’s admirable work, which, when completed, will form a most
valuable adjunct in the development of entomology. If we may judge
from what we already have, this will be invaluable in every entomological
laboratory. When the Society of Economic Entomologists was organized
a year ago it was remarked by one of our first entomologists that that
move sounded the death-knell of this Club. I then remarked that such
ought not to be the case. That Society is to be composed only of those
interested in economic entomology, and of course will only put emphasis
in the direction of the practical aspects of the science ; this more or less
of entomologists in a wider sense, and so will include those interested in
practical entomology and also in the science without relation to utility.
The Club then may well continue. I believe it will live and thrive, and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195

will be most helpful to entomologists and to our science. While the
other Association will discuss economic questions, this Club will place no
limit on either its discussions or its membership, only so far as entomo-
logy shall be its aim and purpose. No one doubts but that he who has
a thorough training in the science of entomology will be far better pre-
pared for practical work, and so there can be only the most cordial
relation between the Association of Economic Entomologists and _ this
Club. Indeed, many of our most active entomologists will be members
of both. I have already stated the truism that only can he do the best
practical work in entomology who is thoroughly well grounded in the
general science of entomology. As we now have a great call for entomo-
logists in our experimental stations, agricultural colleges, and as State
entomologists, not to speak of the fact that every farmer and fruit-
grower would be more successful if he were well informed in this
science, it goes without saying that there ought to be in training men
for just such work. It seems to me that it needs no argument
to show that our agricultural colleges are just the places where
this training should be given. They were founded to teach those
subjects which would be most serviceable on the farm. Entomology is
one of the chief of these. Thus it follows that every student of
agriculture should have a thorough course in this science, with the
practical aspect of the subject kept in the foreground. In thus presenting
this science to large classes—I have from thirty to forty each year
who study this subject in the course—the teacher will find some in each
class who are specially fitted to succeed. They enjoy the study and work
most earnestly just for the love of the pursuit. They have quick
observation, and are very accurate and honest in all their work. It needs
no prophet to bespeak success in this field for such students. Our
agricultural colleges are just the places to discover the men who have
great possibilities in this direction ; just the places to give the training
that shall best fit men to do the most valuable work. It will be my
purpose in the remainder of this address to describe the equipment for
such work, and to explain the method which I believe will give the best
results. Of first importance is a good library ; this should contain all the
standard works, periodicals and monographs, so that students who may
decide to study any insect or genus, may find what has been written on
the subject. Of course this cannot be had at once, but it is so essential

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

that no effort should be spared to build up a complete entomological
library at the earliest possible moment. Z?ze, the scientist should study
things, not books, but he will find a wide use of books most helpful in
his study. Next to a library, such colleges should have good collections,
which are often of more value than the library. A small show collection,
illustrating the families and orders, and the several stages of the most
injurious species of the place as well as the groups of beneficial ones
should be open to the public. ‘This will be studied and appreciated by
the practical farmer, who, as he visits the college, will find it helpful, and
will also interest and stimulate the under-class men, who will thus have
their attention called towards insects before they commence the regular
study, which will not occur till they are well along in the course. Draw-
ing, botany, microscopy, and French and German, if thoroughly under-
stood, will be great aids to the student who commences the study of
entomology. Thus this study will come late in the course and the show
collection will be whetting the appetite of the under-class men from the
time they enter college until they commence the study. I would also
have what I call a student collection—this is a pretty full collection from
the locality of the college. This I would hang upon the wall of the lecture
room, which I would have dark, except when in use, so as to preserve the
colour of the specimens. I would have this in rather small cases, with
glass in front and also back where it is desirable, as in case of Diurnals,
to study both under and upper sides of the wings. This collection
should show at least types of each group in all stages, from egg to imago,
as well as nests, cocoons, etc. This is an object lesson ever before the
student, is ever ready for use by the teacher to illustrate his lecture, and
is at the disposal of the students in naming their own collections or in
closer study of any group. It seems to me such a collection should be
in every college. Lastly, I would have a laboratory collection which
should be a biological collection, and the fuller the better. This is in
large, tight, glass-faced drawers. I use the Harvard case. ‘This is for the
use of teachers and post-graduates who desire to study further in the
science. It is too valuable for general use by the student or to be kept
to satisfy general curiosity.
“THE COURSE OF STUDY.”

As I have before remarked, before the student commences the study
of insects he should have had a good course in free-hand drawing, should

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 197

have had instruction in the use of the microscope and in preparing
microscopic specimens and slides, and if he has a ready use of German
and French it will be very helpful to him in his study. It is also desir-
able that the student should have had a full course in botany. The
students of our college have had three terms of botany, one devoted entirely
to microscopic botany, before they begin the study of entomology. I con-
sider this very valuable preparatory work. Entomology is very close pre-
cise work, and the laboratory work if carried on for a less space than
three hours at a time is not satisfactory. But three hours of such close
work is very wearying unless the student has had a fitting preparation.
Thus I am pleased that our students have had vertebrate dissection with
human and comparative anatomy and physiology before they commence
entomology. I know this seems the reverse of the natural method ; as
nature proceeds from lower to higher ; vertebrate dissection is lighter and
less trying to eye and brain than is the study of insect anatomy ; thus I
am pleased to have Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates precede that
of the Arthropoda in our course. In our College the student attends a
course of sixty lectures on the anatomy and physiology of insects,
systematic entomology and the economic bearing of the subject. These
lectures are illustrated by use of models, the student’s collection of
insects, already referred to, by microscopic preparations, mostly prepared at
the College, and elaborate charts and drawings also prepared specially for
our use. In connection with this course there are 36 hours of laboratory.
Each student works three hours one day each week for twelve weeks. In
this time they are able to study the internal anatomy, and to examine
carefully and accurately one insect of each order. In connection with
this several insects are traced to the genus by such keys as Leconte and
Horn, Cresson, Williston, etc. Besides the above, each student makes a
collection of from ten to twenty-five insects of each order, all neatly put
up with date and locality label ; each order by itself and all labelled as
far as time will permit. Many students succeed in naming a large
number of their specimens. Each student is also required to mount
insects in all the approved ways. Small insects mounted on triangular
pieces of cardboard or rectangles of cork with silver wires, while the
larvee are put in bottles of alcohol with rubber corks and also prepared
by eviscerating and drying, while distended with air, in a heated oven.
The students are also encouraged to prepare biological collections, in

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

which they preserve the eggs, larvee after each moult, pupa, cocoon, imago
of both sexes, and of various sizes and the several variations. Some of
our most enthusiastic students work out several such life histories,
describing not only the separate stages, but the several parasites that work
to destroy the insects. I regard this work as very valuable. It is
excellent discipline for the mind and observation, gives accurate informa-
tion of the most interesting kind, and arouses enthusiasm for the study as
nothing else can. It is such work as this that will tell for the future of
entomological research, that will make entomologists, who will honour
alike the fields of pure and applied entomology. But such study ought
not and will not stop here. Post-graduates will avail themselves of the
opportunities which such laboratories offer. Last winter during our long
vacation—ours is an agricultural college and our vacations must needs
occur in winter, when farm operations are largely at a standstill—I had
ten special students of entomology in my laboratory, one from South
Dakota, one from Indiana, one from Ohio, one from Japan, one from
Wisconsin, and the others from our own State. Nearly all were college
graduates. Six special students, all graduates from colleges, have spent
the year in my laboratory in special entomological study as post-graduate
students. It seems to me that such are the young men who are going to
develop the entomology of our country. They are the young men who
can and will do grand work in our colleges and experimental stations.
These young men each take up some special family or genus of insects,
to which they give the major part of their time and study. ‘They collect
in all orders and give special attention to biological work, tracing the
life histories of insects, identifying as far as possible the insects they
capture and try to become familiar with entomological literature, so far as
they are able. The students are mutually helpful to each other. As the
laboratory may be said to be a sort of perpetual Natural History, or more
accurately Entomological Society, thus the students become familiar with
the general laboratory work, in fact, they each become a factor in some
degree of carrying the work forward. Here I will close by explaining
briefly the mode of our labaratory work, which differs in some degree
from the admirable plan which Prof. Forbes explained at the Washington
meeting of Economic Entomologists last November. Our labels give in
compact space locality, date, accession and species number. The
accession number agrees with a number—serial number—in our accession
catalogue for the special year. ‘Thus, ac. 400 shows that the insect or

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199

insects bearing that label were the 4ooth collected during that season.
The sp. number is given as the insect is determined, and is the number
of the insect in the catalogue which we use. Thus, sp. 25 is “ Cicindela
purpurea,” as the beetle is numbered 25 in Henshaw’s catalogue of
Coleoptera. In case the catalogue is not numbered, as is the case with
Cresson’s list of Hymenoptera, then we number it. We have a column
in our accession catalogue for date, collector, person who named the speci-
men, and also for remarks. This last column is wide, and in it we can
usually write all necessary information which we received in the collecting.
If we are experimenting with or studying the insect, our notes are kept on
cards. These are numbered to agree with accession catalogue, and are
kept in serial order until we know the species when we add the species
number as well. We now index the card and place it in its correct
alphabetical position in our card collections. Thus we can very easily
find our notes on any specimen, either by accession number or by the
name of the species. This plan works well, and, it seems to me, is very
economical in respect to time. Of course our students all see this scheme
and become familiar with its workings.

Dr. C. M. Weed had listened with much pleasure to the President’s
address and approved of most of the points brought forward. He con-
sidered a knowledge of French and German of the utmost importance
from the frequent necessity of consulting works in those languages when
working up the life-histories of insects. He did not, however, like the
label submitted by Prof. Cook, thinking that it entailed too great an
expenditure of time. He had adopted Prof. Forbes’s system of labelling,
and had found that it answered all purposes.

Prof. Herbert Osborn approved very highly of the course of instruc-
tion in entomology outlined in the address.

Dr. C. M. Weed then read a paper upon the life-history of the even-
ing primrose curculio ( Zy/oderma foveolatum) which he had bred from
the stems both of Cinothera and Epilobium in large numbers.

Prof. F. M. Webster had listened to the paper with much interest ; as
stated by Dr. Weed he had given some study to the insect in question,
and was pleased to hear these further observations. He had found that
when a plant was infested the beetle occurred in all its stages, and that
those near the base were always further advanced towards maturity.

The meeting adjourned,

(To be continued.)

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

ON THE FOOD-HABITS OF NORTH AMERICAN
RHYNCHOPHORA.

BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.

In the present paper I have attempted to bring together all the Food-
Habits of North American Rhynchophora (except the Scolytidz) that
have been placed on record in the various entomological publications,
with the addition of my personal observations on the subject.

Eugnamptus collaris and £. angustatus 1 have found plentifully upon
the foliage of hickory and butternut trees.

Rhynchites bicolor may be found on various species of wild roses.

Pterocolus ovatus 1 have beaten from live oak trees at Kissimmee,
Florida, May, 1887.

Attelabus bipustulatus lives on oak, rolling up the leaves (Murtfeldt,
Can. Ent, IV., p. 143). A. analis and A. nigripes also live on oak.
The latter species I have beaten from live oak at Kissimmee, Florida, in
April.

Graphorhinus vadosus feeds in the imago state on the leaves of
clover, according to Mr. F. M. Webster (Am. Nat., 16, p. 746).

Epicerus imbricatus, according to Dr. C. V. Riley, is injurious to apple
and cherry trees and gooseberry bushes, by gnawing the twigs and fruits ;
also said to be found on onions, radishes, cabbage, beans, watermelons,
cucumbers, beets, squashes and potato, etc.

Exomias pellucidus. J have first taken this European beetle at
Astoria, L. L, in the year 1884, and again on Staten Island in 1886. In
Europe it lives on the strawberry. The food plant in this country has
not yet been detected. (See Ent. Am., IIL. p. 188.)

Ophryastes vittatus is chiefly found on “ greasewood,” as is also O.
sulcirostris and O. datirostris, according to Mr. Wickham (Ent. Am.,
Mi; pe 77):

Panscopus erinaceus occurs on wild grape. (Schwarz, Bull. Bklyn.
Ent. Soc., VIL, p. 84.)

Diamimus subsericeus was taken around the roots of cottonwood by
Mr. Wickham (1. c., p. 78).

Otiorhynchus sulcatus. This European species is destructive to a
variety of horticultural plants. In the larval stage it attacks the straw-
berry, devouring the roots. 0. ovatus also infests the roots of this
plant.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 201

Aragnomus griseus was recorded by Dr. C. V. Riley as an enemy to
pear trees in Oregon. (Insect Life, Vol. I., p. 16.)

Pachneus opalus is injurious to the orange in Florida. P. distans
feeds on oak. (Riley, Am. Nat., 16, p. 916.)

Tanymecus confertus appears to be polyphagus, without preference for
any particular plant. (Riley, J. c.)

Anametis grisea in the larval stage lives under the bark of apple and
pear. (Riley, 1. c.)

Pandeletejus hilaris lives in the trunk of the white oak. (Harris,
Inj. Ins., p. 70), also found on beech trees by Mr. F. M. Chittenden.

Brachystylus acutus is only found on the persimmon. (Riley, 1. c.)

Neoptochus adsperus feeds on oak. (Riley, |. c.)

Artipus floridanus is injurious to the orange. (Riley, 1. c.)

Aramigus tesselatus, according to Mr. E. A. Popenoe, infests the
sweet potato. (Industrialist, May 29th, 1886.)

Aramigus Fulleri feeds on the roots of roses. (Riley, Rep. Dept.
Agricul., 1878.)

Aphrastus teniatus lives on the paw-paw. (Riley, |. c.)

Scythropus elegans is found on the pine, according to Mr. W. H.
Harrington. (Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, Vol. I., No. 2, p. 33,
1881.) Mr. F. H. Chittenden also found the insect in abundance on
pine ( P. strobus) at Ithaca, N. Y.

Fudiagogus pulcher and FE. Rosenscheldi both feed on Cassia occi-
dentalis and C. obtusifolia. The former species I have found in large
numbers at Enterprise, Fla., in May.

Sitones lineellus and S. flavescens are injurious to the clover and
lucerne in Europe. .S. 2zspidulus also lives on the roots of clover.

Plinthodes teniatus 1 have beaten from small alder bushes in the
Orange Mts., New Jersey. Whether the species lives on this plant I am
unable to say.

Ithycerus noveboracensis is found on white and burr oaks. The larva
bores in the tender twigs. I have also found the insect on hickory. Mr,
W. H. Harrington found it on beech trees. (Rep. Ent. Soc., Ont., p. 52,
1880.)

Apion herculanum occurs on the flowers of Viburnum acerifolia,
according to Dr. Hamilton. (Can. ENT., 20, p. 67).

Apion rostrum infests the seed pods of wild indigo ( Bafptisia tinctoria ).

202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Apion nigrum sometimes depredates the leaves of locust (Rodznza
pseudacacia). A. fraternum was observed upon two species of Lespedeza
by Mr. F. H, Chittenden. A. segnipes was obtained from the seeds of a
species of Astragalus by Say. (Le Conte, Ed., p. 265.)

Lodapion gallicola makes a spherical or ovoid gall on pine (Pinus
inops), Riley. (Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., V1. p. 61.) I have also found
the galls in the vicinity of Washington, D. C., last June.

Phytonomus punctatus lives on the leaves of clover. I have found it
in abundance on timothy grass this season. /P. nigrirostris also feeds on
clover and Buphthalmum Salicifolium. P. comptus lives on Polygonum,
and P. eximius on Rumex. (Riley, Rep. Dept. Agricul., 1881-82, p. 171.)

Listronotus latiusculus was found by Mr. C. M. Weed in all stages in
the stalks of Sagittaria variabilis. Mr, F. M. Chittenden found Z.
tuberosus, L. caudatus and L. appendiculatus while sweeping a small patch
of aquatic plants composed entirely of Sagittarta and a species of
Carex. L. appendiculatus, it is said, was found by Mr. William Julich
breeding in the lower parts of the stems of some species of reed. I
have also taken two species of Listronotus on the flower heads of
Sagittaria at Shingle Creek, Kissimmee, Florida, April.

Pissodes strobi is sometimes very destructive to the white pine. The
larva and imago were first figured by Peck, in 1817. (Mass. Agricul.
Reposit., IV., pp. 205, 211, pl. 1.) &. afinis is also found on the pine.

Pachylobius picivorus is placed by Mr. W. H. Harrington in a list of
insects found on pine (Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, L., p. 33).

Hylobius pales lives in pine trees beneath the bark, burrowing into
and destroying the inner surface of the bark, and the tender newly
formed wood, often doing great damage to pine forests.

Lixus rubellus has been observed in considerable numbers clinging to
the leaves and blossoms of Polygonum amphibium. (Webster, 1. c.)

Lixus parcus is said by Dr, Riley to form galls in the stems of
Amelanchier. (Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., I., p. 33.)

Lixus concavus. Glover has observed this insect burrowing in the foot
stalks of rhubarb or pie plant. . (Rep. Com. Agri., p. 90, 1865.) I have
also found it on a species of Rumex, and also producing a gall in the
stalk of the thistle, from which I raised the species. Mr. Webster also bred
it from wild sunflowers. (Ent. Am., V., p. 11.)

Lixus macer. Dr. Riley reared this species from Chenopodium

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203

hybridum. Coquillett observed it ovipositing in wild sunflower, as also
did Mr. Webster. (Ent. Am., V., p. 11.)

Barytychins discoideus breeds in the flower heads of Helenium
tenutfolium. (Schwarz, l. c.)

B. amenus was found on ragweed by Dr. Hamilton. (Can. Enr.,
18, p. 114.)

Smicronyx griseus and S, tychoides occur on ragweed (Ambrosia),
according to Dr. Hamilton (I. c.)

Anchodemus angustus has been found by Mr. Harrington eating the
leaves of a species of Sagittaria. (Can. ENT., 16, p. 118.)

Strophosomus coryli has been found by Mr. Bailey on sweet birch
(Betula lenta), Jilich (Ent. Am., V., p. 56). In Europe, the species
lives on oak, beech, pine and hazel.

Lissorhoptrus simplex lives on the roots of rice. (Riley, Rep. Dept.
Agricul., p. 130, 1881-82.)

Magdalis barbita has been found ovipositing in fallen hickory ( Carya
amara), by Mr. Harrington. (Ent. Am., L, p. 18.)

Magdalis olyra burrows under the bark of oak. JZ. armicollis
inhabits the elm.

Magdalis alutacea probably bores in the terminal twigs of Pinus
tnops. (Riley, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 62.)

Coccotorus scutellaris attacks the fruit of the plum.

Anthonomus quadrigibbus punctures the fruit of the apple and pear.
The larva lives in the heart of the fruit, and feeds around the core.

Anthonomus suturalis attacks the cranberry, laying its eggs in the
bud, and the larva living inside the fruit.

Anthonomus sycophanta was bred from the galls of a sawfly on willow.

Anthonomus musculus is very destructive to the strawberry.

Anthonomus pusillus lives in the seed pods of the frost weed
(Helianthemum canadense). Blanchard (Ent. Am., III., p. 87).

Anthonomus gularis oviposits in the flowers of Cassia marylandica.
(Schwarz, 1. c.) Anthonomus flavicornis was found by Mr. Schwarz,
inquilinous in a globular acarid gall on the leaves of Solanum eleagnifolia.

Otidocephalus chevrolatii occurs on elm and hickory, according to
Mr. W. H. Harrington. (Can. Ent., 16, p. 118.) O. daevicollis was
hatched by Dr C. V. Riley from the galls of a species of Cynips on oak.

Elleschus ephippiatus. \ have taken this species in abundance on
willow ( Salix fragilis ).

(To be continued. )

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDA OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 180, Volume xxiz. )

Genus Ha.istpoTa Hibner.

1816—Hubn., Verzeichniss, 170.

1856—-Wik., C. B. Mus., Lep Hei. ait.,'732.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 347.

1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 87, fig. venation.

Head rather well developed ; palpi exceeding front ; tongue moderate,
but somewhat variable in the species. Antenne of ¢ long, lengthily bi-
pectinated to the tip, a single branch to each side of each joint. Legs
short and stout, posterior longest and weakest ; spurs normal, but short ;
claws of tarsi simple.

Primaries with v 10 out of the subcostal before the end of the cell ;
7-9 on a Stalk from the same point with 6 ; 8 and g branching just before
the tip; 4 and 5 from the same point at the end of the median ; 3 from
the median some distance before the end of the cell.

Secondaries with 8 from about the middle of subcostal and very short ;
6 and 7 from the same point at end of the subcostal; 4 and 5 together
from the end of the median ; 3 from the median before the end of the cell.

HT. cary@ served as the subject on which the above studies were made.
It is not improbable that there may be some difference in details of
structure in the species. | Many of the described forms I have seen but
casually, and of a few I have seen large series. This is, in my opinion,
the most difficult genus in the Arctitde@. There isa phytophagic variation
in the larva, and the larve are not all of the same type. From the
material in the National Museum collection it would seem, too, that larvee
widely different in type, not color merely, produce insects that are super-
ficially almost indistinguishable. The synonymy is involved, and I give it
exactly as I have found it.

Ff, agassiztt Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 128, Wadlisidota.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 87, 102, pl. IV., ff. 8 and 9, and pl.
X., f. 7, Halisidota.

OU

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 20

1873—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 187, Hadistdota.
var. alni Hy. Edw.

1875—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., VII., 129, Halisidota.

Habitat—California.

Food plant—Willow, Alder.

FT, ambigua Strk.
1878—Strk., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sci., II, 272, pl. IX.,f. 7, J, Halisedota.
boltert Hy. Edw.
1884—Edw., Papilio, IV., 121, Serarctia.
1888—Edw., Ent. Amer., III., 182, Av. syn.
Habitat—Colorado, New Mexico.

Ff. argentata Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc Ent. Soc., Phil., III, 129, Hadlistdota.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 87, pl. 6, f. 12, 2, Hadlisidota.
1873—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 187, 369, Haliszdota.
Habitat—California, Vancouver.
Food plants—Pinus pondorosa and P. lambertiana.

Hi. californica W\k.
1865—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXI., 311, Haliszdota.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 102, = agassiziz.
angulifera Wk.
1866—WIk., Lords Trav. in Vanc. App., 335, Walzsidota.
1873—Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb., 102, =agassizi?.
salicis Bdv.
1868—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 81, Phegoptera.
1869—Grt. & Rob., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., III., 175, pv. syn.
Habitat—British Columbia, Vancouver, California.

Mr. Grote, in his list of 1882, does not follow Stretch in his reference
of this species to agassiz7z, but in a note, p. 63, suggests that californica,
agassizii and argentata may be the same species.
fT, carye Harr.

1841—Harris*, Rept., Ins. Mass., 258, Lophocampa.
1855—Fitch*, 1st Rept., Ins. N. Y., 159, Hadisidota.
1860—Clem., Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., XII., 533, Hadlistdota.

206

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1862—Harris*, Inj. Insects, 361, pl. vi., ff. 1 and 2, and f. 175,
Lophocampa. |

1862—Morris in note to Harris 1. c., Halisidota.

1862—Morris, Synopsis, 349, Walisidota.

1863—Saund., syn. Can. Arct., 20, Halisidota.

1872—Pack.. 4th Rept. Peab. Ac., 87, Hadisidota.

1873—Stretch*, Zyg. and Bomb., 87, 140, pl. VI. f. 11, Halisidota

1874—Lint.*, Ent. Cont., II1., 148, Halisidota.

porphyria FH. Sch.

1855—H. Sch., Lep. Exot. sp. nov. f., 283, Phegoptera.

1858—-H. Sch., lc. p. 81, Haliszdota.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent., Soc., Phil., III., 128, pr. syn.

annulifascia Wk.

1856—-Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., IIL., 743, Hadisedota.

1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XIL., 533, Hatesidota.

1862——Morris, synopsis, Supplt., 349, Hadiszdota.

1862——Clem., in Morris Syn., 352, pv. syz.

1864—-Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 128, pv. syn.

Habitat—Maine, New York, New Jersey, Mass., Arizona, N. Mexico,
California, Canada.

Food-plants—Elm, hickory, Ash.

HI. cinctipes Grt.

1865—Grt., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 242, Halisidota.
1866—H. Sch., Corr. Blatt, Regensb., XX., 130, Hadlis¢dota.
188——Gundlach*, Cont. Ent., Cuba, 269, Hadlzsidota.
1884—Hy. Edw., Papilio, IV., 76, Hadisidota.
tessellaris{ Wk.
1856—Wlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 733, Hadzszdota.
1869—Grt. and Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., II., 72, pr. syn.
Habitat—Texas, Florida (?), Mexico, Cuba.
Food-plant—A/zbiscus (Gundlach).

I have in some way mislaid my original reference to Gundlach’s work,

and do not find the date in the copy.
Hi. davisit Hy. Edw.

1873—Edw., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci, V., 365, Hadisidota.
Habitat—Arizona.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 207

HI. edwardsii Pack.
1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., IIL, 129, Hadliszdota.
1873—Stretch., Zyg. and Bomb., 88, pl. IIIL., f. s, Hadeszdota.
1875—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., VIL, 21—egg and young larva.
translucida Wik.
1865—Walk , C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., XXXI., 310, Hadiszdota.
1868—Grt. and Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Sci., II., 85, pv. sym.
guercus Bdv.
1868—Bdv., Lep., Cal. (Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., XII.), 81, Phegoptera,
1869—Grt. and Rob., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., III., 175, Av. syx.
Habitat—California.

HI. ingens Hy. Edw.
1881—Edw., Papilio, I., 39, /Zadis¢dota.

Habitat—Arizona.

FH, labecula Grt.
1881—Grt., Papilio, I., 174, H/adis¢dota.
Habitat—New Mexico.

H. laqueata Hy. Edw.

1886——Edw., Ent. Amer., II., 166, /Had/iszdota.
Habitat—Texas.

HI, maculata Harr.
1841——-Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 259, Lophocampa.
1860—Clem., Proc., Ac. Nat. Sci., XII., 534, Hadzsidota.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, 349, adisidota.
1862-—Harris*, Injurious Insects, 363, Lophocampa.
1871—Saund.*, Can. Ent., III., 186, Hadlisidota.
1873—Stretch., Zyg. and Bomb., 87, Hadisidota.
fulvoflava Wik.
1856—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., IIL, 733, Halisedota.
1858—H. Sch., Lep. Exot., sp. nov., 71, Phegoptera
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., XII., 534, (?) p7. syu.
1862—Morris, Synopsis, App., 349, Hadisidota.
1862—Clem., in Morris Syn., 352, (?) pv. syz.
1863—Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., 21, Hadlisedota.

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

1864—Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 128, pv. syn.
guttifera H. Sch.
1855—H. Sch., Lep. Exot., sp. nov., f. 284, Phegoptera.
1858—H. Sch., 1. c., p. 71, p~. syn.
Habitat—Nova Scotia, Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, New York,
New Jersey, Illinois, California.
Food Plant—Oak.
Halisidota megaphyrrha, W\k., XXXI., 308, which should come in
here has been referred to by Messrs. Grote and Robinson as not North
America.
fT, minima Neum.
1883—Neum., Papilio, III., 138, Hadésdota.
Habitat— Arizona.

HT, mixta Neum.
1882—Neum., Papilio, IL, 133, Hadisidota.
Habitat— Arizona.

(To be continued.)

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.

The Annual Meeting of the Society was held in the rooms, Victoria
Hall, London, on Wednesday, August 27th. The following officers were
elected for the ensuing year :—President, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, D.C.L.,
of Port Hope ; Vice-President, Mr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa ; Secretary.
Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London; Treasurer, Mr. J. M. Denton, of
London. Directors—Messrs. W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; J. D. Evans,
Sudbury ; Gamble Geddes, Toronto; A. W. Hanham, Hamilton; J. A.
Moffat, London. Curator and Librarian, Mr. J. A. Moffat, London.
Editor of the Canapian Enrtomo.ocist, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port
Hope. Editing Committee, Mr. W. E. Saunders, London; Rev. T. W.
Fyles, Quebec ; H. H. Lyman, Montreal. Delegate to the Royal Society
of Canada, Rev. T. W. Fyles, Quebec. Auditors, Messrs. J. H. Bowman
and H. P. Bock, London. ‘The President’s address and a full account of
the proceedings will be published in the Annual Report of the Society.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209

THE BUTTERFLIES OF INDIA.*

Some three years or more ago, we noticed a work on the above sub-
ject by Marshall and de Nicéville, of which two volumes had been
published, the last by de Nicéville alone. A third volume of over 500
compact pages has just come to hand, the most notable thing about
which, at least to a dweller in temperate regions, is that it is wholly con-
cerned with the Lycaenide, of which eighty-two genera and over four
hundred species are described. Such wealth in these pigmies among
butterflies is a striking fact. The author, however, beyond the generic
collocation, has made no attempt to classify this immense assemblage,
contenting himself with only distinguishing certain groups of genera by the
name of one of the included genera, as the ‘‘ Thecla group,” etc., which
groups are characterised in a general but not formal way in the body of the
work. These agree tolerably well with the groups Doherty had previously
characterised from the egg alone, but are about twice as numerous and
are established mainJy upon the structural features of the imago. This
is better than Distant’s artificial divisions, but there is plainly an open
field here for investigation, and one which there is apparently no need for
great delay in occupying, since (excepting the egg) the early stages of
Lycaenine appear to offer less service to the systematist than in any
other group of butterflies.

What will surprise one in this volume, is the very considerable
addition to our knowlege of the early stages of the Lycaenine, for
excepting the Hesperidz, this group is in general the least know of
butterflies. Yet something is recorded of no less than thirty-four genera,
much of it new, and in many a good deal of interesting history is related.
This is a great improvement on the preceding volumes. One particular
case, that of the pomegranate butterfly, whose history was briefly and
partially given by Westwood, seems valuable enough to reprint for the
benefit of American readers ; and another, Curetis thetis, may well be
mentioned here :—“ The twelfth segment [of the larva] bears two most
extraordinary structures, which consist of two diverging, cylindrical,
rigid pillars, arising from the subdorsal region and of a pale green colour.
When the insect is touched or alarmed, from each pillar is everted a deep
maroon tentacle as long as the rigid pillar, bearing at its end long

*The Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon. By Lionel de Nicéville, Calcutta.
Vol. 3. 12+503pp. Opl. 1890. 8°.

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

parti-coloured hairs, the basal third of each hair being black, the upper
two-thirds white. The maroon tentacle with its long hairs spread out
like a circular fan or rosette is whirled round with great rapidity in a
plane parallel to the body, its use being almost certainly to frighten away
its enemies, as this larva, as far as I am aware, is not attended by pro-
tecting ants and lacks the honey-gland on the eleventh segment present
in so many lyceenid larve which are affected by ants.”

Ants have been found attendant upon half a dozen genera, and in
many cases they have been identified by Dr. A. Forel, of Switzerland.
At least a dozen species are concerned, and they are about equally
divided between the Formicide and Myrmicide.

Spalgis, it appears, is another instance of a carnivorous lycznid com-
parable to our Feniseca, the larva associating with and feeding upon the
“mealy bug” of the planters, a species of Dactylopius. De Nicéville in
no way favors Edwards’s belief that Feniseca belongs to the Lemoniine,
and adds nothing, as we had hoped he might be able to do, to Holland’s
suggestion that Liphyra, too, might be carnivorous, though he points out
that the two genera differ in their perfect state in the number of subcostal
nervules, and are therefore not so closely allied as Dr. Holland thought.

The seasonal dimorphism of many Indian Lycznide is well brought
out, the dry and wet season taking the place of our spring and summer ;
indeed, it occurs in no less than eighteen genera, and this will be a revel-
ation to many, and seems to bid fair to renovate the study of tropical
butterflies. But while in India proper, “the seasonal forms seem to be
chiefly restricted to two, a wet anda dry,” in the Himalayan district of
Sikkim ‘the dry season form which occurs at the end of the year differs
somewhat from the dry season form which occurs in the spring, so that
with regard to some species there may be said to be three forms—a
spring, a wet season, and a winter form.” Sexual dimorphism on the
contrary is very rare among tropical Lycenidz, de Nicéville stating that
he does not know positively of any case, though he suspects it in a species
of Zephyrus. On the authority of Doherty (a native of Cincinnati by the
way, working most industriously in the east,) he credits half a dozen or
more species as mimicking others of the same or neighboring groups of
Lycenide. Much attention is also paid to the secondary sexual char-
acteristics so far as their gross appearances are concerned, and they are
noted in no less than nineteen genera.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211

Finally, we may call attention to the very interesting general chapter
on the Lycenide at the beginning of the volume, which is of more than
usual interest and rather exceptional in a work of this kind. The work
itself must serve a very useful purpose ; its execution is remarkably even
and shows great skill and balance on the part of the author. There are
half a dozen plates like those of the former volumes and executed by the
same parties, excepting that two of them are chromo-lithographs, but we
could wish that some plates of the early stages might have been added,
and the direct purposes of the book for the ,Indian student would have
been served by others giving structural details.

SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

PARTIAL PREPARATORY STAGES OF ERYCIDES
BATABANO, Ler.

BY HARRISON G. DYAR, RHINEBECK, N. Y.

Ecc.—Nearly spherical, the base flattened a little. Around the sides
are eighteen vertical ribs, every other one shorter, not reaching the sum-
mit. The natural color could not be ascertained.

* * * ** * * *

THIRD (?) LaARvAL StTaGE.—Head much larger than joint 2, flat
before, broadly excavate at the summit, minutely granulated. Colot
wine red, blackish on the lower third, with a large round orange spor
before the eyes on each side. Width of head 2.5 mm. The body tapers
to each extremity. Its color is wine red, with a darker shade over the
dorsum centrally, and seven transverse orange stripes on the upper half
of the body on joints 5 to 11, anteriorly, the posterior ones interrupted
dorsally. Venter a little whitish. Length of larva about 10 mm. It
forms a place of concealment in the manner of Endamus tityrus or E.
proteus by folding over a portion of the leaf and securing it by threads.

FourtH LARVAL STaGE.—Head much as before but the black shade
is less and the granulations more distinct. Width 3.8 mm. Body mark-
ed as before ; very minutely pilose and with small semi-obsolete circular

212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

spots. Spiracles small and whitish. The cervical shield covers the
upper half of joint 2, is smooth and wine red. Length of larva 20 mm.
When disturbed, it ejects from its mouth a large quantity of dark red
fluid.

FirtH LarvaL Stace.—Mature larva. Head pale brown, blackish
around the mouth with a large round orange spot before the eyes. It is
granulated and pilose, the hairs small, and appearing frosted on the upper
part of the head. Width 6mm. The body is much contracted, and
much smaller at the extremities. Cervical shield pale brown, smooth,
hidden when the insect is at rest. Joint 2 is pinkish below. The body
is bright frosted white, thickly covered by little circular depressions, in
the centre of each of which is a minute frosted hair. These hairs are
longer on the anal plate, and the depression there less deep. Thoracic
feet pale brown. Venter and abdominal feet white, without the marks of
the dorsum. Length of larva 40 mm., greatest width of body 12 mm.,
greatest height 10 mm., width of joint 2 4.5 mm. Its place of conceal-
ment, at this stage, is formed of several leaves spun together and lined
with silk. Immediately after the moult, the body is colored as in the
previous stage, but the white color appears gradually in the course of
several days. .

The leaves the larva has spun together serve as its cocoon, and the
pupa is held by several transverse threads around the body, with the
cremaster fastened in others.

Pupa.—Robust ; abdomen large, eyes prominent. Two short pro-
minences on the head between the eyes. The leg and antenne cases
form a point extending below the wing cases. Cremaster excavate below,
with ridges at the sides above, curved downward, blunt, and terminating
in a number of brown hooks. The pupa has many small, rounded de-
pressions, and is minutely pilose. Color creamy white, a greenish tint
on the thorax and cases, and a yellow stripe on the upper part of the eye,
Length 32 mm., diameter of the abdomen ro mm., diameter of thorax 9
mm., width through the eyes 6 mm.

Foop PLrant.—Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle; larve from Dade Co.,
Florida. Iam not sure that the larval stage here first described is the
third, but consider it most probable.

Mailed October 6th.

~~ , ;
Che anailiay Entomologist

VOTE OCT LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1890. No. its

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE.

(Continued from page 199. )

The Club met again at 5 o’clock, August zoth. Mr. J. Fletcher pre-
sented some notes upon injuries caused by the Hessian Fly, the Wheat-
stem Maggot and an undetermined species of Oscinis. He said that the
note was presented with the object of eliciting further information upon a
subject which had proved of great interest to him. During the past
season he had endeavored to determine the number of broods of the
Hessian Fly for the Ottawa district, and had found, first, that the Hessian
Fly, the Wheat-stem Maggot and Oscinis were all found at the same time
and in the same plant, and further, that, speaking generally, they passed
through their stages contemporaneously. Of the three the last had proved
much the most destructive. From root shoots of wheat sown on the 14th
of April he had bred Hessian Fly and Oscinis at the end of June, and a
month later Meromyza had appeared. He had also noticed in some fields
at Ottawa that a large quantity of spring wheat was attacked by Hessian
Fly in the ground shoots, or stools, in the same manner as fall wheat is
attacked in the autumn.’ It was frequently the case that on plants which
had made from fifteen to twenty stools but one would be left, all the others
having been destroyed by the insects. He had procured adult Hessian
Flies at Ottawa during this season in the beginning of May, at the end of
June, and in August, and they would probably appear again in September.
He had not been able to find the Hessian Fly breeding in any of the
grasses, and would like to know if others had done so. Meromyza and
the Oscinis had been most troublesome pests in the experimental grass
patches at Ottawa, some grasses being almost exterminated by them. It
was remarkable that the spring appearance of Meromyza had been so
enormous as to have caused fear of a serious destruction of the wheat

214 % THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

crop. Asa matter of fact, however, there had been less injury, both to
small grains and grasses, than for many years previously. This diminution
he could only explain by the supposition that the eggs had been destroyed
by some predaceous insect. The eggs must have been laid in large num-
bers, but there was very little evidence of the presence of the larvee, either
in the standing wheat or barley, or in the root-shoots of barley. The
Oscinis he had been unable to identify ; but, through the kindness of Mr.
John Marten, of Illinois, he had learnt of some work which had been done
by Prof. Garman in Kentucky, upon what was probably the same species.
This, Mr. Marten said, had been doubtfully identified by Dr, Williston as
O. variabilts.

Prof. Garman stated that he had studied what appeared to be the
same species, and had prepared an article for publication. He also gave
some notes upon the life history and anatomy of the insect.

Prof. Osborn had taken at Ames, Iowa, numerous specimens of Oscinis,
one of which closely resembled that exhibited by Mr. Fletcher.

Prof. Alwood had studied in Ohio an Oscinis infesting oats, and had
published his results in Bulletin 13, Division of Entomology. He had
found the eggs, from two to eleven in number, were forced beneath the
sheath of the leaf, and that just prior to pupation the larva gnawed through
the epidermis and the pupa protruded so as to admit of the easy escape
of the adult.

Mr. Fletcher, referring again to Meromyza, stated that in many in-
stances he had found the egg deposited in the field upon the upper surface
of the leaf some distance from the stem, and asked if others had observed
this to be the case elsewhere.

Prof. Garman had found that the eggs were laid just above the sheath,
or sometimes pushed beneath it.

Prof. Webster stated that the eggs of the Hessian Fly had, in the
spring of the present year, throughout Southern and Central Indiana, been
deposited near the roots, the ‘flax-seeds” being found in that portion of
the plant ; while in the northern part of the State the case had evidently
been different, as the ‘‘ flax-seeds” were there almost invariably located
about the second joint.

The Secretary read a paper by Mr. Edward L. Graef, of New York,
upon the American Silk Worm Moths or Spinners, in which a serious

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 2

attack upon the shade trees of New York by P. cecropia was recorded,
and the suggestion made that this and other species might be turned to
account, if any means could be devised for manufacturing and utilizing
their silk. As a stimulus to this industry, Mr. Graef generously offered a
prize of fifty dollars for the best essay and model of apparatus for carrying
this suggestion into effect.

Thursday, August 21rst.—The Club met at 8a.m. Dr. C. M. Weed
read an interesting paper upon the clover-stem borer, Languria mozardi.
Fifteen species of plants were reported upon which the larva had been
found feeding. This paper was discussed by Profs. Cook, Alwood,
Osborn and others.

Prof. Alwood spoke of tobacco insects, of which he was making a
special study. | He had observed a stem borer which was very injurious.

Dr. Weed had learned of a tobacco root-louse in Southern Ohio.

Prof. Garman spoke of the mouth parts of several species of some
families of Thysanoptera, and stated that some recent studies had shown
him that the figures published did not agree with his material. He then
read the following paper :—

AN ASYMMETRY OF THE HEAD AND MOUTH PARTS OF THYSANOPTERA.

In a brief paper in the Bulletin of the Essex Institute I have recently
called attention to peculiarities in the structure of the head and mouth
parts which set this group quite apart from other orders of Hexapoda.
[This has no reference to affinities upon which, I believe, we are not pre-
pared to pronounce until this and several other groups have been more
completely studied.| In that paper it was claimed that the endocranium
of the species examined was not symmetrical, being deficient on the right
side ; that the labrum was one-sided ; that there was a developed mandi-
ble on the left side, with, at most, a rudiment on the right ; and that the
mandibles of authors were probably lobes of the maxillz.

At the time the paper was written I had not examined sufficient ma-
terial to enable me to say whether the features pointed out were limited
to certain species or were common to all members of the group. Since
then many additional forms have been examined, all, however, belonging
to the families Stenopteride and Coleoptratidz, and in no case has there
been found a departure in essentials from the structure of the head and

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

mouth parts as they were described in the paper referred to. It is pro-
bably safe to assume, threfore, that the asymmetry noted is characteristic
of these two families at least.

Of the group Tubulifera no representatives have been studied. I shall
not be surprised, since this is the lowest of the suborders, if examples of
Phleothrips are found to be more nearly symmetrical.

As an interesting fact, though in no way related to the main purpose
of this communication, I may mention that the solitary mandible of
Limothrips and Melanothrips is perforate, like the jaws of larval
Chrysopa, of Dytiscidz, and of Myrmeleon. In specimens of Coleoptra-
tide examined, both labial and maxillary palpi are composed of three
segments.

Vote-—Since my return to Lexington from the meeting of the
American Association I have secured a couple of very young Phleothrips.
My examination of these is not completed, but I have succeeded in
demonstrating the single jaw on the left side. The parts are greatly
elongated, and remind one of the same organs in Hemiptera. The
Styliform parts are especially long, extending, when retracted, into the
cranial cavity towards the eye, thence bending posteriorly and extending
along the posterior wall of the head to the mouth-opening. Both
mandible and styliform parts are perforate (or possibly grooved).

Two unmistakable tarsal claws are present in this genus. From their
relation of position to the pads the latter would seem to be modified
pulvilli. ;

Prof. Osborn was much pleased with what Prof. Garman had stated.
He had also observed some of the points mentioned in a special study
which he had made of these insects, and hoped Prof. Garman would
publish his results as soon as possible.

Dr. Weed presented a short paper on the oviposition of Listronotus
Jatiusculus. The eggs are laid in clusters of from five to ten upon the leaf
stalks of Sagiffaria variabilis, and are covered with small pieces of the
epidermis which are nibbled off by the adult beetle. This was discussed
by Messrs. Garman, Fletcher and Webster.

Mr. Charles Robertson, of Carlinville, Ill., read a most interesting

note upon the habits of the bee ELmphor bombiliformis, which was
originally described by Cresson as a MJedzssodes, but Paton, in revising the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 20%

genus, raised it to Hmphor. This bee, it was stated, confines itself
almost exclusively to Hidzscus, chiefly HZ. dasiocarpus. ‘The appearance
and habits of the bee were described. It was stated that in collecting
these bees it is important to catch those flying around the plant without
alighting, as these were generally the males, whilst those visiting the
flowers for honey and pollen were the females. On August 5th, when
walking along a dam with water on one side, he had noticed a female
standing upon the water; she then flew to a bank, and he observed that
she was carrying water to facilitate the excavation of hard ground, into
which she was burrowing to build her nest. Sometimes one pellet of
earth would be taken out after such an application of water, but at others
three or even four. An interesting discussion followed which was parti-
cipated in by Messrs. Osborn, Cook, Weed, Fletcher and others.

Prof. Osborn read the following note “‘ On a Peculiar Form of Coleop-
terous larva” :—Eleven years ago, while a student in coilege, I found a
peculiar form of larva boring in the twigs of ash trees, and it was de-
scribed at the time in the students’ journal at the college (The Aurora,
May, 1879, page 5,) under the caption “ A Grub With Legs on its Back.”
The description is as follows: “ The specimen was found boring in the
pith of a small twig on an ash tree near the road west of the college, ap-
parently beginning at or near the tip of the twig and working downward.
Numerous twigs were found that had been inhabited in this way, but only
one specimen of the borer was found—this about a quarter of an inch
long, quite slim, and nearly white. Its great peculiarity consists in the
disposition of its locomotive apparatus. ‘The first three segments follow-
ing the head are provided with the usual pair of legs, each in the normal
position—that is, on the ventral surface. The following six segments are
provided each with a pair of pro-legs, similar to those found on many
caterpillars, but, strange to say, these are arranged upon the dorsal
surface, exactly the opposite of the usual arrangement, while the number
six is different from either the caterpillars, where there are four or five, or
the saw-fly /arve, which have eight. The remaining three segments have
no propellers whatever. The beauty of this arrangement, for the con-
ditions of the borer, can at once be seen, for it has as much foot-hold above
as below. Placed upon a flat surface it could make no advancement, but
wriggled awkwardly about, evidently seeking its double foot-hold. Placed
between two thin plates of glass, it moved rapidly, using all its legs, and

'

218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

going with equal facility backward or forward, either side up. If provided
with some support at one side it was possible for it to travel by means of
the legs on its dorsal surface alone.”

During the present season an example of a similar larva has come to
my notice, specimens being first observed by Prof. L. H. Pammel, occur-
ing in the stems of Helianthus. Their possessing similar locomotive
organs upon the back called to mind the peculiar larva noticed years ago.
They differ, however, somewhat in colour as well as in the plant on which
they occur, and I find that they attacked voraciously dipterous larva that
were living in the same stems. Whether they are normally carnivorous
remains of course to be determined, but there can be no question of their
attacks upon these larvee, and apparently with the intent of obtaining food
from them. These specimens are of a light bluish colour, possessing pro-
legs upon segments 4-9, inclusive, and a pair of tubercles on the ventral
portion of the anal segment, as well as a dorsal tubercle on the terminal
portion of the same segment. In general appearance there is a striking
resemblance to the Zanguria larva, as shown in figure exhibited by Dr.
Weed, but in his drawing there is no indication of the dorsal feet.

The Club convened at 5 p.m., pee considered the following resolu-
tion :—

Resolved, “‘ Vhat it is the sense of the Club that the meetings of the
Association of Economic Entomologists and of the Entomological Club
would both be benefited by holding such meetings, if possible, at the
same time and place as the meeting of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science.”

After discussion by Messrs. Fletcher, Osborn, Cook, Alwood, Weed
and others, the resolution was unanimously adopted.

The Secretary read a paper by Prof. D. S. Kellicott, of Golummnast O.,
upon the “ Preparatory Stages of Hustrotia caduca.” He had collected
the larva upon Wuphar advena at Rives Junction, Michigan, in 1876,
From these he had bred a moth, afterwards named by Mr. Grote
E. caduca in the Canapian Entomo tocist, Vol. 8, p. 207. During July
of the present year he had again collected the insect at Corunna, Michi-
gan, and had succeeded in breeding and describing all the stages, which
were submitted herewith.

The larve found in 1876 were feeding in the fruit, but those studied

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219

during this summer were found upon the leaves. If these latter were
floating, the larvee were exposed on the upper surface, in other cases they
were beneath or concealed in folds. A different habit of swimming to
that of Arzama obliqguata, which progresses by horizontal undulations
was noted. £. caduca swims strongly, but by an entirely different motion.
The posterior third of the body is bent downwards like the tail of a
crayfish and then quickly pushed backwards, thus driving the insect
ahead by jerks.

Discussed by Messrs. Weed, Webster and others.

Prof. Cook reported having bred Agrotis C-nigrum through all its
stages upon black currant, the eggs having been laid in a cluster upon
leaves of that plant on 1st of June—the perfect insect appearing on the
ist of August.

Prof. H. Osborn read a note on the “Period of Development in
Mallophaga.” The habits of the species of Wa/ophaga render accurate
observations upon the time required in development of the eggs a matter
of considerable difficulty. While in some of the species upon very
common birds it is possible to get an abundance of material, in other
cases the opportunities for obtaining such material are very rare. But in
the most common species the difficulty of determining the exact time of
deposition of eggs, and then of keeping individuals in such conditions as
to insure a normal development, makes positive observations difficult.
This being the case, any observations which may add to our knowledge
of the subject seem of interest, and the present note is offered as one
such contribution.

The species chosen in the present case is the Mitzschia pulicare,
which is almost invariably to be found in abundance on the common
chimney swift (Chetura pelasgia). This bird is an abundant resident
of the building in which my laboratory is located, and being readily
obtained on account of its tendency to fly in at the windows, I suggested
to Mr. P. H. Rolfs, a graduate student in biology, that he attempt the
rearing of larve from eggs with a view to determine length of develop-
mental period in connection with studies of its embryology.

For this first purpose he secured on two separate occasions a number
of the eggs, and kept them, part in a tight paste-board box, which
was kept warm by the heat of his body, the others were enclosed in

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

cotton-plugged tubes under a hen that was kept in the laboratory at the
time for incubating eggs for embryological work. Of the first lot, all kept
in pocket, secured July 27th, two eggs hatched Aug. 4th, five between
Aug. 8—13th, one Aug. 16th, the last giving twenty days, the longest period.

Of the second lot secured, Aug. 3rd, six hatched between the 8th and
13th, four hatched Aug. 14th (three in box and one in tube), two Aug.
15th (one in box and one in tube), part not hatching, and the longest
period in this case being thirteen days.

Assuming that those requiring the longest time had been deposited
but a short time before the experiment began, we should have from
fifteen to twenty days as the ordinary time required for the eggs to hatch
for this species.

Mr. F. S. Earle presented some interesting notes upon the injurious
insects of the season in Southern Mississippi. Déabrotica 12-punctata
was a very abundant insect, and in addition to its weil known food plants
it had been a serious pest to peach trees and cabbages. Leaves of the
latter, bitten by the insect, at once decayed from the point of injury. Cut-
worms were very destructive in gardens, and cucumber and melon vines
were much injured by a plant-louse. Potatoes had been much attacked
by a black flea-beetle, and the tomatoes by the boll-worm in the fruit, and
on the leaves by the sphinx larvee.

Prof. Cook would like to hear the experience of those present as to a
practical remedy for the attack of the boll-worm upon the fruit of tomatoes.

Prof. Osborn said that Mr. Tracy had tried arsenical mixtures with
some success, and also had attracted the perfect insects to light.

Miss M. E. Murtfeldt read the following paper :—
SOME EXPERIENCES IN, REARING INSECTS.

In rearing insects, as with many other enterprises in life, we climb the
ladder to success by the rounds of successive failures, having in many
cases to exhaust an almost infinite range of “how wof to do it,” before
arriving at its happy converse. ;

Many and great are the disappointments of the entomologist ; but
does he succumb? Never! What single point in the biology of a
species has been relegated to the absolutely undiscoverable? I do not

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. O21.

know of one, no matter how obscure the subject or how little advance has
yet been made in the direction of its elucidation.

‘¢ Hope springs eternal” in the breast of the entomologist, and patience

and perseverance have in him their ‘‘ perfect work,” until Nature relents,
,

or is caught “ off guard,” and the secret, so carefully hidden, is revealed.

I am tempted to enumerate some of the discouraging circumstances
encountered by the biologist in this field.

Among the Lepidoptera, a majority of the Bombycide, Geometride
and Voctuide adapt themselves readily to the conditions of the rearing
cage. They accept the food provided and make the best of it, even after
it has become a little dry, which must sometimes occur when the care-
taker is pressed for time. They thrive in the closer and darker air, and
take such exercise as they require within their narrow walls of glass and
wire-cloth, and when the metamorphic impulse comes they contentedly
weave their cocoons in the corners of their prison, or bury themselves in
the two or three inches of cemetarial earth in the bottom of the cage, and
safely pass those mysterious transformations which give to this class of
beings their pre-eminent interest.

But there is a great deal of individuality, or rather, specificality, in
insects, and not infrequently specimens of larve are found for which the
collector taxes his ingenuity in vain to provide. Not the freshest of
leaves, the cleanest swept earth or the most well-aired of cages will seem
to promote their development. They wander about the cage with an ex-
hausting activity that pathetically suggests a realization of their imprisoned
condition. They nibble languidly at their food, and aimlessly spin mats
of web in inconvenient places, over the cracks of the door or cover, for
instance, and, before long, comes the morning when they are discovered
dead and discolored in the bottom of the cage, aud no more of them to
be obtained until another season. Or perhaps the cocoons are spun or
the transformation to pup safely effected under ground, and the ento-
mologist has full confidence that in due time he will obtain the much
desired imago, and, when it may be expected, watches hourly for its
emergence, and is rewarded by the appearance of an Of/zon or a swarm
of Zachina flies, or of some still smaller enemy, whose existence he did
not even suspect.

Again, the collector may be obliged to delegate his cares temporarily

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST:

to another, who, unused to the almost constant supervision necessary,
suffers the precious larva to starve, or, by an oversight, tosses it out with
the withered leaves, or crushes it in the hinges of the door, or, still more
aggravating, thoughtlessly raises the cover and allows some long looked
for imagine to dart out and escape through an open window. All that he
will remember for the benefit of the person chiefly concerned, will be that
it was a moth and “‘ seemed something peculiar.” As the entomologist
cannot afford a separate cage for each species, and as he had probably
put his choice unknown in with some well known forms of which he
wishes simply to increase his duplicates, he probably grasps at the hope
that the escaped insect was one of the latter, and so defers the full realiza-
tion of his loss until weeks and months have passed and all his expected
species have emerged, and then he hopes for better success another year,
and finds “ life well worth living” for this and similar reasons, which only
an ardent naturalist can appreciate.

In some respects too much care is as subversive of success as too
little. For instance, the very natural curiosity which the student feels to
examine into the state of the insect after it has been buried for a short
time in the earth. So he sifts the soil in his cage. and though he handles
it with all caution, the frail earthen cell in which his treasure is enclosed
falls in pieces, and the poor caterpillar in complete helplessness squirms
in the loosened earth. Despairingly he tries with clumsy fingers to re-
inclose it in the fragments of its cell, or attempts to form a substitute by
packing the earth so that it may not be smothered. In vain. In ninety-
nine cases in a hundred he never sees the imago.

While the hardy pupz of most noctuids will bear any amount of
handling, and by their activity will beat hard the earth about them at any
time, a few species absolutely resent the least disturbance. I think that
for seven or eight successive years Dr. Riley and I tried in vain to obtain
the imago from a beautiful larva found every autumn in greater or less
numbers on Guaphalium, and occasionally on the Asters and some other
Composite. Not being able to associate it with its species we designated
it the ‘pretty cut-worm.” It was Dr. Riley’s practice to have the earth
in his cages sifted occasionally during late autumn and winter to see how
the pupee were fareing, and to have each species collected into its par-
ticular corner or side of the cage, which was designated by the label on
the door.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 223

But in the case of this particular species this orderliness was fatal.
After Dr. Riley went to Washington, I resolved on the “let alone”
policy. I put the larve into a cage with clean earth with an admixture
of sand which I dampened slightly and only at considerable intervals
during winter, kept the cage in a very cool place, and the next summer
was rewarded with several fine specimens of J/amestra legitima, my only
disappointment being that it was a species by no means uncommon.

With me Scopelosoma sidus behaved in an almost equally capricious
manner, but was, after many trials, finally reared by adopting the same
methods as with /egitima. I now make it a practice to sift or change the
earth in my cages only in the spring and autumn before the hibernating
pupz are formed. Of course, if I wish to note pupal characteristics, I
have to run the risk of the disturbance, but this is only occasional. I
have found that frequent dampening, when the cages are kept in doors, is
also detrimental, and that hibernating larvee and pupe are far less likely
to suffer from drought than from dampness.

In rearing the Micro-lepidoptera —in which I have an especial interest
—various tactics must be pursued, and the imagination is often vainly
taxed to suggest a provision which the delayed changes and general un-
rest of the insect plainly call for.

Under natural conditions it is very difficult to keep track of these
small creatures. The leaves or flowers or fruits on which they may be
found feeding on one day will be deserted by the next, and during the
darkness they will have betaken themselves to parts unknown, the most
assiduous search failing to discover them. In the rearing jar some
species adapt themselves very kindly ; others will crawl about for days
spinning threads of silk over sides and cover and finally dry up without
effecting their transformations.

An accident to which the student is liable, and against which he can
with difficulty make provision, is to have the larva, which he has perhaps
just described and figured, escape. How often have I taken up a bottle
in which I had been rearing a particularly precious unknown, and found
a tiny hole in the muslin cover, or perhaps a little flap cut at the edge of
the bottle, telling only too surely of the loss and delay which a further
examination verified. The annual brooded species which appear in the
spring are the Jdetezs noir of the Micro-lepidopterist, especially such

224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

species as pupate on or just beneath the surface of the ground. They
have to be cared for during the long, hot summer, as well as the autumn
and winter, and to keep the safe middle course between the Scylla and
Chaybdis of drought and of the dampness which would promote the
equally fatal mould, requires the most careful attention, The annual
brooded species which later fold or mine the leaves, or feed in the fruit
capsules of various plants, or bore the stems, are comparatively easily
reared, with a few exceptions. It was a number of years before I suc-
ceeded in obtaining the moth from an interesting larva which fed in the
capsules of Pentstemon. This was owing to the peculiar change of habit
during hibernation. After eating ail the seeds from both divisions of the
capsule, it would thoroughly line one all with silk, after cutting an apera-
ture for escape, and ensconce itself, as might reasonably be supposed, for
its winter’s sleep. But no; the neatly lined cell was only a temporary
abode, which, during the inclemency of mid-winter, was to be deserted
for an entirely different one. Where, in the state of nature, I have not
yet been able to discover. In my rearing jars it perished, year after
year, to my inexpressible disappointment, until finally I wintered a num-
ber out of doors in a small wire cloth box closed with a cork. From this
collection I at last obtained the moth—a beautiful Conchy/is—from a
larva that had bored into and transformed within the cork. But for two
or three years I had only the single specimen, and next to the aggravation
of utter failure I rank the possessor of an unknown unique. It may be
new, and if sent to a specialist he will generally feel somewhat aggrieved
if you reserve the right of description and further impose upon him the
duty of returning the specimen. Then there is the danger of its destruc-
tion, either in the mail or express, to be braved, and yet, so long as one
does not know the species, or be assured that it is new, one never can
take full satisfaction in having bred it.

Last year I had the satisfaction of obtaining nearly a dozen imagines
of the Conchylis in question by providing a number of bits of pith and
cork in which the larvee bored after their desertion of the capsules where
they had fed.

Wherever I can make satisfactory arrangements for keeping track of
them, I winter my Micro-larve and pupe out of doors. Such species as
bore the pith of stems are very easily cared for, and leaf miners and
webbers I enclose on the surface of the ground, in some sheltered situa-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225

tion, under wire sieves or covers, bringing them in in the spring in order
to have the little moths emerge where they can more easily be chloro-
formed or transferred to the cyanide bottle.

I must confess that I have never had signal success in rearing such
species of the Zenthredinide as transform under ground. I have in mind
more than a half dozen species—the larvz of which are most interesting—
of which I have so far failed to obtain the imagines, in spite of my utmost
care.

The leaf and root-feeding beetles have always developed satisfactorily
for me, but the Cerambycide, which feed on growing wood, have given
me much trouble, and, in many cases, failed me utterly.

Orthoptera require but little care, as also do leaf-feeding Hemiptera,
but the Cannibal species of both these orders are more difficult to cater
to, and often refuse a diet that one would think would be irresistible.
This is especially true of the carnivorous bugs which I have found require
large space and ample provision to preserve them from fraternal rapacity.

With the aquatic orders I have had but little opportunity for experi-
ment, but think they must furnish many very interesting subjects.

I believe that costly insectaries are being constructed by many ento-
mologists, and no doubt will afford room for much thorough study of
forms and habits. But such costly appliances are not absolutely
necessary, and sometimes make observations more difficult than when the
conveniences are more primitive.

A secure enclosure, fresh food, fresh air and clean water in the bottles
are almost the only requisites in rearing the herbivorous species, and the
more constantly the cage or jar is under observation the more thoroughly
of course are the history and habits of the species revealed to us. When
I wish to know all about a species, I keep the cage or jar on one corner
of my desk and watch its occupant in the intervals of other work.

I cannot hope that I have conveyed much information in these notes
to those who have gone over the same ground, but I am at least sure that
I have recounted some of the experiences of every biological student of
insect life, and can sympathise in his disappointments and appreciate the
satisfaction of his successes.

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Friday, August 22nd.—The Club met at 8.30 a.m. Dr. Weed pre-
sented a short paper on the habits of Léxus concavus.

As reported in the bulletin of the Ohio Ex. Station, Mr. Alwood had
found this insect injuring the stems of rhubarb. During the past summer
he had bred it from all parts of the stem of the common curled dock.

Prof. Alwood stated that he had observed the larvee of Gortyna nitela
eating those of Lzxus.

Dr. Weed read a paper upon the habits of Psephenus Lecontei.

Prof. Webster and Mr. Fletcher also spoke on the habits of this beetle.

Prof. Hargitt read a note upon a large foliaceous gall which destroyed
the tips of the stems of various species of So/idago at Bloomington,
Indiana. In many instances as many as ninety-nine per cent. of the flower
stems had been destroyed.

Prof. Hargitt read a note upon the Canker Worm. He said: “ My
attention was drawn to an orchard near Oxford, Ohio, which, for three or
four years, had been seriously affected by this pest. In May, 1890, I
went to examine the orchard and found it thoroughly over-run by the
larve, many of the trees being actually dead, and several others in a very
weak condition. The orchard, viewed at a distance, had the appearance
of having been burned, the leaves being brown and dead. The trees
were most attacked upon the outer rows, particularly those adjoining a
wood. I recommended spraying with one of the arsenites, but it was too
late for the present season. I observed several small birds in the orchard
actively engaged in feeding upon the larvee, amongst them the cedar bird,
blue bird, summer warbler, chipping sparrow and field sparrow.”

Prof. Hargitt also read a note upon Cermatia forceps. He had found
that this Myriapod had become abundant in houses and the college
building at Oxford, Ohio, during the past two or three years. He had
experienced the same difficulty in keeping the insects alive in captivity,
as was mentioned by Dr. Lintner in his 4th Report. He had succeeded
in keeping them for several days and inducing them to take prey by
keeping them in dark quarters in a tin canister during the day. When
so confined they had fed freely upon house-flies, and other insects sup-
plied them.

Prof. Webster spoke of the predaceous habits of C. forceps, and its
special fondness for the Croton-bug ( Zctobia germanica ).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. yA

Mr. Fletcher had observed the insect when visiting Mr. Howard at
Washington, D. C., who had described to him its remarkable habit of
capturing the Croton-bug by springing over it and thus encaging it beneath
its many curved legs. He was of the opinion that those who had failed
to keep this insect in captivity had done so from omitting to supply a
sufficiency of moisture, and thought that Mr. Hargitt’s success in the
instance mentioned, where the insect was put ina tin can, was more due to
this cause than to the darkness. J/yriapods are generally found in damp,
dark places.

The Club proceeded to elect officers for the ensuing year. Prof.
Cook, the retiring President, congratulated the members upon the
harmony which had existed throughout the sessions, and was glad to find
that, although some old and pessimistic members of the Club had pre-
dicted that it had run its course and would soon flicker out like a spent
candle, he was glad to find that the present meetings had not only been
the best attended for many years, but that the discussions and papers
had been equally interesting to those of any meeting which he had had
the pleasure of taking part in. He wished the Club every success and
trusted that it would grow stronger and stronger every year. The follow-
ing officers were elected :—

President, Prof. Herbert Osborn, Ames, Iowa.
Vice-President, Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt, St. Louis, Mo.

Secretary, Dr. C. M. Weed, Columbus, Ohio.

Prof. Osborn, at the invitation of the President, introduced the subject
of the use of contagious diseases in combating injurious insects. He said
that he had already published a paper in the Transactions of the Eastern
Iowa Horticultural Society for 1886, pp. 400-405, upon this subject ; but
that it was of such importance that he desired to hear it discussed by the
members of the Club. He first mentioned the well-known fungous and
bacterial diseases which attack insects, as Muscadine, Grassen or Jaun-
dice, Pebrine, Flacherie or Flaccidity, Foul-brood of Bees, Fly and
Grasshopper Fungus, and the White-grub Fungus, and called attention to
the fact that we were already able to control those which affect important
domestic species, as Silkworms and Bees, and that to some extent at
least we are able to control those available as agents in destroying

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

injurious species. After considering the various conditions limiting the
applicability of this means, he drew the following conclusions :—

(1) That there are diseases amply sufficient as a basis for economic
work, the bacterial forms giving the most promise for all cases where
early results are desired, while those due to fungi, so far as present
knowledge goes, propagating slowly, can only be used as slow but
efficient checks to injurious forms, the most that we can do with them
being to introduce them in localities where they are not already found.

(2) That the diseases can be controlled to the extent of preserving the
germs for a season and transporting them from place to place to use for
inoculation, but that their spread in nature will be affected by conditions
beyond control, while only such insects as occur gregariously, or live in
mingled hosts, can be attacked to advantage.

(3) That the cost of application would prevent its adoption except in
certain forms.

(4) That we must consider this method of contending with insects at
best as but one of a number of profitable methods to be used in certain
cases where other methods are insufficient, and to supplement other
methods when it can be done to advantage. With this end in view,
the diseases of insects are worthy of the most careful study, and will not,
he thought, disappoint the investigator in their final results.

Mr. Fletcher thought that the chief difficulty with regard to these
fungous diseases was their cultivation so that they might be available at the
time when needed. One trouble with him had been carrying them over
the winter.

Prof. Hargitt spoke of a fungous disease which had attacked the
canker worm.

Prof. Cook thought the greatest difficulty in making use of contagious
diseases for the destruction of insects was the fact that the insects which
it was desired to treat were not always in a susceptible condition.

Prof. Garman thought that although fungous diseases were difficult to
introduce, bacterial diseases would probably be more controllable.

The meeting adjourned till 5 o’clock.

Prof. Atkinson spoke on the “Injurious Insects of Alabama.” A

bud worm had been extremely injurious to young corn, piercing the
central shoot and destroying its growth. Déabrotica 12-punctata had

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229

also been injurious in the same manner ; and, if there were not sufficient
food in the stem, the larve descended to the roots and tunnelled out
irregular channels on the surface. They pupated in the ground. A new
attack had been observed on the “Irish potato,” viz, by the Cabbage Plusia,
which had attacked the leaves. The same insect had been very injurious
to cabbages. In the Southern part of the State more harm had been
done by the Plusia than by the cabbage worm. At Mobile farmers had
complained that 50 per cent. of their melons had been injured by a
worm. Scolytus rugulosus had been very abundant at Auburn in the
spring, attacking trunks which appeared to be perfectly sound. Onions
had been badly injured by a species of Thrips. Another species had also
been injurious to cotton plants.

Prof. Cook stated that he had also seen a Thrips injuring onions in
Michigan.

Prof. Webster stated that he had studied Scolytus rugulosus and had
found that it invariably attacked trees which were injured. In a single
instance, where the beetles had commenced operations on a sound tree,
he found that they afterwards left it.

Prof. Cook made some remarks upon the effect of mild winters upon
insect presence. He had found cut-worms and saw-flies very abundant
in Michigan during the present season. He had also bred a new borer
from the black currant, z. ¢., the small longicorn beetle Wyperplatys ma-
culatus. He had also found that the larve of Aegerta tipuliformis had
been largely destroyed by a fungous growth like that of the white grub.
The leaves of cherry, pear and quince had been badly attacked by the
larvee of saw-flies, but they had been easily kept in check by applications
of road dust.

Dr. C. M. Weed presented a paper upon the “ Oviposition of Dectes
spinosus upon Ambrosia trifida.” He also gave some account of the in-
sect, in all its stages, from specimens which he had bred.

During the meeting a most interesting set of photographs was exhi-
bited by Prof. Webster, showing a likeness of Thomas Say, his birthplace,
the house where he lived during the greater part of the time he was writ-
ing his works, his tomb and an autograph. Prof. Webster had a few sets
of the photographs struck off when his own were printed and is willing
to let entomologists have them at the actual cost of production.

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE ARCTIIDZ OF TEM-
PERATE NORTH AMERICA, WITH NOTES.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
(Continued from page 208, Volume xxzt. )
HT. roseata Wik.
1866—Wlk., App. to Lord’s Trav. in Vanc., 336 (?), Hadisidota.
cinnamonea Bdv.
1868—Bdv., Lep. Cal. (Ann. Soc., Belg., XII.), 80, Phegoptera.
1869—Grt. & Rob., Trans. Ann, Ent. Soc., III., 175, pv. sy.
Habitat—Vancouver, Calif.
As the description of this species is not readily accessible to students,
I reproduce it here :—
“Female rosy red; body densely clothed, and partly pale yellow
beneath ; head with a pale yellow band on the front ; palpi extremely
short ; thorax with six longitudinal pale yellow streaks; abdomen rosy,
lanuginous and partly yellow to the base, extending much beyond the
hind wings; fore wings with some pale yellowish streaks toward the
base, with three exterior whitish macular, very oblique bands ; spots
mostly cuneiform ; costa straight; tips slightly acute ; exterior borders
slightly convex, extremely oblique; first and second inferior veins con-
tiguous at the base ; third very near the second ; fourth remote from the
third ; hind wings whitish cinereous, slightly hyaline; veins and fringe
slightly yellowish. Length of the body, 7 lines; of the wings, 20 lines,
‘‘This species may form a new genus. It differs somewhat from
Halisidota in the structure of the veins of the fore wings.”
FHT. scapularis Stretch.
1885—Stretch, Ent. Amer., I, 106, Halisidota.
Habitat—New Mexico.
H1. significans Hy. Edw.
1888—Edw., Ent. Amer., III., 182, Hadisidota.
Habitat—-New Mexico.
ff. sobrina Stretch.
1873—stetch,,.Zyg...and, Bombe. 87,,.1¢5,1 pl. Vilbs cima y
Flalisidota.
1873—Edw.*, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., V., 369, Hadisidota.
Habitat—California. m
Food-plant—Pinus insignis.

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—

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
v

1, tessellaris Sm. Abb.
1797—Sm. Abb.*, Ins. Ga., II., 149, pl. 75, Phalena.
1816—Hbn., Verzeichiss, 170, Hadisidota.
1837—Geyer, Zutr., No. 470, ff. 939-940, Hadlesidota.
1833—Harris, Cat. Ins., Mass., 592, Arctza.
1841—Harris*, Rept. Ins., Mass., 260, Lophocampa.
1856—WIlk., C. B. Mus., Lep. Het., III., 732, Hadisedota.
1860—Clem., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., XII, 534, Malzszdota.
1862—Morris, Synopsis App., 348, Hadzszdota.
1862—Harris*, Inj. Insects, 364, Lophocampa
1863—Saund.*, Syn. Can. Arct., 19, Hadiszdota.
1864—Walsh*, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H, IX., 289, Halis7dota.
1870—Walsh*, Am. Ent., I., 205, Lophocampa.
1873—Stretch*, Zyg. & Bomb., 87, 137, pl. VL, f. 9, 2, Halisidota.
1882—Grote, New List, 16, Hadlzstdota tessellata.
antiphola Walsh.
1864—Walsh*, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., [X., 288, Hadiszdota.
1864—Walsh*, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 412, 413, Hadsszdota.
1864—Grt,, Proc. Ent! Soc., Phill; 536; pro syz:
1865—Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 197, pr. sya.
var. harrisit Walsh.
1864—Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., III., 430, Hadlestdota.
1865—Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., V., 197, 7. var.
1870—Walsh, Am. Ent., I., 205, Lophocampa,
1873—Stretch, Zyg. and Bomb., 137, £7. var.
Habitat—Canada to Texas ; Illinois, Indiana, Missouri.
Food-plants—Oak, sycamore, beech, hornbeam, plane.
H. trigona Grt.

1879—Grt., No. Am. Ent., I., 46, Hfa/iszdota.
1881—Grt., Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci., VII., 64, Halisidota.
Habitat—-New Mexico.

Genus EUHALESIDOTA, Grt.
7865, Grty, Proc, Ent: Soc., Phil, V., 243.

Head moderate; eyes large, not prominent ; tongue of medium
length, corneous ; palpi short, scarcely exceeding the front; terminal
joint very short ; antennze long, in the male heavily pectinated ; legs
increasing in length posteriorly ; spurs normal in number and moderate in
length.

232 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In venation I can find no notable differences from Hadiszdota, and the
only examined species, /omga, alone considered, I cannot find any
difference save in the wing form. In Ewzhadlisidota the primaries are
longer and more pointed. Mr. Grote, in describing the genus
originally, had only a single rubbed female before him, and pointed out
some distinctive characters which seem inconstant.
£., longa Gtt.
1880—Grt., Can. Ent., XIL., 213, Euhalisidota.
Habitat— Florida. :

£. pura Neum.
1882—Neum., Papilio, II., 133, Auhalisidota.
Habitat—Arizona.

Genus ALEXICLEs, Grt.

1882—Grt., Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci., VIII., 46.

Eyes hairy, head produced ; the thick clypeal vestiture conceals the
small palpi; abdomen short, male antennz pectinated; wings rather
long and narrow, entire, sub-diaphanous. Cell in primaries closed, veins
3-5 arising near together.

The above genus is unknown to me, and the characters given are
from Mr. Grote’s description, and all that he gives. He says, ‘‘ In plac-
ing it among the Avctzans I have probably not found its best place.” No
family characters are given, so it is impossible to guess where the genus
belongs. The neurational characters given are as much noctuid as
arctiid, while the origin of vein 8 of secondaries, which would have
probably decided the propriety of its reference to the Arctians, is not
mentioned at all. In fact, except by the identification of the species, the
genus is not recognizable. The species is 4. aspersa Grt.

1882—Grt., Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci., VIII., 46., AZexzcles.
Habitat—New Mexico.

I have now gone over all my notes in the family. The bibliography
is probably not complete, but it embraces references to the descriptions
of all the species and nearly all the genera. by far the greater number
of references are original, and nearly all have been verified. The notes
on the structural characters have gradually accumulated, as I rarely lost
an opportunity of making an examination of a species coming into my
hands, nor of noting the contents of books which I found occasion to
examine in my studies on the moctuide. In arranging the Arctizde of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 230

the National Museum collection it became necessary to examine some of
the species for determination, and the facts gleaned in this way were
noted. The localities given are very incomplete, as here I failed. I
neglected localities for structure, and the list does not, therefore, give a
fair idea of the distribution of many of the species.

The economic literature has been almost entirely omitted, since it
rarely became necessary for me to refer to it. Mr. Hy. Edwards’s list of
the early stages will supplement the present catalogue in this respect.
The object sought here is to bring within reach of the student the
knowledge of where the literature of the family can be found, if he
desires to study it systematically. I have also given my own observations
which may serve as a Starting point for others, and may aid in determina-
tion and a knowledge of the characters upon which the genera are based.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

1. Front tuberculate ae URI 2 Aner, Shea tie Petre et blk aie ae
Front smooth . een ay 2 ER aR: te gage ER A
2. Anterior tibia named: accessory et WATMUINE fs ernie sey 3 ..Cydosia
Anterior tibia with a ae at tip ; primaries with an acces-
SOGVERGE ye sees eo iaats «is, NMS Ea ha eile, Ole te or cue as COPPER MOSER
aueVelnesot secondaries wantins OFWeRy faints). retainer = 4
Vein 5 of secondaries present. . oe Pena ire: Seer Sean
4. Primaries long and narrow, ecoldanes ‘broad ahd iaeee peace
Primaries broad, secondaries smaller, proportionate ........Cvocota
5. Vein 8 of primaries wanting ; 11 veins........ Pecos teen et arsenee 0
Wein o.Of Wrimanes PRESeMh ; 1:2 Vell’. 5 wv. cepa eyes dace oe 7
6. Vein 10 of primaries from the subcostal; 3 and 4, and 6
and 7 of secondames stalked). "Sries 2.5 3.5 Meg gee ae sO PAELU
Veins 7 to 10 of primaries on a stalk out of the end of the
cell ; veins on secondaries notStalked...............#pialiia
7. Vein 10 of primaries from the subcostal . RES ROE ae:
Veins 7 to 10 of primaries stalked out of thie end se calle 23 vole
Ge Necessony seell\ present Ol -PriMaricseer es waiad sess ances eee ee news Q
Accessory, celliwanting onyprimariese.¢. ...2-...... 1 ayaa ghee
g. Antenne of ¢ bipectinated.. eh Ne 5 Sha ice:

‘Antenne of f with single itera eats: ony.
Primaries narrower, parallel, apices rounded ; secondaries
arco btGakiame eras Asc. ema Obes sa ls ose sels ethers

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Io.

II.

I2.

1s.

iA

a

16.

17

18.

19.

20.

Primaries broader, trigonate, apices marked ; secondaries

PFOPOLLIONAte Hel ec 6. 6 FR MeRe 4 PS. ee ie ee ene ee ae
Tongue weal and short... . «.. CURRMeR so. A ee eee
Tongue moderate or ibneid Pe ee L Ap gaiae bas
Fore tibia with a small spine at tp, wings “bread aa inne, Buprepia
Fore tibia unarmed.

Wangs broad, Size large: J) J". RM eles). 2545.0 da oh taee anee e
Wings moderate, size smaller. Behe cs Elles ke
Primaries broad, apices not proce secondaries propor-

tionate . ee : dete .. Luchetes
Primaries bad apices } prodiicea Pate. secondanees

small. Sopeesuun : “isis .. Lupseudosoma
Brine es! narrow, vith canis poniticed bes sec- ec { fTalisidota

ondaries still smaller. Sener... ieee Luhalisidota
Primaries still narrower, size Smaller’... 0. sss svn e se oe ne eee
Vein 8 of secondaries wanting . 24.<........058 +: oo eRe
Vein: 8.of secoudames present’... : Wie. '.'s 2s ae ee ee eee
Median spurs..ef hind ‘tibia’ wantitigy, 50.5. J yng: ae oes ee oe
Median spurs of hind tibia presemiiy,; .. .:... 202. obs spake ene
ANteniOr tibia armed ‘ai tipo... ORIRReE GS = se sis Dean es mice ee
Anterior tibia unarmed at, tip! 5 gees «< es oe, « sepa ee
Tibial armature consisting of a long claw..... oe es
Tibial armature consisting of a stout spine each side of

tip 22 antenne pectimaicd fee. . 6.0 sae chat. 0 Leemeeranls
Tibial armature consisting of a small spine at each side

of tips 2 antennze simple . ogi sige ia se ss eee ae
Primaries broad and obtuse, secondaries proportionate... . Leptarctia
Primaries long, apices acutely produced ; secondaries

Smalenidate . 00... ary gunn Aenea aie ose sae a wig nig min Lee ECM
Anitenne/of > .pectinated,.:..c seams. 2) «cert saison eee
Antenne’ simple in both SCXES ...dgemitas wad.) .\p)atie ls oh. Ape hit eee
White species with more produced apices...............Sptosoma
Tawny species with broader, more obtuse wings..........Antarctia

Primaries narrow, elongate, apices acute; secondaries
rounded); yestiture dense ; colorstawny <i...’ . ci jae Pyrrharctia

Re Ze Ae ADM
BSASES gene
COMSAD ASE

25) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Primaries broader, apices marked, but hardly acute ;

vestiture thin; color reddish....:..-............£Aragmatobia
Primaries still broader, apices long acute ; secondaries sub-
ealdate; size largess. :)...'. Be ch .. Arachnis

The synopsis shows plainly the ance ation cE some ‘of the genera,
though the series is arbitrary in its arrangement. Excluding the
Cydosiine, which perhaps indicate a tendency to the Noctuid, we have
two fairly distinct series. In the one we find a usually small head,
somewhat retracted, and more or less obsolete tongue. The antennz are
moderate in length or short. In the other series, the head is larger, more
free, the tongue stronger and longer, and the antennz are usually longer
and more prominent. The position and origin of vein 10 serves as a
good basis of division, and this corresponds to some extent with the
other characters. The entire family needs further revision. ‘The genera
allied to Arctéa are scarcely sufficiently distinguished, and so Euhadlisidota
seems scarcely distinct from Hadiszdota.

Melanchroia, Daritis and Kodiosoma are not included in the synopsis.
Ectypia and lVelphe are placed partly by guess, from lack of types for
examination.

Eupseudosoma has been sent me by Mr. Conradi, and is a close ally
of Hadisidota, differing in the broader primaries, and very long oblique
outer margin.

Finally, the present paper consists rather of a series of notes prepara-
tory to a study of the family, than a critical study. With a good collec-
tion at hand, there should be no difficulty anywhere in the family, except
perhaps in Hadlisidota.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

I. Venation of Guophela hoppfert. 8. Venation of Phragmatobia rubricosa,
2, th “© Crocota ferruginosa. 9. + “ Antarctia vagans.
ah, oe “* Utethesia bella. 10. 7 <* Splosoma virginica.
4 * “ Epicallia virginalts. Tile ce ‘* Hyphantria textor.
5 eS “© Euprepia caja. Arctia 12. ns ‘© Euchetes egle.
does not differ. 13. 5 ** Arachnis picta.
6. ‘F “© Nemeophila. 14. i ‘© Ecpantheria scribonia,
Tho a “© Setrarctia echo. Leucarctta 15. ne “* Halisidota carye.
and Pyrrharctia do not
differ.

Cydosia and Cerathosia were figured in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1888 ;
Callimorpha and Luerythra were figured in the same publication the year previous,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 237

NOTES ON COLEOPTERA—NO. 6
BY JOHN HAMILTON, M. D., ALLEGHENY, PA.

Corymbites nigricornis Panz. (metadlicus Payk. mitidulus Lec.)

This species is widely distributed in North America, from Hudson Bay
to Massachusetts, and westwardly to the Rocky Mountains, through which
it extends to New Mexico. It also inhabits Siberia, Central and Northern
Europe. The typical form (European) is described as metallic black, with
the two basal joints of the antennz and the feet rufous. The American
forms found in Northern Michigan and at Sudbury, Ontario, agree with
this description, except that I have seen no example with more than the
first basal joint of the antenne rufous. Moreover, specimens occur with
the hind angles of the thorax rufescent, and the feet varied in different
ways from rufous to entirely brown. From the more southern parts of
Canada and from Massachusetts comes a form with a narrow margin and
the hind angles of the thorax, its inflexed sides, the prosternal lobe, the
epipleura of the elytra, sides of the abdomen and narrow posterior mar-
gin of the ventral segments rufous ; the feet varying in colour, as in the
typical forms.

Except in colour there appears to be no other separative, but this is
so striking that it is not obvious, without some study, that the forms are
all one thing. No such variation seems to have been recorded among the
European forms.

Petalium bistriatum Say.—This is a very small thing, from .o4 to .o8
inch in length, black, with rufous feet and antennz, and is frequently
beaten from bushes by the collector. There is a form raised abundantly
from dead hickory of two years, that is entirely castaneous, with the other
characters noways different, except that the dorsal strize of the elytra are
fairly well marked, the intervals with rows of fine soft hair, and the 8th
joint of the antenne, though still short, can be seen in life with a lens ;
whether this is sufficient difference to be the basis of another species 1s
left to the future monographer. The genus is readily known from all
others in this difficult family by the large metasternum projecting forward
separating widely the middle coxze, and by the second ventral segment of
the abdomen being as wide as the remaining three conjointly. The in-
sects of this family have a very provoking habit of tucking away the an-
tennz and folding the legs so as to elude observation without a trouble-

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

some process. I find it very satisfactory to collect them alive and to place
them on the slide of the microscope in a drop of chloroform, which quiets
them for a minute, and when reviving the antennz and legs are extended
slowly and may be seen rather better than by dissection.

Raised from the same wood with the above was a specimen of Hadro-
bregmus .18 inch long with eleven jointed antennze, which if not pwmzlus
is a new species, the size constituting the principal difference observed.

Several examples of Xy/etinus peltatus were likewise bred from this
wood.

Purpuricenus axillaris Hald. (Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., X., 31).—This fine
species is not uncommon here, and this season numerous examples were
bred from hickory wood deadened two years and one-half ago. In the
catalogue it is set down as a variety of Aumeradis Fab., but the reason is
not very obvious. It is smaller, .45 to .65 inch, (Haldeman gives, .50 to
.75 inch, but in over 100 examples I never saw one over .65 inch, .50 to.55
inch being the usual length) ; cylindrical in outline ; thorax moderately
foveate-reticulate ; elytra sparsely moderately punctured on the basal
third, which is mostly of a pale lemon color to orange yellow ; the apical
two-thirds is entirely black, the anterior portion of which is punctured a
little more finely than the yellow portion, and the posterior very finely
and densely ; a black hair arises from each puncture forming a dense pile
that completely conceals the punctuation ; the underside is moderately
finely sparsely punctured; the black and the yellow portions of the
elytra are separated transversely by an irregular border, though the
black has no tendency to advance along the suture, but rather the
reverse.

flumeralis is larger, .7o to 1t.0oc inch, considerably depressed and
broader in proportion to the lengths ; the thorax is very rugosely foveate-
reticulate ; the elytra on basal third are coarsely sparsely deeply punc-
tured ; the punctures on the apical black part are somewhat finer but not
dense, and are not concealed by the black hairs ; the underside is coarsely
punctured ; the apical black of the elytra advances normally along the
suture to the scutellum, leaving a triangular basal space on each side
extending to the marginal third of a bright scarlet color, but sometimes
orange. In some individuals the basal spot becomes dilated posteriorly
so as to be separated only by a black sutural line, and then the specimen

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239

resembles axz//aris, but only in coloration. To me they are separate
species.

Dorcaschema nigrum Say.—This species requires two years for
development, breeding in dead hickory limbs, from a barrel of which
more than 500 specimens were obtained from June 3rd to 25th. The
larve live under the bark till May of the year in which the beetle
appears. As the time for pupation approaches they develop an enormous
appetite and eat broad cavities in the wood under the bark through
which their dust is ejected by a perforation. Some of them pupate in
these cavities in which they partition off a suitable space with a wall of
compacted dust ; but the greater number bore obliquely into the wood to a
greater or lesser depth and distance and then outwardly again till near
the surface, packing their burrows solidly. The larve do not bore
entirely to the outside, but stop short one-eighth to one-sixteenth of an
inch, leaving the remainder of the wood and the bark to be cut through
by the matured beetles, which are just as capable of boring a hole as the
larve. And in this connection I would state that I have ascertained
this season that in the case of Saperda Fayi and S. concolor, the beetles,
and not the larvee, bore the holes to escape by. In the pupa state the
very long antennz are coiled into a spiral of three and lie on the wing
pads. In the development probably one-fourth of the beetles are unable
to free the entire antenne from the envelope and appear with one or
both deficient in some of the external joints.

Tymnes metasternalis Crotch.—This species appears to be rare among
collectors. Crotch described it from Illinois briefly : ‘‘ Very similar to the
preceding [tricolor, the bronze variety], but elytra more sparesly punctate,
subcostal ; metasternum and ventral segments closely and deeply punctate.
L. .22 inch.” This season 1 took twenty-five examples of a form that
suits this description well enough, except that in length they measured
from .16 to.1g inch, which represents a much smaller insect, but which for
the present may bear the name. In ¢rzcolor the metasternum is scarcely
sparingly punctate and highly polished, and there are scarcely any ab-
dominal punctures. This, with the much larger size and more convex
form, are sufficient distinctions. With Rhabdoptera picipes Oliv. ( Col-
aspis pretextata Say) it may be very readily, and probably is, often con-
founded, as they are nearly of the same size, colour and sculpture, but the
underside of pzcépes is smooth like in Z: ¢vécolor and the tibiae are not

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

produced at the apex toa point. The beetles were beaten from a small
Crategus growing in a fence corner at the edge of a large grove on June
2nd, 6th and 12th, many of them paired; other bushes of the same
species nearly yielded none. Zymmes tricolor is rather abundant, vary-
ing in the colour and sculpture of the upper side ; the bronze coloured is
the largest and roughest, occurring in June and July, usually on chestnut ;
the green variety is found at the same time on hickory, individuals being
sometimes bright blue and an occasional one bright coppery. I once took
two of the green variety early in April in hibernation, though this is pro-
bably an exception to its habit.

Tymnes chrysis Oliv.—This species when found is abundant, but it
seems to occur in localities. So far, it has been taken on hickory
sprouts growing from stumps, and occurs in June and July. As it has
not been described in American works I give a translation of Olivier’s:
“ Golden-green, thorax and elytra punctate; antenne and feet rufous.
Like Z: viridis; antenne, palpi, labrum above and feet rufous ;
body green or brassy-green. Sometimes brassy-green, brilliant, shining ;
head, thorax and elytra punctate. New York, Georgia.” Oliv., Vol. 6,
886, No. 16, and figure. 7! viridis Fab. is the green form of ¢rzcolor,
which is more brilliant in the Southern States, whence were Olivier’s
specimens. Olivier’s description is applicable as far as it goes, but a
greater abundance of material shows more variation. The large majority
of examples are greenish blue to cobalt blue, while violaceous and bright
coppery individuals occur ; in some examples the thorax is of one of these
colours and the elytra of another; the antennz are often darker out-
wardly ; the femora are usually piceous black, with the tibiz and _ tarsi
pale. This is varied in different ways, and sometimes all are piceous.
The underside is black or piceous, shining, sparsely, finely and irreg-
ularly punctate. Length .18 to .20 inch. This species has the thorax
and elytra smooth and rather closely and evenly punctate, and without the
elytral rugosities of the other species, and arranged by this character it
would be the first or the last of the series.

Rhabdoptera (Colaspis) picipes Oliv. (pretextata Say).—Olivier
describes his picifes as having the thorax jizeZy punctured, and as being
a little Zarger than Zymnes (Colaspis) viridis Fab., the green variety of
ZT. tricolor. It is difficult to find a North American insect in full
accord with this description if rigidly interpreted. The bronze form of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. yea

T. tricolor with which it has been united has the thorax not very
coarsely but still not finely punctured, and in this respect does not quite
answer, though usually a little larger than vzrzd‘s.

Rhabdoptera pretextata Say, with which Dr. LeConte formerly united
it, and more recently Dr. Horn, with the precedence, has the thorax
punctured as in ¢récolor, and is too small by nearly one-half. Olivier’s
description translated is: “ Beneath piceous; above shining, fusco-
aneus; antenne testaceous, apex black, a little larger than C. viride Fab.
Antenne testaceous, last two joints fuscous; body above shining,
beneath piceous ; thorax finely punctate ; elytra punctate with confluent
punctures. Throughout Carolina.” <A figure accompanies this descrip-
tion.

This is as good a description of the bronze form of ¢ricolor as
Olivier gives of either wirédis or chrysis, and as the same exactness of
expressjon did not prevail then as now, the really not very coarsely
punctured thorax might have been considered fine by him. It seems
scarcely just to Mr. Say to supercede his name, accompanied by a fairly
good description, by one that, according to the describer, applies to an
insect nearly twice the size and which, like a hermit crab, has been
wandering about a long time in search of a suitable shell. In neither of
the two species are the elytra confluently punctured. This species is
distributed from Canada to Florida and westward to the Rocky Moun-
tains. It occurs here abundantly on the Vitacee, especially the wild
grape.

There is an undescribed species of Co/aspis or Rhabdoptera (if the
genus is valid) found in North Carolina, of which I have examples, which
is of the proper size to suit the description of fzczpes, has the elytra what
may be termed rugosely punctured, and the thorax scarcely more coarsely
than ¢ricolor or pretextata; but it is brilliantly green above. There
may, however, be examples, as in nearly all similarly coloured insects, of
bright golden or coppery individuals, and if so, it would fit Olivier’s de-
scription better than either of the other species. There is a difficulty that
must be met, or satisfactorily explained, before there can be certainty in
any assignment, that is; the name “‘ pzc7fes,” and the statement that the
underside is ‘‘ Azceous.” Olivier, in describing the other species, names the
colour of the legs, which he here does not do, and the legitimate inference

242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

with the name given is that he had before him an insect with dark legs,
which neither of the species mentioned nor the nondescript has, and with
little tendency to in any individual observed. Possibly the insect described
may belong to some foreign country.

Haltica ignita Ill.—This species is so protean in colour, form and in
the wide range of the vegetation it affects, that it is difficult to believe all
the forms included under this name really belong to one species till one
looks for tangible structural differences. It has a very extended distribu-
tion, from the Hudson Bay region to Florida and Texas, and was
described by Dr. LeConte, from Fort Simpson, on the McKenzie river,
under the name zzerata. It is easily separable into at least three races,
two of which occur here in the greatest abundance. The first is the
typical form, having the upper side of a brilliant golden-copper colour,
though individuals occur with it violet or green. It is found during May
on Azaleas growing among huckleberry. A colour variation of this
form is found at the same time on Kalmia, with the upper side entirely
green, individuals occurring of a coppery and violet colour, or with the
thorax violet, or coppery and the elytra greeh. The length of this form
is from .14 to.17 inch; the punctuation of the elytra is comparatively
coarse and not very close.

The second form is much smaller, .t1 to .13 inch in length; the
punctuation of the elytra is finer and less distinct ; the form is less
elongate, and more depressed; the colour of the upper side is either
green or violet, but individuals occur with all the variations of the preced-
ing. It appears here about the first of June and depredates on the
Rosacez, seeming to have a special fondness for the wild plum, wild
cherry and wild strawberry. I have this variety from New Jersey,
Florida and Texas; the preceding, from Wisconsin, Michigan and
Canada. Dr. Horn, in his Monograph of the genus, mentions a deep
blue race, and likewise a brown race without metallic lustre, as occurring
in Florida, but I have met with neither. This species is distinguished
from all others except chalybea and nana by the deep ante-basal groove
of the thorax, which extends compZetely across to the marginal depres-
sions.

Mailed November 5th.

The Canailiay Fantomologist

VOL. XXII. LONDON, DECEMBER, 1890. No. 12.

THE HABITS OF THE POMEGRANATE BUTTERFLY (VIR-
ACHOLA ISOCRATES) OF INDIA, AS RECOUNTED BY
DE NICEVILLE, (BUTT. INDIA, III, 478-481).

Larva .8 of an inch in length when full grown; ground-colour
blackish-brown, the constrictions between the segments well marked, the
head comparatively large, fuscous, covered with rugosities or short semi-
circular tubercles, the segments rapidly increasing in size to the fourth,
then gradually tapering to the thirteenth, which latter is about as wide as
the second segment ; second segment anteriorly flesh-coloured, the third
segment entirely flesh-coloured, the seventh and eighth bearing a large
dorsal square flesh-coloured patch, the three anal segments scutate, all
the segments widely pitted and covered with short but coarse black
bristles, which are more numerous at the sides and whitish. This larva is
very ugly, to be accounted for, perhaps, by its passing its life out of sight
in the interior of a fruit. In Calcutta I have reared the larva on the fruit
of the Randia dumetorum Lamk., which belongs to the Madder family
(Rubiacee). I once found a larva in the fruit of the Loquat (Zrvobotrya
japonica Lindl.), of which it ate the hard central seed or stone only. It
emerged on April 4th. Messrs. F. E. Partiger and E. C. Cotes have bred
it from the fruit of the Guava (Psidium guava Raddi.). Its usual food
appears, however, to be the fruit of the pomegranate (Punica granatum
Linneus).

Pupa of the usual lyceenid shape, brown, marked with a dorsal and
lateral black line, the whole surface very rough, covered with tiny pits,
furnished with a few short coarse bristles, which are most numerous
round the sharp anterior ridge which encloses the head ; the wing-cases
pale ochreous ; head rounded ; anal segment blunt.

“This butterfly [ Virachola tsocrates| resides in the larva state in the
interior of the pomegranate, seven or eight atleast [This is very unusual.
I have never found more than one larva or pupa in a single fruit ; two or

244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

three would probably be the maximum ordinarily, even then one or more
would probably have to emigrate to a fresh fruit before becoming full-fed],
having been reared in the interior of the small fruit now exhibited. Of
the mode in which the eggs are deposited by the female in the interior of
the pomegranate no information has been received; it is, however,
probable that this is effected whilst the fruit is in its very young state.

[The eggs are laid by the butterfly in the calyx of the flower of the young
fruit.| The caterpillars feed upon the seeds and inner part of the fruit,
which is thus rendered weak and unable to support its own weight, and
consequently liable to have its stem broken and to fall to the ground with
the first wind. This, however, would be destruction to the inclosed in-
sects since, in all probability, they would find it impossible to make their
escape were the fruit to be suffered to lie rotting upon the ground. To
obviate this evil, the caterpillars, when full fed, have the instinct to eat a
hole [this is incorrectly stated, there is always a hole in the fruit for the
larva to cast forth its dejections,| about a quarter of an inch in diameter
through the hard shell of the fruit whilst it remains upon the tree ;
through this hole they then creep to the stem of the fruit, and spin a
white web, which they attach to the basal part of the fruit as well as to
the stem, for about the distance of an inch along the latter. This web
is sufficiently strong to support the pomegranate from falling after the
wind has broken the stem near the fruit

‘From the circumstance of this specimen of the fruit exhibited,
having as many holes in it as there were caterpillars inhabiting it, it is
most probable that the web thus spun is a joint production of the whole.
It is curious, as evidencing the instinctive impulses under which each of
the inclosed larve must have acted, that, instead of availing themselves
of the first aperture made in the fruit, each caterpillar should be at the
trouble of making a hole for itself, a circumstance which renders it the
more probable that all joined in spinning the web.

‘But it will be at once asked, what necessity could there be for the
caterpillars to secure the fruit from falling after each has bored a hole,
and thus made its escape? This question is answered by a curious
circumstance that, after so securing the fruit, the caterpillars return again
into the pomegranate, in the hollow interior of which they bala their
transformations to the chrysalis state.

‘“‘Here, too, we may notice another interesting fact, namely :—that

——

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 245

the insect has the precautionary instinct, which acts as a second induce-
ment, to make the aperture in the fruit in that stage of its existence in
which it is furnished with organs best adapted for the purpose, for, had the
larva omitted taking this step, the consequence would have been that the
poor insect, when come to its butterfly state, would have been a prisoner
totally unable to make its escape, being unprovided with any instrument
sufficiently powerful to make a hole in the shell.

‘The chrysalides are attached horizontally upon the inner walls of the
pomegranate by means, first, of a patch of silk laid upon its surface to
the centre of which the tail of the chrysalis is attached, and second, of a
slender silken thread passing from side to side over the base of the
abdominal segments.

‘“* Another curious instance of instinct yet remains to be noticed. The
butterfly, so soon as ever it has escaped from the puparium, must make its
escape out of the hole formed by the larva. Delay would be death, as
the wings would soon acquire their full expansion of nearly a couple of
inches, in which state it would of course be unable to creep out.

‘“‘ Tn the chrysalis state the belly of the insect is placed in contact with
the inner surface of the fruit ; consequently, as the slit by which the
butterfly escapes out of the puparium extends along the back, the under
surface of the latter remains entire, the anterior lateral portions on each
side of the slit (extending as far as the whole coverings of the wings),
curling up and lying close upon fhose parts which have covered the
breast and limbs, leaving the abdominal portion in the same form as
when it enclosed the insect. (Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., (I.),
ri RRR oN iy

“At the time the pomegranate is in flower, and at a very early
period, the Hair Streak may be seen very busily occupied about the
flowers, and I have little doubt that the eggs are deposited at the bottom
of the calyx, from the position in which I have seen the abdomen of the
butterfly placed. As the fruit enlarges the eggs are enclosed, and in this
situation matured.

“In order that I might obtain a perfect insect I surrounded several
of the fruit with fine gauze, but in such a manner as not in the least to
interfere with the caterpillar in its labour of connecting the fruit and stalk
by means of the web, but to my astonishment and disappointment this
never took place. The caterpillars issued from the fruit, and finding their

246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

escape impeded, underwent their change on the external part, and so
soon as this was effected I removed the fruit from the tree for the purpose
of placing it in a mosquito gauze house in my room. Subsequently I
examined several of the fruit, but I never found any chrysalides or the
remains of any inside the fruit. I was very careful in my observations
and I came to the conclusion that the caterpillars in this instance deserted
the fruit when ready to undergo their change.” (Downes, Calcutta,
Journ. Nat. Hist., ii: 408, 1842.) Professor Westwood is quite correct ;
there is no doubt that in nature this butterfly usually pupates within the
fruit ; on opening these I have found at different times dozens of pupz
or pupz skins, but never more than one in each fruit. Mr. Downes is
also partially right, as if the fruit are cut off the tree and placed in a box
the larve, when full-fed, will leave the fruit and pupate anywhere on the
sides of the bex or on the fruit.

There is one interesting question still to be referred to in the life
history of this butterfly—is it attended or not by ants in its larval state,
and has it the special organs affected by the ants? Mr. W. C. Taylor,
of Khorda, Orissa, writes :—‘* Larva attended by the ant, Formica nigra,
who clear away their droppings and act as sweepers, as well as guard the
pupe.” His daughter, Mrs. Wylly, also writes:—‘‘The larva of
Virachola isocrates, though louse-like in shape, differs considerably from
those of Catochrysops cnejus, Fabricius, Azanus ubaldus, Cramer, and
Tarucus theophrastus, Fabricius. The latter are inert and slow, the
former is very brisk in its movements, and with the protrusible long neck,
small head and strong jaws of a beetle grub, is no doubt well-adapted for
the work required in making its home. The length of the larva when
full-fed is rather more than an inch, and in colour and shape much
resembles a ripe mulberry. It had a glossy, shining skin, very knobby
and indented all over, of a blue and purple colour, and its three
posterior segments covered with a squarish shield with a raised dingy
yellow rim to it. The larva bores for itself when quite young a little
clean-cut round hole from the outer rind of the fruit of Punica granatum
to the heart. In this hole it spends its days with its head inside eating
away at the green or ripening pips, and enlarging the hole as it increases
itself in size. Sometimes three or four larve may be found buried in one
pomegranate. When at rest and not eating it plugs up the outer hole
deftly with the shield on its tail. It is a curious fact that the ants in the
case of this species act as sweepers to the larva, hovering in attendance

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. IAT

round the mouth of each hole and performing all the cleaning out opera-
tions with great regularity. The larva never leaves the fruit till full-grown
[this is doubtful ; I think it often seeks a fresh fruit, as I have frequently
found a small fruit with the whole interior eaten and quite clean, and no
pupa or pupa-skin, so in all probability the larva which inhabited that fruit
had left it and sought another,] and then it descends the bark and seeks
some crevice, crack or knot in the stem of the tree, and there undergoes its
transformations. The ants, as far as I could see did not convey the
larvee to their nest at the foot of the tree, but as there were many larve
on the tree and few pupe, some may have been removed to their nest.
[These missing pupze were probably inside the fruit.]| I was unable to
find any eggs on the fruit or flowers, nor have I ever observed the ants
‘milking’ any of the larve, nor any appearance of tentacles being
present. The larva spins a slight but strong web from its mouth with
which it binds the fruit to the stalk to prevent its being blown off by the
wind, and later uses the silk to fasten itself to by the tail when ready to
change to a pupa. The pupa is also attached by two threads flatly to
the trunk, and is of a pinkish-brown colour like the bark of the pome-
granate tree, with various speckles and marks of a darker brown, and a
dark dorsal line dividing it down the centre. The head of the pupa is
covered with a kind of plate rounded in front, straight at the neck.” For
my own part I have never seen ants attending the larve, nor have I been
able to find the special organs affected by them, and without these I fail
to see why ants should take any trouble for the larve.

‘Tt is almost impossible with the net to get a really good specimen
of V. isocrates or of V. perse. They are not only difficult to catch, but
exceedingly swift, wary, and given to settling on high trees, but, when
caught, difficult to secure without injury. There is a delicate bloom on a
fresh specimen which the gentlest touch destroys. It is easily reared
however. As is well known, the larva feeds inside the fruit of the pome-
granate, and sometime before becoming a pupa eats* its way through
the tough rind and fastens the fruit with silk to its stalk, thus
preventing it from falling off in case it should wither before the butterfly
escapes, as it generally does. This operation is performed at night, and
generally repeated night after night. JI have taken a pomegranate

*This statement is slightly misleading. From the very earliest stages the young
larva makes a hole in the fruit, which it gradually enlarges as it grows, and through
which it throws out its dejections. At any period the larva can leave the fruit in which
it lives, and in fact not infrequently does so, entering a fresh fruit which suits it better.

248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

infested with these larvee (several usually inhabit each fruit) and made it
stand in an egg-cup ; in the morning it was so securely fastened that in
taking up the fruit I lifted the cup. Of all animal instincts that I have
seen or heard of this is one of the most astonishing and certainly the
most difficult to reconcile with any theory of development. As far as I
have observed it, the larva never leaves its shelter except for the definite
purpose so necessary to its safety, and it taxes ordinary ingenuity to
suggest any possible conditions under which some larve might have per-
formed the act in the first instance without purpose. I have found this
butterfly pretty common in Bombay and Poona from December or
January till March at least.” (Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,
i: 216, n. 46, 1886.)

Mr. F. E. Pargiter in 1881 wrote this note :—“ The larva [of V.
isocrates| feeds on the leaves [?] and fruit of the Guava tree. It is
rather plentifully clothed with short whitish hair. In the two white spots
at the tail are two small horn-like processes, which the larva continually
protudes and retracts.” This latter note appears to be conclusive as to
the larva having the special organs affected by ants and that it is
attended by ants, though I have failed to find these.

V. isocrates is very common in Calcutta during the winter, much
affecting the flowers of the Poznusettza. It appears to occur almost every-
where in the plains of India except the desert tracts, but it is not found
in Assam or Burma.

GELECHIA GALLA‘DIPLOPAPPI (N. Sp.)
BY REV. THOMAS W. FYLES, SOUTH QUEBEC.

Length of body four lines ; expanse of wings eight to nine lines. '

Head white, eyes black, labial palpi recurved ; first joint large and
white ; lower half of second joint white; upper brown, with white tip;
antenne filiform, ringed light brown and black.

Thorax reddish chocolate in colour; fore-wings rich chocolate red,
with a white divided fascia near the hind margin ; under side dark grey;
hind wings pale silvery grey ; fringes grey, with a faint brownish gloss.

Abdomen golden yellow on the upper side of the three first segments,
the rest light brown.

Time of appearance the beginning of August.

Described from four specimens bred from galls on Aster (diplopappus )
umbellatus. ae f

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 249

NEW NORTH AMERICAN HOMOPTERA.—II.
BY E. P. VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, N. Y.
Pediopsis tristis n. sp.

Cinerous varied with fuscous ; apex of the front and basal angles of
the scutellum black ; pronotal rugze distinct. Length 41%4-5 mm.

Ma.re.—Face with coarse rugose punctures, arranged in oblique lines
on the base of the front ; front black, cinereous at base and next the eyes,
with a broad, curved, transverse white band, including the ocelli ; clypeus,
lorze and cheeks whitish, the former sometimes tinged with pale green.
Form of the pronotum about as in zzszguzs; cinereous clouded with fuscous
on the apex and along the posterior margin, with an elongated black spot
behind the inner angle of the eye ; rugee composed of profound elongated
punctures. Scutellum obliquely punctured on the disc ; cinereous, with a
brownish central band, and black triangular spots within the basal angles.
Elytra uniform greyish-brown, subhyaline; nervures strong, evenly
margined with fuscous. Wings pale smoky hyaline, nervures brown ;
beneath whitish ; intermediate pectoral pieces with a large black spot, a
smaller one just below the propleura, and on the latter a minute dot.
Venter dull yellowish, obscured next the connexivum and toward the
apex ; tergum more or less embrowned. Legs pale ; sides of the femora
and tibie, and tips of the tarsi brown or blackish-brown. Plates ligulate,
narrowed and somewhat recurved toward the apex; black or piceous,
fringed outwardly with long white hairs. Pygofers white, with a narrow
black apical margin, meeting on the ventral aspect almost to their tips,
leaving a slightly oblique orifice.

Described from three males collected by Prof. Herbert Osborn at
Fairfax, Iowa, June 22nd and 24th, 1889, to whom I am indebted for
specimens of this and a number of other interesting western forms.

This sombre coloured species is most closely allied to my cnsignis,
from which it may be distinguished by its heavy margined elytral nervures,
the large black spot on the apex of the front, and by the rough appear-
ance of the pronotum, contrasting strongly with its peculiar velvety look
in ézsignis. Unfortunately there are no females at hand from which to
complete this specific diagnosis but there can be no risk in establishing
the species on one sex only.

Pediopsis insignis is now known to me from Kansas, Iowa, Michigan,

250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

New York and Ottawa, Ont. It appears to be subject to very little
variation.

Thamnotettix lurida n. sp.

Form of Z: subenea; pale yellow marked with fulvous ; elytra deep
fulvous, with a whitish commissural spot. Length 5 mm.

Vertex but little longer at the middle than next the eye; surface
covered with deep oblique ruge which emit the broad margins and
medial line, and near the hind margin, on either side, is a minutely
punctured area. Pronotum transversely wrinkled. Face fulvous ; a large
spot on the apex of the front and four or five lateral transverse arcs, pale
yellow. Vertex and pronotum pale yellowish ; the former with a trans-
verse band connecting the ocelli; the latter, with the lateral angles and
four more or less distinct longitudinal bands, fulvous. Scutellum pale,
with the basal angles and two small spots between them fulvous. Elytra
_ deep fulvous, opaque, especially on the clavus and base of the corium.

A large commissural spot near the apex of the clavus, and some smaller,
indistinct ones on the discal areoles of the corium whitish, Abdomen
and all beneath deep fulvous 2, or blackish #; the pleural pieces and
connexivum edged with pale ; legs and genitalia of the g fulvous.

Described from two examples, a ¢ received from Prof. Osborn,
labelled ‘“‘ Ames, Iowa, May roth, 1881,” anda 2 from Mr. G. C. Davis
labelled “Agricultural College, Mich., Oct. 24th, 1888.”

This pretty little insect is very near my Z: subenea from California,
but it is broader and shorter ; the vertex is not so long as in that species,
and with the pronotum is distinctly wrinkled; the elytra are deeper
coloured and almost opaque; the valve of the ¢ is produced medially in
a short blunt tooth, and the plates are broader, especially toward their
slightly divergent tips, and are less heavily fringed. In the @ the central
tooth on the hind margin of the last ventral segment is narrower and
more acute than in its ally.

T. subenea and lurida are characteristic of neither this genus nor
Athysanus, to either of which they might be referred. Genus PA/epsius
could, perhaps, be modified so as to include them, as they want only the
elytral reticulations of being very good Phlepsiids. From Scaphoideus
they are debarred by their shorter antennal setee and broader form, For
a note on this genus see Entomologica Americana, Vol. VI., p. 52.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 251

eee a

SUBDIVISION OF GENERA.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

I was pleased to see Mr. Cockerell’s article on this subject in the
September number of the CanapiaAn ENTOMOLOGIST, and hope we may
hear from others on the question. It seems to me that a genus should, as
far as possible, represent a natural division ofa group of plants or animals
so distinct from other groups that the species forming the genus are easily
referred to it. In botany we recognize at a glance such natural genera as
Carex, Rosa, Quercus, etc. The fact that the first of these is a large
genus is, it seems to me, no good reason why any subdivisions of it should
be called genera, for each plant in any one of the divisions is as mucha
Carex as any other one. If the genus is too large to suit the convenience
of the practical worker in some part of his work, I have no objection to a
subdivision of the genus into groups ; in fact every botanist knows that
the species do readily divide into such groups. Perhaps it is best to give
names to these group divisions instead of numbers or letters as is some-
times done. The main objection I can see to this is that some one, in label-
ling the specimens in his cabinet and in making his exchanges, will use these
names as generic, leading to more or less confusion.

But what is the custom among systematists in different groups of
natural history? ‘To answer this question I turn to a few works that come
to my hand, and find the following :—

In Botany I find that Wood divides Carex into two groups without
names ; the genus Aster into four groups with names. Mann’s Catalogue
makes no division of the genera ; published 1868. Gray in his ‘‘ Manual,”
1856, subdivides fifty-four genera, using names for the subdivisions, five of
these being in the Mosses and Liverworts. In his ‘‘School and Field
Book” he does substantially the same thing. In his ‘ Synoptical Flora
of North America,” 1886, he pursues the same plan, the names in most,
if not all cases, such as had been used for such subdivisions by some other
writer in calling them genera.

In Ornithology I find that Coues in “ Key to North American Birds,”
1872, makes no divisions of the genera. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, in
‘History of N. A. Land Birds,” 1874, divide eleven genera by using
subgenera names, and divide one genus by sections that are numbered.
Mr. Ridgway does the same thing in “ Birds of Illinois,” 1885.

252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

In Conchology I consulted George W. Tryon’s “ Structural and
Systematic Conchology,’”’ 1882. In this a large part of the genera are
subdivided into subgenera and subgenus names are used. If space would
permit, a review of Mr. Tryon’s course in regard to these names would
be interesting.

In Hymenoptera I find Dr. A. S. Packard, ‘‘ Revision of Fossorial
Hymenoptera,” divides five genera into groups by capital letters ; pub-
lished in 1865. Dr. Henri de Saussure, ‘‘Synopsis of N. A. Wasps,”
1875, divides genera into subgenera with subgenus names, in a few cases
dividing a subgenus into groups and using names for these groups also.
Edward Norton, “Cat. of the Tenthredinide,”’ 1867-69, uses names in
some genera and numbers in others. E. T. Cresson, in his various
publications, divides only a few genera, and part of those are divided with
names and the rest by numbers.

In Diptera I find Osten Sacken, in his ‘Cat. of Diptera,” 1878,
divides two genera into subgenera with names, the genus Zryfeta into
thirty-seven, and Ch/orops into six subgenera. I have other works on
Diptera, but they were not consulted.

In Hemiptera, P. R. Uhler, ‘‘Check List of Hemiptera Heteroptera,”
1885, no subgenus names used. ‘The other works I had access to were
not consulted. .

In Coleoptera only Horn’s and Henshaw’s Check Lists were con-
sulted, and neither of these use any form of subdivision of genera.

In Neuroptera, Dr. H. Hagen, ‘‘Synopsis of Neuroptera of N. A.”
1861, divides a few genera by the use of subgenus names, others are divided
by reference marks as in analytical keys.

In Lepidoptera I find P. A. J. Duponchel, ‘‘Cat. of the Lep. of
Southern Europe,” 1844, divides large genera for analytical purposes,
sometimes using a capital letter. ‘‘Accentuated List of British Lep.”
contains no division of genera ; published in 1858. Boisduval and Guenee,
‘Species General,” 1874, divide genera into groups by letters, numbers
and reference marks, but do not use names. _ Guenee in his part of the
work does the same thing. Grote, in his new “Check List of N. A.
Moths,” divides Agateda and Agrotis into subgenera, using names. This
is the list of 1890. His lists of 1875 and 1882 contain some section
subdivisions, both with and without names. W. F. Kirby, in his ‘ Cat.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 253

of Diurnal Lep.,” 1871, uses no form of division of the genera. Mr.
Edwards, as we all know, divides the genera into groups and numbers
the groups.

This is enough to show that the custom among the best writers in the
various departments of natural history varies. Quite a large majority
divide the large genera into some form of groups, indicating the relation
of the species to each other in this way, while a few shirk all responsibility
of showing such relation by arranging the species in large genera alpha-
betically. Of those given above who divide genera, about twice as many
use subgenus names as divide the genera without using names, several
using both methods in the same work, and occasionally in the same genus.
I noticed, further, that most of these subgenus names are the names that
have been used by some former writer for genera, the one using them for
subgenus names having either united the genera himself, or taken the
work of some one else in that line. This is in line with what Mr.
Cockerell suggests.

A NEW FORM OF CERURA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY HARRISON G. DYAR, RHINEBECK, N. Y.

Cerura cinereoides n. var. or n. sp. Head, collar and tegule light
cinereous ; throax above largely mixed with orange and metallic blue
scales, below somewhat paler cinereous; tarsi ringed with black ;
abdomen concolorous with the thorax, the segments banded behind with
paler cinereous, the last segment in the female sprinkled with black scales,
the anal tuft in the male nearly white. Antenne white, the pectinations
dark brown, long in the male and diminishing toward the tip ; short in the
female. Primaries pale, almost whitish cinereous, paler basally, much
the colour of Cerura occidentalis Lintn., and marked after the pattern of
C. cinerea Walk. A minute black basal spot on the submedian, a little
further on another on the subcostal ; an extra basilar row of six small
black spots on the nervules in a curved line, three on the costa close
together, but separable by a lens, one on median, one on submedian vein
and one on internal margin, the latter, in one female, faint. The median
band composed of black and a few orange scales is faint, much the colour

254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the lower part of that in C. défda Steph. (but not that shape). Its
internal border is arcuate in the male, more angular in the female. Its
outer border is twice indented, once at median vein and again on
submedian. The borders are very faint, hardly to be distinguished from
the rest of the band. Beyond the band are a few black scales on costa,
median and submedian veins. A minute spot on discal cross vein,
visible only in one specimen. Beyond this a very obscure undulated
diffuse line, hardly to be distinguished at all in the male, and a crescenti-
form line, darkest on the costa preceding the abbreviated blackish
subterminal band, which is broad on the costa, narrows to the first median
venule and borders slightly the crescentiform line to internal margin. In
this line are a series of small venular orange spots, and it is preceded by
a row of seven small venular black spots, the one on the costa elongated,
those opposite the cell faint. Terminal intervenular spots very small,
about as in C. aguzlonaris Lintn.

Secondaries white, with black discal spot and small terminal spots.

Beneath primaries paler than above, shaded with black to correspond
with the bands. Secondaries white. Both wings have a large discal
black spot, and the terminal spots larger than above. In the female there
is a common macular median black band. Expanse 36-38 mm.

Described from one male and two females from Los Angeles,
California.

This species approaches C. cinerea most closely of any of the species
in Grote’s list, but may readily be distinguished by its pale cinereous
colour and small marginal spots. Of the species added by H. Edwards *
it is not a/bicoma Strk., nor bifida Steph., both of which are before me.
Prof. Lintner kindly informs me that it can not be near dbécuspzs Bork.,
as this is allied to dorea/is Bd., and it can not be scolopendrina Bd., as
the author describes this as having the wings and collar white—“ ses ailes
sont d’un beau blanc ainsi que le collier.” +

The species, therefore, seems distinct. Since writing the above I have
had the opportunity of comparing the larva of this form with that of
C. cinerea, and find the difference between them to be so slight as not to

* Ent. Amer. Vol. L., p: 231.
+ Lep. de la Cal., p. 86,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 255

warrant specific separation. Czzereoides is the California form of the
species, of which civerea is the eastern form. The marked difference in
the colour between the two is the same as in other species which are
found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, as for example Z7r7ptogon modesta
Harr., and its variety or form occidentalis Hy. Edw. I shall refer more
fully in another place to the larval stages of c/nereocdes.

PREPARATORY STAGES OF TOLYPE VELLEDA, STOLL.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.

Egg.—Cylindrical, ends rounded ; .06 inch long by .o4 inch in diameter,
smooth. Colour chestnut-brown. Duration of this period about 195
days.

Young larva.—Length .15 inch; cylindrical, a little larger at anterior
part; each joint with six tubercles from which arise spreading hairs,
varying in length from short ones, that are not longer than the diameter
of the body to those that are as long as the body, the two kinds distributed
over the whole body; the short ones white and long ones grey ; the
longest hairs at the anterior and posterior parts of the body a little longer
than the long ones on the middle; colour grey, black. Duration of this
period three days.

After rst moult.—Length .22 inch. Colour lead gray ; a dorsal line
of this colour bordered each side by a pale yellow, not clearly defined, line
that is more or less obsolete on the thoracic joints ; a subdorsal line of
orange-yellow spots, connected by a pale yellow line ; two lateral lines of
pale yellow ; tubercles small, black, those on joint 2 make a sort of collar
for the head ; hairs pale ; legs and venter pale. Duration of this period
four days.

After 2nd moult.—Length.25 inch. Much as inthe preceding period ;
mostly lead colour on the back ; dorsal line blackish with a whitish line
each side of it ; subdorsal line yellow, somewhat orange where the orange
blotches were before, and paler between, but this time a continuous line ;
below this a whitish line and still lower two pale yellow lines, the separating
lead line wider than the yellow, the lead line containing the stigmata ; the
ground colour on the sides almost black. There are four tubercles to each

256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

joint ; those on joint 2 all prominent and pointing forward ; the dorsals
on joints 3 and 4 a little less prominent, those on 5 to 11 small, those on
12 and 13 about the same as those on 3 and 4; lateral tubercles just
above the legs, large, long and pointing outward and downward giving
the body a flattened appearance ; hairs on the dorsum not very long, the
clusters moderate as to number, the anterior and lateral full and long ;
all grey. Head black. Duration of this period seven days.

After 3rd moult.—Length .50 inch. Marked as before but the body
more a series of alternate lines, and the pale lines more a clear yellow
the black lines where wide are mottled with yellow ; a whitish patch on
the posterior part of the dorsum of joint 4 and the anterior part of 5, and
the same on joints 8 and 9, the latter more almond-shaped than the first ;
tubercles, larger; head and venter lead-black. Duration of this period
thirteen days.

After 4th moult.—Length .85 inch. General appearance as before,
the yellow mottlings in the black more prominent and the light lines less
conspicuous ; the lateral hairs white, the tufts full and the hairs long ;
the dorsal tufts short and spreading ; the tubercles lead-black. Duration,
of this period fourteen days. . ;

After 5th moult.—Length 1.40 inches. The general colour grey,
composed of a great number of fine alternate longitudinal light and dark
grey lines, giving a paler shade than during the preceding period ; a deep
black transverse stripe back of joint 4, shaded each side with dark grey,
the black not always showing on account of being more or less covered
by the inter-segmental folds ; the dorsal tubercles on joint 4 large, buff,
studded with short black spines ; all the other dorsal tubercles small and
hairy, with only about six short black spines to each ; the lateral tubercles
large, extending outward, from the upper part of the outer end of the tuber-
cles about twelve black bristles or hairs as long as the body is wide ; below
these are finer white hairs many of which are longer than the black ones;
mingled with these white hairs are about a dozen that are tipped with
triangular fan-shaped tips resembling somewhat the tips on the tail
feathers of the peacock; under parts orange with a round black patch on
each joint. .

Mature Larva.—Length 2.25 inches. The markings and characters
are as at the beginning of this period. Duration of this period from
twenty-four to fifty-six days.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25

Cocoon.—Outline elliptical, fastened to the flat side of the box; 1.50
inches long by .70 inch wide and .30 inch high or deep, a thin film of silk
next to the board between the pupa and the upper side of the cocoon
that extends out beyond the cocoon as though the larva had first covered
an area of the board before forming the other part of the cocoon; the
outer part compact except next to the head where it is less so, as though
preparing a place to emerge ; the hairs of the body woven into the cocoon
with the silk ; smooth inside ; the pupa not attached. Colour light grey,
yellowish white inside. The larva makes the cocoon by beginning at one
end and working towards the other, and after completion loosely fastening
the entrance.

Chrysalis.—Length 1.05 inch, width of joint 5 .40 inch, depth .30
inch, length to the posterior part of the wing cases .55 inch, these
extending to the middle of joint 5 ; length of tongue case .40 inch. The
shape is oblong, flattened, ventral side more so than the dorsal, rounded
about equally at both ends, no hooks or cremaster at the anal end but
six pointed elevations that are not prominent, a dorsal ridge or pronotum.
Colour chestnut-brown, dorsal line darker, head pale, anterior part almost
greenish-white. Duration of this period about fifty-five days.

There is only one brood in a season, the aggregate of the figures given
in the periods of duration of the different stages amounting to 347 days.
The eggs from which these notes were taken were sent me by my friend
Mr. James Angus, of West Farms, N. Y. The letter accompanying them
stated that the eggs were deposited the latter part of September, 1888.
There were two masses of them, in elongate strings, not quite straight,
one on a leaf and the other on a twig of apple. ‘The mass on the leaf
was about 1.15 inches long, the other was about .80 inch. Each string
was a single row of eggs; each egg covered over with black hairs from
the abdomen of the mother moth. They were placed obliquely on their
sides in the string.

During the first part of their larval period they eat about as voraciously
and grow as rapidly as most moth larve, but after the last moult they
feed but little from day to day, the most of the time lying stretched out at
full length on a twig or on the side or top of the box. With the rather
flat body, made to appear much more so by the lateral tubercles and their -
tufts of spreading hairs, they simulate perfectly a slight enlargement in an
apple twig or small limb.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

bo
Or
[o,)

ON THE FOOD-HABITS OF NORTH AMERICAN
RHYNCHOPHORA.

BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.
( Continued from page 203.)

Orchestes niger and O. subhirtus are both found on willow when in
bloom. (Harrington Can. Ent. 16, p. 119.)

Orchestes niger and O. pallicornis were taken together in July on the
leaves of low willows by Mr. Chittenden. O. ephippiatus was found in
abundance on willow (Salix fragilis) by Mr. C. W. Leng and myself on
Staten Island, N. Y.

Miarus hispidulus has been observed to breed in the seed capsules of
Lobelia inflata. Blanchard (Ent. Am. II., p 87).

Cionus scrophularie attacks the fruit of the plum, feeding in the kernel.
The first mention and figure was given by De Geer in 1775 (Mem. V). In
Europe it is found on Scrophudaria and Verbascum.

Gymnetron teter may be found in abundance on the stalk of mullen
( Verbascum Thapsus.) The larva lives in the seed pods.

; Rhyssematus lineaticollis may be found infesting the seed pods of
milkweed (Asclepias. )

Tyloderma fragrari@ lives in the strawberry, excavating the crown
and roots of the plant. (Riley.)

Tyloderma faveolatum bores in the stems of evening primrose ( Zz-
othera biennis). Also bred from Epilobium by Dr. C. M. Weed.

Cryptorhynchus lapathi bores in the stems of willow and alder.

Cryptorhynchus bisignatus was found by Dr. Packard on the leaves of
oak. Several specimens were taken by Mr. F. H. Chittenden in the latter
part of May at Clifton, N. J., on a chestnut log infested with Lepfostylus
macula, and during the last part of June fifteen or sixteen examples were
found on another log of chestnut, some of them copulating ; also taken
on the trunk of a living birch tree infested with Scolytids.

Cryptorhynchus parochus lives under the bark of butternut. (Schaupp,
Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., IV., p. 35.)

Pseudomus truncatus is found on dead limbs of old butternut sevice,
according to Mr. Harrington. (Can. Ent., 16, p. 118.)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 259

Conotrachelus naso has been bred from the fruit of hawthorn ( Cra-
tegus) by Dr. Hamilton. (Can. ENT., 21, p. 34.) C. crategi also lives
in the fruit of the Crategus as well as that of the plum.

Conotrachelus nenuphar is destructive to the apple, apricot, cherry,
peach, pear and quince, feeding in the fruit. C. 7ugZandis inhabits walnuts.

Conotrachelus anaglypticus, according to Say, breeds in the fruit of the
walnut (Juglans). C. elegans was obtained by Say on Pinus rigida.
(Leconte Ed. I., p. 283.)

Craponius inegqualis is destructive to the grape, stinging the fruit and
sometimes destroying the whole bunch.

Rhinoncus pyrrhopus. A pair of these little beetles were taken by
Mr. F. H: Chittenden zz coztz on a common species of dock (Rumex sp.),
and being confined in a small vial with a part of a dock leaf consumed it
almost entirely within a week. The species has also been observed by
Mr. M. L. Linell on a species of Rumex. June.

Celiodes flavicaudis, according to Mr. Chittenden, occurs in great
abundance on the common nettle ( Urtica dioica) in May, June and July.

C. acephalus is abundant along the coast of New Jersey on the evening
primrose (CZinothera biennis). June, July and August.

Acoptus suturalis Lec. lives in the dead wood of beech trees. Mr. F.
H. Chittenden has found the imagines in the wood March 27th to April
2oth in company with larve apparently of the same species. One of these
larve taken May 26th appeared about to pupate. The beetles were
crawling on the trunk of the tree early in July.

Mononychus vulpeculus fests the seed pods of the blue-flag (Zris ).
It also occurs on the flowers of Ceanothus americanus and Verbascum
thapsus. (Say, Vol. I. Lec. Ed., p. 286.)

Ceutorhynchus cyanipennis. According to Mr. Jiilich this insect is
said to be found on grass (Ent. Am., 5, p. 57). In Europe it lives in the
roots of cabbage.

Ceutorhynchus assimilis occurs on the radish and C. rape infests the
rape, and C. septentrionadis is found on mustard (Sisymbrium officinale ).

Trichobaris trinotata bores in the stalk of the potato, causing the
stem to wilt.

260: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Ampeloglypter sesostris makes a gall on the grape vine, as also does 4.
ater. (Riley, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 61.)

Centrinus scutellum-album 1 found on the flower heads of the daisy.

Balaninus quercus, B. nasicus, B. uniformis were bred from different
kinds of acorns. &. vdtusus inhabits hazelnuts. &. cary@ lives in hickory
nuts. 2. proboscideus and L. rectus were bred from chestnuts. The
latter also inhabits acorns. (Hamilton, Can. Ent., 22, p. 1-6).

Cylas formicarius bores in the roots of the sweet potato in Florida.
(Comstock Rep. Dept. Agricul., p. 250, 1879.)

Lupsalis minuta bores under the bark of oak, chestnut and maple.

Rhynchophorus cruentatus lives in the lower parts of the trunk and
roots of the palmetto. I have taken about one hundred individuals at
Enterprise, Florida, in May. The specimens were caught boring in the
soft pulpy substance in the trunk of a young and freshly cut palmetto
tree. 2. palmarum also lives in the palmetto.

Rhodobenus 13-punctatus 1 found on evening primrose (@xothera).
Probably lives in its larval stage also upon the plant, It also infests the
stems of Ambrosia, Xanthium strumarium and thistle.

Cactophagus validus has been found exclusively under decaying
Opuntia leaves, the larva no doubt living within the leaves or roots of
the same plant. (Insect Life, I., p. 199.)

The genus Sphenophorus infests roots or lower parts of the stems of
various wild or cultivated Graminaceous plants (l.c.). S. parvulus lives in
the roots of meadow grass ( Zimothy ), and S. robustus in the roots of maize
or corn, and 5S. ochreus in the roots of Scirpus atrovirens.

Calandra granaria and C. oryze. Both these species depredate
upon stored wheat, corn, rice and and other grains.

The genera Yuccaborus and Scyphophorus infest plants of the genus
Yucca (1. ¢., p. 199).

The genera Dryotribus, Gononotus, Macrancylus, Mesites(?), Elas-
soptes are strictly maritime, and live in larva and imago states in old
boards and roots, etc., washed up on the beach. (I. c., p. 198).

Cossonus corticola I found in abundance under the bark of dead pine
trees. At Enterprise, Florida, C. piniphilus, C. concinnus and C. crenatus ©
also live under pine bark. (Ricksecker, Ent. Am., I., p. 96).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 261

Cossonus platalea has been found by Mr. Harrington in numbers
under the bark of a partly decayed poplar tree. (Ent. Am., p. 19).

The genera Allomimus, Caulophilus, Amaurorhinus, Rhyncolus and
Stenoscelis live under bark of dead and decaying wood or bore into
decaying wood of deciduous or coniferous trees. (Insect Life, I., p. 198).

Dryophthorus corticalis was found under dead pine bark (Pinus
rigida) by Mr. J. Sherman.

Wollastonia quercicola lives in decaying wood of cottonwood.
(Knaus, Bull. Bklyn. Ent. Soc., VII., p. 150).

Himatium errans is inquilinous in the galleries of Zomzcus cacographus
under bark of yellow pine. (Schwarz, l.c.) conicum has been found
breeding under the bark of Tulip-tree, also taken under pine bark by Mr.
Chittenden.

Phieophagus apionides lives in the trunks of wild cherry (Prunus
serotina) and ash. P. minor was found on birch, willow and elm by Mr.
F, H. Chittenden ; also taken on ash by Mr. Jiilich, who found the European
P. spadix in water-soaked drift wood at the sea shore of Long Island.

Stenoscelis brevis has been taken from old maple and poplar stumps by
Mr. Harrington (Ent. Am., I., p. 19) ; also found on linden, beech, birch,
butternut, sycamore and willow by Mr. Chittenden.

Rhyncholus brunneus has been found in wood of Prunus serotina by
Mr. F. H. Chittenden.

Choragus Sayi was found by Mr. Schwarz in the twigs of dead beech
trees which were injured by fungus.

Cratoparis lunatus lives in fungus found on dead oak trees.

Brachytarsus limbatus was raised by Mr. Schwarz from the flower
heads of Helenium tenutfolium.

B. variegatus breeds in the smut of corn. (Schwarz.)

B. tomentosus was found on rag weed by Dr. Hamilton. (Can. Enr.,
18, p. 114). Also taken on the same plant by Mr. J. Sherman.

Euxenus piceus was found on dry palmetto leaves in Florida by Mr.
Schwarz (I. c., p. 85).

NOTE.—I should be pleased to hear from anyone that may be able
to inform me of any Food-Habits of North American Rhynchophora not
mentioned in the forgoing paper, so that I can notice the same in an
appendix which will shortly appear.—W. B,

262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

BOOK NOTICES.

MANUAL oF InjuRIOUS INSECTS, AND METHODS OF PREVENTION: By
Eleanor A. Ormerod. (Second Edition.)

A greatly enlarged and revised edition of Miss Ormerod’s excellent
manual has just appeared. There is so much that is new in it that it can
hardly be considered the same work. As stated by the editors of Zwsect
Life :—“ On account of its convenient size, admirable arrangement, plain
language, and abundant illustration, it is almost a model of what such a
work should be.” These merits render it intelligible, and, indeed, indis-
pensable to every farmer, gardener, or fruit-grower who wishes to carry on
his work in the most successful manner. The different kinds of attacks
are arranged alphabetically under the three headings of Food Crops,
Forest Trees, and Fruit. At the end is an alphabetical list of the insects
mentioned, and as an appendix an Introduction to Entomology, specially
prepared for farmers and others who have no knowledge of the science, in
such a way as to enable “ the observer of a crop attack to tell at least what
kind of an insect is before him.” This is followed by a glossary of ento-
mological terms, and a full index. The whole forms a most readable,
valuable and reliable work of 410 pages, copiously illustrated with 155
excellent figures.

A noticeable feature is the adoption of the use of the arsenites in the
warfare against insects, which has only very recently found favour in Eng-
land ; this Miss Ormerod boldly and wisely advocates.

The advance made during the last decade in the science of reducing
the injury to crops by insects, is in a large measure due to the talented
authoress of the above work, which, we think, cannot be too highly praised,

ie

BUTTERFLIES OF NoRTH AMERICA, Third Series, Part X.: By W. H.
Edwards.

The last part of Mr. Edwards’s superb work has just come to hand.
It is of exceptional beauty and interest. Plate I. illustrates the complete
life-history of Argynnis Alcestis. Plate Il. A. Adiante, f 2, and A.
Atossa, §@ (n. s.). Plate ILI. Satyrodes Canthus. Complete life-
history. The letter-press is very full. The two first-named species have
a peculiar interest since the appearance of Mr. H. J. Elwes’s “ Revision
of the Genus Argynnis,” and Mr, Edwards’s “ Notes” thereon. (CAN.
Ent., Vol. XXII, p 82.). A. Adcestis is shown to be distinct trom A.
Aphrodite in all its stages. A. Adiante, f is figured from Dr. Boisduval’s
actual type. Most Lepidopterists will, I think, agree with Mr. Edwards,
that this is a good species and quite distinct from A. Zerene or A. Monticola.

J. FLETCHER.

Mailed December 3rd.

INDEX TO VOLUME XXII.

Annual Meeting Entomological Club A.
AMPASES 01934203.

| Butterflies of Laggan, 94, 126.

Annual Meeting Entomological Society of |

Ontario, 208.

Arctiadze of temperate North America,
preliminary catalogue of,
Oy Bhi a Uk Mey iiey
I4I, 161, 175, 204, 230.

Argiope riparia and its parasite, 122.

Argynnis, a new species from Canada, 113.

" notes on,

genus” by H. J. Elwes,
81, 150.

Asymetry of head and mouth parts of
Thysanoptera, 215.

Australian insects and fungus pests, 79.

Agrotis C-nigrum, 219.
Aletia xylina, 20,
Alexicles aspersa, 232.
Antarctia, sp. of, 141.
Anthocharis genutia, 123.
Anthonomus scutellatus, I15.
Aphidius avenaphis, 125.

nu granariaphis, n. sp., 125.
Arachnis, sp. of, 176.
Arctia, sp. of, 10, 31, 52, 73-
Argynnis Alberta, n sp., 113.
Argynnis Arge, 75.

" Atlantis, 65.

" Chariclea, 61, 181.

" Eurynome, 75.

" Freija, 61, 181.

" Montinus, 181.

" Montivaga, 75.

Balaninus, its food habit, 1.
Banks, Nathan, article by, 152.
Bean, Thos. E., articles by, 94, 126.
Bethune, C. J. S., articles by 77, 78.
Beutenmuller, W., articles by, 16,
200, 258.

Book notices, 77, 191, 209, 262.
Botys fissalis, larva of, 16.
Bruce D., article by, 67.
Butterflies as botanists, 63.

" eggs of, 64.

" of India, De Niceville, 209,

36,

" of New England, Scudder, on
certain statements in, 61,
181.

| Butterflies of North America, Edwards, 262.

‘©a revision of the |

| Butterfly, habits of the Pomegranate, 243.

Balaninus caryze, 4, 7, 260.

" nasicus, 4, 7, 260.

" obtusus, 6, 7, 260.

" proboscideus, 2, 7, 260.

" quercus, 3, 7, 260.

" rectus, 3, 7, 260.

" uniformis, 5, 7, 260.
Basilarchia Archippus, 65.

Canker-worm, 2206.

| Caulfield, F. B., article by, 19.

Cave Fauna of North America, 77.
Cerura, new form from California, 253.
Chrysalids devoured by caterpillars, 20,

| Cimbex Americana, parasite on, 76.

Clarkson, F., article by, 122.
Cockerell, T. D. A., articles by, 37, 40,

55, 76, 173.

Coleoptera, lists of, published by the Geo-
logical Survey of Canada,
135, 153, 184.

" notes on, 237.

" of Vancouver Island, 169,
Coleopterous larva, peculiar form of, 217.
Colorado, insect fauna of high altitudes in,

375 55, 76.

" Moths, some new, 44.

Contagious diseases, use of against injuri-
ous insects, 227.

| Cook, A. J., articles by, 125, 193.

Corn saw-fly, 40.

Correction of an error, 20, 75, 80.

Cotton-worm, 20.

Crocota, note on genus, and Prof. Smith,
ve

Croton bug, 226.

Callosamia angulifera, 123.
Cephus pygmeeus, 40.

264

Cermatia forceps, 226.

Cerura cinertozdes, 0. var., OY SPp., 253.
Chermes pallidus, n. sp., 152.

Colias Elis, 96, 126.

« Eurytheme, 65.

" Harfordii, 65.

u Hecla, 08.

n Meadii, 96, 130.
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 114, 259.
Corymbites nigricornis, 237.
Cossus Angrezi, 45.

n BLrucet, Nn. sp., 44.

Crocota rosea, N. Sp., 133.
Cyclocephala immaculata, 60,

Danby, W. H., article by, 121.
De Niceville, L., article by, 243,
" Butterflies of India, 209.
Denton, S. W., article by, 20.
Dyar, H. G., articles by, 211, 253.

Dorcaschema nigrum, 239.

Edwards, W. H., articles by, 21, 48, 61,

75, 81, 113.
" Butterflies of North America,
262.

" reply to, 150.
Eggs of Butterflies, 64.
Elwes, H. J., article by, 150.

Entomological Club, proceedings of, 193, |

213.
" News, 79.
" Society of Ontario, 208.
Entomology, on teaching, 193.
Errata, 104, 132, 149.
Erycides batabano, preparatory stages of,
2zl.
Eustrotia eae eg resparntony stages of,
218,

Ecpantheria, sp. of, 178.
Ectobia Germanica, 226.
Ectypia bivittata, 103.
Emphor bombyliformis, 216.
Ephestia Kuhniella, 41.
Erebia Discoidalis, 123.

1 Epipsodea, 40, 48.
Euchetes, sp of, 167, 175.
Euerythra, sp. of, 177.
Euhalisidota, sp. of, 231.
Eupseudosoma floridum, 166,

| Harrington, W. H., articles by,

INDEX TO VOLUME XXII.

Fernald, C. H., article by, 191.

Fletcher, James, articles by, 19, 41,
213, 262.

French, G. H., articles by, 44, 133, 251

193,

255,
Fyles, T. W., articles by, 20, 40, 248.

Foenus tarsitorius, 124.

Garman H., article by, 215.

Generic nomenclature of insects, sugges-
tions as to, 173, 251.

Geological Survey of Canada, lists of
Coleoptera published by,

: 135, 153, 184.

Gillette, C. P., article by, 114.

Grote, A. R., articles by, 15, 17, 26, 69,
104, 105, 124, 145,

Gelechia gallediplopappi, n. sp., 248.
Grapta Interrogationis, 40, 64, 80,

Hamilton, J., articles by, I, 237.
23, 40,
124, 135, 153, 184.

| Hessian Fly, 213.
_ Homoptera, new species of North Ameri-

can, 110, 249.

_ Hulst’s Phycitidee of North America, 191.

| Halisidota occidentalis, n. sp., 46.

" Subalpina, n. sp., 46.
" sp. of, 204, 230.

| Haltica ignita, 242.

_ Hemaris Brucez, n. sp., 133.
| Hepialus quadriguttatus, 124.

Hyphantria, sp. of, 163.

_ Ichneumon aranearum and its parasite,

122.
Idiocerus crategi, n. sp., 110.

Kodiosoma, sp. of, 119.

Laggan, Butterflies of, 94, 126.

Larvee, descriptions of Coleopterous, 36.
Lepidopterous, 16,

211, 218) 255:

Long pupal periods arene Lepidoptera,

123.
Lyman, H. H., article by, ‘181,

INDEX TO VOLUME XXII.

Leptarctia, sp. of, 116.
Leucarctia, sp. of, 143.
Limenitis Disippus, 65.
Limochores Palatka, 62.

Mallophaga, period of development in, |

219.
Mediterranean Flour-moth, 41.
Melitzea Taylori, food-plant of, 121.

McCook’s American Spiders, and their |

spinning work, 78.
Moffat, J. A., articles by, 60, 80.
Monstrosities, two interesting, 124.
Moths, some new, 44, 133.
Murtfeldt, Miss M. E., article by, 220.

Mamestra legitima, 233.
Melitea Augusta, n. sp., 21.
Meromyza, 213.

Noctuide of Europe and North America
compared, 26, 69, 105,
145. :

Nomenclature of insects, suggestions as to
generic, 173, 251.

Notes of the year, 19.

Nelphe Carolina, 180.
Nemeophila, sp. of, 100,

Ormerod, Miss, manual of injurious insects,
262.
Osborn, H., articles by, 217, 219, 227.

Oscinis, 213.

Packard’s Cave fauna of North America,

77:
Phyciodes tharos, food-plant of, 63.
Phycis rubifasciella, larva of, 16.
Phycitidee of North America, Hulst, 191.
Popular and Economic Entomology, 41.
Pseudoscorpion, a new, 152.

Pamphila Dion, 62.
" Palatka, 62.
Pediopsis Canadensis, n. sp., 111.
" Flavescens, III.
" insignis, 249.
" tristis, N. Sp., 249.
Petalium bistriatum, 237.

265

Phragmatobia, sp. of, 119.
Platycerura gigantea, n. sp., 134.
Platymetopius acutus, 112.

" Frontalis, n. sp., 112.
Poedisca nisella, 60, 80.
Pterostichus lucublandus, 124.
Purpuricenus axillaris, 238.
| " humeralis, 238.
| Pyrrharctia Isabella, 20, 103.

Rainy day on the mountains, 67.

Rare captures, 60, 68, 80, 123.

Rearing insects, some experiences in, 220.

Reed, E. B., article by, 20.

Reply to Mr. W. H. Edwards, 150.

Rhyncophora, food-habits of North Ameri-
can, 200, 258.

Rowley, R. R., article by, 123.

Rhabdoptera picipes, 240.
" preetextata, 241.

| Salebria celtella, larva of, 17.
" contatella, larva of, 16.

Scudder’s Butterflies of New England, 61,
181.

Scudder, S. H., article by, 209.

Smithy 5y.particles) bys Oye Siem 52745
100, 116, 141, 161, 175,

204, 230.

| Sphingidee, larval ormentation of, 15.

| Spiders and their spinning work, Mc-

Cook, 78.
Subdivision of genera, 173, 251.

Seirarctia Clio, 102.

" echo, 102.

| Sigalphus Canadensis, I15.

" curculionis, 114.

" var. rufus, 114.

"
Spilosoma, sp. of, 161.

Tachinid parasite of Cimbex Americana,

76.

_ Tenthredinidz collected at Ottawa, 23.
Thysanoptera, asymetry of head and mouth
| parts of, 215.

Tolype velleda, preparatory stages of, 255.
| Trirhabda tomentosa, larva of, 36.

| Tryon’s report on insect and fungus pests,

79:

266 ‘INDEX TO VOLUME xXxIl.

Thamnotettix lurida, n. sp., 250. Vancouver Island, a month on, 169.
" subaenea, 250. Van Duzee, E. P., articles by, 110, 249.
Tolype distincta. n. sp., 45. Virachola Isocrates, habits of, 243.

Tyloderma foveolatum, 199.
Tymnes chrysis, 240. ‘

n metasternalis, 239. Wheat-stem Maggot, 213.

n tricolor, 240. Wickham, H. F., article by, 169.
Winn, A. F., article by, 80.

CorreEcTION.—Through a clerical error I have given, on page 189,
line 23, Carabus baccivorus Fisch. as a var. of chamissonis Fisch., instead
of a var. of tedatus Fab. W. H. HaRRINGTON.

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“andi Entomlai

iW COE a VT AY Sc

EDITED BY
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OrrHopTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
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having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
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WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian

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HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
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NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

REVISED CHECK LIST .
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Part I, Zhyatirine-Noctuine. Price, $1. Send to Ruhle & Schlenker,
booksellers. Bremen, or to the author. Important to all students of North
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- BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9, Vol. ii, issued Ist Jan., 1890. Contents: Argynnis Nevadensis, A.
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Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has.charge of the Physiology. °

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University. of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr.. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. (/¢ zs the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the fiela
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; aoc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published a the Entomological Society of Ontario.

ys - » . ae” 7“ We”
4 i yi ! 5 b Ts PN cha th “£4 4% we.
are Te &

Gs +e Pere pee Te
fa of CA. A 2

General Editor—REV. C. eA ‘Ss. BETHUNE, Port; ;Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—J. FLETCHER, - Ottawa ; ai M. DENTON, London ;
REVI! T.WosRkY LES, South Quebec,’ and DR. BRODIE, ‘Toronto. f

Nf ice 8

“ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP. ) mg
For Ordimany: Members :/2/2,04 spo ka, Aen Aer ula Mea OE Wess ovesaes $100
For Associate Members: in the United States. SRE Sa ee oe aed
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere..............+--+: £2)

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor. f

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 21 can be supplied at

$1 each and cos of ansportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.
Por each; insertion, periine byes: epee emieieie/ele. de stele iseiee ta Msp ier ee IEE, $ 50
CONE ANCH YPEr YEAL Si. sin ay aivjecetellele vee Mahle ve,'s ak cleo ieee a ne exeeaaees +» 400
Elali\ page ss.) ni) oo weitere
Whole 1 "

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States.

CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 6 cts; ¥% inch, IO cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old
list (after Crotch) to those of the new,:in such cases as the change is too ©
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these

lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to
members at 50c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-
siting the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary.

Pipa a aaveln us cia. gtk akc hee AIRS Rae Mea 10 00
Nes. Bunty is a ils eoRNMaca (sc ial MEME ae ler Rar en ane Me TOE
SUPPLIES FOR SALE. :

(05. SARE CES Ss SS A OL CN eo Sa

ee ti 6 Jani (ate aie > ——— 9 PA A RONG

si

f

THE

|

fe =. + + | a
y.. Canadian Entomologet

*
Ss

Wes a é

Mot whem Se Tr. a a

EDITED BY BY AS

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE. Nes

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.
ee 4

FEBRUARY, - 1890. aN
rs os. Sees <\ i As

LONDON:
LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO.

1890.

EXCHANGE.

Sebscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened if necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am especially interested in the study of the Orthoptera,
and wish to obtain, either by exchange or purchase, perfect specimens of these insects
from all parts. North American and West Indian material preferred. Persons
having specimens for sale or exchange will please correspond with me. LAWRENCE
Bruner, Nebraska University, Lincoln, Neb.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

7

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DuzEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

To exchange for perfect specimens of Lepidoptera not in my collection, examples
of Melitea McGlashanz and Coenonympha ochracea from Nevada. S. W. DENTON,
Wellesley, Mass.

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, atid
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with anj
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

A limited number of Weonympha Mitchellit French, n, sp., for exchange. Send
lists to IRvinG N. MircHEL1, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

MEMBRACID& WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, II.

BomBycip#.—I am anxious to get the eggs, cocoons or young larvze of this
family of moths. Shall be glad to exchange with any collector. JosEPH BRIDGHAM,
Zoological Artist, East Providence Centre, Rhode Island.

WANTED.—Skins of Prairie, Worm-eating Warblers, Acadian Flycatcher and others.
Can offer Blue and Golden-wing Warblers, Crossbills, Pine Grosbeaks, etc. W. E.
SAUNDERS, London, Ont.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. KILMAN, Ridgeway, Ont.

WANTED.—For specimens of Chinese Lepidoptera (diurnal and nocturnal), Coleop-

tera and Hymenoptera, American standard works on any or all of the three orders.

‘amed, JOHN WALLY, Wuhu, China.

_SPHINGID&, Etc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pupz of Sphingidze, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96
Spring St., New York.

Cocoons of hybrids female S. Ceanoth? male Cecropia, also S. Gloveri and male
Cecropia. Lists of other specimens exchanged. For perfect specimens liberal exchanges
will be given. No postal cards replied to. M1iss Emity L. Morton, Newburgh, N.
Y. (New Windsor delivery).

* CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examination or in
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. HacueE HARRINGTON, Post Office Department, Ottawa. x

SpipERs.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and
return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKS, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.

Cynipip& WANTED.—Named or unnamed Cynipide wanted by purchase or ex-

change. Always accompany the flies with théir galls when possible. C. P. GILLETTF,,.
Ames, Iowa. ,

ates

:
&

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

REVISED CHECK LIST
of the Noctuidz of North America, by A. R. GRoTE, Bremen.

Part I, Zhyatirine-Noctuine. Price, $1. Send to Ruhle & Schlenker,
booksellers, Bremen, or to the author. Important to all students of North
American Owlet Moths.

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9, Vol. ii, issued Ist Jan., 1890. Contents: Argynnis Nevadensis, A.
Halcyone, and early stages of A. Aphrodite; Satyrus Pegala; Erebia Epipsodea and
stages. Price, $2.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.
ENTOMOLOGY for BEGINNERS)

For the use of Young Folks, Fruit Growers, Farmers, and Gardeners. By A. S.
PACKARD, M. D., Ph. D., 12 mo., $1:75.

“*Tt is the best thing of the kind in English, or any other language. There is no
work that I would recommend to the young student so heartily.” S. W. WILLISTON,
Professor in Yale University, New Haven, Conn. U.S. HeENry Hoir & Co.,
Publishers, New York.

THE AMERICAN NATU RALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live Youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated’with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. J¢ zs the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans tn the fiela
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
wifh numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,
501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. —

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—J. FLETCHER, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London;
REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec, and DR. BRODIE, Toronte.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.
Hor Ordinary: Members. -i./.)5.. 5 esa cee nner the ce eee sia eh acm oa $1 oo
Bor, Associate Members, inathe Unitedistatese ul s.. ¢2 4 seem Gece tae I 00
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere.............-...-- 1 te

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

_ W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.

Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States). z e

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For each, insertion; per -inch).;.\./:..as aeraeraiesys sie earners Senate $ 50
ne ineh per’ year so.) > yeas. Matas, ewe RAN elo ak she, Seen Ter yee IRN eee am ma aS
Eval SAE? yl r41). septate Mimrlatlsolal eas: sey este ese ollers |p iehahee bor etrale cane eae IO 00
Whole 1 TNikarcupiocr barca ot eka sa! on at OPM font sv dyeitea wap ebes wee y SE YY ec atk Oty I5 00

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos, 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States, ;

CORK.—¥, inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 6 cts; % inch, 10 cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,

_ 1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old
list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these

lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to
members at 50c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-
siting the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary.

<i
FSS

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

MARCH, - 1890.

LONDON:

LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO,

iN, ols
2 oe
=

AR

' “4 4%
Si Al

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened if necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. . Correspondence solicited. E. P. Van DuzEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y. j

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, and
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

Neonympha Mitchelliz for exchange. N. MIrcHELL, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the ‘family that I do
not possess., F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Ill.

BomBycip#.—I am anxious to get the eggs, cocoons or young larve of this
family of moths. Shall be glad to exchange with any collector. JoserpH BRIDGHAM,
Zoological Artist, East Providence Centre, Rhode Island.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. KitMAN, Ridgeway, Ont.

WANTED.—For specimens of Chinese Lepidoptera (diurnal and nocturnal), Coleop-
tera and Hymenoptera, American standard works on any or all of the three orders
1amed. JOHN WALLY, Wuhu, China.

SPHINGID&, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pup of Sphingidze, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96
Spring St., New York.

Cocoons of hybrids female S. Ceanotht male Cecropia, also S. Gloverd and male
Cecropia. Lists of other specimens exchanged. For perfect specimens liberal exchanges

will be given. No postal cards replied to. Miss Emiry L. Morton, Newburgh, N.
Y. (New Windsor delivery).

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examination or in
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. Hacur HARRINGTON, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SPIDERS.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and
return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKs, 40 Henstis-St:, Ithaca, N. Y. :

CynipipD& WANTED.—Named or unnamed Cynipide wanted by purchase or ex-
change. Always accompany the flies with their galls when possible. C! P. GILLETTF,
Ames, Iowa.

A LARGE QUANTITY OF SET AND UNSET LEPIDOPTERA

And other insects, in fine condition, from Europe, South, East and West Africa, Java,
South America, India, Japan, Australia and the Solomon Islands. Prices and_particu-
lars on application. (No post cards. )

OD Be a 4 Ie is = Ab
RYHOPE, SUNDERLAND, ENGLAND.

\

¢

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan., 1890. Contents: Argynnis Nevadensis, A.
Halcyone, and early stages of A. Aphrodite; Satyrus Pegala; Erebia Epipsodea and
stages. Price, $2.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $4o.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.
SBT COME, eS uae Ee

> — SPECIMENS OF—

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, QRTHOPTERA, COLEOPTERA,

HYMENOPTERA, SHELLS, ETC.

REV. H. LOOMIS,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge., While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,

‘which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. J¢ zs the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the fiela
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; goc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—J. FLETCHER, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London;
REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec, and DR. BRODIE, Toronte,

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

For jOrdinaryy Nem bers: 2 2) es ee ae Seer een SS ean an ne eau ats $1 oo
For Associate Members in the United States.........a8.0...-2 26-006 oh, LOO)
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere....../......-.+++- 1 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or drafton New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London: Ontario.

- Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1$70 to 1873 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States,

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Boreach. insertion; per inch: .\25, saweerneie's 2.2 .cel seeeearait sea teva acheter $-. 50
Onevinchs| per Verne oye ews ayer ciaca ns lommeear sini oi AVAt ANAT Mee Rn te Tae re 400
Half page! 9.1) aees Sit a MD e's «Wer ACTED ate auto anes IO 00
Whole 1 TB aaa an ae See RMRSS 20 yams Daal tay aban Aurel tiene AN Wa eNsuotaa ao 15 00

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos, 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each; -
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States.

CORK.— ¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; 1 inch, 10 cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.,

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s' List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old _
list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too_
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these

lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to
members at 50c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-
siring the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary.

A

Tes mye 4 h Ss
p “ayy Shae =
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ANG TONY Sp
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Be ie
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AY Ganadian Entomologist “F?

B| See a.

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EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

“See SJ S—__ =

APRIL, - 18¢0

LONDON:
LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
Liable to be shortened if necessary. All insertions free-to subscribers.

WaNTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-——Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera, _
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZEE, Grosvenor
_ Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

_ CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this.order, and
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to xchange with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

Neonympha Mitchellii. for exchange. N. MircHELy, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do.
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, III.

CoLEopTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. Kiiman, Ridgeway, Ont.

SPHINGID&, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarve or pup of Sphingidz, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96.
‘Spring St., New York.

Cocoons of hybrids female S. Ceanothi male Cecropia, also S. Glover¢ and male
Cecropia. Lists of other specimens exchanged. For perfect specimens liberal exchanges.
will be given. No postal ¢ards replied to. Miss Emity L. Morron, Newburgh, N.
Y. (New Windsor delivery). :

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or ummamed, for examination or in
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. Hacue HArRINGTON, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SPipERS.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and
return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKS, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y. _

CynipiIp& WaNTED.—Named or unnamed Cynipidze wanted by purchase or ex-
change. Always accompany the flies with their galls when possible. C. P, GILLETTF,
Ames, Iowa. ;

Eccs AND Lary oF BomBycEs WANTED.—Will purchase or exchange for eggs
or larvee of any species of Gastrofacha, Sphingicampa, Coloradia, Euleucopheus,
Gluphisia, Heteropacha Rileyana, Saturnia galbina, Setrodonta bilineata, Nerice
bidentata and Parorgyia achatina. Sendintin box. A. S. PACKARD, Providence, R. I.

FOR SALE.

A collection of 1,500 Lepidoptera, mostly Mississippi Valley species, hand rearéd
from larvee ; several hundred fine specimens from Europe, Asia, South America and.
Mexico ; also some good N. A. Beetles, all at low figures. After May Ist can furnish
small lots of Paphia troglodita, spread or in papers, at satisfactory prices.

Address, R. R. ROWLEY, Curryville, Pike Co., Mo.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

REVISED CHECK LIST

of the Noctuidz of North America, by A. R. GRoTE, Bremen, ~
Part I, Zhyatirine-Noctuine. Price, $1. Send to Ruhle & Schlenker,.
booksellers, Bremen, or to the author. Important to all students of North
American Owlet Moths. <A limited number of copies may be obtained_.
from Rev. Dr. Bethune, Port Hope.

A LARGE QUANTITY OF SET AND UNSET LEPIDOPTERA

And other insects, in fine condition, from Europe, South, East and West Africa, Java,
South America, India, Japan, Australia and the Solomon Islands. Prices and _particu-
lars on application. (No post cards. )

$day) eve Ee,
RYHOPE, SUNDERLAND, ENGLAND.

BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan., 1890. Contents: Argynnis Nevadensis, A.
Halcyone, and early stages of A. Aphrodite; Satyrus Pegala ; Erebia Epipsodea and
stages.. Price, $2.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

HO i, SoA Te:

— SPECIMENS OF—

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, COLEOPTERA,

HYMENOPTERA; SHELES, ETC.

REV. H. LOOMIS,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

. Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C.'0. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-

» tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology. — .-

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. Jf zs the only magazine in the
world to-day which keeps tts readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the fiela

. of the Natural Sctences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 40c. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—J. FLETCHER, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London;
REV, T. W. FYLES, South Quebec, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.
For Ordinary Members
For Associate Members in the United States
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere.........-........- I 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1872 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For each insertion, per inch ....... BE es 8525. Ses EPR be er ee tere sfoaP ly st 8
One inch per year..... ie Galcie ere veuerarad MMEGn i Note le canbietebaaieeaeaaced tau ameaene knees +» 4 00
Plalfipacesy! iii omer sae SESSIONS (y.-> SHAME VK ER Sas UIE APH ob 4 At 10 00
Whole i UTS an eitelette her alleealyaire elo) char of Mpapepaieice \é. lo) ei.e* uliMieamalivifeiamcehalovaa ai (st eo he of - I5 00

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos, 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada

and United States, —

CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot ; postage 6 cts; '% inch, Io cts. per
square foot ; postage 6 cts. for 20 inches, and every fraction of 20 inches, to
Canada and United States.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old —
list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these ,

lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to .
members at 50c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-
siring the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary.

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

LONDON:
LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO,
1890.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are:
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian
Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN. DuUzEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

CANADIAN ORTHOPTERA WANTED.—I am preparing a Manual on this order, and
wish to include all Canadian forms. Should like, therefore, to exchange with any
collector. JEROME MCNEILL, Moline, Illinois.

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-.
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do.
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, II. ;

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. KILMAN, Ridgeway, Ont.

SPHINGID&, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pup of Sphingidze, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96-
Spring St., New York.

4
Cocoons of hybrids female S. Ceanotht male Cecropia, also S. Gloverd-and male-
,

Cecropia. Lists of other specimens exchanged. For perfect specimens liberal exchanges:
will be given. No postal cards replied to. Miss Emiry L. Morton, Newburgh, N.
Y. (New Windsor delivery).

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examination or in:
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. HacuE HArrincGtTon, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SPIDERS.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and
return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKS, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.

CyNnipIp# WANTED.—Named or unnamed Cynipide wanted by purchase or ex-.
change. Always accompany the flies with their galls when possible. C. P. GILLETTF, é
Ames, Iowa.

Eccs AND LARV& OF BoMBYCES WANTED.—Will purchase or exchange for eggs. z
or larva of any species of Gastropacha, Sphingicampa, Coloradia, Euleucopheus,
Gluphisia, Heteropacha Rileyana, Saturnia galbina, Setrodonta bilineata, Nertce-
bidentata and Parorgyia achatina. Send intin box. A. S. PACKARD, Providence, R. I.

LEPIDOPTERA OF MONTANA exchanged for other desirable species. Cuas. A.
WILEY, Miles City, Mont.

I offer Paphia troglodita, Apatura celtis, Colias cesonia and other Mississippi Valley
Diurnals, as well as Sphinges and Bombycids, for species of Lepidoptera, which I do not
have. Exchange eggs, larvee, pupze, or imagoes. R. R. RowLey, Curryville, Mo.

FOR SALE.

A collection of 1,500 Lepidoptera, mostly Mississippi Valley species, hand reared’
from larvze ; several hundred fine specimens from Europe, Asia, South America and
Mexico ; also some good N. A. Beetles, all at low figures. After May Ist can furnish:
small lots of Paphia troglodita, spread or in papers, at satisfactory prices.

Address,» R. R. ROWLEY, Curryville, Pike Co., Mo.
NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

REVISED. CHECK .LIST ‘

of the Noctuidz of North America, by A. R. Grorr, Bremen.
Part I, Zhyatirine-Noctuine. Price, $1. Send to Ruhle & Schlenker,.
booksellers, Bremen, or to the author. Important to all students of North
American Owlet Moths. A limited number of copies may be obtained
from Rev. Dr. Bethune, Port Hope. . ~ Re ee RN ; by te

Od
;

————

A LARGE QUANTITY OF SET AND UNSET LEPIDOPTERA

And other insects, in fine condition, from Europe, South, East and West Africa, Java,
South America, India, Japan, Australia and the Solomon Islands. Prices and _particu-
lars on application. (No post cards. )
DR. REED, TR,
RYHOPE, SUNDERLAND, ENGLAND,

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan., 1890, Contents: Argynnis Nevadensis, A.
Halcyone, and early stages of A. Aphrodite; Satyrus Pegala; Erebia Epipsodea and
stages. Price, $2.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. i1., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

FOR SALE,

—SPECIMENS OF—

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, COLEOPTERA

HYMENOPTERA; SHELIS, ETC.

REV. H. LOOMIS,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
live youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments., |

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the

best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the

World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master. :

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. Jf zs the only magazine tn the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the fiela
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—J. FLETCHER, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London ;
REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Boks Ordinary Miernbe rs 60° 25 asthe epeker crate fol conto, CLS ree eee nee $1 00
For Associate Members in the United States.....0....-..0ccccecunes I 00
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere.................05 I 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.

Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For ‘each insertion, per’ineh 3/0. co's eRe ele yc - Lek eee ee $ 50
One rinch) pen years sisichs sss. clais hgh pus, SOMME Pel sc, ches Maa DR ORE «| 400
VALE ASN thelrer Spat eid oriialtcten oe oie a A SE SEE ASELAE RIS. cota 10 00
Whole Wicd fotiaiieesielie los) o/s: ar sito alle fo,.n (eh MRUMaNe fa lay Gus) «Marcala eRattetstan sao Ws' ve halal tate atte 15 00

Registration fee 5 cents on every mail package. None will be sent
unregistered except at the express desire of the purchaser, at whose
risk it will then travel.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and —
United States). : :

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1872 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

SUPPLIES FOR SALE. ,

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States. :

CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square oat postage 5 cts; % inch, 10 cts, per
square foot ; postage 3 cts. a foot to Canada and United States.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET ©
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old
list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these —

listS cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to j
y4 members at 50c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de- .
siting the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary. af

- ree eens nT e

Mem
aA A

THE,

Le

Ae

a
oy

W, le
7

,

¥.. Canadian Entomalogat

q

‘e
RY

f
wy

I! Save
] Ht VOLUME OTT.

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

: LONDON:
4 b ry LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO,
1890.

EXCHANGE.
Subscribers are tnvited to make liberal use of thts column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened if necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

0

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

__ HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, INEIOY 2

MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, II.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleen especially Ceramby-
cidz, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. KILMAN, Ridgeway, Ont.

SPHINGID#, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pupz of ‘Sphingide, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa impertalts in exchange. Ramee 96-
Spring St., New York.

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examination or in
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. Hacue Harrinc TON, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SPIDERS.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and
return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKS, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.

CyNIPID2 WaNTED.—Named or unnamed Gentes wanted by purchase or ex-
change. Always accompany the flies with their galls when possible. C. P, GILLETTF,
Ames, Iowa.

Eccs AND LARV oF BomByYcES W. ANTED. —Will purchase or exchange for eggs.
or larve of any species of Gastropacha, Sphingicampa, Coloradia, Euleucopheus,
Gluphisia, Heteropacha Rileyana, Saturnia galbina, Setrodonta bilineata, Nerice
bidentata and Parorgyta achatina. Send in tin box. A. Ss PACKARD, Providence, R. I.

LEPIDOPTERA OF MONTANA exchanged for ois desirable species. CHAS. A.
WILEY, Miles City, Mont.

I offer Paphia troglodita, Apatura celtis, Colias cesonia and other Mississippi Valley
Diurnals, as well as Sphinges and Lombyctds, for species of Lepidoptera, which I do not
have. Exchange eggs, larvee, pupee, or imagoes. R. R. Row.ey, Curryville, Mo.

THE CELEBRATED: COLLECTION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOP-
TERA MADE BY THE LATE PROFESSOR HEINRICH FREY,
OF ZURICH, IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE.

The collection consists of 4,404 species and 15,600 specimens, and is throughout in
excellent condition. It is contained in three (3) cabinets, having altogether 100 drawers,
corked and glazed. The collection will, for all time, have a high scientifie value, con-
taining as it does, the types of all the new micro-lepidoptera (about 80) described by
Prof. Frey, of which about 50 are wnigue. For further information apply to

DR. M. STANDFUSS, Eidgen Polytechnicum, Zurich, Switzerland.

JOSEPH BRIDGHAM, SCIENTIFIC ARTIST,

P.O. Box 167, Providence, R.I.

Illustrations in colors, in black and white, or pen work ; drawings on paper, stone,
wood, or copper ; microscopic work ; work done in any locality, or received at studio ;
facilities for raising living specimens while illustrating changes.

References: Prof. A. Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. C. V. Riley, U. S. Agri-
cultural Dept., Washington, D. C.; Prof. C. O. Whitman, Clarke University, Worces- .
ter, Mass.; Prof. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. G. W. Goodale, Cambridge,
_Mass.; Prof. A. S. Packard, Brown University, Providence, R. I., U. S. Entomological
omnes: Proto rH. WV: Wilson, U. S. Fish Com’n, Wood’s Holl, +Mass., Dr. H. A:
Hagen, ‘Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. H. A. Pilsbry, Academy Nat’l Science, Seed Sate
Pa.; Prof. A. Bickmore, Museum of Nat'l History, Central aes Noo eDr. i
Rusby, College of Pharmacy, N. Y. ~ :

ra

— os CC

A LARGE QUANTITY OF SET AND UNSET LEPIDOPTERA

And other insects, in fine condition, from Europe, South, East and West Africa, Java,
South America, India, Japan, Australia and the Solomon Islands. Prices and _particu-
lars on application. (No post cards. )

DR. REED, JR.,
RYHOPE, SUNDERLAND, ENGLAND.

BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan., 1890. Contents: Argynnis Nevadensis, A.
Halcyone, and early stages of A. Aphrodite; Satyrus Pegala; Erebia Epipsodea and
stages. Price, $2.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CamBripce, Mass.

POR S.A Tm.

— SPECIMENS OF—

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, COLEOPTERA,

HYMENOPTERA, SHE LES). EvlG.

REV. H. LOOMIS,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the sudents of Professor
Agassiz, at Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
tive youth to a vigorous maturity, it*has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America. -

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country.

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique. ©

Prof: W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C._E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities,

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation .
before the general public in a more or less popular form. /¢ zs the only magazine tn the
world to-day which keeps its readers en rapport with the work of Americans in the fiela
of the Natural Sctences. The NATURALIS® publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER,

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—J. FLETCHER, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London;
REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

For Ordinaryalem bers \y4 ie Fee Oar ecm enn evo le) ala ee Ole a ahead fat .$1 00
For Associate Members in the United States............ ieee fer tren tenene I 00
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere.........-....-...+ I 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, ancl the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Opiate:
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor,

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For each insertion, per inch ........... 5 SRR Set alee: 5 ea Stas ae se pease
One inch per year..... aka: Gone s, ov aus (eis, WileneRaneatGeey ox 6 orelenieliclapouttever Sta ia patel isa be 8)
Half pages detysn ke toisisieielaaee vitls, setvloe eee tere piallede pia telanhe steele) Riapenadeaete 10 00
Whole 11 afr Hewes ot ei lemme eee so loa ahaa Ce ee 15 00

Registration fee 5 cents on every mail package. None will be sent
unregistered except at the express desire of the purchaser, at whose
risk it will then travel.

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes 1 to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1872 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000, Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States.

CORK.—¥, inch, 20 cts. per square otk postage 5 cts; % inch, 10 cts. per
square foot ; postage 3 cts. a foot to Canada and United States.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old
list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these

lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to
members at 50c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-
siring the list will do well to send for it at,once to the Secretary.

as —————————————————

Wi

¥ Canadian Entomologist FP

|) er SE CT ;

Wei VOLUME Sec TT, ay

EDITED BY

Ney w
REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, ay
—- RES Sues ]

AUGUST, - | 280 AY

Mt. 2 € 58 ae tp) SN sn ‘

DS ec A- BE A
Y : ag LONDON:

LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO,

1890.

EXCHANGE.
Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened if necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE--Good fresh specimens of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA Wanren. -—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DuzEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

MEMBRACIDZ WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopine, M. D., Rutland, IIl.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection; either American or
Exotic. A. H. KILMAN, Ridgeway, Ont.

SPHINGID&, Etc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pupe of Sphingidas, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis.in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96-
Spring St., New York.

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examination or in
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. HacuE HARRINGTON, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SPIDERS.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and
return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKS, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.

CyNIPIDA WANTED.—Named or unnamed Cylende. wanted by purchase or ex-

change. Always accompany the flies with their galls when possible. C, P, GILLETTF,
Ames, Iowa,

Eccs AND LARV OF BOMBYCES WANTED.—Will purchase or exchange for eggs
or larvee of any species of Gastropacha, Sphingicampa, | Coloradia, Euleucopheus,
Gluphisia, Heteropacha Rileyana, Saturnia galbina, Setrodonta bilineata, Nerice
bidentata and Parorgyta achatina. Send in tin box. A. S. PACKARD, Providence, R. I.

LEPIDOPTERA OF MONTANA exchanged for other desirable species. CuHas. A.
WILEY, Miles City, Mont.

I offer Paphia troglodita, Apatura celtis, Colias cesonia and other Mississippi Valley
Diurnals, as well as Sphinges and Bombycids, for species of Lepidoptera, which I do not
have.. Exchange eggs, larvee, pup, or imagoes. R. R. ROwLEy, Curryville, Mo.

THE CELEBRATED COLLECTION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOP-
TERA MADE BY THE LATE PROFESSOR HEINRICH FREY,
OF ZURICH, IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE.

. The collection consists of 4,404 species and 15,600 specimens, and is throughout in
excellent condition. It is contained in three (3) cabinets, having altogether 100 drawers,
corked and glazed. The collection will, for all time, have a high scientific value, con-
taining as it does, the types of all the new micro-lepidoptera (about 80) described by
Prof. Frey, of which about 50 ave unique. For further information apply to

DR. M. STANDFUSS, Eidgen Polytechnicum, Zurich, Switzerland.

JOSEPH BRIDGHAM, SCIENTIFIC ARTIS

P.O. Box 1672, Preetecuies! R.I. |

Illustrations in colors, in black and white, or pen work ; drawings on. paper, stone,
wood, or copper ; microscopic work ; work done in any locality, or received at studio “
facilities for raising living specimens while illustrating changes.

References: Prof. A. Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. C. V. Riley, U. S. ‘Amee
cultural Dept., Washington, D. C:; Prof. C..O. Whitman, Clarke University, Worces-
ter, Mass, ; Prof. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. G. W. Goodale, Cambridge,
Mass,; Prof. A. S. Packard, Brown University, Providence, R. I., U. S. Entomological
Conn. ebrol. Adiavs Wilson, U. S. Fish Com’n, Wood’s Holl, Mass., Dr. 'H. A.
Hagen, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. H. A. Pilsbry, Academy Nat’l Science, Philadelphia,.
Pa.; Prof. A. Bickmore, Museum of Nat’l History, Central Park, N. Y.; Dr. H, H.
‘Rusby, College of Pharmacy, N. Y. Dean

A LARGE QUANTITY OF SET AND UNSET LEPIDOPTERA

And other insects, in fine condition, from Europe, South, East and West Africa, Java,
South America, India, Japan, Australia and the Solomon Islands. Prices and particu-
lars on application. (No post cards. )

Po). sepa eT). CEC...
RYHOPE, SUNDERLAND, ENGLAND:

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9, Vol. iii, issued Ist Jan., 1890. Contents: Argynnis Nevadensis, A.
Halcyone, and early stages of A. Aphrodite; Satyrus Pegala; Erebia Epipsodea and
_ stages. Price, $2.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; V ol. il., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Camprince, Mass.

PCD CES pe A a

—SPECIMENS OF—_

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, COLEOPTERA,

EY MENOPTE RA SHELLS) ETC.

REV- H. LOOMIS,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST

Was commenced twenty-two years ago, by an association of the students of Professor
Agassiz, at'Cambridge. While it has followed the fortunes of its founders from compara-
tive youth to a vigorous maturity, it has gathered to its support most of the biologists and
geologists of North America.

Its constituency of authors includes a majority of the men of this class in the country,

The proprietors have associated with Professors Cope and Kingsley, its principal
editors, a number of leading scientists, whose names are a guarantee of editorial ability.

Dr. C. O. Whitman, of Milwaukee, one of our ablest histologists, directs the depart-
ment of Microscopic technique.

Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, late of John Hopkins University, now of ‘the School of
Technology, Boston, has charge of the Physiology.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, edits the Botanical departments.

The division of Anthropology is under direction of Mr. Thos. Wilson, whose connec-
tion with the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., gives him exceptional facilities.

Prof. J. H. Comstock, the able Professor of Entomology of Cornell University,
sustains both pure and economic Entomology.

Prof. W. S. Bayley, of the University of Wisconsin, has charge of Mineralogy.

Mr. W. N. Lockington, naturalist and man of letters, of Philadelphia, furnishes the
best, and indeed the only abstract of the results of Geographical Explorations of the
World that is published on this Continent.

Prof. J. A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, edits the department of Embry-
ology, a subject in which he is a well-known master.

It has been the aim of the NATURALIST to preserve its well-known national character,
which is illustrated in the wide distribution of its editorial responsibilities.

It appears to be the most favored medium of publication of the naturalists and
biologists in the United States, when they wish to bring the results of their investigation
before the general public in a more or less popular form. Jt 7s the only magazine in the
- world to-day which keeps tts readers en rapport with the work of A mericans in the fiela
of the Natural Sciences. The NATURALIST publishes 96 large octavo pages per month,
with numerous illustrations. TERMS: $4 PER YEAR; 4oc. PER NUMBER.

LEONARD SCOTT PUBLICATION CO.,

501 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomolo gical Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—]. FLETCHER, Ottawa; J. M. DENTON, London;
REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec, and DR. BRODIE, Toronto.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.
ForsOrdinanygiiiema pers & 05/5) 1)205) vas nae emraiereuet tote et, |. Re ors Raa et $1 00
For’ Associate Members’ in ‘the United Statesi:s5. 00: 0 .). 2uetok ean I
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere.............-...5- I 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during ine year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances and other business communications should be addressed to
the Secretary-Treasurer of the Society,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 240 Central Ave., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For each: insertions periinch yy, 2s... ks atone seal al aie ao le cr okenieas oie ae oats $
One Hine (per yeanesysatels. ccc ore: Bes au ke SUM la ok sias alo) CN ate na aaa 4 00
lal ft pages sii" iti: calavetanave sanact alaiedossta ata ae RotaPMR aE ts iar alalatiate ce ateiceey eee 10 00

Whole 1: TOS a AE Map anise PA a pr, Rea PRE wel A 15 00
Registration fee 5 cents on every mail package. None will be sent
unregistered except at the express desire of the purchaser, at whose
risk it will then travel.
Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes I to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States). Pips :
Annual Reports.—1870 to eee inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

EN TOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada

and United States.
CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 5 cts; 1% inch, 10 cts. per
square foot ; postage 3 cts. a foot to Canada and United States.
LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
’ USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement, ©
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old

list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these _

lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to

members at 50c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-

siring the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary.

ee

ee ee ee eee ee

= ne ~
hh i ee ee ie bp

= =. =~

oy.

nds

Fe Canavian Entomologist

WOO IVE Be) ee

°
EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

SEPTEMBER, - 1890.

SS

es . Neg ae

LONDON:
en . >: LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO.
1890.

LABELS FOR COLEOPTERA,—In order to benefit subscribers the

Entomological Society will sell the list of labels for Coleoptera, noticed on last
page of cover, for 25c. per set.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are

liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

LEPIDOPTERA.—I wish to exchange Lepidoptera of Wayne Co., Pa., for those of

the Western and Southern States. J. F. CRANDALL, Honesdale, Pa.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north, H. J. ELWes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng. ;

-HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E, P. VAN DuUZzEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

MEMBRACIDZ WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopine, M. D., Rutland, II.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cidee, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. KILMAN, Ridgeway, Ont.

SPHINGIDA, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pupze of Sphingidee, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa impertalis in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96
Spring St., New York.

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examination or in
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. HacuE HarRINGTOoN, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SpipDERS.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and
return duplicate species. NATHAN Banks, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.

CyNIPIDA WANTED.—Named or unnamed Cynipidze wanted by purchase or ex-
change. Always accompany the flies with their galls when possible. C, P. GILLETTF,
Ames, Iowa.

Eccs AND LARV#& OF BomMBYCES WANTED.—Will purchase or exchange for eggs.

or larvee of any species of Gastropacha, Sphingicampa, Coloradia, Euleucopheus,
Gluphisia, Heteropacha Rileyana, Saturnia galbina, Setrodonta lilineata, Nerice
bidentata and Parorgyta achatina. Send in tin box. A. S. PACKARD, Providence, R. I.

LEPIDOPTERA OF MONTANA exchanged for other desirable species. CHaAs. A.
WILEY, Miles City, Mont.

I offer Paphia troglodita, Apatura celtis, Colias cesonta and other Mississippi Valley
Diurnals, as well as Sphinges and Bombycids, for species of Lepidoptera, which I do not
have. Exchange eggs, larvae, pupze, or imagoes. R. R. ROWLEY, Curryville, Mo.

COLLECTION OF INSECTS FOR SALE.

Comprises fifty-two drawers (10 x 14 in.) butterflies taken by the undersigned in
Mass. and N. H., spread, arranged and labelled with name, locality and date—88

species (over 2,000 specimens), beside many larvee and pup; very complete and care- -

fully assorted series, and many very rare species; twenty drawers unlabelled miscell-
aneous insects (1,500 species) collected in Mass. All nearly new and in first-class con-

dition, Drawers lined with cork, paper covered; sliding glass covers, All in three

closed cabinets. F. H. SPRAGUE, Wo .tasTon, Mass.

A LARGE QUANTITY OF SET AND UNSET LEPIDOPTERA

And other insects, in fine condition, from Europe, South, East and West Africa, Java,
South America, India, Japan, Australia and the Solomon Islands, Prices and particu-
lars on application. (No post cards. )

a) Sew ae | eee
RYHOPE, SUNDERLAND, ENGLAND.

BUTTERELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 9, Vol. iii, issued 1st Jan., 1890. Contents: Argynnis Nevadensis, A.
Halcyone, and early stages of A. Aphrodite; Satyrus Pegala ; Erebia Epipsodea and
stages. Price, $2.25; three plates. Vol. i., bound, $35; Vol. ii, $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

BiGy be es A) ea ny,

SPECIMENS OF—

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, GOLGOPTERA

MY MENGE BRASH BELLS, ET.

REV. H. LOOMIS,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

THE CELEBRATED COLLECTION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOP-
TERA MADE BY THE LATE PROFESSOR HEINRICH FREY,
OF ZURICH, IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE.

The collection consists of 4,404 species and 15,600 specimens, and is throughout in
excellent condition. It is contained in three (3) cabinets, having altogether 100 drawers,
corked and glazed. The collection will, for all time, have a high scientific value, con-
taining as it does, the types of all the new micro-lepidoptera (about $0) described by
Prof. Frey, of which about 50 are unique. For further information apply to

* DR. M. STANDFUSS, Eidgen Polytechnicum, Zurich, Switzerland.

JOSEPH BRIDGHAM, SCIENTIFIC ARTIST,

P.O. Bos 1G=2, Providence, FR. I.

Illustrations in colors, in black and white, or pen work ; drawings on paper, stone,
wood, or copper ; microscopic work ; work done in any locality, or received at studio ;

facilities for raising living specimens while illustrating changes.

References: Prof. A. Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. C. V. Riley U.S. Agri-
cultural Dept., Washington, D. C.; Prof. C. O. Whitman, Clarke University, Worces-
ter, Mass.; Prof. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, ‘Mass.; Prof. G. W. Goodale, Cambridge,
Mass.; Prof. A. S. Packard, Brown University, Providence, R. I., U. S. Entomological
Com’n.; Prof. H. V. Wilson, U. S. Fish Com’n, Wood’s Holl, Mass., Dr. H. A,
Hagen, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. H. A. Pilsbry, Academy Nat'l Science, Philadelphia,
Pa.: Prof. A. Bickmore, Museum of Nat’l History, Central Park, N. Y.; Dr. H. H.
Rusby, College of Pharmacy, N. Y.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological S.ciety of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec; H. H. LYMAN,
Montreal, and W. E. SAUNDERS, London.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

For Ordinary VIEWS TS Noose is ehnk nears Nake le nepnte Vatste walt cede aves Die Mn satiate $1 oo
For Associate Members in the ined Statesinqasmascn cocker aati I 00
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere..... ...-....++2+- I 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario.
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on Jocal banks will not be received.

All remittances should be addressed to the Treasurer,

JOHN M. DENTON, London, Ont.;

Other business communications to the Secretary,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 188 Dundas St., London, Ontario.
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

Por) each ansentiony: per) toc he iy: i) eda olan. asale pte ea elaine ieee ie ate mnereperaions San so
One! INCH sPEry VEAL S15) s,srek sie) sige shetoe: pe tere ie 5 GAME ae We, ves DENTON RANE tea - 400
FIAl paces - fontipieed.'s see alice Cate eMC of RMON ES Cooke alse MORTEM aa IO 00
Whole u 7.08 SRC notevote & acai poate cha Oiremhala (cee hc Aaa Pave ejuyehen ah tltane te) al Bee » I5 00

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes I to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States, and registration fee 5c. on each package of six volumes or less).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1872 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000, Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States, and registration fee 5c.

CORK.—¥ inch, 20cts. per square foot; postage 5 cts; % men 10 cfs. per
square foot ; postage 3 cts. a foot to Canada and United States, and regis-
tration fee 5c.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list. connecting by number the names of the old

list (afterCrotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too.

great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these
lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to
members at 25c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-
ee the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary. “

ee Gee ee ee

a
‘
s
7
'
q

6 a
LOA E

}

i

f

al

EDITED BY

REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.
SS SSS
OCTOBER, - 1890.

oo = Fei (2 <

LONDON:
LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO,
1890.

To subscribers only, the Entomological Society will sell a few of each
of the following volumes at 75c. each.. Of some of these there are only a
few,to spare, and as soon as the surplus is reduced the price will be raised :
Canadiau Entomologist, volumes 3 to 21 inclusive. The following reports
will be sold to subscribers only at 25c each until surplus is exhausted :
1874, 1880, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889.

LABELS FOR COLEOPTERA,—In order to benefit subscribers the
Entomological Society will sell the list of labels for Coleoptera, noticed on last
page of cover, for 25c. per set.

EXCHANGE.
Subscribers are invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened 2f necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

COLEOPTERA.—I have about 1,500 species in duplicate and solicit exchanges,
especially in Chrysomelide. CHARLES W. LANG, P. O. Box 3565, New York.

. LEPIDOPTERA.—I wish to ores Lepidoptera of Wayne Co., Pa., for those of
the Western and Southern States. J. F. CRANDALL, Honesdale, Pa

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens. of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELWwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DuzrE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

_ MEMBRACIDA WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Il.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. Kitman, Ridgeway, Ont.

SpHINGID&, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, larvee or pupze of Sphingidee, also:

of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96-

Spring St., New York.

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named.or auraieieel for examination or in:
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. HacuE HarrincTOoN, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SPIDERS.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and

return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKS, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.
CyNIPIDA WANTED.—Named or unnamed Gua nae wanted by purchase or ex-

change. Always accompany the flies with their galls when possible. C, P, GILLETTR, ©

Ames, Iowa.

Eccs AND LARv& oF BoMBYCES WANTED.—Will purchase or exchange for eggs.
or larve of any species of Gastropacha, Sphingicampa, Coloradia, Euleucopheus,

Gluphisia, Heteropacha . Rileyama, Saturnia galbina, Seirodonta bilineata, Nerice —

bidentata and Parorgyia achatina. Send in tin box. A. S. PacKaRD, Providence, R. I.
* LEPIDOPTERA OF MONTANA exchanged for other desirable Spree Cuas. A.
WILEY, Miles City, Mont.

I offer Paphia troglodita, Apatura celtis, Colias cesonta and other Mississippi Valley
Diurnals,.as well as Sphing ges and Bombyczds, for species of Lepidoptera, which I do not
have. Exchange eggs, larve, pupee, or imagoes. R. R. RowLeEy, Curryville, Mo.

MOTHS FOR SALE.

Calasymbolus (Smerinthus), Astylus and other Sphingidz, also Bombycide. for ale .

by GEORGE W, PEcK, Roselle, Weigh County, New Jersey.

|
:
.
|

COLLECTION OF INSECTS FOR SALE.

Comprises fifty-two drawers (10 x 14 in.) butterflies taken by the undersigned in
Mass. and N. H., spread, arranged and labelled with name, locality and date—88
species (over 2,000 specimens), beside many larvee and pupze; very complete and care-
fully assorted series, and many very rare species; twenty drawers unlabelled miscell-
aneous insects (1,500 species) collected in Mass. All nearly new and in first-class con-
dition. Drawers lined with cork, paper covered ; sliding glass covers, All in three
closed cabinets. F. H. SPRAGUE, Wo.LAsTon, Mass.

NOTICE OF MEETING, ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS

The second annual meeting of the Association of Official Economic Entomologists
will be held at the University Buildings, Champaign, Illinois, November 11th to 15th
proximo, at the same time and place as the meeting of the Association of Agricultural
Colleges and Experiment Stations. The Committee on Entomology of the latter
Association will meet at the same time.

Members expecting to attend will confer a favor upon the Officers if they will
announce the fact, and will send titles of papers to be read or topics they desire dis-
cussed to the Secretary. All are earnestly urged to be:present if possible.

JOHN B. SMITH, Secretary, New Brunswick, N. J.

FOR SALE.

— SPECIMENS OF—

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, COLEOPTERA,

ELLY MENOPTERA; SHELLS, ETC.

REV. H. LOOMIS,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.
THE CELEBRATED COLLECTION OF PALAEARCTIC LEPIDOP-
TERA MADE BY THE LATE PROFESSOR HEINRICH FREY,
OF ZURICH, IS NOW OFFERED FOR SALE.

The collection consists of 4,404 species and 15,600 specimens, and is throughout in
excellent condition. It is contained in three (3) cabinets, having altogether 100 drawers,
corked and glazed. The collection will, for all time, have a high scientific value, con-
taining as it does, the types of all thehew micro- lepidoptera (about 80) described by
Prof. Seae of which about 50 are unique. For further information apply to

DR. M. STANDFUSS, Eidgen Polytechnicum, Zurich, Switzerland.

JOSEPH BRIDGHAM, SCIENTIFIC ARTIST,

P.O. Box 162, Prowidence, Ir. I.

_ Illustrations in colors, in black and white, or pen work ; eerie: on paper, stone,
wood, or copper ; microscopic work ; work done in any locality, or received at studio ;
facilities for raising living specimens while illustrating changes.

References: Prof. A. Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. C. V. Riley, U. S. Agri-
cultural Dept., Washington, D. C.; Prof. C. O. Whitman, Clarke University, Worces-
ter, Mass.; Prof. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. G. W. Goodale, Cambridge,
Mass,; Prof. A. S. Packard, Brown University, Providence, R. I., U. S, Entomological
Com’n.; Prof. H. V. Wilson, U. S. Fish Com’n, Wood's Holl, Mass., Dr, H. A;
Hagen, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. H. A. Pilsbry, Academy Nat’l Paget pees:
Pa.; Prof. A. Bickmore, Museum of Nat’l History, Central Park, N. Y.; Dr. H. H.
Rusby, College of Pharmacy, N. Y.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

‘

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec; H. H. LYMAN,
Montreal, and W. E. SAUNDERS, London.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

or MO rgaiety NECUIDEDS ..is;. ozs cy 0 gies tiei rate farere theta bate lnly aUop ova eustY pean $1 oo
For Associate Members in the United States......... Uehara ete gat I 00
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere.........-...-..+0+ I 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but

_ cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances should be addressed to the Treasurer,

JOHN M. DENTON, London, Ont.;

Other business communications to the Secretary,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 188 Dundas St., London, Ontario. : -
Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For, each dmsertion, sper ae hy 2. dies. e cisgn arsine at tane aioe eravalere are lee. ajountel erate $B) 4450:
One inch per year...... Reeser tae fae) Oe aah ae eee 4 00
EMAL Pages Wie ini titre tmtaus aie e sa sceree te SAID cy SRC ON. eM dt: Ot coe IO 00
Whole 1 HY sh) Ach Bhetevalesteret ape vaneae veaeitch. aia lle naris hei aiteds Médaltie ian esate vatate leat lel p tex slaistatatatn 15 00

Canadian Entomologist.—The dele volumes 1 to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States, and registration fee 5c. on each package of six volumes or less).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1872 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

passe Efe
SUPPLIES FOR SALE.
: ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;

Nos, 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3-cts. per 500, to Canada
and United States, and registration fee 5c.

CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 5 cts; % inch, IO cts. per
square foot ; postage 3 cts. a foot to Canada and United States, and regis-
tration fee 5c.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old .
list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too -
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these

“lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to
yA _ members at 25c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-
siring the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary.

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EDITED BY

REV.C. JS. BETHUNE:

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

LONDON:
LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO.

To subscribers only, the Entomological Society will sell a few of each
of the following volumes at 75c. each.. Of some of these there are only a
few to spare, and as soon as the surplus is reduced the price will be raised :
Canadiau Entomologist, volumes 3 to 21 inclusive. The following reports
will be sold to subscribers only at 25c each until surplus is exhausted :
1874, 1880, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, . 1887, 1888, 1889.

LABELS FOR COLEOPTERA, —In order to benefit subscribers the
Entomological Society will sell the list of labels for Coleoptera, noticed on last
page of cover, for 25c. per set.

EXCHANGE.

Subscribers ave invited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

COLEOPTERA.—I have about 1,500 species in duplicate and solicit exchanges,
especially in Chrysomelidz. CHARLES W. LANG, P. O. Box 3565, New York.

LEPIDOPTERA, —I wish to exchange Lepidoptera of Wayne Co., Pa., for those of
the Western and Southern States. J. F. CRANDALL, Honesdale, Pa.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHaNncm-Good fresh specimens of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng.

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN Duzer, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

MEMBRACID2 WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Ill.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cidz, which I wish to exchange for species not in my collection, either American or
Exotic. A. H. Kitman, Ridgeway, Ont.

SPHINGID&, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pup of Sphingidee, also-
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis in exchange: HERMANN AICH, 96:
Spring St., New York.

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examination or in.

exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. Hacue HarRINGTON, Post Office Department, Ottawa.

SprpERS.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and
return duplicate species. NATHAN BANKs, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.

CYNIPIDA WANTED.—Named or unnamed Cytipie wanted by purchase or ex-:
change. Always accompany the flies with their galls when possible. C. P. GILLETTR,
Ames, Iowa.

Eccs. AND LaRv& OF BoMBYCES WANTED.—Will purchase or gexchanie for eggs.
or larve of any species of Gastropacha, Sphingicampa, Coloradia, Euleucopheus,

Gluphisia, Heteropacha Kileyana, Saturnia galbina, Setrodonta bilineata, Nerice ~

bidentata and Parorgyia achatina. Sendintinbox. A. S. PACKARD, Providence, R. I.

LEPIDOPTERA OF MONTANA exchanged for other desirable species. CHaAs. A,
WILEY, Miles City, Mont.

I offer Paphia troglodita, Apatura celtis, Colias cesonia and other Mississippi Valley
Diurnals, as well as Sphinges and Bombycids, for species of Lepidoptera, which I do not
have. Exchange eggs, larvee, pupa, or imagoes.’ R. R. RowL¥y, Curryville, Mo:

MO’'THS FOR SALE.

Calasymbolus (Smerinthus), Astylus and other Sphingidze, also Bombycidze for sale

by GrorGE W, PEck, Roselle, Union County, New Jfersey.

eS OTS

COLLECTION OF INSECTS FOR SALE.

Comprises fifty-two drawers (10 x 14 in.) butterflies taken by the undersigned in
Mass. and N, H., spread, arranged and labelled with name, locality and date—88
species (over 2,000 specimens), beside many larvie and pup; very complete and care-
fully assorted series, and many vey rare species ; twenty drawers unlabelled miscell-
aneous insects (1,500 species) collected in Mass. — All nearly new and in first-class con-
dition. Drawers lined with cork, paper covered ; sliding glass covers. All in three
closed cabinets. F, H. SPRAGUE, Wo .tastTon, Mass.

NOTICE OF MEETING, ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS

The second annual meeting of the Association of Official Economic Entomologists
will be held at the University Buildings, Champaign, Illinois, November 11th to 15th
proximo, at the same time and place as the meeting of the Association of Agricultural
Colleges and Experiment Stations. The Committee on Entomology of the latter
Association will meet at the same time. :

Members expecting to attend will confer a favor upon the Officers if they will
announce the fact, and will send titles of papers to be read or topics they desire dis-
cussed to the Secretary. All are earnestly urged to be present if possible.

JOHN B. SMITH, Secretary, New Brunswick, N. J.

FOR SALE,

—SPECIMENS OF—

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, GOLLOPTERA

HYMENOPTERA, SHELLS, ETC.

REWV. H. LOOMIS,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

PAMPHILA WANTED.

Having for some time past been actively engaged in the study and collection of this
group of butterflies, I would be pleased to hear from parties having any perfect specimens

to sell or to exchange. Western species particularly wanted Eggs of any species also
desired.

PHILIP LAURENT, 1306 Chestnut St , Philadelphia, Pa.

JOSEPH BRIDGHAM, SCIENTIFIC ARTIST,

P.O. Box 162, Prowidence, R.I.

Illustrations in colors, in black and white, or pen work ; drawings on paper, stone,
wood, or copper ; microscopic work ; work done in any. locality, or received at studio ;
facilities for raising living specimens while illustrating changes.

References: Prof. A. Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. C. V. Riley. U. S. Agri-
cultural Dept., Washington, D. C.; Prof. C. O. Whitman, Clarke*University, Worces-
ter, Mass.; Prof. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. G. W. Goodale, Cambridge,
Mass.: Prof. A. S. Packard, Brown University, Providence, R. I., U.S. Entomological
Com’i,; Prof Hh. V. Wilson,.U. S. Fish Com’n, Wood’s Holl, Mass., Dr. H. A.
Hagen, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. H. A Pilsbry, Academy Nat'l Science, Philadelphia,
Pa.; Prof. A. Bickmore, Museum of Nat’l History, Central Park, N. Y.; Dr. H. H-
Rusby, Collegeof Pharmacy, N. Y,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committe—REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec; H. H. LYMAN,
Montreal, and W. E. SAUNDERS, London.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Hor ‘Ordinary Membersi 2552s 00) Wa seaaese eee Soh ae yc oetay sh Sane es ea $1 oo
For Associate Members in’ the United. States.................2c00005 I 00
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere.................+- I 25

The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of all the Society’s -publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government.

Remittances may be made in the form of uae Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received.

All remittances should be addressed to the Treasurer,

JOHN M. DENTON; London, Ont.;

Other business communications to the Secretary,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 188 Dundas St., London, Ontario.

Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor,

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.

For each insertion,. per’ incli s-. ceisem acted eine sel ay sleteie ie a coer ateefae $ 50
QREVINGHi Per. \yea4r sc: A. cee ae se TARR teen eae Scared bo eo
1 1 fas OFF t a ra eA Pr ys he eGR RA ee OR 10 00
Whole 1 Ite Wovate Wo nkie Breese Oe is Coe para aa ae iin hers ce 15 00

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes I to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States, and registration fee 5c. on each package of six volumes or less).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1872 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos, 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages of 500 each;
Nos. 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada

and United States, and registration fee 5c.

CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 5 cts; 14 inch, Io cts. per
square foot ; postage 3 cts. a foot to Canada, and Winted States, and regis-
tration fee 5c.

LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old
list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these

lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they willbe supplied to :
members at 25c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-
siring the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary:

Su aac ly i}
Ae
ay ey <7 I
We

Mi ky

VOLUME xx.

EDITED BY

RoW CJ. S. BETHUNE.

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO.

DECEMBER, - 1800.

NSF ey ye
Sea :

LONDON:

LONDON PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHING CO.

1890.

= \ a>
Tea 3

Ni
\
}
<a

To subscribers only, the Entomological. Society will sell a few of each
of the following volumes at 75c. each. Of some of these there are only a
few to spare, and as soon as the surplus is reduced the price will be raised :
Canadiau Entomologist, volumes 3 to 21 inclusive. The following reports
will be sold to subscribers oaly at 25c each until surplus is exhausted :
1874, 1880, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889.

LABELS FOR COLEOPTERA,—In order to benefit subscribers the
Entomological Society will sell the list of labels for Coleoptera, noticed on last
page of cover, for 25c. per set.

EXCHANGE.
Subscribers are tnuited to make liberal use of this column. Notices over three lines are
liable to be shortened tf necessary. All insertions free to subscribers.

LEPIDOPTERA.—I would like to exchange Lepidoptera of Central Missouri for
those of other localities—the south and west preferred. OLIVER J. STALEY, Marshall,
Saline Co., Missouri, U. S. A.

COLEOPTERA.—I have about 1,500 species in duplicate and solicit exchanges,
especially in Chrysomelide. CHARLES W. LANG, P. O, Box 3565, New York.

LEPIDOPTERA.—I wish to exchange Lepidoptera of Wayne Co., Pa., for those of
the Western and Southern States. J. F. CRANDALL, Honesdale, Pa.

WANTED TO PURCHASE OR EXCHANGE—Good fresh specimens of Canadian

Diurnal Lepidoptera, especially from west and north. H. J. ELwes, Preston, Ciren-
cester, Eng. ;

HEMIPTERA WANTED.-—Exchanges in Hemiptera desired, especially in Homoptera,
either named or unnamed. Correspondence solicited. E. P. VAN DUZEE, Grosvenor
Library, Buffalo, N. Y.

MEMBRACID WANTED.—I wish to purchase perfect specimens (unmounted pre-
ferred) of Membracids not in my collection ; also, any works on the family that I do
not possess. F. W. Gopinc, M. D., Rutland, Il.

CoLEOPTERA.—I have a good supply of Canadian Coleoptera, especially Ceramby-
cide, which I wish to exchange for species not in my Pb ss either. American or
Exotic. A. H. Ki~MANn, Ridgeway, Ont.

SPHINGIDA, Erc.—Would like to obtain eggs, iarvee or pupe of Sphingidee, also
of Cetrocampa regalis and Dryocampa imperialis in exchange. HERMANN AICH, 96
Spring St., New York.

CANADIAN HYMENOPTERA WANTED—Named or unnamed, for examination or in
exchange. Correspondence desired with collectors in the Eastern and Western Provinces.
W. Hacue HarrincTon, Post Office Department, Ottawa. ;

SpipERS.—I wish to obtain American Spiders, and will exchange or name and
return duplicate species. NATHAN Banks, 40 Henstis-St., Ithaca, N. Y.

CyNIPIDAZ WANTED.—Named or unnamed Cynipidee wanted by purchase or ex-
change. Always accompany the flies with their galls when possible. C, P. GILLETTR,
Ames, Iowa.

Eccs anp Larv& or Bompyces WANTED.—Will purchase or exchange for eggs.
-or larve of any species of Gastropacha, Sphingicampa, Coloradia, Euleucopheus,
Gluphisia, Heteropacha Kileyana, Saturnia galbina, Setrodonta bilineata, Nerice
bidentata and Parorgyta achatina. Send in tin box. A. S. PACKARD, Providence, R. I.

LEPIDOPTERA OF MONTANA exchanged for other desirable species. -CHas. A.
WILEY, Miles City, Mont.

I offer Paphia troglodita, Apatura celtis, Colias cesonia and other Mississippi Valley
Diurnals, as well as Sphinges and Bombycids, for species of Lepidoptera, which I do not
have. Exchange eggs, larve, pup, or imagoes. R. R. ROWLEY, Curryville, Mo.

>

MOTHS FOR SALE.

Calasymbolus (Smerinthus), Astylus and other Sphingidze, also Bombycidz for sale
by GeorcE W. Peck, Roselle, Union County, New Jersey.

BUTTE RELIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Part 10, Vol. III., issued 1st October, 1890. Contents: Argynnis Alustis and
early stages; Arg. Adiante; Arg. Atossa, new species; Satyrodes Canthus and all
stages. Price, $2.25; three plates. Vol. I., bound, $35; Vol. II., $40.

Apply to HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., CAamBRIDGE, Mass.
COLLECTION OF INSECTS FOR SALE.

Comprises fifty-two drawers (10 x 14 in.) butterflies taken by the undersigned in
Mass. and N. H., spread, arranged and labelled with name, locality and date—88
species (over 2,000 specimens), beside many larvze and pup; very complete and care-
fully assorted series, and many very rare species ; twenty drawers unlabelled miscell-

- aneous insects (1,500 species) collected in Mass. All nearly new and in first-class con-

dition. Drawers lined with cork, paper covered; sliding glass covers. All in three
closed cabinets. F. H. SPRAGUE, WOLLASTON, Mass.

FOR SALE.

— SPECIMENS OF—

JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, COLEOPTERA,

Yai Ore hE PoAgS PLE ELS, oR TG.

REV. H. LOOMIS,
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.

PAMPHILA WANTED.

Having for some time past been actively engaged in the study and collecting of this
group of butterflies, I would be pleased to hear from parties having any perfect specimens
to sell or to exchange. Western species particularly wanted. Eggs of any species also.

desired.
PHILIP LAURENT, 1306 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.

JOSEPH BRIDGHAM, SCIENTIFIC ARTIST,

P.O. Box 162, Prowidence, R.I.

Illustrations in colors, in black and white, or pen work ; drawings on paper, stone,
wood, or copper ; microscopic work ; work done in any locality, or received at studio ;
facilities for raising living specimens while illustrating changes.

References: Prof. A. Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. C. V. Riley, U. S. Agri-
cultural Dept., Washington, D. C.; Prof. C. O. Whitman, Clarke University, Worces-
ter, Mass.; Prof. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. G. W. Goodale, Cambridge,
Mass,; Prof. A. S. Packard, Brown University, Providence, R. I., U. S. Entomological
Com’n.; Prof. H. V. Wilson, U. S. Fish Com’n, Wood’s Holl, Mass., Dr. H. A.
Hagen, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. H. A. Pilsbry, Academy Nat’l Science, Philadelphia,
Pa.; Prof. A. Bickmore, Museum of Nat’l History, Central Park, N. Y.; Dr. H. H
Rusby, College of Pharmacy, N. Y.

-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario.

General Editor—REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Port Hope, Ont.
Editing Committee—REV. T. W. FYLES, South Quebec; H. H. LYMAN,
Montreal, and W. E, SAUNDERS, London.

ANNUAL FEES OF MEMBERSHIP.

Bor Ordinary Members ey rss eauich 24.0 eee abanal ee taeter epee hacsis heat seal aoemeeatenete $1 oo
For Associate Members, m ithe sUmiteds Statesijcier ec 21c'</e me nlanisisieveeanretare
For Associate Members in England and elsewhere...............--++
The Fees are payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year, and
their payment entitles the members to a copy of.all the Society’s publications
during the year, including the Illustrated Annual Report made to the Ontario
Government. 5
Remittances may be made in the form of Express Order, Postal Note,
Canadian, U. S. or English Stamps, P. O. Order or draft on New York, but
cheques on local banks will not be received. ;
All remittances should be addressed to the Treasurer,
JOHN M. DENTON, London, Ont.;

Other business communications to the Secretary,

W. E. SAUNDERS, 188 Dundas St., London, Oataaa,

Send all manuscript for publication to the General Editor.

ADVERTISING RATES.
Payable Strictly in Advance.
For “each |, INSertion,; Pens WACh! HH ances ye isd es aleeetede suetetisrele, ste uc hayeapelatelate lo eneea $
Onellinch per; yearns d.:cis aera cree toe val aces mi Uibane\lae ic: si giathierersheseeaies Mabel
Tat ames 8 ah! yi vaya iveletace's! sy steed eheieien s AANN TE a, «5.00 Gia ehciiy alates Staten area “ai
Whole PT aha uate by ofe of ere Wiaieis e\e ‘eioreiellen .6\a (6 ,s) \wsain/s)eiu\tulsll)s\61)6, aisles leew ier

Canadian Entomologist.—The back volumes I to 21 can be supplied at
$1 each and cost of transportation (postage 3 cts. a volume to Canada and
United States, and registration fee 5c. on each package of six volumes or less).

Annual Reports.—1870 to 1872 inclusive are out of print; later numbers
can be supplied at 50 cents each, and 2cts. postage to Canada and United States.

SUPPLIES FOR SALE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS.—Nos. 00 to 5 inclusive, in packages ae 500 each;
Nos, 6, in packages of 250 $1 per 1000. Postage 3 cts. per 500, to Canada

and United States, and registration fee 5c.
CORK.—¥ inch, 20 cts. per square foot; postage 5 cts; % inch, I0 cts. per
square foot ; postage 3 cts. a foot to Canada and United States, and regis-
tration fee 5c,
LIST OF LABELS FOR CANADIAN COLEOPTERA FOR CABINET
USE.—This list is based upon Henshaw’s List of 1885, and the supplement,
1887, and has a synonymical list connecting by number the names of the old

list (after Crotch) to those of the new, in such cases as the change is too
great to allow of the ready recognition of the new name. Although these ||

lists cost the Society over 75c. each, they will be supplied to
members at 25c., post-paid. As the supply is limited, those de-

_ Siting the list will do well to send for it at once to the Secretary.

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is, fA EN tliat
ys

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