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Canadian Entomologist

weOL GE VER Sis:
1917.

EDITED BY

DRe-ES Me VVALKER,

Biological Department,

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, TORONTO

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE :

A. W. Baker W . H. Brittain L. Caesar N: Criddle
A. Gibson F. J. A. Morris ° R. C. Treherne A. F. Winn

-

Pditoe Emeritus: “REV. -C..J.S- BE LEIWNE.

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH; ONT.

London, PCntaria:

The London Printing and Lithographing Company Limited

1917,

igio4 OF. CON-ERIBUPORS ShG 4 OL. Sax
AINSLIE, C.N., Bureau of Entomology........ Sere Eres hore nee ras WASHINGTON, D. C.
ALEXANDER, DR. CHAS. P., University of Kansas....1...........:000- LAWRENCE, KAs.
BAGH Re Av iGseburedit Of ntOmolo phy, | e-stccsiee edie ee reer WASHINGTON, D. C.
IBPATRIN EOS Sa) RSW IME: ocak. -ccuceeccsactuhs Gece (oath set Soveen tee deenaeeee omaecon aeames nat waepares DECATUR, ILL.
BETHUNE, REV. PROF. C. J. S., Ont. Agricultural College.......... GUELPH, ONT.

135) 30 byl Na FA ph Ud 8d SRO ALY De a 9 GN Fn Be een ieee Bronx, New York City.
ERD SEEN RIVES oS ontes Bee Rye, N. Y.

Ben CE Se Wis eee bok INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
BRITTAIN, PROF. W. He Agricultural Collegex:.,.c..cs.c2c02-20-ensnnssone Truro, N.S.

CAESAR, PROF. L., Ont. Agricultural College................... GUELPH, ONT.
CHAMBERLIN, W. J., Oregon Agric. Experiment Station... CORVALLIS, OR.
COCKERELL, PROF. T. D. A., University of Colorado....... BOULDER, COL.
CRAMPTON, PROF. G. C., Mass. Agricultural College.................. AMHERST, MAss.
CRIDDLE, NORMAN, Dominion Entomological Service................ TREESBANK, MAN.
DICKERSON, EDGAR L., New Jersey Agricultural College........... NEw Brunswick, N. J.
TD YO)D YE a) REGIS Hise, ©) OF) SD an oe i A goa Cr eS reece On ACTIVE SERVICE.

DUPORTE, E. M., Macdonald College

J .. ST. ANNE DE BELLEVUE, QUE.
ELY, DR. CHAS. R

WASHINGTON, D.- C.

EMERTON, J. H........ Boston, Mass.
ANT FEDS Co. ee sates saedencod ox) tics sass ab onc cee cous sabe eetanta canal estate teca Me woteracecnan teen PASADENA, CAL.
Ee OR ese States rn tOmO]l ORISts.sessrcss +. se-te ace wamesereresnoceesee Eee ALBANY, N. Y.
FENTON, F. A., Ohio State University................. CoLumBus, O.
FERRIS, G. F., Leland Stanford Jr. University... STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.
FISHER, W. S., Bureau of Entomology................. WASHINGTON, D. €.
GAHAN, A. B., Bureau of Entomology......... PRN eRe WASHINGTON, D.C.
GIBSON, ARTHUR, Entomological Branch....................c1:seeeeceee ne asse OrTawa, ONT.
GIBSONS EB] He. Bureatt of Entomol Og yrs eects: tose ons caret ceeeaverer-pee 7. WASHINGTON, D. C.
GILLETTE, PROF. C. P., State Agriculturai sollege> sits Fort COLLINS, COL.
GIRAULT, ING Topi terace pee nig ane ROR = oH <a te Ben Ge GLENNDALE, Mp.
GRINNELL, ORI MiG Ea eis ce pee enereat We oa ee as PASADENA, CAL.
HEWITT, DRGs GORDON, Entomological Branch................c000 OTTAWA, ONT.
HOLLINGER, A. H., University. of MiSSOUTI...........c.cs.eccccecsncsncesezsceee CoLumBIA, Mo.
JOHNSON, CHAS. W., Boston Soc. of Natural History.. .... BOSTON, MAss.
KENNEDY;)'\Ca H-; CormnelinW miv.ersit yee-cisc. 2h. costes cas enegsvevsnescas-cveceeeper- IrHaca, N. Y.

KNIGHT, H. Hey Cornell WIV CTSUEY cerca aces eee eae eee ee IrHaca, N. Ya
LILJEBLAD, TDN EOL eR Be i A Dee SSeS et CHICAGO, ILL.
McDERMOTT, F. ALEX... .. WASHINGTON, D. Cz

McDUNNOUGH, 1D) Ae (eee ete eta ee se ees eee carey ..DECATUR, ILL.
MACNAMARA, GHASHin ease Sa ks eeercne ea ARNPRIOR, ONT.
MALLOCH, J. R., WniversityscOroullinoise.. see eee eee ere sURBANA, ILL.
MICKEL, CLARENCE E., University: of Nebraska............:..:e¢-c0c..-2 LINCOLN, NEB.

NY CO] O 12 Di CRG ae en Oe eee eee rarer rece ec Agreceseceeeetesneeetneee MONTREAL, QUE.
MUIR, F., Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ ASSOCIAtION...........cc0-cceccceeeseneaeeeee HONOLULU, T. H.
NEEDHAM, PROF. J.\G.,- Cornell niversity.... 2.05 .ccceecesseteeuee-senense IrHaAcA, N. Y.
PARKER RoR. MontanatState: Collegers 2) casrctisnediscascns ic sste-devscneen os BOZEMAN, MONT.
PARSHLEY, H. M., Bussey Institution, Harvard University.......... FoREST HILLS, MASS.
PIN GAChis (Cornell University ce. cc sn saceereiecte erence octets tometer eae ITHaca, N. Y..
ROMWER. Si Al Bureau ots Emtomolo gig crores resets reercteneyse-s Serene WASHINGTON, D.C.
ROSS, W. A., Dominion Entomclogical Service...... .... VINELAND STATION, ONT.

SAUNDERS. VG. Acriculturals College cn cvcesseccssctalesctestetsnsserecet tees Truro, N.S.

S GHAR ERR (GEUAS So oy ocssvcae ce -nsateseertor a etesseenene ie anette teen BROOKLYN, N. Y.
SHUN IGG. ©. University: of Calitonmiac steers se: ss.ceveccssesceecereesenceeee BERKELEY, CAL.
RSRSAE INUING RP RS:, DOC TEO INGER Wis eraeare oes tamer Sauces Sept oa: cee eeeceeee ...-PHILADELPHIA, PA.

SLADEN, F. W. L., Experimental Farms Branch, Dept. / OTTAWA, ONT.
STUD 8 ial Dae) fe cee A ae oe perme tele ry arlene ha Peay rece an Sateen ey SHERBORN, Mass.
STOHR, REV. L. M., St. Alexander’s = TRONSIDE, QUE.

“SIU Sed 1 Das NY aie? eee cen ee ec erry ERP on EN LEXINGTON, Mass.
TREHERNE, Ke Gs Dominion Entomological Service.......... VANCOUVER, B. C.
TUCKER, B.S: State Agricultural Experiment Station BATON RouGgE, La.
Pea DUZER YS MAC coe Seer ee Pei Rttar eevee eae BuFFALO, N.Y.
WALKER, PROF. E. M., University of Toronto .................... TorRONTO, ONT.
WEISS, HARRY B., New Jersey Agricu!tural College...............400.. New Brunswick, N. J.
NOY SHES OS TO) CES) Seah Ol ea eee see eS Oa ee ene ere a a Rep DEER, ALTAY

WINN, ALBERT eee ode ee ane Sao Rao Prednis REESE WESTMOUNT, QUE.

PLATE I.

VOL, Ne Dx

’

ENT.

CAN.

THE GENUS SALT USAREIS-

(See p. 8.)

he Ganadiay Ventomologist

VOLy AEBS LONDON, JANUARY, 1917 No. 1

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS SALTUSAPHIS.
(APHIDIDA:—HOM.).
BY A. C. BAKER, WASHINGTON, D.C.*

The genus Saliusaphis was erected by Theobald for his species
scirpus from Egypt. A study of a number of American species
found on sedges and in marshy localities indicates that there are at
least five species of this genus in America. Two of these have been
already descrited in other genera, viz., Brachycolus ballii Gill.
and Chaitophorus flabellus Sanb.

Gillette (Ent. News, vol. XXII, p. 441) has also described an-
other species in the genus Brachycolus, but this species, triitct,
seems to be a typical member of the genus and closely related to
the type species, while ballii on the other hand is not. Flabellus,
while described as a Chaitophorus by Sanborn, has been re-described
by Gillette and placed in the genus Callipterus. The erection of
Theobald’s genus leaves little doubt in regard to the true position of
flabellus. The genus may be defined as follows:

Genus Saltusaphis. .

Body somewhat elongate; head large, eyes prominent, with-
out ocular tubercles. Thorax large with well-defined segments.
Antenne of six segments, usually as long as the body; legs with
the two anterior pairs of femora somewhat swollen. Cornicles
short and cup-shaped; cauda knobbed; anal plate widely bilobed,
posterior extremity of dorsum of abdomen sometimes indented,
often deeply so. Fore wing with the media twice branched, hind
wing with one oblique vein near its extremity. Wing veins usually
bordered with dusky brown; sexes apterous, living in marshy
regions, usually on sedges.

The species of this genus present a very characteristic appear-
ance on their host plant. They lie closely appressed to the leaf
with their antenne stretched out parallel in front of the head.
When disturbed or alarmed they fall suddenly, or spring from the

* Published by permission of the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology.

ik oe

2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

plant, aided by the large muscles of their anterior and middle
femora. All sections of the leaf are attacked, specimens being
found close to the ground or far out at the tips of the leaves. The
sexes appear ov the leaf very similar to the viviparous forms, with
the exception of the smaller size. The genus belongs to the Callip-
terini, but seems to be quite distinct from the other genera in the
tribe.

It would appear that Theobald has been led into the error of
describing the cauda as bifid by the very marked division on the
last abdominal segment in the type species. In examining scirpus
this is the most apparent structure on the caudal portion of the
abdemen. The cauda, however, is distinctly knobbed, and the
anal plate in the apterous forms appears almost as two distinct
plates. This is more plainly seen in some of the other species than
In scirpus.

The species may be separated by the following key:

Key TO SPECIES.
(Based on Apterous Form.)

1. Antenne not much longer than half the body length, and about
equal in length to the distance between the vertex and the

hind coxges so 5.27) 23 Seer eee ae nen oe, eee balliz (Gill.).
Antenne much longer than the distance between the vertex
and the hind coxe, usually as long as the body.................... 2
2. Posterior extremity of the abdomen quite distinctly
bilObeds ya 20% 2. sia aes nee ee ee ee 3
Posterior extremity of the abdomen not distinctly
Cie) a 16 La Se Penne eee Pn Peas, ee Ae Oe a ean ere ashe Ye ete ed 4
3. Body covered with fan-shaped or sickle-shaped hairs; vertex
ROE SULONCIN MONICA oe okie cea eet ee eee scirpus Theo.
Body without hairs excepting simple ones on the caudal por-
tion; vertexstrongly: comical...2-<5-6) ea os elongatus Baker.
4. Body covered with fan-shaped hairs about 0.016 mm.
VOUT 55 see a cele SUN, cca ae Resins soso ae oe 5

Body with slightly knobbed hairs about 0.05 mm.
Loney yeeros ee ree ad gece americanus Baker

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 3

5. Segment III of antenna considerably shorter than width of
head across the eyes; colour brownish yellow with blackish
ies Stn) cee en, Med <a SoM Meee ere flabellus (Sanb.)

Segment IJ] of antenne considerably longer than width of head
across the eyes; colour pale yellowish green with dusky
I PTS Se te J 2 cal i virginicus Baker.

Saltusaphis americanus, n. sp.

Apterous viviparous female—General colour reddish yellow;
vertex dusky brown, which colour extends caudad on each side to
form two large dusky lateral areas on top of head; a rather narrow
median area yellow. Thorax with a large, irregular, dark brown
patch on each side. Abdomen with similar lateral patches which
include the cornicles. Cauda dusky. Femora, proximal extremity
of the tibie and the tarsi dusky brown. Eyes reddish brown.
Antennz brown with base of III yellowish.

Length from vertex to tip of cauda 1.84 mm.; hind tibia 0.64
mm. Dorsum of body covered with hairs which are situated on
rather prominent tubercles. These hairs are about 0.05 mm.
long and somewhat expanded at their tips. Extremity of the
abdomen scarcely at all divided. Cauda and anal plate usual.

The apterous forms of this species are similar in general ap-
pearance to those of flabellus Sanb., but are easily distinguished
from those of that species by the body hairs.

A pterous male-—General colour similar to that of the viviparous
form and with similar markings, but these much fainter. Length
from vertex to tip of cauda 1.04 mm.; hind tibia 0.608 mm. Body
with ha‘rs of about the same length as those of the viviparous
form, but with them little, if at all, expanded at tips.

Antenne with the following measurements: III, 0.48 mm.;
IV, 0.32 mm.; V, 0.32 mm.; VI, (0.128+0.256 mm.). Segments
very finely and closely imbricated; III, with 20 to 25 very small,
circular sensoria in an uneven row along the segment; IV, with 9
or 10; V, with about 9; VI, with sometimes one on the base of
segment beside the usual sensoria at the base of the unguis.

Oviparous female-—Colour very similar to that of the vivi-
parous form, with the colours possibly darker. -Length from
vertex to tip of cauda 1.6 mm.; antenne as follows: Segment ITI,

4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

0.576 mm.; IV, 0.32 mm.; V, 0.304 mm.; VI, (0.16 mm.+0.256
mm.). All segments without sensoria excepting the permanent
ones. Body hairs similar to those of the viviparous form. Hind
tibie 0.672 mm.; somewhat swollen and thickly covered on its
proximal two-thirds with almost circular or somewhat oval sensoria.

Described from specimens on balsam mounts made by Mr.
H. B. Scammell, the specimens taken on bog grass, Whiteshbog,
N: J, Oct. 21, 1914:

Type in U.S. Nat. Museum Cat. No. 20719.

Saltusaphis ballii, (Gill.).

Brachycolus ballit Gillette, Can. Ent., vol. XL, p. 67; Ent.
News, vol. XX, p. 119.

Specimens of this species are in the collection of the U. S.
Nat. Museum, taken on Scirpus sylvaticus at Richfield Springs,
N. Y., by Theo. Pergande, No. 4052, and typical specimens on
Carex nebraskiensis collected at Ft Collins, Colo., 5-30-10, by
Bragg. These later specimens were deposited in the Museum
collection as types by Pref. C. P. Gillette. Oviparous females
are in the collection taken on 3-square, Whitesbog, N. J., 11-13-15
by H. B. Scammell.

The species has shorter antenne than the other members of the
genus, but is very similar in many ways to americanus and flabellus.
The body hairs are short, stout and spine-like.

Saltusaphis elongatus, n. sp.

Only oviparous females of this species have been seen by the
writer, but since they are so very different from any of the other
species in the genus, no difficulty will be experienced in separating
the species at once in this form.

General colour orange yellow, uniform, with the exception
of a number of dusky flecks along the margins of the abdomen.
Eyes deep wine colour; antenne, from the basal portion of segment
III to the tip, dark brown to black.

Length from vertex to tip of cauda 2.34 mm.; hind tibia 0.64
mm.; scarcely at all swollen, and covered on its proximal portion
with a number of sensoria. These are nothing like as abundant as
in the species americanus and virginicus. Antenne as follows:

Can. Ent., Vor. XLIX. PLATE ITI.

Siete
: =)

gas Rade EES ee SO

SALTUSAPHIS—STRUCTURAL DETAILS. (See p. 9)

6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Segment IT; 0.882 mm.; IV, 0.352 mm.; V, 0:4 mm. VI, (0.176
mm.+0.256 mm.). Vertex much preduced, conical, acutely
pointed. Cauda and anal plate usual, extremity of the abdomen
quite deeply cleft. Body without hairs, excepting at the pcsterior
portion, where it is armed with simple hairs about 0.064 mm. long.

Described from specimens in balsam mounts, the specimens
collected by H. B. Scammell and H. K. Plank at Whitesbog, N. J.,
Oct. 21, 1914. Taken on bog grass.

Type in U. S. Nat. Museum, Cat. No. 20720.

Saltusaphis flabellus (Sanb.)
Chattophorus flabellus Sanborn—Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., vel

PINOL a sp. ots
Callipterus flabellus (Sanb.) Gillette, Ent. News, vol. XX,
p: 120.

Specimens of this species are in the collection of the U. S.
Nat. Museum as follows: One specimen taken May 4, 1903, host
unknown, at Lawrence, Kansas, by C. E. Sanborn, Type. Speci-
mens collected on Carex in May, 1911, and deposited in the collec-
tion by Prof. Gillette, and specimens collected by Mr. Bragg on
Carex at Ft. Collins, Colo., 5-6-12, and deposited in the Museum
collection by Prof. Gillette.

There is considerable variation in the colour in the different
specimens, some being generally mottled on the dorsum, while
others have a distinct, heavy marking down each side on the dorsal
area. The fan-shaped spines are, however, the same on all.

Saltusaphis scirpus Theobald.

Saltusaphis scirpus Theobald, Bul. Ent. Research, vol. VI,
pt. 2, p. 1388.

The writer has never seen alate forms of this species, but
through the kindness of Mr. J. J. Davis he has been able to examine
an apterous paratype. In the bifid nature of the extremity of the
abdomen the species is related to elongatus. In other characters,
however, it is more closely related to virginicus. This resemblance
is particularly noticeable in the body hairs. On the posterior
extremity of the abdomen the hairs are more elongate than else-
where, measuring fully 0.048 mm. They are somewhat knobbed,
even on the posterior extremity. Only the proximal segments

?

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST fi

of the antenna are present on the specimen. These measure as
follows: 1, 0.112 mm.; II, 0.064 mm.; III, 0.608 mm.; IV, 0.304
mm. Hind tibia 0.592 mm., hind tarsus 0.144 mm.

Saltusaphis virginicus, n. sp.

Alate viviparous female.—General colour yellowish, marked with
dark brown; head with smoky to black background and median
yellowish stripe; eyes dark reddish brown. Prothorax similarly
marked. Thorax yellow with dark brown lobes; abdomen yellow with
lateral row of dark brown or black areas, and with a large, longi-
tudinal, central area of the same colour; antennze almost uniform
dusky. Legs dusky, lighter at the joints, cornicles included on
each side within one of the lateral dusky areas. Stigma and wing
veins smoky, veins slightly bordered with dusky colour.

Length from vertex to tip of cauda 1.44 mm. Antenne as
follows: III, 0.432 mm.; IV, 0.304 mm.; V, 0.288 mm.; VI, (0.192
mm.+0.176 mm.), All segments very minutely and closely imbri-
cated. Segment III, with 9 or 10 circular to oval sensoria on the
basal two-thirds of the segment in an uneven row. Hind tibize
0.688 mm.; hind tarsus 0.112 mm. Fore wing 2.16 mm. long by
0.64 mm. wide. Media distinctly angled. Cornicles very shallow
and small. Abdomen densely covered with minute projections.

A pterous viviparous female.—General colour yellowish green.
Head unmarked, eyes reddish brown. Body almost uniform.
yellowish in some specimens, while in others faint, longitudinal,
dusky lines are present, extending from the head to tip of abdomen.
Antenne with the basal portion of segment III yellowish, the re-
mainder dusky to black. Legs uniform yellowish or with light
dusky areas near the distal extremities of the femora and with the
tarsi dusky.

Length from vertex to tip of cauda 2.16 mm.; width across
abdomen 0.672 mm., vertex somewhat conical; antennz as follows:
III, 0.464 mm.; IV, 0.336 mm.; V, 0.288 mm.; VI, (0.208 mm.+0.16
mm.). Hind tibiz, 0.672 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.128 mm.; entire
dorsum covered with small, mushroom or fan-like hairs. Posterior
extremity of abdomen scarcely indented.

A pterous male.—General colour similar to that of the apterous
viviparous female, but with very little of a yellow tint. Segments

8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

of the body indicated by narrow, smoky, cross stripes. Antenne
black with the exception of the basal two segments and the proximal
extremity of segment III. A black rim borders the antennal
sockets. Eyes dark brown.

Length from vertex to tip of cauda 1.6 mm. Antenne as
follows: Segment III, 0.4 mm.; IV, 0.256 mm.; V, 0.256 mm.; VI,
(0.175 mm.+0.144 mm.). Segment III is armed with a row of
about 12 sensoria, which are minute and circular. Segment IV
is without sensoria or with 2 or 3 very minute ones. Segment V
has a row of about 6, while the base of segment VI has usually the
same number. Hind tibia 0.56 mm.; hind tarsus 0.112 mm.

Oviparous female-—Colour very similar indeed to that of the
male. The femora, however, have a distinct dusky spot near their
distal extremity, and the tibiz are more dusky than those of themale.

Length from vertex to tip of cauda 1.84 mm. Antenne as
follows: Segment III, 0.416 mm.; IV, 0.304 mm.; V,-0.112 mm.;
VI, (0.176 mm.+0.176 mm.). All segments without sensoria,
excepting the permanent one. Hind tibia 0.688 mm., somewhat
swollen and densely covered with circular, or somewhat elongated
sensoria. Body covered with the mushroom-like hairs described
in the viviparous forms.

Described from specimens reared by the writer at East Falls
Church, Va., during Oct., 1916, on Carex sp.

Type in U.S. Nat. Museum Cat. No. 20721.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES I, II AND III.

Plate 1, Fig.1. Head of apterous viviparous form of S. americanus.
S; ‘2. Head of apterous viviparous form of S. ballit.
a ‘3. Head of oviparous form of S. elongatus.
© ‘* 4. Head of apterous viviparous form of S. flabellus.
y ‘5. Head of apterous viviparous form of S. scirpus.
a ‘6. Head of apterous viviparous form of S. virginicus.
Plate 2, Fig.1. View of portion of abdomenof S. flabellus showing
hairs.
7m “2. View of portion of abdomen of S. americanus
showing hairs.
s ‘3. View of portion of abdomen of S. virginicus show-
ing hairs.

Can. ENT., VoL. XLIX. PLATE II

- ee
nth on i teen seed

SALTUSAPHIS—STRUCTURAL DETAILS:

(See p. 8.)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 8)

Plate 3, Fig. 1.

2.
3.
4
5.
6.
ie
8.
a:
10.
1a
12.
13.
14,
15.

16.
Ais

Wings of S. ballit.

Wings of S. flabellus.

Wings of S. virginicus.

Segment III of antenna of alate viviparous form
of S. virginicus.

Segment III of antenna of alate viviparous form of
S. flabellus.

Segment III of antenna of alate viviparous form of
S. ballit.

Segment III of antenna of male of S. virginicus.
Segment III of antenna of male S. americanus.
Caudal extremity of apterous viviparous form of
S. scirpus.

Caudal extremity of oviparous form of S.
elongaius.

Caudal extremity of apterous viviparous form of
S. flabellus.

Caudal extremity of apterous viviparous form of
S. americanus.

Caudal extremity of apterous viviparous form of
S. ballit. .

Caudal extremity of apterous viviparous form of
S. virginicus.

Hairs of S. scirpus.

Hair of S. virginicus.

Hair of S. flabellus.

NEW SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA OF THE GENUS

MORDELLISTENA.

BY EMIL LILJEBLAD, CHICAGO, ILL.

Material in the family Mordellidz, one of the most neglecte 1
of the families of the Coleoptera, neglected alike both by the collec-
tor and the systematist, has long been sought by the writer. Hav-
ing accumulated a large number of specimens, and the opportunity
having been presented to make a thorough study of the forms at
hand, not alone in my cabinet but in that of Mr. A. B. Wolcott, a

January, 1917

10 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

few strikingly distinct species have been reccgnized as yet undce-
scribed. These it is deemed expedient to make known new.

Quite a few other supposedly new species remain, but the
author considers it the part of wisdom to await the acquisition of
more extensive series before settling upon the validity of these
forms.

Unless otherwise indicated, the types of the species herewith
described were collected by the writer and are to be found in his
collection.

Mordellistena rutita, sp. nov.

Hind tibia with two converging oblique ridges; first joint of
hind tarsus with three, and the second with one oblique ridge.

Ferruginous; nearly linear; head black, with front slightly
ferruginous; thorax and elytra ferruginous, the latter slightly
darker towards apex; under surface ferruginous; anal style very
short. Length 4 mm. ‘

One specimen from Eggers, Illinois, July 7. Collected by
A. B. Wolcott, in whose collection the type is placed.

This species is most nearly allied to Mordellistena tosta, but differs
in having the tibial ridges converging, no trace of a third ridge,
and the second joint of hind tarsus with only one ridge. It is
longer, nearly parallel, and with the head black.

This should be placed in collections after M. atriceps.

Mordellistena exilis, sp. nov.

Hind tibia with two equal parallel ridges; first joint of hind —
tarsus with four, second with two ridges.

Black; nearly linear; head, mouth-parts and thorax ferruginous,
the last with a black median line reaching to middle; antenneze
a little darker at apex; front legs and middle femora ferruginous,
the middle tibia and tarsi darker; hind femora and apex of tibia

and tarsal joints black. Elytra black, with testaceous pubescence.
~ Beneath black, with coarser testaceous pubescence; anal style
long and slender. Length 4 mm.

One specimen from Ft. Sheridan, Illinois, August 7.

This species has the form and size of Mordellistena marginalis,
but is at once distinguished by the tibial ridges.

This is to follow M. tosta in a systematic arrangement.

TE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 11

Mordellistena rufa, sp. nov.

Hind tibia with two ridges, the anterior extending across the
outer face of the tibia; first joint of hind tarsus with four and the
second with two ridges.

Ferruginous; elytra with the lateral margins from base to the
middle and the suture black. Mesosternum black; hind coxal
plate and abdomen clouded with black; anal style long and slender.
Length 4 mm.

One specimen from Palos Park, Illinois, May 28.

This species resembles M. ustulata, differing only in the ridges.
It should follow M. splendens.

Mordellistena insolita, sp. nov.

Hind tibia with three oblique ridges, the upper one less de-
~ veloped; the first and second joints of hind tarsus with three and
the third with two small ridges.

Subcuneate; head, thorax, anterior and middle femora ferru-
ginous, tibia and tarsi darker; hind legs and under surface black,
with cinereous pubescence. Elytra black, with silky, iridescent
pubescence; anal style black, long and slender. Length 5 mm.

_Two specimens from Lee County, Texas, April 1. Collected
by Rev. G. Birkmann. Paratype in collection of A. B. Wolcott.

This species somewhat resembles M. texana, but differs in the
tibial and tarsal ridges, texana having four ridges on the tibia,
and not. any ridge on the third joint of the hind tarsus. It should
follow M. singularis.

Mordellistena vera, sp. nov.

Hind tibia with three oblique ridges and a rudiment of a fourth;
first joint of hind tarsus with four, second with two, and third
with two ridges.

Black; head and thorax sparsely covered with testaceous
pubescence; base of antennz, mouth-parts and legs reddish brown.
Elytra covered with silky, reddish-brown pubescence, more densely
on the suture, and forming a narrow, sutural line. Beneath black,
with testaceous pubescence; abdominal segments reddish at apex;
anal style long and slender. Length 5—5.5 mm.

Three specimens. Type from St. Louis, Missouri, July 7.

12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Paratypes from Paw Paw Lake, Michigan, August 18, and Evans-
ton, Illinois, July 2; the latter in collection of A. B. Wolcott.

Nearest allied to M. unicolor, but differs in size, being much
longer, more robust and having two ridges on the third joint of
hind tarsus. It should follow M. schauppii.

Mordellistena pulchra, sp. nov.

Hind tibia with three oblique ridges, the upper more ofl que;
first joint of hind tarsus with four, second with three oblique ridges.

Black; head ferruginous, with a dark cloud on vertex; mouth-
parts dark; thorax rufous, with a narrow margin, the base, apical
angles and a median line black; antenne dark brown; first and
middle legs with femora black, the tibia and tarsi ferruginous; hind
. legs ferruginous, the tarsal joints black at apex. Elytra black,
with fine cinereous pubescence; a wide rufous vitta from base nearly
to apex. Beneath black, with sides of hind coxal plates and basal
joints of abdomen ferruginous; anal style short and slender, apical
two-thirds black. Length 4 mm.

One specimen from Bowmanville, Illinois, August 18.

Judging from the original descriptions, this species has the
colour and size of M. attenuata Say or vittigera Lec., but the tibial
and tarsal ridges are entirely different. It should follow M.
equalis.

Mordellistena wolcotti, sp. nov.

Hind tibia with three rather short, oblique ridges, which ex-
tend only one-third across the outer face of the tibia, and two small —
rudimentary ridges; first joint of hind tarsus with six ridges, three
small or rudimentary; second joint with two ridges.

Form robust; head and thorax black, coarsely covered with
silky, yellowish pubescence; base of antennz and mouth-parts
ferruginous; legs fuscous. Elytra rufous, slightly darker towards
apex, with the base, suture, an oblique vitta from humerus to the
middle, and a slightly oblique band behind the middle and apex,
with silky, golden-yellow pubescence; beneath black, with yellowish
pubescence; anal style long and slender, fuscous. Length 4.5 mm.

One specimen from McGregor, Iowa, July 16. Collected by
A. B, Wolcott, in whose collection the type is placed.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 13

This species is very unique, and I do not know of any described
species that it at all resembles. It should follow M. pulchra.

_Mordellistena gigas, sp. nov.

Hind tibia with four very oblique ridges; first joint of hind
tarsus with five, second with two, and third with one oblique ridge.

Subcuneate; head, thorax, mouth-parts, base of antenne, and
legs rufous. Elytra black, finely punctured, with reddish brown
iridescent pubescence; basal margin, a short oblique humeral vitta,
narrow lateral margin and entire suture with golden yellow pubes-
cence. Beneath testaceous; mesosternum, hind coxal plates, and
the basal margins of first and second segments of abdomen fuscous;
anal style fuscous at apex. Length 6 mm.

One specimen from Edgebrook, Illinois, July 10.

This is one of the largest species of Mordellistena I have seen.
It is likewise a very handsome species, and may readily be recog-
nized by its distinct colour and number of ridges. It should follow
M. fusco-atra.

RECENT STUDIES OF CANADIAN SPIDERS.
BY J. H. EMERTON, BOSTON, MASS.

For many years past I have worked on the spiders of New
England, and as these have become better known and the collec-
tions more complete, have from time to time wandered over into
adjoining territory. In the summer of 1916 I made a visit to the
neighbouring part of Canada, with the object of seeing where and
how far the familiar species extended in that direction. All authori-
ties agreed that it was best to start early, so the cold and rainy
weather of the middle of June found me at Ottawa, in company
with Mr. W. T. M. Forbes, the lepidopterist, consulting with the
resident entomologists where it was best to go and how to get there.
The Ottawa Field Club had an outing the next day, and in that
helpful company I began operations at the Experimental Farm,
the umbrella, which had become a constant companion, serving to
catch the spiders shaken from hedges and the specimen trees of the
Arboretum. As the weather improved, Mr. Gibson took us to the

old lumber camp in Chelsea and up King’s Mountain, and later I -
January, 1917

14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

went north to the end of the railroad at Maniwaki. At Montreal,
after a day in the cleared-up shrubbery of Mt. Royal and a fruitless
visit to St. Hilaire, we, at last, with the help of Mr. Winn and
Mr. Corcoran, found the way to some still unspoiled country on the
farther side of Westmount, where, in a boggy wood, we found the
same forest spiders as in the uncultivated spots at Ottawa and Hull.
Consulting with the Montreal entomologists about the hilly country
to the north we were recommended to Mentfort, which proved to
ke an excellent collecting ground, with ponds and bogs 1,500 feet
or mcre above the sea and a fauna of a more northern character
than Montreal. Next we went to Sherbrooke and Megantic, but
met wet weather again and only got a few samples of the local
spiders. At Quebec, however, there was a week of fine weather,
and following the directions of Mr. Boulton I explored the Gomin
tog, and went for a couple of days to Beaupré and up Cap Tour-
mente. My time was now getting short, but I took the steamboat
up the Saguenay and spent a day at Chicoutimi and in a flying
visit to Lake St. John. About a hundred species of spiders were
taken during’ this trip, and nearly all of these were species well
known in Maine and New Hampshire, and most of them all over
New England and New York. A little north of the St. Lawrence
River and up out of the valley were a few species which occur only
in, Northern Maine and the upper forests of the White Mountains.
Probably nearly all the species known in New England extend
much farther nerth and west, and fifty of them are already known
to extend across Canada to the Rocky Mountains, most of them
following the scuthern border of the spruce fcrest belt. The best
examples of these are two species which live in cobwebs between
the branches of small spruce and balsam trees and are compara-
tively easy to find. Their distribution, as far as known, is shown
on the maps. One, Theridion zelotypum, extends over the whole of
Maine except the southwest corner. It crosses New Hampshire
at Lake Umbagog and Dixville Notch and extends north of the
Canadian boundary as far as Ottawa. It does not occur in the
White Mountains, the Adirondacks, Northern Vermont nor
around Toronto. Farther west it begins again at Nipigon, on Lake
Superior, and continues westward in spruce bogs to Prince Albert,
Athabaska Landing, and Jasper Park in the Rocky Mountains.

15

ENTOMOLOGIST

THE CANADIAN

NdALOTIZ
—-NOldIH3HL
| —~\ Jo worngtasera

\

VOLS WAN ee
-—WIHdANIT &
{0 WON LAysia

Fig. 1.—Distribution of Theridion zelotypum and Linyphia nearctica

16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Its northern limits are unknown. ‘lhe other species, Linyphia
nearctica, lives in the forests of the New England mountains from
2,500 feet up to 4,500 feet, or as far as trees grow. At Montfort,
in the hills north of Montreal, at Dixville Notch and on Mt.
Kinea, Me., it comes down to 1,500 feet. At Lake St. John and
in Northern Maine it lives at the general level of the country, below

500 feet, and on the coast of Labrador and at Eastport, Me., at
the sea level. Its range westward has not been traced, but it
occurs at Laggan in the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,000
feet.

As the maps show, there are gaps to be filled in the distribution
of even these common species. The Theridion probably follows
westward along the Ottawa River and Lake Huron to Lake Superior.
The Linyphia probably crosses Ontario farther north, perhaps
alcng Hudson Bay. These two species outline, as well as anything
does, the so-called Canadian life zone. South of it another set of
spiders cccupy the country, and some of the species common in the
meadows of Boston or Toronto are also common around the ponds
of Edmonton. On the west coast another fauna extends north to
Alaska and its species mix through the mountains with the other
groups, some as far east as Medicine Hat. On the east coast,
arctic species extend southward along the shores of Labrador and
Newfoundland as far as Maine. I have tried to give here the out-
lines that the study of Canadian spiders has to fill in, and it is
gratifying to see how much is being done in this interesting field.
At the Park Museum in Banff there is already a local collection of
over fifty species, which is increased every season by the curator,
Mr. Sanson. At the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto is a larger
local collection and an interesting set of spiders from various
points across the country from Nipigon to Vancouver Island,
collected chiefly by Mr. T. B. Kurata. At Ottawa are the
spiders collected before 1890 by J. B. Tyrell and other early ex-
plorers of the Geological Survey, and more recent collections made
in the way of their other work by entomologists in all parts of the
Dominion. Small collections of Canadian spiders from several
correspondents are coming in this winter, and I am beginning to
think about another summer excursion in Canada.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 17

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.

Tur PLuM CURCULIO IN ONTARIO, NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE
INJURIES, CONDITIONS FAVOURING THE INSECT, AND
MEANS OF CONTROL.

Part JI—ConpbITIONS FAVOURING THE INSECT, AMOUNT OF
DAMAGE DONE, AND MEANS OF CONTROL.

BY L. CAESAR, GUELPH, ONT.
(Continued from vol. XLVIII, page 400.)

As the Curculio winters, in the adult stage, under rubbish or
in any good hiding place, and as the better the opportunities for
good winter quarters the larger number of beetles that will come
safely through the winter, we should naturally expect that orchards
or parts of orchards bordering on thick woods, or waste places where
long grass, weeds, brush or other rubbish abounds, or orchards that
are badly neglected and have an abundance of weeds and rubbish
within their own borders, would be worst infested. Such is the
case, for, as a rule, in Ontario it is only orchards of this type that do
suffer much from the Plum Curculio.

AMOUNT OF THE INJURY.

No accurate estimate of the amount of injury has been made
for the Province as a whole, but I believe I am right in saying that
the fruit in well-cultivated and well-sprayed orchards with clean
surroundings suffers only to a very small extent, probably not-more
on an average than 1% to at most 5%. On the other hand the loss
in neglected orchards or in the parts of well-cared-for orchards im-
mediately adjoining ideal winter quarters for the beetle is some-
times very great. Under such circumstances apricots, plums and
sweet cherries sometimes have almost every fruit stung and de-
stroyed, and nearly half of the apples, even on trees that are heavily
laden, may be attacked and drop, or if the crop is a light one nearly
all may be destroyed.

The injury in the fall and late summer to peaches and apples
seems to vary with the season. This year in the Niagara District
in orchards where there is no doubt at all that there were thousands
of new beetles in August and September, very little injury was done,

only an occasional apple here and there, even in the dirtiest of sur-
January, 1917 Z

18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

roundings, being attacked, though in rearing cages the beetles fed
freely upon the fruit. Some years, however, the beetles do a great
deal of damage in late summer and autumn. For instarce, in
Prince Edward County one fruit-grower to whom I showed the sort
of injury done by the beetles at that time of the year, stated that
he had that year 15 tons of apples rendered culls by such injuries.
Next year, after he had carried out the suggestions given below for
control, he reported very little loss.

MEANS OF CONTROL.

1. Natural enemies.—There is no doubt that climatic con-
ditions, as they vary from year to year, play a very important part
in determining the relative abundance or fewness of these insects.
They are also held in control to some extent by various predaceous
and parasitic insects and by other animals, but not to such a degree
as to allow us to rely on them alone.

2. Clean surroundings.—The first step in the control of the
Curculio should be a general cleaning up of the orchard itself and
of its surroundings so far as this is practicable. Get rid of all
rubbish, cut down thickets, remove stone piles, burn off old grass
and all brush. In this way the favourable conditions for hibernation
are removed.

3. Cultivation.—It is seldom that one sees a well-cultivated
orchard badly infested. Cultivation, especially if it can be con-
tinued into the month of July without danger of winter injury to
the trees, will kill the pupe in their easily broken earthen cases in the
soil. It also seems to help in other ways, and by letting the sun-
light beat upon the fallen, infested apples and killing the larve
within by the excessive heat. Good pruning would also help in
this way. .

4. Spraying with arsenicals.—The best spray to use is arscnate
of lead at the strength of from 2 to 3 lbs. to 40 gallons of dilute
lime-sulphur (strength 1.008 sp. gr.) or Bordeaux mixture. The
lime-sulphur or Bordeaux is added to control diseases. Fortunately
the proper time to spray apples for this pest is just after the blossoms
have fallen, which is, of course, the right time for the Codling Moth,
and also one of the most important times for the scab fungus. The
spraying, to get best results on all three things, should be very heavy

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 19

and thorough. Jf this work is well done, only in very badly in-
fested orchards will it have to be repeated. In the latter case the
best time to give the extra application will be in about 12 or 14
days after the one just mentioned. Plums and cherries should be
sprayed with the same mixture, first, as soon as the fruit has set and
the calyces have fallen, and then again in about two weeks’ time.
Occasionally a third application two weeks later may be desirable.
Peaches should be sprayed soon after the fruit is well set and all
the enveloping parts of the flower have dropped, so that the poison
can cover the whole fruit. No lime-sulphur should be used, but
only water or water with 1 or 2 lbs. of freshly slaked lime to every 40
gallons. One spraying is sufficient for Ontario conditions if well
given. Many peach orchards do not require any spraying for this
pest.

It is well to remember that all the above methods should be
combined in the control of the Plum Curculio, for spraying alone
though it will reduce the number of the insects will not thoroughly
contrcl them, and experience has shown that cultivation and clean
conditions in and around the orchard are of very great value.
Jarring used to be recommended, but in the writer’s opinion is im-
practicable under modern conditions of fruit-growing.

THE SHELL-BARK HICKORY MEALY-BUG.
BY A. H. HOLLINGER, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA, MO.
(Continued from vol. XLVIII, page 413.)
DESCRIPTION OF ADULT FEMALE.

Adult female when mounted: varying from 2.6 mm. x 2.2 mm.
(at the beginning of oviposition) to 5.7mm. x 2.4 mm. (at the
height of oviposition). Beak well developed and two-segmented,
about. 175 x 235 microns, the distal segment being about as
long as the beak is wide; numerous sete are borne on the beak;
~ innumerable body setz, averaging about 50 microns long, occur on
both surfaces of the derm; in addition, innumerable, small (2 to 3
microns), obscurely triangular gland-pores occur all over the derm;
also some slightly larger, circular gland-pores are in the cephalic

region, and also along each abdominal segment and scattered
January, 1917

20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ome:

through the thoracic region; antenne of two formule; 82137546
and 8(21)37564, (see figure 2, h); the graphic representation of

Fig. 2.—Pseudococcus jessica, n.sp.; adult female.

the antennal segments as per diagram, (see figure 3); each seg’
ment bears several sete and is relatively stout, the width of the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 21

antenne averaging about 45 microns; the legs are relatively short
and thick set, the extreme. measurements being as follows:

Coxu. Tro. Femur. Tibia. Tarsus.
Prothoracic leg (see .......... 88 x 126 103 x 59 188 x 100 147 x 50 94 x 35
LEC P15) aa ee eee & 103 x 126 115 x 50 206 x 100 144 x 44 100 x 41
Mesothoracicl eg (see 94 x 141 109 x 59 206 x 106 141 x 53 82 x 44
MGHTero GC) Leet on 118 x 150 118 x 74, 221 x 109 1735x509 106 x 38
Metathoracic leg (see 112 x 147 112 x 65 206 x 103 159 x 50 103 x 38
TP IG | SR oe ee tee 123 x 141 LIP i ear (ee 235 x 109 188 x 56 118 x 47

Tarsal claws vary from 32 to 40 microns; legs bearing numerous
setze; the anal lobes are undeveloped, but each bearing its usual
long seta, 132 microns long; sete of the genital opening are about
100 microns long; spiracles stout with undeveloped, cup-shaped disc,

Length of Anlengachig. Microns...,
ener ¢

Figure Af ie

Fig. 3.—Pseudocoecus jessica, n.sp.; measurements of antennal segments.

see figures (e) and (f); body seta, in caudal region especially,
numerous and well developed; “‘circumgenital”’ type of gland-pores
are located in the region of the genital opening but are not numerous,
being scattered; cerari developed only in the caudal region, (see
figure 2, g, which represents a conical seta of the anal cerari.)

bo

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

NEW NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (TIPULIDAL; DIPTERA).
PAR Lo
BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, ITHACA. N. Y.

This paper is a continuation of the first part under this title
(Can. Ent., vol. XLVIII, pp. 42-53, February, 1916). Unless
stated otherwise the types of the new species are in the collection
of the author.

Family 7 ipulide.
Subfamily Limnobine.
Tribe Limnobini.
Genus Dicranomyia Stephens.

Dicranomyia mel’eicauda, sp. n.

Antenne black throughout; thorax dark brown, the mesonotal
_stripes very dark brown, wings with the stigma short, oval, very
dark brown; abdomen dark brown with the ventral lobes of the
male hypopygium light yellow

Male.—Length 5.8-6.7 mm.; wing 6.5-7.6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antenne black throughout; seg-
ments of the flagellum uniformly oval. Head black with a very
sparse, grayish bloom.

Mesonotum dark brown with a golden yellow bloom, most ap-
parent on the lateral margins of the prascutum and the median
area of the scutum, prescutal stripes shiny, dark brown, particu-
larly without pollen; scutellum dark brown, postnotum with a
dense, yellowish gray bloom. Pleura dark brownish black with a
grayish bloom on the posterior sclerites, more golden yellow on the
anterior sclerites. Halteres dark brown, the base of the stem more
yellowish. Legs with the coxe brown, ‘sparsely gray pruinose;
trochanters and femora dull yellow, the latter soon passing into
dark brown; tibie and tarsi dark brown. Wings with a slight
dusky or grayish tinge; stigma very prominent, oval. dark brown;
veins dark brown. Venation: Sc short, ending about opposite
the crigin of the sector; Sce rather distant from the tip of Sa,
this distance about equal to the short, oval stigma; Rs elongate,
arcuated at origin, more than twice the length of the basal deflec-

* Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University.
January, 1917 =

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 23

tion of Ras; basal deflection of Cu: at the fork of M; cell 1st M2
closed.

Abdomen black, the basal segments indistinctly reddish
medially, the caudal margins pale; basal sternites yellowish, the
apical segments dark brown. Male hypopygium with the fleshy
ventral lobes bright honey-yellow, the remainder of the hypopygium
black, in great contrast with these lobes.

Habitat.— Colorado. '

Holotype, &, Bear Creek, Morrison Co., Colorado; October
.20, 1915 (Oslar).

Allotype, 2, with the tyre.

Paratopotypes, 20 & 9.

Tribe Antochint.
Genus Antocha Osten Sacken.
Antocha monticola, sp. n.

Antenne brown; head grayish yellow; thoracic dorsum with-
out stripes.

Male.—Length 5.5 mm.; wing 7.1 mm.

Female.—Length 5—6.4 mm.; wing 7-8 mm,

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown with a
coarse, white pubescence; flagellar segments rather small, the two
or three apical segments longer than those segments immediately
before them. Head grayish yellow, with an indistinct, narrow,
dark brown median line.

Pronotum dark brown. Mesonotum light brownish yellow
without distinct stripes; median area of the preescutum behind
more grayish pruinose; scutum light yellow, the median area
grayish pruinose; scutellum yellowish white; postnotum brown.
Pleura pale grayish yellow. Halteres short, pale yellow, the knobs
brown. Legs with the coxe pale yellow; femora yellow, a little
darkened apically; tibiz brownish yellow, slightly darker at the
extreme tips; tarsi dark brown. Wings whitish opalescent; stigma
elongate, indistinct, yellowish; veins pale brown. Venation:
cross-vein 7 present; cell ist M2 small; basal deflection of Cui
before the fork of M.

Abdomen brownish yellow above, the apical segments darker;
_hypopygium orange. -
LHabitat.—Colorado,

24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Holotype, &, Platte Canyon, Colorado; July 17, 1915 (Oslar).

Allotype, 9, with the type.

Paratopotype, ° .

Differs from A. saxicola O. S. of Eastern North America in
the antennal flagellar segments less elongated and paler coloured;
head more yellowish, the thorax without stripes, etc.

Tribe Eriopterini.
Genus Ormosia Rondani.

Ormosia nimbipennis, sp. n.

Coloration reddish brown; wings dusky gray; cell 1st Me of
the wings open, the outer deflection of Ms lacking; anal veins
convergent. :

Male.—Length 4 mm.; wing 5.8-6 mm.

Female.—Length 5.4 mm.; wing 6.3 mm.

Rostrum dull yellow; palpi brown. Antenne moderately
elongate, uniform dark brown throughout. Head brownish gray.

Mesonotum reddish brown without distinct stripes; interspaces
with a dense, yellow pilosity; tuberculate pits remote from the
anterior margin of prascutum and closely approximated, separated
from one another by a distance about equal to one-half the diameter
of one; pestnotum with a slight grayish pruinosity. Pleura pale
brown with a sparse, gray pruinosity; sternum dull yellow. Halteres
pale yellow. Legs with the coxe and trochanters dull yellow;
femora dull yellow, only a little darkened apically; tibia and tarsi
dar brown. Wings dusky gray; costal region and the stigma
brownish; veins dark brown; wing membrane with abundant,
short, appressed, black hairs. Venation: cell /st Mz open, the
outer deflection of Ms being absent; cross-vein r usually a little
shorter than the portion of Re before it; Res about equal to the
deflect‘on of Ras; petiole of Me short, less than the basal de-
flection of Cz; anal veins convergent.

Atdomen dark brown, the hypopygium a little lighter; hypo-
pygium with the pleural appendages acicular at their apices, black;
a prominent median appendage, rectangular, the base and head
slightly expanded, the latter squarely truncated or slightly concave
acrcss the tip.

Habitat—Northeastern United States.

e

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST oa

Holotype, &, Woodworth’s Lake, Fulton Co., New York;
altitude 1,600 feet; August 18, 1916 (Alexander).

Alletype, 9, with the type.

Paraticpotypes, 100 9.

Ormosia mesocera, sp. n.

Related to O. monticola O. S.; antennz shorter and the flagellar
segirrents not so greatly attenuated ; wings more nearly hyaline.

Male.—Length 3.7-3.8 mm.; wing 4.44.8 mm.

Restrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown; seg-
ments only moderately elongated, not greatly attenuated as in
monticola; each flagellar segment with a slight, apical, narrowed
stem that is equal to about one-half the basal swelling; each seg-
ment with abundant rather short hairs and verticils. Head dark
brown.

Pronotal scutellum dull, light yellow. Mesonotum reddish
with a sparse, gray bloom; thoracic stripes indistinct. Pleura
pale brown, very sparsely gray pruinose. Halteres short, the
knobs large, pale brown. Legs with the coxe and _ trochanters pale
vellowish brown; femora dark brown, paler basally; tibiz and tarsi
brown. Wings pale grayish subhyaline, the costal region and
stigma more brownish; veins dark brown. Venation: cell /st M2
open; anal veins slightly convergent.

Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium a little more reddish.
Hypopygium with the pleural appendages short, blunt, slightly
curved.

Habiiat.—Northeastern United States.

Holotype, &, Simmon’s Woods, Gloversville, Fulton Co., New
York; altitude 900 feet; June 22, 1916 (Alexander).

Paratopotype, &.

Related to O. monticola O. S. (Mon. Dipt. N. Am., pt. 4, pp.
145, 146; 1869), but the antennal segments much shorter, the in-
dividual segments of the flagellum not greatly attenuated and with
the hairs and verticils shorter; no indication of the paler apices to
the flagellar segments, and the hypopygial details different.

O. monticola is a late summer species, most abundant in
August; O. mesocera appears to be more vernal in its oe ae
on the wing.

26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Ormosia megacera, sp. n.

Related to O. divergens Dietz; antenne of the male elongated,
nodulose; anal veins strongly divergent; body coloration dark
brown; appendages of the male hypopygium strongly curved.

Male.—Length 3.3-3.7 mm.; wing 4.8-6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi short, dark brown. Antenne dark brown;
flagellar segments greatly elongated, tapering at both ends, espe-
cially apically; hairs and verticils on the segments as long as the
segments themselves; whole antenne nearly as long as the body.
Head dark brown.

Pronotum pale whitish. Mesonotal prascutum dark brown
with three still darker brown stripes, the median one very broad;
scutum brown, the lobes with darker centres; scutellum and post-
notum dark brown, sparsely gray pruinose. Pleura and sternum
dark brown, rather heavily gray pruinose; dorso-pleural membranes
dirty yellow. Halteres dark brown, the extreme base yellowish.
Legs with the coxe pale gray; trochanters and femora pale, the
latter darker apically, tibia and tarsi dark brown. Wings almost
hyaline, but with a faint, gray tinge; costal area a little more
suffused; stigma ill-defined; veins dark brown. Venation: cell
1st M2 open, the outer deflection of Ms lacking; anal veins strongly
divergent; 2nd A short and straight.

Abdomen dark brown, including the hypopygium; hypopygium
with the pleural appendages black, in the form of chitinized hooks
that are strongly curved.

Habitat.—Northeastern United States.

Holotype, &, Simmon’s Woods, Gloversville, Fulton Co., New
York; altitude 900 feet; June 22, 1916 (Alexander).

Paratopotypes, 2 o's.

Related to O. divergens Dietz (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. 42,
p. 144; 1916) which is reddish brown in colour, and the hypopygium
of the male very differently constructed.

Genus 7rimicra Osten Sacken.
Trimicra angularis, sp. n.

Antenne black; head yellow with a black median line; pra-
scutum yellow with three dark brown stripes; pleura yellow with
two stripes; abdomen yellow with the segments marked with brown;
wings gray with sparse brown markings.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 27

Male.—Length 5 mm.; wing 5.2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne with the first segment
yellowish; remainder of the antenne dark brownish black, the
flagellar segments short-cylindrical. Head broad, light yellow,
palest on the front, richer on the vertex and occiput; a dark brown
linear mark on the head.

Mesonctal prescutum light yellow, with three very broad,
dark brown stripes that are confluent behind, the middle stripe
ending before the transverse suture; tuberculate pits at nearly mid-
length of the sclerite, rather linear, separated by a distance equal
to nearly twice the short diameter of one; scutum light yellow, the
lobes largely dark brown, this consisting of two confluent blotches;
scutellum light yellow, broadly dark brown ‘medially, broadest
anteriorly postnotum yellowish basally, brown caudally. Pleura
yellow with two indistinct and somewhat interrupted lateral stripes,
the dorsal one passing above the root of the halteres, the ventral
one including the sides of the sternum; sternum yellow, except the
sides and a narrow, dark brown, median line on the mesosternum;
dorso-pleural membranes dusky. Halteres yellow. Legs with
the coxe and trochanters light yellow; remainder of the legs broken.
Wings broad, the anal angle prominent; membrane light gray with
strall, grayish brown spots as follows: At the origin of Rs, at r,
tip of Ri, fork of Rs, along the cord and outer end of cell 1st M2;
veirs dark brown. Venation: Sc: far removed from the tip of
So, lying just distad of the origin of Rs; r lying far from the tip
cf Ki, this distance equal to about one-half of Rs; cell 1st Mz closed,
narrowed at its inner end; basal deflection of Cu: far before the
fork of M; second anal slightly bisinuate.

Abdeminal tergites dull yellow, more brownish basally, a dark
brown median blotch on each segment; sternites dull yellow, dark
brown medially, the apical segments clearer yellow. Hypopygium
with two broad, flattened lobes under the 9th tergite, these heavily
chitinized on their dorsal edges; pleurites long, slender, somewhat
digitiform; appendages black.

Habitat.—Utah.

Holotype, o', mouth of Bear River, Utah; Sept. 16, 1914 (A.
Wetmore).

Type in the collection of the United States Biological Survey.

28 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The reference to Trimicra is somewhat provisional, although
probably correct.
Genus Rhabdomastix Skuse.

Subgenus Sacandaga Alexander.

Rhabdomastix flava colcradensis, subsp. n.

Allied to R. flava flava; antennal flagellum black; pleuree
white-pruinose; femora and tibie tipped with brownish; wings -
with R2z almost perpendicular to R2+s; Rs almost straight; m
very long.

Male.—Length 5.5 mm.; wing 6.9 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brown. Antenne with the first scapal
segment yellowish, the remainder of the organ black. Head
pinkish gray with a very narrow and indistinct median line of
darker.

Pronotum yellowish, a little browner medially, the sides of the
scutellum whitish. Mesonotal prescutum dull whitish yellow,
dusted sparsely with a grayish pollen, and with three broad, reddish-
brown stripes; the broad, middle stripe ends far before the trans-
verse suture and is slightly bifid caudally; scutum with the median
area whitish, the outer lateral portions of the lobes dark brown;
scutellum bright yellow; postnotum reddish brown, sparsely pruli-
nose. Pleura yellow, more bluish white pruinose on the meso-
pleurites. Halteres light yellow. Legs with the coxe brownish;
trochanters dull yellow; femora light brown, broadly tipped with
dark brown; tibia brown, very narrowly tipped with darker; tarsi
brown. Wings opalescent, subhyaline;.costal region a little more
yellowish; stigma ill-defined, yellowish brown, veins dark brown.
Venation:. Re short, almost perpendicular to Re+3 at the fork;
cross-vein m very long so that the outer deflection of Ms is greatly
reduced, almost punctiform.

Abdominal tergites brownish yellow; sternites a little brighter.

Habitat.—Colorado.

Holotype, &',’ Platte Canyon. Colorado, July 17, 1915 (Oslar). .

Close to typical flava Alexagder of Northeastern America,
but sufficiently distinguished by the black antennal flagellum, the
mesopleura more whitish pruinose, the femora and tibia tipped
with brown and in the slightly different venational details.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST? 29

Genus Crypteria Bergroth.

Crypteria americana, sp. n.
Body coloration reddish, wings subhyaline, the radial cross-
vein present.
Female.—Length 5 mm.; wing 6.4 mm.

Rostrum brownish yellow; palpi brown. Antenne dark
brown throughout; fusion segment composed of the first five
flagellar segments; remaining nine flagellar segments elongate-oval.
Head clear, light gray.

Thoracic dorsum reddish with a very sparse whitish bloom;
stripes indistinct; a small group of long, black bristles on each side
of the pronotal scutum, mesonotal prascutum with a row of similar
bristles on each side of the broad median area; scutellum more
yellowish. Pleura yellow, with a sparse, bluish bloom on the
mesopleurites. Halteres pale, the knobs a little darker. Legs
with the coxe and trochanters light yellow; femora light brown, a
little brighter basally, tibiz and metatarsi light brown; remainder
of tarsi dark brownish black. Wings grayish subhyaline; veins
dark brown. Venation: Sci elongate, ending just beyond the
radial cross-vein; Sce removed from the tip of Sci to a distance
about equal to the basal deflection of Ci; Rs elongate, arcuated;
Roi3 moderate, a- little” longer than cell ist M2; cross-vein r
present; basal deflection of Rs+s short; cross-vein r-m long,
arcuated, cell /st M2 elongate, pentagonal; cell M very deep, a
“little longer than its petiole; basal deflection of Cui just before the
middle of ‘cell 1st M2; second anal vein very elongate, subsinuate,
ending’ about oppdsite the, middle of the long sector.

Abdominal tergites “‘prown; Sternites light yellow; valves of the
ovipositor elongate, strongly upcurved.

Habitat.—Oregon.

Holotype, 2, Mt. Angel, Oregon (F. Epper).

Type in the collection of the United States National Museum.

This interesting crane-fly is the first described, New World
representative of the genus. It agrees closely with the genotype,
C. limnophiloides Bergroth of northern Europe, didering in the
more reddish body coloration and in certain venational features,
especially in the retention of the radial cross-vein.

30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Tribe Pedicint.
Genus 77ricyphona Zctterstedt.
Tricyphona autumnalis, sp. n.

Allied to T. calcar O. S.; female with the wings semi-atrophied
and the valves of the ovipositor straight: male with the hypopygium
provided with conspicuous long hairs.

Male.—Length 13.5-15 mm.; wing 13.5-14 mm.

Female.—Length 20 mm.; wing 9.6 mm.

Male.—Rostrum dull yellow, the palpi dark brown. An-
tennze with the scapal segments dull, brownish yellow, the five or
six basal segments of the flagellum yellowish, thence passing into
dark brown at the tip of the organ. Head light gray, indistinctly
darker medially, the frontal tubercle blackish; vertex with long
yellowish hairs inserted in black punctures.

Mesonotal prescutum yellowish with three indistinct, reddish
yellow stripes; scutellum and postnotum whitish yellow. Pleura
whitish yellow. Halteres yellow, the knobs brown. Legs with the
coxe and trochanters light yellow; femora yellow, passing into
brownish at the tips; tibia yellow, narrowly dark brown at the
tips; tarsi dark brown. Wings yellowish subhyaline, the costal
region more saturate yellow; stigma brown; veins brown. Vena-
tion: vein R «5 forked, the petiole very short, subequal to the
¥-m Cross-vein.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, a little paler caudally; basal
sternites yellowish, terminal sternites brown, the segments narrowly
ringed with paler on the caudal margins. Hypopygium with the
pleurites and appendages dark brown, densely long-hairy.

Female.—Similar to the o& but the antennez shorter; wings
relatively very small, semi-atrophied; femora and tibiz with the
dark apices less distinct; valves of the ovipositor powerful, almost
straight.

Habitat——Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada.

Holotype, o', Woodworth’s Lake, Fulton Co., New York;
altitude 1,600 feet ; September 2, 1916 (Alexander).

Allotype, 2, with the type.

Paratopotypes, 25 o&'Q; paratypes, o', Meach Lake, Quebec,
Sept. 2, 1903 (Jas. Fletcher); o, Rostrevor, Quebec, Sept. 2, 1907
(A. Gibson); o& 2, Katahdin, Piscataquis Co., Maine, Aug. 22,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 31

1913 (Alexander); o, Orono, Penobscot Co., Maine, Aug. 14, 1913
(Alexander); 9, Roque Bluff, Washington Co., Maine, Aug. 13,
1913 (Morse); @ 9, Ellsworth, Hancock Co., Maine, Aug. 3 to 21,
1913 (Stanwood); o&@, South Portland, Maine, Sept. 4, 1913
(Alexander); Dug Mt., Hamilton Co., N. Y., Aug. 8, 1912 (Young);
Mt. Pinnacle, Fulton Co., N. Y., Aug. 5, 1913 (Alexander); o,
North Fairhaven, Cayuga Co., N. Y., Sept. 12, 1914 (Alexander);
o, Grand Island, Erie Co., N. Y., Sept. 6, 1909 (M. C. Van Duzee).
(To be continued.)

BOOK REVIEWS.

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA. Insecta, Lepidoptera—Hetero-
cera, Vol. IV, Tineina, Pterophorina, Orneodina and Pyralidina
and Hepialina (part). By the Right Hon. Lord Walsingham,
1909-1915, London.

Volume IV of the Biologia Centrali-Americana, by Lord
Walsingham, a most important contribution to our knowledge of
the Micro-lepidoptera, has, up to the present time, not been re-
viewed by any of the entomological journals of the United States
or of Canada. This is probably due, not to a failure to appreciate
it at its true value, but to the fact that Mr. August Busck, the one
best fitted to make the review, of American micro-lepidopterists,
assisted in the work of its preparation. The present writer does not
intend this to be taken in the sense of a review, but rather as a note
of congratulation which may call more general attention to the
successful completion of this great work, in which the micro-
lepidopterist is more especially interested.

The volume comprises an exhaustive study of the TJzinezina,
Pterophorina and Orneodina of Central America, and includes also
a few species of Pyralidina and Hepialina, as additions to the list
given by Mr. H. Druce, in vols. I and II of the Biologia Centrali-
Americana. ;

There are listed 1,025 species, 225 genera and 27 families, of
which 586 species, 54 genera and 2 families are described as new.

In the majority of instances descriptions of new genera are ac-
companied by cuts, from drawings made by Mr. J. H. Durrant,

o74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

showing the head in profile, and the neuraticn of both wings. Ten
excellent plates in cclour are given portraying 350 species.

The collaboration of three specialists of such recognized
standing as Lord Walsingham, Mr. J. H. Durrant, his assistant,
and of Mr. August Busck, has resulted in a valuable production
which commands careful and respectful consideration.

The conclusion that secondary sexual characters should be
discarded, as a means for delimiting genera, while not a new one,
as stated by the author, has not won the universal approval that
should be accorded it. Lord Walsingham is, therefore, to be con-
gratulated on having been the first to apply this principle in such a
comprehensive manner. A list of genera in which these characters
are eliminated as a means of generic classification has, of course,
led to the sinking of a number of old and well established names as
svnonyms. Under Eucosma Hb., for example, are placed such
familiar names as Epiblema Hb., Epinotia Hb., and Thiodia Hb.

The bibliographical work has been done most thoroughly
and will make this work indispensable to all who specialize within
the groups treated.

Attention is called, by the author, to the necessity for more
careful work in the description of neuration, and to the fact that
it is necessary, in most cases, to denude the wing and study it
under the miscroscope. This is undoubtedly true and too much
reliance should not be placed upon descriptions based upon .older
and more inadequate methods. The writer wishes to call particular
attention to the helpfulness of the many drawings illustrating the
text, and regrets that it was not possible to carry out this plan of
_ illustration for every genus described as new. An adequate verbal
description of the neuration of a new genus, for example, is doubt-
less possible, but doubtless also it is seldom, if ever, given.

The writer is informed that, by an unusually. -thoughtful
arrangement, drawings of unique types were placed, whére speci-
mens of the insects were lacking, with either the British or the
United States Museum. This feature has added greatly to the
usefulness of the book itself and of the collections of the two
museums mentioned.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 33

Lord Walsingham has surely won the thanks of all students
of micro-lepidoptera, and especially of those en this side of the
Atlantic, for his great and helpful contribution.

Cnas. R. Ery.

CuHEck List OF THE HEMIPTERA (EXCEPTING THE APHIDIDZ,
ALEURODID AND Coccip2) oF AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO.
By Edward P. Van Duzee. N. Y., New York '‘Entomclogical
Society, 1916. :

All Hemipterists will welcome the appearance of Dr. Van
Duzee’s Check List of North American Hemiptera, as it gives
them, at last, a complete list of the species of this order (with the
exception of the three families mentioned) found within the territory
indicated in the title, and includes their systematic arrangement,
full synonymy, the date of each name and roughly the distribution
of each species.

Dr. Van Duzee has followed the lines of the Oshanin Katalog
of Palearctic Hemiptera, and has included the results of the latest
and best systematic studies dealing with this order. The list
begins with the family Scutellerida and fcllows, in reverse order,
the system published by Reuter.

The rule of priority has been followed throughout the work,
and the synonymy includes that of all the higher group names as
well as that of the genera and species. Different types are used for
the various grades of group names, the generic and specific ap-
pearing in bold-faced type, and the synonyms in italics.

The list gives the names of .698 genera and 2,945 species, and
concludes with an index to the generic and higher group names, a
feature which greatly facilitates its use.

Dr. Van Duzee is to be highly congratulated on the completion
of his invaluable work, and students of Hemiptera and of general
and applied entomology will all feel deeply indebted to him and
will await with great interest the appearance of the fuller and more
complete bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the Hemip-
tera, which will be published in the near future.

G. A.M.

34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

THE SARCOPHAGIDA OF NORTH AMERICA. Sarcophaga and Allies
in North America. By J. M. Aldrich. Memoir of the
Thonas Say Foundation of the Entomological Society of
America. Lafayette, Ind., 302 pp., 16 pls. (Published
November 30, 1916.)

This attractive volume constitutes the first Memoir cf the
Thomas Say Foundation of the Entomological Society of America,
and it is peculiarly appropriate that it should be the work of the
Editor of the Foundation. At the Columbus meeting of the
Entomological Society of America in December, 1915, a standing
committee was established under the name of “The Thomas Say
Foundaticn,”’ the purpese of which is “for the publication of works
of a monographic or bibliographic character on the insects of North
America.” The establishment of this Foundation is the outcome
of a proposal made to the Society in 1913 by Mr. Nathan Banks.
As its success must depend on the financial assistance it receives
from those interested in its publications, it is to be hoped that
generous support will be forthcoming from all who desire to assist

in the production of a series of monographs on American entomology
scmewhat similar to the well-known monographs of the Ray Society.

Dr. Aldrich could not have selected a more desirable group
for moncgraphic treatment than the Sarcophagide. Entomologists
have been confronted for some time with the almost hopeless task
of identifying the species of this group of flies, the discovery of |
whcse diverse habits has demonstrated how important they are
from biological and economic standpoints. The flies are larviparous
and the habitats of the larve range from decomposing animal
substances and excrement, to the bodies of warm-blooded verte-
brates. They appear to show an interesting transition from the
habit of devouring dead insects to parasitism upon living ones.

Only those who have endeavored to identify the species of
Sarcophaga will appreciate the difficulty of using the old descrip-
tions, and Dr. Aldrich (and with his work we would couple the ex-
cellent work of Dr. R. R. Parker in the same group) has endeavored

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 35

to raise what he rightly calls the “virtual blockade”’ in this group.
The chief object of the author has been to make the species recog-

nizable and their determination as easy as possible. To this end
he has subordinated the desire so frequently prevalent among
certain systematists to create a large number of genera. Had he
not keen conservative inthis respect there is little doubt that no
one but the author would have been able to recognize the genera.
The author’s remarks on this aspect of the subject will find much
sympathy among working entomologists. He says: ‘‘A survey of
the present status of the Muscoid Diptera indicates unmistakably |
that our great need is not more genera, but a more complete:
knowledge of species. The tendency of extreme generic specializa-
tion is to erect about itself impenetrable barriers of names, as is
well illustrated by Desvoidy and Bauer. Genera conceived in this
mental atmosphere are likely to be almost wholly subjective
creations, which make no impression on the minds of others. The
argument that the classification must express the relations has its
dangers, partly from the subjective elements involved, and partly
from the fact that the classification has also another important
function—to provide us with names for our species, which should
be as stable as possible if they are to have any usefulness. Further-
more, to separate a species from the genus in which it has been
located expresses one relation, that of difference; but it obscures
. another, that of resemblance, which may be more important. One
of the main objects of the present work is to make the identifica-
tion of species as simple and certain as possible; and thus to attract
biological and economic workers to the group. This object would
inevitably be defeated by the erection of a considerable number of
separated genera. These are the governing considerations which
have prompted the preservation as nearly as practicable of the old
genus Sarcophaga.”’

The species are separated on the characters of the genitalia
which method of separation in this group was first employed by
Parker in his study of the Sarcophagide of New England. The
taxonomic value of the genitalia in different groups of insects, such
as Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Mallophaga, is now being
clearly demonstrated by different workers, and a valuable and

36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

comparatively simple means of identification is thus being put into
the hands of working entomologists.

In this monograph one hundred and forty-five species and
varieties belonging to sixteen genera are described. Excellent
figures are given of the genitalia in one hundred and thirty-eight
cases. The species can’ be readily divided into eight groups by
not restricting the separation to generic characters but by using.
the most salient and easily recognizable characters that can be
found. In a large number of cases the female has not been de-
scribed, and the author rightly admits the possibility of errors
occurring through the identification of females with the wrong
- males, as few pairs collected im copula exist in the collections he
has examined, which collections, by the way, include the chief
collections of Sarcophagide on this continent.

Ninety-five new species are described and several new varieties.
Five of these new species and one new variety occur in Canada.

When we remember that in the author’s Catalogue of North
American Diptera, one hundred and six nominal species of Sar-
cophaga were listed and that hardly more than half a dozen of
these had been described in a manner that would permit recogni-
tion, the extent of our indebtedness to him for this contribution
will be readily appreciated. He has placed both systematists and
economic workers under a debt of gratitude for his painstaking
work which will undoubtedly stimulate others to study this group
of flies, the investigation of whose habits is rapidly disclosing the
economic importance of the group.

We cannot conclude this review without remarking on the
excellent manner in which the monograph is printed and bound,
and we hope that this standard will be maintained in future volumes
of this series. It is unfortunate that in the author’s desire to make
the work immediately available, a number of typographical errors
have been overlooked, and we think that the inclusion of an out-
line sketch of Sarcophaga would have added to the value of the
introductory description.

C. GORDON HEWITT.

Mailed January 24th, 1917.

CAN. ENT., VOL. XLIX. PLATE IV.

EDMUND BAYNES REED.
Original member of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1863-1916.

Che Ganatiay Futomologist

Vou, SLL. -LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1917 No. 2

- EDMUND BAYNES REED.

Few of the present members of the Entomological Society
of Ontario have any knowledge of the pioneer work which was
done more than half a century ago by a small band of enthusiastic
entomologists. Very few of those who joined in its organization
on the 16th of April, 1863, survived to witness its Jubilee three
years ago; among these were Mr. Edmund Baynes Reed, and now
he has in his turn been removed by death after a long illness due to
heart trouble. He died at Victoria, B.C., on Saturday, November
18th, in the 79th year of his age.

Mr. Reed came to Canada from England when a young man
and settled in London, Ontario, where for some years he practiced
his profession as a lawyer. The kind of work it entailed was not
very congenial to him, and was consequently abandoned.

As a devoted member of the Church of England, he took a
keen and active interest in its concerns, and became Secretary-
Treasurer of the Synod of the Diocese of Huron—a position which
he continued to hold until his removal to British Columbia in the
year 1890.

From his boyhood days in England he was devoted to Natural
History, and especially to the collection and study of insects. To
these pursuits he devoted most of his leisure hours, and when the
Society was formed he became one of its most energetic and useful
members. To him was chiefly due the establishment of the
library which is now one of the most valuable of the kind in the
Dominion. In co-operation with Dr. William Saunders he was
instrumental in forming the London Branch of the Society, which
grew and flourished for several years and was finally absorbed by
the parent Society when its headquarters were removed to London.
When it was decided to send a representative collection of Canadian
insects to the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, Mr.
Reed devoted all his spare time during many months to its prepara-

38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

tion and contributed the whole of his collections. He was Secre-
tary-Treasurer of the Society in 1871 to 1873 and from 1880 to
1886; member of the Council from 1874 to 1876; Vice-President
in 1874, 1877 and from 1887 to 1889; and during most of these
years Curator and Librarian as well.

The following extract from the report of the Council for the
year ending August 31st, 1890, is a well-merited appreciation of
the many services that he rendered to the Society: ‘‘The Council
desire to place on record their feelings of deep regret at the removal
of Mr. Reed from this Province and the loss which the Society.
thereby sustains. Mr. Reed is one of the original members of
this Society, and for more than a quarter of a century has been
one of the most active and zealous of its officials, filling at different
times the positions of Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, Li-
brarian, Curator and Auditor. To him it is especially due that the
Library has grown to its present dimensions and value, and that
so much progress has been made by the Society in many directions.
The Council beg to thank Mr.Reed for his services in the past,
and wish him all possible success and prosperity in his new and
important sphere of labour.”’

When the Society was called upon in 1870 to make its first
Annual Report on insects in relation to agriculture and fruit-
growing, Mr. Reed joined with Dr. Saunders and Dr. Bethune
and contributed the article on “Insects affecting the Plum;” a
further article in continuation of the same subject was published
in the Second Report, and also papers on “‘Insects injurious to the
Potato,’ and ‘“‘Insects attacking the Cucumber, Melon, Pumpkin

and Squash.’ His further contributions to the annual reports
were ‘‘Insects affecting Maple Trees,’ ‘Insects affecting the
Peach,’’ and addendum to the “Insects injurious to the Potato”’

(3rd Report, 1872); “On some common insects which affect the
Horse, the Ox and the Sheep”’ (4th Report, 1873); ‘‘ Entomological
Contributions: The Io Moth, the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer
and the Locust-tree Borer’’ (5th Report, 1874); ‘“Sphingida—
Hawk-moths”’ (12th Report, 1881); ‘‘ Diptera—Two-winged Flies”’
(13th Report, 1882); and a number of short notes in several of the
volumes. He also prepared a useful Index to the first turecen
Reports 1870-1882, a pamphlet of 35 pages.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 39

—_—

Mr. Reed was also a constant contributor to the Canadian
Entomologist. His articles related chiefly to the Lepidoptera
and included descriptions of larve, records of rare captures, collect-
ing notes, and popular papers on various common insects. He was
equally interested in both systematic and economic Entomology.

Though specially devoted to the study of insects, he was for
many years engaged as an amateur in taking meteorological ob-
servations. In co-operation with the Observatory at Toronto,
he installed the necessary apparatus, using the tower of the Cathe-
dral for his anemometer and vanes, and connecting them with
his house which was near by. His records were so accurate and
satisfactory that he was selected to take charge of a newly-estab-
lished Observatory at Victoria, British Columbia, to which place
he removed in 1890 and there remained for six and twenty years—
respected by all who came in contact with him and beloved by his
friends.

During Mr. Reed’s residence in London the writer had the
pleasure of intimate friendship with him, and often enjoyed his
hospitality when attending the Annual Meetings of the Society.
He was always an agreeable and sympathetic companion, merry
and vivacious, cheerful and happy hearted. Since his removal
to the distant Pacific Coast, the friendship has been maintained
by correspondence in default of ever meeting; his last letters re-
lated to the celebration of the Society’s Jubilee, in which he was
deeply interested.

Cae So BEAHUINE-

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
ON THE PORTRAIT OF A WOLF SPIDER.
BY CHARLES MACNAMARA, ARNPRIOR, ONTARIO.

The number of species of insects and their allies in the world is
a frequent subject of discussion among entomologists, and it may
be remarked that writers differ a good deal on the question. But I
have never come across any attempt at a general insect census.
Doubtless the numbers are too appalling, and the would-be enumera-
tor must shrink aghast before the frightful superabundance of

invertebrate life. To count the stars of the Milky Way would be
February, 1917 .

40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

easy compared with numbering these little creatures. If the task
were attempted, the ordinary units of our decimal notation would
be found useless, and-our only hope would be to adopt some vast
measure like the ‘“‘light-years”’ of the astronomer. . But if we can-
not even guess at the number of individuals in these lower forms
of life, we may at least form some rough estimate of the relative
abundance of the various orders and like divisions.

But here again there are likely to be decided differences of
opinion. There is such a tremendous flow and ebb in the tide of
‘““insect’’ life—using the term in its wide, popular significance—
that it is not easy to infer which kind is really in the majority. |
Speaking of conditions in this country, the student of pond-life
must be persuaded that at certain times of year there are more
Daphnia and Cyclops and other minute crustaceans in his pools
than any other form of Arthropoda in the district. Again some-
times lepidopterous larva, such as the tent-caterpillar and the
army-worm, seem to outnumber all other insects. May-flies and
grasshoppers also appear on occasion in immense numbers. The
minute springtail, too, must not be forgotten, for certain species
of this family sometimes emerge in winter in such abundance as to
blacken the snow over considerable areas. Mosquitoes are quite
as plentiful as anyone could desire, but we are perhaps apt to over-
estimate their importance in the numerical scale on account of
their obtrusive manners which force them unduly on our attention,
and the same is true of the house-fly. But I was long convinced
that ants must hold the record for numbers of individuals, for any-
one who has collected them must have been struck by their wide
distribution and their great abundance. They are to be found
simply everywhere: in dense woods, mossy swamps, dry, open
fields, rocky hills, and hot, sandy beaches. The sacred dwelling
of man himself is seldom exempt. One or other species of the
Formicide adapts itself to these most varied habitats, and flourishes
in all. ;

However, I recently changed my opinion on this point. In the —
course of a forty-mile drive on the first of October last through
parts of the counties of Renfrew, Lanark and Carleton in Ontario,
I was fairly astounded at the evidence of the numbers of spiders
there must be in the country. Our road lay mostly through culti-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 4]

vated land, and everywhere over the tens of thousands of acres we
passed were laid the gossamer threads of spiders, so thickly set
that I doubt if one could have placed as much as a finger tip any-
where in the fields without touching several strands of the webs.
Every tall weed and every fence streamed with the threads, and
towards evening the rays of the westering sun were reflected from
the shimmering fields like moonlight on a lake. All this was the
work of so-called gossamer spiders, formerly thought to be a dis-
tinct kind but now known to include the young of many different
species. The number of individuals necessary to produce the
wonderful effect must have been stupendous indeed, for our drive
did not circumscribe the area thus affected, and no doubt the same
condition obtained for many miles around our course.

Spiders are always connected in the popular mind with the
spinning of webs and snares to catch the unwary fly, but a great
many species resort to no such subterfuge. Of course, all true
spiders can spin, but many use their silk only for the manufacture
of egg-bags or to line their burrows, or as a life-line by which they
can drop from danger or save themselves from a fall. Chief
among those that spin no web may be mentioned the Attids or
Jumping Spiders which leap on their victims unawares; the Thomis-
ids or Crab Spiders that lie in wait in flowers to seize insects that
come in search of nectar; and the Lycosids or Wolf Spiders, exceed-
ingly active runners, that hunt down their quarry in-much the
same manner as their mammal namesakes. Of these three families
the Wolf Spiders are by far the commonest, and are found every-
where in great variety. The original of the accompanying “por-
trait’’ belonged to a rather small-sized species numerously inhabit-
ing a sandy beach on the shores of the Ottawa River near Arn-
prior. The claw terminating the palp shows this specimen to be a
female, for the palps of male spiders end in a curious knob-like
organ. This species, which is a typically swift runner, is thickly
clothed with very fine, light brown hair, with darker markings—it
might almost be called a ‘“‘fur’’—a coloration well calculated to
conceal it in its sandy habitat. Indeed, I seldom saw one of these
spiders on my frequent visits to this spot during the summer, but
one day in the late autumn I noticed the surface of the beach
dotted with scores of tiny heaps of fresh, damp sand. On investiga-

42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

tion each of these was found to close the mouth of a vertical tunnel
twelve to eighteen inches deep, at the bottom of which was a
torpid spider of this species, evidently retired for the winter.
Obviously the spider population of the beach was much greater than
I had suspected.

Keenness of vision is as necessary to the wolf spider as agile
limbs, and so it is well provided with eyes, which are, too, much
better developed than those of the snare weavers that depend largely
on their sense of touch to acquaint them of the approach of their
prey. Apparently the “Wolf” can see in every direction, above,
before and behind. On the front of its head a row of four small
eyes surmounted by two larger ones inform it of happenings before
it and to either side, while two other large eyes on the top of the
head are directed upwards and backwards. The powerful jaws,
armed with a pair of needle-sharp fangs, each grooved with a
poison duct, are almost hidden by the long hair covering them.
She has indeed a repulsive countenance. We are often told of the
beauties revealed by the microscope. In this case it is a horror
that has been disclosed. But the race is not always to the swift
nor the battle to the strong, for with all her panoply, this redoubt-
able spider was overcome by an antagonist more terrible yet, as I
will relate.

One day in early September when seated on a log at my favorite
beach, and taking a quiet entomological survey of the surroundings.
I suddenly caught sight of an extraordinary many-legged insect
buzzing rapidly across the sand towards me. A second glance
resolved the anomaly into a digger wasp dragging with it a wolf
spider which it had paralyzed with its envenomed sting, and was
carrying to its nest to provide fresh food for its future larve. The
wasp’s shallow, sloping tunnel was in the sand close to my feet,
and she quickly pulled her prey within. I waited some time in
vain for her to emerge, and then dug up the nest. The wasp escaped
with a whirr of wings but the wretched spider, although alive, was
incapable of movement of any kind, and remained inert in my
hand. Commiserating a spider caught at its own rapacious game
is something like wasting pity on the incinerated crew of a baby-
killing Zeppelin, but I could not help feeling sorry for this erstwhile
lightning runner of the sands doomed never to move its swift limbs

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 43

again. Here, however, was an excellent and unusual opportunity
to secure a photograph of a wolf spider. For the living, unin-
jured Lycosid is so nimble and nervous that it is a most difficult
matter to photograph it successfully, while it is very hard to “‘set
up”’ the dead spider properly. So I carefully carried my spider
home.
Here a few concise, technical notes may be of interest to the
photomicrographer. The negative of the accompanying photo-
graph was made with an ordinary whole plate view-camera pro-
vided with both front and back focussing. A half plate or even
quarter plate camera would have served equally well or better,
but no smaller instrument of sufficient extension was available.
The lens used was an Aldis photomicrographic anastigmal of 2 in.
focus, an admirable little lens of moderate price that can easily
hold its own with much more expensive objectives. My camera
and object stand is a home adaptation of the swinging frame of
the photo-engraver. It consists of a board 4 ft. long by 14 ins.
wide swung by cotton ropes at the four corners from two light
tresties about 3 ft. high, and is a device I find very useful to avoid
vibrations during long exposures.

At one end of the board is a narrow, longitudinal slot, one foot
long, through which a bolt with a wing nut fastens the camera
firmly at any position along the slot. As the object must be
placed very close to a lens of such Short focus, if the latter is mounted
in a lens board in the ordinary way, the shadow cast by the rela-
tively large camera front is sure to cause trouble. To obviate
this I have the lens mounted at the truncated apex of a copper
cone, 3 ins. long, the base of which, 2% ins. in diameter, screws
into a lens flange attached to the usual lens board which fits the
camera front. A stand was made for the spider with several small
blocks of wood, about 8 in. x 3 in. x 1 in. thick, piled up like steps
of stairs. On these, by means of dark-room pins, was fastened a
curved piece of smooth, white paper, with its top sloping away from
the lens. The middle of the curve formed a little shelf just op-
posite the lens, and on this the spider was placed. This arrange-
ment offered a plain background, and a shadowless support on
which the spider was carefully posed, her limbs and palps being
put in position with a couple of botanical needles.

44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The illumination used was daylight, the whole apparatus
having been set up in a large bay window looking north. A camera
extension of 18 inches was employed, which, with the 2-inch lens,
gave an image enlargement of 8 diameters. The ground glass of
the camera is provided with a clear spot in the centre, and on this
the image was critically focussed with the aid of a focussing
magnifier. The lens was stopped down to f.45 to gain the neces-
sary depth of field, and the required exposure was calculated with a
Watkins exposure meter, the normal time, as shown by the meter,
being multiplied by the square of the magnification, in this case 64.

The plate was a Wratten & Wainwright backed panchromatic,
but as it was used without a screen, any good ortho plate would
have given much the same result. It is customary in photographic
data to mention the developer, but for ordinary negative work
there is no essential difference between the many developers on
the market, and one should always use the solution one is ac-
customed to. Personally, I admit a preference for the well known
“B. J.”’ pyro-soda, and with this the spider negatives were de-
veloped. Several exposures were made of different views of the
spider, and thanks to the excellent lens and small stop, all the
negatives turned out so sharp and with such good depth of focus
that they can be enlarged to any reasonable size. In fact I have
enlarged the “‘portrait’’ to 75 diameters, and only stopped at that
size for want of a larger sheet of bromide paper. The image would
not be unduly soft at 150 or 200 diameters.

The spider proved a most amenable sitter, and would remain
motionless for an indefinite time in any position she was put in.
But if the poison of the wasp had fettered her limbs, it had not
tamed her ferocious spirit, for I can read a felonious glare in those
nightmare eyes.

After photographing her, I kept her under observation in a
pill box to see if the effects of the wasp’s sting would wear off.
After about a week the paralysis seemed to be passing, and she
began to make a few constrained movements. I hoped, if she re-
covered, to set her free once more on her native beach. But who
can escape his fate? The very steps we take toavoid our destiny lead
us irresistibly towards it. This spider’s doom was to be eaten
alive by a wasp larva, and it found her even in the pill box; my

CAN. .ENT.,. VOL. XLEX. PLATE V.

PORTRAIT OF A WOLF SPIDER:
(Page 39)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 45

intervention availed nothing. One day I opened the box as usual,
and to my surprise found therein a small voracious grub which had
already devoured about half of the hapless Lycosid. I had carried
none of the wasp’s nest material from the beach with the spider,
and although I am told that these wasps are not known to attach
the egg to the food supply, I can only suppose that in this case the
egg was in some way fastened to the victim, and when it hatched
out the grub began work at once on the food supply provided by
the marvellous instinct of its mother. Next day there remained
only the scattered legs of the spider, and a couple of days later,
the grub itself, pining for the ‘‘optimum”’ conditions of its sandy
nest, died also.

INSECTS IN OCEAN DRIFT.*
I. HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA.

BY H. M. PARSHLEY, BUSSEY INSTITUTION, HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

Insects cast up by the waves are often found on the shores of
bodies of fresh and salt water, as is well known to most collectors.
Specimens found in this way are usually few and scattering, and
their presence in the water is probably due simply to an unusually
venturesome flight which may have carried them too far for a safe
return to land. On rare occasions, however, much more extensive
flights may occur, with the result that the shipwrecked are cast
ashore in unbelievable numbers, sometimes forming a windrow
for miles along the beach. This phenomenon is not to be explained
in connection with the spring and fall flights when the air seems
alive with insects on the wing, as it has been observed at various
other seasons, and for the same and other reasons such flights do
not appear to be nuptial in character. Sometimes a violent off-
shore wind has been held accountable for the presence of the in-
Sects in the water, but this explanation will not fit the cases which
I have observed; in fact, no satisfactory hypothesis has been ad-
vanced as yet. As a knowledge of the species concerned is im-
portant in the explanation of insect activity, I append a list of the
Hemiptera Heteroptera which I have taken in ocean drift, leaving
the list of the other groups for a later paper.

* Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institu-
tion, Harvard University, No. 123.
February, 1917

46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

For several years I have spent the summer at Beach Bluff,
Mass., during which time I have seen the phenomenon under discus-
sion on only three occasions, each time in the afternoon: June 21,
1915, July 18, 1915, and Aug. 1, 1916. In each case there was a
light on-shore breeze with fair weather, and in none was the oc-
currence preceded by an unusually violent off-shore wind, though
on the day before the last a moderate land breeze was observed.
The insects were not washed up in such enormous numbers as in
the cases reported by Needham,* where the shore was blackened by
them for miles, but nevertheless the stranded insects were very
numerous, in some places forming a continuous line along the
beach. The occurrences which I observed were remarkable for
the large number of different species represented, with relatively
few specimens of each, unlike some of the previously reported cases
where the flotsam consisted largely of a single species in enormous
numbers. As noted by J. R. de la Torre Bueno in his paper on
the subiect,? the collector finds in beach drift many species whose
retiring habits ordinarily save them from capture, and in the fol-
lowing list are a number whose presence in the vicinity I had not
suspected. All the specimens recorded below were taken from the
sand immediately on being left by the waves, and I can thus vouch
for the fact that all actually took part in the flights over the water.
Those marked with an asterisk are mentioned in the list of ocean
drift Hemiptera given by Bueno.

ILIST-OF SPECIES:
Scutelleridz.
Euryegaster alternata Say, July 4, 1915.
Cydnide. |
Thyreocoris ater A. & S., June 21, July 18. (2)
T. nitiduloides Wolff., June 21.
T. pulicarius Germ., June 21, July 18. (6)
Pentatomide.
*Podops cinctipes Say, June 21.
* Mormadea lugens Fab., June 21, July 18. (2)
Dendrocoris humeralis Uhl., July 18.

* Insect Drift on the Shore of Lake Michigan, Occas. Mem. Chicago Ent.
Soc., vol. 1, No. 1, 1900.

Beetle Drift on Lake Michigan, Can. Ent., vol. 36, 1904, p. 294.

{+ Heteroptera in Beach Drift, Ent. News, vol. 26, 1915, p. 274.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 47

Perillus exaptus Say, June 21.

* 4 pateticus cynicus Say, July 18. :
*A. bracteatus Fh., Aug 1.

Lygaeide.
*Lyoeus kalmii Stal., July 18.

Ortholomus longiceps Stal., July 18.
*Nystus erice Schill., June 21.
*Tschnorrhynchus geminatus Say, Aug. 1.

Cymus angustatus Stal., July 18.

C.-discérs Horv., June 21.

Geocoris bullatus Say, June 21. (6)

G. bullatus discopterus Stal., June 21. (2)

G. uliginosus speculator Mont., July 18. (3)

G. uliginosus limbatus Stal., June 21. (4)
*Ligyrocoris diffusus Uhl., June 21, Aug. 1. (10)

Rhyparochromus plenus Dist., July 18, Aug 1..

These specimens seem to agree with the description and figure
given by Distant in the Biologia Centrali-Americana of a form from
Guatemala, but there is some question in regard to the generic re-
ference. I have seen a specimen from Mt. Tom, Mass., and others
have been found at Georgetown, Conn., and in the Huachuca Mts.
Ariz. For most of this information I am indébted to Mr. H. G.
Barber, who spares neither time nor trouble when called upon for
assistance in some difficult question relating to the Hemiptera.
*Eremocoris ferus Say, June 21, July 18. (11)

Piesmidz.
Piesma cinerea Say, June 21.
Not found heretofore north of Rhode Island.
Tingide.

Corythucha marmorata Uhl., July 18.

C. sp. nov., June 21.

The description of this and several other new species of Cory-
thucha will be published elsewhere.

C. crategi Morrill, Osb. & Drk., Aug. 1.

Melanorhopala obscura Parsh., (Psyche,Vol. 23, 1916, p.167) June 21.
Nabide.
*Nabis ferus Linn., July 18.
Miride.
Miris dolabratus Linn., June 21. (2)

48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Platytylellus sp.?, June 21.
Neurocolpus nubilus Say, Aug. 1.
Pecilocapsus lineatus Fab., July 18.
Capsus ater Linn., June 21. (4)
C. ater semiflavus Linn., June 21.
Camptobrochis grandis Uhl., July 18. (7)
Gerride.
*Gerris marginatus Say, July 18. (4)
Saldidz.
Saldula major Prov.
S. pallipes Fab., July 18. (2)
S. sphacelata Uhl., June 21.
S. opacula Zett., July 18.
S:.Sp,?; June 21, Aug. Ll. (3)
*Micracanthia humilis Say, June 21, Aug. 1. (9)

Some of these were taken under seaweed where they were
very numerous on Aug. 1, though not so ordinarily. Stranded
specimens were very active as soon as they left the water, and
probably those under the seaweed had taken temporary refuge
there after escaping the waves.

Corixide.
Corixa verlicalis Fieb., July 18. (2)

Kindly identified by Prof. J. F. Abbott.

It is well known that some insects can withstand prolonged
submergence in salt water, but from the condition of the more
fragile species, many of which gained the shore alive, it seems to
me probable that the flights occurred on the same day, shortly be-
fore the insects were washed ashore. If this be true, a possible
explanation of the flights presents itself. On a clear day with a
light, on-shore breeze the surface of the ocean reflects the sunlight
with a peculiar sparkling brilliancy which might conceivably attract
insects already flying above the land in unusual numbers because of
some favouring combination of atmospheric conditions. The
absence of the latter factor would account for the lack of a flight
on days which were otherwise favourable. Thus, a light, on-shore
breeze rather than a strong, off-shore wind may be the more fre-
quent cause of the flight of insects over the water, and their conse-
quent presence in the drift.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 49

THE CALIFORNIA SPECIES OF MYZUS, ,.WITH THE
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

BY G. O. SHINJI, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

The following species of Myzus have been collected by the
writer in the vicinity of the University of California during 1915.

1. M. cerasi (Fabr.). Taken from curled leaves of cultivated
cherry (Prunus cerasus) within sixty feet of the University of
California campus.

2. M. circumflexum Buckton. Found on following plants:
Vinca major, Solanum tuberosum, pansy, Ceanothus sp., Stachys
bullata, Plantago sp., Senecio nickanioides, Solanum nigrum,
Fuchsia sp.,_ wall flower (Cheiranthus cheert), lilies, iris, gladiolus,
Nasturtium sp., water cress, foxtail, Cerastium viscosum, buck-
eye (4isculus californica), Sisymbrium sp., Viola sp., Symphori-
carpus racemosus, Boston ivy, Digitalis.

3. M. rosarum Walk. Taken on wild and cultivated roses.

4. M.rhamni Boyer. Taken from leaves, stems and berries
of California coffee-berry tree (Rhamnus californica) and also
Cascara sagrada.

5. M. r.bis (L). Collected from under side of leaves of
wild gooseberry, University of California campus, April 10, 1915.

6... sp. This species will be named by Professor
Essig. Host plant Agquilegia vulgare and A. truncata. Date of
collection, April 20, 1915, Berkeley, and also May 20, 1915, Inver-
ness, Marin County, California.

7. Myzus godetiz, n. sp.

Alate viviparous female.—General colour light green. Length
of body 1.6 mm. Width of abdomen .7 mm. Wing expansion
3.9mm. Head broader than long, dusky, eyes dark red. Antenne
arising from prominent frontal tubercles, dusky. Length of
antennal joints: III, .5 mm.; IV, -3 mm.; V, .2 mm.; VI, .1 mm.;
Spur .4 mm. 10-12 sensoria on III. Prothorax dusky, broader
than long, wider than head. Thorax dusky, width .7 mm. Legs
with apical two-thirds and one-third of tibia dusky, remaining
parts green. Abdomen green with large median dorsal patches or

rows and also marginal dots of black. Cornicles dusky to black,
February, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST dl

4 mm. long, decidedly tapering toward the distal end. Style
somewhat conical, slightly dusky.

Apterous viviparous female-—General colour green. Length
of body 1.6mm. Width of abdomen .7 mm. Head green, broader
thanlong. Eyesdark red. Antenne situated on frontal tubercles,
green with sixth including filament and also apical half of fifth,
dusky. Rostrum beyond second coxa, tip dusky. Thorax and
abdomen green. Legs green, with apices of tibia and tarsal joints
dusky. Cornicles green, slightly swollen near apex, .5 mm. long.
Cauda green, conical.

Host plant—Godetia amena (Lehn.). Lilja?

Locality —University of California campus, Berkeley, Cali-
fornia.

Date of collection.—April 4, 1915.

A NEW SPECIES OF AMPHROPHORA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY G. O. SHINJI, BERKELEY, CAL.

Amphrophora cicutze n. sp.
Alate viviparous female.

Slightly smaller than A. rubi Kalt. General colour light green
or pale. Length of tody 3 mm. Width of abdomen 1.15 mm.
Wing expansion 5.4 mm. Head pale, broader than long, width be-
tween the eyes .45 mm. Beak reaching second coxa, tip dusky.
Antenna situated on prominent frontal tubercles, slightly dusky,
more intensely so at the joints and apex of VI and spur. Length
of antennal joints: III, 1.1 mm.; IV, .9 mm.; V, .64 mm.: VI, .25
mm.; spur 16 mm.; III with about 18 sensoria in a row. Pro-
thorax with a small tubercle on each side, nearly as wide as head,
broader thanlong, width .6 mm., slightly dusky, especially when
viewed from side. Meso- and metathorax slightly dusky. Width
of mesothorax .8 mm. Abdomen pale, with small, red spots
scattered throughout. Legs moderately long, tarsi and apical
portion of tibia dusky, the rest the colour of the body. Cornicles
swollen beyond the middle, tip dusky, the rest the colour of the

body. Length 1.1 mm. Style pale, .45 mm. long.
February, 1917

52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

A pterous viviparous female.

Light green or pale according to niches. Length of body
2.6-3.4 mm. Width of abdomen 1.2 mm—1.7 mm. Eyes dark
red. Beak reaching third coxa, tips dusky. Antenna situated
on frontal tubercles, apices of III, IV, apical half of V and VI in-
cluding spur dusky, rest pale or green. Head, thorax and abdomen
light green or pale. Legs colour of body except tarsi, which are
dusky. Cornicles colour of body, swollen beyond middle, length
.7-9.mm. Style moderately long, colour of the body.

yO: 0.0 OO- UTS

D Die QOL Se ET Os ege
Sa edt ey Ca a el TIT

Fig. 5.—Amphrophora cicute.—6, third antennal articles of alate
viviparous female; 7, third joint of apterous viviparous form;
8, cornicle of alate, and 9, cornicle of apterous female.

Host plant—Cicuta virosa var. californica.

Locality.— University of California campus, Berkeley, California.

Date of collection—April 20, 1915.

Notes.—This species is nearer to A. rubt Kalt. than A. laty-
siphum Davdn. It differs from A. rubi in the following charac-
ters: (1) Spur with its base longer or at least as long as V plus IV
or III plus V. (2) Sensoria on IIT about one-half as many as in
A.rubi. (3) III of apterous forms without or with fewer sensoria.
(4) Shape, size and coloration of cornicles.

The following numerical data, obtained with the writer's
collection of A. rubi Kalt. at the same date and locality, may be
of use for comparison:

A. rubi Kalt.—Length of antennal joints of alate form: IIT, 1.2
mm.; IV, .7 mm.; V, .6 mm.; VI, .2 mm.; spur, 1.8 mm. Length
of body 3.5 mm. Width of abdomen 1.4 mm. Width of pro-
thorax .7 mm. Sensoria on III 35-45.

Host plants —Wild and cultivated blackberry.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 53

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIGHT-EMISSION OF
AMERICAN LAMPYRID-::

THE PHOTOGENIC FUNCTION AS A MATING ADAPTATION; 5th PAPER.
BY F. ALEX. MCDERMOTT, WASHINGTON, D.C.

The following paper embraces the results of some observations
made since the fourth paper in this series was published. (See
Canadian Entomologist, 1910, vol. 42, p. 357; 1911, vol. 43, p. 399;
1912, vol. 44, p. 73; 309.)

1. Pyractomena borealis Randall. (*) The presence of this
species in the neighbourhood of Washington, D.C., was established

‘by Mr. W. S. Fisher, who found it pupating in large numbers in
deep crevices in bark at Great Falls, on the Potomac River, about
fifteen miles northwest of the U. S. Capitol at Washington. It is
quite a large Lampyrid, and its flash appeared to the writer to be
the brightest of any of the known local fireflies. When flying at a
height of from eight to ten feet above the ground, its flash produced
a distinct though faint illumination over an area perhaps ten feet
in diameter on the ground.

The distribution of the luminous organ in this species is very
similar to that in P. angulata and P. lucifera. In the male, the
entire ventral surfaces of the two segments before the last show the
yellow colour of the luminous tissue, while in the female this tissue
area is restricted to two irregular patches on these segments. The
male should, therefore, give distinctly the brighter light. The
habit of the insects of pupating in crevices in bark several feet
from the ground, as observed by Fisher, together with the known
reluctance of many female lampyrids to fly, even when possessing
wings, would make it seem probable that the females would be found
on the bark of the trees where they emerged, or not very far away.

* In a former paper the writer adopted the late E. Olivier’s name Lecontea
for this genus. Olivier’s reasons for the change, however, appear to be invalid,
according to Rule 36 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- ’
clature. Asa matter of interest it may be mentioned that Mr. H. S. Barber,
of the U. S. National Museum, calls my attention to the fact that the name
Pyractomena was originally applied by Dejean (1833) toa genus containing
only manuscript names of species. Leconte, in 1850 applied this generic name
to Lampyris borealis Randall, a described species, which therefore automatically
became the type for this genus. This publication antedates that usually given,
Leconte, 1852. The other species, /ucifera and angulata, are correctly placed
in this genus.

February, 1917

o4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The writer’s observations on this species were made at Great
Falls, over the same area where Fisher had found the species, and
on the evening of May 3, 1916, several days after Fisher’s observa-
tions. The insects did not appear until it was quite dark—about
8.00 p.m.—when numbers of them were seen along the top of the
bluff, some forty or fifty feet high, which marks the former river
bank at this point. On ascending this bluff, the insects were found
to be flying around in the foliage, principally from ten to twenty
feet above ground, flashing at intervals of five to ten seconds; they
soon became very plentiful. At first their flight appeared to be
entirely aimless, and even long and -close watching failed to reveal
any replies to the flashes from females on bark or twigs, but present-
ly a fainter occasional flash was observed on a trunk about 8 feet
above ground, where the brighter flashes of the males had already
been observed. It soon appeared that the fainter flash emanated
from a point between two males, each of the latter some six or eight
inches from the faint flashes. An electric flashlight revealed an
imago of this species on the bark, but just out of reach; it cannot be
stated positively that this was a female, but the conduct of the faint
flashes points strongly in that direction, as the fainter flash was
several times observed to follow closely flashes from one of the two
males; it did not follow all of these flashes, which may have been
due to the irregularities in the bark hiding the flashes of the male
at times. The males, as was found later, on alighting near a sup-
posed female, run fairly rapidly over the area, apparently in search
of her. In this case, the male lower down on the bark was cap-
tured and identified. They were still flying and flashing an hour
after the first observation, apparently as thickly as at first, this
conduct resembles Photuris more than Photinus—indeed, except
that the light is not quite as green to the writer's eye, the flight of
this species suggests that of Photurts.

The flash of the male is a single, rather short and intense flash,
followed in many instances, though not in all, by a very faint, slow
or ‘‘trailing’’ secondary flash. This secondary flash varied greatly
with different individuals, being in some cases so distinct as to
suggest the double flash of Photinus consanguineus, while in other
specimens it was apparently absent. The males, when approach-
ing a supposed female, usually, though not always, exhibit a faint,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

qn
Or

continuous glow between flashes. The flash of the female—if this
may be judged by the specimen seen on bark and assumed to be a
female—is a much less intense and slower flash, given almost im-
mediately after the flash of the male she is answering. Represent-
ing these in the manner used by the writer in his review of this sub-
ject (Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie, 1914, Bd.
10, pp. 303-307), the flashes of this species would appear as shown
in the sketch, Fig. 1.

Experiments with a pocket flashlight soon showed that the
flying males would pay. no attention to the unshielded light, when
flashed immediately after their flashes (although the toads in the
neighbourhood seemed greatly interested, and could be heard hop-
ping toward the experimenter from several directions after each
flash!) When, however, the fingers of the free hand were so dis-
posed over the bulb as to completely prevent the escape of any
direct light, the luminous surface being the portion of the finger
tissue through which the light passed, it was found easy to attract
flying males from a distance of as much as twenty-five feet, by
flashing immediately after the flash of the male. The reaction was
so definite as to leave no doubt of the matter; of ten males captured
in perhaps fifteen minutes, nine were obtained as the result of at-
_ traction to the experimenter by means of the flash light. For in-
stance, a male was observed to be flying in a direction about at right
angles to the path which the experimenter was following, and about
fifteen feet ahead and perhaps twenty feet in the air. Immediately
after he flashed, the shielded lamp was flashed; the flying insect
immediately turned, flying downward and along the line of the
path, almost in a direct line for the experimenter’s hand. Each
time he flashed, the flash was answered, as he drew nearer, and
when quite close, he swerved suddenly and alighted on the coat
sleeve of the extended hand. One or two of those taken were
caught in flight, but most of them were allowed to alight on the
coat sleeve, and then captured; they usually landed at a distance not
more than about eight inches from the light, running around rather
rapidly after lighting, stopping occasionally and waving the antenne
somewhat after the manner of Photinus pyralis when mating. It
is interesting to note that the distinctly red colour of the light
from the flash light after passing through the tissue of the experi-

56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

menter’s fingers, did not seem in the least to interfere with the
phenomenon, although decidedly different from the colour—to the
human eye—of the light of the female insect.

A flash of a flying Lampyrid, closely resembling that of the
male of this species, was observed by the writer in the Soldier's
Home Park, in Washington, D.C., about April 20, 1911, and was
at that time ascribed. by Mr. H. S. Barber, to some northern
species not yet recorded from this locality. The distribution of
P. borealis in the surrounding country has not been worked out,
but it would appear possible that the flash seen in 1911 might have
been due to a chance male of this species. The spring of that year
was rather warmer than usual, possibly accounting for the early
date.

Olivier (Accouplements anormaux chex les insects. Premier
Cong. Internat. d’Entomologie, 1910, pp. 143-145; see also
Gadeau de Kerville, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1896, No. 4, p. 85)
has mentioned the comparative frequency with which two male
lampyrids are found attempting to mate. During this investiga-
tion a number of live males of Pyractomena borealis were placed in a
test-tube, and upon examining them about half an hour later it
was found that two of them had coupled, the penis of the upper
one being held between the mandibles of the other; they remained
in this position at least two hours. The position of the terminal
segments of the upper male were those of normal intromission.
There was no evidence that one insect had attacked the other, nor
did either appear to be injured.

It may be noted that the odor of this insect, while resembling
that of Photinus pyralis, is still rather different from that of the
latter species.

2. Photuris pennsylvanica DeGeer. This species was observed
for the first time during the season of 1916, along the Conduit
Road between Great Falls and Cabin John Bridge, on the evening
of May 27. The insects first appeared as isolated, scattered speci-
mens about 8.15 p.m., but by 9.00 o'clock there were thousands of
them flashing in the trees and over the fields. As previously
noted (Can. Ent., 1911, vol. 43, pp. 403-4) difficulty had been ex-
perienced in connecting the luminosity with the mating conduct
in this species. Experiments with the use of the electric flash light

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ai.

were begun on the above date, using both the naked bulb and the
bulb covered with the hand, as just described for Pyractomena
borealis, but no evidence of attraction toward the lamp was ob-
tained. In view of the fact that the light of this species is rather
more greenish than that of the other local Lampyride which have
been studied (Coblentz, Can. Ent., 1911, vol. 43, pp. 355-860, and
previous papers by the present writer) the experiment was tried of
covering the bulb of the lamp with a thin leaf. With this modifica-
tion of the colour of the light, and by using a long flash, in imita-
tion of that previously described as one of the methods of light-
emission of this species, it was found comparatively easy to attract
the males so that they would approach the flashed light, but unless
the bulb were shaded more as they drew nearer, they appeared to
recognize some difference in the light and would fly away again.
The response was not entirely uniform, even in the early evening
when but comparatively few were flying; later, when several hun-
dred insects might be within the range of the flash, a definite re-
sponse was decidedly the exception, unless a particular, isolated
insect near the electric light responded.

Four distinct types of light-emission on the part of this species
were observed, agreeing with those previously reported (Can.
Ent., 1910, vol. 42, pp. 358-360). First noted was a series of
usually three, though sometimes four or five rapidly repeated
flashes of considerable intensity, followed by darkness for several
seconds; the flashing thus was repeated at intervals of from not more
than three seconds to as much as half a minute. The series of flashes
is suggestive of that of the male of Pyractomena lucifera, except
that ordinarily not as many separate flashes are given, that there
is a distinct interval of darkness between succeeding flashes in the
series, and that the flashes in any series appear to be of diminish-
ing intensity, (see diagram, Fig. 6). The specimens which ex-
hibited this type of flash, came to the lamp when given the long
flash described, and were usually, though not always, found to be
males.

The second type of lighting observed was that which the writer
has previously described as ‘“‘a faint glow rapidly increasing in
Drilianey: 2 >. le then ends suddenly... 9: .’".. The
only correction to make on this earlier observation is that this flash,

58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

—

when observed close at hand, is seen not to be a continuous steady
flash, but a series of very rapid pulsations, or a flash of very rapid
variations in intensity, such as may be observed in a moving
mirror image of an arc-lamp operation on alternating current. (See
diagram). As compared with the phenomenon of the alternating

1. Pyractomena
borealis.

to

Pyractomena
angulata.

3. Pyractomena
lucifera.

4. Photinus
pyralis.

5. Photinus
consanguineus.

. Photinus
scintillans.

lor)

7. Pnotinus
marginellus.

8. Photinus
castus.

9, Photinus
pennsylvanicus.

Fig. 6.—Chart showing relative intensities and durations of flashes of American

Lampyride.. (1 cm. vertically equals approximately 0.02 candle power; 1 cm.

horizontally equals approximately one second in length of curves; space between

curves representing flashes of male and female of same species, is arbitrary.
current arc-lamp, the “‘frequency’’ appeared to be about 50 per
second, rather slower than the lamp (60 cycles). One insect flash-
ing thus was caught on the evening of May 27, and found to be a
female, but at this time, none could be attracted to the electric iight,

by imitating either this flash, or that described in the preceding

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 59

paragraph, for the male. Later, notably on the evening of June
17, along the Chesapeake and Potomac Canal, only a few hundred
yards from where the first observations were made, females giving
this long flash, repeatedly came to electric lights operated in the
flashing manner of the male, when used both by the writer and by
Mr. H.S. Barber, the bulbs 1a both cases being shielded by a leaf.
The reverse attraction, as described in the foregoing paragraph,
was also observed at this time, and had previous!y been observed
by Mr. Barber and the writer, along tte Canal on the evening of
June 3. There were, however, some curious exceptions: for in-
stance, on the evening of June 5, at the writer’s residence, 1901
Jackson St., N. E., this city, an insect giving the long flash was at-
tracted to a lamp giving the flashing light, and when captured
proved to be a male; also on the evening of June 13, at the same
place, using the electric lamp giving a long flash, two females and
four males were attracted, caught and identified. It was not found
necessary that either sex be flying to respond; insects at rest on
leaves and fences repeatedly responded by flashing to stimulation
with the electric lamp, and would sometimes leave their locations
and fly to the light. Good results were never obtained unless the
light was either shielded with a leaf, or the bulb coated with a
solution of malachite green and chlorophyl in collodion.

The third method of lighting observed for this species was that
already described as single, not very bright flashes, emitted at
intervals of a second or two while the insect is flying through the
air in almost any direction, dropping from a tree, or running around
on the ground or on the grass. In every instance these insects
were found to be females. Operating the electric light in imitation
of this flash did not seem to cause attraction of either sex, but in
one instance, when a male was observed on a fence rail, giving his
~ usual triple flash, and responding to the electric light flashes in
- imitation of the usual long flash of the female, the change to the
type of flash above described caused him immediately to cease to
respond. Provisionally we may regard this as the flash of a
pregnant (or hungry) female. ; :

The fourth type of light-emission consists of a single, short,
bright flash, repeated at intervals of about four seconds or more.
This flash is the least common, : and insects flashing thus were

60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

found to be males, and did not respond satisfactorily to the electric
light.

Only rarely was attraction between the sexes in this species
noted, and as mentioned in a previous paper, it is very rarely that
pairs in couple are seen or taken. On account of the great num-
bers of the insects, and their habit of flying quite high, it is very
difficult to follow closely any particular individual or pair. On
one occasion a male and female were confined in a tube for some
time, hoping that mating would take place; the male flashed irregu-
larly, in single flashes, and the female appeared to answer him,
but although she ceased to light and became quiet whenever the
male touched her or ran over her back, he appeared to pay no at-
tention whatever to her, and no mating was observed.

Mr. Barber informs the writer that he has frequently noticed
dim, fixed points of light in the woods at night, which on investiga-
tion, proved to come from the luminous organ of a small adult Pho-
tinus that was being devoured by an adult Photuris, the latter in
each case appearing to be a female. In several cases where a
male and female of Photuris were confined together to secure eggs,
the male was found to have been devoured during the night.
These appear to be natural habits of the insect, both of which the
writer has been able to conform. Mr. Barber also states that he
has been informed by Mr. Harry L. Parker, of Hagerstown, Md.,
who has observed the pupa of this species, that in addition to the
anal lights, there is a constant light emitted from the pupal pro-
thorax, which persists through the teneral adult stage, but disap-
pears as the beetle hardens.

3. Pyractomena lucifera Melscheimer. Experiments on the
evening of May 15, on the attraction of the males of this species
to a flashed electric light, were entirely negative. A lamp shielded
with a leaf was not used at this time, but was tried later, still with
negative results.

4. Pyractomena angulata Say. A male of this species was
captured at the writer’s residence on the evening of June 13; when
in flight it gave a series of short, dim flashes, not unlike those de-
scribed for the pregnant or hungry female Photuris, but fainter
and of a decidedly orange colour. (See fig. 6). No attraction
to the flashed electric light was noted. A female of this species

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 61

was taken in flight in mid-day near the same locality on May 30;
in fact all females of this species which the writer has taken, have
been caught flying in daylight. This flash does net agree with that
of the insect which the writer supposed to be a male of P. angulata
in 1912.

5. Photinus consanguineus Lec. This species was observed
at Plummer’s Island, Md., on June 3, and along the Canal
on June 17. The interval between the two flashes constituting
the light-emission of the male, was found to be variable, some-
times as much as two seconds. No attraction of the male to the
electric bulb could be secured.

6. Photinus scintillans Say. The previous observations on
this species were plentifully confirmed, but no new facts brought
forth.

During this season a flash was observed on two separate oc-
casions, but in the same locality, which does not correspond with
that of any known Lampyrids of this vicinity. It consisted of a
series of quite rapid flashes, somewhat like that of the male of
Pyractomena lucifera, but of a distinctly orange tone. Both ob-
servations were made long after the normal period of prevalence of
the Jucifera. It was found impossible to capture the insect at this
time, and the flash was not seen again, on later visits.

NEW NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (TIPULIDA DIPTERA).
PART -Fi;

BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, ITHACA, N. Y.
(Continued from page 31.)

The following records also undoubtedly pertain to this species,
but in the aksence of the material are not included in the type
series:

Fort Kent, Aroostook Co., Maine, August 19 (Johnson);
White Cap Mt., Maine, August 17, 1905 (Jones); Dedham, Mass.,
Sept. 4, 1906 (Johnson) ; Brookline, Mass., Sept. 6, 1906 (Johnson) ;
Cohasset, Mass., Oct. 1, (Bryant); Mt. Marcy, Essex Co.,,N. Y.,;
July 30, 1913 (Young); Elm Lake, Hamilton Co., N. Y., August 2,

1912 (Young); Hazleton, Luzerne Co., Pa., August 20, 1909 (Dietz).
February, 1917

62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

This interesting late-summer and early-autumn species is
similar to 7. calcar O. S., which, in the male sex, has the stigma of
the wings almost indistinct, and the hypopygium very small and
provided with short hairs; in autwmnalis the stigma is brown and
the elongate male hypopygium is densely provided with long, dark
hairs. In the female sex, the reduced wings of the new species are
very curious, (autumnalis, length of body 20 mm.; wings 9.5 mm.;
calcar, length of body 17 mm.; wings 14 mm.), and the ovipositor
has the tergal valves strong, powerful, almost straight and rather
blunt at their tips; in calcar, the tergal valves are shorter, strongly
up-curved and more pointed at their tips.

Tricyphona cervina, sp. n.

Allied to 7. septentrionalis Bergr.; colour light fawn-yellow;
antennae brownish black throughout, the basal flagellar segments
crowded, the apical ones attenuated; mesonotum with three stripes:
ovipositor and hypopygium bright yellow.

Male.—Length 6 mm.; wing 7.8 mm.

Female.—Length 8 mm.; wing 8.5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brownish
black, the first segment a little grayish pruinose; first six segments of
the flagellum large and closely approximated, the remaining seg-
ments elongate and attenuated (as in JT. septentrionalis). Head
brownish gray, clearer gray behind and on the gene beneath.

Mesonotal prescutum light brown with a golden pollen, with
three dark brown stripes; the middle stripe is longest, narrowed
behind, broadened anteriorly, indistinctly bisected behind by a
vitta of the ground-colour; lateral stripes short; scutum and _post-
notum grayish yellow; scutellum more yellowish. Pleura reddish
brown with a sparse gray or grayish-white bloom. Halteres pale
yellow, the knobs very slightly darkened. Legs with the coxe
yellow, sparsely gray pruinose on the outer face; trochanters dull
yellow; femora dull yellow, passing into brown at the tips; tibiae
yellowish brown, a little darkened apically; tarsi brown. Wings
nearly hyaline; stigma pale brown; veins brown. Venation: petiole
of cell Ri moderate, about equal to or shorter than cell /st M2;
cell 7st 1 pointed at inner end (as in septentrionalis); petiole of
cell Wi long, much longer than either cell Mi or 1st M2; basal

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 63:
deflection of Cui at or just beyond the fork of M, about in a line
with cross-vein 7-77; cross-vein m rather indistinct.

Abdominal segments dark brown, the caudal and _ lateral
margins narrowly paler, hypopygium with the pleurites bright
yellow.

The female is similar to the & but slightly larger, full-winged;
ovipositor powerful, yellow, strongly upturned.

Habitat.—Colorado.

Holotype, &#, Platte Canon, Colorado, July 17, 1915, (Oslar.)

Allotype, 2, with the type.

This little species differs from both debilis Will. and vitripennis
Doane, in the considerably smaller size; it differs from debilis in
the paler fawn colour of the body, the long petiole of cell Wi, the
structure of the antenne,and in numerous other details; from v7tri-
pennis in the gray head, dark antenne, differences in the thoracic
pattern and colour of the abdomen and its appendages. It differs.
from the more closely related septentrionalis Bergr. in the unmarked
wings and fawn-coloured body.

Tricyphona glacialis, sp. n.

Allied to 7. debilis Will.; colour dark brown; antenne dark
brown throughout, the flagellar segments oval to rounded-oval,
not attenuated; wings with a pale brown suffusion; cell /s¢ M2 and
and A very long; abdomen dark brown, the basal sternites more
yellowish.

Male.—Length 9.6 mm.; wing 10.6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown, the
segments of the flagellum oval, the basal ones not crowded, the
apical ones shortened, almost rounded. Head broad, black, very
sparsely grayish pruinose; frontal tubercle distinct, high.

Mesonotum dark brown, very sparsely gray pruinose on the
postnotum, the scutellum paler, more yellowish. Pleura dark
brown, gray pruinose. Halteres very long and slender, brown,
brightened at the extreme base. Legs with the coxe brownish
vellow; femora dull yellow, passing into brown on the apical third;
tibie brownish yellow, a little brighter basally; tarsi dark brown.
Wings with a pale brown tinge; stigma indistinct; veins brown.
Venation: petiole of cell Rs moderate, a little shorter than the
elongated cell /st MWe; petiole of cell WW about one-third the length

64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

of the cell and of cell 1st M2; cross-vein m connects Mi+2 with

Ms, weak and tending to atrophy; Cm leaves Ms before mid-
length of the long cell 1st Me.

Abdomen elongated, tergites dark brown, the caudal margins
of the segments narrowly paler; basal sternites more yellowish
than the terminal segments; hypopygium brown.

Habitat.—Alaska.

Holotype, &, Sitka, Alaska; June 16, 1899 (Kincaid).

Allotype, 2 , Saldovia, Alaska; July 21, 1899 (Kincaid).

Paratypes, “9, Yakutat, Alaska; June 21, 1899 (Kincaid);
o, Virgin’s Bay, Alaska, June 26, 1899 (Kincaid); o, Saldovia,
Alaska, July 21, 1899 (Kincaid).

The type is in the collection of the United States National
Museum; the species is based on material taken on the Harriman
Expedition, and was determined by Coquillett as being T°. debilis
Will.

The species agrees with debilis in many respects, but the general
coloration is dark brown, not yellow; the basal segments of the
antenne are not reddish and the venation is ‘different, the cells
Ist Mz and M. being greatly elongated. The abdomen and
halteres are longer than is usual in this group of the genus.

GEOMETRID NOTES.
THE GENUS DyssTROMA HiiBNER.
BY L. W. SWETT, WEST SOMERVILLE, MASS.

The genus Dysstroma Hiib. (Verz. p. 333, 1825) with its
type truncata Hufn. seems to be a natural group by itself. Hulst
(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., vol. XXIII, p. 283, 1896) under Hydriomena,
cites truncata Hufn. as the type of Dysstroma. Warren and
Hampson both refer the truncata group to Polyphasia Stephens, but
treat it as a separate genus (Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 373, 1893, and
Ind. Moths, III, p.. 378). Mr. L. B. Prout points out in Trans.
London Ent. Soc., part XVIII, p. 33, 1908, that Polyphasia cannot
hold, as Hiibner’s name Dysstroma has priority. According to
Mr. Prout’s and my own views, what we have been calling truncata
in North America is really citrata Linné (‘‘ Fauna Suecica,’’-ed. IT,
p. 332, 1761).

February, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 65
Werneburg (Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. XIX, pp. 49-57, 1855)
shows, I believe for the first time, that citrata Linné is related to
truncata. In Linné’s original description of citrata, he speaks of
the fore wings having a grayish central band, with a variegated
outer margin and reddish yellow costal spot. Dysstroma citrata
Linn. with its variations appears to be our American form, and
truncata Hufnagel, though closely resembling it, is quite distinct.
There is much doubt also as to the occurrence of truncata Hufn.
in South America, as I have never seen authentic specimens of it.
I shall use the term aberration in this paper in place of variety in
eonformity with the practice of the European specialists, while
variety will be emploved in the sense of local race.

The typical Dysstroma citrata Linn., or gray form with varie-
gated outer margins, seems to be rare, and is only found in cold
climates and high altitudes. Our commonest form, which generally
stands in collections as Dysstroma truncata Hufn., is D. citrata
Linn. aberration punctum-notata Haworth, with the central band
of the fore wings clear white. In Dyar’s List, page 281, the
aberrations of truncata Hufn. and citrata Linn. are badly confused,
but I shall only consider citrata here; so the rest may be referred
to truncata. Dysstroma citrata Linn., and its aberrations may be
listed as follows:

I. Dysstroma citrata Linné.—Fore wings with a gray central
area, variegated outer margin with reddish yellow costal spot.

This appears to be rather a rare form, probably occurring
in the mountainous regions and colder climates. The central
band of fore wings is even, uniform gray, with enough variegation
in the outer margins not to be unicolorous. I have this form, if I
have identified it correctly, from Atlin, British Columbia, collected
by Mr. Anderson. The gray form taken in the East is not exactly
the same, but I will place it here tentatively until more is known
of the group and the genitalia can be studied. I have not seen
aberration fusca Prout (Trans. London Ent. Soc., part XVIII,

_p. 50, 1908), which is unicolorous dark gray without variegations,
but I hardly think it applies to the forms mentioned above.

Ab. (a) punctum-notata Haworth (Prod. Lep. Brit., p. 26,
1802).

66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

This form has the central band of the fore wings clear white, the
intra- and extradiscal lines not touching. In most collections it
has been placed under truncata, in error, though the resemblance is
close, but beneath, on hind wings, the extradiscal line of citrata has a
much sharper angle. Punctum-notata Haw. occurs in most of the
Eastern States and a few of the Western, and also in British
Columbia. Packard seems to have found it quite abundant in the
White Mountains of New Hampshire, and has quite a series in his
collection from there. Mr. Prout has pointed out the distinctive-

ness of this aberration from truncata Hufn., and was one of the
first to do so.

Ab. (b) tmmanata Haw. (Lep. Brit., II, p. 323, 1809). This
form has the prominent, reddish yellow costal spot, with central
band solid blackish gray, and brownish variegated outer margins.
It appears to be rather arare form in North America, but it may be
more common in the north. I have specimens from Victoria,
B.C., received from Mr. E. H. Blackmore, and also from Mt.
Washington, New Hampshire. The black, central band will
distinguish it at once from all other forms.

Ab: (c) simpliciata Walk. (List Lep. Brit. Mus., XXV, p.
1422, 1862).

This form has the central band blackish as in the aberration
immanata Haw., but there are white spots at costa and inner
margin. I have never taken exactly this form, the white spots
in my specimens not being intense enough, but rather grayish.
Possibly it 1s nearer the aberration tysfjordensis Strand. (Nyt.
Mag. Nat., XX XIX, p. 62, 1901). The latter form is said to have ©
a gray black central band with gray spots at costa and inner
margin. I list these two forms provisionally, but we get aberra-
tions which are very close to them if not identical. I believe these
to be rather northern forms and not very common.

Ab. (d) insolida Prout (Trans. London Ent. Soc., p. 59, 1908).

This form has the central band pale gray. with the inner and
outer lines on either side strongly contrasting black. I have two
specimens from British Columbia which approach it very closely.
The black, contrasting lines on either side of the central band will
readily separate this form from all others.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 67

=

?Ab. (e) rufibrunnea Warren (Nov. Zool., VII, p. 181, 1900).

This seems to be a form close to punctum-notata Haw., in
which the white central band is more or less suffused with light
reddish brown. The types, two females, came from Argentine,
South America, so there is always a slight doubt as to their stand-
ing. Mr. Prout, who has seen the types, believes they are aberra-
tions of citrata. The form I have identified as this one came from
Mr. E. H. Blackmore, Victoria, British Columbia, and seems quite
rare. There are several other aberrations of citrata Linn. found
in Europe, but as I have not seen them as yet from North America,
I think it is better not to list them.

2. Var. brunneata Packard, (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XI, p. 47, 1867 [1861 in error, in Dyar's list]; Monograph, p. 108,
pl. VIII, fig. 38, 1876).

This northern form was described from Labrador by Packard,
and is very closely allied to citrata if not a variety or race of it.
It is a small, stunted form, brown-shaded, with a cinereous central
band, three times as wide at costa as on inner margin. It is difficult
to say whether this should be listed as a distinct species or variety,
as I have only seen two or three specimens other than the type.
Taylor’s Mesoleuca casloata resembles brunneata Pack., but is
larger. They are, however, closely allied. In Dyar’s list brunneata
Pack. is incorrectly placed under truncata Hufn., and should be
referred to citrata. In Ent. Zeit. Stettin, XXV, p. 160, 1874,
Meeschler described ‘“ Cidaria suspectata,’’ which must be close to
brunneata according to the description. There is a copy of the
original description in the Packard Monograph, page 130, 1876.
The type of suspectata is said to be in the Staudinger collection
and was taken in Labrador, as was brunneata. Both Staudinger
and Meeschler later regarded suspectata as identical with brunieata,
but there is a slight doubt as to the correctness of this view. The
older authors did not have a very clear eye for differences, and
in most cases were not very careful in their comparisons. Packard
in the Monograph mixed the forms, as figure 38, plate VIII, is
evidently Dysstroma citrata ab. punctum-notata Haw., the white
central band of the fore wings showing plainly. On the same
plate, igure 39, is brunneata Packard, while figure 40 is probably
ethela Hulst. In the Packard collection there is a specimen just

68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

like figure 40 from Victoria, B.C., which is ethela Hulst. Figure
41 of the same plate is our eastern hersiliata, while figure 42 is
Dysstroma (Mesoleuca) occidentata, described by Taylor in the
Canadian Entomologist, vol. XLII, p. 86, 1910. Note the sharp
indentation of the intradiscal line in the figure, on the median
vein, also the peculiar central band and wide basal space. There
is always a chance of error in determining species from figures,
but as Packard had the specimens in his collection, from which the
figures were made, I think I have identified them correctly.

Dr. Dyar (Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus., vol. X XVII, p. 897, 1904)
describes the larve of hersiliata Guenée and mentions rearing them
on currant. Dr. Dyar also mentions that there is considerable
variation in this species, there being a dark and a light form, and
he thought the latter might be ethela of Hulst. Both forms will
have to be studied as they seem to differ from our eastern hersiliata.
Possibly they may be forms of occidentata Taylor.

Traversata Kellicott (Bull. Buffalo Soc., Vol. V, p. 45, 1886
|transversata in error in Dyar’s List|) is not to be considered
under citrata (truncata) as it belongs to another group.

Atrifasciata Hulst. (Entomologica Americana, vol. III, p.
214, 1887) described from one female from California, turns out
to be a Eustroma or Lygris and not Cleora or Mesoleuca as placed
by Hulst. (See Grossbeck’s notes in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
vol. XX XIII, p. 338, November, 1907.)

Mesoleuca mulleolata Hulst is placed incorrectly as a synonym
of truncata in Dyar’s List. It was described in the Bulletin of the
Brooklyn Entomological Society, vol. IV, p. 26, 1881, and is a very
large species and very distinct when once separated. There were
two types from Colorado in the Hulst collection, and I shall restrict
the type to the white banded form there. This, in a general way,
resembles the aberration punctwm-notata Haworth cf citrata, but
the basal band of the fore wings has two very strong, toothed
projections and the intradiscal band is inwardly less crenulate
than in citrata. The extradiscal line of the fore wings runs straight
from costa about 2.5 mm. before the first projecting tooth, and also
the costal reddish spot is more accentuated than in citrata. The
hind wings of mulleolata Hulst are darker than those of citrata,
and the extradiscal line makes a much sharper angle. Then

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 69

again, mulleolata emerges a month earlier than citrata, namely in
June, while the latter appears in July and August. The genitalia
also show it to be distinct from citrata, the terminal spines being
nearly three times as long and much stouter. The species, there-
fore, should be considered as distinct and so listed. Hulst’s types
are not in very good condition and more or less rubbed, so this is
probably the reason why the older authors regarded it as truncata.
I have specimens from Mr. Fernekes from Tacomah, Washington,
and from Mr. Blackmore and Dr. Dyar from Victoria, B.C., and
the Rocky Mountains. It is evidently a rare species in collections,
but probably the characteristic locality has not been found.

Mulleolata Hulst has several striking forms which correspond
to the forms of citrata and should be described, so that they may
be understood. I may perhaps be criticized for naming aberrations,
but I feel that we cannot correctly understand the limits of variation
unless we do so. In many species it is absolutely necessary to do
this, as different species have corresponding forms and would
otherwise be confused with one another. I think it unnecessary
to go as far as the European specialists do, but certainly every
distinct form should have a name, and both Dr. Bastelberger and
Mr. Prout concur in this view. The difficulty is to avoid splitting
the forms too finely, as in the case of truncata and citrata. It is
better to take a conservative view of them where confusion might
arise, e. g., in the case of the white-banded forms of citrata and
mulleolata, or the black-banded forms of the same, or in the case of
many of the species of Hydriomena.

We may next consider the forms of muilleolata Hulst which
seem to be worthy of names.

Dysstroma mulleolata Hulst, ab. sobria, nov.

Expanse 36-39 mm.

This is the black-banded form of mulleolata Hulst, correspond-
ing to ab. immanata Haworth of citrata. The central band of the
fore wings is solid black with no markings or whitish spots visible.
The wing pattern is otherwise the same as in normal muileolata,
except that possibly the brown is a trifle more yellowish extra-
discally. The aberration sobria can be easily recognized by the
solid black central band and the date of appearance. Apparently
this is one of the rarer forms, as other specimens show the transition

70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

between the black-banded and the white-banded forms, the bands
having begun to break up into spots of white or gray.

Holotype, Victoria, B.C., June 22, 1914, E. H. Black-
more, in my collection.

Dysstroma mulleolata Hulst, ab. subumbrata, nov.

Expanse 39-40 mm.

In this form the black central band has begun to break up
into grayish spots, especially at costa and inner margin. This
form tends to show the transition from the black-banded to the
gray or white-banded form. . It corresponds to the abberration
simpliciata Walker and_ tysfjordensis Strand of citrata. The
outer area has the normal wing pattern of muileolata, but in the
character of the central band it is allied to sobria, except that the
band is not solid black but broken into gray spots.

Holotype.—o’, Victoria, B.C., June 14, 1914; from E. H. Black-
more, in my collection.
Allotype — @ , Victoria, B.C., June 24, 1915; in the collection

of Mr. Blackmore.
Paratypes—Victoria, B.C.; o&, June 2, 1914; 92, June 16,
July 22, 1914, and June 26, 1915; in coll. Blackmore.

Dysstroma mulleolata, ab. ochrofuscaria, nov.

Expanse 37-39 mm.

This form has the central brand whitish, suffused with reddish
brown, in fact, the whole fore wing is more or less suffused with
brownish. It seems to be a somewhat rare form and represented
in few collections and corresponds to ab. rufibrunnea Warren of
D. citrata. It is yellowish along the costa just beyond the extra-
discal band of the fore wings, and has a large, reddish brown costal
spot at the anal angle. The hind wings have a reddish tinge along
the outer margin.

Holotype-—o, Victoria, B.C., June 27, #915; in coll.- Black-
more.

Allotype-— 2 , Vancouver Island, B.C., July 16, 1905; in my
collection.

Paratypes.—Duncans, B.C.; o*, June 14, 1910; in coll. A. W. °
Hanham; ¢, Aug. 7, 1908; in coll. G. O. Day.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 71

The forms of D. citrata and mulleolata, together with related
species I have seen, may be listed as follows:—
1. Dysstroma citrata Linn. (gray central band).
(a) Ab. punctum-notata Haw. (white central band).
(b) Ab. immanata Haw. (black central band).
(c) Ab. simpliciata Walk. (black central band, white spots at
margins).
(d) Ab. tysfjordensis Strand (black central band, gray spots at
margins).
(e) Ab. insolida Prout. (gray central band, black at edge).
?(f) Ab. rufibrunnea Warren (white centrally, suffused with
reddish brown).
?var. brunneata Pack. (blackish central band, brownish basally
and extradiscally).
Syn.? suspectata Moesch.
2. Dysstroma mulleolata Hulst.
(a) Ab. sobria Swett.
(b) “ subumbrata Swett.
(c) ‘ ochrofuscaria Swett.
3. Dysstroma hersiliata Gn.
. ab. mirandata Taylor.
4, 4 walkerata Pears.

5. ~ occidentata Taylor.
= ab. mutata Taylor.

6. 5 ethela Hulst.

igs - casloata Taylor.

8. BS boreata Taylor.

9. re decorata Vaylor.

10. hulstata Taylor.

There are other species to be added, but I have not had the
opportunity to examine them in series, so will omit them for the
present. The aberrations simpliciata Walker and_ tysfjordensis
Strand, I have doubtfully referred to our fauna, but at least we have
~ very closely allied forms which, if not identical with the European
forms, are hardly distinct enough to warrant description. A very
interesting fact 1s brought forth by Edelston (Zool., X XI, page
- 8784), viz., that truncata is normally double brooded and passes
the winter in larval form, while citrata is single brooded and passes

72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
the winter in the egg. The larva of truncata differs from that of
citrata in colour and form of anal joints.

In conclusion I wish to thank Mr. E. H. Blackmore and also
Messrs. G. O. Day and A. W. Hanham for suggestions and loan of
specimens. I am also deeply indebted to Mr. L. B. Prout, of
London, England, for notes and references.

ON MILITARY SERVICE.

The following is a list of the officers and employees of the
Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department of Agricul-
ture, Ottawa, who have enlisted for Overseas Service either in the
Canadian or Imperial Forces:

H. F. Hupson, B.S.A.—Field Officer, Strathroy, Ont., 16th Bat-
tery, C. F. A. Wounded and permanently disabled for
further active service.

E. H. STRICKLAND, M. Sc.—Field Officer, Lethbridge, Alta., Ma-
chine Gun Section, 196th Battalion (Western Universities),
Onnb she

H. S. FLEMING.—Messenger, Ottawa, 52nd Battery, C. F. A.

F. M. MacKenzie.—Assistant, Fredericton, N.B., Princess Pa-
tricia’s Canadian Light Intantry, (P27 PsC.L: T.).

*F. W.WatsH.—Assistant, Lethbridge, Alta., Welsh Fusiliers.

H. S. BropiE.—Assistant, Agassiz, B.C., Imperial Forces.

H. CurrAn.—Assistant, Vineland Station, Ont.

C. A. WILLIAMs.—Inspector, Fredericton, N.B., 23rd _ Battery,
CxEAS

e F. yee Fredericton, N.B., 104th Battalion, C.E.F.

H. S. FLEWELLING.—Inspector, Fredericton, N.B., P. P. C. L. I.
**7. C. SHipton.—Assistant and Inspector, Annapolis Royal, N.S.,

RePee wir:
L. M. How.—Inspector, Annapolis Royal, N.S., 112th Battalion,
CaEeF:

ss Bess lait oe ForTIER.—Inspector, Annapolis Royal, N.S., Heavy
Artillery, C. E. F.

W. L. Harris.—Inspector, Annapolis Royal, N.S., ed Artillery,
GSE AE:

*Killed.
**Died in Hospital in France.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 73

———

S. N. Lorp.—Assistant, Ottawa, 75th Battalion, C. E. F.
T. RANKIN.— Assistant, Ottawa, P. P. C. L. I.
*A.H. Busu.—Inspector, Vancouver, B.C., Pioneer Battalion.

The above list would be considerably longer had it been possible
for the Government to release for military service more of the
scientific officers. Most of the officers of the Branch have applied
for leave of absence for military service, but in view of the im-
portance which the Government lays on the maintenance of the
agricultural production of the country it has decided that such
trained men are serving the country to the best advantage by con-
tinuing their present work, especially in view of the scarcity of
trained men, than by undertaking duties of a military character,
and for this reason it has not been possible to release more than
those whose names are included in the above list.

THE BAY > FEEA-LOUSE, TFRIOZA ALACRIS FLOR AS &
NEW PEST IN NEW JERSEY.

BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.]J.

For the past several years, this psyllid has been present in
several green-houses in New Jersey, but only recently has it in-
creased numerically enough to disfigure seriously its host, Laurus
nobilis, the victor’s laurel of the ancient Greeks. Its presence on
bay trees can be readily detected by the curled, discoloured leaves,
usually at the tips of the branches, containing what appear to be
cottony masses. Upon uncurling a leaf, the nymphs are easily
seen, clothed in a white, waxy secretion. As a rule, the edges of
infested leaves are rolled in tightly toward the mid-rib and become
thick, distorted and of a whitish colour, giving the tree in severe
infestations, a sickly and unwholesome appearance.

In “Ziekten en Beschadigingen der Tuinbouwgewassen,’’ by
M. Van Den Broek en P. J. Schenk (Holland, 1915), the authors
state that the bay leaf flea, so calied, overwinters in the adult
stage, appearing in the spring and depositing eggs on the under-
sides of the leaves, and that bays in and out of green-houses are

*Killed.
February, 1917

74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

subject to injury. They also state that it is not a serious pest in
Holland. In New Jersey, it is customary for owners of bay trees
to keep them out of doors during the summer, and cool, storage
sheds where the temperature is around 38 and 40 degrees F. during
the winter. It is during the summer months, of course, when the
trees are either outside or under glass that most of the damage
takes place. Sometimes nearly every leaf on a tree is curled and
discoloured, but as a rule it is the young, developing leaves which
are infested. Trees thus disfigured are not salable, and when one
considers that bay trees sell at from $10.00 to $100.00 and more for
single specimens it is readily seen that a considerable money loss
can be laid at the door of this psyllid.

Coming to remedies, picking off and destroying the infested
leaves is one method, practical only if the infestation is slight or the
number of infested trees small. Eight ounces of Black Leaf 40
plus eight pounds of whale-oil soap to one hundred gallons of water
has been used in New Jersey with a fair degree of success as a sum-
mer spray. It is impossible, however, to reach the nymphs pro-
tected by the tightly curled edges of the leaves. According to
Dafert and Kornauth in the Report on the Work Done at the
Imperial and Royal Chemical Research Station in Vienna, 1913,
pp. 80-95, a review of which appears in the Review of Applied
Entomology, Series A, vol. II, 1914, p. 482, cyanide fumigation
was tried against Trioza alacris Flor., on laurel with complete suc-
cess. The reviewers state that the American 1-1-3 formula was
used, but nothing is said about the cubic contents, temperature,
length of exposure, etc.

At one place in New Jersey, where the infestation was severe
during the summer and not completely controlled by the nicotine
and soap spray, many last stage nymphs and adults were found
on the trees November 15, after they had been placed in a storage
shed, and it seems quite probable that fumigation with hydro-
cyanic acid gas at this time might be effective, inasmuch as both
forms were fairly active. The adults evidently hibernate on the
bay trees and become active as the temperature increases. An-
other dealer in bay trees in New Jersey allows his trees to remain
out of doors until late in the season, taking them in only shortly

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 75

before freezing weather is likely to set in, and his trees are rarely
troubled by the psyllid. This, however, may be only a coincidence.

This pest was evidently introduced into New Jersey on bay
trees imported from Belgium, as practically all of such trees come
from that country, and psyllid injured leaves are frequently noted
when the stock arrives. Inasmuch as many of the trees are later
shipped out of the State, it would not be strange if specimens of
Trioza aacris were turned up in other places, especially the Southern
States. Van Duzee in his “‘ Check List of the Hemiptera of America,
North of Mexico,’’ records it from California with /auri Targ., as a
synonym.

ADDITIONS TO THE-LISF OF MISSOURI CICADELLID A=
(JASSOIDEA).

EDMUND H. GIBSON, U. S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

The following list of 25 species is offered as an addition to the
“Preliminary List of Jassoidea of Missouri with Notes on Species,”’
which was published by the writer in joint authorship with E. S.
Cogan in the Ohio Journal of Science for December, 1915, vol.
XVI, No. 2, pp. 71-78. H. L. Horsfall published an addition of
29 species in the same journal for May, 1916, vol. XVI, No. 8,
p. 53. The present paper brings the total number of species re-
ported from Missouri up to 152:

Macropsis occidentalis Van D. Adults were swept from willows
at Charleston during May.

Macropsis egleditschiae O. & B. Quite numerous during May
and June in southeastern counties. Captured principally from
locust trees. ;

Macropsis tristis Van D. A specimen from central Missouri
is in the collection of the U.S. National Museum.

Idiocerus ramentosus Uhl. Rather abundant on willows dur-
ing late spring and early summer months in Southeast Missouri.

Idiocerus pallidus Fh. A few adults captured from an alfalfa
field at Branson, in the heart of the Ozark Mts.

Idiocerus lachrymalis Fh. Occurs throughout the State, but

not abundant.
February, 1917

76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Homalodisca liturata Ball. Occasional specimens taken in
southern counties. Swept from weeds.

Gypona modesta Spangb. Two adults captured at Poplar
Bluff.

Gypona bimaculata Spangb. Collected by sweeping rank
growth in marshes near Charleston.

Platymetopius acutus var. dubius Van D. Rather numerous
on grass in southwestern part of the State.

Deltocephalus melscheimeri Fh. Occasional specimens cap-
tured. Occurs throughout the State.

Athysanus comma Van D. One adult taken at St. Louis.

Athysanus anthracinus Van ID. Rather numerous in western
counties.

Phlepsius fulvidorsum Fh. Numerous on willows growing
along creeks and rivers in Southwestern Missouri.

Phlepsius nebulosus Van D. Occasional specimens taken near

Charleston.

Thamunotettix brittont Osb. A few adults were swept from weeds
at Charleston.

Chlorotettix balli Osb. Specimens captured were all from
northern parts of State.

Chlorotettix lusorius O. & B. Occurs most numerous in eastern
counties.

Jassus melanotus Spangb. Collected by F. M. Moody at

Branson, by sweeping weeds growing on high ridges of the Ozarks.
Tinobregmus pallidus Osb. Two adults captured by F. M.

Moody from low shrubs growing wild in the woods at Branson.

: Cicadula punctifrons Fall. Few adults captured at Dexter.
Empoasca flavescens Fabr. Abundant on willows at Branson.
Empoasca trifasciata Gill. One specimen captured at Charles-

ton, July 26. ‘
Erythroneura illinoiensis Gill. Rather abundant in eastern

counties.
Erythroneura creveceuri Gill. Notcommon. Occasional speci-
mens taken at Charleston.

Mailed February 14th, 1917.

Che anadiay Entomologist

VoL. XLIX. -EONDON, MARCH, 1917 No. 3

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.

PRECIPITATION IN RELATION TO INSECT PREVALENCE AND
DISTRIBUTION.

BY NORMAN CRIDDLE, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
TREESBANK, MANITOBA.

In this paper an attempt is made to draw attention to a few
instances of how humidity, chiefly in the form of rain or snow, has
been and is instrumental in either aiding or curtailing the spread
of insects over the country, particularly in the Prairie Provinces.

There are very few insects, if any, that can live through all their
stages without the aid of moisture. Most of them, indeed, are very
much dependent upon it, especially in their larval stages. Numer-
ous examples could be given, and a suitable one is provided in the
various races of Tiger Beetles (Cicindela). We find these beetles
from haunts in close proximity to water, to habitations on plains:
of drifting sand, apparently far removed from it; yet an examina-
tion a few inches below the surface, in the latter place, will show that
the sand, if not equally moist, is at least sufficiently so for the wants
of the beetle larve, which are easily able to burrow down to it.
There are occasions, however, when the insects’ prairie haunts be-
come very dry; at such times there is reason to believe that some
of the larve perish while the remainder retire to the bottom of their
burrows and remain inactive until such time as rain once more
moistens the soil.

While most insects require water in some form or other, there
are certain kinds which seem to thrive best when it is least prevalent.
and are only found in the dryest situation. In this class we have
most of our locust pests, and the celebrated Rocky Mountain
Locust (Melanoplus spretis) supplies a good example. This locust,
as is well known, has caused enormous losses in years gone by and
has invaded our territory on more than one occasion. There is
somewhat of a mystery surrounding this insect at the present time

78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

which may, indeed, never be solved. We know that its breeding
grounds once extended over a very wide area, much of this having
been classed as permanent by Riley and others who investigated the
plague at that time. At present, however, the insect seems to have
vanished completely. Indeed, there are some who would place it
with the Passenger Pigeon as an object of the past. It seems
almost incomprehensible, however, that such can be the case.
More probably the real permanent breeding grounds are more
restricted than was supposed, and the locust will yet be located
either by the discovery of its real haunts or by a new invasion fol-
lowing favourable weather conditions for breeding purposes. This,
however, is beside the question. What I wanted to point out was
that the Rocky Mountain Locust always invaded Western Canada
during a dry season, arriving in swarms from elsewhere in Juiy or
August. As this was the time of oviposition. eggs were soon de-
posited in vast numbers, and, as a result, crops naturally suffered
much more the following year than they did on the insects’ first ap-
pearance. While the locusts were able to breed for a season or so
in the invaded territory they seldom remained long. Frequently
an excess of moisture to what they had been accustomed _ to pro-
duced sickness from which many died, while others taking advan-
tage of sunny days and favourable breezes drifted to parts un-
known.

In other words, dry weather had enabled them to overstep their
usual breeding grounds, only, however, to be driven out or killed
by a return to normal climatical conditions. The same dryness
which induced an invasion of Rocky Mountain locusts was also
instrumental in increasing the indigenous species of Orthoptera, so
that such kinds as the Lesser Migratory Locust (WW. atlanis) be-
came almost as destructive as its close relative mentioned above,
while many other species were sufficiently numerous to aid material-
ly in the work of destruction. We have another example of an
insect’s control by conditions of humidity alone in the Western
Wheat-stem Sawfly (Cephus sp.). In this instance a lack of
precipitation causes a dearth of the flowering stems of grasses in
which the larval life is passed, resulting in a decrease of the species
in proportion to prevalence of suitable grass stems for breeding
purposes. This, of course, relates to natural conditions before

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 79

the husbandman made his appearance. The sowing of cereals
has altered matters so that when the grasses fail to produce
stems the saw-flies were able to continue their increase by at-
tacking wheat and rye, with the result that they are now a serious
pest.

Yet another insect which is checked by lack of moisture is the
Hessian Fly. Dry seasons are generally recognized as anti-fly
years and in Manitoba the partial second brood is frequently de-
stroyed outright by a premature ripening of the grain, due to dry,
hot weather conditions in late July. A knowledge of this fact is
often of the greatest importance in forecasting as to the probabilities
of a Hessian-Fly outbreak. It also comforts us in the thought that
weather conditions will seldom remain favourable to the insect for
any length of time, though we have the unpleasant knowledge that
good crop years are frequently best adapted to Hessian-Fly increase.
Moisture is probably still more important over northern lati-
tudes_in the form of snow when it provides a thick covering to the
objects beneath, protecting them from both frost and sun. It
is really astonishing how a blanket of snow will afford protection
even to the tender plants. For instance, potatoes have more than
once survived the winter, even in our invigorating Manitoba climate
where the temperature, at times, attains a minimum of fifty below
zero. Yet expose these same potatoes directly to four or five de-
grees of frost and they will present a sorry spectacle next morning.

Snow is unquestionably a very important factor in preserving
insect life in winter time, and there is no doubt that it is largely
responsible for the preservation of many forms which would perish
without its covering. Perhaps there is no better example of its
preserving influence than was shown by the Colorado Potato
Beetle. This beetle invaded Manitoba a number of years ago,
but did not become a serious pest until comparatively recent times.
It had, however, gradually extended its range northward. In 1913
its ravages were severely felt in Southern Manitoba as far north as
latitude 50° and to a lesser degree for some distance farther north.
In the winter following, that is 1914-15, there was a great scarcity
of snow in portions of the province so that some places used wheels
throughout the winter. The result of this lack of snow was that
the frost penetrated considerably deeper into the ground than

80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

usual. While an occasional thaw came in direct contact with the
surface, thus providing a thawing and freezing condition known
to be detrimental to insect life, there is no doubt that several species
suffered in consequence, but the Colorado Potato Beetle, as a rule,
burrows sufficiently deeply to escape the thawing effect, hence frost
alone was to be reckoned with.

The result of this lack of snow was very marked the following
May. Beetles which had gone into winter quarters in a healthy
condition were found huddled together in a state of death, not a
single living example being located in the more exposed situations,
though later in the season odd individuals turned up on potato
plants forming the nucleus for future generations. The country was
by no means all affected in the same way; some parts had a light
covering, others a foot or more. Consequently the amount of
snow necessary for protection could be ascertained with reasonable
accuracy. As was mentioned above, complete lack of snow, or less.
than three inches, did not afford sufficient covering for the beetles.
the few survivors having probably sought shelter beneath some
straw or brush pile. Where there was a depth of snow amounting
to from four to six inches the'survivors were considerably increased.
At eight inches about half the beetles survived, while a foot or more
of snow apparently produced complete immunity from frost.

In the vicinity of the Entomological Laboratory at Treesbank
very few beetles escaped, which proved a great boon to potato
growers. The effect of this winter killing is still very marked
(1916), less than one per cent. of the plants being infected. Near
Winnipeg, on the other hand, where the snow fall was ample no
mortality was noticeable among the beetles, and they have con-
tinued*to be a serious pest there.

From the above account it is evident that snow plays an 1m-
portant part in the preservation of animal life, it also saves many a
garden plant from destruction. Under normal conditions it will
continue to afford protection to the Colorado Potato Beetle, but
we can at least see that there will be years of severe check, like the
winter of 1914-15. While there is every reason to believe that
those portions of the country where snowfall is light will never prove
a prolific breeding ground for that insect.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 81
THE HEATH COLLECTION OF LEPIDOPTERA:
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD.
(Continued from vol. XLVIII, p. 380.)

Anytus obscurus Sm. The palest specimens stood separated
as privatus, of which odscurus is very likely only a suffused variation.
The more suffused specimens stood as profundus, which Smith de-
scribed from Manitoba as a species distinct from obscurus, the lat-
ter being described from Calgary on the same page. His subse-
quent attempt to prove the two distinct on genitalic characters is
quite unconvincing. I use obscurus as the prior name by a page.

Anytus (Fishia) derelicta Hampson. Most of the specimens
stood as Hadena relecina Morr., an old and widespread error which
Heath had apparently never had corrected. One with paler secon-
daries than usual was separated as yosemita Grt., but wrongly.
Instruta Smith, described from De Claire, Man., may prove to be
a prior name to derelicta.

Ufeus satyricus Grt. Some specimens were separated as
plicatus Grt.

Mamestra mystica Sm.

Mamestra imbrifera Gn. Heath repeatedly sent me _ this
species as rogenhaferi, under which name there is a specimen in the
Rutgers College from Winnipeg, apparently distinct from anything
else known to me.

Mamestra purpurissata Grt. Mostly standing as juncimacula
Sm.

Mamestra meditata Grt. Most of the specimens were near
var. columbia Sm. Two specimens of 7vicholita signata stood mixed
with the series.

Mamestra lustralis Grt. var. cervina Sm. Smaller and duller
than the typical form.

Mamestra segregata Sm. (syn. gussata Sm.) and var. negussa
Sm.

Mamestra detracta Walk. var. neoterica Sm. Smaller and dul-
ler than the typical form of the species, as is so frequently the case
with Manitoba races. One series stood as goodellii, and another
as acutermina. Two more specimens, one of them an unusually
contrasting variety, stood elsewhere as cuneata Grt., which they in

no way resembled.
March, 1917

82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Mamestra distincta Kbn. One female, without date.

Mamestra chunka Sm. One female, May 29th, 1913, standing
in company with one ¢rifolii Rott., and one mutata Dod, under the
latter name.

Mamestra farnhami Grt.

Mamestra obesula Sm.

Mamestra atlantica Grt.

Mamestra radix Walk.

Mamestra subjuncta G. & R.

Mamestra grandis Bdv. Some under their correct name, and
another series under legitima Grt.

Mamestra lubens Grt.

Mamestra trifolii Rott. Also a series of mottled specimens
erroneously as “‘var. trifolit, var. alb fusa Walk. oregonica.”’

Mamestra rosea Harv.

Mamestra picta Harris.

Mamestra assimilis Morr.

Mamestra adjuncta Bdv.

Mamestra tacoma Strk.

Mamestra lilacina Harv.

Mamestra goodellii Grt. var. acutermina Sm. Standing, (with
one Hadena plutonica )as neoterica Sm. It must be readily ad-
mitted that acutermina and neoterica are often most puzzlingly
alike in Manitoba, though I had not before imagined confusion
possible. It was surprising how well Heath had them separated,
though he had the names reversed. Two specimens of acutermina
also stood apart as “‘ Noctua, not identified by Smith.”

Mamestra obscura Sm. Most of the series were more mottled
with brown than is usual in Alberta specimens.

Mamestra renigera Steph.

Mamestra olivacea Morr. Smith described the race from this
region as lucina, but I cannot see that the name is anything but a
synonym of olivacea.

Mamestra lorea Gn.

Mamestra anguina Grt., (syn. larissa Sm.) A series standing
as larissa were all correct. Of three specimens separated as
anguina, one was this species, and the other two cervina; whilst of
four specimens doing service for imcurva Sm., two were /arissa and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 83

two vicina. It may here be remarked that mixtures of this kind
were not infrequent in Smith’s own collection, when I saw it in
1910.

Mamestra vicina Grt.

Barathra curialis Sm. Mixed with Mamestra lubens, to which
it bears rather a close resemblance.
_Dargida procinctus Grt.

Morrisonia evicta Grt. Standing as sectilis, which was prob-
ably Smith's error. The var. vomerina was correctly named.
Holland, Pl. XXIV, pp. 13, 14, are of evicta, not sectilis, and fig.
14 is var. vomerina.

Xylomiges dolosa Grt.

Cardepia (Mamestra) mutata Dod. One specimen, but with
trifolit and chunka wrongly associated with it, as mentioned under
those headings. Sir George Hampson has critically examined my
species, and tells me that it belongs to the genus Cardepia.

Nephelodes emmedonia Cram. (syn. minians Gn.) Dark
specimens stood as violans Gn., and pale ones as fertialis Sm. The
latter name is a pure synonym of emmedonia. Violans is a viola-
ceous form of it.

Leucania untpuncta Harr.

Leucania luteopallens Sm. ( =pallens Linn., probably). The
species stood as minorata Sm., which is scarcely recognizable as a
variety.

Leucania albilinea Hbn., (syn. obscurior Sm.)

Leucania dia Grt. Standing as megadia Sm., which is a varia-
tion possessing a black basal streak, an evanescent character.

Leucania multilinea Walk.

Leucania commoides Gn.

Leucania phragmitidicola Gn.

Orthodes crenulata Butl.

Orthodes cynica Gn.

Orthodes vecors Gn. Two badly worn specimens, one of them
dated July 5th, 1907.

Himella contrahens Walk. The form here seems darker and
more even than infidelis Dyar, and to be almost typical contrahens,
though I am not satisfied as to their distinctness.

Crocigrapha normani Grt. One female, May 30th, 1912.

=

84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Eniopyga (Teniocampa)uniformis Sm. Specimens stood un-
der this name, and others were separated as peredia Grt. ( =fur-
furata Grt.) and communis Dyar. There were none of the last
named species in the collection. I am not assured of the distinct-
ness of the other two, but the Manitoba form agrees better
with wniformis than with true furfurata.

Eriopyga oviduca Gn.

Monima (Teniocampa) hibisci Gn. ( =alia Smith, ete., nec
Guen.) Specimens stood in three different series, as pacifica,
instabilis and brucet.

Monima revicta Morr. (subterminata Sm.) Five specimens,
and one of hibisct wrongly associated with them.

Tricholita signata Walk. , Standing correctly, and two speci-
mens with Mamestra columbia.

Lithomoia germana Morr.

Graptolitha (Xylina) disposita Morr. A long and_ variable
series, some of which stood wrongly as hamina Grt.

Graptolitha bethunei G. & R.

Graptolitha innominata Sm.

Graptolitha petulca Grt. Two stood with amanda, one of them
dated Sept. 27th, 1904.

Graptolitha amanda Sm.

Graptolitha fagina Morr. ‘Three specimens.

Graptolitha georgii Grt. Standing correctly, and’ also as
holocinerea, vertina, ancilla and oregonensis. All are synonyms of
georgii, with the doubtful exception of oregonensis.

Graptolitha unimoda Lint. Smith redescribed this from
Manitoba specimens as merceda, though Heath had tepida under
the latter name. This group of Xylina was badly mixed in the
collection.

Graptolitha laticinerea Grt. Smith redescribed the species as
winnipeg, but used to confuse it with wnimoda. It must be ad-
mitted that the group is rather a difficult one.

Graptolitha cinerosa Grt. (syn. grotei Riley). Five specimens
were found mixed with laticinerea and a few unimoda. The line
between cinerosa and laticinerea is often very difficult to draw, and
I have rarely, if ever, seen a collection in which they appeared to
be correctly separated.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 85

Graptolitha (Xylina) antennata Walk.

Graptolitha tepida Grt. Smith described it from Manitoba as
atincta, creating an exact synonym.

Graptolitha pexata Grt.

Lithelomia nape Morr.

X ylotype (Xylina) capax G. & R. One poor specimen, Sept.
7th, 1905.

Calocampa curvimacula Morr.

Calocampa nupera Lint.

Calocampa cineritia Grt.

Calocampa thoracica Grt.

Cucullia asteroides Gn. Four specimens. I have a slide of
the genitalia of one of them.

Cucullia omissa Dod. Six specimens, three of which I have
made cotypes.

Cucullia postera Gn. Standing as florea.

Cucullia speyeri Lint.

Cucullia intermedia Speyer. Females stood correctly, but males
were separated as cinderella Sm.

Rancora albicinerea Sm. A specimen of Cucullia intermedia
stood under this name, but two of albicinérea stood apart elsewhere
unlabelled.

Asteroscapus borealis Sm. There were no specimens of this
very rare species in the collection, though the type was captured
near Cartwright. There was, however, a large pencil drawing of
the body and right wings, presumably of the type, labelled ‘‘ Poplar
catkins, Long River, Man., 1884, May Ist.”

Bellura obliqua Walk. One pair, agreeing with Holland's
figure.

Nonagria subflava Grt.

Tapinostola variana Morr.

(The Hydreecias and Papaipemas have been determined by
Mr. Bird.)

Hydrecia velata Walk.

Hydrecia nictitans Linn. A short series were also separated
as juvenilis Grt.

Hydrecia immanis Gn.

Hydrecia perobliqua Hamp.

86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Papaipema rigida Grt.

Papaipema harrisit Grt.

Papaipema purpurifascia G. & R.

Papaipema pterisu Bird.

Papaipema nebris Gn. Two specimens. Holland’s figures of
nebris and var. nitela are reversed.

Papatpema nelita Strck.

Papaipema frigida Sm., and var. thalictri Lyman.

Papatpema humuli Bird. Standing as circumlucens Sm.

Papaipema marginidens Gn. Standing as rutila Gn.

Pyrrhia cilisca Gn. Two pair. This is the umbra of North
American collections generally.

Pyrrhia exprimens Walk. Two males and a female. An ex-
amination of male genitalia of this and the foregoing, mounted
by Mr. Tams, has strengthened my opinion as to the distinctness
of cilisca and exprimens.

Xanthia flavago Fab.

Mesolomia iris Gn.

Trigonophora periculosa Gn. and var. v-brunneum Grt.

Cinedia pampina Gn.

Scoliopteryx libatrix Linn.

Enargia (Cosmia) decolor Walk. ( =paleacea Sm. non Esp.)

Enargia infumata Grt. (syn. punctirena Sm.)

Amathes (Orthosia) bicolorago Gn. and var. ferruginoides Gn.

Amathes verberata Sm.

Amathes puta G. & R. (syn. curoa G. & R.) A series as curoa
and another as dusca Sm., which is the same species. This was
also very badly mixed up with Parastichtis discivaria.

Amathes aggressa Sm. Two females. These two specimens,
identified for me by Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough, appeared
to be very obviously distinct from puta, being both large and pale.
Other specimens which I have seen resemble that species much
more closely. The difference in the male genitalia points to their
being probably distinct.

Amathes inops Grt. A few were under their correct name.
Some were mixed with 7apinostola inquinata, and scattered about
amongst sundry other species.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

CO
~|

Agroperina (Orthosia) lineosa Sm. and var. pendina Sm.

Agroperina lutosa Andrews. So standing were four of this
species and one of Scopelosoma sidus. A large number were mixed
up with other species, especially with Euxoa scandens. A series of
lutosa and two lineosa stood as inficita Walk. (A prior name for
belangeri Morr.)

Agroperina helva Grt.

Parastichtis discivaria Walk. Another badly mixed species.

Scopelosoma tristigmata Grt.

Scopelosoma sidus Gn. Standing as walkeri. The two are
very difficult to separate, but I am not aware that walkeri occurs in
Manitoba.

Scopelosoma devia Grt

Glea inulta Grt.

Epiglea decliva Grt. Holland’s figure under this name is
probably szgnata.

Homoglea hircina Morr.

Homoglea carbonaria Harv. One specimen, Sept. 24th, 1910.

Calymnia orina Gn,

Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grt.

Copablepharon grandis Strk. One female, without date.

Heliothis armiger Hbn.

Heliothis phlogophagus Grt.

Rhodophora florida Gn

Schinia cumatilis Grt.

Melaporphyria oregonica Hy. Edw.

Melicleptria villosa Grt. One female, resembling Alberta speci-
mens which I have identified.

Melicleptria ononis Schiff. (syn. septentrionalis Hy. Edw.) One
* pair,

Plagiomimicus expallidus Grt.

Calpe canadensis Beth.

Panchrysia purpurigera Walk.

Plusia eroides Grt.

Plusia balluca Geyer.

Euchalcia venusta Walk.

Euchalcia contexta Grt. A single specimen was in the collec-
tion with no date or label on it of any kind.

88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Euchalcia putnami Grt.

Euchalcia bimaculata Steph.

Euchalcia biloba. One male, May 22nd, 1911.

Euchalcia californica Spezer. One female, standing as pseudo-
gamma, with a specimen of the latter species sent to Heath by the
author. It is strange to note the scarcity of californica in Southern
Manitoba. -

Euchalcia precationis Gn.

Euchalcia brassiceé Riley.

Euchalcia flagellum Walk. +

Euchalcia rubidus Ottol. A figure only, probably one of the
types, as Cartwright was amongst the localities from which it was
described.

Euchalcia ampla Grt.

Euchalcia falcifera Kirby, and var. simplex Walk. None of
the specimens were very dark.

Abrostola urentis Gn.

Ogdoconta cinereola Gn.

Alletia argillacea Hbn. One specimen, Sept. 30th, 1905, and
associated with it, a bodiless worn specimen, probably A groperina
lutosa.

Rivula propinqualis Gn.

Erastria albidula Gn.

Erastria carneola Gn.

Erastria includens Walk.

Erastria panatela Sm. One male, without date, standing with
Tapinostola inquenata.

Galgula partita Gn. A single &. Dr. McDunnough said
that this was var. ferruginea. My notes on ferruginea type (o)
say ‘‘a pale form, and reddish.”’ It must not be confused with the
dark vinous female of this species called hepara.

Lithacodia bellicula Hbn.

Xanthoptera semiflava Gn. A splendid series.

Acontia binocula Grt. Standing as candefacta Hbn.

Acontia candefacta Hbn. Standing as erastricides Gn.

Spragueia tortricina Zell. A good and variable series. Mr.
Wallis submitted this species to Mr. Gibson, and he said that it

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 89

was ‘‘Fruva modesta,”’ and the dark form in the series may be

obsoleta. I possess tortricina compared with the type, and have a

note saying that obsoleta (also type) is probably the same species.

Hampson makes modesta a dull form of tortricina, but he has not

seen the type. I feel sure that fortricina at least is in the Heath

collection.
Homopyralis contracta Walk.

Mycterophora slossonie Hulst. Dr. Dyar has found that this
is a Noctuid genus.

Drasteria erechtea Cram.

Drasteria crassiuscula Harv. A good series of these two
species, and as far as could be judged, fairly well separated.
Males are not always separable without reference to the genitalia.
Amongst both series were some peculiarly small forms.

Drasteria distincta Neum.

Euclidia cuspidea Hbn.

Melipotis nigrescens G. & R.

Melipotis versabilis Harv.

Syneda hudsonica G. & R.

(The Catocalas were determined by Messrs. Barnes and
McDunnough.)

Catocala manitoba Beut.

Catocala crategi Saund.

Catocala abbreviatella Grt., and var. whitney: Dodge.

Catocala coccinata Grt.

Catocala cerogama Gn.

Catocala zoe Berh. Dr. McDunnough says that this is prob-
ably a good species, and not a variety of ilia.

Catocala parta Gn.

Catocala unijuga Walk., and var. lucilla Worthington. This
latter is apparently on Mr. Beutenmiiller’s authority. Dr. Mc-
Dunnough says that to his knowledge the name lucilla has not been
published, but that the specimen in question is probably a faded
variety of unijuga. Lucilla is unknown to me. In Smith’s Cata-
logue it stands as a synonym of uwnijuga, apparently on the authority
of Hulst. Sir George Hampson treats it as a synonym of semt-
relicta.

90 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Catocala meskei Grt. One specimen standing as “pura, dark
form,’ and presumably so recorded by Heath.

Catocala briseis Edw.

Catocala faustina Strk. var. verecunda Hulst.

Catocala aspasia Strk.

Catocala concumbens Walk.

Catocala luciana Hy. Edw.

Catocala relicta Walk., and var. clara Beut.

Zale horrida Hbn.

Pheocyma lunata Dru. One very badly worn specimen.

Pheocyma minerea Gn. A considerable number under three
names; one as minerea, the majority under norda Sm., which is a
synonym, and three as “? lineosa.”’

Pheocyma galbanata Morr. (syn. lineosa Sm., nec Walk.)
One specimen, standing as /unzfera.

Pheocyma unilineata Grt.

Thysania zenalia Cram. One specimen of this migrant from
the West Indies.

(The doubtful Deltoids were submitted to Messrs. Barnes
and McDunnough.)

Epizeuxis lubricalis Hbn. There were large and small speci-
mens, looking rather like two species.

Epizeuxis rotundalis Walk.

Epizeuxis americalis Gn.

Epizeuxis emula Hbn.

Hormisa absorptalis. “Ywo specimens.

Hormisa bivittata Grt. | Two specimens.

Hormisa pupilloris Grt.

Philometra gaosalis Walk.

Philometra hanhami Sm. Agrees with the description.

Chytolita morbidalis Gn. Mixed with Renia flavipunctalis
Geyer, and factiosalis Walk.

Bleptina caradrinalis Gn.

Renta flavipunctalis Geyer.

Palthis angulalis Hbn.

Capis curvata Grt. Two specimens.

Bomolocha bijugalis Walk.

Bomolocha scutellarts Grt.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 91

Bomolocha atomaria Sm. (syn. chicagonis Dyar.)

Bomolocha lutalba Sm. A long series, including male and
female cotypes.

Plathypena scabra Fab.

Hypena humuli Harr.

Thyatiride.

Habrosyne scripta Gosse.

Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Gn, and var. expuitrix Grt.
Contrary to my former belief, evidence seems to point to the proba-
bility of these being forms of one species.

Euthyatira pudens Gn.

Notodontidz.

Melalopha apicalis Walk.

Melalopha strigosa Grt. One specimen.

Melalopha albosigma Fitch.

Melalopha brucei Hy. Edw.

Datana ministra Dru.

Hypereschra stragula Grt.

Hypereschra georgica H. S. One male without date, identi-
fied for Heath by Dr. Dyar. It is much paler than Holland’s figure,
and the transverse lines contrast. Mr. Criddle’s collection also
contained a specimen of this very rare species.

Notodonta simplaria Greef. One specimen.

Odontosia elegans Strck.

Pheosia dimidiata H. S.

Lophodonta ferruginea Pack. One specimen, June 23rd, 1911.
It is like Holland’s figure, but darker and more even.

Lophodonta angulosa S. & A.

Nadata gibbosa S. & A.

Nerice bidentata Walk.

Symmerista albifrons S. & A. Two specimens, June.

Dasylophia anguina S. & A.

[Teterocampa bilineata Pack. One male, June 22nd, 1901.
Near Holland’s figure, but even, greyish.

Ianassa lignicola Walk. Two, July 22nd, 23rd, 1905.

Schizura tpomee Daub. Two females so standing. Var.
cinereofrons Pack. A series of males stood thus, and Mr. Wallis
informs me that the form is so named in his collection.

92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Schizura concinna S. & A.

Schizura senuirufescens Walk., probably var. perangulata Hy
Edw.

Schizura unicornis S. & A.

Schizura badia Pack.

Schisura leptinoides Grt.

Cerura scitiscripta Walk., var. multiscripta Riley.

Cerura occidentalis Lint.

Harpyia cinerea Walk.

Harpyia scolopendrina Bdy. As figured by Holland.

Gluphisia septentrionalis Walk. ;

Gluphisia sp. Two males, one dated June 3rd, 1905, apparent-
ly distinct from anything else known to me, but near septen-
trionalis. 1 compared a Winnipeg specimen with Packard’s figures
some years ago, and noted that it resembled wrightiit as there
figured, but it cannot be wrightti. I submitted a specimen to
Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough, who said it was ‘‘nearest lintneri
which we have from the same general region.” It certainly is not
lintnert.

Liparide.

Hemerocampa leucostigma S. & A.

Hemerocampa definita Pack. A series, agreeing with Hol-
land’s figure. .

Alone vagans B. & McD., var. grisea B. & McD. This is the
species which has always been widely known as plagiata Walk., but
that species is the same as definita Pack. The form is normally
brown or grey-brown, but some of the Heath specimens were very
blackish grey.

Lasiocampide.

Malacosoma fragilis Stretch. The species was so named in
the collection. I am not sure that americana, fragilis and pluvialis
are always separable except by larval characters.

Platypterygide.
Oreta rosea Walk.
Drepana arcuata Walk.
Falcaria bilineata Walk.

PLATE VI,

XLIX.

VOL.

mt

=

CAN. ENT

& McD.

PHALONIA SPARTINANA B.

96)

(See p.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 93

A FEW NOTES ON - THE LIFE HISTORY OF
PHALONIA SPARTINANA.

BY C. N. AINSLIE, U. S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

This moth, recently described in the pages of the Canadian
Entomologist* by Drs. Barnes and McDunnough, has been but
once or twice taken in the open by the writer, but a number of
adults have been reared in captivity at Elk Point, South Dakota.
The species appears to cover a wide range of territory, for the larve
have been found by the writer from the Canadian boundary to
Southern Iowa, in fact the host grass, wherever it grows, seems to
be infested by this insect.

The host grass, Spartina michauxiana, upon which the larve
feed, occurs on low land and in swampy places, making a very rank
growth. At times it attains a height of eight or nine feet, with a
lower stem as large as a lead pencil or even larger. It is known as
rope grass, or, locally, as red gut. In Eastern South Dakota the
larvee of this moth invade this grass very extensively, the infesta-
tion being as great in some places as 50%. The presence of the
larve is shown, when the grass stem is split, by a fine, free, granular
frass that loosely fills the gallery made by the borer.

The Egg.

The egg of the moth is of the disk type, so usual among the
Tortricids. It is an irregular, flattened, disk-like form, orna-
mented by coarsely dotted radiating lines. A very few of these
eggs have been seen, attached to the glumes of the Spartina head,
the eggs being laid in ribbons of four or five, fastened together by
their edges. The diameter of these disks is about .6 mm.

The Larva.

As soon as it leaves the egg the larva appears to feed first on
the contents of the Spartina glumes, boring into one after another
and devouring the anthers and stigmas of the undeveloped florets.
After feeding for a week or more in this manner, it moves down to
the stem, just below the base of the head and bores a circular
opening into the stem after first spinning a slight silken shelter
for itself for protection before it gets fairly inside. The opening it
makes is about .75 mm. in diameter.

*Vol. XLVILI, 1916, p. 144.
March, 1917

94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

One of the peculiar features of this species is the prodigality
with which it sacrifices its individuals when very young. The
oung larve that feed in the glumes are to be numbered by the
dozens in some of the infested heads, yet as far as the study of the
species can determine, but one of these can survive in the course of
the season. Several often find their way into the stem centre by
separate openings, but invariably only one of these appears to sur-
vive. Several times one larva in a stem has been found feeding
on a half-eaten rival. And it is certain that when winter comes
there is but a single individual within each infested stem. Some
explanation for this apparently useless expenditure of life may be
discovered during future studies of this species, but at present it is
an enigma. The reason why a single larva occupies an entire stem
is clear, since a single stem affords nourishments for but one borer
and self preservation compels the destruction of all competitors
by the individual possessing the most vigour or the commanding
position.

The parenchyma in the upper stem is unbroken and the gallery
there is continuous. Farther down, the larva occasionally takes
advantage of lesions in the parenchyma and passes sometimes for
several inches with no sign of a mine. The nodes are, of course,
solid and these are of necessity bored. Near the base of the stem
there are few lesions, the larva is much larger, and the gallery is
continuous.

The larva enters the stem during August, and by the middle of
October, its progress depending upon the character of the season,
it usually reaches the stem base. From lack of vitality or for some
other reason a few of the larve always fail to reach the base before
winter, and many of these belated individuals perish during the
winter. Those in the hibernation chamber underground appear
to survive almost without exception. This chamber is merely the
portion of the gallery at the very base of the stem. It is cleared of
frass, often but not always lined with delicate, transparent silk,
and here the larva hibernates until the middle of the following May.
For two years the writer supposed this was also the pupation
chamber, but before the end of May the stems are for the most part
vacated, the guests disappearing through an opening eaten through
the stem about ground level. A fortunate discovery solved the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 95

mystery. It was learned that when the larve leave the hiberna-
tion cell they move at ence to the fresh growth of the spring, the
young grass shoots being then perhaps eighteen inches tall. These
shoots are entered near their upper end, where the long blades
coalesce into a spongy stem, and the larve of the previous year
begin once more to feed upon the fresh and succulent interior of
this growing sprout. Boring downward nearly to the ground they
reach maturity, become sluggish, line a portion of frass-free gallery
with a delicate silken tissue and pupate here some time early in
July. At the time of pupation the larva measures from 15 mm.
to 18 mm. in length, and is a half-transparent, watery green colour
with sometimes a vellowish tinge.
The Pupa.

The pupa is a chestnut brown and measures about 12 mm. in
length by 3 mm. in diameter. During emergence the moth drags
the pupal envelope almost completely from the stem.

The Adult.

The first adult to be reared in captivity appeared in a cage
July 19th, 1915. These moths continued to emerge during July
and well into August, the last one being taken about August 15th,
Several adults were captured on July 20th, 1916, in the vicinity of
Spartina, near Sergeant Bluff, Iowa. In captivity the adults are
good hiders, being difficult to find in a cage until they move, and
they only move when much annoyed. They stand on grass blades
or other perch with the head pointing upwards and will sidestep
when disturbed, flying only as a last resort. In the open they take
to wing with a quick, baffling flight which carries them a few feet.
They make a dash for shelter, alight on a leaf or twig and whirl to
the rear of their perch as quick as a flash. After one such flight
they are easily dislodged again, and are not readily taken.

Beyond this note nothing is known of the habits of the adults,
but they are evidently nocturnal fliers, judging from sundry
observations.

Oviposition doubtless occurs soon after the emergence of the
moths and studies of the Spartina heads indicate that the period
of oviposition covers several weeks. The same seasonal causes
that would delay the emergence of the moths would also tend to
retard the heading out of the Spartina. A supply of glumes in

96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

the proper condition for food for the newly hatched larve naturally
precedes the hatching of the eggs, and the time of oviposition must
coincide with or very closely follow the emergence of the Spartina
heads.

The antenne of the moth are, when at rest, carried under the
wing, closely appressed to the side of the thorax and reach to about
the third abdominal segment. The eyes are in some lights a greenish
brown.

No parasites have as yet been reared from Phalonia spartinana.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Upper right fig—Adult and empty chrysalids of Phalonia
spartinana, showing extension of pupa case during emergence
(x224, nearly).

Upper left fig-——Pupa of P. spartinana in situ in stem of
Spartina michauxiana (x34, nearly).

Lower fig—Larve of P. spartinana in situ in lower stem of
Spartina michauxiana (x3).

THE ODONATA OF THE RED DEER DISFRICT, ALBERTA.
BY F. C. WHITEHOUSE, RED DEER, ALTA.

While the careful collecting of Dragonflies in the Red Deer
District for the past two seasons has failed to produce any notable
surprises, or,in fact, a very lengthy list of species, I nevertheless
feel that it is not out of place to publish my observations in a dis-
trict that, so far as this order is concerned, has never been worked
before. It is, of course, altogether likely that thorough collecting
over a number of years would tend to lengthen the list, but this, in
my opinion, would not be to any very appreciable extent.

Red Deer (Canadian zone) is situated on the Red Deer River
about half-way between Calgary and Edmonton, and has an alti-
tude of 2,818 feet. The district is well treed with spruce, aspen
(Populus tremuloides) and balsam-poplar (Populus balsamifera).
Bordering on the city is a body of water, twenty acres in area,
known as Gaetz Lake, and the Waskasoo Creek flows through the

town site.
March, 1917

Tes Fe a oy

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 97

I am much indebted to Dr. E. M. Walker for identifying speci-
mens and giving me much useful advice, and also in looking over
this manuscript.

To Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh my sincere thanks are due for prac-
tical assistance in the collection of specimens. In this gentleman's
ornithological studies he has ranged the district “‘far and often,”’
and, owing to this careful scouting, the appearance of “something
new’ has been almost instantly noted.

The list is arranged according to Muttkowski’'s catalogue of
the Odonata of North America, and the second numbers refer to
pages.

Unless otherwise stated all dates apply to 1916.

Cenagrionide.
LESTIN2.
1—37 Lestes congener Hagen.

Tenerals appeared Aug. 4th, and by Aug. 27 adults were flying
in numbers. I took specimens as late as Sept. 24.

A common insect here.

2-37 Lestes disjunctus Selys. -

July 8, 1 o& and 2 2 tenerals and others observed. July
13-16, numbers flying; some nearly adult and tenerals. July 22,
many adults. August 27, still on the wing. Last date, a single
belated o, Sept. 14.

Very common.
3-39 Lestes uncatus Wirby.

First appearance July 2, a & and 29 tenerals, and other
tenerals seen by a run of-still water behind Allen’s House. July
mer ee ie ;

I do not believe wncatus is as scarce as my scanty captures would
indicate, but it is certainly the least common Lestes in this district.
I took an adult 9 in 1915, which was the first record for Alberta.
4-40 Lestes unguiculatus Hagen.

I failed to note the actual first appearance of tenerals. On
July 19 I took 5 adult o's, and a pair in cop., and by July 22 many
adults were on the wing. The insect was flying in numbers at
Blackfalds, August 19-25, soon after which ce flight apparently
ceased. A common insect.

98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

CGENAGRIONIN ©.

5-55 Enallagma calverti Morse.

A number of my 1915 captures were labeled by Dr. Walker
“ ¥ calvertt’’ and “ Q calverti or cyathigerum.”’ ‘The insects seem
very similar in appearance, season and habits, but the o's appear
to differ constantly in the form of the superior appendages. My
dates read: teneral o's June 7; adult o’s June 24, and a pair, in
alcohol, July 2; both fully adult. Another pair taken in cop.,
July 23. Common.
6-57 Enallagma cyathigerum Charpentier.

On the wing early in June and adult by 24th of that month.
[ have pairs taken in cop., June 25, July 15, July 16. By 4th week
in July principal flight was°over, but belated individuals appeared
later. I tooka o as late as August 27. Common.

7—( ) Cenagrion angulatum E. M. Walker.

On July 4 1 took a o&, fully coloured, at Gaetz Lake, flying
with C. resolutum. Innisfail, July 6, hundreds flying with resolutum
by stagnant slough. Red Deer, July 8, Gaetz Lake, @ and 9;
July -13,. cand 9; July 19, 2 o's; July 22, ao. A stagnant
slough rather than a considerable body of clear water appears to
be the truer habitat of the nymph—which is at present unknown.
It was useless to work the slough on the occasion mentioned as
heavy rains had fallen. The slough was flooded and all exuvie
would have been washed from the reeds. New to the Alberta list.
8-66 Cenagrion resolutum Hagen.

First appearance 1916, May 26, tenerals of both sexes. By
June 15 in full colour. Numbers in cop., June 25, July 4, July 16,
July 19. Shortly after the last date the flight ceased. Common.
Gaetz Lake, Red Deer, and Innisfail near stagnant slough.

Eshnide.
GOMPHIN.
9-85 Ophiogomphus severus Hagen.

In 1915 I took a number Aug. 30 to Sept. 7, but more thorough
collecting in 1916 proved that severus appears in mid-July. My
dates are July 13, a teneral o’; July 14, a o; July 17, 9; July 18,
9; Aug. 4, 3 o&s—one a teneral; Aug: 5, o and 9; Aug. 6, a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 99
number; Aug. 19, a 9; Aug. 26 Mr. Horsbrugh saw three. Last
date Sept. 10, a young o.

This dragonfly frequents sandy roads near the river, and rests
on the soil frequently The beautiful light green of the tenerals
is lost in dried or even alcoholic specimens.

ESHNIN.
10-110 Ashna eremita Scudder.

Nordegg (altitude 4,500 ft., 120 miles west), Aug. 10, a o;
Sylvan Lake (fifteen miles west), Aug. 14, a o; Blackfalds (nine
miles north), Aug. 19-25, 3 o's; Red Deer, Aug., 24, 4c’s; Aug.
27,2 Sc anda Q ; Aug. 29, 2 9s;Sept. 2,2 @sand2 9s;a number
flying in cop., Sept. 9. Last date Sept. 16, a o&. Appears to be
widespread and fairly common. Adult 2s dimorphic, being blue
and black like male, or yellow and brown.

11-112 Ashna interrupta lineata E. M. Walker.

First flight of tenerals July 1. By July 13 some taken almost
adult. July 16 took @ and @Q tenerals at Gaetz Lake with their
exuvie. The latter half July, all August and first three weeks
Sept., lineata swarms everywhere, and up to the 4th week in August
(when A. eremita appears) the ratio of lineata to all other Zshna
would be at least 25 to 1. Frost at night, Oct. 1 to 7; Oct. 8, a Q
teneral. ;

Lateral thoracic bands subject to great variation. I have
taken o’s with the upper two-thirds of the second band absent;
excepting light terminal spots, and others with both bands s/ightly
interrupted.

12-111 Ashna juncea Linné.

A @ teneral in a glade close to southeast corner Gaetz Lake,
August 5. There is nothing extraordinary in this record, for juncea
has been taken in Alberta previously and might well be expected
to occur here, but what seems inexplainable is that careful collect-
ing in the same locality failed to produce others.

13-114 #4shna sitchensis Hagen.

Red Deer, a teneral o, Aug. 2, and o’, Aug. 11. Blackfalds
(9 miles north), Aug. 21, 2; Aug. 22, o’; Aug. 23, a 2 and 2 o's.
Last date, Red Deer, Sept. 10, a worn o&.

On Aug. 6 I searched the reeds at Gaetz Lake for nymphs

100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

but found A. lineata only. At Blackfalds, Aug. 23,1 took the
specimens noted, and saw others (some of which were in cop.)
flying over a large muskeg. I incline strongly to the opinion
that the true breeding ground of this northern insect is muskeg,
which may account for the nymph being still unknown.

14-114 Ashna umbrosa E. M. Walker.

Among my 1915 captures Dr. Walker named one wmbrosa—a
2. Unfortunately I failed to record data, though it was certainly
taken in the Red River District. I naturally expected to take
specimens during the past season, but of the dozens of Ashna
netted for examination, not one umbrosa! New to Alberta list,
1915.

Libellulide.
CORDULIIN.
15-128 Cordulia shurtleffi Scudder.

Tenerals appeared June 6, both @ and 92; June 8, 6 o's and
6 Qs; June 11, numbers flying; June 17-24, a few still on the wing;
July 1, a Oe July 5; ac and a,-9.

This handsome dragonfly appears to have a very limited
season. Practically all the specimens were taken in the sun-lit
glades northeast of Gaetz Lake, and I took exuvie in the reeds.
New to Alberta list. J

16-129 Somatochlora hudsonica Hagen.*

I took this insect at one place only, and for a very limited
period, viz., flying over a small ‘“‘run”’ of still water behind Allen’s
house, at north end of Gaetz Lake. July 1,4 sand 1 92; July 2,
1 o; July 8, 1c; July 9 saw several and took a o.

The males never appeared to rest, but the only 9 taken was
while temporarily at rest on a low bush. I conclude the insects
were bred in the “run” over which they flew, but when first ob-
served they were adult. Next June I should be able to obtain the
nymph, which is at present unknown.

*T sent drawings of the male abdominal appendages of one of this series to
Mr. C. H. Kennedy, who wrote me that it was the same as the S. hudsonica in

the Hagen collection, M. C. Z., Cambridge, Mass. This is not the species
figured by Martin as hudsontica in Cat. Coll. Selys, XVII, p. 27.—E. M. Walker.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 101

LIBELLULIN.
17-139 Libellula quadrimaculata Linné.

Tenerals appeared June 8, 1 o&. On June 11 I saw three
and tooka 92 ; June 15, took 2 os and a 9; June 17, numbers fly-
ing; June 18, reeds at Gaetz Lake full of tenerals with exuvie;
June 25, many on the wing; July 5, 2 os; July 9, ‘“‘none;”’ July 13,
“none;”’ July 15, 1 &; July 16, 2 (ovipositing); July 23, a few
ovipositing; July 29, 2; Aug. 5, a worn Q; Aug. 6, several very
worn Qs.

It will be noted that while C. shurtlefi and L. quadrimaculata
appear at the same time, the season of the latter is two months, to
one month of the former. I once observed a 2 ovipositing with a
mate hovering by. Twice they went into copula for short periods
between spells of ovipositing—which, however, she performed
alone. New to Alberta list.

18-160 Sympetrum corruptum Hagen.

A strangely rare insect considering the length of its season,
as shown by the dates of the only five specimens taken in this dis-
trict in two years, viz., June 20, 1916, Sylvan Lake (Horsbrugh),
a o' nearly adult; July 8, 1916, Red Deer, a oo’; Aug. 5, 1916, Red
Deer, a 9; mid-Aug., 1915, at Blackfalds, a 2 ; Sept. 4, 1915, Red
Deer, a 2 teneral.

Assuming that June 20th specimens had been on the wing
since June 15, and the Sept. 4 teneral would have lived until Sept.
15, it would give a season of three months. Four of my captives
were taken on roads, and the fifth on a railway grade.

19-161 Sympetrum costiferum Hagen.

Aug. 5,a 9; Aug. 6, a 9; Aug. 13, many flying alone and in
cop.; Aug. 29 to Sept. 24, “‘numbers,”’ and fresh tenerals. Last
date Sept. 30.

Costiferum is probably rather less numerous than either 5S.
rubicundulum or S. scoticum, but very common nevertheless. It
is the last of the genus to appear, but I fancy it may have been on
the wing slightly earlier than my first date. New to Alberta list.
20-162 Sympetrum obtrusum Hagen.

Dr. Walker named one of my 1915 captives obtrusum, and it
possibly occurs here in fair numbers. I must confess, however,
that I find difficulty in satisfying myself positively by the genital

102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

organs ,that specimens which might be obtrusum from general ap-
pearance (olive green 2 colouration, white faces, etc.) are anything
but rubicundulum.

21-163 Sympetrum rubicundulum decisum Hagen.

First appearance, 1916, July 2, 2 9 tenerals; July 4, a 9;
July 5,1 cand 3 9s—the o& showing red; July 8, ‘a number,”’ and
by July 13, common everywhere. Observed in cop., July 16. The
main flight of rubicundulum was practically over by the end of
August, but belated individuals to mid-September.

Yellow-winged 9s are quite common. I have specimens
July 5 toSept. 10 The colouration varies from light yellow to the
brown of a nicotine stain.

22-163 Sympetrum scoticum Donovan.

July 17, first flight of tenerals; July 23, “‘numbers.’’ Tenerals
still appearing. Aug. 24, (on which date I took a teneral with
exuvia) but by this time many of the earlier flight were black adults.
Sept. 2, adults flying in hundreds, and continued during month.
Last date Oct. 12.

Scoticum is a very common insect in this district. Ovipositing
is performed by rapidly ‘dipping the tip of abdomen in shallow
water in the reeds. During the operation the male retains hold
by appendages and appears to take an intelligent interest—the pair
moving in perfect accord from one patch of open water to another.
I have never seen ovipositing performed alone.

23-166 Leucorrhinia borealis Hagen.

The first flight of tenerals appeared May 26, and they continued
emerging until mid-June, by which time the early insects were
adults, and flying in hundreds. By the end of June the numbers had
much decreased, but belated individuals dragged well into July—my
last record being July 20, 2 9s. Mr. Horsbrugh took a teneral at.
Camrose, May 19. Adult males are blood-red, and old females also
take a reddish tinge. Mid-June I took at Gaetz Lake an exuvia
with teneral, and a number of exuvie without. The nymph was
previously unknown. The insect selects an average height of
four or five inches from the water to transform.

24-166 Leucorrhinia glacialis Hagen

On July 5, Mr. Horsbrugh took for me at a slough north,

across the river, a number of what at first glance appeared to be

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 103

L. proxima—which insect we had been taking for the previous ten
days. A closer examination of the specimens, however, failed to
show any trace of a spot on segment 7, and they were later for-
warded ‘“‘glacialis?”’ to Dr. Walker for determination. This
diagnosis he has confirmed.

From my proxima dates I judge the season of the allied species
to be almost, if not quite, identical—a point well worth further in-
vestigation next year. New to Alberta list.

25-166 Leucorrhinia hudsonica Selys.

Tenerals appeared with L. borealis May 26, and its season is
almost identical. By June 17 males are adult and red, and females
reddish. The flight wanes in early July—my final records being
as follows: July 2, redo’; July 4, a teneral 92 ; July 5, several pairs
in cop.; July 9, saw one; July 13, “‘none;” July 18, a worn 9; July
29, a young o’; Aug. 1, a o&, red and worn.

In June, hudsonica is very common, but possibly rather less so
than borealis, which it closely resembles in everything except size.
I took exuvie rather closer to the water than borealis selects.

26-167 Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen.

On June 24 I took two young o's, the twin-spot on segment 7
being bright yellow. July 14, a 2; July 15, 3 9s; July 20, a fine
adult °.

The above were my total captives. So intacta is clearly not
common—in fact rather rare. It is also the latest of the genus to
appear, being a month behind borealis and hudsonica and a week
behind proxima (and glacialis?). From my dates it is obvious that
for several weeks—say June 24 to 3rd week July—all five Leucor-
rhinia are on the wing together. One of the Qs taken on July 15,
has wings heavily clouded with dirty brown. New to Alberta list.

27-167 Leucorrhinia proxima Calvert.

First appearance June 17 when I took a teneral with exuvia,
and another, a o’, next day. June 24, took 2 o's, already showing
red markings, and a pair in cop., June 25. July 5, several; July 6,
I G3 July.23, 2:old-o's:

Proxima is far less common than borealis and hudsonica and
appears about three weeks later. The nymph was previously un-
known. New to Alberta list.

104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
PLAGIODERA VERSICOLORA LAICH.—AN IMPORTED
POPLAR AND WILLOW. PEST.

BY HARRY B. WEISS AND EDGAR L. DICKERSON, * NEW. BRUNSWICK, N.J.

For the past three years the writers have noticed this small,
metallic blue beetle infesting poplars in a nursery at Irvington, near
Newark, N.J., and since it was first noted at Irvington, it has been
observed in several other localities. Mr. Charles Schaeffer (Journal
N.Y. Ent. Soc., Dec., 1915) cites several collectors who found it on
Staten Island, and Mr. William T. Davis (Ent. News., Mar., 1916)
also records it from Staten Island; Mr. George Greene, of Phila-
delphia, states that he found it at Clifton, Passaic County, N.].,
in September, 1915, while the writers noted it in 1915 at Arlington,
N.J., and Elizabeth, N.J., as well as Irvington, (Can. Ent., March,
1916, and Ent. News, April, 1916). During the past season—
1916—it was also observed at Secaucus, Red Bank and South
Paterson. At the latter place the species was found very abundant
on willow.

The insect is a European species, and according to Mr. E. A.
Schwarz, of Washington, was described by J. N. von Laichartig in
Verzeichniss und Beschreibung der Zyroles Insecten, 1781-1784,
under the name versicolora, which is an older name for the common
European P. armorice of Fabricius. It is interesting to note in
passing that Fabricius (Syst. Ent., p. 103) records P. armorice as
occurring on Ranunculus aquatilis and flammula, which looks as if
P. armorice Fabr. might be a different species, unless perchance
the insects fed on willow near water and dropped on the Ranunculi
from which they were collected. There is further synonymy in-
dicated in the various European records, but that need not be dis-
cussed here.

In New Jersey the species has been noted by the writers in
greatest numbers at Irvington, in a nursery on poplar and at South
Paterson on willow, and the following observations were made at
these places, principally at the former.

The beetles came from hibernation in late April or early May,
and after feeding began oviposition in early May and continued
through the greater part of that month. By early June the adults

*The arrangement of the authors’ names has no significance, and indicates

neither seniority nor precedence.
March, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 105

of this brood had apparently disappeared and all eggs had hatched.
The first adults developing from this brood of eggs were noted June
10, and they continued to develop until the early part of July. The
first eggs were deposited by the second brood of beetles about July
first and oviposition continued until the early part of August. The
adults developing from this brood of eggs began to appear in the
latter part of July and continued to develop until late August, after
which time, after feeding and copulating, they disappeared from
the plants, having gone into hibernation.

Hibernation, according to Messrs. Leng and Davis occurs under
the loose bark or in crevices in the bark, as they have found them
abundantly in such situations on Staten Island. Mr. Leng states
that while collecting Parnide in a pond at Bull’s Head, Staten
Island, he picked up a piece of willow bark in the water and found
several specimens of this species attached to it.

It will thus be seen that there were three broods of beetles dur-
ing the season, a hibernating brood which appeared in spring and
continued in evidence during May, a second brood which began to
be in evidence about June 10 and continued to appear until well
along in July, by which time the third brood of beetles had begun
to mature, and this brood continued in evidence until late August
or early September. Thus there were two complete broods of in-
sects in addition to the hibernating beetles. Owing to the fact that
the insects apparently lived for some time after maturing, and that
the period of oviposition of a given brood extended for some time,
with a resulting irregularity in development, there was more or less
overlapping of the broods.

It will also be noted from the foregoing record that it required
about a month’s time for the insects to mature, but this will proba-
bly vary a few days one way or the other depending upon conditions
of temperature, food, etc. The length of the egg stage varied from
three to five days, and the early stages of the larve were observed
to occupy about the same length of time, while the period of pupa-
tion consumed two to three days.

The eggs of this species are laid in somewhat irregular masses,
more or less circular or oval in outline and, almost without excep-
tion, on the underside of the leaves. Usually only one mass occurs
on a leaf but occasionally there may be two, and they are situated

106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

on either side of the midrib near the centre of the leaf. The in-
dividual egg is lemon yellow in colour with an apparently smooth
surface. It is elliptical or narrowly oval in outline with broadly
rounded extremities and measures 0.95 mm. long by 0.45 mm.
—0.55 mm. broad. Each egg is attached to the leaf surface at one
of its extremities and inclined usually at an angle of 30 degrees.
At the attached end there is a thin, irregularly disc-shaped expanse
of material which fastens the egg to the leaf surface. A number
of egg masses were observed and the numbers of eggs in 22 masses
were counted with the following results:

Maximum: number...2)-/....5..0.+ 30
Minimum Paes Stas Shs Ss 12
Average ye ne manny shay 19+

Two other-unusually small masses were noted which contained five
and seven eggs respectively.

As the egg matures, the three pairs of dark spots on the thoracic
dorsal surface and the dark spots on the abdominal, dorsal and
lateral surfaces of the embryonic larva show distinctly through the
egg shell. Previous to the emergence of the larva the shell of the
egg splits along the lateral surface from the apical end half way, or
slightly more, to the base and the larva gradually works its way
through this opening. When the larva first emerges, it is dirty
white in colour but changes very rapidly on exposure and soon is
dark in appearance.

Five larval stages were observed as follows.—First stage: re-
cently emerged larva; body elongate tapering posteriorly; general
body colour dirty white; head, and dorsal and lateral surfaces of
prothorax black, legs and body at outer side of legs dark brown;
meso- and metathorax, each with a pair of dorsal black spots and
single dorsolateral tubercles. Each abdominal segment marked
dark brown as follows: a pair of prominent dorsal spots, a pair of
lateral prominent spots, with a smaller dot more or less connecting
them, three less prominent transverse ventral spots forming a
broken line. On the posterior abdominal segments the dorsal and
lateral spots are connected, forming longitudinal bands. Dark
spots on dorsal and lateral surfaces bearing one or more fine, com-
paratively long hairs and the latter also noted on head and thorax.
Width of head 0.3 mm.; length of body 0.9 mm. Second stage:

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 107

somewhat similar to Ist stage, general body colour yellowish brown,
dark spots on dorsal surface forming more or less longitudinal lines.
Thoracic tubercles more prominent, and two lateral rows of ab-
dominal spots becoming tubercles and dorsal spots on abdomen
becoming slight tubercles. Hairy condition of larve slightly more
pronounced. Width of head 0.4 mm.; length of body 1.7 mm.
Third stage: similar to second stage save that the colour, with the
exception of the legs, is darker, so that the dorsal surface has a
brownish appearance with a light, medial dorsal line on the thorax.
Tubercles more prominent and slightly roughened. Width of head
0.5 mm.; length of body 2.5 mm. Fourth stage, similar to third
stage, save that tubercles and colour are slightly more pronounced.
Width of head 0.7 mm.; length of body 3 mm. Fifth stage: body
elongate, tapering at posterior extremity; margins of prothorax,
medial dorsal line of thorax and under surface, yellowish brown.
Head shining black and bearing several long seta; front and vertex
depressed; prothorax with most of dorsal surface shining, dark
brown, lighter medially and laterally; bearing a few sete on lateral
margins; mesothorax brown, lighter medially, on either side of which
are two shining, dark brown spots; lateral margin of dorsum has a
prominent, dark brown tubercle with two dark brown, shining spots
posterior to it and two below it; metathorax similar to mesothorax;
abdomen brown, a double row of dark spots on the dorsum, a
double row of shining, dark brown tubercles on each side with a
single row of dark brown spots between them; under surface of
abdomen with five rows of brownish spots, the three median ones
lighter than the others; legs shining black; anus surrounded with a
prominent, yellowish, fleshy, circular, sucker-like disc. Width of
head 0.8 mm.; length of body 5.00 mm.

The tubercles noted on the sides of the thorax and abdomen
contain reversible hypodermal glands which are operated when the
larve is irritated, even in the recently emerged ones. The larve of
Plagiodera do not respond as readily as do those of Lina scripta
Fab. which also bear such glands. On the latter species there is a
minute drop of liquid exuded which is not the case in Plagiodera
and the odor is much more pungent.

The sucker-like disc at the anal end is used by the larva in
walking. Even in the recently hatched larva this disc is well de-

108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

veloped and is quite apparent while the larva is emerging from the
egg. It is the principal means of attachment for the newly hatched
larva, which is able to hold much more firmly with it than with the
legs.

In feeding, the young larve are gregarious as a rule and fre-
quently may be observed arranged in the form of a circle or arc
with the heads pointed outward. Larval groups of 10, 13, 11 and
16 were thus observed. Later the larve spread and usually feed
singly. They are found as a rule on the under surface of the leaf
but in confinement, and in shady places they were observed some-
times feeding on the upper surface. In feeding, only the epidermis
is eaten, and this is in contrast with the adult which consumes all
the tissue. At times there did not appear to be as many young
larve in a group as one would expect from the number of eggs in a
mass, and this may be explained by the fact that recently emerged
larve were observed feeding on eggs which had not yet hatched;

three were feeding on one egg, two on another, and two others on —

one each.

When full grown the larva attaches itself to the leaf, usually
the under surface, by means of the sucker-like disc at the anal ex-
tremity, and changes to the pupa which rests with its posterior end
within the cast skin of the larva from which it could be pulled with
little effort. This stage was found to cover a period of two to three
days.

The pupa is yellowish brown in colour; meso- and metathorax
dark at centre; margin of wing-pads dark; abdomen with a row of
broad dark spots on either side of centre, giving the effect of a light,
medial, dorsal line; beyond these is a second row of broad, darkspots
near the lateral margin. Length 4 mm.; width 2.5 mm.

Certain pupe were noted which did not rest close to the leaf
surface and upon examination these were found to be parasitized.
These pupe were in a more erect position and it was noted that the
anterior ventral surface was more or less broken, exposing from two
to four parasitic larvee or pupe. Parasites bred from such speci-
mens were kindly determined for us by Mr. Girault, of the Bureau
of Entomology, as Celopisthia rotundiventris Girault and Pleuro-
tropis tarsalis Ashmead, and judging from the condition of the
specimens when they were bred, the former is a primary parasite

ed

CAN. ENT., VOL. XLIX. PLATE VII.

PLAGIODERA VERSICOLORA LAICH.

(See p. 109)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 109

and the latter a hyperparasite. A number of parasitized pupe
were noted but they were not evidently abundant enough during
the past season to form any appreciable check on the insect.

At Paterson, N.J., a number of rather small pupz were noted.
As they were late in developing and undersized it was thought that
development might have been affected by parasitism. This proved,
however, not to be the case, as beetles were reared from practically
all that were collected.

In addition to the parasites a predaceous bug was observed
attacking this insect. An adult beetle was found with three
nymphs of a species of Heteroptera attached to it. One had the
lancets of the beak inserted at the left eye, a second at the tibio-
femoral articulation of the left posterior leg, and a third between the
last and the preceding ventral segment. At other times dead
larve were noted and it may be that these also had been attacked
by a similar predaceous species.

Owing to the fact that Lina scripta Fab. is found associated
with this species it is interesting to note some differences between
the two. Differences inthe glands occurring in the larve have
already been mentioned, but the larve also differ in that L. scripta
Fab. is somewhat darker than P. versicolora and of course attains a
larger size. The resulting pupa is also larger than that of P.
versicolora and hangs from the lower surface of the leaf, attached
only at the anal end of the body. The eggs of L. scripta Fab. are
somewhat similar but the mass is somewhat larger and composed
of a larger number of eggs, 60 to 70 having been observed in some
masses, while the individual egg is larger and of a light lemon-yellow
colour.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Egg.
Fig. 2. Small egg mass.
Fig. 3. Fifth stage larva.
Fig. 4. Dorsal view of pupa with wing-pads slightly extended.
Fig. 5. Adult, Plagiodera versicolora.

Fig. 6. Lombardy poplar leaf, showing beetle feeding. (Photo
by H. Hornig.)

Fig. 7. Willow foliage injured by beetles and larve.

Fig. 8. Lombardy poplar leaf, showing larve feeding. (Photo
by H. Hornig.)

110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

TWO NEW GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN
ENTEDONINA® (CHALCID-FLIES).
BY A. A. GIRAULT, GLENNDALE, MD.
Elachertodomyia, new genus.

Type.—Secodes phlieotribi Ashmead.

Tarsi 5-jointed ; hind tibial spurs double; antennz inserted slight-
ly above the ventral ends of the eyes, 13-jointed, 3 ring, 5 funicle
joints, the three club joints not very distinctly divided, especially
the small last, the latter without a terminal spine. Funicle joints
all somewhat wider than long, the first longest, slightly shorter
than the normal pedicel. Head rounded from cephalic aspect.
Venation normal, the marginal vein a little over two-thirds the
length of the submarginal, the postmarginal elongate, nearly as
long as the marginal, twice the length of the short stigmal, the
stigma being larger than usual. Several lines of the fine discal
ciliation, notably one from the stigma to blade apex, regular and
distinct. Parapsidal furrows distinct. _Propodeum short. Scutum
long. Scutellum subquadrate, its lateral margins delicately in-
dented, appearing as lateral, grooved lines but not these as usually
understood. Scutellum with not more than four bristles. Strigil
strong, the cephalic tibial spur forked. Propodeum witha weak
median carina. The original description of the genotype is
correct. Its body is scaly.
From the female type of genotype, now remounted on a tag in ~
the U.S. National Museum, the antenna, a fore wing, a middle
tarsus and a hind leg together on a slide.

This genus is certainly very anomalous. I doubt if itis an
eulophid, because of its two hind tibial spurs, the forked tibial
spur of the cephalic legs and the five tarsal joints.

Emersonopsis, new genus.

Type.—Entedon arizonensis Ashmead.

Original description correct. All the tarsi concolorous.
Antenne 9-jointed with two rather large ring-joints, the club 3-
jointed, the funicle 2-jointed, club with a short, terminal nipple.
Pedicel much longer than wide, slightly longer than funicle 1;
funicle 2 subglobular. Postmarginal vein shorter than the very
short, sessile stigmal. Propodeum medially produced into a neck

like the abdominal petiole, the latter very short and ventrad of the
March, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 111

former. Propodeum with a broad, smooth, median carina which
runs only to the base of the neck; on each side of it a flat groove
which is densely, finely scabrous like the surface of the neck, and
bounded by a delicate carina laterad; a quadrate area laterad of
this carina is divided obliquely into a glabrous half-area (cephalo-
mesad) and a half-area which is foveo-sulcate; this is really formed
by a lateral groove narrowing mesad which extends laterad from
the apex of the groove alongside the median carina, and then
cephalad to a point just mesad of the spiracle; therefore, there is a
lateral carina which forms the lateral and caudal margins of this
groove, and extends besides some distance down the neck of the
propodeum. This groove really encircles (cephalad) the spiracle.
Hind coxe scaly (dorsal aspect). Face with a X-shaped suture,
the point of crossing at about the apex of the scrobes, scaly ventro-
laterad of each antenna. The latter are inserted at about the ends
of the eyes. A suture leads from the cephalic ocellus to the point
of crossing of the diagonal ones. Occiput finely scaly.

The second segment of the abdomen occupies three-fourths of
the surface. The propodeum is nearly as in Pseudomphale.

From the female type in the U. S. National Museum on a tag.

Type.—Catalogue No. 18145 U. S. N.M.; plus a slide with
antenne and pair of wings.

THE INSECT COLLECTIONS OF CANADA.
BY A. F. WINN, WESTMOUNT, P.Q.

At the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of On-
tario, held at Guelph in November last, instead of adding a presi-
dential address-to the already lengthy programme, I made a few
remarks on the Insect Collections of Canada, and suggested that
it might be of interest not only to the members of the Society but
also to many living beyond our borders to know just where the
various collections, public and private, are situated and something
about what they contain.

The idea seemed to meet with the approval of the meeting,
and the Editor was willing to find space in the pages of “The
Canadian Entomologist’’ for a series of articles describing briefly
any collections of which data could be obtained; the descriptions

might include mention of any notable varieties or types, collec-
March, 1917

2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

tions from out of the way localities, desiderata whether by exchange
or otherwise, and perhaps in some cases be illustrated by half-
tone cuts of the museum or room in which they are housed.

It is hoped that all our members will co-operate, so that the
series, when complete, will really be contributed to by everyone
who has a collection. Our Society is unique in having its Branches
and individual members scattered over such a wide area, and if
this series of articles is helpful in bringing the members from
Halifax, N.S.; to Victoria, B.C., into closer touch with one another,
one of its objects will have been attained.

It seems fitting that the first article should deal with the
collections of our Society at its headquarters at Guelph, and the
Rev. Dr. Bethune has kindly consented to write it. So far as
practicable other articles will appear in order geographically from
east to west—the collections in the Maritime Provinces next, fol-
lowed by the Province of Quebec, and-so on westward. It is not
at all necessary that the same plan of describing the collections
should be adopted throughout the series; on the contrary the more
individuality about them the better, but for the benefit of visiting
entomologists it is desirable that no collection should be overlooked,
and that the owners should not be so modest as to hesitate about
having their treasures referred to in print.

At this most critical time in our history every topic discusssed
leads to the subject of the war, and there is no doubt that when the
end comes and peace reigns again there will be a great demand for
insect material from Canada, especially from the entomologists
of the British Isles, which we will more cheerfully than ever supply
if it be in our power. There must also be, unfortunately, scores of
enthusiastic collectors in Belgium, in France and in Poland whose
homes have been laid waste by the enemy and whose collections
have been absolutely destroyed. Of those who return most will,
in their spare minutes, turn from their hatred of man to the love
of nature and will at once begin to form new collections. To any
such, it is hardly necessary to say that the entomologists of Canada
will be found ready to send any material they have, or can obtain,
that will be of interest in connection with their studies.

Mailed March 10th, 1917.

E he Canadian Futomologis.

VoL. XLIX. - LONDON, APRIL, 1917 No. 4

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
COLLECTING WASPS AND BEEs.*
BY F. W. L. SLADEN, OTTAWA, ONT.

By general consent the Hymenoptera are considered to be the
highest order of insects, that is, the most specialized, adaptable
and highly organized in the adult state; and the stinging Hymenop-
tera, consisting of the ants, wasps and bees are the highest section.
Yet, although these insects are conspicuous, abundant and easily
preserved, this is one of the neglected orders. It is true there are
some ‘‘critical’’ groups, especially among the bees, but in many
genera the species can be separated easily. During the past four
years, the writer has been working at the wasps and bees of the
National Collection of Canada, during time that he could spare
from his apicultural duties; first, examining and separating into
species the material found in the collection and, second, losing no
opportunity to collect specimens, both in the Ottawa district and
during his annual tour of the provinces. Sufficient material has
now been accumulated, chiefly by collecting, to start making keys
‘ to the species in hand, and several genera have already been thus
dealt with.

Beginners often find it hard to separate the males from the
females. The best distinguishing character is to be found in the
antenne, which are thirteen-jointed in the males (only twelve-
jointed in some species of the wasp genus Crabro) and twelve-
jointed in the females; the first joint (scape) is very long, the
second joint is very short, and in the bee-genus Nomada scarcely
discernible. Further, in the males the abdomen normally has
seven segments exposed, but in the females only six. - However,
in some genera one or two of the apical segments are covered in
both sexes. The chitinous genitalia of the male are replaced in the
female by the sting.

*Part of this paper was read at a meeting of the Quebec Branch of the
Entomogical Society of Ontario, at Montreal on Nov. 16, 1916.

114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The wasps are predatory, choosing as their victims spiders,
flies, ants, caterpillars, etc., according to the genus. The great
army of the bees has made an alliance with the flowers, cross-
pollinating them in return for focd of the richest and daintiest
kind—pollen for the nurture of their young, aromatically flavoured
nectars for their own delectation. There are many instances of
certain species of bees associating only with certain species of
plants. In the bees the body hairs are branched or plumose and
gather up the pollen dust from the flowers they frequent, and they
have beautifully adapted apparatus, becoming more intricate and
perfect in the more specialized families, on their hind legs—and in
one group (the leaf-cutter bees) on the underside of the abdomen—
for collecting this pollen. In the wasps the body hairs are un-
branched.

No species of bee runs riot, multiplying by millions under
favourable conditions like certain insects in other orders, for the
interesting reason that from nearly every genus in which are found
species that by dint of special vigour or adaptability are inclined
to overproduction, there has sprung a non-industrious genus, the
speciesof which prey on the abundant industrious species, laying their
eggs in their nests. The parasite, when it hatches, usually consumes
both the host egg or larva and also its store of food, but in case
of the semi-social bumble-bees, the parent parasite lives in the nest,
producing young which the hest workers tend and feed as they do
their own brothers and sisters. As parasitic genera in all stages of
separation from the host genus occur, we have here presented one
of the most attractive and promising fields of study for the evo-
’ lutionist that can be found. In some cases the parasite has drifted
from its original host and has taken up with another. In general,
the parasitic genera are less hairy than their hosts, and their
tegumental colours are brighter. The bumble-bee parasites closely
mimic their hosts and have so much structural similarity to
them that they must have developed their parasitism comparative-
ly recently.

In Canada by far the richest regions in species of wasps and
bees are certain localities near and reaching to the southern borders.
Three very rich localities can be distinguished. One of these is in
Old Ontario, especially the region south of Toronto. Another,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 115

probably one of the richest in the Dominion, is in the dry belt of
Southern Alberta. The third is at low altitudes in the dry interior
of British Columbia, especially its southern end. Most of the
species peculiar to these regions are restricted to special habitats,
of which the most important are sand hills or sandy or gravelly
slopes or cliffs facing south on the shores of lakes or rivers, or in
valleys, and some species are found only on certain flowers. The
most productive single day’s collecting I have obtained in Canada
was at Medicine Hat, on August 21, 1916, on thesummit of gravelly
bluffs on the north side of the river. The captures would have been
in better condition had I taken them two weeks earlier.

Coming second in productiveness are localities like South-
western Quebec, Southern Manitoba, the Arrow Lakes and Victoria,
B.C. On the sea cliffs bordering Beacon Hill Park at Victoria I
made some good captures on August 15, 1916, although fifty yards
from the edge of the cliff nothing of interest could be found. Such
places as Banff and Athalmer in the Eastern Rockies must not be
omitted. At places like Banff and Kaslo (which is richer) we get a
mixture of boreal and southern species, and representatives of the
bee-genus Osmia are especially abundant in spring. At Banff and
Lillooet eastern forms are also found.

Passing northwards beyond these special localities, we enter
into the boreal zone where the species are much less numerous and
are very widely distributed. Many of the species of Vespa, Mega-
chile and other genera stretch across the continent from the Atlantic
to the Pacific practically unchanged. Many other species, includ-
ing the majority of Bombus, will stretch from the Atlantic to the
mountains of British Columbia, there to be replaced by mountain
or costal species.

The coast of Nova Scotia, including the Annapolis Valley,
and also the lower mainland of British Columbia, including Van-
couver and its environs, have not so far proved particularly rich
in species. They are essentially boreal, even more so than the
south and east coasts of England.

While wasps and bees can be caught in plenty on any warm
day in spring or summer, there is a pageant of newly appearing
species from early spring until well on in the autumn. There are
two seasons at which the number of species to be found in good

116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

me

condition is much greater than at others. The first is in the spring,
starting with the first fine days as soon as the willows are in bloom,
at which flowers and others, numerous species of the bee genera
Andrena, Osmia and Halictus swarm. This is the time when the
beautiful, large queen bumble-bees can be secured in fresh and un-
faded condition. These early insects belong to two classes; those
like Andrena and Osmia that have reached the adult stage the
previous autumn, but have deferred emergence until spring, and
those like Bombus, Halictus and Vespa, consisting of females only,
that have hibernated and left their mates to die before winter.
After a lull in June the great summer procession begins, and it goes
on until the middle of August. The species are now more numerous,
but the specimens less plentiful than in spring, so that searching
in choice habitats will usually prove very productive. ‘These
summer fliers have mostly passed the winter in the full-fed larval
stage.

A few notes about killing and mounting wasps and bees may
be helpful. A cyanide bottle is usually satisfactory for killing if
used with care. It should contain plenty of dry blotting paper or
other absorbent to prevent specimens rolling about and thus damag-
ing their coats with moisture, and the specimens should not be
allowed to touch the cyanide, and should be removed within one
or two hours to avoid the reddening of the yellow tegumental
markings by the cyanide.

On a collecting excursion, lasting several days, the specimens
may be laid between layers of cotton batting in cigar boxes, and
may be relaxed and mounted in the autumn. To mount them,
use a No. 3 steel pin for all moderate or large-sized specimens, and
a No. 2 for all small ones, except the very smallest, which may be
mounted on small, triangular strips of cardboard with glue or fine
points, the cardboard being run on to No. 3 pins. Avoid using No.
1 pins. In the quick handling of dried specimens mounted on
these, the abdomen is very likely to fly off and the pin may bend;
also use store boxes lined with deep, soft material such as pith, not
thin hard cork or linoleum. Do not trouble to spread the wings,
it is hard and costs much time to do this satisfactorily, and where
it is attempted the specimens take up a great deal of room, but see
that the propodeum (metathorax) and base of the abdomen are

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST EZ

exposed well to view. In some genera it is important to open the
mandibles and expose the male genitalia. Any such treatment is
always better accomplished in relaxed specimens than in fresh
ones, the parts in the latter tending to return to their former
positions. Every specimen should be labelled with the date and
locality of capture, and the collector’s name written or printed in
very small, clear letters on a small, white card. Collect preferably
only newly emerged, unfaded specimens, not dusted with pollen,
and do not be afraid to make a large collection. How pleasantly
the collector can spend an hour now and then during our long
winter, arranging the summer’s material into species, according to
similarities in sculpture and livery, guided by nature, musing the
while on the possible value to the species of some remarkable struc-
tures or pattern of colours! A study of the insects in the field, or
of their marvellously diverse and interesting nesting habits, will
confute or endorse many a theory thus formed.

SOME DRAGONFLIES FROM PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO.

Somewhat more than a year ago I received from Dr. A. G.
Huntsman, Curator of the Dominion Biological Station, St.
Andrews, N.B., a number of dragonflies, including a few nymphs,
which he very kindly collected for me during a few days spent in
Prince Edward Island in the summer of 1915.

Hitherto there have been apparently no records of dragonflies
from this Province, so that, although the number of species listed
here is small, and doubtless represents but a fraction of the Odonate
fauna of this island, it seems worth while to record them.

All of the species are widely distributed, and with one exception
all could have been predicted almost with certainty to occur in
this region.

The localities and dates of collection are as follows :—
Charlottetown, pond in Victoria Park, Aug. 3.
Souris, pond on New Harmony Road, Aug. 1.

Little Harbour, near Souris, Aug. 14.

Souris, Sept. 5.

Rollo Bay, Aug. 21.

April, 1917

118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

1. Lestes congener Hag. Eleven nymphs, 8 full grown and 3

belonging to the penultimate stage, were taken from the pond on
New Harmony Road, Souris.

2. Lestes unguiculatus Hagen. Charlottetown, 2 o’s,1 9;
New Harmony Road, Souris, several nymphs from the pond,
probably belonging to this species.

3. Lestes uncatus Kirby. Charlottetown, 1 o.

4. Lestes disjunctus Selys. Charlottetown, 1 3,1 9; Little
Harbour, Souris, 2c’s, 4 9s; Rollo Bay, 1°.

These four species of Lestes seem to be generally distributed
in the Canadian and Transition zones from Atlantic to Pacific.
[t will be noticed that the same four species and no others are in-
cluded in Mr. Whitehouse’s list from Red Deer, Alta., (Can. Ent.,
vol, XLIEX, 1917, :p: 96).

5. Nehalennia irene Hagen. New Harmony Road, Souris,
| roa

6. Ischnura verticalis Say. New Harmony Road, 1 9;
Little Harbour, Souris, 6 o's, 7 9s; Rollo Bay, 2 o's, 6 Qs.

One of the males from Souris is somewhat teneral, the others
are fully mature, the females all pruinose.

7. Enallagma hageni Selys. Charlottetown, 2 o's; New
Harmony Road, 3 9s; Little Harbour, 8 o's.

This and the preceding two species are unknown in the western
half of the continent; Nos. 5 and 7 ranging into Manitoba, while
No. 6 has not been taken in Canada, west of Nipigon, Ont.

8. Enallagma civile Hagen. Souris, Sept. 5, 1 @ in full colour.

This is chiefly a western species, and is rare in Canada. Its
occurrence in Prince Edward Island was unexpected, although
there is an old record of its capture in Quebec. I have also re-
ceived it from Manitoba.

9. Aishna interrupta interrupta E. Walker. Little Harbour,
1 &. Thespots formed by the interrupted lateral thoracic bands
are rather large and rounded, though completely separated. New
Harmony Road, one full-grown female nymph.

10. shna umbrosa E. Walker. Charlottetown, fragments of
two male exuvia from pond, apparently this species; New Harmony
Road, one o exuvia and four very young nymphs.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 119

11. Somatochlora elongata Scudd. Rollo Bay, 1 &@. Not
known west of Wisconsin.

12. Libellula- quadrimaculata L. Charlottetown, 3 o's; New
Harmony Road, 4 nymphs, two belonging to the penultimate stage,
the others younger.

13. Sympetrum obtrusum Hagen. Charlottetown, 5 o's, 2
Qs, two of the o’s recently emerged; Little Harbour, 2 o's; New
Harmony Road, 1 full-grown nymph.

14. Sympetrum rubicundulum Selys. Charlottetown, 3 o's;
Little Harbour, 1 o&, New Harmony Road, 1c’ 3@Qs., all teneral.

15. Leucorrhinia hudsonica Selys. New Harmony Road, 2
nymphs, penultimate and ante-penultimate stages.

This and the preceding three species are transcontinental
species, L. hudsonica being confined to the boreal region.

16. Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen. New Harmony Road, one
nymph of the penultimate stage apparently, belonging to this
species. Another similar younger nymph was also found.

Distributed as far west as Alberta, (see Mr. Whitehouse’s
list, Can. Ent., vol. XLIX, p. 96.) but not common in the Cana-
dian Zone.

THE STATUS OF LECANIUM CORNI BOUCHE IN NEW
JERSEY (HOMOP.)

BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J.

This insect is undoubtedly the best recorded of all the species
listed in Smith’s ‘‘Insects of New Jersey,” inasmuch as it appears at
least eleven times disguised under as many synonyms. J. G.
Sanders, in his paper, ‘‘The Identity and Synonymy of Some of
Our Soft Scale Insects,’’ (Jour. Econ. Ent., 1909, p. 428) mentions
41 or 42 synonyms of Lecanium corni Bouche, and eleven of them
managed to appear in Smith’s list.

Sanders states that it is widely aseaeods: in North America,
the most important hosts being plum, peach, apricot, pear, currant,
blackberry, mulberry, osage orange, elm, ash, linden, pecan, maple,
Cornus, etc. It also occurs in Europe in greenhouses on peach

and grape and outside on various plants including currants, goose-
April, 1917

120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

berries, raspberries, Cotoneaster, Coryius, Boxwood, Thuya,
Viburnum, locust. It has been found recently in New Jersey on
boxwood in nurseries at Rutherford, Elizabeth and Riverton,
evidently having been imported from Holland on such stock within
the last few years inasmuch as it is sometimes reported by inspectors
examining imported boxwoods.

It has been correctly recorded from New Jersey in “ Ento-
mological News,” vol. XXVI, p. 102, where it appears as Lecanium
corni Bouche, although nothing is said there concerning its syno-
nyms, and the only host mentioned is boxwood. In Smith’s list
it appears as follows under the genus Eulecanium:

E. armeniacum Craw. The apricot scale; found also on plum,
pear, cherry, peach, etc., but not abundantly enough to be in-
jurious.

E. canadense Ckll. Mass. to Ohio on elm, maple, oak, hickory
ind peach, and should be found in New Jersey.

E. cerasifex Fitch. New York plum scale. On cherry, plum,
peach, apple, pear, etc.; not common nor injurious in New Jersey.

E. corylifex Fitch. On Corylus and Viburnum.

E. cynosbati Fitch. On gooseberry and Gleditschia.

E. fitchii Sign. Found in N. Y. on raspberry and blackberry.

E. juglandifex Fitch. The butternut scale.

E. kingit Ckll. On sassafras and Vaccinium corymbosum in
Mass. and Conn.

E. lintneri Ckll. & Benn. On sassafras in N. Y. and probably
in’ N. J.

E. pyri Schr. On pear, apple, hickory and white thorn.

E. ribis Fitch. The ‘‘currant scale.’ Found on currant,
gooseberry, mulberry, etc.

While all of the above are not strictly New Jersey records,
it is evident that the species occurs on various hosts within the
State, but never in sufficient numbers to be injurious. This con-
dition of affairs, true at a time when the list was prepared, still holds
good. If anything, this particular scale can be said to be rather
rare in New Jersey at the present, and at no time was it ever
abundant enough to require the application of remedial measures.

VIII.

PLATE

XLIX.

END; VOL.

CAN

(skal

‘d

99G)

TIDNAYT ‘d GNV WINWATOd VNAdIVdVd

oP
£. 3

ermrees seem oh
»

_ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 121
NEW SPECIES AND HISTORIES IN PAPAIPEMA
SM. (LEPIDOPTERA.) NO. 19.
BY HENRY BIRD, RYE, N.Y.

With the hope of further disclosures under this heading, an
investigation of the flora in the vicinity of Washington, D.C., was
undertaken in June, 1915. Papaipema nephrasyntheta Dyar, de-
scribed from this locality and unknown in the larval stage was par-
ticularly in mind, but results for this species were unsuccessful.
The perennial plant life showed some departure from that of the
latitude of New York, one instance of easy notice occurring with
Polymnia uvedalia L. At the first occurrence of this plant a con-
tained larva was noted, and it seemed different from any.of the
congeners. While conspicuous on account of size, but few examples
of the plant were found, and only six larve resulted from the search
of that year. After observing several of the larval stages, it was
evident an unknown one had been discovered, but it seemed too
small to be the wished-for desideratum. Eventualities claimed all
of these larva prior to pupation, so it remained for a search in 1916
to uncover a sufficient number in late July, when near maturity,
whereby a convincing series of adults came to hand. Though the
departures with the adult are slight, with the sum of evidence it is
very clear an undescribed species is involved. From the fact the
genus Polymnia is restricted to America, in itself suggestive of a
possibly ancient relation between the two, and because of it clearly
proving to be a preferred food plant in the faunal area where dis-
covered, we propose as a name:

Papaipema polymnia, n. sp.

Head generically normal and smooth on frons; heavily clothed
with long, erect scales of brownish colour mixed with grey and per-
vaded with a purplish tone, which colouring holds for the entire
thoracic vestiture. At the base of the antenna a ring of light, but
not pure white scales occur; the antennz are simple, under magni-
fication showing minute cilia and with scar¢ely any sexual disparity.
The thorax is heavily clothed, the collar marginad above with
yellowish usually; the erect, spreading anterior thoracic tuft of the
normal pattern; the tegule more or less powdered with yellow;
the posterior tufts prominent and spreading; legs have long hairs

on femur, the fore- without, the mid- with one pair, and the hind
April, 1917

122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

tibia with two pairs of spines; the tarsus ringed faintly at the joints
with light scales.

Fore wing: basal area, median field and terminal space brassy
yellow which may be said to be the pervading colour, the purple-
brown body-colour appearing as minute powderings, sometimes
in the terminal space obliterating the yellow, except at the apex.
the ante- and post-median areas purplish, tempered by the body
brown, becoming more bluish in some specimens and exhibiting a
glistening sheen especially in the outer area. Maculation of the
usual pattern but not sharply drawn; basal line vague, except as it
outlines the basal spots which are yellow and never white; ante-
' medial line brown, sinuous, extending close to the claviform, below
which, at the submedian vein, it outcurves to the inner margin;
median shade-line occasionally traceable as an angled brownish
shading, best defined in the lower median field; the post-median line
geminate, the inner brown, the outer dull purplish, outcurved over
the cell, thence incurved with a nearly full ogee sweep to the inner
margin. The sub-terminal is very irregular, paralleling in a way
the outer margin, and consists of a series of dentations running
outward on the veins in little points. It defines the terminal area
with a glistening boundary that is not, however, very contrasting.
The fringes are slightly dentate, dull purplish and glistening. The
stigmata are of the usual formation, but not large; the orbicular is
rounded, white, with a yellow scale at centre; claviform double,
two spots in line with the orbicular, the upper minute and oc-
casionally yellow, the lower white. The reniform consists of a
lunulate, yellow marking around which are a number of small spots
clustered in the usual manner and cut by the veins, the innermost
usually white, the outer one yellow. The secondaries are smoky-
brown, shaded darker at the outer margin. The abdomen is of
similar hue. Expanse 32 to 43 mm. 2

The male genitalia are generically typical and offer no particu-
lar specific feature. The corona is more fully rounded than most
of the allies, with the pollex prelonged prominently and at right
angles to the costa, and this section of the valva heavily spinose,
as is customary. At the clavus, or perhaps better defined as the
anterior margin of the sacculus, a patch of dense setz occurs.

Habitat.—Washington, D.C., and its immediate environs; a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 123

specimen from the Black Mountains, N.C., (W. Beutenmuller),
also a pair from Elizabeth, N.J., (O. Buchholz), are referred to this
species. Type locality, Roslyn, Va. A male type is with the
author, also four paratypes which may later be distributed. In
coloration the species is near cataphracta, indeed were the early
stages unknown it would easily pass as the white-marked variety
cataphracta fluxa. In the structure of the genitalia it seems nearest
merriccata and may find a serial position near that species.

Polymnie@ \arve do not depart from the typical feeding habits.
The hibernated ova doubtless hatch about the last week of May,
and the plant is entered well up the stem at some tender point.
When in luxuriant plants, whose height attains seven feet at times,
the gallery is at some midway portion; in small plants it may finally
reach the root crown by maturity. While the stem has a slight
hollow core and though the walls are heavy, feeding continues at
one point long enough for the plant to produce a noticeable swelling
that gives ready intimation of a contained host. No parasites
were encountered, but a heavy mortality resulted from fungus in-
fection, probably the same as occurs with speciosissima, as the
coloration and effects seem identical. The gallery is abandoned
at maturity, and in confinement a pupal cell is formed about two
inches underground. Larve, at the latitude of Washington, leave
the plants Aug. 1 to 10. ;

Larval observations have been made from June 15 onward,
and the following instars noted.

Stage IV.—Head polished, honey yellow, obliquely marked at
ocelli with a black line; body colour pale brown, with a more or less
pinkish tone. The dorsal is a continuous stripe from cervical
shield to anal plate; the sub-dorsal and sub-stigmatal are continuous
on thoracic segments to the middle of joint three, thence interrupted
to the middle of joint seven where it continues to the plates of joint
thirteen, this break being productive of the girdled appearance
common to the genus. These markings are yellowish white, the
sub-stigmatal on the abdominal joints merging into the yellow
white of these segments ventrally. Cervical shield laterally edged
with black; anal plates conspicuous; tubercles well defined though
small, all excepting IV smaller than a spiracle. On joint ten there
is evidence of [Va forming.

124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Stage V.—Structurally similar, but colour much darker, fre-
quently a deep purple brown with the stripes showing very con-
trastingly. On joint ten IVa is well developed, though not bear-
ing seta, as does IV.

Stage VI.—Colour fades to dull pink, the pale yellow lines
wide and conspicuous. Tubercles I and II become more prominent,
especially on joint eleven; and on twelve their mergence into a
single plate preceding the anal shield, is even of greater definition.

Maturity.—The full-grown larva is normal for the group,
though rather robust as compared with the resultant moth. The
lines become vague and the general tone a yellowish translucence,
with the brown plates at the tubercles conspicuous when they are
larger than the black spiracle. The single seta they bear is scarcely
discernible except with a lens. The head assumes a darker hue,
and the anal plate becomes heavier and nearly black. Tubercle
IVa on joint ten seems never to bear seta. Larval lengths for the
stages: 27, 33, 40 and 47 mm. respectively.

The pupa shows no departure from normal. It is polished
brown, the shell of rather thin texture so that the white stigmata
of the primaries may be discerned a week prior to emergence.
Fungus claimed a large percentage whether left in the earthen cell
or removed and given antiseptic treatment. Thus the assumption
arises that infection occurs while the larva is yet feeding. The
pupal period is about four weeks; emergence dates for the series
bred, Sept. 3 to 23.

One of the first plants to attract attention while examining the
flora of the Chicago Plain in 1915, was Eryngium aquaticum L.;
one of those anomalous denizens of this area which subsist equally
well through great extremes of moisture, or of drynéss. We were
under the able guidance of local entomologists, Messrs. A. Kwiat
and E. Beer at the time, and remarked this one seemed favourable
for tenanting a Papaipema, its Yucca-like foliage suggesting some-
thing quite different from the usual line of food plants. Should |
such an one be selected, the associate might be expected to show
some departure from the customary type, and our enquiry if this
plant had been followed up previously elicited the reply that
numerous observations of it the preceding year were negative in
result. Ata momentary pause, Mr. Beer devoted himself to several

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 125

plants in the foreground, and was successful in finding,in the crown
of the taproot,a penultimate stage Papaipema larva, close to P.
cerussata, yet differing in one important detail. As this discovery
happened early, the remainder of the time allotted the trip gave op-
portunity for securing a representaticn, and ultimately the details
at hand show a distinct and undescribed species. While it would
be fitting to honour the discoverer, our confreres consider it will
be more helpful to call the species suggestively :

Papaipema eryn&ii, n. sp.

Head smooth on frons and similar to the preceding species,
except that the colour is a darker purple, as is also the body tufting.
The upper tarsal joints on all legs are prominently ringed with
white in this instance. Fore wing: at the extreme base a white dot;
the usual basal spots conspicuous and yellowish to pure white; the
ante-, pest-median and terminal areas are rich purple brown; the
median field dark castaneous to red brown, becoming lighter near
the inner margin where it shows yellow powderings; near the apex °
a powdery yellow patch prevails. The lines follow the character-
istic courses, as with the preceding, are ill defined, and except for
the large and brightly white marked stigmata, there would be little
contrast. The post-medial line is drawn sinuately from a promin-
ent yellow spot on the costa above reniform outward in an un-
even-sweep past that marking, thence obliquely and irregularly
to the inner margin. The subterminal line is vague, a broken
sprinkling of yellow scales defining a boundary of adjacent areas
that are for the most part concolorous. The reniform is com-
paratively large, a central yellowish lunulate line is surrounded
by seven white spots; the orbicular and claviform appear as an
equally pronounced marking and consist of three superimposed
white spots, the claviform being divided into two, the upper of
which is smallest and stained with yellow. Several white dots ap-
pear on the costa, and one outside the basal spots; fringes slightly
dentate. The hind wing is a dull, smoky fawn, sometimes assum-
ing a rosy tint and overlaid with dark purplish powderings, deepen-
ing near the margin into a vague sub-terminal shading, and oc-
casionally an outer line may be discerned. Beneath, the wings
are deeply powdered with smoky purple. Expanse 35 to 48 mm.

126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The male genitalia exhibit in this case a good instance of specific
individuality. This modification exists in the terminal character
of the clasp, with the harpe, a stout sickle-shaped member, larger
thaninany ally. Instead of the produced costal angle at the corona,
the margin terminates squarely and is prolonged below into a
curved hook or pollex; this section of the valva heavily spinose
as usual. The harpe arises in close juxtaposition and exceeds the
pollex so that these two points, unique in their nearness, may be
seen in the specimen without preparation of the parts.

Habitat.—The type locality is the prairie environs of Chicago,
Ill., and the species doubtless enjoys a wide range through the
prairie zone supporting the food plant, though it has thus far eluded
collectors, apparently. A large series of bred specimens are under
observation, and a number have been labelled ‘‘paratype”’ as
representative for several collections. A male type and several
further paratypes remain with the author. Variation in ground
colour runs from a dark, almest blackish-purple, powdery effect
to an even, rich, reddish tone, while one of the series showed the
stigmata much reduced. These conspicuous white markings, in-
clusive also of the basal spots, are similar with marginidens and
nephrasyntheta, with a strong superficiality in the direction of the
latter. The larval features denote a relationship to cerussata,
while the genitalia dencte a proximity with Californian species in
one direction, which might not be unexpected, as the feod plant is
generically more at home in the Southwest.

The character of this food plant is such that the entry and
future operations of the larva produce little evidence along the
usual lines suggestive of Papaipema work. The egg overwinters
and the young larva emerges about the first of June. A con-
spicuous amount of frass is thrown out, but may be hidden in the
cluster of close-lying leaves which by reason of their spined edges
are not pleasant to handle. The flowering stem is mined to some
extent, though mcst of the werk is in the root-crown, the larva
working usually in more than one taproot. As old clumps consist
of several taproots, this is easy, also one clump may furnish several
larve and these older plants are invariably selected for oviposition.
Fire plays a mcst important role in the economy of the species,
and the early failure of my co-labourers to meet with it was doubt-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 127
less due to this factor. They kindly secured some of the early
stages in 1916 which were missed the previous year, and such full-
ness as this note contains is largely due to their efforts.

Stage IV.—Of the cylindrical type common to the genus.
Head honey yellow, mouth parts concolorous, the ocelli only darkly
marked. Body of deep purplish brown tone, contrastingly marked
by the longitudinal dorsal, sub-dorsal and sub-stigmatal white
lines, the latter on the six posterior segments merging ventrally
to a concolorous under surface of whitish. These lines are broken
on the first four abdominal segments, which appear as a dark
girdle completely encircling the larva.- The cervical shield sharply
bordered with black laterally, with the other plates and tubercles
normal. Tubercle 1Va on joint ten begins to show definition.

Stage V.—Similar.

Stage VI—The dark body colour still holds, with the lines
which are always broken on the first four abdominal segments,
broad and contrastingly drawn in white. Tubercles attain greatest
definition in this stage, being black for the most part and those
laterally surrounding the spiracles very conspicuous. On joint
ten the spiracle is surrounded by five tubercles, III, IIIa, 1V and V
about the size of the spiracle, while 1Va is even larger and very
close to the upper corner, caudad; on eleven, III and IIIa are merged
into an elongate plate bearing one seta. The anal shield is heavy,
rugose and brown—not black. Ventrally a salmon tone prevails
that is quite characteristic.

Maturity.—Similar to preceding, the colour lighter but
does not fade to the frequent translucence of this instar.
Proportionate to the increase in size, the tubercles seem smaller.
Observations were from June 14 to Aug. 15, when all larve had left
the plants to pupate. The duration of stages increases toward
maturity with the last instar lasting twelve days in two cases
observed. Length of larve from the stages, approximately, 34,
39, 45 and 50 mm.

Eryngit larve approximate closely cerussata, differing in
coloration of the last stages, and in having the anal plate brown,
whereas it is black with the latter. .

The burrow seems to be deserted generally for pupation, but
two instances occurred in confinement where this was not so.

128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The pupa is robust, dark shelled, and active; the frons is in no way
produced, the thoracic region and wing-covers rugose, the remainder
shining except the interstices of the abdominal sutures which are
finely punctured. Two sharp spines occur at the cremaster, and
a subsidiary spine occasionally on the last segment laterad.
Average length 23 mm.; diameter 7 mm.
Emergence dates range from Sept. 25 to Oct. 15.

Papaipema nephrasyntheta Dyar.

The unique type of this species has remained in the United
States National Museum since its description in 1908 until recently,
without a counterpart. In conversation with its captor, Mr. E. A.
Schwarz, we learn it was taken at light on Plummer’s Island, Md.,
Sept. 27, 1904.

A second example from the same source and caught et the
same time, has recently been placed in the Museum collection
and this, though unspread, gives a better idea of the coloration
since it is brighter, whereas the type would seem as if it might be
somewhat faded. It was at first believed the Eryngium feeder was
this species, but a careful comparison forces an opposite conclusion.
The Dyar species is of a lighter, clay, ground colour, with the
_ central marking of the large white reniform a white lunulate line,
an unusual feature in the genus. Eryngium aquaticum does not
flourish at the type locality, and we incline, with its author, to
consider it a close ally of marginidens, with the larva yet unknown.
Both the specimens at Washington are females, hence the value of
genitalic comparisons are not available.

EXPLANATION OF-PLATE VIII.
(Figures Natural Size.)

Fig.

dé

Papaipema polymnie, male.
Papaipema polymnie, female.
Papaipema polymnie, larva, stage IV.
Papaipema polymnie, larva, stage V.
Papaipema polymnie, larva, mature.
Papaipema eryngit, male.

Papaipema eryngti, female.
Papaipema eryngii, larva, stage IV.
Papaipema eryngii, larva, stage VI.

me OwhN ee

OMOIS MH

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 129

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE GENUS PARACHRYSO-
CHARIS GIRAULT IN THE UNITED STATES.
BY A. A. GIRAULT, GLENNI ALE, MD.

The following species was found in the collections of the U.S.

Nat ‘onal Museum:
Parachrysocharis semiflava, new species.

Female —Length 0.87 mm.

Dark metallic green, the head below the antenne, the legs,
ventral aspect of the abdomen, the scape, the pedicel (except above
at basal half), venation and tegula, lemon yellow. Cheeks yellow.
Wings hyaline. Head and thorax densely, not very finely scaly.
Propodeum distinct, moderately long, tricarinate, the spiracle
round, moderate in size. Axille much advanced. Mandibles
tridentate, the outer tooth largest, widely separated from the
middle one, falcate, the third tooth minute. Funicle joints all
a half longer than wide. Parapsidal furrows complete, distinct.
Club with a distinct terminal nipple. Postmarginal vein very
slightly developed. The male seems to be similar but the funicle
“4-jointed (no good specimens). Eight females. Austin, Texas,
August 16, 1904, (Carl Hartmann).

Types.—Catalogue No. 20803, U.S. National Museum, three
females on tags plus a slide with the appendages. There are two
ring-joints in this species, the second very short.

THE INSECT DRIFT OF EAKE SHORES.
BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM, ITHACA, N.Y.

During the summer of 1906, while still living in Lake Forest,
Illinois, in a pleasant cottage near to the shore of Lake Michigan,
I spent all my spare time upon the beach studying the insect ac-
cumulations of the shore-line, and trying to settle some of the
questions raised by my earlier observations (1900-1904). I visited
the beach nearly every day, and collected insects from the drift-
line whenever there were any deposited there. Through early and
late summer I merely collected when the collecting was good; but
during the month of August I made daily careful observations on
the insects at the shore-line, and on accompanying conditions of
wind, waves and weather. As often happens, I settled a few of

my questions and raised many new ones. After waiting ten years
April, 1917

130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

without finding another opportunity for continuing these observa-
tions, I have concluded to publish the results. First, I will give
the data obtained during August to show the ordinary course of
beach collecting (see accompanying table), and then I will add
notes on the more abundant species for the entire season.

The shore of Lake Michigan at Lake Forest extends due north
and south; hence it is the east wind that deposits drifting insects
upon the beach. My observations show that the wind was E.-N.E.
when the greatest accumulations of insects occurred. Only once
(Monday, Aug. 27th) were there any deposits of insects upon the
beach while the wind was blowing from the westward, and at the
time of that observation the waves were still running in from
N.-N.E.,whence the wind had recently shifted.

A number of piers project from the shores, and in the lee of
these the flotsam gathers and slowly rotates in isolated broad
eddies.

CONDENSED RECORD OF DAILY OBSERVATIONS.

Aug. Wind. Flotsam. Drift. Abundant forms.
1 N.-N.E. light in black patch be- faint lines on midges and ladybirds.
side pier sand.
2 S.-S.E. fe in diffuse lines. almost none skins of midges and
caddis-flies.
3 O. none. YW
4 S.-S.E. faint. thin gray layer. none. midges.
5 W. a none.
6 E. strong. Ss scattering. live beetles, etc.
7 O. oe none. ; 7
8 E faint. thin streaks. a skins of midges and
caddis-flies,
9 S.W. moderate. none. eS
10 N.-N.E. my scanty, gray. almost none.

11-17 Observations interrupted.

18 S.E. moderate. little. none.

19 W. s none.

20 W. sf ie $

21 N.W. Oy es re

2% N.E. zs Ee scattery-trashy butterflies, etc.

23 E.-N.E. strong. = abundant, trashy crickets, etc.

24 E.-N.E. x fe r . many forms.

25 S.E.-E. subsiding. much. little.

26 N.E. brisk. none. much. grasshoppers, beetles,
etc.

27 N.-N.W, ‘3 much, wy grasshoppers, butter-
flies, etc.

28 WwW. gentle. almost none. almost none.

29 W. moderate. none. none.

30 W. ms eS

31 S.E.-E. oy “ se

This flotsam often consists of nearly pure insect material.
The most characteristic constituents are the cast skins of may-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST iat

flies, midges and caddis-flies, which gather in inconceivably vast
numbers, in floating felted mats, that are sometimes an inch or
two in thickness, and square rods in area. Every cubic inch of
this material represents thousands of specimens. When with shift
of wind and rising of waves these mats are cast upon the pier,
they cover the planking with a_plaster-like coating of ashen-gray
hue. There is no place where flotsam can accumulate when the
wind blows parallel with the piers, or when the waves break over
them.

During the month of August, 1906, there was but one period
of abundance of insect drift upon the beach,—a period of three
days, the 22—24th inclusive, while the wind was E.-N.E.,and follow-
ing upon warm weather with westerly winds. There were scanty
accumulations also on the Ist, 2nd, 6th, 8th, 10th, 25th, 26th, 27th
and 28th, always accompanying an easterly wind. Sometimes the
drift was a thin line of nearly pure insect remains, scarcely discover-
able as a tracing along the sand at the farthest reach of the waves,
as on the Ist; sometimes it was a conspicuous line of trash, with
insects scattered thinly through the trash, as on the 22nd. On
only twelve days of the twenty-four recorded was there any dis-
coverable deposition of insects at the drift-line.

These regular observations supplement earlier more casual
ones, and confirm certain opinions as to the occurrence of the drift
upon the shore of Lake Michigan as follows:

1. Floating insects can be deposited at the drift-line only
when the waves are running shoreward. The wind is, of course,
the actuating cause of their transportation by water. The waves
follow the wind, but do not quite keep up with its changes. In my
notes I find three entries that bear directly upon this :—

“6th Aug.: wind blowing strongly from eastward (it had
blown from the west the preceding day). I saw the drift begin to
come ashore at close to 7 a.m., bringing in at first many live Rhyn-
chophora.”’

“22nd Aug.: wind shifted inshore (from N.W.) in afternoon
and drift began to appear in the evening. No flotsam; waves too
rough.”

“27th Aug.: wind N.-N.W. on land, but waves still running
in strongly from N.E.; many grasshoppers.”’

13 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

2. Deposits of drift vary with the strength of the wind.
When too strong, the sand is disturbed and many insects are buried
in it. Long, evenly-running waves driven by a steady on-shore
breeze give the best deposits.

3. The proportion of insect material in the drift varies with
such purely local and accidental causes as the dumpings of straw
and ashes from lake steamers, and with many natural causes, the
two mcst important of which seem to me to be:

(a) Storms, with attendant floods, that carry vest quantities
of plant fragments into the lake. Occasionally an abundant ac-
cumulation of insects may be entirely hidden amid a still more
abundant windrow of this sort of material. Mr. Schwarz once ex-
pressed the opinion (1890) that storms have nothing to do with
the insect drift; and while it is true that the depcsits occur whether
there he storms or no, yet I am sure that if an off-shore storm wind
blows while any insect is swarming, within a few days that insect
will appear in unusual abundance in the drift-line on some lee shore.

(b) Emergence periods of particular insects. This is the
most significant of all factors for the collector to bear in mind.
What wind and waves gather depends on what nature has brought
forth, ready to be gathered. Extraordinary accumulations of May-
beetles and of Mayflies are well known to occur at regular times.
It was an extraordinary shore deposit of black crickets that first
interested me in the insects of the drift line (1900). Hancock has
recorded (1894) for another species just the conditions of swarming
and flight that made ready this crop of crickets that was gathered
by the storm wind. Just after the publication of my paper (1900)
recording the accumulation of the crickets in the drift on the shore
of Lake Michigan on the 13th of August following a storm from
the west, a friend wrote me that there had been an extraordinary
swarming of the same species in the streets of the city of Rockford,
Ill., (some 65 miles westward) on the 11th—the day the storm oc-
curred. In my August collecting of 1916 I found but four speci-
mens of this species.

Every one who has run a trap-lantern or ae has sugared for
moths knows how much atmospheric conditions have to do with
bringing insects out in abundance. It is the night of high humidity
just before a rainstorm that finds most of them astir. The col-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

133

lector who would profit by the salvage of the shore-line would,
therefore, do well to pay careful heed to season and to weather.
After conditions favourable for swarming accompanied by off-
shore winds, then let him search a low, sandy beach on a lee shore.
It is doubtful whether there is any other place where specimens

may be accumulated so easily and in such variety.

Schwarz

(1889) records that he and Hubbard in four days collected more
than 1,100 species of beetles on the shore-line of Lake Superior

at a time when the collecting there was not at its best.

The

Lepidoptera of the drift-line, to be sure, are worthless as specimens;
most of the Coleoptera, however, are good enough for the cabinet,
and insects of other orders are often in good condition.

Wuat THE DRIFT-LINE OFFERS.

Besides the vegetable debris brought down by woodland
streams, the cinders and straw and other waste contributed by
lake steamers, the dead vertebrates such as fishes and birds, a few
of which are always present, and a few miscellaneous invertebrates |
—shells of mussels and snails or occasionally whole specimens of
Gammarus fasciatus—there are always many insects present in

the summer season.

There are far more kinds of them than may

profitably be listed here; but it may be worth while to mention in
each of the orders, the forms most abundantly found in the drift-
line, as indicated by my collections through the summer of 1906,
during which season I collected merely a sample of the insects
present whenever the collecting from the beach was good.
Coleoptera are by far the most abundant insects of the drift.
My specimens, 2,248 in number, as determined for me by Mr.

Herbert Morrison, represented 26 families and 127 species.

The

species that were represented by more than ten specimens, the date
of principal occurrence, the number of specimens found on that
date and the total number of each are as follows:

CURCULIONIDA: —

Listronotus squamiger Say.
VI, 19:10-12.

Lixus terminalis Lec.
CARA BIDZ::

Elaphrus fuliginosus Say.
Plerostichus lucublandis Say.
Platynus cupripennis Say.

VI. 18:9-15.
VI, 13:232-267.
Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeG.

Date?
VI, 13:331-335.

Platynus placidus Say.
Galerita janus Fab.

DYTISCIDZ:: é
Ilybius confusus Aube.
Agabus confinus Gryl.

VIII, 6:116-127.

VI, 13:31-31.

VI, 18: 102-179.
VI, 18:12-13.
VIII, 12:117-121.

8-14.

134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

GYRINIDZ::
Gyrinus analis Say. VI, 19:153-153.
COCCINELLIDA::
Megilla maculata DeG. Date? 27-57.
Hippodamia 13-punctata Linn. Date? 14-27,
Hippodamia parenthesis Say. VI, 18:35-39.
Coccinella sanguinea Linn. Date? 5-10.
Analts 15-punctata Oliv. Date? 44-67.
Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls. Date? 59-66.

LUCANIDA::

Lucanus placidus Say. VI, 12:16-23.
SCARA BAIIDZ::

Aphodius fimentarius Linn. VII, 22:88-89.
CHRYSOMELIDA::

Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Date?:45-75.
Lina scripta Fabr. Date?:17-26.

Diabrotica 12-punctata Fabr. Date?:15-30.
Disonycha pennsylvanica Ill. Date?:101—-169.

It may be that owing to my special interest in aquatic beetles,
I picked up a larger proportion of such genera as Agabus, Ilybius,
and Gyrinus than of the others. I missed the annual swarming of
the Lachnosternas.

Of Hemiptera, doubtless the most abundant were the aphids,
which I did not collect at all, owing to their minuteness and bad
state of preservation. Only the larger forms were taken. More
than half of these were Pentatomide. The grotesque Membracids
were represented by three species, Smilia camelus Fabr., Xantho-
lobus trilineatus Say, and Cyrtolobis vau. The aquatic Nepa and
Ranatra were represented by single specimens. My list, de-
termined also by Mr. Morrison, shows nine families represented
by 20 species and 53 specimens. Those represented by more than
four specimens are:

SALDIDE:

Salda pallipes Fabr. VII, 21:4—-5.
GERRIDE:

Gerris marginatus Say. VII, 13:9-9. —

Limnoporus rufoscutellatus Latr. VI, 13:5-6.
PENTATOMID#:

Cenus delius Say. VIII, 6:3-5.

Euschistus variolarius P. B. VI, 13:4-7.

A pateticus cynicus Say. VIII, 1:3-6.
A pateticus maculiventris Say. VI, 13:10-11.

The Diptera of the drift, are represented mainly by innumer-
able cast skins of Chironomide from the lake bottom, and the many
adult midges mixed with them are always in bad condition. Scat-
tering craneflies are always present—species of Tipula, Pachyrina
and Dicranomyia. Besides the flesh-flies of the drift that have
been so well treated by Herms (06) there are often numbers of
Anthomyiide (Chortophila, Coenosia, etc.), Borboride (Limosina),
etc., rarely in fit condition for specific determination.

Lepidoptera are represented during the course of the season

~

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 135

by nearly all the free-ranging butterflies, and by many strong-
flying noctuids. Utetheisa bella was not uncommon in the drift-
line on Aug. 23rd. -

Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera I did not save for determina-
tion owing to their dilapidated condition. The former group is well
represented by Bombus, Apis and several Ichneumonids and a few
saw-flies.

The true Neuroptera are represented only by the delicate
lace-wings. As determined for me by Mr. Roger C. Smith, these
are.—

Chrysopa oculata Say. VI, 13:24-28.
Poe oe on ree ne ese
Ryotinabes Fitch oA.
: humuli Linn. 2.
Micromus posticus Walb. 1.

Of Trichoptera, the pupal skins of three species, all unde-
termined, appeared abundantly in both flotsam and drift, the dates
of maximum accumulations being Aug. Ist, 8th, 24th and 25th.
The one common adult of the drift-line was A grypina curvata Banks
—not‘‘Glossosoma sp.?”’ as reported in my first paper (1900) on
Banks’ determination. Neuronia concatenata Walk. once appeared,
a single specimen, and also an undetermined Leptocerus.

Of Odonata, there are always present a few large dragon-
flies, species of A*schna and Anax, and often there are smaller
ones, Sympetrum, Lestes, and Nehalennia.

The Orthoptera of my drift collection, numbered but seven
species. The three which numbered five or more specimens each
(as determined by Mr. H. H. Knight) were:— :

Teltigidea lateralis Say. VI, 13-148, of which but 34 were females.
Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeG. VIII, 23-24, of which one was a female.
Chortophaga viridifasciata DeG. VI, 13-5, all brown females,

The Ephemeridz are represented abundantly in both flotsam
and drift by innumerable cast nymphal skins, and by much fewer
adult specimens. I have seen acres of the water surface along shore
covered in scattered pétches with floating felted masses of the skins
of Ephemera simulans. On the 21st of July, 1906, there occurred
a peculiar drift, that was composed almost entirely of the wings
and other disintegrated fragments of adult Mayflies. It lay in
grayish, curving lines, so thin it might have been easily overlooked,
spread over the sand at the farthest reach of the gentle waves that

136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

were then rushing in. Though inconspicuous, innumerable May-
flies were represented; about half of them, Ephemera simulans
Walk. and the other half, three species of Heptagenia; H. pulchella
Walsh, H. interpunctata Say, and an undetermined species. These
were probably the remains of adults that had finished mating and
egg depcsition and had fallen, spent, upon the surface of the lake.

The insects one finds at the drift-line on any shore fall in three
principal categories:

1. Those present by accident; having fallen into the lake and
been swept up by the waves on to the beach. Here belong repre-
sentatives of practically all orders of insects, among which the
strong-flying and highly specialized members of the dominant
orders do most abound. It is these that have chiefly been noticed
hitherto. The lists that have been published by myself, by Miss
Snow (1902) and. by Dr. Schwarz show good general agreement.

2. Those that dwell in the lake, and that, on transformation,
leave their exuvie floating on the surface. Here belong mainly
three groups of aquatic herbivores: Mayflies, midges and caddis-
flies. It is chiefly the cast skins of these, less often the insects
themselves, that one finds floating in the flotsam or cast upon the
sand. More careful collecting and study of these would doubtless
yield data of great value concerning the times and seasons and
relative numbers of the insect population of our lakes.

3. Those that live as scavengers upon the carcases of the
drift-line. Here belong especially many beetles of the families
Staphylinide,Histeride, Scarabaeidae and Carabide together with
a number of flies that have flesh-eating larve.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1861. Hagen, H.A. Insectenziige. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 22, pp. 173-
183.

1906 Herms, W. B. An ecological and experimental study of
Sarcophagide with relation to lake-beach debris. Jour.
Exp. Zool., 4, pp. 45-83.

1894 Hancock, J.L. Unusual flights of the grouse-locust. Amer.

Nat., 28, pp. 483-487, 1 pl. '

1900 Needham, J.G. Insect drift on the shore of Lake Michigan.

Occ. Mem. Chicago Entom. Soc., 1, pp. 1-8.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 137

1904 Needham, J. G. Beetle drift on Lake Michigan. Can.
Ent., 36, pp. 294-296.

1878 - Riley, C. V. - Migratory butterflies. Sci. Amer., 38, p. 215.

1890) Schwarz, E. A. Notes on the comparative vitality of insects
incold water. Proc. Entom. Soc. Wash., 1, pp. 208—
215:

1902 Snow, Letitia M. The microcosm of the drift-line. Amer.
Nat., 36, pp. 855-864.

ON SOME NEW OR NOTEWORTHY COLEOPTERA
FROM THE WEST COAST OF FLORIDA.

BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA.

Among the Coleoptera taken in the vicinity of Dunedin,
Florida, during the past two years are several species which are
evidently undescribed, and some others worthy of note on account
of their rarity or known distribution. I therefore present the fol-
lowing notes and descriptions relative to them. It may be added
that Dunedin is located on Clearwater Bay, three miles north of
Clearwater, the county seat of Pinellas County, and 27 miles north-
west of Tampa. The bay is formed by a number of keys or islands
which parallel the coast of Pinellas Peninsula, about two miles
from the mainland. One of these, Hog Island, about five miles
long and one-half mile wide, has its southern end opposite the town
of Dunedin. Its surface is of sand, somewhat thickly clothed with
the characteristic sand-loving vegetation of the west coast keys.
On the mainland east of the town, which is situated in a noted
citrus-growing district, are numerous small lakes or ponds, some of
which become almost extinct during the dry or winter season.
Along the margins of these ponds and in and about the wet ham-
mocks, which are densely grown up with deciduous trees and under-
brush, most of the species noted have been taken. My collecting
has been done between Oct. 20 and April 15, though a few species
are included which were taken in summer and sent to me.

Scarites californicus Lec.—I regard this as a valid species.
It can be separated at a glance from subterraneus Fab., of which it
has been placed as a variety by Leng and other recent writers. It

is strictly maritime, occurring only beneath seaweed or half-buried
April, 1917

138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

logs, rarely on the beach of the bay, more frequently on that of the
Gulf, where 12 speciniens were taken in several hours’ search on
March 25, beneath thick masses of seaweed along Hog Island.
Since californicus has never been recorded as mating or even as-
sociating with subterraneus, and since the latter is an inland form
occurring usually in or about the margins of cultivated grounds,
the two, in my opinion, are distinct and separate species.

Tetragonoderus fasciatus Hald—Among a number of
beetles taken by my son and his wife at electric light on the porch
of my residence at Dunedin, in June and July, 1915, was a single
one of this species. It is not included in Leng’s “List of the
Carabidae of Florida,’’* he merely stating that one had been taken
in Mobile County, Alabama, by Loding. It is frequent in sandy
places in Indiana, and Horn gives its range as Michigan and New
York to Louisiana and Lower California.

Lebia pulchella Dej.—Single specimens of this handsome
Carabid were taken beneath boards along the margins of ponds
on Jan. 16 and April 4. Schwarz has taken it at Ft. Capron and
Tampa, but it is rare wherever found.

Agonoderus indistinctus Dej.—Single specimens were taken
at Dunedin, March 28 and Sanford, March 24. Not included in
Leng’s list.

Haliplus punctatus Aube.—A single example of what I take
to be this species, judging from the translation given by RobertsT
of Aube’s original description, was taken Jan. 30 from a pond in
an old clay pit. It is not any one of the species described by
Matheson,** and so was sent to that gentleman for examination.
He pronounced it a new species, but as he and Roberts disagreed
as to what the H. punctatus of Aube really is, I place it under that
name provisionally.

Peltodytes oppositus Roberts.—Several specimens were
taken from ponds and ditches between Feb. 10 and April 2. This
and the preceding are the only two species of the family so far taken
in the vicinity of Dunedin.

Notomicrus nanulus Lec.—This minute Dytiscid was taken

*Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 1915, pp. 555-601.
tJourn. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXI, 1913, 95.
**T oc. cit., XX, 1912, 156-193.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139

from a pond east of Dunedin on Jan. 19 and Feb. 9, 1913, eight
specimens having been secured. It has net since been found though
especial search has been made for it. It occurs on the underside
of wholly immersed boards, and is only detected when it moves.
LeConte described it from Louisiana in 1863, from specimens
taken by Dr. Schaum, and it has not before been recorded from
Florida.
Philhydrus estriatus, sp. nov.—Broadly oblong-oval, feebly
convex. Above black, shining, the side margins of thorax and
elytra reddish-piceous; under surface dark piceous, the antenne,
palpi and ‘tarsi paler. Thorax and elytra very finely, rather closely
and evenly punctate, the elytra without trace of sutural striae,
each with two irregular rows of large punctures located along the
lines of the fifth and seventh stria, were the latter present. Under
surface finely and very densely punctate. Mesosternal crest low
with front edge strongly oblique. Length 6.5 mm.

Described from three specimens taken from ponds on Jan.
21 and March 23. Intermediate in‘ size between consors and
perplexus of LeConte, being smaller and much less convex than
consors and larger and more broadly ovate than perplexus. In both
those species the punctuation is much coarser, the sutural striz
very distinct and the coarser punctures of elytra in four rows.
From P. cinctus Say, which it resembles in colour, estriatus is
separated by its less convex form, absence of sutural striz and
oblique front edge of mesosternal crest.

Helocharis maculicollis Muls.——A female of this species,
taken Feb. 25, had a large mass of eggs attached to the under side
of the abdomen. They were very regularly placed in a double
layer, the median portion of 12 eggs consisting of two rows, each
made up of three eggs placed end to end. On each side of this
longitudinal median axis and arranged at right angles to it were
two rows, each composed of nine eggs placed side by side. There
were thus 36 eggs in the double layer each side of the median sup-
port, or 84 in the whole mass. I can find no previous record of the
egg-bearing habit of this species.

Arthmius gracilior Casey.—Taken in some numbers by sift-
ing vegetable mould in a low, wet thicket. Originally described ,
from Tampa, it was placed as a synonym of Batrisus globicollis

14) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Lec. by Henshaw, but Fall, in a recent letter, states that the sexual
characters are different and that it is probably distinct.

Exochomus marginipennis childreni Muls.—This variety
is common on oak throughout the winter, and mention is made of
it here only to record the taking of two specimens having the elytra
wholly pale, the usual subapical black spots being absent.

Hyperaspidius militaris Lec.—Schwarz records this species —
as ‘‘rare on oak shrubs.’ About Dunedin it is swept in numbers
in late autumn and early spring from a species of Helentum and
other low Composite, and has never been taken from oak.

Scymnus oculatus, sp. nov.—Oval, convex. Head, thorax,
legs and last ventral wholly pale yellow; under surface reddish
yellow, finely and densely punctate; elytra black with a large oval,
common reddish spot on median third. Upper surface rather
thickly clothed with very fine semi-prostrate whitish hairs. Thorax
almost smooth; elytra coarsely not closely punctate. Length 1 mm.

Described from a single specimen beaten from Myrica cerifera
L. on March 24. A small and uniquely coloured species belonging
to Horn’s Group B, i.e., having the metacoxal line running
parallel to the first ventral suture. Neither Horn nor Casey de-
scribe a form having a single common elytral pale spot, hence I
have little hesitation in adding a new member to this already
over-crowded genus.

Tritoma dissimilis, sp. nov.—Elongate-oval, feebly convex.
Black, legs, antenna and palpi reddish brown. Head and thorax
sometimes piceous, minutely alutaceous, finely and_ sparsely
punctate; sides of thorax straight from base to apex. Elytra
slightly wider at base than thorax, widest and most convex at
basal third, thence tapering to the rounded apex; strie with feebly
impressed rows of small, close-set punctures; intervals very minute-
ly and sparsely punctate. Under surface finely and sparsely punc-
tate. Length 4-4.5 mm.

Taken from beneath bark of dead oak; March 23, 24. Close
to T. angulata Say but larger, with distinctly longer and more
tapering elytra and straighter sides of thorax. ;

Tomarus hirtellus Schwarz. Frequent beneath piles of
chips and old leaves. “Not listed by Henshaw though it was de-
scribed in 1878.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 141

Dermestes elongatus Lec. A single specimen was taken
from beneath the carcass of a gopher turtle on March 8. LeConte
described it from Georgia as rare, and Schwarz records one speci-
men from Haulover, Florida.

Moneedus guttatus Lec. Taken in numbers Feb. 23—29, and
again December 13, by beating masses of a very slender milkweed,
Metastelma scoparium Nutt., near the border of a wet hammock.
Horn in 1882* characterized the genus Monedus, placing it in the
family Lathrididez, and described M. guttatus (crediting the species
in a footnote to Dr. LeConte) from ‘‘a single specimen taken by
H. G. Hubbard at Cedar Keys, Fla.’’**

In 1894 Sharp erected the family Adimeride for a supposed
new genus, Adimerus, of which he described three species from
Central America.t Arrow in 1909 statest that Adimerus Sharp
(1894) is a synonym of Monedus Horn (1882), and corrects Horn’s
mistake regarding the number of tarsal joints. He retained the
family name Adimeride and listed five species of Monedus. In
1913 Champion{{ accepted Arrow’s conclusions regarding the
synonymy of Adimerus and placed M. dubius Sharp as a synonym
of M. guttatus, but still retained the family name proposed by Sharp.

In conformity with Article 5 of the International Rules of
Zoological Nomenclature the family name Adimeride Sharp should
be abandoned, being based on a generic name which was a synonym,
and should be replaced by Monedide, with Monedus Horn as the
typical genus. The genus is represented in Guadeloupe and
Central America by several species which are said to occur under
bark. M. guttatus is represented in the U. S. National Museum
collection by three specimens from Florida, all taken by Hubbard
and Schwarz at Biscayne on May 10; also by specimens from
Tampico, Panama, Cuba, Guatemala and Monteserrat.?

*Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., X, 116, Pl. IV, fig. 10.

**Mr. H. S. Barber, in a recent letter, states that Mr. Schwarz ‘‘avers that
guttatus was not taken by either Hubbard or himself at Cedar Keys, but that
the type specimen came from Jupiter, Fla.”

TBiol. Cent. Amer., Col., vol. II, pt. 1, 441, Pl. XIV, figs. 3, 3a and 4.

tAnn. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV. 195.

ttTrans. Ent. Soc. London, 73.

1 Since this was intype Mr. Barber has called my attention to the fact
that Leng and Mutchler (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, p. 415) have used
the family name Monedide for four species of Monedus from Guadeloupe.

2 Auct. H. S. Barber, to whom I am also indebted for several of the citations
above given.

142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Tenebroides foveatus, sp. nov. Elongate-oblong, subde-
pressed. Black, feebly shining, antennz, palpi and tarsi piceous.
Head finely and rather sparsely punctate, vertex with a large,
rounded median fovea. Thorax subquadrate, slightly wider than
long, sides almost straight, feebly diverging from base to apex;
disc sparsely and finely punctured, hind angles almost rectangular.
Elytra at base not wider than apex of thorax, sides paralle' to
apical third, thence broadly rounded to apex; strize with rows of
unimpressed, medium sized, close-set, round punctures; intervals
flat, smooth. Under surface finely and sparsely punctate. Length
10 mm.

One specimen taken at light on porch of house, July 5. Its
large size, foveate head and flat, smooth intervals distinguish it
from our other described forms.

Lacon curtus Lec. Taken in small numbers on several oc-
casions from beneath logs half buried in dry sand. From three
to a dozen are usually found together. Originally described from
Georgia, it is not given in Schwarz’s ‘Coleoptera of Florida,”
though he lists L. rectangularis Say as common. I have not seen
the latter species in Florida, and Dr. Schwarz may have been mis-
taken in his identification. E

Elater discoideus Fab. A single specimen of this Ranldesnae
Elaterid was beaten from the bayberry, Myrica cerifera L. on Feb.
23. Its range is given as Canada to Georgia, and no previous
Florida record can be found.

Cebrio mandibularis Lec. Two specimens of this interest-
ing species were taken at light on June 15, as was also one of C.
bicolor Fab. The latter species is the only one listed by Schwarz,
though LeConte’s species was described from Florida in 1865.

Pyractomena lucifera angustata Lec. In 1851 LeConte
described* Pyractomena angustata from the ‘Southern States,”
and stated that: ‘‘The thorax is usually longer than wide; in one
specimen (probably distorted) the reverse is the case.’’ His species
was afterward, by himself and Henshaw, placed as a synonym of
P. lucifera Melsh. Among the specimens of Lampyrids taken at
Dunedin and Eustis, Fla., are three males having the thorax dis-
tinctly longer than wide and its sides perfectly straight and parallel

*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1851, 336.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 143

from the base to beyond the middle, then strongly oblique to the ob-
tusely angulate apex. In all specimens of lucifera at hand, from
Indiana and Florida, the thorax is fully or quite as wide as long, with
sides more or less curved or oblique from base to apex. The elytra of
the Dunedin and Eustis specimens are more distinctly granulate-
punctate, and the seventh ventral segments are narrower than in
the true lucifera. With the belief that these specimens represent
at least a distinct variety and that they are probably the same as
LeConte’s angustata, | have restored his name as above given.

Telephorus albolineatus, sp. nov. There has long been con-
fused with the Telephorus rectus of Melsheimer, a form which I
here separate and name as above. The body is distinctly narrower
and has the thorax narrower with sides more curved and apex more
rounded than in rectus. The black median stripe of the thorax is
narrower, with its sides less irregular than there. The elytra are
more coarsely, rugosely punctate, are clothed with coarser pubes-
cence and have the suture and side margins narrowly but wholly
pale. Legs black, the femora sometimes with basal third yellowish. -
Length 5-5.5 mm.

Common at Dunedin in March and April, where it occurs on
oak, bay and other foliage in wet hammocks. Sanford, March 27.
A very closely related, if not the same species, occurs in the tamarack
marshes of northern Indiana. LeConte had this species before him
when hewrote his second paperon Lampyride, *and placed itas‘ var-
iety”’ B of rectus. | have not as yet taken the true rectus in Florida.

Disonycha abbreviata leptolineata, var. nov. During the
winter months there occurs in small numbers beneath boards and
chunks along the borders of lakes and ponds near Dunedin a form
of Disonycha, which is evidently an undescribed variety of D.
abbreviata Muls., if not a distinct species. It differs from northern
specimens of abbreviata in having the body a brighter red, the
antenne deep black, not piceous, and especially in having the black
lines of elytra very narrow, not over one-half the width of those of
abbreviata and more finely punctate than there. In size, form and
structure there appears no difference, hence it may for the present
be regarded as a southern colour variety of that species, though
Horn in his “ Halticini’’ says of abbreviata: ‘‘This is one of the least
variable of our vittate species.”

*Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. [X, 1881, 52.

144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
SOME EUGLOSSINE BEES.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO.

The Euglossines are perhaps the mcst brilliant of all bees,
and appropriately, many of them seem to visit the magnificent
orchids of the South American forests. I have recently had oc-
casion to study some previously unnamed Euglessinesin the U. S.
National Museum, and the results are presented herewith:

Eufriesia purpurata (Mocsary).

I have a male from F. Smith’s collection, labelled Euglossa
brulle: Lep., but it dees nct at all agree with the description of that
species, and isa Eufriesia, related to E. pulchra (Sm.). The locality
is S. Paulo, Brazil. It agrees well with E. purpurata (Mocs.),
and is referred to that species. Mr. Meade-Waldo, to whom I
wrote concerning the matter, replied that in the British Museum
they had four specimens under F. brullez, “all with dark heads and
thorax, and abdomens varying from reddish-bronze to almcst clear
green.’ He also objected to the reference to E. purpuraia, since
Mocsary’s figure (which I have not seen) represented it as having
the “head, thorax and abdomen totally reddish-bronze.’’ The de-
scription, however, as quoted by Friese, agrees with my specimen.
It is stated that the abdomen (excepting the first segment) is
‘“‘viridi- vel igneo-auratis,’’ as in the British Museum so-called
brullet. In my specimen it shines copper-red and golden-green in
different lights.

Euglossa subg. Glossura, n. subg.

Mouth-parts extremely elongated, extending far beyond apex
of abdomen; scutellum bigibbous. Type Euglossa piliventris
guerin. Also includes E. ignita Smith.

Euglossa piliventris Guérin.

Bartica, British Guiana, May 17. (U.S. N.M.) I have one
from Maroni.

Euglossa bicolor Ducke.

Near Para, Brazil (Miss H. B. Merrill, U. S. N. M.). The
sides of the thorax and he last three abdominal segments are green.

Euglossa mandibularis Friese, var. bernardina, n. var.

Male. Face and front golden-green, vertex blue-green:
mandibles with a minute, cream-coloured spot at base, and a larger

one on malar space; thorax and abdomen above shining greenish
April, 1917

a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 145
blue. As Friese notes, this has very nearly the general form of EF
piliventris, with bigibbous scutellum. The mesothorax is shining,
with minute punctures, not very dense on disc. The mouth-parts
do not reach to the end of the abdomen.. There is a minute, black
fleck in middle of scutellum. The labrum is broader than long,
the reverse being the case in £. piliventris; and the cream-coloured
band at lower sides of face extends broadly from orbits to labrum,
whereas in piliventris it forms an L-shaped mark.

Hab.—San Bernardino, Paraguay, Oct. 4. (K. Fiebrig; U.
S. N. M.) This is very distinct from all species I have seen, but
the specimen appears to represent a colour-variety or race of E.
mandibularis. _Friese’s description of mandibularis omits some of
the salient characters of our insect, so it is possibly a different
species, to be called Euglossa bernard ‘na.

Euglossa variabilis Friese.

Friese separated E. variabilis as a species very closely related
to the common E£. cordata L., but distinguished by the more shin-
ing, less densely punctured thoracic dorsum. He considered it to
be very variable, and named three varieties. Ducke, on reviewing
the subject, referred most of Friese’s variabilis back to cordata,
but separated one of the varieties as a species, E. azurea Ducke.
Since this appears to be Friese’s E. variabilis var. cyanea, it is
presumably to be called E. cyanea (Friese). So far as I am able to
judge, E. variabilis (excluding cyanea) is sufficiently distinct for
recognition, and it even seems probable that the varieties deserve
specific rank. There is certainly much individual variation in
colour, but series collected at the same time = place present a
recognizable facies.

Euglossa variabilis, var. mixta Fries

Females, collected by Aug. Busck in the region of the Panama
Canal, are labelled Tabernilla, July 21, and Cabima, May 21.
Another comes from Las Cascadas, collected by A. H. Jennings.
The abdomen is variably but always evidently suffused with copper-
red orcarmine. The insects are a little larger and more robust than
the next variety.

Euglossa variabilis, var. purpurea Friese.

Friese says the entire body is purple-red. The insects before

me are green, suffused with copper-red, but it seems probable that

146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Friese’s type was merely an extreme example of the same race.
The specimens seen are from Costa Rica, with the following data:
male, Sixola River (Wm. Schaus); female, Pozo Azul, June 5 (M.
A. Carriker).

Euglossa yariabilis, var. hemichlora n. var.

Female. Like the Costa Rica form just mentioned, but abdo-
men almost pure green, contrasting with the coppery thorax. The
small size (as compared with mixta) agrees.

Hab.—Paramba, Ecuador, April, from W. F. H. Rosenberg.
(U.S.N.M.) If we regard mixta and purpurea as species, hemi-
chlora is a colour-variety of purpurea; but if it turns out that Friese’s
extreme purpurea form is specifically distinct from the Costa Rica
insect, then E. hemichlora will be the name for the series represented
by the Costa Rica and Ecuador specimens before me.

Euglossa cyanura, n. sp.

Female.—Length about 10 mm.; like a small E. variabilis,
but head and thorax brilliant emerald green, abdomen splendid
purple-blue, green at base and apex; black tuft or fleck on scutellum
very large, extending from apex three-quarters of distance to base;
ocelli much closer together than in variabilis, the posterior ones
separated by a distance only equal to the diameter of one; labrum
very short, the dark spots nearly circular; punctures of mesothorax
sparser than in the Costa Rica purpurea.

Hab.—Porto Bello, Panama, Feb. 24, 1911. (Aug. Busck;
U.S. N. M.)

7 Euglossa charapensis, n. sp.

Female.—Length about 12 mm.; like E. cordaia, but distinctly
larger and more robust; wings very brown; scutellum more densely
punctured, shorter in proportion to its width, less filled out at
sides posteriorly, and with the black tuft large and broad, extend-
ing as in E. cyanurd; apical part of abdomen with very strong
copper-red tints. The face is distinctly broader than in cordata.

Hab.—Rio Charape,.Peru, Sept. 17, 1911;,.(C. H. T. Towns-
end). This may possibly be Friese’s E. cordata var. aureiventris,
but Friese gives no particulars except that the abdomen. is shining
golden-red, so his insect presumably has the structure. of true E.
cordata. E. cordata extends right across South America; I have
it from Bahia on the east, and Ecuador on the west. ..... >,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 147

ON THE SYNONYMY OF DELPHAX MAIDIS ASHM.

Through the kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard and the courtesy
of the National Museum, Washington, D.C., I have been able to
examine a male cotype of Delphax maidis Ashm., and can now
state definitely that it is synonymous with Pundaluoya simplicia
Distant. Unfortunately I have not been able to examine a male
specimen from India, but Mr. Distant has stated that the
Hawaiian and Indian specimens are the same species. I have not
seen the type of Delphax psylloides Leth., but from the description
and figures I conclude that it is the same as D. maidis Ashm. It
is true that the figure shows no spur on the hind tibia, but this should
not over-ride the other characters or the fact that Lethierry placed
it in Delphacide. Green’s description of the habits confirm me in
this conclusion.

I have now examined specimens of this species from North
America, Hawaii, Fiji, Australia, Amboriva, Java, Philippines,
Formosa, Malay Peninsula and British India. It is also recorded
from Ceylon, Seychelle Islands, West Africa, Cuba, Nicaragua and
Brazil. Which of these places is the natural habitat I am unable
to say, for in the Malay Archipelago and the Philippines it lives
on native grasses as well as Zea mays.

I have not seen specimens of Pundaluoya ernesti (Kirk.), but
from the figure and description I am unable to place it in the same
genus with D. maidis Ashm. I recognize Kirkaldy’s genus Pere-
grinus as distinct from Liburnia, and therefore consider the follow-
ing as the correct synonymy:

Peregrinus maidis (Ashm.) Kirk.

Delphax maidis Ashmead, 1890. Psyche, p. 323.

Delphax psylloides Lethierry, 1894. Indian Museum Notes,
p. 105.

Dicranotropis maidis Van Duzee, 1897. Bull. Buffalo. Soc. Nat.
Sci., p.240; Van Dine, 1911, U.S. Dep. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 93, p.34.

Peregrinus maidis Kirkaldy, 1904. Entom., p. 175; 1906,
Haw. Sugar Planters’ Assn. Ent. Bull. I, p. 407; 1907, op. c. III,
p. 132; Van Duzee, 1907, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., p. 43.

Pundaluoya simplicia Distant, 1906. Faun. Brit. Ind. eae +
III, p. 468; 1916, op. c. VI, p. 134.

Honolulu, Dec. 1, 1916. F, MUIR.
April, 1917 :

148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

A NEW MARITIME ANTHOMYID (DIPTERA).
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON, BOSTON, MASS.

Phyllogaster robustus, sp. n.

o. Face silvery white, front brownish and occiput grayish
pollinose, antenne, ariste, palpi and proboscis black, arista pubes-
cent, thickened near the base. Thorax grayish with three con-
spicuous brownish lines when viewed from behind, all the bristles
prominent, dorso-centrals three, scutellum with two large apical
and one lateral bristle. Abdomen grayish, an interrupted blackish
median line and large blackish spots on the sides of the second and
third-segments near the posterior margins, hypopygium prominent,
the subanal, phylloid; appendages which extend posteriorly from
beneath the third ventral segment are broad and slightly con-
tracted near the middle. Legs black, only the extreme tips of the
femora and bases of the tibiae yellowish, halteres yellow. Wings
grayish hyaline, veins dark brown, squame white. Length 7 mm.

Q. Similar to o’, front slightly wider, about one and one-half
times as. wide as each eye. The blackish abdominal markings are
as conspicuous as in the male, the end of the ovipositor is grayish
and armed with two hook-like spines. Length 8 mm.

Holotype and allotype, Edgartown, Mass., June 29, 1910; two
paratypes, Chatham, Mass., June 30 and July 1, 1904; and two
paratypes, Buttonwoods, R.I., June 17, 1912, in the collection of the
Boston Society of Natural History. Paratypes from the above
localities are also in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, Academy of Natural Sciences,
U.S. National Museum, and the collections of Dr. J. M. Aldrich
and the author.

This is one of the most conspicuous of the group of Antho-
myids that frequents the grayish sandy beaches of our coast. Its
larger and more robust appearance, darker legs and more promin-
ent abdominal markings, readily distinguish it from Phyllogaster
cordyluroides Stein.

Dialyta flavitibia Johannsen.

This species, which has quite recently been described by Dr.
O. A. Johannsen, from the Adirondack Mts., N. Y. (Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., XLII, 394, 1916), is quite widely distributed. I have
collected it at Machias, Me., July 21; Brookline, July 7; Plymouth,
July 28, and Cheshire, Mass. Also at Danbury, Conn., June 15,
and Ricketts, North Mt., Pa., Sept. 1. I have received it from Win-
chendon, Mass., July 1 (A. P. Morse); Colebrook, Conn., July 20
(W.E. Britton), and Kearney, Ont., July 7, 1909 (M. C.Van Duzee).

Mailed April 7th, 1917.

CAN. ENT. VOL. XLIX. PLATE IX.

IDIOCERUS’ FITCHI VAN DD; EGG NYMPHS AND
ADU ESF (baa:

Gh Ganadliay Fatomologist,

VoL. XLIX. - =LONDON, MAY, 1917 No. 5

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY

NOTES ON THE BLACK APPLE LEAF-HOPPER.
(Idiocerus fitcht Van D.)

W. H. BRITTAIN AND L. G. SAUNDERS,* TRURO, N.S.

Originally described by Fitch from New York State, this in-
sect apparently occurs quite generally throughout the North-
eastern United States and Canada. It is very common throughout
the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia.

INJURIES.

Many farmers who have noticed this insect at work, have
considered it to be a pest of some importance. Most of the in-
juries that they have attributed to its agency, however, have been
brought about by other causes. Where numerous, the insects
swarm over the new growth and particularly about the blossom
clusters, where they may easily be observed feeding. Though
unquestionably some damage results from their work, it is apparent,
from a careful study of their feeding habits, that they are of little
importance as fruit pests. Numbers of the nymphs were placed
on apple seedlings, and their effect on the plants noted. There
was no noticeable curling or blotching of the leaves as a result-of -
even a relatively large number of nymphs on a small seedling.
The only effect that could be seen, was that occasionally a bead
of clear sap would be seen oozing through a punctured blossom
pedicel or leaf petiole. This might eventually result in the wither-
ing and dropping off of the affected part.’ It was evident, therefore,
that the damage done was not serious, and that the presence of the
- pest in the orchard, even in large numbers, did not justify the alarm
sometimes caused by its appearance.

DESCRIPTION OF LIFE STAGES.

Egg.—Length .065 to 0.737 mm. Width 0.167 to 0.187 mm.

Elongate, more or less cylindrical; widest near posterior extremity,

* Contributions from Entomological Division, Nova Scotia, Department
of Agriculture.

150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

which is rather broadly rounded; rather strongly curved near
apex on one side; apex sharply curved on this side, broadly rounded
on the oppcsite side; colour whitish; chorion smooth and shining.

Stage I.—Length 1.24 to 1.82 mm.; width of head including
eyes .52 to .56 mm. General colour shining black. Eyes dark
red. Head short and wide, broadly rounded before eyes. Thorax
with fine yellowish median longitudinal line. First abdominal
segment yellowish,with broad, dark brown band slightly procurved,
not reaching lateral, posterior or anterior margins. Second
segment sometimes yellowish, on posterior margin. Abdomen with
numerous long, stout hairs regularly placed. Legs shining brown-
ish black; coxe, trochanters and tarsi pale yellowish, excepting
tip of claws which are brownish black. Antenne pale yellowish,
basal segment darker, almost brown. Short, stout hairs on the
entire length of tibia, and a very few on the femora.

Stage IJ.—Length 1.48 to 1.75 mm.; width of head including
eyes .55 to .6 mm. Head and legs relatively smaller than in pre-
ceding instar. Distal third of fore tibiae yellowish. Tips of tarsi
and claws brownish Flack. Colouring in other respects similar
to stage I. Tibie very finely pubescent, with a few longer hairs
at tip; not clothed for the entire length as in former instar. Entire
surface of body and legs very finely granular, producing a less shin-
ing appearance.

Stage ITI.—Length 2.025 to 2.62 mm.; width of head includ-
ing eyes 1.05 to 1.112 mm. Colouring similar to first two instars,
excepting a continued modification of colouring on legs, the fore
tibia being brownish black on proximal half and yellowish on the
remainder, while the distal extremity of the middle tibia is yel-
lowish. Wing-pads apparent.

Stage [V.—Length 3.1-to 3.29 mm.; width of head including
eyes 1.25 mm. Form and colouring similar to other stages; wing-
pads prolonged, mesothoracic pair extending along sides of meta-
thorax for two-thirds their length.

Stage V.—Length 3.65 to 3.82 mm.; width of head including
eyes 1.47 to 1.55 mm. Body stouter than preceding stages,
lateral margins being almost parallel, slightly the widest at eyes;
prothorax a little narrower than head and longer; mesothorax
shorter than prothorax and metathorax still shorter. Wing-pads

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 151

reaching just beyond articulation of 4th and 5th abdominal seg-
ments. Abdomen tapering gradually to 7th segment, thence more
sharply to caudal extremity. Abdomen with usual arrangement
of short, stout hairs, regularly placed. Last abdominal segment
pale dusky yellow. Fore legs pale yellow, very slightly dusky on
proximal end of ttbiz and claws, others as in preceding instar.

Adult.—The following is the description given by Fitch (1)
for this species:

Chestnut-brown varied with white; elytra hyaline, with a
large, fuscous spot on the middle and another at the apex of the
outer margin, with an intervening white spot; a faint, white spot
towards the base of the sutural margin. Length 0.35 mm.

The more complete description of Osborne and Ball (6) is as
follows:

Chestnut-brown with narrow, light stripes on pronotum,
scutellum, and clavus. Length of female 5.75.mm.; male 5.25;
width 1.7 mm.

Face, in the female, chestnut with broad circles around the
large, black spots on vertex, and small crescents under the ocelli
light yellow; in the male, yellow with a chestnut stripe down the
middle and a darker one each side from the corner of the eye down
the gene outside the lore. Pronotum chestnut with a pair of
black spots on the anterior margin, the posterior margin and three
spots on the disc light yellow, scutellum with the margins and tip
light yellow. Elytra brownish, the nervures darker, a narrow,
light stripe on the outer margin of clavus, and a hyaline band cross-
ing the apex and broadening towards the costa where it sharply
interrupts the broad, dark margin.

Head scarcely wider than the short, convex pronotum, but
very deep. The outer anteapical cell short, triangular, the nervure
then curving away to the costa. Ultimate ventral segment of the
female with the posterior margin rounding, slightly emarginate in
the middle; male valve with the posterior margin acutely tri-
angular, the sides concave.

FOOD PLANTS.

Fitch (1) records this species as having been taken on thorn
bushes, and Osborne (7) reports it from the hawthorn and crab.

E52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

In Nova Scotia it is most common on pears and apples, swarming
over the trees in large numbers during the spring and early summer.

LIFE-HISTORY.

The emergence of the nymphs from the eggs commences several
days before the apple blossom petals open, and continues for some
time after they fall, a period, speaking generally, including the
latter part of May and the first part of June. The duration of the
nymphal stage is from 7 to 8 weeks.

Some days after emergence copulation takes place, and shortly
after this, the eggs are laid. Selecting a suitable place, most fre-
quently in the fruit spur, or a roughened surface on one of the
smaller twigs, the female makes a puncture with her beak. She
then draws herself forward and inserts her ovipositor in the spot,
remaining thus for several minutes. She then removes her ovi-
positor, rests for several minutes, and selecting another suitable
location, repeats the process.

There is only one brood a year, the winter being spent in the
egg stage.

REFERENCES.

1. Fitch, Asa, (1851). Jdiocerus maculipennis. 4th Ann. Rept.

of the State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 59. Reprinted

in 9th Rept. Inj. Ins. of N. Y. for 1892 (1893), p. 399.

Walker, Francis (1852). Bythoscopus maculipennis. List of

Homop. in Brit. Mus., IV, p. 1161.

3. Van Duzee, E. P., (1890). Idiocerus maculipennis. Psyche,
Vol. V, p. 388.

4. Osborne, H., (1892). Idiocerus maculipennis. Proc. la. Acad.
Sc.; Vol.t, pt. TH,. p. 12:

5. Van Duzee, E. P., (1894). Idiocerus maculipennis. Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXI, p. 262.

6. Osborne, H. & Ball, E. D., (1898). Jdiocerus maculipennis.
Review of the North American Species of Idiocerus. Proc.
Davenport Acad. Sc., Vol. VII, p. 127.

7. Osborne, H., 1898. Jdiocerus maculipennis. Rept. Ia. Agr.
College for 1898, p. 9.

8. Van Duzee, E. P., (1909). Jdiocerus fitchi. Can. Ent., Vol.

XLI, No. 11, p. 388.

to

en ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 153

92 -sBrittain,- W+ H., {1915).->Tdrocerus siicht. Proc; -N: 5:>-Ent.
Soc., p. 38-39.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
Idiocerus fitchi.—Fig. 1, egg; figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, first, second,
third, fourth and fifth stage nymph; fig. 7, adult.

THE INSECT COLLECTIONS.OF CANADA. « T.
THE COLLECTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.
BY C. J. S. BETHUNE, GUELPH.

When the Entomological Society of Ontario was organized
in April, 1863, one of the objects set forth in its constitution was
the formation of a general collection of insects. During the fol-
lowing year the records show that a cabinet of seven drawers was
presented by Professor Croft, the President, and nearly 1,700 speci-
mens were contributed by seven members. At another meeting
held during the same year over 600 specimens, belonging to various
orders were added to the collection. An excellent beginning was
thus made through the generosity and enthusiasm of the mem-
bers.

In December, 1869, the Society received a grant of $400 for
the year 1870, from the Board of Agriculture and Arts Association
of Ontario, on condition that it “furnished an Annual Report,
formed a cabinet of insects useful and prejudicial to agriculture
and horticulture, and continued the publication of the Canadian
Entomologist.’’ In fulfilment of these conditions the first of the
Society’s Annual Reports was published and a cabinet of insects,
arranged from an economic point of view, was prepared and placed
in the rooms of the Association in Toronto. What became of this
collection the writer has been unable to ascertain.

Being now possessed of an annual income, the Society made a
grant of $75 to the London Branch towards the purchase of a
cabinet. With this aid the Branch procured a large, black walnut
cabinet containing forty-five drawers and proceeded gradually to
fill it with an excellent collection. It now forms part of the So-
ciety’s property and occupies a place with the rest of our material

in the Museum of the Ontario Agricultural College. A cabinet
May, 1917

154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

of fifteen drawers, filled with specimens, was bequeathed to the
Society by its first Curator, the late Rev. James Hubbert.

In 1875 the attention of the Society was drawn to the de-
sirability of sending a collection of Canadian insects to the Cen-
tennial Exhibition to be held at Philadelphia during the follow-
ing year, and measures were taken to carry the project into effect.
Aided by a grant of $500 from the Commissioners appointed by
the Dominion Government, the work was entered upon with great
activity by the members resident in London. A specimen case of
the kind used at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam-
bridge, Mass., was procured from Dr. Hagen, and a large number
of similar style were constructed. A supply of sheet cork, of
double the ordinary thickness, for lining the cases was obtained
from England. All the members in London who had collections
generously placed them at the dispcsal of the Committee who had
charge of the work, and many others, resident in different parts of
Ontario and Quebec, liberally assisted in supplying specimens to
fill any requirements for the completion of the exhibit.

The work went on during many months, and in the spring of
1876 the collection was completed and sent to Philadelphia, where
it arrived without injury to a single specimen. It consisted of
eighty-six cases, forty-five of which were filled with Lepidoptera,
twenty-seven with Coleoptera, three with Hymenoptera, five with
Neuroptera (including the Odonata and some other orders), two
with Hemiptera, three with Diptera and one with Orthoptera.
When spread out in the Agricultural Hall they formed a double
row more than seventy-five feet long and presented a very attrac-
tive appearance.

In order to ensure correctness in naming, all doubtful speci-
mens were submitted to specialists as far as possible. Mr. A. R.
Grote, the leading authority on the Lepidoptera, twice visited
London, and on each occasion spent some days in carefully going
over the collection. The Coleoptera were largely named by Dr.
G. H. Horn, the Geometers were submitted to Dr. A. S. Packard,
and the Neuroptera were identified by Dr. Hagen. The value of
the collections for purposes of reference was thus immensely in-
creased. Years afterwards the Noctuids were inspected by Dr.
John B. Smith, and he could find but few instances of mis-identi-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 155

fication. The chief credit for the successful accomplishment of
this great task is due to the energy and enthusiasm of Dr. William
Saunders and Mr: E. Baynes Reed, two of the original members
of the Society.

In 1882 a portion of the collection, consisting of forty cases,
was sent to the International Fisheries Exhibition in London,
England, by request of the Dominion Minister of Marine and
Fisheries. It was also sent to the Dominion Exhibition in Ottawa.

In 1886, in compliance with the request of the Dominion
Government, and with the cordial approval of the Provincial
Government, the whole of the Society’s collection of Canadian
insects was sent to England to form part of the Indian and Colonial
Exhibition. The collection contained over ten thousand speci-
mens, representing the various orders. Two of the cases were
broken in transit, and a number of specimens of Lepidoptera were
damaged. After the return of the collection to London, Ontario,
it was decided that it should not again be sent away for exhibition
purposes, in order that any danger of injury or loss might be avoid-
ed. From these exhibitions the Society received-a number of
medals, gold, silver and bronze, and several diplomas.

In 1890 the Society purchased the collections of Mr. Johnston
Pettit, of Grimsby. These consisted of a cabinet of twenty small
drawers, containing a fairly representative collection of North
American Coleoptera determined for the most part by Dr. Horn
and other $pecialists, and, therefore, valuable for reference; there
was also a variety of specimens of exotic Lepidoptera and other
orders.

The most interesting and probably the most valuable of the
Society’s possessions from a scientific point of view is the D’Urban
collection of Lepidoptera. It consists of a single drawer (No.
16 in the large, walnut cabinet), containing 183 specimens of
moths, mostly Noctuids and Geometers. In one corner is pinned
the following note by Mr. E. Baynes Reed, dated London, Novem-
ber, 1871: ‘This collection of Canadian Moths was made by Mr.
William D’Urban, formerly a resident of Montreal, but now of
Exeter, Devon, England. They were taken to England by him
and sent to Mr. Francis Walker at the British Museum for identi-
fication. Many of the specimens are the identical types of Mr.

156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Walker’s catalogue. The labels are all in his handwriting. Mr.
D’Urban sent the collection to Mr. E. B. Reed who reset them,
taking care to preserve the identification. The collection has
thus twice crossed the Atlantic.”’

The re-setting was probably a change from the English
custom of pinning low to the use of long pins and to a much higher
position.

Dr. J. McDunnough, of Decatur, Ill., has recently inspected
the collection and has published a series of notes on a number of
the specimens in vol. III, No. 1, of the Barnes & McDunnough,
“Contributions, to the Natural History of the Lepidoptera of
North America.”

Mr. D’Urban published “A systematic list of Lepidoptera
collected in the vicinity of Montreal” in The Canadian Naturalist
and Geologist, vol. V, pp. 241-266, and in vol. VI, pp. 36-42 under
the title ““Addenda to the Natural History of the River Rouge”’
(Montreal, 1860-1861) descriptions of new species of Nocturnal
Lepidoptera, by Mr. Francis Walker of the British Museum, the
types of most of which are in this “‘D’Urban Collection.”

The remaining forty-four drawers of this cabinet contain a
variety of very beautiful and interesting specimens from various
parts of the world. Fifteen drawers are filled with gorgeous
butterflies and moths from India, China, Japan, Africa, South
America and the West Indies; six with beetles of wonderful shapes
and colours from India, Australia, Africa-and South America;
two with East Indian Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera;
one with tropical Arthropods (scorpions, centipedes, etc.) There
are also four drawers of English Lepidoptera and one of Diptera
sent by Mr. F. Walker of the British Museum. The remainder are
filled with North American specimens from the Southern and
Western States, Manitoba (collected by the late Mr. E. F. Heath),
some remarkable hybrids of Saturnian moths, silk and cocoons,
Insect Architecture, etc.

The most important collections belonging to the Society are
contained in one hundred drawers arranged in five double cabinets.
Twelve drawers are filled with Butterflies, six with Sphinges,
twelve with Bombycid moths, nineteen with Noctuids, six with
Geometers and seven with Micro-Lepidoptera. The remaining

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 157
thirty-eight are filled with Coleoptera. This is a purely Canadian
collection, almost entirely from Ontario. The specimens have in
nearly all cases been named by specialists when they were brought
together for the Philadelphia Exhibition, and are therefore most
valuable for reference and comparison; but unfortunately date
and locality labels were not thought of so much importance in
those days as they are now, and comparatively few are provided
with them.

A walnut cabinet of fifteen drawers contains North American
species of Hymenoptera (five drawers). Diptera (two), Neurop-
teroid insects (two), Odonata (three), Hemiptera (two) and one of
Orthoptera. These are for the most part collections made many
years ago, with very few recent additions. The Neuropteroid
specimens were named by the late Dr. Hagen, of Harvard Uni-
versity. The Society has a very meagre collection of insects out-
side of the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, contributions of speci-
mens of any other orders would, therefore, be most acceptable.

In addition to the foregoing, the Saciety possesses a large
number of book-boxes containing a great number of Coleoptera
from California, and many specimens of British and exotic Lepi-
doptera. All the collections are carefully gone over at least twice a
vear to guard against any injury from Anthrenus or other museum
pests.

A NEW SARCOPHAGA FROM NEW YORK.
BY R. R. PARKER, STATE COLLEGE, BOZEMAN, MONTANA.
Sarcophaga fulvipes dissidia, n. subsp.

1914. Sarcophaga fulvipes nigra* Parker, Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 38, 40, 41. Characters.
1916. Sarcophaga fulvipes var., Aldrich, Sarcophaga and Allies,
p. 184.
Holotype &.—Collection of C. W. Johnson, Boston, Mass.
o&) Posterior trochanter without ‘‘brush;’’ femur arched, its
anterior face without ventral row of bristles (only a single distal
bristle present); anterior and posterior faces of tibia each with a

* S. fulvipes dissidia was referred to in part ones S. fulvipes nigra, but
nigra has since been found to be preoccupied; therefore, the subspecies is des-
cribed under the name dissidia.

May, 1917

158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

very thick beard of very long, coarse hairs extending full length
of tibia; middle femur clothed beneath nearly to distal extremity
with long hair, posterior ventral row of bristles represented only
by a few short bristles on about distal fifth; tibia clothed beneath
on about its distal half with long, dense hair that anteriorly and
posteriorly becomes coarser and beard-like, submesotibial bristle
absent; vestiture of third ventral plate short and erect; genital
segments dull orange, vestiture of both equally long, first large
and without marginal bristles (possibly variable).

Fig. 7.—Sarcophaga fulvipes dissidia, n. subsp. A, Genital
segments of a’; B, fifth ventral plate of o&.

Head.—Viewed from side, parafrontals and gene with dark re-
flections. Breadth of front at narrowest part about three-fifths
eye width; cheek height approximately one-third that of eye.
Front prominent, sides of frontal vitta slightly converging back-
ward. Second antennal segment dark; third about twice length
of second; arista plumose on basal two-thirds. Back of head
somewhat convex, with three rows of black cilia behind eyes,
otherwise clothed with yellowish white hair that completely covers
the metacephalon. Cheeks clothed with black hair. Gena with
a single row of bristle-like hairs near lower eye orbit. Palpi dark.

Cheetotaxy.—Lateral verticals absent; vibrisse inserted just
above line of oral margin.

Thorax.—Mesonotum clothed with erect, almost bristle-like

~<—_

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 159
hair. Hairs covering anterior spiracle dark brown basaily becom-
ing lighter toward tips; those of anterior margin of posterior spiracle
dark brown; those of spiracular cover light yellowish brown with
yellowish tips. Epaulets dark..

Wings.~Bend of a fourth vein a right angle; anterior cross-
vein more basal than end of first longitudinal; costal spine vestigial ;
third vein bristly; section III of costa about one and one-fourth
times section V; alule fringed with hair; calypters whitish, margins
fringed with white hair.

Legs.—Dark; all tarsi distinctly shorter than their respective
tibia. Posterior trochanter without ‘‘brush;”’ femur cylindrical,
arched, clothed beneath with long hair that forms a beard posterior-:
ly; anterior face with but two rows of bristles, an upper and an
intermediate, latter not developed distally, of lower row a single
distal bristle present; posterior face without ventral row of bristles;
tibia curved, anterior and posterior faces each with a very thick
beard of very long, coarse hairs extending full length of tibia,
latter somewhat the stronger; fourth tarsal segment at least one-
half fifth. Middle femur clothed beneath nearly to distal ex-
tremity, especially posteriorly, with long hair; anterior ventral
row of short bristles complete, posterior row represented only by a
few short bristles on about distal fifth; tibia clothed beneath on
its distal half or slightly more with long, dense hair that becomes
coarser and beard-like anteriorly and posteriorly; submesotibial
bristle absent. Ventral surface of anterior coxa with an irregular
row of bristles at each side and anteriorly with others between
them; tibia with a beard-like line of short hairs distally on posterior
face (probably absent in small specimens).

Chetotaxy.—Anterior dorsocentrals slightly reclinate, not
weaker than anterior postsuturals; anterior acrostichal absent;
last two pairs posterior dorsocentrals strong, anterior to these
several pairs that are mostly very weak and scarcely distinguish-
able from vestiture of scutum; prescutellar acrostichals present;
scutellar apicals present; three sternopleurals, middle one weak;
lower sternopleura with a single row of bristles, otherwise clothed
with long hair.

Abdomen.—Somewhat conical; clothed above with short, re-
clinate bristles, beneath with somewhat longer, more erect hair.

160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

— —

Ventral plates as a whole, with their sides slightly converging
posteriorly though they may appear approximately parallel; vesti-
ture decreasing in length posteriorly, that of third very short and
erect. Posterior margin of fourth notum of same colour as genital
segments. Fifth ventral plate (v. p. 5) typical.

Chetotaxy.—Second segment without marginal bristles, third
with two; fourth with complete row ending ventrally in long hairs.

Genital Segments.—Prominent; dull orange; vestiture of both
equally long. First (9.1), large, in profile slightly arched, marginal
bristles absent; second (9 s.2), rotund, not flattened; anal area
small, its upper limit not extending to middle of posterior surface.
Forceps darkened, tip very strongly bent forward, in profile vesti-
ture extends to forward bend, prongs approximated to bend.

Genitalia.—Head of penis large and its structure complicated.
Tips of posterior claspers (a.c. and p.c.) bent forward, flattened
dorso-ventrally. Accessory plates hairy (a.c.).

(2) Not known.

Described from 1 male specimen.

Range.—Type specimen taken at Niagara Falls, N.Y.

Aside from the striking difference between this subspecies
and Sarcophaga fulvipes (Macquart), the point of greatest in-
terest is the extremely heavy beards of the hind tibia, which
are the most striking of any species known to the writer. The
hairiness of the middle tibia is also unusually long and abundant.
Considering the extreme -weaknes& of the middle sternopleural
bristle, probably specimens will be found with this lacking, in fact,
of the two specimens of S. fulvipes fulvipes examined, one has
two sterno-pleurals on each side, the second two one side, three
on the other. Comparatively, the posterior or lower calypter is
very large.

The single specimen described belongs to the collection of
C. W. Johnson, of Boston, as does one of the two specimens of
S. fulvipes fulvipes examined. ‘The latter were taken at St. Augus-
tine, Florida. The genitalia of both subspecies are identical in all
respects. The advisability of giving this specimen subspecific
ranking may perhaps be questioned, but it seemed to me wiser
to err in so doing than that such an extreme variation should be
lost sight of. It may be a case of melanism.

ne ny ee ee ee ee

oe ard

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 161

S. fulvipes fulvipes Macquart differs from the subspecies just
described in the following characters; sides of frontal vitta parallel
or slightly converging backward (should probably be same varia-
tion in dissidia); second antennal segment dull orange; palpi light
(dull orange); hairs covering anterior spiracle mostly grayish,
bases dark; those of anterior margin of posterior spiracle dark at
base only; those of spiracular cover yellowish, perhaps faintly
darkened basally; epaulets dull orange, brownish basally (Ravinza-
like); coxe, trochanters, femora and tibiz of all legs dull orange,
tarsi brown or brownish orange; anterior dorsocentrals not dif-
ferentiated except that one or two show anteriorly; anterior
postsutural dorsocentrals not differentiated; two or three sterno-
pleurals, middle one weak if three are present; first genital seg-
ment with or without marginal bristles, if present very slender
and hair-like, several each side of centre; forceps only darkened
distally. ;

The most striking of the differences above noted is the dull
orange colour of the second antennal segments, palpi, epaulets
and first four segments of the legs. Though all the anterior
dorsocentrals are differentiated in the subspecies dissidia, this may
be a variable character; the absence of marginal bristles on the
first genital segment may perhaps be variable. In the smaller
of the two specimens of fulvipes the bearded character of the middle
tibize is far less distinct, the anterior tibia lacks a beard-like line
of short hairs distally, the posterior beard of the hind tibia is much
stronger than the anterior, and the ventral surface of the anterior
coxa has an irregular row of bristles at each side only.

AN-INTERESTING CASE. OF INSTINET.
BY L. M. STOHR, ST. ALEXANDER’S COLLEGE, IRONSIDE, QUE.

While collecting last fall branches of Sumach which, on ac-
count of their great medullar development, often shelter different
kinds of aculeate Hymenoptera, I was fortunate enough to find
one that furnishes a striking example of instinct. The stalk re-
ferred to had been used as a dwelling by several Hymenoptera,
as might be seen from the old cells, whose location is still perfectly

noticeable. Later on a woodpecker, having remarked the presence
May, 1917

162

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

of the insects, helped itself to a meal at slight cost, pecking three
holes; one at 18, the other at 22.5 and the last at 30 cm.,below the
top of the branch. Notwithstanding the precarious condition of

at — Skat cue

Fig.8.—a Holes made
by woodpecker.

a’ Id. covered with
pieces of resin (b’).

b Pieces of resin
forming barricade.

1-6 Cells separated
by resin partitions.

the stalk, opened at not less than four points,
an insect thought it still serviceable and turned
it into a nest for its progeny—and it must be
owned, it did it well.

One cell had been built at the bottom of
the canal. A piece of resin formed the floor, a
transverse partition of the same substance the
ceiling. Up to the present time my observa-
tions of Hymenoptera making their nests in
pithy plants have not yet furnished me with
any instances of an Apoid using resin for the
construction of partition. A bee, however, it
was, since some yellow powder, which remained
in a cell, was proved by microscopic examina-
tion to be pollen dust. In Europe the Heriades
truncorum L. is said to use resin for the same
purpose.

After this first cell had been constructed,
the insect seemed to feel some misgivings con-
cerning the ultimate fate of its progeny, and left
unoccupied that section of the tunnel which ex-
tended as far as the lowest orifice bored by the
woodpecker. Here the wonderful instinct of
the bee reveals itself. It placed a first resin
stopper just below the level of this aperture, a
second one in the hole itself and a third above.
The stopper applied to the orifice closes it, but
imperfectly, and does not fill the whole tunnel
on the inside. But the two other pieces, above
and below, are quite cylindrical and close the
tube hermetically. All danger of intrusion from
below being thus removed, the bee constructed

five other cells above this barricade. Once more it did not make
use of the whole length of the tube between the two lateral openings,
but stopped its work 2.5 cm. below the second hole. A straight

Eis

= tHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 163

resin stopper, the last one, was applied just underneath this hole,
and all the rest of the canal, some 24 cm., was left unoccupied.
In the accompanying sketch only the section of the branch con-
taining the woodpecker’s holes has been represented. ,

We see here a case in which a Hymenoptera showed remark-
able discernment by filling up an accidental opening in the stalk
it had chosen as a home for its young, and which, if left open, would
have proved fatal for the further development of its progeny.
Moreover, the insect stopped its work in time to avoid a repetition
of the same labour. Indeed, it is not easy to explain how the
offspring—of moderate size as indicated by the length of the
cells—could have made their way through a barricade twelve
millimeters thick, like the one near the lowest orifice.

Must we now infer that the insect in question proved itself
to be endowed with reason and intelligence? The problem has
already been solved. Ferton* quotes a case in which an Odynerus
pasictum L. covered with clay a lateral fissure several centimeters
long. He mentions also two instances in which an Osmua ferru-
ginea Latr. stopped up in the same way holes in a shell of a Helix.
The Osmia cornuta Latr. in several cases repaired cracks in the
walls of its nest. Of six specimens of Heriades truncorum observed
by him, three filled up fissures with resin. |

The above mentioned author infers from these facts that
such actions are mere manifestaticns of instinct, and says in con-
clusion: ‘‘With Hymenoptera, acts of intelligence are exceptional;
often those which seem such are nothing else than its manifesta-
tions of a habit but seldom remarked.”

NEW COLEOPTERA.—VI.
BY H. C. FALL, PASADENA, CAL.

The preceding articles of this series have appeared at inter-
vals from Aug., 1905, to Feb., 1912—under the caption ‘New
Coleoptera, Chiefly From the Southwest.’’ For the present one
and any that may follow, the abbreviated title will be used, even
though the majority of new species described may still come from
the Southwest.

* Ferton: Sur |’ instinct des Hyménopteéres. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1901, pp.
142—144.
May, 1917

164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Lathrobium shermani, n. sp.

Form moderate; reddish brown, shining, pubescent. Antenne
rather stout, scarcely reaching the bases of the prothorax, outer
joints moniliform. Head as wide as long, a little wider behind,
the angles broadly rounded, surface rather sparsely punctate.
Eyes wanting, but in their place a small, nearly smooth, whitish

spot of about the size of the second antennal joint; beneath sparsely.

punctate, the gular sutures rather widely separated, most ap-
proximate at about the middle of their length, where they are dis-
tant by about the width of the penultimate joint of the maxillary
palpi. Neck one-half as wide as the prothorax, the latter oblong
oval, narrower than the head, longer than wide, just perceptibly
narrowed behind, the angles all rounded, the posterior ones a little
more broadly so, surface,finely rather sparsely,confusedly punctate,
with narrow, ill-defined, smoother median line. Elytra distinctly
shorter than the prothorax, humeri small, sides divergent, the
width at the apex equal to that of the prothorax, punctures with-
out serial arrangement, coarser than those of the prothorax,
mutually distant by their own diameters or a little more; wings
undoubtedly vestigial or wanting. Abdomen gradually a little
widened to the fifth segment, punctuation finer, not close. Legs
concolorous; front thighs stout, broadly angulate subapically be-
neath; front tarsi broadly dilated, hind tarsi three-fifths as long as
the tibiz, basal joint short, terminal joint longer than the two pre-
ceding. Length 6.8 mm.; width 1.15 mm. North Carolina,
Grandfather's Mt., 4,000—5,000 ft., September. (F. Sherman
collector.)

The unique type is a male, having the sixth ventral segment
broadly, rather deeply, arcuately emarginate, the segment bearing
about the middle of its length on either side of the median line a
short, transverse comb of closely placed, porrect, black spinules,
about eight in number.

This species is remarkable in being the first blind—or virtually
blind—Lathrobiid to be discovered in our fauna. In the European
fauna the members of the subgenus Glyptomerus are similarly de-
prived of normal eyes, but the characters of Glyptomerus, as given
by Casey in his Revision of the American Paderini do not well fit
our species. JL. sherman is perhaps nearest to A bletobium pallescens

ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 165

Casey, in which the eyes, though not lacking, are very small. The
species is with pleasure dedicated to its discoverer.
Tribalister striatellus, n. sp.

Rotundate oval, castaneous, moderately shining; above
minutely, sparsely, evenly punctulate; elytra 6-striate, the four
outer ones subentire, the two inner abbreviated at base; sutural
stria punctate,the others scarcely so except near the apex; margin of
elytra acute and continuous with that of the prothorax; discal
strie entirely without cariniform outer margins. Propygidium
coarsely, densely punctate, smoother narrowly along the base;
pygidium more finely, sparsely punctate, with intermixed still
finer punctures, the latter alone present at apex. Sides of body
beneath very coarsely, densely punctate. Otherwise in nearly all
respects as in 7. marginellus. Length 2 mm.; width 1.5 mm.

Rhode Island, Berkley; a single example taken by the writer
many years ago under a stone in early spring. It was then identi-
fied as probably 7. marginellus, by Mr. Frederick Blanchard, but
a recent comparison with the type of the latter inclines me to the
belief that it is specifically distinct. In marginellus the upper sur-
face is virtually impunctate except for the coarse punctures along
the elytral apex (which are also present in striatellus); the so-called
elytral striz, after the second, which is very finely impressed, are
really not strie at all, but costa, the stria being completely obsolete
and traceable only by the slightly different surface lustre along the
inner side of the costa; the sutural stria is impunctate, the pygidium
is less finely punctate, and the sides of the body beneath are less
coarsely and densely so. The region between the hind coxz, in-
volving the apical portion of the metasternum and the basal part
of the first ventral segment is broadly depressed—not at all so in
striatellus. The frontal stria is interrupted medially in marginellus,
finely impressed and entire in striatellus. Marginellus was described
in 1859, the type being from Maryland, and very few examples
have since been taken. Striatellus also appears to be excessively
rare, and I am not aware that a duplicate exists in collections.

HETERIUS.
Heteerius zelus, n. sp.

Oblong, feebly convex above, rufo-ferruginous with fulvous

pubescence. Head shining, vertex concave, sparsely punctate,

166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

front and clypeus subimpunctate. Prothorax two-fifths wider than
long, disk between the broad impunctate grooves much longer than
wide, feebly convex, uniformly rather finely, not closely punctate,
each puncture bearing a short, coarse hair; lateral area divided by
a deep, transverse sulcus at basal third, the posterior portion
globosely convex, rufo-piceous, glabrous, polished, with fringe of
hairs along its outer margin; anterior portion slightly narrower
than the pesterior, of the usual flattened or slightly concave form,
sides nearly parallel behind the oblique, apical truncature, surface
rather coarsely, closely punctate and pubescent, the hairs becoming
denser, longer and recurved along the posterior margin. Elytra
slightly wider than the prothorax, one-fifth wider than long, sides
feebly arcuate and just visibly converging posteriorly; subhumeral
stria two-thirds the length of the elytra, first dorsal nearly attaining
the apex, second dorsal three-fourths, and third dorsal two-thirds
the length of the elytra, a!l the striz externally finely cariniform,
punctuaticn fairly close, nearly uniform throughout, hairs short
and plumose basally, becoming longer and simple apically where
they are intermixed with still longer, sparse, recurved hairs which
occur also along the lateral margins. Prcopygidium and pygidium
sparsely uniformly punctured and setcse, the pygidium becoming
smooth at apex. Presternum nearly flet at summit, stria sinuate
between the cox, arcuately convergent but not meeting at apical

third, interstitial surface nearly smeccth pcsteriorly, becoming -

closely punctate in front, densely so at apex; sides of prothorax
beneath impunctate, numerously punctate in front of the coxe,
meso- and metesternum smeccth. Legs mederately long, the
femora and tibie sparsely, finely punctate, the latter flattened and
expanded as in the allied species. Length (type) 2.25 mm.; width
1.5 mm.; the size practically constant in all examples seen.

Taken at Pasadena, California, October to March, under
stones with Formica pilicornis. This species is similar to tristriatus
in a general way, but with elytral stria nearly as in morsus, judging
from the description of the latter. It is virtually of the same size
as tristriatus, pcssibly slightly smaller, and evidently narrower.
The cariniform margins of the first and third dorsal strize, which
in ¢ristriatus are densely squamcse throughout their lengths are
here not appreciably more densely clcthed except near the base
of the third stria.

—e"

——— a a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 167

Heterius strenuus, n. sp.

This name is proposed for a form similar in all general features
to tristriatus but larger and more densely punctate throughout.
In fristriatus the head, presternum posteriorly, legs and pygidium
are sparsely, finely punctate. In strenuus these parts are all rather
densely, more strongly punctate. Length 3 mm.; width 2 mm.
In tristriatus the length is 2.5 mm.

The type bears label—Santa Cruz Mts., California, April 17,
1900. It occurs with a black Formica with dark, rufo-piceous legs.
A second precisely similar specimen has been taken at Pasadena
by Mr. J. O. Martin—March 31, 1916—in whose collection it now
is. It, together with one or more examples of H. californicus
were found under the same stone in nest of what I believe to be
Formica pilicornis.

H. loripes Csy. The description recently published agrees so
perfectly in all respects except the punctuation of the head with
tristriatus, that it is difficult to believe it can be really distinct from
the latter, more especially since it comes from the region inhabited
by tristriatus.

H. exiguus Mann. I have a specimen of this species collected
by Dr. Fenyes, at Porvenir, New Mexico. As Mann’s specimens
were all taken at Pullman, Washington, I had supposed my New
Mexico specimen to be something new until I made careful com-
parison with a paratype of exiguus kindly given me by Mr. Mann.

H. minimus Fall. This little species—described from Colorado
—also occurs in New Mexico. It has been taken at ‘‘ Lower Pecos”’
by Dr. Fenyes.

SAPRINUS.
Saprinus carinifer, n. sp.

Broadly oval, black, legs dark rufous, upper surface minutely
alutaceous and dull throughout. Head finely rugulose. Pro-
thorax twice as wide as long, sides strongly convergent and nearly
straight to apical third; surface very sparsely, minutely, nearly
evenly punctate, the sides longitudinally rugulose in about the
lateral fourth, side margins fimbriate with very short hairs. Elytra
across the humeri one-fifth wider than the sutural length, punctu-
ation baso-medially similar to that of the prothorax, the punctures
becoming only slightly larger and closer toward the sides, but

168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

evidently though gradually so toward the apex, where they are
separated by about their own diameters; dorsal stria obsolete,
represented by fine carine, the sutural attaining the apex but be-
coming obsolete near the base; fourth dorsal reaching the apical
third, joining the obsolete sutural at base; third to first dorsals in-
creasing in length, the last named entire; oblique humeral obsolete,
internal subhumeral extending from base to apex, cariniform
throughout; external subhumeral short, impressed. Propygidium and
pygidium more coarsely and closely, nearly uniformly punctured.
Body beneath coarsely, closely punctate at sides, minutely and
sparsely so at middle. Prosternum very feebly convex at middle,
the striz horizontal, diverging a little before and behind the coxe,
broadly arcuately uniting behind the prosternal apex; interstrial
area with a few minute punctures. Anterior tibia quadridentate.
Length 3.5 mm.; width 2.8 mm.

California. Described from a single example taken by Mr.
G. H. Field in the mountains on the western border of the Colorado
Desert. This is one of the finest and mest distinct species in our
fauna. The posterior tibia are scarcely as wide as the middle
ones, but are hardly narrowed apically. This fact, together with
the nearly flat prosternum, indicates a position between Horn’s
first and second groups; it may, however, with about equal propriety
be included in Horn’s group IV. The rugulosity at the sides of the
thorax is not due to the increase in size or longitudinal confluence
of the punctures; the latter are scattered over and between the
rugulosities and remain about as minute and sparse as at the middle
of the disk.

Saprinus ciliatoides, n. sp.

Closely related to, and very like ciliatus, but on comparison
with type of the latter seems distinct by its larger size and generally
sparser, more minute punctuation. In the type the elytra are as
Horn describes them, “densely aciculate punctate at sides and
apex,’ the punctures well separated only in the baso-sutural region
and narrowly along the suture posteriorly. The punctures are
in general elongate, a tendency that is evident even where they are
sparsest. In the present species the punctures are everywhere nearly
round, very sparse and fine on the disk, and even where closest,
as at the sides and apex, they are rarely much closer together than

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 169

their own diameters. The form, colour, striae, prosternum, etc.,
are virtually as in ciliatus. Length 3.2 mm.; width 2.5 mm.
(Length of ciliaiws 2.5 mm.)

Nevada, Las Vegas. One specimen. I have seen another,
apparently the same, placed with the type of ciliatus in the Le Conte
collection; it was taken by Crotch near San Bernardino, California.

Saprinus martini, n. sp.

Moderately robust, brownish piceous with faint zeneous lustre,
integuments polished. Head densely punctate. Prothorax ciliate
at sides, densely punctate in front and at sides, becoming rapidly
but not abruptly smooth in the baso-medial region; the posterior
margin punctate. Elytra moderately, strongly and closely punctate
throughout, except between the sutural and fourth dorsal striz,
the smooth area rather well defined but not sharply limited behind,
the punctures extending further forward within the fourth stria
than along the suture. First and second dorsal striae attaining:
the apical third, third and fourth dorsals sub-equal and shorter,
sutural entire and joining the fourth dorsal; internal subhumeral
oblique, continuous with the humeral, parallel with and as long as
the first dorsal; external subhumeral short, distinct from the
marginal. Propygidium and pygidium densely but not confluently
punctate, the punctures becoming finer at the apex of the latter.
Prosternum rather strongly convex but not compressed, the striz
divergent and terminating in fovee, which are more remote than
usual from the prosternal apex. Margin of front tibia about 6-
denticulate, each denticle bearing a stout spinule. Length 2.4-3
mm.; width 1.8-2.2 mm.

California. Described from two examples taken by Mr. J. O.
Martin in Palm Canyon, on the western border. of the Colorado
Desert. This species is of the same form and general appearance
as the common fimbriatus; this latter, however, having the pro-
sternum compressed, belongs to a different group. Wartini, by
its prosternal character, belongs to Horn's group VI, and by the
ciliated margins of the prothorax is nearest ciliatus. In the latter
the punctuation of the elytra is more aciculate, the sacond dorsal
stria shorter than the third, and the prosternal fovee are less
distant from the apex.

Bactridium californicum, n. sp.
Similar in general appearance to striolatum, to which it is

170 ; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

most nearly allied by the characters used in Horn’s table.* Form
a little less robust than in sfriolatum; colour reddish brown, the
elytra more rufous, with a small, diffuse, darker scutellar spot and
the apical third, piceous; antenne and legs rufotestaceous; surface
distinctly reticulato-alutaceous, feebly shining. Head and _ pro-
thorax coarsely not closely punctate. Head a little narrower than
the prothorax, the latter quadrate with obtuse angles; sides straight,
just perceptibly convergent posteriorly, margin feebly crenulato-
denticulate, disk flattened medially. Elytra a little wider than
the prothorax, finely striate, the striz distinctly, rather closely
punctate. Pygidium and last ventral segment very coarsely,
closely punctate; segments 2—4 each with a single transverse series
of coarse, elongate, closely placed punctures; coxal lines of first
ventral distinct, nearly or quite attaining the posterior margin of
the segment. In the male the last ventral segment is shorter than
the three preceding united, the tip truncate. In the female the
last segment is fully as long as the preceding, oval at tip. Length
2-2.3 mm.; width .55-.65 mm.

Southern California, Ojai Valley, March, under bark of dead
sycamore. A good series of this species taken by the writer has
stood in his collection for more than twenty years without a name.
As compared with striolaium it is a little less robust with differently
coloured elytra, more distinctly alutaceous integuments, less
irregularly punctured prothorax, and elytral striae almost complete-
ly attaining the apex. In the single example of striolatum before
me the elytral stria are more abbreviated, with numerous irregu-
larly placed punctures at apex. As compared with striatum, the
only other species of this genus that enters California, the present
species is a little larger and stouter, with better defined elytral
striae and much more coarsely punctured under surface.

Sphindocis, new genus.

Closely allied to Orthocis in its elongate parallel, slightly de-
pressed form, subglabrous surface, pcsteriorly margined elytral
suture, and simple 2pex of the anterior tibia. The maxillary
palpi are stout, the last joint widely truncate, instead of pcinted as
in Orthocis, antennae 11-jointed, the basal joint stout, oval, 2nd
similar but smaller; 3rd as long as the 2nd but more slender,
about twice as long as wide; 4th to 8th gradually shorter, the 8th
- *Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XII, 1879, p. 265. :

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST leva

slightly transverse; 9th to 11th forming a loose club. Head and
clypeus simple in the male, in which sex there is a small setigerous
fovea near the base of the first ventral segment.

Sphindocis denticollis, n. sp.

Rufotestaceous, strongly shining, prothorax and elytra coarsely,
closely, uniformly punctate; nead similarly but not quite so coarsely
so. Prothorax one-third wider than long, sides parallel and broadly
arcuate, margins narrowly, abruptly reflexed and quadriden-
ticulate. Elytra scarcely wider than the prothorax, slightly more
than twice as long as wide, sides parallel to apical two-fifths, apex
evenly rounded. Beneath coarsely, closely punctate anteriorly,
abdomen except the basal segment finely and sparsely so. Length
3.75 mm.; width 1.25 mm.

California (Alameda Co.). A single male. If we exclude the
Rhipidandrine this is the largest Ciside known to me. In its
size and denticulate thorax it somewhat suggests Odontosphindus.
The surface, as in Orthocis, is not perfectly glabrous, each
puncture bearing a very minute hair.

SEASONAL IRREGULARITIES IN THE
OCCURRENCE OF DRAGONFLIES.
BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO.

The exact composition of the dragonfly fauna of a given
locality is subject to frequent change. The effects of erosion on
the beds of streams, the deposition of sediment and the accumu-
lation of organic debris in lakes and ponds are constantly produc-
ing gradual changes of environment which react on the Odonate
fauna, as on other groups of aquatic life, resulting in time in the
disappearance of many of the original resident species and the in-
vasion of new forms better adapted to the altered conditions.
The drying up of water-courses, due to the clearing of the forests,
the pollution of streams and the filling of ponds and swamps are
also causing the disappearance of many species from the affected
localitizs, while other species previously unknown in the district
find suitable breeding-places in newly created bodies of water,
such as result from damming streams, the construction of canals,
drainage ditches through swamps and along railways, gravel pits

and other excavations, etc.
May, 1917

172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

But apart from the changes due to alterations in their breed-
ing-places, additions to the local list of dragonflies in well-worked
localities are of frequent occurrence and are doubtless generally
due to the great powers of rapid and sustained flight possessed by
these insects, and the tendency of many species to wander far
afield from their place of emergence. This wandering tendency
in some species amounts to a true migratory instinct, and it has
been recently shown in a very interesting article by Howard J.
Shannon* that certain species such as Anax junius, Libellula pul-
chella and Tramea lacerata, together with other insects, notably
the Monarch Butterfly (Anosia plexippus), follow regular annual
migration routes which are clcsely similar to those of birds. I
have never witnessed such a migratory flight, although they have
been frequently reported, but it may be of some interest to record
some desultory observations I have made, which seem to indicate
that some of our Odonata habitually fly distances of many miles
during their ordinary foraging excursions, and that the occurrence
of large numbers of a particular species in a given locality does
not necessarily indicate that they were bred from water in that
vicinity. They also illustrate the point already referred to, viz.,
the frequent occurrence in a particular locality of stray individuals
of species not normally resident there.

These observations were made, for the most part, at De
Grassi Point, on the west shore of Cooke’s Bay, Lake Simcoe,
Ont., where I have been collecting and observing dragonflies dur-
ing a majority of the past 15 years, and they relate chiefly to the
species of shna, to which genus I gave special attention for several
years, while accumulating’ material for my monograph of the
group. This genus is, moreover, one that is of particular interest
in this connection, as the species are all large insects of powerful
and wide ranging flight, and are better represented than any other
genus of Odonata in the vicinity of De Grassi Point.

I have described elsewhere** the occurrence at De Grassi
Point during certain years, of vast numbers of Ashna canadensis
E. Walk. and A. constricta Say, and have noted that the swarms

* Insect migration-as related to those of birds. The Scientific Monthly,
vol. 3, No. 3, p. 227, Sept., 1916.

** The N. Am. Dragonflies of the genus Ashna, Univ. Toronto Studies,
Biol. Ser., No. 11, 1912.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 173

—

were observed during very warm, still weather. The past two
seasons (1915 and 1916) presented a remarkable contrast in weather
conditions, and an equally marked contrast in the numbers of
dragonflies in flight at the ““Point.’’ The season of 1915 was almost
continuously cold and wet and dragonflies were so scarce that it
was hardly worth while collecting them. The summer of 1916,
on the other hand, was unusually hot and dry, particularly during
the months of July and August, when 4‘shna is chiefly on the wing.
This season was remarkable for the abundance of several species of
dragonflies, notably Ashna canadensis, A. constricta, Leucorrhinia
intacta, Libellula pulchella and Sympetrum obtrusum.

Almost immediately after my arrival at the Point, on July
12, 1916, I noticed that A. canadensis was very plentiful among the
scattered trees along the edge of a dense wood and in a somewhat
open grove of pine and oak. The hot, dry weather, which was to
last nearly all summer had already commenced. On the 19th
the dragonflies were so numerous in some places that one could
scarcely take a step without flushing one or more from the trunks
and branches of the trees. I often saw two or three on a single
trunk, and once noted five on one dead branch.

Being curious to know whether the exuvie of this species
would be correspondingly abundant, I visited the nearest marsh
at the outlet of Wilson’s Creek, a sluggish stream about three-
quarters of a mile to the northwest, and another at the outlet of
Whitefish Creek about a mile and a half to the south. A pro-
longed search at both places yielded only five exuvie and one full-
grown nymph. Not a single adult was seen at either creek. [
had always supposed that these two creeks were the principal
breeding places of these species, as there are no others within several
miles, but my doubts were now aroused. The absence of adults
was expected ‘as they always leave their breeding places soon after
emergence, but the scarcity of nymphs and exuvie was significant.

On July 24 I left Lake Simcoe, returning on August 5. A.
canadensis was now quite scarce in the woods, but A. constricta
was beginning to appear and became daily more plentiful. By
about the 15th its numbers had so increased that it was even more
abundant than A. canadensis had been. Copulating pairs were
- frequently seen throughout August and in early September, steer-

174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ing their erratic course in the open or sometimes resting on low
branches.

On August 18 I witnessed the largest flight of AXshna I have
ever seen. They were first noticed about 5 p.m., flying a few feet
from the ground over the grassy spaces and roadway just behind
the cottages along the lake front. They were hawking after other
flying insects such as midges (Chironomid), which were very
abundant, and each dragonfly appeared to restrict its movements
to a more or less definite area. In certain spots they were so
abundant that there seemed to ke about one for every square
yard of ground surface. The day was hot but the sun somewhat
obscured by the smoke of distant forest fires. The insects flew
continuously, never being seen to rest. A number were captured,
all proving. to be constricta, males predominating. As the sun set
they rose higher and began to disperse, and at 7.10 p.m., though
still numerous, their numbers had greatly diminished and they
were flying at about 30 or 40 feet from the ground. At 7.15 p.m.
they had almost entirely disappeared.

On the same day earlier in the afternoon I visited Wilson’s
Creek to ascertain whether the swarms of A. canadensis, which
had left the woods, had migrated there for breeding purposes,
and also whether A. constricta or its exuvie were present. I
found the former species in considerable numbers but nothing was
seen of constricta. The numbers of canadensis, however, were
quite insignificant as compared with those seen about the woods
earlier in the season. :

From now on A. canadensis gradually diminished in numbers,
while constricta continued to be plentiful. throughout August and
in early September. A small number were seen at Wilson’s Creek
on Sept. 3, but they were flying high and apparently none were en-
gaged in oviposition. Their numbers now began to dwindle at
De Grassi Point, although there were still a few about the place
when I left on Sept. 23. As they evidently did not go to Wilson’s
Creek to oviposit, or at most in small numbers, I went on Sept.
13 to the wide marshes at the mouth of the Holland River, about
31% miles from the Point. It was too cool for dragonflies to be
flying in large numbers, but I saw a considerable number of A*shnas
on the wing and found several others resting in the marsh grass.

Yt

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST We

All I could identify were constricta, and I felt satisfied that they
would have appeared in much larger numbers had the weather
been favorable. - The Holland River is the principal source of
Lake Simcoe and winds for many miles through wide prairie-like
stretches of open marsh. I believe, therefore, that this river is
the chief breeding-place for both species of- A¢shna and that the
vast majority of individuals which spread over the countryside
during their foraging excursions, ultimately return there to ovipcsit.
I received reports of the occurrence of immense numbers of large
dragonflies, presumably Aéshnas, from the neighbourhood of Big
Bay Point, almost ten miles north of De Grassi Point, and I am
strongly of the opinion that these also came in large measure from
the Holland River. :

On the basis of this habit of wandering many miles from their
breeding-places an explanation may be offered of the prevalence
of these species of A°shna at De Grassi Pt. and other localities
during warm seasons, and their scarcity during cool seasons. Warm
weather induces activity in dragonflies and on hot, sunny days
#shna is frequently in almost ceaseless flight, while in cool, dull
weather it scarcely flies at all. Hence, in warm seasons they
spread to localities, more or less remote from their breeding-places,
which under other conditions they do not reach at all. It is thus
quite probable that the actual number of dragonflies which emerge
from their breeding-places is not appreciably affected by the
temperature of the surrounding air. It is also possible, however,
that their numbers after emergence may be more rapidly decimated
by their enemies in cool seasons than in warm, owing to their
relative inactivity under these conditions.

The nomadic habits of AX&shna may also be illustrated by the
following instances of occasional or sudden appearances at De Grassi
Point of species of this genus, other than canadensis and con-
stricta.

. On Sept. 9, 1916, I spent part of the afternoon at Wilson’s
Creek, watching the A‘shnas patrolling the marshy banks of the
stream near its mouth. I had supposed they were all canadensis,
but on capturing one I was surprised to find that it was A. eremita
Scudd, a common northern species, which I had never taken here
before. My next capture was also eremita, both being old males

176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

and one of them decidedly worn. The third specimen was
canadensis, as were apparently the majority, though I took very
few others.

On Sept. 19 I noticed A®shnas flying about the pastures
where A. constricta had been so abundant, and at first sight I took
them for this species, which was still abroad, though in declining
numbers. My suspicions were aroused, however, on seeing them
fly to rest upon the trunks and branches of trees, a habit not
characteristic of constricta, so | captured one and it proved to be
A. verticalis Say, a species which until then I had not seen that
season. Several others of both sexes were taken with only one
constricta among them, and during the few remaining days I spent
at the Point, i. e., until Sept. 23, verticalis was the only species
noticed about the pastures. All were old individuals, most of the
females having broken abdominal appendages. This species is of
rather regular occurrence at the Point but always appears late
and in fully mature,if not worn,condition, and I have never found
the nymph nor seen the adult in the vicinity of the marshes in
this locality. I believe, therefore, that it does not breed here to
any extent.

On Sept. 10, 1915, at about the same spot where verticalis
was seen in 1916, I took a male of A. tuberculifera E. Walks, a
rare species, never known before from this locality, although
regional. On July, 1, 1905, a single male of A. sitchensis Hagen
was captured by Mr. A. L. Walker, and on Sept. 2, 1906, I took a
female of A. subarctica E. Walk. Both of these are northern species,
the normal southern limits of whose range is far north of Lake
Simcoe. They have not been seen here since.

Two other species of A*shna are known from De Grassi Point,
A. clepsydra Say, of very rare occurrence, and A. umbrosa E.
Walk., which is a regular resident of the upper shadier parts of
the creeks, and is always common but never appears in swarms.

As regards the general Odonate fauna of De Grassi Point,
several points of interest may be noticed here. The ecological
conditions are not very varied, and the number of regular resident
species is consequently rather small. In all, fifty-three species
have been taken, all within an area of about a sauare mile; but of

-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Uy it

this number no less than 13 species were captured on one oc-
casion only. Ten of these are represented by single specimens
the other three by two each. Of two others (vide infra) nymphs
have been found but no adults.

The ten species represented by single specimens include, be-
sides the species of “Xshna already mentioned, Epieschna heros
Fab., o&, with a broken wing, found floating on the lake; Boyeria
vinosa Say, 9, found ovipositing; Didymops transversa Say, 2 ;
Erythemis simplicicollis Selys, 2°; Libellula luctuosa Drury, o&;
Sympetrum scoticum Donov., young o; and Hagenius brevistylus
Selys., exuvia. A specimen apparently of the last-named species
was also seen floating on the lake, from a sailboat. The three
other species are:—Tetragoneuria canis Maclachlan, 2 o's taken
within a few minutes of each other at Wilson’s Creek; Canagrion
resolutum Hag., a pair in copula from the same locality, and #shna
eremita Scudd., 2 os as already mentioned. Some of these
species evidently breed here occasionally or permanently in small
numbers, while others are doubtless strays from other localities.

The twe species as yet found only in the larval state are
Chromagrion conditum and Cordulegaster sp., both of which were
noticed for the first time in 1916. The nymphs of the former were
taken from the upper part of Whitefish Creek on Sept. 10. I have
never seen the adults in this vicinity but it is quite possible that
I have overlooked it, if restricted to this spot. As to Cordulegaster,
I have been searching for this elusive creature ever since my in-
terest in dragonflies began, but I have never yet seen a living
adult of any of the Eastern species that I can remember, though
fragments of a specimen of C. obliquius found in a box of remnants,
all apparently from De Grassi Pt., testify to my having once
taken a specimen of this genus here. Of its capture, however, I
have no recollection, and I had long given up hope of ever finding
another Cordulegaster of any species in this locality. Imagine
then my surprise and delight when on Sept. 11, 1916, while pulling
up the masses of water-cress from a small brook (the upper part
of Wilson’s Creek) I brought to light two full-grown nymphs of
the coveted genus. I continued the search and succeeded in get-
ting all I could carry home. Some of these are still alive, and I
hope to obtain adults from them during the coming season.

178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

That such a large, conspicuous insect as Cordulegaster could
have escaped my observation all these years, if it has been here
continuously, seems at first sight improbable, and yet in this case
I am inclined to believe, from the numbers of nymphs present in
the creek, that the species is a regular resident. The adults of
Cordulegaster are short-lived and their season of flight is probably
over soon after the usual time of my arrival at Lake Simcoe in
late June or early July, and my visits to their haunts, which have
not been frequent, have probably all been too late.

In conclusion we may summarize the following points, which
are suggested by the foregoing observations.—

1. Certain species of dragonflies are much more abundant
in certain localities during warm seasons than during cold seasons.

2. This abundance is probably not due to the emergence of
large numbers of individuals from their breeding-places, but to
the greater activity of flight in warm weather, whereby the insects
are dispersed to localities not visited in cooler seasons.

3. The Odonate fauna of a restricted locality contains a
large percentage of transient resident species and stragglers from
other localities, such species varying greatly from year to year.

THE NORTH-AMERICAN SPECIES OF HABROCYTUS
(CHALCID-FLTES).
BY A. A. GIRAULT, GLENNDALE, MD.

Generic Characters of Habrocytus.

The scutellum bears a more or less distinct cross-carina (or
indicated as such) before apex (except in medicaginis and borrowt).
The spiracular sulcus is present, foveate (exceptions noted). The
clypeus is finely striate. The genus differs from Pteromalus
mainly in mandibular structure but the abdomen is less flat, longer
(conical) and the neck of the propodeum not usually conspicuous,
but short and variable between the species. The propodeal
spiracles are long and elliptical (smaller in canadensis). The types
of all the species have been seen. The following table is based

on the females:
May, 1917

No

4‘

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 179

Antenne inserted somewhat below the middle of the face.

Parapsidal furrows not complete. Mandibles 3- and 4-
dentate.

Fore-wings with a large, smoky area under the whole of
the marginal vein. Propodeum with a large neck, tri-
carinate. Abdomen produced beneath, with a very short
petiole. Pedicel shorter than funicle 1, the latter twice

- longer than wide. Coxe and femora concolorous, the
middle tibia infuscated, the caudal so at base. Scutellum
without a cross-suture before apex (or an indicated one).
Oly meWs SmUiate eee SGA. Gene oes. Ee ius aoe borrowt, n. sp.

Fore wings hyaline.

Ovipesitor not extruded. Coxz above metallic, the legs
lemon yellow, the antenne yellow-brown. Clypeus sinu-
ate rather deeply at apex. Antenne inserted but a little
above the ventral ends of the eyes. Spiracles at the base
of a broad hollow, bounded by the lateral carina and a
carina laterad of the spiracle, no sulcus. Propodeum tri-
carinate. Pedicel and funicle 1

| BELG ey Se ET ee Re CR EN aes oneratt (Fitch).

Coxz concolorous, the femora brown or washed with metallic
or metallic. Scape yellow.

Clypeus distinctly concave or sinuate at distal margin.

Propodeum tricarinate and with a very short neck (irregu-
lar rugee between the carina). Funicle 1 somewhat over
twice longer than wide, twice the length of the pedicel,
6 a half longer than wide. Tibize white. Marginal vein
nearly twice the length of the stigmal. Femora usually
washed. Funicle and club

0) 6 Ves een ee rhodobeint Ashmead = (langurie Ashmead),
The same but the femora usually deep metallic, the tibiz
golden yellow, the funicle joints somewhat shorter, the
flagellum brown. .phycidis Ashmead ( = piercei Crawford).
The same as phycidis but the tibie brown, white at tip,
no median carina on propodeum, the fovee of spiracular
Sth CuSaninite <4) o, eee tae .cerealelle (Ashmead)

180

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
The same, but the femora and tibie reddish brown, the
tips of the last two pairs of tibia broadly white. Funicle
joints as in phycidis. Propodeum with a distinct neck.
Abdomen more like that of
PiZrOMmalUs echo wae ee rhodobeini rose, new var.

Clypeus sharply incised at meson so as to appear bidentate

there. Femora metallic. Flagellum black. Propodeum
without a neck, scaly, impunctate, tricarinate. Scutellum
without a faint cross-carina. Stigmal vein subequal to
the marginal.

Funicle 1 a little longer than pedicel, somewhat longer
than wide, 6 a little wider than long. Small

SWECIES Sotcice Hee aaa eee eee ene medicaginis Gahan.

Clypeus truncate or subtruncate. Femora barely metallic.

Tips of tibia white, the femora and tibia brown yellow;
strie of clypeus faint; antenne yellow, funicle 1 barely
longer than the pedicel, longer than wide, 6 wider than
long; stigmal vein somewhat shorter than marginal.
Otherwise as in rhodobeini, but small......... aulacis, n. sp.

The same, but a half larger, the tibia and tarsi lemon-

yellow, the flagellum black, the club yellowish, the spira-
cular sulcus absent, the median carina irregular.
Clypeal striz distinct.../...... Ate Seam eed arkansensis n. sp.

Coxee and femora concolorous, scape concolorous.

Clypeus rather deeply concaved or sinuate. Propodeum

tricarinate, the neck short. Pedicel and funicle 1 sub-
equal. Caudal tibia reddish brown, pale yellow at tip.
Spiracular sulcus short, complete, bifoveate. Spiracle
UTE aa ane ah Oe ce eee franciscanus nN. sp.

Ovipositor extruded for a fourth or more the length of the

abdomen.

Clypeus sinuate at distal margin, striate.
Coxe and femora concolorous, the scape yellowish brown.

Ovipositor extruded for a fourth the length of the abdo-
men.

i

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 181

Propodeum with a distinct neck, tricarinate. Funicle 1
twice longer than wide, much longer than the pedicel.
WWsual> weherwise/ec< hin So ee ane eee A dux n. sp.

Coxe alone concolorous, the legs white. Scape concolor-
ous except at base. Ovipositor three-fourths the length
of the abdomen.

The same as dux but slender (as in Belonura singularis
Ashm.), no spiracular sulci, the spiracle oval, small, the
lateral carina absent, no neck. Head subquadrate.
Funicle 1 thrice longer than wide............... canadensis n. sp.

Habrocytus rhodobeini rose Girault.

Two pairs, Brooklyn, N. Y., February 9, 1913, from rose
(A. S. Berquist). The Habrocytus rose Ashmead, in Annals Ent.
Soc. of America, VIII, 1915, p. 278.

Types.—Catalogue No. 20414, U.S. National Museum, one
male, two females on two tags.

Habrocytus medicaginis Gahan.

Several females reared in connection with Bruchophagus
funebris from red clover seeds, St. Paul, Minnesota (W. William-
son).

Habrocytus aulacis Girault.

Two females, Wooster, Ohio, reared in connection with an
Aulax gall.

Types.—Catalogue No. 20418, U. S. National Museum, two
females on tags, a head and a caudal leg on a slide. :

Habrocytus quinquecarinatus Girault.
This species has no spiracular sulcus. It differs from the
other species in being varicoloured.

Habrocytus franciscanus Girault.
Three females, San Francisco County, California, July.

Types.—Catalogue No. 20416, U. S. National Museum, the
females on tags, a head, the caudal legs and a fore wing on a slide.

.

182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Habrocytus borrowi Girault.
One female in the U. S. National Museum from Colorado.
Dedicated to George Borrow.

‘Type.—Catalogue No. 20417, U. S.. National Museum, the
specimen on a tag, the head, caudal legs and a fore wing on a slide.

Habrocytus arkansensis Girault.

Males, females reared in connection with Jsosoma, Garfield,
Arkansas (T. S. Wilson).

The males have the antenne entirely yellow, the legs (except
the cox), golden yellow.

Types.—Catalogue No. 20419, U.S. National Museum, three
females on tags, a head and caudal legs on a slide.

Habrocytus dux Girault.
One female, Canobie Lake, New Hampshire.

Type.—Catalogue No. 20441, U. S. National Museum,. the
female on a tag, the head and a caudal leg on a slide.

Habrocytus canadensis Girault.

Toronto, Canada (Wm. Brodie).

Type.—Catalogue No. 21071, U. S. National Museum, a tag
and a slide.

Habrocytus cerealelle (Ashmead).
Parasite of Sitotroga cerealella, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Types.—Catalogue No. 6115, U. S. National Museum, tags
and a slide.

Catolaccus anthonomi Ashmead has 3- and 4-dentate mandibles
but I am not sure how many ring-joints, apparently three (but
female type has lost antenne).

The species obscuripes has an obscure cross-carina on the
scutellum near apex, despite what I have said in the Annals of the
Entomological Society of America, IX, 1916, p. 292. It does not
belong here (tridentate mandibles). :

ee a ae

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 183

THREE NEW SPECIES OF JASSOIDEA FROM MISSOURI.
BY EDMUND H. GIBSON, U. S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

With the addition of the following new species the total number
of Jassoidea reported as occurring in Missouri* is brought to 155.

Tinobregmus moodii n.sp. Near pallidus Osb. but slightly
larger, with lore exceeding the middle of the clypeus and elytra
not extending to pygofer.

Vertex narrow, broadening anteriorly; front narrow, elongate;
clypeus elongate, at its widest point equaling width of front, only
slightly emarginate at apex; beak extending to hind coxe; cheeks
long, flaring; lore narrow, elongate, exceeding the middle of the
clypeus. Pronotum short, length less than half that of width,
posterior border slightly sinuate. Elytra ovate, not extending to
the pygofer; veins rather indistinct. Length of female 64% mm.
to tip of ovipositor; male 4°4 mm. long.

Colour, pale tawny yellow, vertex and pronotum of female
unmarked, tip of vertex of male irregularly marked with fuscous;
front and clypeus marked with a broad, longitudinal vitta on each
side which coalesce just before apex of clypeus. Pronotum bor-
dered laterally with fuscous; elytra subhyaline to opaque with a
heavy, black border at the apex. Dorsal side of abdomen irregu-
larly marked; pectoral pieces black; venter fuscous with whitish
border; ovipositor black.

Genitalia, last ventral segment of female distinctly sinuous,
Ovipositor extending beyond the pygofer; male plates long and
narrow with acute apex.

Described from one female and one male which are deposited
in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. Specimens were
taken in a sweeping from weeds growing on a high ridge of the
Ozark Mt. range, near Branson, Mo., August 22, 1916, by Mr. F.
M. Moody in whose honor the species is named.

*Note—Species of Jassoidea occurring in Missouri have been recorded as
follows:

Gibson, E. H. and Cogan E. S. A preliminary list of Jassoidea of Missouri
with notes on species. Ohio Jr. Sci., Vol. 16, No. 2, December, 1915.

Horsfall, J. H. Additions to the list of Missouri Jassoidea. Ohio Jr. Sci.,
Vol. 16, No. 8, June, 1916.

Gibson, E. H. Additions to the list of Missouri Jassoidea. Canadian
Entomologist, Vol. 49, No. 2, February, 1917.

May, 1917

184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Euscelis ozarcensis n. sp. Resembles arctostaphyli Ball but
can be distinguished by greater length of last abdominal segment
of female, the lateral angles of which are more produced, also by
having a much more simple colour pattern on vertex.

Vertex obtusely angulate, apex produced, length two-thirds
that of width and about two-thirds length of pronotum. Front
broad and only slightly convex. Clypeus parallel-margined,
hardly twice as long as broad. Elytra short and broad, apical
cells small, central anteapical cell only slightly constricted on inner
side. Length 3 mm.

Colour, decided brown, with anterior margin of vertex and
costal margin of elytra bright yellow. A transverse dark brown
or black band between anterior portion of eyes. Posterior margin
of vertex bordered with cream. Pronotum and elytra of same
intensity of colour. Scutellum light brown. Elytra nervures
prominent, very light brown to cream. Face marked with dark
cross-bars. Cheeks irregularly marked. Below dark; tibia pale,
pygofers blotched.

Genitalia, last ventral segment of female twice longer than
penultimate, lateral angles produced; two slight notches, one on
either side of ovipositor. Male plates triangular and twice the
length of valve.

Described from two females and two males collected by the
author in the Ozark Mts. near Branson, Mo., August 21, 1916,
and now deposited in the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

Typhlocyba modesta, n.sp. Near rose Linn., but differing in
female posterior segment being distinctly notched, and in larger
size. Face considerably longer than broad, clypeus less than one-
fourth the entire length of face, superior angle of face obtuse.
Length of pronotum hardly twice that of vertex. Scutellum large.
Last ventral segment of female produced and rather deeply notched.

Colour, light yellow to cream, vertex slightly tinged with deeper
vellow. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen concolorous. Elytra
hyaline with apex tinged with yellow. Eyes brown; tip of ovi-
positor and tarsal claws dark brown ‘to black. Length 334 mm.

Described from two females and one male collected by the
author at Charleston, Mo., during May and June, 1916, and which
are now deposited in the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

Mailed May Ist, 1917.

CAN. ENT., VOL. XLIX. PLATE X.

WORK OF APPLE LEAF MITES (P. 189).

G he Ganactiay Futomologist

Vora XL LONDONAIJUNE; 198% No. 6

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
Two APPLE LEAF MITES OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

BY W.-H. BRITTAIN, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST FOR NOVA SCOTIA.
THe “SILVER-LEAF’’ OR ‘‘Rusty-LEAF’’ MITE.
(Phyllocoptes schlectendalt NALEPA.)

During the summers of 1912 and 1913, which the writer spent
in British Columbia, he had an excellent opportunity for observ-
ing the work of the mite Phyllocoptes schlectendali Nalepa, this
species being extraordinarily abundant in the Okanagan Valley
and other parts of the Dry Belt.

It is most commonly found attacking the leaves of the apple,
and though it cannot often be considered a serious enemy of the
foliage, the result of its work is conspicuous and peculiar. The
presence of the mite makes itself apparent by a decided silvery
appearance of the leaves, which, in severe cases, is very pronounced
and can be detected from a considerable distance. This appearance
is due to the formation of an air space between the epiderm and
the palisade cells due to the punctures of the mites. A tree so
affected bears a striking resemblance to one attacked by the disease
Silver-Leaf, said to be caused by a fungus (Stereum purpureum
Pers.)

This is not the only case in which a silvery appearance is
brought about by the work of mites. On plums, bad infestations
of Red Spider (Tetranychus bimaculatus) produce a somewhat
similar appearance, though not so characteristic, and mites feed-
ing upon elm leaves have been observed to produce similar symp-
toms. It was first thought that all such trees were suffering from
Silver-Leaf, which is not surprising, since both these troubles are
very abundant in British Columbia and are often present on the
same tree. It was only, however, when trees that had been sprayed
with nicotine sulphate did not develop the disease that this diag-

186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

nosis was thrown in doubt and the true cause discovered. Though
this type of injury is very common in British Columbia and ap-
pears to have been noticed quite widely in the United States and
Canada, the amount of actual harm which the mites accomplish
in this way is questionable, and is probably of little importance
in most cases. Parrott (1 and 2) who appears to have been the
first to have recorded this species in America, says that this species
is very common on apple foliage in the United States, that it is
more common in the United States than on the continent, and
that it seems to have possibilities of developing to greater economic
importance. P. J. O'Gara (3) who records this mite from Southern
Oregon, noticed its work on the apple foliage, which, however,
he did not regard as serious. He states that the mite is chiefly
important as a pest of pears, the foliage, terminals of twigs and
even the fruit being injuriously affected. He describes the injured
foliage as presenting a peculiar russet appearance on the under-
side, and as being somewhat curled, as though with drought. The
terminal shoots and the fruit is also attacked, being russetted
and cracked as a result of the punctures ef the mite. With serious
attacks, the whole tree is said to have a brownish appearance,
giving the trouble the name ‘‘ Rusty Leaf,” by which it is known
in the Rogue River Valley, Oregon. We have never noticed such
severe attacks to the pear in British Columbia, but it would not
be surprising to find that such existed, so prevalent is the mite
throughout the fruit-growing sections. It would appear from the
foregoing that, though this pest is known to be prevalent through-
out the United States and Canada, it has never been regarded as
a serious enemy of apple foliage, and only locally as a serious pest
of pears.

Through the summer of 1912 numerous specimens of apple
twigs were sent to the office of the Provincial Entomologist at
Vernon, disfigured in a curious way by brownish incrustations on
the bark of one and two-year-old wood. These injured areas were
generally more or less circular in form, though sometimes of an
irregular shape. A crack usually separated the healthy from the
diseased wood, and the epidermis was frequently ruptured. This
injury appeared to be most pronounced on wood of the Northern
Spy, though other varieties suffered to some extent. A careful

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 187

examination of the incrustations revealed nothing of a parasitic
nature.

The next year similar injured twigs were submitted for ex-
amination in even greater quantity. In particular, a number of
nursery firms complained of heavy loss to their Northern Spy
stock from being rendered so unsightly as to be quite unmarket-
able. One firm, situated in the Okanagan, was compelled to de-
stroy a large quantity of Northern Spy stock, as a result of this
trouble. It appeared, on further examination of affected twigs,
that the year following the appearance of the trouble, the injured
areas frequently dropped out, thus rendering the injured tree
more unsightly than before. Further examination of the incrusta-
tions still revealed nothing, but so serious had the situation be-
come, that it was decided to follow the matter up carefully, in
order to determine definitely the cause of the trouble.

The writer left British Columbia in the fall of that year and
was unable to prosecute this matter further. However, Mr. J.
S. Dash (5), then working under the direction of the Inspector
of Fruit Pests, examined a number of injured twigs during the
month of October. He found them to contain hundreds of hiber-
nating mites, whose identity could not be ascertained with cer-
tainty at the time, since they were immature. At the request of
the writer, a number of affected nursery trees were sent to Truro,
kept over winter and planted out the following spring. In July
the silvery appearance, characteristic of the work of Phyllocoptes
schlectendahh, became apparent on the leaves, which, on examina-
tion, were found to be covered with mites belonging to this species.

It would appear from our observations that the mites, which
feed on the foliage during the summer months, make their way to
the twigs in the autumn where they enter an old egg blister of
the Rose Leaf-hopper (Empoa rose), a common apple pest through-
out the province, or of the Apple Leaf-hopper (Empoasca mali)
or through a lenticel, and there they develop their hibernating
incrustations, which render the affected trees so unsightly. As
an enemy of nursery trees and particularly of Northern Spys,
this mite is, therefore, of considerable importance, since stock
so disfigured is unmarketable. The actual harm done to such

188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

stock is slight and, as a pest of older trees, it cannot be considered
as being of a very serious nature.

Tue AppLeE LEAF MITE (Eriophyes malifolie).

Regarding this mite Parrott (2) says: “‘This is a vagabond
species and is found in association with Eriophyes pyri and Phylio-
coptes schlectendali, upon the under surface of apple leaves.”
From this it is apparent that he regards this mite as of secondary
and minor importance and not able, by itself, to inflict much in-
jury. While we have never seen any particularly destructive
outbreaks, it is possible that this mite may prove to be of greater
economic importance than is commonly supposed, at least under
conditions that exist in the Okanagan.

In view of the resemblance between the injuries produced
by the former species discussed and a fungous disease, it is an in-
teresting fact, that this mite causes symptoms strikingly like an-
other fungous trouble, viz., Apple Scab (Venturia pomi). The
mites work on the underside of the leaves, concealed by the pubes-
cence, and the first indication of their work is in the form of more
or less olive-green, circular spots on the upper surface, which
gradually darken until they become dark brown in colour. These
spots become slightly raised above the surface of the leaf, form-
ing a saucer-shaped hollow on the underside. These symptoms
are so suggestive of apple scab, that it is not surprising that they
have been mistaken for this trouble even by those familiar with
the disease... Not only were the leaves affected but the tender
shoots were also attacked, causing them to wither and become
brown and dead. This appearance is suggestive of the damage
done to pears by Phyllocoptes schleciendali, as described by O'Gara,
but was noticed where only Eriophyes malifoli@é was present.
This type of injury was very prevalent during the summer of
1913.

Unfortunately we were prevented from making observations
regarding the hibernating habits of this species, but we feel certain
that a careful study of-its life history and habits would reward
research. It is altogether possible that these two species discussed
in this article are responsible for much more damage than is com-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 189

monly attributed to them. In particular it seems well within the
range of possibility that they may be responsible for many of the
blotched apples and the disfiguration of other species of orchard
fruits that is so common throughout the fruit districts, since both
species have been found feeding in large numbers on fruit so
affected. Which of the species discussed here, if either, is re-
sponsible for such injury, can only be determined by experiment.

The problem of control should be a comparatively simple one,
since both species are readily destroyed by the summer sprays of
lime-sulphur, or by weak solutions of nicotine sulphate.

REFERENCES.

1. Parrott, P. J. Phyllocoptes schlectendali Nalepa. Science,
Uz S- 23° +73, (1906).

bo

Parrott, P. J. The Apple and Pear Mites. N. Y. Agr. Expt.
Sta.; Bil-283 27-32: (1906).

3. O’Gara, P. J. Economic Importance of the Mite Phyllocoptes
schlectendali Nalepa.. Science, N. S., 36 : 835-836 (1912).

4. Brittain, W. H. The “Rusty Leaf”? Mite and the “Apple
Scab” Mite. Proc. Ent. Soc. B. C., No. 4, N.S., :18 (1914.)

Daeoash, A. 52 vines. “Proc*-Ent:-s0c:<b. Cx INO: 4 oN 25>, 6
(1914).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Fig te Injury to apple twig by hibernating incrustations of

Phyllocoptes schlectendali.
Fig. Il. Appearance of injury the next season.
Fig. III. A,Leaf infested with Phyllocoptes; B, Uninjured leaf.

Fig. [1V. Leaves injured by Eriophyes malifoliz (Parrott).

190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

THE OCCURRENCE OF EUMERUS STRIGATUS FLN. IN
CANADA.

BY ARTHUR GIBSON, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.

In the Entomological Record for 1915! a record of this species
is included, namely: “‘Victoria, B. C., reared from narcissus bulbs,
April 7—9, 1910, CES A: Wallace).”” In the Record for 19162,
the occurrence of the species at Ottawa, Ont. (August, 19, 1904,
Fletcher) is mentioned. |Recently we received a specimen of
Eumerus strigatus from Montreal, Que., which was collected in a
greenhouse, on Feb. 5, 1917, by Mr. J. I. Beaulne. In Octotler,
1910, Dr. Hewitt, found the larve abundant in the greenhouse
of Mr. E. A. Wallace, Victoria, B. C.

This European insect which has been recorded as a pest of
onions, shallot, roots of Iris and bulbs of narcissus, hyacinth and
Amaryllis, has been referred to in economic literature as the
Bulb Moon-fly, the Lunate Onion Fly and the Small Narcissus
Bulb Fly. Felt® first recorded the species from America from
specimens reared in New York State from the roots of Iris, and
referred to the fact that Dr. F. H. Chittenden had informed him
that the fly was reared in the Bureau of Entomology at Wash-
ington, in 1906. The taking of a specimen at Ottawa in 1904,
however, by the late Dr. Fletcher, is evidently the first record of
the occurrence of the species in America.

Emerus strigatus is now widely distributed in North America,
having been found in the United States in the States of Califor-
nia, Texas, Connecticut and New York, and in Canada in the
provinces of Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia.

Theobald* has found as many as 17 larve of the species in
one bulb and states that “there is no doubt that these small nar-
cissus and other bulb flies are the cause of much loss, but are not,
it seems, so widely spread as Merodon; still the number one finds

146th Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario.
*47th Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario.
New York State Museum, 27th Report of the State Entomologist, 1911.

Report on Economic Zoology for year ending Sept. 30, 1911.
June, oe

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 191

in samples of bulbs purchased shows that it has to be dealt with
just as much as the larger maggot.”’

MacDougall®> describes the larva of Eumerus strigatus as
measuring “‘half an inch and over when full grown. It is greyish
yellow in colour and has a distinctly wrinkled appearance. The
mouth hooks are brown and the respiratory processes at the front
end are brownish-red. The rounded hind end is brown at the tip
and has a projection on each side with a process which ends in
the breathing pores between the projections.”

TWO NEW SAWEFLIES (HYMEN.).
BY E. P. FELT, ALBANY, N. Y.

The peculiar Xylids with the remarkably developed third
antennal segment, are comparatively rare and unusually interest-
ing. It, therefore, seems desirable to publish the description of a
recently discovered species in this group, and also one of a related
Pamphilid.

Pleroneura borealis, n. sp. The sawflies described herein
were collected at Lake Clear, N. Y., June 7, 1907, and in the key
given by Rohwer, would run to P. fulvicornis Roh., a larger Cali-
fornian species exhibiting some differences in colour from this
species.

Male—Length 4 mm. Anterior margin of clypeus broadly
rounded; narrow, deep furrows extend from the base of the
antenne and unite above the median ocellus, median fovee, forked
ventrally, extending to the base of the ocellus; terminal anterior
segment shorter than the preceding. Head and thorax opaque
with close, fine punctures; maxillary palpze large, probably 7-
jointed, the second segment distinctly shorter than the anterior
femora, the first joint about one-half as long as the second. Claws
with a minute tooth basally. Hypopygium roundly truncate,
first recurrent vein free from the first transverse cubital. Head
black. Thorax brownish black. Abdomen reddish brown. The
antenne, clypeus, labrum, tegule, the dorsum of the abdomen

‘Journal of the Board of Agriculture, London, October, 1913.
June, 1917.

192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

apically, the distal half of the venter of the abdomen and femora
rufous; tibiz and tarsi mostly yellowish; tibia and the distal
tarsal segments apically reddish brown.

Female.—Length 5.5 mm., to tip of ovipositor 7 mm. Similar
to the male and black, except as follows: Antenne dark brown,
the third segment almost blackish; clypeus, labrum, mandibles,
tegula, the apex of the abdomen dorsally, the posterior margins
of the basal segments and the distal third of the abdomen ventrally
(except the black ovipositor), femora and tibiz yellowish or ferru-
ginous; the tarsi reddish brown, the posterior darker.

Described‘ from two males and one female.

Acantholyda ferruginea, n. sp. The sawfly described below
differs so greatly from any accessible descriptions, that we have
been unable to refer it to known species. It was taken on the
summit of Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks, July 31, 1913.

Male.—Length 7 mm. Head brownish black, coarsely and
irregularly punctured and with anterior and posterior yellowish,
ovate, orbital spots; mandibles fulvous. Antennal segments 21,
the first black, with irregular, narrow, yellow annulations basally
and apically, the second yellowish brown or dark brown, yellowish
apically; third segment shorter than the fourth and fifth com-
bined, the others successively shorter; the third to ninth yellowish
brown, the distal segments mostly dark reddish brown. Thorax
and abdomen brownish black, the segments of the latter narrow-
ly margined with yellow, the markings on the three posterior seg-
ments angulate. Wings suffused with ferruginous, only two sub-
marginal cells, the second cross-vein wanting; venter, coxe and
femora brownish black the tibize and tarsi dark fulvous.

ERRATUM—PILrate IX.

We regret that the lettering for Plate IX, in our May issue,
illustrating Messrs. Brittain and Saunders’ article, ““Notes on.the
Black Apple Leaf-hopper,’’ was omitted. The figures are arranged
from top to bottom of page: Figs. 1-4 on left, Figs. 5-7 on right.
The magnifications are as follows; Fig. 1 (x 43), Figs. 2-4 (x 29),
Fig. 5 (x 23), Fig. 6 (x 19), Fig. 7 (x 17.5).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 193

‘TWO NEW APHID GENERA AND SOME NEW SPECIES.
BY C. P. GILLETTE, FORT COLLINS, COL.

In Canadian Entomologist, vol. XL, 1908, p. 67; and in Ento-
mological News, vol. XX, 1909, p. 119, the writer described
and figured a peculiar aphid from Carex under the specific name of
ballii and placed it in the genus Brachycolus, with a remark to the
effect that it did not seem to belong to any known genus.

The appearance of Mr. A. C. Baker’s paper, “Synopsis of
the Genus Saltusaphis,’ in the ‘January (1917) number of the
Canadian Entomologist, leads me to publish the characterization
of a new genus—Zhripsaphis—with balla Gill. as the type, as this
aphid seems to me generically distinct from Saltusaphis Theobald.
In giving his characterization of this genus, Theobald says:

** Head very large. . . Cornicles small, cup-shaped.
tCauda in. both forms bifid. . . Body hairs fan-shaped or
sickle-shaped,’’ and attention is specially called to the single
cross-vein in the hind wing and the jumping habit of the type
species, scirpus. None of these characters apply to ballii except
the venation of the hind wing, and that does not hold for other
very closely allied species. >

Thripsaphis, n. gen.

General form very long and slender; eyes without ocular
tubercles; antenne 6-jointed; anterior wings normal in venation,
but the first cross-vein in the hind wing weak, or absent in some
cases, and easily overlooked when present, if mounted in balsam;
cornicles represented by pores only; cauda strongly knobbed;
precaudal tergite entire ; anal plate strongly bi-lobed; gonapo-
physes .2; body hairs few and not blunt ended or in form of flabelle;
vertex prominent, and the oviparous females, so far as known,
have wax glands on the lateral ventral surfaces of the abdomen,
just caudad of the cornicle pores, from which are secreted wax

*African. Aphididae—Part II, in Bulletin of Entomological Research, Vol.
VI, pt. II, p. 188, 1915.

7I have examples of Saltusaphis scirpus from Theobald. It is evident that
he mistook the extended and strongly bi-lobed precaudal tergite for a bi-lobed
cauda. The cauda has a large and typical knob with a narrowly constricted
neck which was mistaken by Theobald for the anal plate. The anal plate is
bi-lobed also, as in the Colorado species, flabellus Gill.

June, 1917.

194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

threads that are used by them with which to cover their eggs.
Males, so far as known, apterous and very small.

When the alate form of ballit was described, the writer had
but a single example in balsam, which did not show the first cross-
vein of the hind wing and it was so described and figured, and is
probably one of the reasons why Mr. Baker includes this species
in Saltusaphis. Many alate examples of closely allied species
have since been taken which plainly show the first cross-vein,
even after being put in balsam, so I do not think the presence
or absence of this vein should be given generic importance in the
group to which balliz belongs.

While Callipterus flabellus Sanb. does not have the bifid pre-
caudal tergite that is so strong a character in the type of the genus
Saltusaphis, I believe Mr. Baker is right in placing it with that
genus, for it qualifies in all other important respects and does have
a large eighth tergite bearing tuberculate hairs as in scirpus Theo-
bald.

Thripsaphis ballii Gill.

This species is separated rather easily separated from, at
least, three other Colorado forms that are congeneric with it,
by the short antenna, which, in the alate form, has about 7
small circular sensoria on the third joint, and in the apterous
form none, the absence of the first transverse vein in the hind
wing of the alate louse, the moderately produced vertex, the short
and broadly rounded eighth tergite and the stout femora of the
apterous viviparous form. See Plate XI, figures 5, 6, 7.

Thripsaphis verrucosa, n. sp.

In the original description of ballit the writer mistook for it
the egg-layer of what now proves to be a distinct but closely
allied form. See Canadian Entomologist, vol. XL, p. 67 (apterous
viviparous female), and plate III, figures 12 and 14. This form
must be segregated from ballii, and for it I suggest the specific
name verrucosa, because of the prominent projection on the vertex.
See also Plate XI, figure 4, accompanying this paper. The other
forms for the year have not been thoroughly worked out, so are
held for later descriptions.

Seat ENT., VOL. XLIX. PLATE XI.

THRIPSAPHIS
peers

alate

vivip. X120

apt. vivip. X120

apt?

X66 verrucosa

apt, X120

ac aes apt. x120

slate x 120

23 Z
foun ;O EP ) eta

NEW APHIDID& (P. 198).

196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Thripsaphis producta, n. sp.

Our collections indicate this as the most abundant species in
Colorado occurring upon Carex. With the generic characters
given above, only a brief characterization of this species seems
necessary. ;

Alate Viviparous Female.—General colour blackish, legs and
antenne black; length 2.00; wing 2.50 x .70; hind tibia, .60; an-
tenna, 1.15; segments of antenna in following proportions: III,
15; IV, 9; V, 8; VI, 7; spur, 4; sensoria on joint III, 9 to 11, rather
large and slightly transverse; venation of fore wing normal and
veins rather heavy; hind wing with first cross-vein weak or lack-
ing, usually quite plainly seen before clearing in balsam. See
figures 1, 2, 3.

Apterous Viviparous Female.—Colour (in balsam) dark
yellowish brown, darkest on lateral margins and back of cornicles;
legs black; antenne black to near base; vertex convex, being rather
strongly produced at the middle; length of body 2.10; width
.70 ; antenna .95; third segment with 2-3 small circular sensoria
near distal end; segments III, .30; IV,..18; V,..15; V1, 13; ‘spur
.O8 ; hind tibia .48; beak very short, but little surpassing the first
pair of coxe; femora not specially thickened for jumping; hairs
few, short, and simple; anal plate bi-lobed; 8th tergite produced
and rather sharply rounded posteriorly. Figures 2, 3.

Aspidaphis, n. gen.

Wing venation normal; antenne 5-jointed, less than one-half
as long as the body; antenna and body very free from hairs, no
lateral tubercules on prothorax or abdomen; cornicles weak, re-
cumbent, shorter than hind tarsus, without flange, somewhat
clavate, and with opening lateral, on the inner side, near the distal
end; eighth tergite of abdomen developed into a very large tri-
angular shield, which, in the type species, extends well beyond the
end of the cauda. Eyes not tuberculate.

The three specially diagnostic characters are: Antenna, 5-
jointed; cornicles without flange and with side opening, and the
large precaudal shield. See figures 10 to 23.

Aspidaphis polygoni, n. sp.

This aphid, combining some rather unusual structures, was

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 197

first taken by Mr. L. C. Bragg upon knot-grass or door-weed,
Polygonum sp., at Ft. Collins, Colo., in July, 1907, and we have
had it under observation each year since and throughout the
growing season.

Apparently, the different species of Polygonum are the sole
food plants of this species. It imitates the colour of the under-
‘side of the leaves and the stems of the plants upon which it feeds
so perfectly that it is seen with some difficulty, and it is sporadic
in its habits. The lice also have the habit of working beneath
the bracts at the bases of the leaves where they are out of sight.
The different stages may be described as follows:

A pterous Viviparous Female.—Colour green, with tips of the
antenne, the tarsi, distal ends of tibiz, and extreme tip of cornicles,
dusky to blackish; form of body long and tapering posteriorly to
the point of the pre-caudal shield; body, legs and antenne very
free from hairs; antenne upon slight tubercles, 5-jointed; joints
4 and 5 and spur sub-equal; joint 3 as long as 4 and 5 together,
total length about .40; legs short and stout; cornicles a little more
than one-half as long as the hind tarsi, placed at extreme lateral
margins of abdomen, weak, recumbent upon the abdomen, clavate,
rounded and without flange at the distal end, the opening being
on the inner side near the end; cauda long, slender and entirely
hidden from above by a triangular shield-like projection of the
pre-caudal tergite which extends beyond the end of the cauda;
lateral margins of prothorax and abdomen without spines. See
plate XI, figures 10 to 14.

Winged Viviparous Female.—General colour, pale yellowish
or greenish yellow, eyes blackish, head, mesothorax above and
below, metathorax above, antenne and tarsi dusky brown; wing
veins heavy and dusky brown to blackish; length 1.40; antenna
A0 to .50; wing 1.80; head rather broad and flat, the antenna
being widely separated and not upon distinct tubercles, 5-jointed;
medium ocellus prominent on the vertex; joints of the antenna:
III, .18; IV, .08, V, .07; spur, .08. Joint 3 has about 6 to 8 sen-
soria; joint IV, 1 near the distal end; joint VI, 1 large and 4 or 5
small ones; antennal segments free from hairs; prothorax rather
large and without lateral tubercles; cornicles, concolorous with the
abdomen, situated on extreme margins, weak and lying against

198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

the side of the abdomen and about one-half as long as the hind
tarsus; terminal segment of the abdomen, above, in the form of
a long, triangular plate with an acute upturned apex, beneath
which is the cauda, which is rather narrow and directed down-
ward; beak not attaining the second pair of coxe. See figures
15 to 20.

Oviparous» Female.—The oviparous female differs from the
viviparous form in being more robust, a little shorter and brownish
or slightly rusty in colour. The antennal joints and other charac-
ters are substantially as in the viviparous form. The hind tibize
are moderately swollen and have 20 or more circular sensoria on
their middle one-half. Figures 21—23.

The eggs are bright green in colour when deposited upon the
stems of the host plant, but soon turn shining black on exposure.
See figure 24.

While we have never found this louse abundant, we have
seldom had trouble to find examples when looked for at any time
during the growing season.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Thripsaphis producta. 1, antenna of alate viviparous female;
2, vertex and first three joints of antenna of same; 3, eighth tergite
of abdomen with cauda and anal plate beneath showing gonapo-
physes (a).

T. verrucosa. 4, vertex showing tubercle.

T. balla. 5, antenna of alate female; 6, vertes and antenna
of apterous female; 7, terminal segments of oviparous female
showing gonapophyses (a), and wax threads (b).

Saltusaphis scirpus. 8, showing terminal segments of abdo-
men of apterous female—(a) large bi-lobed 8th tergite, (b) bi-
lobed anal plate, (c) knobbed cauda. :

S. flabella. 9, eighth tergite, bi-lobed anal plate (dotted),
and cauda of apterous viviparous female.

Aspidaphis polyvoni. 10, apterous viviparous female (stem
mother?); 11, vertex and antenna of same; 12, cornicle of same;
13, cauda of same; 14, lateral view of 8th and 9th segments, (a)
8th tergite, (b) cauda, (c) anal plate, (d) genital plate of No. 10;
15, alate viviparous female; 16, antenna of same; 17, vertex of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 199

a aes ae eed

same; 18, cauda of same; 19, cornicle of same; 20, lateral view of
8th and 9th segments of same; 21, oviparous female; 22, antenna;
23, hind tibia and, 24, egg of No. 21. The enlargement is indi-
cated with each figure. Original, Miriam A. Palmer, Illustrator.

NEW NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (TIPULIDA, DIPTERA)
PART ELE

BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.

This paper is a continuation of the preceding articles under
the same title (Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 42-53, 1916; vol. 49, p. 22-31,
1917). The species here considered include a small number of
subapterous forms, these belonging to the genera Chionea, Lim-
nophila, and Tricyphona.

I am indebted to Mr. W. L. McAtee, Mr. R. C. Shannon,
Mr. C. W .Johnson and other gentlemen mentioned in the - paper.
I am especially indebted to Mr. L. O. Jackson for specimens herein
described. Unless stated otherwise, the types are in the collec-
tion of the author.

Subfamily Limnobiine. ~
Tribe Limnobiint.
Genus Limnobia Meigen.

Limnobia indigena jacksoni, subsp. n.

Male.—Length 7.4 mm.; wing 8.8 mm.

Female.—Length 7.1 mm.; wing 7.6—-8 mm.

Similar to typical indigena O. S. (Northeastern America),
differing as follows:

The medial prescutal stripes are continuous and well-defined
behind, the interspaces obscure, not bright yellow; pleura largely
dark brown, this including also the outer faces of the coxee. Wings
similar, the ground-colour more grayish, the brown clouds less
distinct and more extensive, pale grayish brown; these markings
include a broad, continuous seam along and slightly before the
cord and the apex of the wing; basal deflection of vein Cu: close
to the fork of MM. Abdominal tergites with the cross-bands poorly

defined, the sternites suffused with brownish.
June, 1917.

200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Holotype, &, Geneva Park, Grant, Colorado, altitude 10,000
feet, July 16, 1916 (L. O. Jackson).

Allotopotype, 9, July 21, 1916.

Paratopotype, 2, altitude 9,500 feet, July 22, 1916.

This fly will probably be found to be a valid species. It
differs from indigena in the dusky brown body coloration, the gray
wings with a more extensive brown seam, the position of the basal
deflection of Ci, etc.

Tribe Eriopterint,
Genus Erioptera Meigen.

Erioptera (Empeda) cinereipleura, sp. n.

Male.—Length 4 mm.; wing 4.5 mm.

Similar to E. stigmatica O. S. (Northeastern America) but the
body-coloration clearer gray throughout. Antenne darker, brown,
the male with very long verticils.

Mesonotal prescutum gray, the pseudosutural foveze and the
tuberculate pits large and conspicuous, black, the latter closely
approximated, separated by a distance less than the diameter of
one. Pleura clear light gray, not reddish gray as in stigmatica.
Legs with the femora yellowish basally, soon passing into brown.
Wings grayish subhyaline, the stigma clear but distinct (fig. 6).

Abdominal tergites dark brown, contrasting with the yellow
hypopygium.

Holotype, &, Hall Valley, Colorado, August 11, 1915 (E. J.
Oslar).

Erioptera (Empeda) noctivagans, sp. n.

Wings pale dusky with an indistinct brown seam along the
cord.

Male.—- Length 3.2 mm.; wing 4.7 mm.

Female.—Length 3.8-4.1 mm.; wing 5.6-5.8 mm.

Male.—Rostrum and palpi black. Antenne black, the second
and third antennal segments enlarged, the flagellum without ex-—
ceedingly elongated verticils as in stigmatica, cinereipleura, etc.
Head dark gray.

Thorax grayish brown, the humeral portions bright yellow;
prescutum before the pseudosutural fovee slightly brightened.
Pleura and sternum dark coloured with a sparse, gray pruinosity;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST - 201
pleural membranes yellowish brown. Halteres yellow. Legs
with the coxe and-trochanters yellowish, remainder of the legs
brown. Wings dusky gray, the stigma distinct; an indistinct,
brown seam along the cord; veins dark brown. Venation as in
fig. 5.

Abdomen light brown with a_ broad, blackish, sublateral
stripe on either side of the tergites; hypopygium small, brownish
yellow; sternites brown.

Female.—Slightly larger than the male, the basal segments
of the antenne not so enlarged; flagellar segments oval, those
toward the tip more attenuated; humeral portions of the thorax
whitish yellow; abdominal tergites with the sublateral stripes
somewhat narrower; tergal valves of the ovipositor pointed at
their apices.

Holotype, &, Maywood, Alexandria Co., Virginia, October 19,
1915, (W. L. McAtee); at light.

Allotopotypes, 9 , October 15, 1915.

Paratopotypes, 2 2s, October 16-19, 1915.

Type in the collection of the United States Biological Survey.

A key to the nearctic species of the genus Erioptera (Empeda).
1. Cell 1st Me closed; body-coloration yellow...:.........0..0...0.cc00 2.

Cell 1st Mz open; body-coloration gray or brown.................... 3.

2. Basal deflection of Cui beneath the middle of cell /st Me;
vein Re oblique, diverging strongly from vein Rs (Eastern
RES eS) oan tse i tee ee Eee at nyctops Alex.

Basal deflection of Cui before the fork of M; vein Re not
oblique, running parallel with vein Rs (Western United

SSL AECS Vacs aw as Peete an es a es alicia Alex.

3. Wings gray with an indistinct, fon seam along the cord;
verticils of the male antenne not greatly elongated (Eastern
We CL eAdes tree yt ios 5 eee ts oe noctivagans, sp. N.

Wings subhyaline without a brown seam along the cord, only

the stigmal region slightly darkened, verticils of the male

antenne greatly elongated......... Pe ee SSeS, Vilas cot eae 4,
4. Body-coloration clear gray, including the thoracic pleura
(Rocks Nit RevIGh) 272s wean cineretpleura, sp. N.

Body-coloration reddish brown, the pleura reddish gray
(Northeastern United States) i 5..2s....c.cci.c08 stigmatica, O. S.

2, Oe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Chionea Dalman.

These interesting subapterous crane-flies have been the sub-
ject of much discussion during the past hundred years. They
were long supposed to be wingless but this is incorrect, the wings
being present although greatly reduced (see fig. 1, w). The legs
of the males of many species are strongly incrassated and hairy.
The evolution of the group from full-winged ancestors has been
indicated by the author in another paper (Proceedings Academy
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, p. 529, 530; 1916). The closest
known relative of Chionea I believe to be the full-winged Ptero-
chionea bradleyi Alexander (British Columbia), a fly that is interest-
ing and suggestive in many ways. Its structure may be compared
with that of C. primitiva, sp. n., when the relationships existing
will be better understood.

The antenne of Pterochionea, unlike the normal eriopterine
crane-flies, have undergone a reduction in the number of the
antennal segments, this reduction being brought about by a curious
fusion of the five basal segments of the flagellum (fig. 3), that
has been termed the fusion-segment. In Pterochionea this fusion-
segment is elongated and the five sets of verticils are well-preserved.
In Chionea, and, to a lesser extent,in Crypteria Bergroth, the fusion-
segment has shortened up into a conical structure that is scarcely
longer than the succeeding flagellar segment, and the five sets of
verticils are either lost or very reduced. Beyond the fusion-
segment in Pterochionea, Crypteria and C. primitiva, there are nine
flagellar segments, thus accounting for the sixteen segments of the
normal eriopterine organ. In order to determine, if possible,
how the further reduction in segments in C. valga, C. nivicola and
the other species had been brought about, Mr. C. W. Johnson
has very kindly examined the types and fresh metatypical speci-
mens of C. valga Harris in the collection of the Boston Society of
Natural Flistory. Under the date of March 11, 1917, he writes
in part: ‘Under the binocular and with a fresh specimen I seem
to see traces of segmentation in the three conspicuous joints of
the flagellum, with 12 verticils and bristles, showing, as you say,
nine. In the old specimens, including the type, I cannot make
out clearly the weaker segmentation, but the verticils seem to be
the same; all of the specimens have the three long bristles on the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 203

CAN. ENT., VOL. XLIX. PLATE XII.

NEW -NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (P. 211).

204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

terminal segment, one a little below the apex.’ The sketch sup-
plied by Mr. Johnson indicates that the first of the flagellar seg-
ments has two of these weak segments, the next two have three
each while the short terminal segment is not further divided,
these totalling up to the nine distinct segments in C. primitiva. It
will be seen from the figures (fig. 3) that the flagellar segments
in Pterochionea are all short-cylindrical; in C. primitiva (fig. 4)
the basal segments are short with short verticils, these segments
gradually becoming more attenuated and provided with longer
bristles, the last segment shorter with three terminal bristles.

The male hypopygia of Chionea and Pterochionea show a
peculiar, powerful type of genitalia, consisting of.a massive pleurite
and a single elongate pleural appendage (figs. 1, 2). In Crypteria
the appendages are small, two in number and quite normal. Thus
in the structure of the antennae, Chionea comes closest to Cryp-
teria, but in the hypopygium the condition is remarkably close to
Pterochionea. There can be little doubt but that these two genera,
with perhaps others yet to be discovered, are the direct ancestors
of our familiar snow-flies, Chionea. As stated in another paper,
this interpretation will place the group at the very end of the
eriopterine series.

Chionea primitiva, sp. n.

Size large; form stout; entire body hairy; head elongated;
antenne with nine flagellar segments beyond the fusion segment.
Male.—Length 5.8 mm.; diameter across thorax, 1.5 mm.

Mouth parts yellowish brown; palpi dark brown. Antenne
elongate, the scapal segments yellowish brown, the flagellum
darker; first segment of the scape a little broader basally, with a
group of long bristles on the outer face; second segment narrowed,
basally enlarged, darkened and provided with bristles beyond the
basal portion; fusion-segment of the flagellum conical, with short
verticils; it is shorter than the second segment of the scape but |
longer than the following segment of the flagellum; beyond the
fusion-segment are nine distinct segments, increasing in length
toward the tip of the organ, the verticils also increasing in length
from the base outward, those of the first four segments shorter
than the segments that bear them, the others very long, longer
than the segments that bear them; the terminal segment is smaller,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 205

enlarged apically and bearing at its tip three very long bristles.
The frontal prolongation of the head bears a group of about eight
stout bristles. The head behind the eye is large, elongated and
prominent, bearing many strong verticils. Head yellowish.

Thorax reddish yellow, the region of the mesonotal scutum
and scutellum with abundant strong black bristles. Halteres
prominent, light yellow. Legs with all the femora’ enlarged,
yellowish; tibiae yellow; tarsi black. Wings very small but evi-
dent (fig. 1, w) about as long as the third flagellar segment of the
antenne.

Abdomen stout, the tergites with their caudal portions pro-
vided with abundant long, black bristles; sternites with similar
but shorter hairs. Male hypopygium powerful, the pleurites
stout, the appendage enlarged basally and provided with an inner
basal tooth, in the angle of which is a tuft of stout, black hairs;
the appendage is shorter than the pleurite.

Holotype, %, Cascade, Owasco Lake, Cayuga Co., New York,
November 15, 1915 (Bishop and Crosby).

Chionea noveboracensis, sp. n.

Body-coloration dark brownish gray; ovipositor of the female
very elongated.

Female, somewhat shrunken, length about 3.5 mm.

Mouth parts and palpi brownish black. Antenne black, the
fusion-segment of the flagellum short; remainder of the flagellum
broken. Head very dark brown with a gray pruinosity and numer-
ous dark bristles.

Thorax brownish gray. Halteres elongate, brownish yellow.
Wings very small but evident, dusky gray. Legs with the coxe
prominent, dark brown; femora and tibiae brown, the tarsi dark
brown; femora not incrassated.

Abdomen very dark brown with a gray bloom, the tergites
with long, golden hairs on the caudal portion. Female ovipositor
exceedingly long and slender, the tergal valves much longer than
the sternal pair, slightly upcurved, narrowed and obtuse at their
tips. The tergal valves of the ovipositor are about as long as the
thorax. :

206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Holotype, 2, Coy Glen, Tompkins Co., New York, altitude
800 feet, Feb. 25, 1917 (R. C. Shannon).
The type is in the collection of the collector.

Chionea gracilis, sp. n.

Size small; form very long and slender; head round; femora
not swollen.

Male.—Length 3.9 mm.; diameter across the thorax, .6 mm.

Mouth parts and palpi yellowish. Antenne yellow, the
scapal segments long and slender, the flagellar fusion-segment
long and slender, conical. Head rounded, yellowish.

Thorax brownish yellow. Halteres yellow. Legs yellow,
the tarsi scarcely darkened.

Abdomen long and slender, about twice the length of the
combined head and thorax. Male hypopygium not conspicu-
ously enlarged, the pleurites slender, the appendage very long and
slender, curved, narrowed at the tip and nearly as long as the
pleurite.

The body and legs are provided with a sparse covering of
short, pale hairs.

Holotype, &, Ithaca, Tompkins Co., New York, December
21, 1914.

The description of C. scita Walker indicates a form that is
longer than C. valga Harris (aspera Walker) and having black
antenne. It seems probable that C. scita is the female of C.
valga, the females of Chionea having the legs more slender than
those of the male, and with the body more elongate and slender
(see Emerton’s figures, in Johnson’s paper, ‘“‘ The Snow-fly, Chionea
valga Harris,’’ Psyche, vol. 14, p. 43; 1907).

A key to the Eastern American species of the genus Chionea.

1s Dody-colora tion -OTay...., renee wee noveboracensis, sp. n.
Body-coloration reddish of yellowish-.\ !e. 2a eer ae 2.

2. Form long and slender; (length of the male less than 4 mm.;
diameter across the thorax about .6 mm.); all the legs
elongate, slender, not at all thickened............ gracilis, sp. n.
Form stouter; (length of the male over 4 mm.; diameter across

the thorax 1 mm. or over); at least the posterior legs of the

male -incrassated Fekaia cette Ae (RR oe 3.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 207

3. Antenne with 12 segments; all the femora of the male incrass-
ated; size larger, (iength of the male about 6 mm.; diam-
eter across the thorax 1.5 mm.)................. primitiva, sp. n.
Antenne with 7 segments; the hind femora of the male
conspicuously incrassated; size smaller (length of the male
about 5 mm.; diameter across the thorax about
UIT Aa ae eee ines ee Fuse SP i RON eee NOD Pea wes valga Harris

Tribe Limnophilint.
Genus Limnophila Macquart.

Limnophila subaptera, sp. n.

Subapterous; wing of the male longer than the halter.

Male.—Length about 12 mm.; wing 2.5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne dark brown, ap-
parently with only 15 segments; segments of the flagellum short-
oval with stout, black bristles and a sparse, white pubescence.
Head grayish with scattered yellowish bristles.

Thoracic dorsum grayish with three indistinct grayish brown
stripes, the lateral pair running back on to the scutum; sides of
the scutellum yellowish. Pleura gray, the dorso-pleural mem-
branes brownish yellow. Halteres brown, paler basally. Legs
long and slender; outer faces of the coxee grayish except the fore
coxze which are pale yellow; femora pale at the extreme base, the
remainder dark brown; tibiz brownish yellow, the apices darker
brown; tarsi brown. Wings subatrophied, long and _ narow,
longer than the halteres (fig. 8), pale basally, darker brown apically.

Abdomen long and slender, brownish gray, the segments
narrowly and indistinctly margined with paler; hypopygium with
golden-yellow hairs.

Holotype, #, South Fork of the Kaweah R., California, below
5,000 feet, July 25, 1915, (J. Chester Bradley).

Type in the collection of Cornell University.

Similar to L. aspidoptera Coquillett (New Mexico) and like
this species having apparently but 15 antennal segments, the re-
duction being brought about by the fusion or very close approxi-
mation of the last two segments; the three basal antennal segments
in aspidoptera are the more brightly coloured. The most obvious
difference is in the elongate wings of the present species, these

208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

being about one and one-half times the length of the halteres;
in aspidoptera (fig. 9) the wings are short and broad, and extend
to about two-thirds the length of the halteres.

Limnophila (Prionolabis) cressoni,sp. n.

Dark brown with the thoracic stripes indistinct; wings with
narrow, grayish brown seams to the cross-veins and deflections
of veins.

Male.—Length 8 mm.; wing 10.6 mm.

Female.—Length 10 mm.; wing 10.8 mm.

Rostrum short, dark brown; palpi dark brown. Antenne
short, dark brown; the flagellar segments very short, almost
rounded, with an abundant white pubescence. Head gray.

Thoracic dorsum dark brown with a sparse, yellowish gray
bloom, the prescutal stripes poorly defined. Pleura clearer gray,
the dorsal-pleural membranes brownish. Halteres dull yellow,
the knobs a little darker. Legs with the coxe and trochanters
dull brownish yellow, darkened toward their apices, this dark tip
broadest on the fore and middle femora, narrowest on the hind
femora; tibia brown, the tips narrowly dark brown; tarsi brown.
Wings with a pale, brown suffusion; stigma dark brown; broad,
grayish brown seams along the cord, the outer end of cell 1st Me
and at the origin of the sector. Venation (fig. 7) -Re+s about as
long as the basal deflection of Cz.

Abdomen brown, the terminal segments darker. Hypopygium
of the male with the ninth tergite having a broad, V-shaped median
notch that is bordered with pale reddish brown; ventral pleural
appendage with a few scattered teeth that are not prominent.

Female quite similar to the male, the ovipositor with elon-
gate, acute, nearly straight tergal valves; sternal valves elongate,
only a little shorter than the tergal pair.

Holotype, &, LagunitasCanyon, Marin Co., California, March
29-1908. A( = bs Cresson, rs):

Allotopotype, 2.

The types are in the collection of the American Entomological
Society, Philadelphia.

This fly differs from the only described regional member of

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 209

the subgenus (L. barbert Alex.) in its larger size and different
coloration.
Tribe Pediciinz.
Genus Tricyphona Zetterstedt.
Tricyphona degenerata, sp. n.

Cell /st M2 of the wings open by the -atrophy of the outer
deflection of vein Ms; wings small, somewhat degenerate, in the
male less than 5 mm. in length.

Male.—Length about 4.8 mm.; wing 3.8 mm.

Head lacking in the type.

Pronotum light yellow. Mesonotum yellowish, the prascutum
with a broad, dark brown, median stripe and shorter lateral stripes
that continue back on to the anterior half of the scutal lobes;
scutellum and the remainder of the scutum yellow; postnotum
with a very sparse, grayish pruinosity. Halteres pale, the knobs
a little darkened. Legs with the coxe elongated, dull vellowish;
trochanters yellow, the margin at the junction with the femora
darkened; femora and tibize brownish yellow, the tips of the latter
narrowly darkened; last two tarsal segments and the claws dark.
Wings long and slender, small, degenerate, although with a com-
plete venation; pale yellowish subhyaline, the veins yellowish
brown; stigma indistinct. Venation (fig. 11) Rs angulated at its
origin; cross-vein r about two-thirds the length of that portion
of R: beyond it; petiole of cell Rs longer than the r-m cross-vein;
forks of M subacute; cell /st Mz open by the atrophy of the outer
deflection of Ms.

Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium more reddish brown.

Holotype, &, Geneva Park, Grant, Colorado, altitude 9,500-
10,000 feet, July 22, 1916, (E. C. Jackson).

The only other Tricyphona in the Nearctic fauna with the
cell {st Mz open by the atrophy of the outer deflection of vein
Ms, is T. aperta Coq. (fig. 10), a full-winged fly that is much
larger than our present species. A comparison of figures 10 and
11 will show the chief differences between the species. The con-
dition in the present species is one of degeneration, the wing
measuring but 3.8 mm.; the even more degenerate 7. hannazi
Alex. (Pribilof Islands) represents the culmination of this tendency
in the known species of the genus.

210 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Genus Rhaphidolabis O. S.
Rhaphidolabis (Rhaphidolabis) sessilis, sp. n.

Size large (wing of the female over 8.5 mm.); body-coloration
gray, the mesonotal prescutum with three dark brown stripes;
wings with the cross-vein ¢ at the tip of Ri; cell Re sessile or sub-
sessile.

Female.—Length 6.8 mm.; wing 8.8 mm.

Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne brownish, the
scape with a gray bloom; flagellar segments oval, dark brown.
Head gray.

Mesonotum light gray, the prascutum with three dark brown
stripes of which the median one is slightly darker and broader,
becoming obsolete just before the transverse suture; lobes of the
scutum brownish. Pleura gray, the dorsol-pleural membranes
more brownish. Halteres pale, the knobs brown. Legs with the
cox dull yellow, the outer faces with a gray bloom that is heaviest
on the hind coxe; remainder of the legs dark brown, the femora
brightened basally. Wings with a pale gray suffusion, highly
iridescent; stigma light brown; veins brown. Venation (fig. 12)
Rs short, strongly arcuated; cross-vein 7 at the very tip of R1;
cell Re sessile or very short-petiolate.

Abdomen dark brown; valves of the ovipositor strongly
reddish yellow.

Holotype, 9°, Hall Valley, Colorado, August 11, 1915, (E. J.
Oslar).

This fly is readily separated from all the described species
(see the author’s key to the Nearctic species of the genus, Pro-
ceedings Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia, p. 541, 542,
1916), in its large size and the position of the radial cross-vein.

Rhaphidolabis (Rhaphidolabis) major, sp. n.

Size large (wing of the female over 9 mm.); body-coloration
pale brown, the prascutum with a broad, dark brown median
stripe.

Female.—Length 7.8 mm.; wing 9.4 mm.

Rostrum yellowish brown, the palpi dark brown. Antennz
dark brown. Head brownish gray.

Pronotum light brown, darker brownish medially. Mesonotal

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 24F

prescutum light fawn-brown with a very dark brown median
stripe and much paler lateral vittee; the conspicuous median stripe
is broadest in front, gradually narrowed behind, ending before the
transverse suture and narrowly bisected behind; lateral prascutal
stripes and the lobes of the scutum paler brown; remainder of
the scutum, the scutellum and postnotum reddish yellow, the
latter browner on the caudal half. Pleura pale reddish brown,
very sparsely dusted with whitish. Halteres yellow, the knobs
brown. Legs with the coxe dull yellow; trochanters similar,
their margins blackened; femora dull yellow, the tips narrowly
brown; tarsi dark brown. Wings yellowish gray subhyaline,
strongly iridescent; stigma very pale; veins dark brown. Venation
(fig. 13) Rs long, almost straight; cross-vein r removed from the
tip of vein Ri to a distance about equal to its own length; Re:s
shorter than the radial cross-vein.

Abdomen grayish brown with a reddish cast that is best
defined on the caudal margins of the terminal sternites; ovipositor
reddish yellow.

Holotype, 2, Horseman Creek, Geneva Park, Grant, Colorado,
altitude 10,200 feet, July 19, 1916, (L. O. Jackson).

This is the largest species of the genus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Fig. 1. Chionea primitiva, sp. n.; o, legs of the right side not
figured; w=wing.
Fig. 2. C. gracilis, sp. n.; o, dorsal aspect, legs of the left side
not figured.
Fig. 8. Antenna of Pterochionea bradleyi Alexander; <.

‘“ 4, The same, Chionea primitiva; o.
5. Wing of Erioptera noctivagans, sp. n.; o.

aes ‘““ E. cinereipleura, sp. n.; 0.

ee ‘* Limnophila cressoni, sp. n.; @.
ee “2 Le subaptera, sp. 2.370".

SOP ‘« L. aspidoptera Coquillett; .
Horie ‘““ Tricyphona aperta Coquillett; 7.
Poco, ‘“ T. degenerata, sp. n.;o".

ND: ‘““ Rhaphidolabis sessilis, sp. n.; @.

ie oe SR. major; sp: nv 2.

212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

SUNFLOWER INSECTS IN VIRGINIA AND CONNECTICUT
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO.

Last August I visited Mr. S. A. Rohwer, at Falls Church,
Va., and with his assistance obtained a series of insects from the
sunflowers (Helianthus annuus var. zonatus) growing in his garden.
The list is as follows:

(A) Visiting the Flowers.

Lepidoptera: Axnosia plexippus L., sucking.

Hymenoptera: Melissodes dentiventris Smith, both sexes;
Melissodes caliginose Cress., 2; Apis mellifera L., worker; Bombus
consimilis Cress., worker; B. americanorum Fb., worker; Halictus
capitosus Sm., Qs.

(B) On Foliage.

Hymenoptera: (Determined by Dr. W. M. Wheeler, who
Was present at the time). Formica pallidefulva Latr. and var.
nitidiventris Emery.

Hemiptera: (Determined by Mr. O. Heidemann). Entylia
concisa Walk., breeding on leaves; [/nacora stalii Reuter, breeding
on leaves.

In addition, a species of aphid (Macrosiphum) was found, of
which we can only say now that it differs from any recorded from
Helianthus. :

On Sept. 11, Dr. W. M. Wheeler very kindly collected insects
on sunflowers (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus) at Colebrook,
Conn., (alt.1200 ft.), and sent me the specimens. The list is as
follows:

Hymenoptera: Myrmica_ scabrinodis. subsp. schenki var.
emeryana Forel (Oct., Wheeler); Bombus consimilis Cress., six
workers having the yellow pubescence brighter than in examples
from Garrison, N.Y.; B. fervidus Fb., one male and six workers;
Melissodes dentiventris Sm., 9 ; Megachile latimanus Say, @.

Hemiptera: Lygus pratensis L., and a species not recognized.

Diptera: Lristalis, Syrphus and Spherophoria.

At Boulder, Colorado, in September, 1916, I observed numerous
moths one evening visiting the red sunflowers. On collecting a

number, I found they were nearly all Feltia subgothica Haw.
June, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 213

A COMPARISON OF THE ANTENNZ4 OF THE GRYLLO-
BLATTIDZ AND EMBIIDA TO DEMONSTRATE
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE TWO
GROUPS OF INSECTS.

BY G. C..CRAMPTON, PH. D.*, AMHERST, MASS.

It has been maintained that the Grylloblattide are descended
from Blattid-like forms, by some investigators (Walker, 1914,
and others), while the writer (Crampton, 1915-1916) would derive
them from Plecoptera-like forebears, through Embiid-like ances-
tors. It is of the utmost importance to determine the exact affini-
ties of the Grylloblattids, if we wish to trace the genealogy of the
Orthopteroid groups (i.e., the Tettigonids, Gryllids, Locustids,
etc.) since the Grylloblattids have departed the least of any living
insects from the ancestral condition of the Orthoptera and their
immediate relatives, and, therefore, furnish us with the most re-
liable evidence available for determining the affinities of Orthop-
teroid insects. On this account, I would present the evidence to
be gained from comparative anatomy, in a series of papers in which
the various external structures of the Embiids and Grylloblattids
are compared part for part, in an endeavor to demonstrate that
the Grylloblattids are more closely related to the Embiids than to
any other group of lower Pterygotan insects, and that the Gryllo-
blattids are consequently to be derived from Plecoptera-like
ancestors through more immediate ancestors which closely re-
sembled living Embuds.

In the present paper, which is the first of the series, I would
present the evidence of close relationship between the two groups,
to be gained from a comparison of their antenne. Unfortunately,
the accompanying rough sketches were made from loaned material,
at a time when I did not realize the importance of making a more
detailed study of the antennae, since the specimens were borrowed
primarily for the purpose of examining the thoracic sclerites—
which furnish one of the most reliable sources of determining the
relationships of insects, from the standpoint of comparative
anatomy. The drawings, however, will be found sufficiently ac-
curate for all practical purposes.

* Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Massachusetts

Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.
June, 1917.

214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The close correspondence in the number of antennal seg-
ments occurring in a female Grylloblatta and a female Embia is most
striking. In the female Embia which I was able to examine, through
the generosity of Major Imms, twenty-seven antennal segments

‘Fig. 9.—Lateral views of left antenna of (1) Embia major Imms, (2) Grylloblatta campodet-
formis Walker.

occur (Fig. 9,1), and in the female Grylloblatta, kindly loaned
me by Dr. Walker, twenty-eight antennal segments occur (Fig.
9, 2). Imms, 1913, records a maximum of twenty-nine antennal
segments for females of Embia major Imms; while Walker, 1914,
records exactly the same number of segments (namely ftwenty-
nine) as the maximum for females of Grylloblatta campodetformis,
Walk., thus showing an astonishingly close agreement in the num-
ber of antennal segments occurring in the two groups of insects.
Indeed, there is a greater variation in the number of antennal seg-
ments among insects belonging to the same order, or even family,
elsewhere in the lower Pterygota, and, coupled with other ana-
tomical features no less striking, this clearly points to a remarkably
close relationship between the Embiids and Grylloblattids.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 215
In comparing the antenne of the Grylloblattids with those of
the typical Blattids (e. g., the antenne of Periplaneta americana
Linn) we find no such close correspondence in the number of seg-
ments, since the typical Blattid antenna is composed of consider-
ably over a hundred more segments than are present in the antenna
of Grylloblatta. Furthermore, the segments of a Blattid’s antenna
are of a very different type from those of a Grylloblattid’s antenna,
the smaller proximal antennal segments being more annular in
outline in the Blattids. In the antenne of the Embiids and
Grylloblattids, on the other hand, there is not only a remarkable
correspondence in the number of segments composing the antenne,
but the similarity extends even to the relative size and the outline
of the antennal segments themselves.

In both Embia (Fig.9, 1) and Grylloblatta (Fig. 9, 2)the scape
(Seg. I) is much larger than the pedicel (Seg. II). Furthermore,
the pedicel (Seg. II) is of about the same width as the postpedicel
(Seg. III), but is shorter than the postpedicel (Seg. III) in both
Embia (1) and Grylloblatta (2). In both insects, the post-
pedicel (Seg. III) is longer than the succeeding two segments.
(Segs. IV and V) which are somewhat annular, or broader than
long, in outline. The sixth segment (Seg. VI) is slightly longer
than the two preceding it, in both Embia and Grylloblatta, while
here is a slight increase in length in the seventh segment in both
insects. The segments from this point on, gradually become
longer, slenderer, and more clyindrical in both insects, and the
correspondence, even to the minutest details, is so striking, that
even the veriest tyro could not fail to perceive the remarkable
similarity in the antenne of these two insects. On the other hand,
one has but to glance at the antenne of a typical Blattid, to con-
vince himself that the segments of its ‘‘whip-lash’’ antenna are
of a very different type from those of Grylloblatta; and if any con-
clusions are to be drawn from a comparative study of the antenne,
they. would clearly point to a remarkably close relationship be-
tween the Grylloblattids and Embiids, and a much more distant
relationship to the Blattids..

It might be mentioned in passing, that the antenne are
situated nearer to the base of the mandibles, and below the eyes,
in Embiids and Grylloblattids; while in the typical Blattids, the

216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

antenne are located higher up in the frontal region, between the
eyes. The eyes of Embiids and Grylloblattids are similar in out-
line, and do not extend upward on the sides of the head; while
in the typical Blattids, the eyes are more “‘reniform,’’ and extend
for a considerable distance upward along the sides of the head.
The head is typically opisthognathous (i. e., mouthparts directed
backward) in Blattids, while in both Embiids and Grylloblattids
it is more prognathous (i. e., mouthparts directed forward). The
cervical sclerites are astonishingly similar in Embiids and Gryllo-
blattids (as will be brought out in a paper now ready for publica-
tion) while these neck plates in both groups differ markedly from
those of the Blattids, and the same is true of the thoracic sclerites
in general. The bodies of the Embiids and Grylloblattids are
slender, while those of typical Blattids are broader and more
flattened. It would be possible to cite many more instances of
striking structural similarity between the Grylloblattids and
Embiids, (in points wherein both differ markedly from the Blattids)
but it is preferable to take up these structures point by point in
a series of papers in which they can be discussed more in detail,
and in which the points brought out can be illustrated by numerous
figures—which after all are more convincing than bare statements
of facts, since they enable one to form an opinion for one’s self
concerning the features in question.

The Grylloblattids are undoubtedly also very closely related
to the Phasmids such as 7imema, and in all probability both
Phasmids and Grylloblattids were derived from forms quite similar
to the Embiids. The Phasmodide (Phasmodes ranatriformis,
Westw.) are insects very closely related to the Tettigonids (‘‘Lo-
custidz’’) which have retained many features suggestive of Phasmid
affinities, and beyond a doubt, a comparative study of Phasmodes,
Grylloblatta and Timema, would be extremely instructive from
. the genealogical standpoint. It might also be mentioned that the
Phylliidz are too closely related to the Phasmids to be considered
as a distinct order (the ‘‘Phyllioptera’’) as I formerly believed,
since such Phasmids as Ectatosoma are quite closely related to the
Phylliids (as can be seen by comparing the males of Phyllium with
these Phasmids), so that I would now regard the Phylliids as a
sub-order of the Phasmid group, rather than as a distinct order.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2ee

The insects most closely related to the Embiids are the Plecop-
tera, which are probably. the nearest living representatives of the
ancestral Pterygota, so that the Embiids were doubtless descended
from Plecoptera-like ancestors. From these ‘‘ Plecopteroid”’ ances-
tors the Forficulid line of development branched off in one direc-
tion, while that of the Embtids branched off in the other direction,
and somewhere between the two (though doubtless nearer to the
Embiid than to the Forficulid line) arose the Grylloblattid and
Phasmid line of development. Somewhere between these in turn
arose the Phasmodid, Tettigonid and Gryllid lines of development,
while the Phylliids branched off from the Phasmid line of develop-
ment. From this, it may be seen that the Blattids are not near
the direct line of descent of the Grylloblattids, Phasmids, etc.;
but this point will be more fully discussed elsewhere.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1915. Brues& Melander. Key to the Families of North American
Insects; Boston, 1915.

1915. Crampton. The Thoracic Sclerites and the Systematic
Position of Grylloblatta campodeiformis, etc.; Ent. News,
20) pl aot.

1916. Crampton. The Lines of Descent of the Lower Pterygotan
Insects, etc.; Ent. News, 27, p. 244.

1914. Walker. A New Species of Orthoptera, Forming a New
Genus and Family; Canadian Entomologist, 46, p. 93.

Dr. Walker will shortly publish an article dealing with both
sexes of Grylloblatta.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Af. Antennifer, or process bearing the antenna.
At. Antennale, or ring at base of antenna.

I. First antennal segment, or scape.

II. Second antennal segment, or pedicel.

Ill. Third antennal segment, or postpedicel.
IV. Fourth segment of antenna, etc.

218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

TWO-NEW SPECIES OF. DICYPHUS FROM PORTO:-RICO;
(MIRIDAL,-HETEROPTERA),.

BY EDMUND H. GIBSON, U. S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
WASHINGTON, D.C.

Specimens of the following new species have been received
from Mr. R. T. Cotton, stationed at Rio Piedras, Porto Rico,
where he finds them injurious to tobacco plants.

Dicyphus prasinus, n. sp.

Resembling D. minimus Uhl., but much larger and with greater
width at the base of the head.

Head distinctly narrowed anteriorly, widest behind the eyes,
with short, inconspicuous hairs. Eves large. Front very convex
and prominent. Clypeus prominent. First joint of antenne
stout and distinctly longer than the distance between the eyes,
second joint as long as the head and pronotum together, third joint
about equal to the second, and fourth joint equal to or slightly
longer than the first. Rostrum extending to or beyond the hind
coxe. Pronotum wider than long, posterior lateral angles acute,
posterior margin deeply emarginate, hairs or bristles on pronotum
more prominent than those on head. Callosities of pronotum
transverse, their posterior margin at the middle of the pronotum,
median line impressed. Pronotum deeply concave or grooved
at base of callosities. Colour: head, pronotum and scutellum pale
yellow to yellowish green; eyes dark; clypeus and first antennal
joint black; remainder of antennze pale yellow to testaceous; a
broad, dark lateral stripe on head behind eyes. Elytra subhvaline
with small, fuscous spots, especially on the inner half. A large,
irregular fuscous spot near costal margin of each wing-cover and
midway between base and apex. Membrane more or less clouded
and veins fuscous. Abdomen pale green, legs yellowish. Length
to tip of hemelytra, 9 3144-34 mm., @ 3-34 mm. Width of
pronotum #4 mm.

Described from three females and ten males, all of which are
in the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

Dicyphus luridus, n. sp.
This species may readily be distinguished from others of the

genus by its short head and lack of colour markings.
June, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 219

Head short, space between the eves and the pronotal collar
short, about equal to the width of the collar. Eyes large.
Front very convex, clypeus prominent. Rostrum extending to
hind cox. Basal joint of antennz stout, short, slightly less than
the width between the eyes, with few stout bristles, Second joint
only slightly longer than length of pronotum, third about as
long as the second, fourth longer than the first. Collar of pro-
notum wide, callosities transverse with posterior margin at middle
of pronotum. Posterior margin of pronotum nearly truncate,
posterior angles rounded. Scutellum large. Elytra evenly clothed
with fine, short hairs. Length to tip of elytra 3.5-4 mm. Width
of pronotum 1 mm. General colour pale yellowish green, but
varying from yellow to green, normally nearly unicolorous. Basal
joint of antenne yellow or testaceous at base and apex, making a
dark band in the middle, apex of cther segments pale, otherwise
dark. Elytra subhyaline without distinct spots or colour mark-
ings, more or less smoky. -Veins of membrane fuscous. Abdo-
men green, legs more or less spotted with fuscous.

Described from two females and seven males all of which are
in the collection of the U. S. National Museum.

It is gratifying to learn that the Dominion Government has
recently appointed Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt to be Consulting Zoo-
logist, in addition to his duties as Chief of the Entomological
Branch of the Department of Agriculture. The object of this
new appointment is to enable him to advise the Government in
all matters relating to the protection of birds and mammals, and
dealing with any injurious kinds. It is not intended that this
should in any way interfere with the performance of his valuable
duties as Dominion Entomologist.

BOOK NOTICE.

Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America, by Wm.
Barnes, S. B., M. D. and J. McDunnough Ph. D., Decatur, IIb,
1917.

The publication of a new faunal check-list may well be likened
to adding another milestone along the roadside of science, and

220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Lepidopterists looking over this latest list and then glancing back-
ward at its excellent predecessor, Dr. J. B. Smith’s List of 1903,
may well be satisfied with the progress made.

In the matter of species, over 8,500 are now included against
about 6,800 in Smith’s List, an increase of 1,700 species or 25%,
which in itself indicates much activity. But more important still
has been the work of specialists in working out revisions of the
various groups from a world-wide standpoint, which, while necessi-
tating many changes, is bound to result in a more stable classifica-
tion. Among the works referred to are those of Rothschild &
Jordan on the Sphingide; Sir Geo. Hampson on the Arctiide
and Noctuide; and of Mr. L. B. Prout on the Geometridae, in ad-
dition to the revisions in the partially completed ‘‘Genera In-
sectorum”’ and ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.”’

Embodied in the new list are not only the conclusions of these
eminent authorities, but also the results of several years’ study
of the Barnes’ collection and existing types in other North American
collections, and finally changes had to be made to accord with the
rules of nomenclature adopted by the International Congress.

The changes in many instances have been very drastic, but
with the excellent index, which occupies almost as many pages
as the list proper, little trouble will be experienced in finding the
species looked for. As a compensation for having to forget a lot
of names and learn new ones, it will give the older collectors a
feeling of pleasure to find the “‘swallow-tails” are all Papilios
again, the ‘‘whites’’ are Pieris, instead of Pontia, and our friend
the milk-weed butterfly is archippus again and its genus is Danaus,
which sounds familiar even if the spelling be not.

The check-list is valuable to everyone interested in North
American Lepidoptera, and the few lines headed “‘Exchange”’ on the
fly-leaf at the back convey the good news that the same authors
purpose publishing a full catalogue of North American Lepidop-
tera. It is hoped that the request for information will meet with
a general and cheerful response.

The price of the Check-List is $2.00, and copies are obtain-
able from Dr. Wm. Barnes, Decatur, III. A. -Be We:

res

Mailed June 2nd, 1917.

Eh Ganactian Fatomologist

VoL. XLIX. “LONDON, JULY.-19t7 No. 7

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. -

THE DEATH-FEIGNING INSTINCT.
BY E. MELVILLE DUPORTE, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE.

Many widely different animals possess the instinct of feigning
death. The sand-hopper, a terrestrial amphipod, and the pill-bug
(Armadillidium) are well-known examples among the Crustacea.
That many Myriapods will coil up and remain perfectly still on
being touched is well known to all acquainted with the habits
of the common millipedes. Among the spiders, the Epeiride or
orb-weavers are perhaps the ones which most commonly feign
death on being disturbed.

Though rare the instinct occurs among the vertebrate animals.
Certain fishes and amphibians are known to feign death. Two
noteworthy examples of death-feigning birds are the partridge of
the pampas of the Rio de la Plata and the tern of Pekinese Island.

Among mammals one of the best known examples is that which
has enriched the ‘American language’’ with the expressive term
“playing ‘possum.”’ Other well known examples are the fox and
the armadillo.

It is among insects, however, that the death-feigning instinct
is most widely distributed, especially among the Coleoptera and
Hemiptera. The active flyers such as the Diptera, Hymenoptera
and Lepidoptera seldom feign death.

The term “feigning death’’—an unfortunate one as it connotes
a consciousness which does not exist—is used to designate the
assumption by an animal, when disturbed, of a rigid state which
may be of momentary duration or may last upwards of an hour.
The attitude of the feigning animal varies, but is very seldom the
same as the attitude of the dead insect. The motionless con-
dition and the rigidity due to the contraction of the muscles are
the chief characteristics of the death feint, and for this reason I
have included under the term all rigid motionless attitudes which
are the result of a reaction to a shock stimulus. Given so broad

222. * THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
an interpretation the death feint among insects falls into one or
other of the three divisions which follow:

1. The insect on receiving a shock becomes rigid without re-
leasing its hold.

Certain caterpillars will hold on to a twig by one or more
pairs of prolegs, and elevate their bodies, assuming more or less
grotesque rigid attitudes in which they will remain for a con-
siderable time. Perhaps the best known examples are the cater-
pillars of the Sphinx Moths and of certain geometers. In these
cases the insect seems to come to rest naturally in the immobile
attitude, without the stimulus of a shock, the contraction of the
muscles being probably due to an internal stimulus resulting from
the active metabolism which takes place after the insect has eaten.
If such is the case these reactions cannot properly be described
as death feints. In other insects, however, a similar attitude
can be definitely brought about by a shock. Thus if the yellow-
necked apple-tree caterpillar (Datana ministra) be disturbed it
will raise both ends of its body with a jerk, retaining hold of the
twig by means of the four pairs of anterior prolegs.

2. The insect when disturbed rolls itself into a motionless ball.

This habit seems to be common among terrestrial forms rather
than among arboreal ones. The ruby wasps or cuckoo-flies (Chry-
sidide) lay their eggs in the nests of wasps and bees. If attacked
by their hosts the ruby wasps bend their abdomen beneath the
thorax, and in this attitude resemble a small, metallic ball.

Sometimes the head and abdomen are bent back above the
thorax. Thus Kirby and Spencer say of Silpha thoracica ‘‘when
alarmed it turns its head and tail inwards until they are parallel
with the trunk and abdomen and give its thorax a vertical direc-
tion, when it resembles a rough stone.”

Certain of the rove beetles (Staphylinida) combine both at-
titudes, bending the head beneath the thorax and the abdomen
above the elytra.

Many cutworms and other caterpillars also roll themselves
into a motionless ball when disturbed.

3. The insect releases its hold, contracts its legs and antenne
and falls to the ground, where it usually remains motionless and ap-
parently dead.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ~ 223

This is the condition to which the term “‘death feint”’ is usually
applied, but it is difficult to draw a sharp line of demarcation be-
tween this and the reaction of the ruby wasps, between the at-
titude of ruby wasps and that of the carrion and rove beetles, or
between the attitude of these beetles and the rigid attitude of the
yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar.

The death feint varies greatly in degree. On the one hand
we have certain insects which when disturbed remain momentarily
quiet, becoming active again almost immediately. On the other
hand we have De Geer’s classical example, Anobium pertinax.
Kirby and Spence referring to this inseet and in part quoting
De Geer say: “All that has been related of the heroic constancy
of American savages when taken and tortured by their enemies
~ scarcely comes up to that which these little creatures exhibit.
You may maim them, pull them limb from limb, roast them alive
over a slow fire, but you will not gain your end; not a joint will
they move nor show by the least symptoms that they suffer pain,’’*
and they naively continue: ‘‘do not think, however, that I ever
tried these experiments upon them myself, or that I recommend
you to do the same.”’ In spite, however, of the admonition of
the learned: authors of the Introduction of Entomology several
workers have repeated these experiments and found that the
case of Anobium is an extreme one and that the majority of feign-
ing insects gradate between this extreme and the other in which
the loss of activity is but momentary. In Tychius picirostris, for
example, the writer finds that while the legs and antennz of the
feigning insect may be cut off without eliciting any symptoms of
activity, more drastic disturbances such as decapitation or sever-
ing the trunk always cause the insect to resume its activity. In
the same insect it was found impossible to elicit the feigning. re-
sponse on a hot surface, and an insect in the death feint placed on
a hot surface immediately became active and tried to escape.
Cold, on the other hand, very greatly increased the duration of
the feint.

*Compare Holmes on the feint of the Pekinese tern. ‘‘ You may pull them
about, stretch out their legs, neck or wings and place them in the most awkward
positions, and they will remain as limp and motionless as if really dead. They
will even suffer their wing and tail feathers to be plucked out one by one with-
out a wince.”

224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The duration of the feint may be momentary or it may exceed
a hour. There is little uniformity either in individuals of the
same species or in the same individual during successive feints.
I have never found any gradational relation between the duration
of successive feints, but Fabre found that in the beetle Scarites
gigas the duration increased with each successive feint. With
Tychius picirostris the longest feint may occur at any place in a
succession of feints, but the average duration of the earlier feints
is greater than that of those occurring later in the series. Turner
had the same results with the ant-lion, and Gee and Lathrop the
the Severins, and other workers have also failed to observe any
definite relation in the duration of successive feints.

Most insects will feign again and again if stimulated. The
number of successive feints is, however, limited. An insect after
responding to a larger or smaller number of shocks will finally
refuse to respond further. If allowed to rest, however, it will again
respond.

In some cases—a well known example is the golden-rod chry-
somelid 7virhabda canadensis—the insect may feign death on the
near approach of the collector; in others the feint is not normally
elicited until the insect is touched. Within the same species, how-
ever, the intensity of the shock seems to have no effect on the in-
tensity or duration of the feint.

Both the collector and the economic entomologist have taken
advantage of the death feint. One of the best known cases in
which the economic entomologist enlists the aid of this instinct is
the destruction of the plum curculio by jarring the trees. Scott
and Fiske in an account of their work on the control of this pest
in'a Georgia peach and plum orchard give a list of other insects
collected by jarring the trees for the curculio. This list includes
two hundred and sixty-nine species of ‘Coleoptera representing
thirty-one families; seventy-one species of Hemiptera-Heteroptera
representing eleven families; and eight species of Homoptera repre-
senting three families. Other orders were represented, but the
numbers were so few that these insects were not listed.

The advantage of the death feigning instinct to its possessor
is doubtful. When an animal resembles its surroundings in colour
or form, the ability to remain perfectly still makes it practically

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 225

indistinguishable. Every collector or hunter knows the value of
immobility in concealment. Certainly every collector has felt the
impulse to give voice to some strongly emphatic expletive on losing
a coveted specimen which on being approached drew its legs close
to its body and dropped to the ground where it remained effectively
hidden from his disappointed eyes. We should be careful, how-
ever, not to lay too much emphasis on the advantages of this action
because it is hardly probable that the natural enemies of these
insects are quite as readily outwitted as we are. Indeed the in-
stinct may in some animals be not only useless but positively in-
jurious. This is true of certain birds which, when pursued, instead
of seeking safety in flight or shelter, feign death in the open where
they may be easily captured.

There have been several explanations given of the nature of
the death feint. Certainly there is no consciousness involved,
and the instinct is merely a physico-chemical reaction to external
stimulus. The most probable theory is that in the death feint
we have an example of negative thigmotaxis, that shrinking from
contact characteristic of so large a proportion of all classes of ani-
mals,

A NEW NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS
TETRAMERINX (DIPTERA, ANTHOMYIIDA:).

BY J. R. MALLOCH, URBANA, ILL.

The genus Tetramerinx belongs to the subfamily Coenosiinz
of the Anthomyiide, and may be distinguished from its allies by
the presence of 4 post-sutural dorso-central bristles on the meso-
notum. The females are readily distinguished from any allied
genus except Phyllogaster by the peculiar clawlike processes on
the apical abdominal segment.

Stein described the genus under the name Tetracheta, but
this name was preoccupied and subsequently was replaced by
Tetramerinx by Berg.

KEY TO SPECIES.
1. Third antennal joint not over twice as long as

SOT R HEL) ape Statens ee aye ee ies ee brevicornis, sp. n.
July, 1917

226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Third antennal joint at least four times as long as
SE COME sevd 55 Be a ee las Ay Se ee eee Di
2. Hindfemora of male with a comblike fasciculus of short, stiff
bristles at base of ventral surface; abdomen in both sexes
with a pair of large subtriangular black spots on dorsum of
segments 2 to 4; veins 3 and 4 of wings convergent apically;
antero-dorsal surface of hind tibia with 1 bristle in
femiale (Cal.) ccittens..n Gites cdc ee pemOr aa Nlalloch

Hind femora of male without a fasciculus at base; abdomen
in both sexes with a faint central line; veins 3 and 4 of
wings subparallel; antero-dorsal surface of hind tibia with
3-4) bristles (Mass: ; exe Ve: sock esl ane coe eae tae unica Stein

Tetramerinx brevicornis, sp. n.

Female.-—Length 4 mm. Black, densely covered with yel-
lowish gray pruinescence. Frons yellowish gray with the excep-
tion of an opaque, black, wedge-shaped mark on each side at apex
of frontal triangle; antenne and palpi black. Thorax unmarked.
Abdomen with very faint indications of a pair of spots on dorsum
of segments 2 and 3. Legs black. Calypterz white, yellowish on
margins. Halteres yellow. Wings clear, veins yellowish.

Frontal triangle very broad, obscuring central stripe on
posterior half; each orbit as broad as central stripe, the bristles
nearer inner than outer margin, a series of short setule laterad of
the bristles; frons and face distinctly protuberant; third antennal
joint about twice as long as second; arista swollen on basal fourth,
very shortly pubescent; marginal bristles on cheek sparse; cheek
one-fifth as high as eye, the latter nearly twice as high as long.
Thorax very sparsely haired; acrostichals irregularly 2-rowed.
Abdomen without strong bristles except at apex. Fore tibia with
or without a weak bristle; mid tibia with 2 weak posterior bristles;
hind tibia with 4-5 antero-dorsal and 2 antero-ventral weak
bristles. Inner cross-vein distinctly beyond middle of discal cell;
outer cross-vein almost straight; veins 3 and 4 subparallel apically.

Type locality, Waukegan, IIl., August 23, 1906. Taken on
shore of Lake Michigan. Two specimens.

Type in collection of Illinois State Laboratory of Natural
History.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Dt

ot

THE ANTHOMYIID GENUS PHYLLOGASTER. (DIPTERA).
BY J. R. MALLOCH, URBANA, ILL.

In the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural
History I find two species of the genus Phyllogaster, one being the
genotype and the other an undescribed species.

Nothing is known of the immature stages of the genus. The
specimens before me were taken on or near the seashore or the
banks of rivers. The genotype was described from specimens
from Florida and Massachusetts.

The females of this genus may be separated from those of any
other in Coenosiine except Tetramerinx by the presence of four
strong, clawlike thorns at apex of last abdominal segment. The
former has but 3 pairs of post-sutural, dorso-central bristles while
the latter has 4. Both sexes of Phyllogaster have the frons pro-
truded beyond the anterior margin of eyes, the antenne much
elongated, and the arista bare and much swollen on the basal
third.

DIAGNOSIS OF SPECIES.

Abdomen with an interrupted longitudinal median brown
stripe and a pair of faint spots of same colour on segments
3 and 4; hind femora with 1 or 2 strong and several weak
bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface; hind
tibia with 1 antero-ventral bristle; third vein of ,wing
bare proximad of the inner cross-vein...... cordyluroides.

Abdomen usually with the central stripe faintly visible, the
spots indistinguishable; hind femora with from 3 to 5
strong bristles on apical half of antero-ventral surface;
hind tibia with 2 antero-ventral bristles; third vein
usually with a few weak bristles proximad of the inner
CROSC=VEMI te ere es pe een Tete tes sete eg esa littoralis.

Phyllogaster cordyluroides Stein.
Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1897, p. 256.

I have before me two males which I consider belong to Stein’s

species. One specimen, from Florida, is very pale in colour, being
July, 1917

228 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

densely covered with whitish gray pruinescence. The abdominal
markings are distinct though not so well defined as in the other
example, from Padre Island, Texas, which is considerably darker
and has the markings very conspicuous. The Florida specimen
is not in very good condition, but the Texas one has the lateral
plates of the apical, furcate ventral segment armed with numerous
hairs amongst which there are several long bristles. The arista
in both specimens is subequal in length to the third antennal joint,
Length 3-4 mm.

Phyllogaster littoralis, sp. nov.

Male and female.—Black, densely covered with whitish-gray
pruinescence, which is slightly yellowish on dorsum of head and
thorax. Antenne and palpi black. Abdomen with very faintly
indicated central dark stripe. Legs black, apices of femora and
all of tibia reddish yellow. Wings clear, veins pale. Halteres
yellow.

Orbital bristles moderately strong, 4-7 in number; arista
pubescent, basal third much swollen, entire length about 114 that
of third antennal joint; cheek from one-fourth to one-third the
height of eye. Thorax with few setulae; acrostichals irregularly
2-rowed. . Abdomen with setulose hairs, third and fourth seg-
ments with a transverse series of bristles on middle which is stronger
than the one at apex. Fore tibiz without median bristle; mid tibiz
with 2 on posterior surface; hind tibiz with 2-3 antero-dorsal, 2
antero-ventral, and | postero-dorsal. Third vein usually with a
few weak, widely-placed bristles on under surface proximad of the
inner cross-vein.

Length 3.5-5 mm.

Type locality, Grand Tower, Ill., July 12, 1909, on willow on
bank of Mississippi River. Paratypes, Waukegan, IIl., August
23, 1906, on shore of Lake Michigan; Algonquin, IIl., July 10,
1895; South Haven, Michigan; July 14, 1914, on shore of
Lake Michigan.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 229

A NEW SPECIES OF SOMATOCHLORA (ODONATA) WITH
NOTES.“ON THE CINGULATA GROUP.

BY CLARENCE HAMILTON KENNEDY,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N.Y.

While gathering material during the past year for a list of
western dragonflies, the writer has had the privilege of examining *
these insects in nearly all the large collections of the United States.
Particular attention was paid to the genus Somatochlora because
of the meagre data heretofore published on these rare insects.
Much difficulty was experienced in finding enough material in any
one collection to make adequate comparisons of related species.

The writer wishes to thank Dr. Holland and Mr. Hugo Kahl,
of the Carnegie Museum, for the privilege of using the specimen
in the Carnegie Museum collection as a type.

Dr. Walker has promised to monograph this genus. It cer-
tainly needs thorough overhauling by someone who can assemble
all the material for careful comparison. The identity of many of
the females is a matter of conjecture.

Somatochlora walkeri n. sp.

Holotype.-—Male, collected on the Kuskokwin River, Alaska,
by A. Stecker, and now in the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh,
Pa:

Allotype.-—Female, a broken specimen in the collection of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology. It is a part of the Hagen col-
lection and is labeled ‘‘Epith. septentrionalis Q@ Hag. Saskat.
Scudder, F. C. Gray’s Fund.’’ Segments 4 and 5 are missing,
which give it the small size of septentrionalis.

Near hudsonica, but colour very dark and appendages dif-
ferent. More remotely related to septentrionalis, albicincta and
cingulata.

Length of abdomen, male (exclusive of appendages) 32 mm.,
length of appendages 3 m.; female with abdominal segments 4 and
5 missing, but the abdomen without appendages is probably about
34 mm. Length of hind wing, male, 33; female 29 mm.

Male.—Colour: labium yellow, labrum black, anteclypeus

creamy, postclypeus black. Frons black with metallic greenish
July, 1917

230 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

reflections, a brownish creamy spot on each side. Vertex and
occiput almost black, rear of head black. See Pl. XIII, fig. 9.

Prothorax hidden by the heavy, white pile on the rear of the
head and on the mesothorax.

Mesothorax and metathorax metallic green with coppery re-
flections on the lower end of the mesepisternum and the infraepis-
terna. Coxe and all legs black. A suggestion of creamy along
the alar edge of the mesepisternum. An obscure, narrowly ellip-
tical, yellow spot on the posterior edge of the mesepimeron above
the metathoracic spiracle. Entire thorax covered with long,
creamy pile. Wings hyaline. Pterostigmata pale brown.

Fig. 10.—Somatochlora septentrionalis.
. Appendages of male, Somer (Coll.), Labrador, M. C. Z.
. Appendages of male, Grand Lake, Nfd., Williamson.
. Appendages of male, Winthern (Coll.), Labrador, M.C.Z.
. Appendages of male, Hudson’s Bay, Carnegie Mus.

RmOOh =

Abdomen with segments 1-3 and 10 black with metallic green
reflections, segments 4-9 pure black except the intersegmental
membranes 2-3 and 9-10, and the triangular yellow spot on the
lower anterior edge of segment 3.

Structure.—This is a short, heavy species. Occiput large,
reaching half way to the vertex. Lateral keel on segments 4-8.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 231
Genital lobes small. Appendages 2—21% times as long as segment
10. See Pl. XIII, figs. 10, 11. Viewed from above, cylindrical,
arching slightly entad, the flat tips, which are half the length of
the cylindrical bases, bent sharply entad at almost 90 degrees, then
curving caudad with their apices bent dorsad and cephalad.
Viewed laterally the externo-inferior surface of the appendage is
a longitudinal groove whose external edge has a blunt tooth at its
- extreme base and the inferior or ental edge has a similar basal
tooth, but this just caudad of the tooth on the external edge of the
groove. Viewed laterally the apical third or the flat tip bends
abruptly ventrad, then curves caudad, dorsad and finally cephalad.
Inferior appendage about half the length of the superiors. Viewed
ventrally it is triangular with its base more than half as wide as
the appendage is long.

Female.—Colour as in the male but the prothorax with the
posterior lobe yellow. Anterior coxa yellow on the outer or pos-
terior side. Femora of anterior and middle legs brown on their
basal two-thirds. Front wings with a tinge of dusky in the sub-
costal space to the first cross-vein. Hind wings tinged along the
costal edge to beyond the arculus, also the first three basal cells
posterior to the median dusky. Pterostigmata brown.

Abdomen with a pale area on the side of segment 1 and three
pale areas on the side of segment 2, the dorsal one of the three
being circular and twice the diameter of either lower spot. A
large, circular, basal spot on the side of segment 3. (Segments
4 and 5 missing.) Obscure, minute, lateral spots on segments 6
and 7. Articulatory membrane between segments 2 and 3 white,
between segments 7—8, 8-9 and 9-10 pale.

Vulvar lamina scoop-shaped, reaching to the middle of seg-
ment 10. It is more heavily chitinized than in the type female of
hudsonica. The sternum of segment 9 reaches barely to the middle
of segment 10. Appendages lacking.

This species has been confused with hudsonica. Figs. 5-8
are from the types of hudsonica in the Mus. of Comp. Zool. Dr.
Walker has this true hudsonica, collected by Mr. Whitehouse at
Red Deer, Alberta.*

*F. C. Whitehouse, Odonata of the Red Deer District. Can. Ent., XLIX,
pu t00;, Mar.; 1917:

Pa Ye THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

De Selys’ description (Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) XXI, p. 301)
agrees with the M.C. Z. types of hudsonica. Martin’s figure 28
(Cordulines, Coll. Selys page, 27) is not the true hudsonica but this
species walkeri, which is probably figured from a specimen in the
Selys’ collection mislabeled hudsonica. Walkert differs from
hudsonica in the superior appendages being closer together; in
lateral view, in that the tip is directed ventrad, while in hudsonica
it is directed caudad.~ In walkert the two basal teeth almost over-

lap in lateral view. In hudsonica, they are apart the width of either

tooth.

In coloration walkeri is very dark, but in a large series of
semicircularis (Kennedy, Proc. U. S. N. M., 46, p. 111,) and in a
large series of albicincta in the Carnegie Museum there is much
variation in colour.

This species has hudsonica as its nearest relative. For this
reason I have associated with this male the female found in the
M. C. Z. collection which is most like the type female of hudsonica
but seems to be specifically distinct. The female differs from the
the hudsonica female in darker coloration (as does the male) and
in the shorter sternum of segment 9. The only other females
with which these might be confused are those of the forcipata
group, but in none of these does the vulvar lamina exceed segment
9 in length.

I take pleasure in naming, this species for Dr. E. M. Walker,
who has done so much work on our northern Odonate fauna.

Somatochlora hudsonica (Hagen).

This species resembles albicincta, but is readily distinguished
by the greater width between the bases of the superior appendages
of the male. Until Mr. Whitehouse took this species at Red Deer,
Alberta, last summer, the only specimens in this country were the
types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The types are
2 #’s and 2, from Ft. Resolution, Hudson Bay Ter., Kennicott,
1861. See figs. 5-8.

Somatochlora albicincta (Burmeister)

Excepting possibly semuicircularis this is the most common
species in collections. The finest series is that in the Carnegie
Museum from Mt. Ranier, Washington, collected by Jennings.

\

CAN. ENT., VOLSXLIX. PLATE XIII.

||
te 24 22

SOMATOCHLORA WALKER], n.sp., AND: ALLIES.

234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The less robust form which Scudder described as eremita appears
in collections. The types of eremita are 3o’’s and 2, Hermit
Lake, New Hampshire, now in the collection of the Boston Society
of Natural History. A co and @ eremita are in Dr. Calvert’s
collection from the type locality. The writer has a male of this
form collected by Dr. Walker at Banff. Albicincta and -eremita

=p.
ee

Fig. 11.—Somatochlora albicincta.

25. Appendages of male, type of ‘‘eremita’’ in Bost. Soc.
of Nat. Hist., Hermit Lake, New Hampshire.

26. Appendages of male in Dr. Calvert’s Coll., Hermit
Lake, New Hampshire.

27. Segments 9 and 10 of female in Dr. Calvert’s Coll.,
Hermit Lake, New Hampshire.

undoubtedly intergrade. Figs. 25-27 show specimens from Hermit
Lake, fig. 25 being from the type. The male from Banff resembles
fig. 26. See also figs. 13-16. The types themselves are nearer
to the typical albicincta than the Banff or Dr. Calvert’s speci-

mens.
Somatochlora septentrionalis (Hagen).

This is the smallest species in the genus, the abdomen being
but 31 mm. in length.

A male of this from Hudson’s Bay was found in the Carnegie
Museum. It was so different from the specimen figured by William-
son (Ent. News, XVII, p. 138, as hudsonica) that it was considered
new until the two male types in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology were examined, when it wasfound that these type males
were intermediate between the Williamson male and this Carnegie
Museum male.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 235

Text fig. 10, 1-8 show the variation in the appendages of
the four known males of this rare species.

This is evidently a very northern species as the known speci-
mens are from Newfoundland, Labrador and Hudson’s Bay.
The vulvar lamina of the type female in the M. C. Z. is similar
to that of the albicincta female but not as deeply notched, being
less than a third the length of the lamina. The female, can be dis-
tinguished by her very small size, for the abdomen of this type
is but 30 mm. in length.

The following specimens are in American collections. <,
Grand Lake, Newfoundland; 2, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland, in
collection of Williamson; <, Stag Island, Rupert Bay, Hudson’s
Bay, in Carnegie Museum; o, type, Labrador; &, Labrador;
2, type, Labrador, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
See also figs. 17-20.

Somatochlora cingulata (Selys).

This is the largest and finest of all the American Somato-
chloras. It is interesting in that in her great robustness the
female develops tubercles at the base of her appendages similar
in position to those on the male. What is probably a similar
assumption of male characters by robust females occurs in another
species of Somatochlora not in this cingulata group. In a letter
to Dr. Walker I suggested it might be due to a great abundance
of food, while Dr. Walker had data that would indicate it to be
due to climatic differences.

Besides a male, and I think a female, in the M. C. Z. collec-
tion, whose labels I neglected to copy, the following specimens
occur in the collections I have had the privilege of studying. <,
Bay of Islands, Newfoundland, and 9, Grand Lake, Newfound-
land, in Mr. Williamson’s collection. o and 9, St. Ignace Isl.,
Lake Superior, and a 92, from Orient Bay, Lake Nipigon, Ontario,
in the Carnegie Museum. See figs. 21-24.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Figs. 5-8. Somatochlora hudsonica, male and female types;
M. C. Z. Ft. Resolution, Mackenzie, Kennicott, 1861.

236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Figs. 9-12. Somatochlora walkeri, male type, Carnegie Mus., -
Kuskokwin Riv., Alaska; female type, Saskat., in M. C. Z.

Figs. 138-16. Somatochlora albicincta, male and female, coll.
Williamson; male, Bay of Islands, Nfd.; female, Kadiak Isl.,
Alaska.

Figs. 17-20. Somatochlora septentrionalis, male, Carnegie
Mus., Stag Isl., Rupert Bay (Hudson’s Bay); female type, Winthem
(Coll); Eabrador-imeMe-Cz 7:

Figs. 21-24. Somatochlora cingulata, male and female, Car-
negie Mus., St. Ignace Isl., Lake Superior. In copula.

ON SOME NEW OR NOTEWORTHY COLEOPTERA FROM
THE WEST COAST OF FLORIDA.—II.

BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA.

During the winter and early spring months of 1916-’17 a
number of interesting species of Coleoptera were taken in the
vicinity of Dunedin, Florida, some of them on Hog Island, others
about the lakes and hammocks north and east of the town. Some
of these species are evidently undescribed; others are worthy of
note on account of their having been hitherto taken at only one or
two localities in Florida. Among the undescribed forms taken
during the winter is a Staphylinid secured while on a visit to Gaines-
ville. While not found near the coast it is included among the
others noted in this second paper bearing the above title.

Biocrypta magnolia, sp. nov.

Elongate, subfusiform, feebly convex. Dark reddish or
chestnut-brown, the antenne and legs paler. Head subquadrate,
as wide as elytra, strongly narrowed in front of eyes, vertex coarsely
and sparsely punctate; basal joint of antenne as long as the next |
four united, third slightly longer than second, which is equal to
fourth. Thorax one-third longer than wide, apex ‘as wide as base,
sides almost parallel, angles rounded; disc highly polished and
with an irregular row of rather coarse punctures each side of
middle, and numerous scattered ones between these and the
margins. Elytra‘as long as and slightly wider than thorax, about
one-fourth longer than wide, sides parallel, disc coarsely, closely,

shallowly and somewhat rugosely punctate. Abdomen but slightly
July, 1917 :

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2a

narrower than elytra, minutely and sparsely punctate, its surface
as well as that of head and elytra sparsely clothed with very fine,
prostrate hairs; under surface finely and sparsely punctate, the
punctures bearing coarse, semi-erect hairs. Male with sixth or
last ventral deeply and acutely notched, the third more or less pro-
longed backward in a lobe. Female with sixth ventral unmodi-
fied, the third with an obtuse perforated tubercle near its front
margin. Length 7—7.5 mm.

Described from six males and one female taken February 7
beneath the loose bark of a large magnolia log on the grounds of
the State University at Gainesville, Fla. Three of the males have
the lobe df third ventral but feebly developed, while in the others
it is prolonged backward beyond the middle of fifth segment.
The genus Biocrypta, founded by Casey* upon LeConte’s Crypto-
bium prospiciens, differs from its nearest allies in the absence of a
pleural fold near the side margin of elytra, in the head being dis-
tinctly narrowed in front and by the males having the sixth ventral
notched at apex, the third at the same time being lobed as de-
scribed above. B. prospiciens Lec., which occurs in Texas and

‘Arizona, is the only other known North American species of the

genus. From it B. magnolia differs in colour and in its wider

~ head and smaller eyes, as well as in the different form and coarser

sculpture of its thorax.

Medonella minuta Casey.

Three specimens of this pretty little Pederid were taken
December 22 from beneath logs and chunks partly buried in the
sand, just above the reach of high tide along the beach of the bay
at Dunedin. It was described from Biscayne Bay, and is not
recorded elsewhere.

Zagloba bicolor Casey

A dozen specimens of this bristly little Coccinellid were swept
January 29, from the low sea-blite, Batis maritima L., which grows
in partially overflowed tracts on Hog Island, opposite Dunedin.
The beetle was described from Palm Beach, Fla., in 1899,** and has
not since been recorded.

*Trans. Acad: Set. St. Loms, XV,-1905; 20:
**Tourn. N. Y. Entom. Soc., VII, 114.

238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Ischyrus tripunctatus, sp. nov.

Form and size of the well-known J. 4-punctatus Oliv., from
which it differs in sculpture and colour as follows: Head much
more coarsely punctate and with a reddish-yellow spot each side
between the eyes; thorax less coarsely punctate than head, but
more so than in 4-punctatus and with three instead of four round,
black spots, the median one twice the size of the lateral ones, the
latter more distant from the margin than in 4-punctatus. Elytra
more distinctly alutaceous and with fine, scattered punctures along
the intervals; the common scutellar black spot larger and more
evenly quadrate, separated by a narrow, yellow cross-bar from a
black space which extends three-fourths to apex and which is’
partially broken by a yellow line extending backward to apical
third along the fifth interval; apex yellow, the oblong, black, sub-
apical spots of 4-punctatus lacking. Length 7 mm.

Described from a single specimen taken near Dunedin,
February 8, from between the leaves of a large air plant, 77llandsia
utriculata L.

Soronia brunnescens, sp. nov.

Elongate-oval, feebly convex. Uniform pale reddish-brown, the
legs but slightly paler. Head finely and sparsely punctate, broadly
impressed between the eyes, which are prominent and coarsely
granulated; antennal grooves almost straight. Thorax two-thirds
wider than long, apex broadly and shallowly emarginate; sides
broadly and regularly curved, the hind angles obtuse; disc very
finely, sparsely and evenly punctate, the margins moderately ex-
planate and feebly recurved. Elytra slightly wider at base than
thorax at middle, their margins more widely explanate, sides
broadly curved from base to the rounded apex; disc glabrous,
without trace of coste, punctate like the thorax. Abdomen
minutely pubescent, finely and densely punctate. Length 3.5
mm.

Described from three specimens taken at porch light at
Dunedin, June 10. From the other members of the genus, which
are easily known by the presence of a frontal lobe which projects
over the basal joints of the antennz, brunnescens is distinguished
by its uniform pale colour, smaller size and lack of elytral costae.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 239
Arhipis lanieri Guer.

A single dead specimen of this rare Elaterid was taken in a
fungus beneath the bark of a dead water-oak on December Ist. Its
first and probably the only other record from the United States was
by Schwarz*, who found a large colony of the adults in the branch
of an undetermined tree at Cocoanut Grove, Florida. He has also
beaten it from branches at Cayamas, Cuba.

Chrysobothris chrysoela III.

This very handsome little Buprestid is mentioned by Schwarz
as being “‘very rare”’ at Haulover, Enterprise and Lake Ashby,
Fla. A half dozen or more specimens have been taken near
Dunedin by beating the wax myrtle, Myrica cerifera L.,in November
and March. It has also been taken by me at Ft. Myers, Sanibel
Island and Lake Istokpoga, and is probably more widely distributed
than the records would indicate.

Melanophila notata Lap. & Gor.

Single examples of this rather rare species were taken at
Dunedin and Ormond on June 5 and April 6, on the former date
at light. It is recorded from Georgia and Florida, and a speci-
men was taken in an Indianapolis street car on June 22—perhaps
an involuntary import by some passenger.

Hypotrichia spissipes Lec.

A single example at porch light on June 5. This species was
described from Florida by LeConte in 1862,** but I can find no
further mention of it in any Florida list, Schwarz giving only the
name as recorded from Florida, but the species not collected by him.

Polyphylla gracilis Horn.

Three specimens have been beaten from young pine trees near
Dunedin, between March 27 and April 10. It was described from
“near Jacksonville, Fla.”

Chlorophorus annularis Fab.

A single example of this East Indian species, known hitherto
from India, Java, Borneo and Sumatra, was taken at porch light
at my residence in Dunedin by my son on June 10, 1915. It was
determined for me by A. J. Mutchler of the American Museum of
Natural History, and was shown by him at the meeting of the New
York Entomological Society on November 21, 1916.

*Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 2, p. 39.
**Smithsonian Misc. Coll., III, 137.

240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Neoclytus simplarius, sp. nov.

Elongate, slender, subcylindrical. Pale reddish brown, the
apical third or more of elytra fuscous-brown; elytra each with a
narrow, oblique bar of white pubescence at basal fourth, and a
similar but wider bar of longer white hairs at apical third, both
of these bars extending over to the sides of the under surface.
Head coarsely, densely, rugosely punctate. Thorax subcylindrical,
nearly twice as long as wide, its sides just visibly curved from apex
to basal third, then suddenly strongly narrowed into the neck-like
base; disc rather finely, very densely rugosely punctate, the median
line with five very small, transverse tubercles. Elytra at base
slightly wider than middle of thorax, then feebly narrowed and
subparallel almost to apex, the tips separately obtusely angulate;
disc minutely, evenly and very densely granulate-punctate, the
granules covered with a very fine, velvety pubescence. Middle
and hind femora armed at apex with two minute flat spurs. Length
4-8 mm.

- Described from two specimens, beaten from Am~pelopsis
arborea L. at Dunedin, March 29—April 3, and two cotypes in the
collection of Chas. W. Leng, taken at Enterprise, Florida, on
November 10, from Quercus nigra. The transverse ridges or
tubercles of the median line of thorax in the Dunedin types are so
small as to be easily overlooked, and the species, therefore, taken
for a Clytanthus, but in one of the Enterprise specimens they are
larger and there are two additional tubercles on each side. The
species resembles Clytanthus albofasciatus Lap. closely in form,
size and general colour, but differs widely in the shape and sculpture
of thorax and in the arrangement of the pubescent pale bars of elytra.

(To be continued.)

THE INSECT COLLECTIONS OF CANADA.
COLLECTION OF MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA, OWNED BY
F. H. WotLEY Dop, MIpNAPorE, ALTA.

BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD.

The collection consists of about twenty-five to thirty thousand
specimens. Of these, about three or four thousand are British,

with a few other European and some Asiatic examples. These, with _
Tuly 1917 =

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 241
very few exceptions, are kept together in one cabinet. The bulk of
the British collection was formed during the owner’s schoolboy days,
over twenty years ago. Special attention has always been given
to the Lepidoptera of Alberta, and allied species have been acquired
from time to time from other parts of the continent in order to
get a better understanding of local forms. But a chief specialty
has now long been made of the Noctuide of North America,
which comprise by far the greater portion of the collection. Very
many of these have been obtained by purchase or exchange.

The room in which the collection is kept is comparatively
large and very well lighted. The presence of a good light is most
desirable for making critical studies, the absence of it giving rise
to false conceptions. The collection itself is contained partly in
cabinets, and partly in wooden store boxes. The drawers of the
largest cabinets measure about eighteen inches wide, and about
twenty-four from front. to back. Such a large size has many ad-
vantages, especially for long series, but has been found rather
unwieldy and awkward in practice. About seventeen or eighteen
inches square seems more generally serviceable. About half the boxes
are twelve inches by twenty, and double-sided; that is, each box
contains usable space of twenty-three by nearly nineteen inches.
These have considerable advantages over large cabinet drawers
by reason of their lightness, though flat drawers, if not too heavy
are actually safer. The smallest boxes are ten inches square and
single-sided.

The paper, or occasionally the bare cork, as well as the sides
of the cases, are first covered with a paint consisting of oxide of
zinc and gelatine, applied hot. This, besides being an excellent
way of renovating a stained or dirty box, increases the whiteness
of even the best new paper, and greatly improves the light.

The greater part of the Noctuidae were recently re-arranged,
Sir George Hampson’s generic names being used, with occasional
slight alterations in the sequence for greater convenience and
economy of box room. But the order of species in many of the
genera is more in accordance with the owner’s own conception of
relationship. Hampson’s specific names have also been used, with
certain changes deemed necessary. The specimens are in double
rows, males being placed on the left of a column, and females on

242 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

the right, whenever the sexes are fairly well divided or where
economy of space is not important. But when one sex largely
predominates, especially in long series, or where space is scarce,
supers of the long sex are pinned to the inside of the centre of the
wrong row. For instance, in a series of twenty-five males and six
females, about five of the males might be pinned just sufficiently
to the left of the centre of the female row to attract attention to
the fact that they were not females. This still leaves room for
the subsequent insertion of a few of either sex without lengthening
the column. It has been usual to arrange a species in groups by
localities, the sex arrangement being adhered to. In the case of
a long series from one locality, some scheme of more or less con-
tinuous variation is often followed, say from light to dark, those
of opposite sexes which most closely resemble one another being
kept side by side. It may be observed that such an arrangement
leaves frequent blanks in one or other of the rows, giving a very
asymmetrical appearance, and in fact is not a paragon of neatness.
But the collection is intended essentially for study, and though
neatness is aimed at in most departures, utility and instructive-
ness are primarily considered. Some of the smallest species are
arranged three or four rows in a column instead of two. In some
of the cabinets the columns are divided by narrow strips of red
paper pinned on, but others, and all the boxes, are merely ruled
in ordinary lead pencil. Throughout the Noctuide spaces have
been left for all known species, and every space has a name label.
The size of the spaces varies according to the probability of ac-
quisition in the near future, and also, unfortunately, in some genera
especially, to the space available, and the length of the series
already possessed. The size of spaces left for extension of series
is regulated for the most part by the degree of variation. Though
some cases have far more blanks than specimens, as a matter of
fact the collection as a whole is much more crowded than was at
first intended, and there is occasionally little or no room for ex-
tension. The columns also are too close together. All cases are,
of course, kept well supplied with naphthaline.

As very close attention is paid to variation, long series of the
more variable species are kept, there being in one or two instances as
many as two hundred and fifty, and that number is considered far

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 243
from adequate. The species name is placed at the bottom of each
column as well as at_the end of the series or of the space left for ex-
tension. Each label has the name in brackets except the last of
these. Reference has sometimes to be given to a continuation of a
series in some extra box not in the sequence. Series consist of
specimens picked to show the variation as much as possible. It
has always been the custom, at the end of a season’s collecting,
to carefully examine all the new material in each species taken,
and to pick out examples showing modifications not yet in the
series, and relax, set and install them. Owing to lack of time in
the summer very few things are set fresh. Unfortunately there
are as yet very few early stages represented. Each drawer or box
has an outside label on the front, on which they are numbered
consecutively, with the names of all the genera contained therein,
and when a genus is not all in one case, with some indication of
the included species or group. Extreme accuracy of data is at-
tempted.

The locality of personally or locally collected speci-
mens is, as a rule, indicated by means of two labels on the trans-
fixing pin. The uppermost of these gives the general locality and
province, exact date when possible, and collector’s name, though
it has been a general custom to put the owner’s name to all ma-
terial collected by one or two constant assistants in the immediate
district. This practice was to save extra trouble, but is not strictly
in accordance with principles. A smaller label beneath this gives
the more exact locality. Method of capture is occasionally in-
dicated. Bred specimens are so marked, with ‘ex larva” or
other stage, and food plant. Pairs taken in copula bear identify-
ing labels. Specimens acquired from outside sources were formerly
marked with collector’s name and from whom received, and date
of receipt. Latterly all such material has been given a small label
bearing the year of acquisition, and a number, corresponding to
similar numbers in an “ Acquisition”’ book, in which full details
of the receipt are noted. For instance, ‘13-16’? on a small,
séparate label beneath the locality label refers to a note in the
book under the year 1913, and Acquisition No. 16. This note
gives details of the transaction, whether purchased, exchanged,
donated, etc., date of receipt, number and class of specimens,

244 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

from whom received, general condition, and other details worth
recording. The first lot received in the following year bear re-
ference label ‘14-1’ This system is in use in many museums,
notably at Washington and in British Museum, and has many ad-
vantages to commend it.

The collection contains very few actual types, probably not
more than.a dozen, and fewer than a hundred co-types. But
the next in value to types, and frequently, be it said, of far greater
value than co-types, are specimens personally compared with
types, co-types, with other important specimens, and with figures
and descriptions. These specimens all bear extra explanatory labels,
such as ‘‘Xd male type* at Rutger’s College,”’ with brief indication
as to its concise points of difference, or ‘“‘=beta female type at
Brooklyn, exactly,” or “ Alpha delta, agrees with fig. of type,” etc.,
etc. Specimens submitted to experts are similarly labeled, (in
red ink) with reference to filed correspondence in corroboration.
Specimens of which figures have been published are also marked.
Some specimens have been compared with two or more types, and
synonymic references thereby made or confirmed.

In addition to the above ‘‘authenticity’’ pin-labels, small
card labels are placed at the side of these specimens so that they
may be found quickly. These are more brief, and the most im-
portant ones are on tinted card, to catch the eye. For instance,
a small, red-tinted label beside a specimen in the series of Euxoa
catenula Grt., ““Xd type, and contagionis Smith Xd type,’ would
indicate the one by comparison of which with both types the re-
ference of contagionis to catenula had been made. Varieties are
not often separated or indicated as such, but merely by a similar
side label bearing the name under which the form was described,
whether actually compared or not; e.g., under Monima hibisci
(Teniocampa alia of our lists) would be a large species name-
label, ‘“‘hibisct Gn.,” at the foot of each column, and each one
bracketed except the last. At the side of one specimen might be
a small label “‘quinquefasciata Sm.,’’ which is considered a varia-
tion. In this particular case an ‘Xd type”’ or ‘‘Xd description”
specimen is probably referred to, though a specimen thus indicated

y

*The author uses a private symbol <’, enclosed in a circle, to indicate male
type, and @, enclosed in a circle, for female type.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 245,

does not always bear an authenticity label. Against another
might be “‘lattrena Dod”’ indicating one of a geographical race, and
another ‘“malora Smith.’’ The status of such names, and of others,
as decided upon by the owner, is explained in note-books and a
card index. A brief note is sometimes placed at the bottom of a
series, perhaps referring for comparison to some other species and
box. Points for future investigation are thus kept in mind.

By no means the least valuable accessory to the collection
is a series of MSS books containing critical notes. All those
concerning North American species are indexed in a Smith’s
-1903 Check List, species described since its publication being
entered at intervals. That was the system primarily adopted,
and still adhered to, though the notes are now also indexed on a
card index referred to below. They consist largely of records
of impressions gained from inspection and studies of sundry other
collections, and include notes on all types seen, as well as details
concerning comparisons made with them, and any other facts about
collections or specimens examined deemed worthy of note. There are
a large number of entries concerning careful comparisons of Hamp-
son's published figures with the types or other specimens from
which they were taken, detailing any discrepancies in reproduction.
A considerable quantity of discovered synonymy, and corrections
of errors in identification by other authors are therein noted,
which have not yet been published. Nearly all except the earliest
notes bear dates of origin, and the same applies to those on the pin-
labels. Needless to say, of several notes taken of the same type
on different occasions, where inconsistencies appear, those of the
later dates carry most weight, being the result of a closer acquaint-
ance and better knowledge. These MSS books are primarily
for the author’s own guidance and instruction, and, it must be
confessed, are scarcely a model of calligraphy.

Another very useful accessory is a Card Index, containing
between four and five thousand cards, dealing almost exclusively
with Noctuidae. A card is allowed for each specific or varietal
name ever published of North American species included in Hamp-
son’s catalogue from vols. IV to XIII. On the cards are entered:

The name and its author, at the top.

Reference to original description and date.

246 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Reference to the more important publications such as Hamp-
son’s and Smith’s catalogues, monographs, and to figures,
stating in each cases the genus to which the name has been
variously referred, and dates of the publications.

Important synonymic references.

At the bottom of the card, if the name stands as the prior
one for a species, all the later names are given, with authors and
dates,numbered in order of priority, those that stand for recognizable
variations being so indicated. Or, if a synonym or variety, the first
name only of the species is referred to, e. g., “ =alpha Sm., 1891”
or ‘‘=var. of alpha Sm., 1891,” the authority for such references
being elsewhere given on the card. Since, as before mentioned,
each synonym or variety has a card to itself, a few species have
twenty or more cards. A certain European Tortrix would re-
quire nearly seventy, allowing only one for each name. When
space fails, another card has to be added, and the fact indicated
at the top of each. At the top corners of the card are given:
Reference to the page in note-books where the form is dealt
with.
Reference to the number of the slide on which genitalia have
been mounted.
Reference, when thought desirable, to the drawer or box con-
taining the species in the collection.

On the reverse side of the card is given the sex, locality and
present location of each known type and co-type, together with
the number, sexes, and localities mentioned in the original descrip-
tion.

A great deal of time has been spent in preparing this index,
which has obviated more congenial work, but it has proved to be
of the highest value and utility, as entire knowledge of literature
and personal study of any name can be discovered in a moment,
with little trusted to memory alone.

There is also a full MSS list of the N. American Noctuide, in
Hampson’s order and names, but revised to correspond with the
arrangement in the collection. The recent synonymy only is
given, original or otherwise, and all names which are considered
to refer to recognizable varieties are entered as such. This list is

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 247

marked off according to box numbers, so that immediate reference
can easily be made directly to any series.

A beginning has been made of the study of genitalia, and about
six or eight hundred most excellent mounts have so far been pre-
pared by Mr. W. H. T. Tams. Where material and time have
permitted, several mounts of a species have usually been prepared
from one locality, and where variation has been noticed or sus-
pected, more have been made from different localities. As many
as four are sometimes put upon one slide, and each mount is num-
bered to correspond with one on the specimen from which it was
taken. These bear the usual data, and are carefully preserved,
being in many cases installed in the general collection, and their
position indicated by a special symbol at the side. The slides are
numbered consecutively, and a catalogue is kept of them, in which
brief, critical notes are entered. This study entails the sacrifice
of the abdomens of the specimens. Poor, if recognizable, speci-
mens have been used by preference, but when such details of com-
parison were thought to be of extreme value, good specimens have
often been used, even of rare species. It is confidently believed
that the partial spoiling of a certain number of specimens is a
means fully justified by the end in view,which is the ultimate bet-
ter understanding of a department of entomological study about
‘which, whilst much has been written and suggested, a very great
deal yet remains to be discovered. So far as the author has at
present investigated, much valuable evidence, sometimes quite
unexpected, has been acquired. And though it is by no means
proposed to accept all previously published notes and figures made
by others or the subject as unimpeachable evidence in favour of
claims made therefor, certain facts brought to: light speak for
themselves in such a way as to remove all doubt which may have
existed as to the extreme value of the study, if carefully and in-
telligently followed, as an aid to the elucidation of various obscure
problems of relationship.

Perhaps the most regrettable want in connection with the
collection is a good library. This contains very few publications
of an earlier date than 1890, and scarcely any European literature,
none of the earlier authors.

248 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The author takes great pleasure in naming North American
Noctuide and preparing critical notes for other students, and ex-
changing views. The work is found to be self-instructive, as well
as useful to others. All material received is studied very closely,
and anything doubtful compared with series and notes. The
Card Index is resorted to in this connection. Everything is always
returned unless special leave is given for retention. There are a
large number of duplicates for distribution, consisting for the most
part of Noctuide, principally unset. All Macro-Lepidoptera from
Alberta or vicinity are desirable, and Noctuide (only) of N.
America or Europe, and some Asiatic. When at home the owner
derives great pleasure from showing the collection to any ento-
mological visitors who are genuinely interested.

RECORDS OF EUROPEAN MIRIDA. OCCURRING IN
NORTH AMERICA. (HEMIPTERA, MIRID&).
BY HARRY H. KNIGHT, ITHACA, NEW YORK.*

The writer desires to submit some definite data on the occur-
rence of certain species of Miridee common to Europe and now
known from North America. There are here recorded three species
new to our fauna, and definite records are given of three others
which are of particular interest. In conclusion the writer gives
his findings on certain species supposed to occur and that ap-
parently do not.

Subfamily PHyLIN&%. Tribe PHYLINI.
Microsynamma bohemani Fallen.

16 o& 2, June 27, 1916, Honeoye Falls, N. Y. (H. H. Knight).
2, June 22, 1914, Rochester Junction, N. Y.; co! 2 92’s, June 26,
1915, Honeoye Falls, N. Y. (M. D. Leonard). @, July 27, 1913,
Callicoon, N. Y. (Wm. T. Davis). o, Aug. 9, Spruce Brook,
Newfoundland, (Chas. Schaeffer). 7 @ 9, Fort Collins, Colorado,
(U.S. National Museum).

This species is apparently well distributed in the Eastern
United States, having been reported before, but rather indefinitely.
Mr. Van Duzee has failed to recognize it in his recent check-list
of the Hemiptera, and previously in his tables to the genera of
Miride. The writer has compared our specimens of this species

*Contribution from the Department of Entomology of Cornell University.
July, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 249
with European forms of bohemani determined by Reuter, and finds
them to be identical. At Honeoye Falls, N. Y., the species was
found breeding on ornamental willows, growing in a commercial
nursery. Doubtless the insect was in this case imported from
Europe in the egg stage on the nursery stock. One specimen
from Colorado has the hemelytra entirely pale, but the form of
the insect is distinctive.

Subfamily ORTHOTYLIN&. Tribe HALTICINI.
Orthocephalus mutabilis Fallen.

Specimens of this species were taken by Mr. C. W. Woods,
July 2, 1913, Orono, Maine. Mr. Woods reports finding the
species on wild daisies and only in one field. The writer has com-
pared two male specimens with European representatives of O.
mutabilis determined by Reuter, and finds them identical in struc-
ture of the genital claspers as well as colour. O. mutabilis Fallen
is easily distinguished from O. saltator Hahn by the pale or yellowish
inner half of the clavus and the black tibiae. The writer has not
seen a specimen of saltaior collected from North America. Pro-
vancher (1886) records O. saltator from Canada, and his description
fits that species very well. Mr. Van Duzee (Can. Ent., 44: 322),
in reviewing the Provancher collection of Hemiptera, states: ‘‘136.
Orthocephalus saltator Hahn. A Capsid new to me but certainly
not the European saltator Hahn.’ If O. saltator Hahn has been
taken in North America the writer would appreciate having the
matter brought to his attention. Mr. Van Duzee in his recent
tables to the genera of Miride left out the genus Orthocephalus
for want of material from this continent.

Halticus apterus Linneus.

The writer has seen only one specimen of this species taken
in North America, and that was received from Mr. H. M. Parshley
who will shortly publish the record from the New England States.
This specimen was compared with European material at the U. S.
. National Museum and found to be identical.

Halticus citri Ashmead, which is our most common species,
has in the past frequently been labeled apterus. It appears under

250 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

three names in the Uhler collection and in the U. S. National
Museum collection. Halticus apterus is easily recognized by the
large, robust, convex form, the black and very shining dorsum
without the golden scale-like pubescence.

Subfamily ORTHOTYLINA. Tribe ORTHOTYLINI.

Cyrtorrhinus caricis Fallen.

12 & 9, Sept. 10-17, Rockaway Beach, Long Island, N.Y.
(H. Ruckes).. co’ 2° 9’s,*Sept: 5-10, Sea Cliff,’ N.Y. (Nathan
Banks). @, Sept. 30, Lakehurst, New Jersey, (H. G. Barber).

This species adds another to our fauna of those well known
in Europe. In the past Uhler had placed his Orthotylus marginatus
as a Cyrtorrhinus, but to date no species from this country has
been allowed to remain in that genus. The writer has worked
over all the literature on Cyrtorrhinus caricis Fallen and finds the
material here recorded agrees with that species in every respect.
The small size, rounded black head with two pale spots on the
vertex, black thorax and scutellum, pale legs, clavus and inner
half of the corium fuscous with the embolium and outer half of
corium pale greenish, will serve to distinguish the species at once.

Saunders (British Heteroptera, p. 283) records the species
from ‘‘amongst rushes,’’ and judging from the Long Island lo-
cality records the species will probably be found breeding on Carex
or other plants in the Cyperacee.

Heterotoma merioptera Scopoli.

Q@, Aug. 5, 1915, Honeoye Falls, New York, (M. D. Leonard).
This interesting addition to our fauna was taken by Mr. Leonard
on the land of one of the large importing nursery firms situated
at Honeoye Falls, N. Y. It has doubtless been introduced in the
nursery stock shipments or in the packing that comes around the
stock. In this way we have got and will probably continue to
import insects that deposit their eggs in the stems of various plants.

Saunders (British Heteroptera, p. 295) gives a good account
of the species which is easily recognized by the rugose character
of the membrane and the inflated second antennal segment. The
writer has compared the above specimen with forms from Spain
and England and finds it to be identical.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST PAG HI

——

Subfamily Mrrin&. Tribe MYRMECORINI.
Pithanus maerkelii Herrick-Schaeffer.

This interesting Mirid was first reported from the United
States by Mr. C. E. Olsen (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.,10 : 34) who
took specimens on Long Island, N. Y. A specimen was taken
next at White Plains, N. Y., by Mr. Torre Bueno, and during the
past year the writer received a specimen from Mr. H. M. Parshley,
collected at Eastport, Maine, by Mr. C. W. Johnson.

The writer took o, 11 2’s, June 27, 1916, at Honeoye Falls,
N. Y., and other specimens were taken at the same time by Mr.
Wm. T. Davis who was present on the trip. The species was
swept from grasses growing along the edge of land set to nursery
stock, and thus may have been imported locally at that place.
The writer took one female specimen which had fully developed
wings, and this form is, according to Saunders (British Heteroptera,
p. 219), “very rare.”

Species of Doubtful occurrence in North America.

The writer has recently completed a revision of the genus
Lygus, and during the course of researches on ‘the material from
North America came to the conclusion that the records of
Lygus contaminatus Fallen, Lygus lucorum Meyer, and Lygus
viridis Fallen, have been cited in error. In the case of Lygus
viridis Reuter (1909), the writer was able to study one of the speci-
mens and finds it to be different from the European viridis Fallen:
having structural points of difference which will be shown in the forth-
coming paper on Lygus. The writer has studied European speci-
mens of the above species which were determined by Reuter, and
are now to be found in the collection of the U.S. National Museum.
The records of contaminatus and lucorum have doubtless been based
on certain colour forms of Lygus apicalis which species has a wide
distribution in North America.

Neobothynotus modestus Wirtner (Ent. News, 28 : 33, 34).
The writer is unable after a careful study of the literature to
find generic points of difference between Neobothynotus Wirtner
and Bothynotus Fieber. Furthermore, the description of JN.
modesius Wirtner does not appear to differ from the description
of Bothynotus pilosus Boheman, which species is well described by

252 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Reuter (Hemip. Gym. Eur., V, p. 7) and Saunders (British Heterop-
tera, p. 263). The writer strongly suspects, though regretfully,
that the above represents an importation of Bothynotus pilosus
Boheman on some of the shrubbery in Col. Huff’s park.

SOME NEOTROPICAL MEGACHILID BEES.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLO.

The specimens recorded below are in the U. S. National
Museum.
Anthidium chubuti Cockerell.

Both sexes from Chubut, Patagonia (from W. F. H. Rosen-
berg). There is great variation in size, and the femora may show
much or little black. The male, not previously known, differs by
having the clypeus and space between clypeus and eyes, and
mandibles except apex (which is bidentate) and extreme base pale
yellow; vertex with either a complete band or a pair of spots;
_ face with pure white hair; greater part of pleura with pure white
hair, but posteriorly it is black; vertex, mesothorax and scutellum
(except posteriorly) with fulvous hair; occiput and metathorax
with black hair, front with sooty; marks on abdomen variable,’
the posterior three pairs may be reduced to spots. The large
male has a small third tooth on the mandibles. A. patagonicum
Schrottky, published about a month and a half later, is evidently
the same species.

Anthidium rubripes Friese.

Male.—Mendoza, Argentina (C. S. Reed). The hair on head
and thorax is white, not ‘‘yellowish brown,” as Friese describes;
but the insect otherwise agrees, and there is no other species from
Mendoza like it. The species is closely allied to A. chubuti, but
narrower and quite distinct. The male mandibles are bidentate
at end, and have on inner side a large, black, triangular plate.

Hypanthidium taboganum, sp. n.

o&, (Type). Length 7-8 mm.; black and .bright chrome
yellow, only the tegule, knees, scape behind (in front yellow)
and base of flagellum red; head and thorax extremely densely
punctured, with scanty hair, that on head and thorax above fox-

red; yellow markings as follows: mandibles except apex, clypeus,
July, 1917.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 253
dog-ear marks, band like lateral face-marks (ending in point at
level of middie ocellus), entire occipital band going half-way down
cheeks, small spot on tubercles, lateraf and anterior margins of
mesothorax (except a wide interval on anterior middle), axille,
broad hind margin of scutellum, anterior and middle tibie and-
basitarsi; in front, elongate basal and transverse apical mark on
hind tibize, hind basitarsi in front and spot on second tarsal joint,
oblique mark at extreme sides of second abdominal segment, and
all of the other segments except extreme base and translucent
reddish apical margin; mesopleura with large, distinctly separated
punctures; wings dilute fuliginous, apicostal region darker; first
three abdominal segments finely punctured, the others with large
punctures; no lateral spines; seventh segment very broadly rounded,
with a median pit. The anterior femora may be red above except
at base.

2 .—Similar, but clypeus black, mandibles with only a small,
vellow spot, no dog-ear marks, more red hair on scutellum, yellow
of legs reduced and more or less reddened, hind tibte black ex-
cept a small basal spot, all the basitarsi black, anterior femora
with a yellowish-red band on apical half; yellow bands of abdomen
narrower, the fourth notched behind. Ventral scopa shining white.

Hab.—Taboga Island, Panama, June 9 and 11, 1911, (A.
Busck); also one Feb. 19, 1912, (A. Busck). Related to H. aureo-
cinctum and H. panamense, but easily separated by the yellow and
black legs and absence of discal stripes on mesothorax. From the
descriptions, it seems also to be somewhat allied to the Anthidium
mexicanum and A. agnatum of Cresson; these species have been
supposed to belong to Dianthidium, but the types should be ex-
amined to see if they are possibly Hypanthidium.

Hypanthidium melanopterum, sp. n.

Q.—Length about 8 mm.; black and chrome vellow; yellow
markingsas follows: lateral face-marks (consisting of a large patch
on each side of antenne, sending a narrow stripe upward along
orbits), entire occipital band going a little way downcheeks, narrow
anterolateral margins of mesothorax, rather narrow band _ border-
ing scutellum and axilla, slightly broken band on first abdominal
segment, small mark on each side of second, entire bands on third

254 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

to sixth, on sixth covering segment except margin; tegule bright
ferruginous; wings fuliginous; legs black, the anterior femora (ex-
cept basally) and tibiz red in front; a small, red tubercle below
each eye; scape yellow in front, otherwise red with a dusky shade;
base of flagellum (and under side more or less) red; ventral scopa
glittering white. Mesothorax densely and strongly punctured.

Hab.— Mexico (Baker collection 2154). Easily known from
H. taboganum by the band on first abdominal segment. It is
allied to H. ecuadorium (Friese), but easily separated by the shape
of lateral face-marks, less projecting and much more narrowly
margined scutellum, very coarse punctures of thorax above (espe-
cially large on scutellum), entirely black tubercles, etc.

Stelis veraecrucis, sp. n.

land

2.—Length about 7 mm.; black, with yellow markings as
follows: clypeus except a very large semicircular area above (the
yellow area thus like two mountains with a valley between),
narrow lateral face-marks extending a little above level of antenne,
a small, elongate spot at inner upper side of each antennal socket,
a very narrow, occipital band, scutellum and axilla except anterior
border, (no other yellow on thorax), and entire bands on abdominal
segments 3 to 6; legs very dark reddish-brown, without markings;
tegulee black; wings fuliginous, the costal region darkest, second
recurrent nervure going far beyond end of second submarginal
cell; abdomen partly obscure reddish beneath at base; venter with
short, white hair. Antenne black, with red spot at apex of scape,
and third joint red beneath; head and thorax above with excessively
large, crowded punctures, on mesothorax so large that a line from
anterior to posterior end traverses only about a dozen; scutellum
prominent; base of metathorax with a transverse band of large
pits.

Hab.—Medellin, Vera Cruz, Mexico (H. H. Hyde; Baker
coll. 1785). For the interpretation of this Baker number see
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1905, p. 201. Nearest to S. laticincta
Cress., but very distinct by the large punctures of thorax, first two
abdominal segments all black, etc. The insect has a close super-
ficial resemblance to the two species of Hypanthidium described
above.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 255

BOOK NOTICE.

A Year of Costa Rican Natural History, by Amelia Smith Calvert,
Sometime Fellow in Biology, Bryn Mawr College, and Philip
Powell Calvert, Professor of Zodlogy, University of Pennsyl-
vania. The Macmillan Co., New York; The Macmillan Co.
of Canada, Toronto Feb, 1917. x1x+577 pp., with maps and
numerous illustrations from photographs, including coloured
frontispiece. Price $3.00.

The single year (May 1, 1909 to May 10, 1910) spent by
Professor and Mrs. Calvert in Costa Rica was a full one indeed,
to judge by this interesting chronicle of their experiences in that
remarkable land. To have gathered, in a single year, the vast
quantity of information contained within its pages must have de-
manded great concentration of effort, both mental and physical.
This information concerns not only the animals and plants of the
country, in which the authors were chiefly interested, but also
the climate and topography, the life and customs of the people,
conditions and methods of travel, and many other matters of in-
terest to the visitor.

As the main object of the trip was the study of the dragonflies
of the country, the references to these insects are proportionately
numerous, and among the more interesting discoveries in this field
were the finding and rearing of the larve of Mecistogaster modestus,
which breeds in the water between the leaves of epiphytic brome-
liads (plants belonging to the Bromeliacee or Pine-apple family),
the larva of Cora, which possesses lateral abdominal gills,
recalling those of the mayflies and Sialids; and the habits of certain
waterfall dwellers belonging to the genera Thaumatoneura and
Argia. These have already been described at length by Dr.
Calvert in a series of papers published in the Entomological News.

A great many other matters of interest to entomologists were
brought to light, not only concerning dragonflies but numerous
other groups of insects, e. g., observations on the swarming and
migratory flights of butterflies and day-flying moths, the habits
of leaf-cutting ants and the curious relationship between the ants
found upon the Bull’s Horn Thorn and their host tree, interesting
cases of apparent mimicry and protective coloration, curious and
striking insects of various kinds, such as the huge horn-bearing
Scarabeide, (Dynastes, Megaceros, etc.), strange lepidopterous

256 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

larve, particularly the weird caterpillars of some of the Megalo-
pygid moths; and hosts of other observations of interest to students
in all branches of entomology.

Much is also told of the birds, reptiles, mammals and other
animals observed, while the descriptive notes on the plants, illus-
trated by numerous photographs, will not only be of interest to
botanists, but will be of much value in giving to the general reader
a mental picture of the types of vegetation, characteristic of tropical
America.

Among the most interesting chapters is the one describing the
ascent of the volcano Irazu, which gives a detailed account of the
volcano itself with its various craters and many notes on the plants
and animals observed there: and the final chapter, dealing with the
destruction of Cartago by earthquakes in the spring of 1910, just
at the close of the authors’ year in Costa Rica. Cartago was
chosen as their headquarters, from which excursions to various
parts of the country were made, the materials collected being
always brought here and kept in a room in the hotel, which served
as a laboratory. One of the early chapters (chap. 4) is devoted
to a description of the town and its life, as it existed before the
earthquake, while the last chapter, ‘‘Carthago deleta est,” gives a
vivid and detailed picture of this terrible event, in which the
entire town was wrecked and nearly 300 people were killed, the
authors themselves suffering a very narrow escape. Fortunately,
although the living larve, which represented the rearings of many
months, were nearly all killed, the preserved specimens, notes,
journals and photographs were uninjured.

The book is remarkable for the extreme care and accuracy
which characterize both matter and typography. The authors
have not been content merely to state their own experiences, but
have acquainted themselves with a large body of literature treat-
ing of the various subjects upon which they have written. One of
the most useful features of the book is the copious bibliography
contained in Appendices III and IV, the former giving a list of
‘papers based in whole or in part on the collections made by the
authors in Costa Rica,’ the latter ‘‘a list of selected literature re-
lating chiefly to the Natural History of Costa Rica, exclusive of
that cited in Appendix III.”

Mailed July 2nd; 1917.

The Ganadiay Entomologist,

VoL. XLIX. LONDON, AUGUST, 1917 No. 8

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
THE STRAWBERRY Root WEEVIL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

BY R. C. TREHERNE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.

Since issuing Bulletin No. 8, of the Dominion Entomological
Branch, on the Strawberry Root Weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus) in
British Columbia, certain studies have been undertaken which may
well be recorded at the present time.

This weevil still maintains its high degree of importance in
the strawberry plantations of the Province. It has gained access
to the fine strawberry plantations of the Saanich Peninsula, near
Victoria, to a degree which is causing considerable apprehension
among the growers.

While primarily an insect adapted to the moist, cooler areas
adjacent to the Pacific Ocean, it has been reported as causing con-
siderable damage to plantations in the arid transitional areas of
the interior. During the past two years reports of this nature
have been received from northern points in the Okanagan Valley,
and more recently it. was observed in considerable quantity at
Grand Forks. Many enquiries further have been received from
the Lower Kootenay country, particularly Kaslo, Nelson and Bos-
well. It has not, as yet, been reported from the Creston district,
but there is no doubt that its presence will be felt in this latter
section at no distant date, even supposing it does not occur there
at present.

It has been claimed that this insect is an introduced species
from Europe. I find this very hard to believe, and I would be
very much interested to find out on what grounds this statement
is advanced. I have taken it at various altitudes up to 4,000 feet
in the mountains, far removed from any cultivated land, and I
have seen it on isolated, rocky islands of the Pacific Coast of British
Columbia. In one instance, I remember finding it on a rocky

258 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

island, almost devoid of grassy vegetation and supporting only a
stunted growth of fir trees. Considering the fact that this island
was several hundred yards from the coast line and at all tides en-
tirely surrounded by salt water, combined with the fact that the
weevil is unable to fly, it becomes increasingly hard to believe that
this insect is other than an indigenous species.

All evidence points to this weevil being primarily a grass-
infesting insect, and further that it is more or less uniformly dis-
tributed throughout the southern sections of British Columbia.
It will attack strawberry plantations when the native vegetation
is removed and it has received its name, not because strawberries
alone are attacked, but because this fruit offers a suitable form of
nourishment to its taste. Strawberries being grown in consolidated
areas under a high state of cultivation, naturally suffer to a marked
extent. It is useless for growers to consider it advisable to pur-
chase plants from non-infested districts, as is so often suggested.
The statements made above naturally preclude this form of sug-
gestion, apart from any remarks on the egg-laying period in re-
lation to transplanting.

It seems a foregone conclusion that all strawberry plantations:
in this part of the world, are doomed to the possibility of infesta-
tion despite the efforts of the growers. Much, however, may be
done to alleviate the nuisance. The control measures, while given
on previous occasions, may well be mentioned again. They are
briefly as follows:

1. Rotation of crops, which includes naturally the growing
of strawberries in proportion to the land available on individual
farms.

‘

2. The production of strawberries on the ‘‘one”’ or ‘“‘two-
year cropping plan,’’ which includes the choice of varieties suitable
to these plans.

3. The removal of old or infested plantations by ploughing.
at the end of the egg-laying period, which ordinarily would mean in
September. Such land should be thoroughly cultivated in the
autumn and kept devoid of all vegetation during the winter.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 259

If these suggestions are properly put into force it may reason-
ably be expected that littke damage would result from the at-
tacks of the weevil larve on the root system. It is urged that dis-
tricts liable to infestation, entering upon the industry of straw-
berry culture, should adopt these plans before they are forced to
do so by the presence of the weevil.

Experience has shown that it is common to find at times well
over a hundred larve at work on the roots of individual plants,
growing on the hill system, and yet the plant would not be dead.
A totally unprofitable crop is the result, but the plant itself sur-
vives the ordeal. On enquiry it may be found, almost invariably,
that the plantation is entering upon its third cropping year. Fre-
quently one hears of severe infestation in young plantations, but
in such cases it has been found that the land has been made the
recipient of continuous crops of strawberries for several years.
It is exceptional to find plantations devastated in the first year of
growth or virgin soil, although a few instances of this have been re-
ported.

On the Effect of ‘‘ Burning Over’’ a Strawberry Field as a Means of
Controlling the Strawberry Root Weevil.

During the past summer experiments were conducted on the
efficiency of burning over an old strawberry plantation just pre-
vious to the termination of the crop. The plants, growing on the
hill system, on approximately 11% acres, were ‘‘mattocked up”
and roots, tops and straw-bedding raked into windrows. On
about half the field the strawberry rows were raked into one
windrow, while on the other half four rows were raked into one row.
The plants were left in these rows for about 24 hours, the day
being bright and sunny. In this way the plants were allowed to
dry, making burning easier, and secondly those beetles left in the
old strawberry rows would be’ forced to shelter in the windrows,
during the night, as to a bait. Finally the rows were fired at a
convenient point to utilize the prevailing breeze.

At the time this work was done the great majority of the

260 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

adults had transformed from the pupze in the soil and were hidden
away among the debris around the plants. Egg laying was in
full swing and comparatively few larve and pupz were left in the

ground.

The results attending this experiment showed that a great
many adults were destroyed by the action of the heat, but on the
other hand a great many survived. The best results, as to mor-
tality, were shown in the larger windrows were the heat appeared
more sustained and concentrated. A number of adults were con-
tained in small wooden boxes and glass vials, which were in turn
sunk to the level of the soil in the row, and it was shown that with-
out exception all perished. Careful observations were taken as
soon as the fire had passed over to ascertain the general results on
a practical scale, and it was interesting to note the remarkable
ingenuity displayed by the weevils to avoid destruction. Under
nearly every clod of earth or beneath compact piles of straw,
which had not become ignited, were found small groups of adults,
sometimes to the number of twenty, packed together as far away
as possible from the source of heat. These weevils were perfectly
normal and unharmed, and some laid eggs in captivity after re-
moval from the field. In some instances adults had burrowed into
loose soil to avoid destruction.

The general results of the work showed that burning the
plantation at the time when the greatest number of adults were
on the surface possessed only a half measure of success. The
adults that survived would undoubtedly migrate to the nearby
strawberry plantations and this, taking place at the season of the
year when egg laying was in progress, was precisely what we should
aim to avoid.

It may be said, however, that better results would probably
attend this method of control if the roots of the plants were shaken
free of soil and the lumps of earth broken and compacted in the
windrow. If this were done burning of old plantations might be
added to the control measures already mentioned.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 261

NEW SPIDERS FROM.CANADA AND THE ADJOINING
STATES:

BY J. H. EMERTON, BOSTON, MASS.

In examining a large number of spiders from Canada and the
northern United States, the following species appear to be unde-
scribed. Six of them are from Metiakatla and other parts of the
coast of British Columbia, collected by J. H. Keen and now in the
collection of Nathan Banks, by whom several had been recognized
as new and partly prepared for publication. Three are from
Departure Bay on Vancouver Island, collected by T. B. Kurata, of
Toronto. Two are from the mountains near Banff, collected by
N. B. Sanson. Four are from Mt. Whiteface in the Adirondack
Mts. of Northern New York, collected by the writer and C. R.
Crosby, of Cornell University. The two Philodromus are from
Ontario; one of them very common all over the eastern part of
Canada.

Lophocarenum sculptum, n. sp.
A little over 2 mm. long. Legs and palpi dull yellow.
Cephalothorax and abdomen dark brown. Abdomen with a hard
spot covering the whole back of the male and nearly the whole of
the female as in L. excavatum. and in several Ceratinella. The
abdomen is covered with depressed spots around the hairs. The

\

7
i te AR
ot .)

? Pers ret aay

Fig 12.—Lophocarenum sculptum.—1, back of cephalothorax, part of abdomen and palpi of
male; 2, front of head of male; 3, profile of cephalothorax of female; 4, profile of cephalothorax of
male; 5, male palpus seen from above; 6, male palpus, outer side.

head of the male has a small, abrupt hump, carrying the upper
middle eyes near the top; (Fig. 12,2 and 4) it is slightly notched in

the middle and constricted at the sides and in front, and under the
August, 1917

262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

constricted part on each side is a deep groove. The female has a
slight elevation of the head just behind the eyes. (Fig. 12,3.) The
male palpi are moderately long with the patella twice as long as it
is wide, and the tibia widened at the end, with a pointed process
on the inner side extending over the tarsus. (Fig. 12, 5 and 6.)

Metlakatla, B.C., from J. H. Keen in Nathan Banks’ collec-
tion.

Arzoncus patellatus, n. sp.

2 mm. long, pale without markings. The head is slightly ~
elevated, more in the male than in the female. The upper eyes
are more than their diameter apart, and farther apart in the male
than in the female, almost touching the lateral eyes. (Fig. 13, 3.)
The front middle eyes are small and near together, and as far from
the upper eyes as these are from each other. The lateral eyes are
in pairs touching each other, and surrounded by a common, dark
border. The space between the eyes is covered by short, stiff
hairs directed upward. (Fig. 18,3.) The male palpi resemble slightly

Fig. 13.—Are@oncus patellutus.—1, epigynum; 2; male palpus, outer side; 3, head of male
from above.

those of Ar@oncus bispinosus. The patella is, as in bispinosus,
twice as long as the tibia. The tibia is widened at the end, twice
as wide as it is long, and has on the inner side a short, sharp tooth
directed forward. (Fig. 138, 2). There are two rows of stiff hairs on
the top of the tibia extending parallel as far as the anterior border
and there turning toward the inner tooth. The*tarsal hook curves
in a half circle and ends in a dull point. (Fig. 13, 2.) The epigynum
has two median’ processes, (Fig. 18, 1) the inner one T-shaped,
much like the middle lobe in many Lycoside, the outer half as long
and paddle-shaped.

Metlakatla, B.C., J. H. Keen.

Gongylidium curvitarsis, n. sp.

4 mm. long. Cephalothorax and legs pale yellow-brown.

Abdomen gray with small, light spots of irregular shape and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 263

arrangement, the middle ones sometimes in pairs. Size and general
appearance like Pedanostethus riparius. The head is only slightly
narrowed in front, but more in the male than in the female. The
upper eyes are all of the same size and equal distances apart, the
lower front pair half as large as the others and close together, but
not touching. (Fig. 14, 5.) In the male the metatarsi of the front

Fig. 14.—Gongylidium curvilarsis——1, male palpus, from above; 2, male palpus, outer side; 3,
metatarsus of first leg of male; 4, epigynum; 5, eyes.
legs are slightly curved, and some of the hairs near the middle of
the joint are thicker than the others. (Fig. 14,3.) The male palpi
resemble closely those of G. (Tmeticus) brunneus Em. of the White
Mountains, but the tibia has a sharper and more recurved point,
(Fig. 14, 2) the tarsal hook though nearly of the same shape has
the point less widened and the palpal organ has a long, stiff tube
curved in a half circle and extending beyond the end of the tarsus.
(Fig. 14, land 2.) The epigynum is like that of brunneus but longer,
projecting farther from the surface of the abdomen (Fig. 14, 4).

Mt. Whiteface, Adirondacks, N.Y., in moss in spruce forest

at 4,000 ft.. May 24, 1916.

Gongylidium macrochelis, n. sp.

3 mm. long. Abdomen gray. Cephalothorax, legs and: palpi
dull orange. Resembles in size .and colour Tmeticus armatus
Bks., with which it was found. The head is low and wide, and’the
mandibles large and thick with a large tooth on the front and
inner side as in probatus and tridentatus. The front of the mandi-
bles has scattered elevations at the base of the hairs and on the

264 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

—

outer sides are fine, parallel, horizontal lines. There are three or
four small teeth on the inner side of the claw groove. (Fig. 15,
1 and 2.). The maxille are wide and have several scattered eleva-
tions with one larger one near the front. The male palpi are

Fig. 15.—Gongylidium macrochelis.—1, sternum, maxille and mandibles of male; 2, side of
male; 3, male palpus, outer side.

long, with both patella and tibia longer than wide. The tibia is
widened toward the end but has no large processes. (Fig. 15, 3.)
The tarsus is short and round and has a deep notch on the outer
side. The tarsal hook is of a complicated shape, shown in (Fig. 15,
3). The base is thickened and near it is a round tooth turned
toward the tibia. The end of the hook curves outward and reaches
back to the edge of the tarsus.

Sulphur Mountain, Banff, N.B. Sanson. In April on snow
in company with 7'meticus armatus.

Gongylidium unidentatum, n. sp.

1.5 mm. long. Cephalothorax and abdomen gray and legs
pale. Eyes as in Tmeticus bidentatus. Mandibles without any

oH

eS ; .
a (-
ee es
See ie

Fig. 16.—Gongylidium unidentatum.—l, male palpus, above; 2, male palpus, outer side; 3,
male palpus, inner side. - ‘

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 265

large tooth in front. - Tarsus of male palpus extending over the
tarsus half its length and pointed, with the point slightly turned
(Fig. 16, 1, 2 and 3.) Tarsal hook simple.

One

down.
Mt. Whiteface, Adirondacks, N.Y., C. R. Crosby.
specimen.
Microneta clavata, n. sp.

Both sexes of the same size.

2 mm. long, pale yellowish.
The tibia

The male palpi are small and coloured like the legs.
is thickened toward the end, where it is as wide as long. The
tarsal hook is simple in form, the basal half straight, following the
edge of the tibia and the terminal half curved in a half circle
(Fig. 17, 3.) The epigynum is large, with a smooth, rounded end
extending backward, turned a little way from the surface of the

abdomen. (Fig. 17, 4.)
Wilmington Notch, Adirondacks, N.Y. C. R. Crosby.

Microneta pallida, n. sp.

A little over 2 mm: long and pale, without any markings.
The abdomen is slightly thickened in front and pointed behind.
The front of the head extends a little forward beyond the mandi-

bles. The mandibles are thickened at the base and have a few

wt
MH

=>=—
)

——_—.

a

Fig. 17.—Microneta pallida.—1, outer side of male palpus; 2, profile of head and mandibles,

Wicroneta clavita.—3, male palpus; 4 epigynum.

stiff hairs on the front as in angulata and formica. (Fig. 17,2.) The
male palpi have the tibia thickened in the middle and the end ex-

tended on the upper side over the tarsus. (Fig. 17,1.) The tarsal
The tarsus has on the upper

hook is wide and flat as in angulata.

266 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

side two processes, neither very large; one near the base and the
other in the middle.

Departure Bay, Vancouver Is., 1913, Po Be iKuratae

Microneta orcina, n. sp.

2mm. long. Legs pale. Cephalothorax pale yellow brown.
Abdomen pale gray with lighter spots in pairs as in several Diplo-
styla and Bathyphantes. (Fig. 18, 1.) The cephalothorax is nearly
as wide as long, with the front of the head not much over half as
wide. The male palpi have the tibia enlarged at the end without

Fig. 18.—Micronela orcina.—1, dorsal markings of male; 2, male palpus; 3,.male palpus,
outer side.

any processes. The tarsal hook is straight where it crosses the end
of the tibia and then curves in a half circle to a point, and on the
outer side near the end is a slight projection (Fig 18, 3.) The palpal
organ has a long, slender, transparent tube which curves around
the end of the palpus in more than a complete circle. (Fig. 18, 2.)

Inverness, B.C. J. H. Keen. One specimen in collection of
N. Banks.

Diplostyla inornata, n. sp.

2 mm. long. Abdomen gray without markings or with only
a trace of markings. Cephalothorax gray but lighter than the
abdomen. Legs pale without markings. Palpi of male _ re-
sembling those of nigrina, except that the tarsal hook is ‘only
slightly widened at the tip (Fig. 19, 5) and the basal process is
. slightly curved inward over the coil of the tube. (Fig. 19; 6.)
Mt. Whiteface, Adirondacks, N. Y., August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMCLOGIST 267

Diplostyla keenii, n. sp.

3 mm. long. Cephalothorax pale with light gray radiating
markings. Legs long and pale with faint gray rings at the end
and middle of each joint. Abdomen pale with distinct gray mark-
ings, two pairs of large spots more or less connected on the front

—
Ko

or

OD

Hon

AL
woul

‘nga

\ ‘nn uname
‘ em RNY
Ny ,
vuly!
wie
Fig. 19.—Diplostyla.—1 and 2, male palpus of D. keenii; 3 and 4, male palpus of D. brevipes;

4 and 5, male palpus of D. inornata; 7, dorsal markings of D. keenii; 8, dorsal markings of D.
brevipes.

‘ul il i a

0
vont gv \

\ slg

eet
Ah Sayan HUENEE

~

half and three transverse on the hinder half, the front one divided
in two. (Fig. 19, 7.) The male palpus has the tarsal hook blunt
pointed. (Fig. 19,1.) The basal process is wide in the middle, with
the inner corner much elongated. The slender portion turns off
at a right angle. (Fig. 19,2.) The epigynum is of the usual shape
but very short, as in alboventris. . 7

Metlakatla, J. H. Keen, in collection of Nathan Banks.

Diplostyla brevipes, n. sp.

9

3 mm. long. Cephalothorax and legs pale, dull yellow with-
out any markings. Abdomen whitish with gray markings; on the
front half, two spots in the middle line, each partly connected with
two lateral spots; behind these three transverse marks, the front
one partly divided in three (Fig. 19, 8.) The legs are unusually

a

268 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

short, the first femur but little longer than the cephalothorax.
The male palpus has the tarsal hook pointed at the tip, and it is
more pointed at the base than in the other species. (Fig. 19, 3.)
The basal process of the palpal organ has the slender portion bent
in the middle at nearly a right angle, and its poiht has a tooth
turned outward as in alboventris, (Fig. 19, 4.) The epigynum has
the two processes straight and of middle length.

Metlakatla, B.C. J. H. Keen, in the collection of Nathan

Banks.
Pardosa metlakatla, n. sp.

In size, colour and markings resembling P. glacialis, but dif-
fering from it in the epigynum and male palpi. The epigynum is
narrow like that of atra, but the middle lobe is shorter and wider
and widened at the end as in sternalis. (Fig. 20,3.) There is no large
depressed area as in glacialis, and there is hardly a trace of the
anterior pits. The palpal organ has the basal process somewhat
- crescent-shaped, the lower point being shorter and the upper more
pointed than in glacialis. (Fig. 20,4.) The small process on the outer
side which supports the end of the tube is less pointed than in
glacialis.. The tarsus is longer and more pointed, and the tibia
less thickened than in glacialis, and lighter coloured and _ less
thickly covered with hair.

Metlakatla, B.C. J. H. Keen. “Mountains north of Van-
couver. W. Taylor.

Fig: 20.—Pardosa vancouveri.—1, epigynum; 2, dorsal markings. Pardosa metlakatla.—3,
epigynum; 4, male palpus.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 269

Pardosa vancouveri, n. sp.

7 mm. long. Gray with the colour much broken into spots
of irregular shape. The cephalothorax has three light stripes, the
middle one two-thirds as long as the cephalothorax, widened at the
front end and divided in three. (Fig. 20, 2.) The side stripes extend
the whole length of the cephalothorax and are of irregular width.
The legs are darkest at the base, and have broken and irregular
spots on all the joints. The abdomen has the usual long middle
spot at the front end, behind which are small, irregular, light spots
in pairs. On the under side the colours are somewhat lighter on
the coxe and femora, and the abdomen has three indefinite dark
stripes on a light ground. The epigynum is long and partly
divided into two parts. The anterior end has a wide, distinct
pit, from which a soft and narrow ridge extends backward as far
as the transverse division. (Fig. 20, 1.) The posterior half has a
wide middle lobe in which is a ridge approaching the form of a T.
(Fig. 20, 1.) The male is yet unknown.

Departure Bay and Vancouver, in gardens and fields. T. B.
Kurata.

Peecilochroa columbiana, n. sp.

Cephalothorax 2.5 mm. long. Abdomen variable in size ac-
cording to contents. Cephalothorax orange brown with black
hairs. Legs orange yellow except the femora, which are dark like
the cephalothorax, the first and second femora sometimes darker
than the others. The abdomen is black with a white, transverse
stripe at the front, two transverse spots in the middle, and some-
times a few white hairs in front of the spinnerets. On the under

Fig. 21—Pecilochroa columbiana. 1, male paJpus, under side; 2, epigynum.

270 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 5

side there are no definite markings, but the abdomen is usually
lighter ¢n the middle and toward the front, and the posterior
coxe are lighter than those in front. The male is darker than the
females. The epigynum has a middle and two lateral pits in front,
and a rounded lobe directed backward and fitting into a larger
depression. (Fig. 21, 2.) The male palpus somewhat resembles that
of P. montana, but the process of the tibia is smaller and the point
less turned backward. (Fig. 21,1.) This species is distinct from
P. pacifica Bks., with which it has been compared.
Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, 1913, T. B. Kurata.

Philodromus canadensis, n. sp.

5 mm. long. Second femur of male 3 mm. Marked in gray
(Fig. 22, 3) much like P. vulgaris and like P. bidentatus with which
it is sometimes associated, but it does not have the sharp division
between the dorsal and ventral colour areas that is usual in vulgaris.
It has somewhat shorter legs than bidentatus, especially in the
males. The male palpi resemble those of vulgaris, but the outer

Fig. 22.—Philodromus macrolarsus.—1, male. palpus, upper side; 2, male palpus, under side.

Philodromus canadensis.—3, dorsal markings; 4, epigynum; 5, male palpus, under side.

process of the tibia is narrower and the under process more tri-
angular and with a short truncate tooth at its base, a little curved
toward the outer side of the palpus. (Fig. 22, 5.) The tibia is wider
in the middle than in vzlgaris, and widened more on the inner
than on the outer side. (Fig. 22, 5.) The epigynum resembles that
of vulgaris, but is shorter. (Fig. 22, 4.)

*

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Zit

Common about Montreal and Ottawa and westward to Lake
Nipigon and Prince Albert; Grand Isle, Lake Champlain; Sandusky,
Ohio. :
Philodromus macrotarsus, n. sp.

4 mm. long. Femur of second leg 3 mm. The specimen, a>
male, is freshly molted and light in colour. The abdomen has a’
series of transverse marks in light and dark gray, and the legs are
indistinctly ringed in the middle and near the ends of the joints.
The male palpus has the tibia twice as wide as long, most of the
width being on the outer side. (Fig. 22, 1.) On the projecting por-
tion is a black pointed process directed forward and visible from
above or below. On the under side is a double process also directed
forward, the outer half dark and the inner half translucent brown.
The palpal organ has on the end near the outer side a short, stout
process curving downward and opposite to it is the dark ported
tube. (Fig. 22, 2.)

Vineland, Ontario. W. A. Ross, Sept., 1916.

Chalcoscirtus carbonarius, n. sp.

Female 4 mm. Male 3 mm. long. Dark gray, the male
almost black, the female with the abdomen lighter than the cephalo-
thorax and lighter below than above, without any markings.
There are very small, scattered hairs all over the body and the
skin is roughened with fine, irregular lines, and in some lights is

“ga”
Aa

Fig. 23.—Chalcoscirius carbonarius.—1, outline of female; 2, epigynum; 3, male palpus’
outer side; 4 male palpus, under side.

slightly iridescent. The abdomen is longer than the cephalo-
thorax. The cephalothorax is one-half longer than wide, with the

272 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

sides straight and parallel. (Fig. 1.) The eye area is wider than
long, the front row of eyes covers the whole width of the head, and
the small, middle eyes are nearer the upper pair than the front row.
The leg of the first pair is not much thicker than the others in
either sex, and the tibia has on the under side three pairs of long
spines. The mandibles have no teeth under the claw. The
male palpi have the tibia as long as wide, with a long process ex-
tending half the length of the tarsus and having a sharp tooth in
the middle of the upper edge. (Fig. 23,3.) The palpal organ is oval
and thick, extending back at the base over part of the tibia. (Fig. 23,
3and 4.) The tube is at the tip and is short and curved in a half
circle. (Fig. 23, 4.) The epigynum hastwo small, semi-circular
openings behind which the round spermathece show through the
skin. (Fig..23,;2.)

Simpson summit, 7,000 ft., near Banff; a smaller species, C.
montanus Banks, is found on Mt. Washington, N.H., above the
trees.

ON SOME NEW OR NOTEWORTHY COLEOPTERA
FROM THE WEST COAST OF FLORIDA—ITI.

BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
(Continued from page 240.)

Elytroleptus floridanus Lec.
One example of this rare form was beaten from oak on March
23. It was described from Florida in 1862, and Schwarz records
the taking of a single specimen at Haulover.

Plectomerus dentipes Olivier.
Three examples of this small and well-marked Longicorn have
been taken by beating oak in November and December.

Zagymnus clerinus Lec.

Schwarz records this species as very rare in the stems of dry
palmetto leaves. Five specimens have been taken at Dunedin,
three on pine lumber in October and December, the others at
electric porch light in June.. Two of the five are wholly black, one
of them being 19 mm.in length. The others are typical in hue, the

head and thorax red and the elytra maculate, the length 13-15 mm.
August, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 273

Cryptocephalus nanus Fab.
One specimen by beating in a wet hammock, March 27.
LeConte records* it. from Arkansas and Florida: No other Flori-
dian record is known to me.

Cryptocephalus calidus Suff.
One specimen beneath chunk near pond. Not before recorded
definitely from Florida.

Pachybrachys stygicus Fall.
Occurs frequently on huckleberry foliage and flowers in autumn
and spring. Fall’s types were from a number of localities in
Florida and Alabama.

Pachybrachys characteristicus Suff.
Fall also records this from several localities in Florida.** One
specimen was secured at Dunedin in a wet hammock.

Monoxia batisia, sp. nov.

Elongate-oblong, feebly convex. Fuscous-black, above thickly
clothed with short, prostrate, silken yellow pubescence, the blackish
ground colour showing in a narrow median line on head and thorax
_ and in some irregular spots and short curved lines along the inner
portions of, and some rows of minute dots along the sides of each
elytron; antenne and legs reddish-brown, more or less annulate
or tinged with fuscous; under surface fuscous, very sparsely and
finely pubescent. Head with a broad, shallow but distinct median
impression. Thorax nearly twice as wide as long, not narrower at
apex than base, sides broadly curved and rounded into the base,
which is distinctly, obtusely emarginate at middle, front angles
obtusely rounded; disc finely and closely punctate and with a
vague median impression and another each side. Elytra one-
third wider and five times as long as thorax, sides parallel for three-
fourths their length, then curved into the rounded apex; disc
more or less uneven, finely, densely and deeply reticulate-punctate.
Male with tarsal claws bifid one-third their length, the last ventral
broadly and deeply emarginate. Female with claws simple, last
ventral truncate or nearly so. Length, male, 3.5 mm.; female,
4-4.3 mm.

*Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., VIII, 1880, 201. \
**Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLI, 1915, 376.

21454: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Swept in. numbers, January 29—April 2, from the foliage of
the fleshy-leaved seaside plant, Batis maritima L., which covers
large tracts along the inner borders of the mangrove swamps on
Hog Island, opposite Dunedin. With the exception of punctt-
collis Say, 7-8.5 mm. in length, this is the only Monoxia definitely -
known from east of the Mississippi River, though LeConte, in
1865,* mentioned one of his types of obtusa (now placed as a
synonym of his debilis**) as having been found at Andover, Mass.
‘Horn in his “Galerucini’’ states,*** however, that this locality
“is much more than doubtful.”” From debilis M. batisia may be
known by the much more distinct median impression of head,
different form of thorax with the basal margin distinctly emar-
ginate and by the much deeper emargination of the last ventral of
male.

In this connection it may be mentioned that Fabricius in
18017, described from Carolina a Galeruca atomaria, the status of
which is in doubt. His description, based mainly on colour, is
as follows:

“atomaria, G.—Pallida, elytrorum sutura, atomisque ferru-
gineis. Statura parva G. tenell@. {3.2-4mm.] Antenne ferru-
ginee. Caput ferrugineum, vertice nigro. Thorax marginatus,
pallidus, immaculatus. Elytra levia, pallida, sutura, que tamen
apicem haud attingit, puncto maiori distincto in medio atomisque
ferrugineis. Corpus pallidum.”’

Habitat in Carolina Mus. D. Bosc.

LeConte (loc. cit. 205) states that ‘this was probably a species
of Monoxia,”’ and it was so listed by Gemminger & Harold. It is
possible that this is the species I have described as MW. batisia, but
it cannot be so determined from the brief description of Fabricius.

- Haltica nana Crotch.

One specimen swept from low herbage, October 26. Hornt
gives its range as South Carolina to Florida.

*Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat:Sci., 222.

**Since obtusa was described first on the same page, it should be made the
name of the species, with debilis as the synonym.

***Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XX, 1893, 86.

TSyst. Eleut. I, 490.

{Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XVI, 1889, 221.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 275

Haltica marevagans Horn.

Taken in some numbers by sweeping the sea purslane, Sesi-
vium maritimum Walt:, along a dredged ditch on Hog Island.
Feb. 5—March 25. Horn, (loc. cit., p. 226) states that it occurs
along the sea coast region from Florida to New Jersey.

Chztocnema brunnescens Horn.

This handsome little bronzed-brown species was swept from
the sea-blite, Batis maritima L. on Hog Island, February 27, a
dozen or more being taken. As pointed out by Horn* its peculiar
colour and distinctly punctured head make it easily known. His
types were taken by Schwarz at Key West (who also took a series
at Punta Gorda) and we can find no other published record.

Blapstinus aciculus, sp. nov.

Elongate-oval, feebly convex. Above piceous-black, very
finely alutaceous, subopaque, sparsely clothed with minute pros-
trate brownish-yellow hairs; beneath piceous, legs and antenne
dark reddish-brown. Head almost flat, finely, sparsely and evenly
punctate, the clypeus broadly emarginate. Antenne gradually
enlarged toward apex, second joint one-half the length of third,
the latter slightly longer than fourth. Thorax subquadrate, one-
fourth wider than long, sides subparallel from base to apical third,
then gradually converging to the apical angles which are obtuse;
hind angles rectangular, base feebly bisinuate; disc finely, evenly
and rather sparsely aciculate punctate. Elytra at base but slightly
wider than thorax, sides very feebly diverging to behind the middle,
then broadly curved to apex; stria rather deep, their punctures
fine and well separated; intervals convex, each with numerous
“minute punctures, each one of which bears a very fine hair. Under
surface of abdomen finely and sparsely punctate, that of pro-
sternum reticulate-punctate. Male with three basal joints of front
tarsi rather widely dilated and spongy pubescent beneath, first
three segments of abdomen widely and shallowly concave, the
fifth with a broad, rounded concavity at middle. Length 4.5 mm.

Described from four males taken December 22-24 beneath
dried cow dung in a sandy lane. Allied to humilis Casey, but
body broader and form and sculpture of thorax, and secondary
sexual characters very different. Specimens have been sub-
Elec? Trance Amie Ent Soes XV IbdeSo 260) se eee ayaa

276 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST,

mitted to Mr. Fall and Col. Casey, and both say it is unlike any
species known to them.

Arrhenoplita ferruginea Lec.

A colony of 20 or more adults of this interesting Tenebrionid
were taken on Jan. 25 from a woody fungus on the side of an oak
log. Larve and pup were also present. Described from
Louisiana, Schwarz lists it as rare at Enterprise, Fla., in company
with Boletotherus bifurcus Fab.

Helops cisteloides Germ.

I can find no mention of this species in any of the published
lists of Florida beetles. Horn in his ‘‘Tenebrionide’’* gives the
“Gulf States” as its habitat. About Dunedin it is quite frequent
during the winter months, a score or more being taken from be-
tween the bundles of a stack of shingles, and others at porch light.

Mycetochares puncticollis, sp. nov.

Elongate, slender, subparallel. Black, very sparsely clothed
with a fine, prostrate, brownish-yellow pubescence; elytra each
with a large oval reddish-yellow humeral spot; antenne, labrum,
tibie and tarsi pale brownish-yellow, femora and under surface
piceous. Eyes rather large, separated by twice their width.
Thorax nearly twice as wide as long, basal foveze two, small; sides
broadly curved, hind angles obtuse; surface, as well as that of
head, finely, very densely and evenly punctate. Elytra as wide
at base as thorax, disc without trace of stria, very finely and
closely rugosely punctate. Under surface minutely and sparsely
punctate. Front coxe separated by a prosternal process. Length
-3.8 mm. .

Described from a single specimen sifted from dead leaves,
March 8. Allied to fraterna Say but differs from it and all other
described species by the fine, dense punctuation of thorax. The
pale spot of elytra is oblong-oval and confined to the humerus,
whereas in fraterna it is much larger and placed obliquely between
humerus and suture.

Anthicus convexulus Casey.

Single specimens were swept from huckleberry on March 20
and April 8. Described from South Carolina.

*Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., XIV, 1870, 936.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 277
Eleminus ashmeadi Casey.
Four examples have been taken at Dunedin, February 25—
April 11, by sweeping ferns in a wet hammock, and another at
Sanford on March 28. The unique type of Casey was from St.
Nicholas, Florida.
Zonantes schwarzi Casey.

A specimen of this well-marked, little Anthicid was beaten’
from the flowers of the Virginia willow, [tea virginica L., in a wet
hammock on March 27. Only the type, described from Biscayne
Bay, Fla., has heretofore been recorded. From Casey’s descrip-
tion* the Dunedin specimen differs somewhat in colour, the median
black bar of elytra being broken at the suture, while the legs are
pale except the femora which are black at base.

Sandytes ptinoides Schz.

This species occurs on ferns and other foliage in wet hammocks.
Two specimens have been taken near Dunedin, one December 17,
the other March 12. It is recorded from New Smyrna and Enter-
prise by Schwarz as very rare.

Gnathium francilloni Kirby.
Four specimens taken by sweeping low vegetation along the
margin of a pond, October 26. No previous published Florida
record can be found.

Nemognathus nemorensis Hentz.

One specimen taken with the preceding. ‘“Tampa, very

rare,” is Schwarz’s record. -
Nemognathus vittigera Lec.

Ft. Myers, Sarasota and Dunedin, one specimen from each
locality; March 4~June 10; the one on the latter date at porch
light, the others on flowers of thistle. Le Conte gives its range**
as Illinois, Missouri and Texas.

Alloxacis pleuralis Lec.
Six specimens at porch light; June 10—July 5.
Alloxacis floridana Horn.

Also at porch light, nine specimens having been taken in June

and July. It is very probable that this will prove to be only a

*Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., VIII, 1895, 783.
'**Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., VIII, 1880, 215.

278 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

pale variety of the preceding. Horn’s unique type was from 7
Biscayne Bay. :
Paragraphus setosus Blatch.

This genus and species were founded* on a single specimen
taken in the axils of a thistle on Hog Island. Especial attention
was given to the search for additional examples during the past
winter. On December 27, the first visit to that portion of the
island where the type was found, more than 40 thistles were chopped
up, and 71 examples of Agraphus bellicus Say taken from their
axils, as well as a number of Zanymecus lacena Hbst., but no
Paragraphus. On January 29 another trip was made. The two
species mentioned were still found but in diminished numbers,
and after a long search a single example of the Paragraphus. re-
warded my efforts, so that now two are in my collection. Both
the type. and its mate were taken within 50 yards of one another,
and within that distance of the Gulf beach on the western side of
the island and about the middle of its length.

Conotrachelus maritimus, sp. nov.

Oval, robust. Dark reddish-brown, vertex and elytra thinly
clothed with short, scale-like prostrate reddish hairs; elytra each
with a small spot of similar white hairs at the bases of the third
and fifth intervals, and a minute tuft of mixed white and reddish _
scales near apex of third interval. Beak as long as thorax, male,
as head and thorax, female, finely carinate above, striate on sides,
coarsely and densely punctate. Thorax almost naked, bell-
shaped, about as wide as long, sides broadly rounded, much nar-
rowed in front, base bisinuate; disc with a trace of a very fine
median carina, coarsely, very densely and deeply reticulate-
punctate, each puncture enclosing a prostrate, oblong reddish
scale. Elytra oval, nearly twice as wide at base as thorax, sides
straight from base to middle, then strongly converging to the
obtuse apex; strie feebly impressed, each marked with a row of
small, rounded punctures, each puncture partly closed by a pros-
trate, oblong scale; third, fifth and seventh intervals slightly
elevated, all the intervals with a row of very short, erect black
bristles, those on the declivity more evident and in part paler.
Under surface and femora coarsely and densely punctate, each
"7. *Rhynchophorasof Nob» Amer. 1016, 110m | cee 6) oe nas

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 279

puncture scale-bearing like those of thorax. Femora armed with
a small obtuse tooth; claws with a long acute one. Length 3.5—
3.8 mm.

A compact and prettily marked little species, described from
nine specimens taken singly or in pairs, February 17—22, beneath
chunks of dead stems of saw palmetto along the borders of a thinly
wooded tract one mile north of Dunedin, on the margin of Clear-
water Bay. None of them were more than 50 feet from the edge
of the water at high tide. The species belongs to Group III of
the genus Conotrachelus as treated in the Rhynchophora of N. E.
America. In some of the specimens the elytra are in part faintly
mottled with minute patches ef isolated white scales.

Anchonus duryi Blatch.

This peculiarly sculptured Cossonid was described* from
specimens taken at Sarasota and West Palm Beach. It is also in
the National Museum from St. Petersburg, 21 miles south of
Dunedin. Single specimens were taken during the winter, January
24 and February 17, both under the same conditions and in the
same locality as the Conetrachelus above described.

Since the second paper of this series appeared in the July
Canadian Entomologist, Mr. E. A. Schwarz has called my at-
tention to the fact that the name Jschyrus tripunciatus has been
preoccupied by Crotch (1873) for a Santo Domingo species. The
species I described under that name may, therefore, be known as
Ischyrus dunedinensis.

Mr. Schwarz also cited me to a paper by H. G. Hubbard
(Psyche, Vol. IV p. 215) on Hypotrichia spissipes Lec., in which
the female is first described and the habits of both sexes given
from specimens observed at Crescent City, Fla.

In addition to the localities given for Chlorophorus annularis
Fab., Schwarz adds China, Japan and the Philippines, where it
. breeds in bamboo, a plant which Itas been introduced extensively
in and about Dunedin. He states that; ‘Unless the beetle be-
comes established in the bamboo debris wherever the plant is
grown in this country, it should not be included in our lists.”

*Rhynchophora, p. 521.

280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

LOUISIANA RECORDS OF THE BINDWEED PROMINENT.
(SCHIZURA IPOME DDY.)

BY E. S. TUCKER, STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
BATON ROUGE, LA.

Three specimens cf a prominent caterpillar were collected on
rose leaves, at the home of the writer in Baton Rouge, La., October
4, 1913. On being confined with the sprigs of the plant on which
they fed for a while, one soon pupated in an oval cocoon covered
with fragments of dried leaves. Another only succeeded in spinning
~ similar cocoon, as it died inside of the latter without pupating.
The third failed entirely. Not until after a moth was found to have
emerged from the first cocoon, on January 28, 1914, the adult
then being somewhat rubbed but alive, could the species be posi-
tively identified. A critical study of the specimen led to the con-
clusion that it represented the bindweed prominent, Schizura
ipomee Ddy. The larve had agreed as closely with figures of same
stage of Schizura unicornis S. & A. as with that of the determined
name, according to Packard’s monograph.

Again at the same place on September 25, 1914, similar larve
of medium size were taken while feeding on the rcse leaves. These
examples agreed more closely with Packard’s figures of the bind-
weed prominent than with the unicorn prominent. They pupated
about 10 days later, each in the same kind of cocoon as mentioned
in the preceding case.

Slight attacks by what appeared to be the same species of
caterpillar on pecan foliage came to the writer’s attention while
inspecting nursery stock at Ferriday, Concordia Parish, La., on
September 16 of the latter year. Then under date of the 29th of
the same month, a correspondent at Newroads, Pionte Coupee
Parish, La., sent like specimens, complaining that the caterpillars
were eating the foliage of his young pecan trees. He added, how-
ever, that only a few of his trees which. had been set out during
the preceding winter were attacked so far, and the insect seemed
to prefer the less vigorous growth. In asking information about
it, he desired to know if means of control would be necessary, and
if so, what treatment would be advisable. For reply, the opinion

was given that unless the insect became very numerous it could
August, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 281

hardly do much harm owing to the lateness of the season. In
case its depredations should ever present a serious aspect, however,
it could easily be poisoned with an arsenical spray.

On August 3, 1915, the writer once more recognized a partially
grown caterpillar by its markings and form as the same species,
this occurring on a rose bush of a florist’s place at Hammond,
Tangipahoa Parish, La. As the grower had made a practice of
picking off and destroying all such enemies on his plants, he had
kept his stock free from ravages.

An inquiry dated October 30 of the same year, which was re-
ceived from Plaquemines, Iberville Parish, La., brought the species
to further notice by referring to a specimen of worm which was
destroying rose bushes. Inspection of the accompanying material
revealed a partly grown caterpiller answering in all particulars to
the bindweed prominent.

a NEW SPECIES OF -PHENACOCEUS
(HEMIPTERA, HOMOPTERA).
BY A. H. HOLLINGER, COLUMBIA, MO.

Phenacoccus pettiti, sp. nov.

Eggs.—Apparently just deposited under the body of the adult
female with only a few fine, white, waxy hairs to hold them to-
gether, but not enough to be called an ovisac; egg-shells white.

Young.—Lemon or straw-coloured, about 5 mm. long; ovoid
with rather broadly rounded extremities; antenne and legs pale
yellow; antennz about one-half the length of the body or the length
of the transverse diameter of the body; very active; eyes blackish;
apparently ventrally placed and far apart; a stout, white waxy
spur arising from between the anal lobes.

Adult female—.About 2.5 mm. long and 1.3 mm. wide; oval-
elliptical; somewhat truncate across the cephalic end; white, waxy
exudation at the anal end; body slate-gray to brownish-gray;
covered both dorsally and ventrally with a white secretion of waxy
powder; on the dorsum laterad of the median line are two rows of
abdominal and thoracic depressions which are lacking in secretion:

lateral margins covered with abundant white, woolly, waxy secre-
August, 1917

282 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST |"

tion, occurring also more or less abundantly over the dorsum,
but especially noticeable in irregular longitudinal masses between
the latero-medial rows of depressions on the dorsum, and also laterad
of each row; a fringe of seventeen short, white, waxy spurs along
either lateral margin of the
body, the two caudal ones
being the longest; entire
dorsum bearing long, thin,
silken, glass-like hairs,ssome
of which are as long or
longer than the insect; they
break off very easily, but
are soon replaced by new
ones; iridescent; apparent-
ly arising from definite
locations, for some of them
are marginal, arising from
about the middle of each
segment while others are
just anterior and posterior
to each dorsal depression;
apparently more in the
caudal than in the cephalic
region, as many as ten
arising /from the fourth
segment from the anal end
\ of one female; legs and

Fig. 24.— Phenacoccus pettiti n. Sp., greatly enlarged. antenne pale brownish,
sudthe late, wang Hlamente ee Wen potlere tn, EO ag beret
turns red-brown to brick-

red, but does not colour the solution.

Adult female mounted,—2.7 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide;
derm in cephalic region bearing numerous long and short body
hairs, most numerous cephalad of the mouth-parts and between
the basal segments of the abdomen; also with numerous short and
long body hairs in proximity to the anal orifice; cerarius type of
gland-pores scattered over the derm; several large gland-pores of
the ‘‘circumgenital”’ type also near the anal opening; many large

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 283

body-glands near the mar-
gins of the body as well as
a few scattered over the
surface; these glands pro-
ject above the derm, as in
figure; legs and antenne
very well developed,strong-
ly chitinized, and with
numerous long hairs; anten-
nal formule variable, as
follows: 325946178, 32(59)
46178, 3(92)5416(78), (23)
9154678, (23)95146(78),
329514678,329(154)678,32-
954(16)78, 329546178, 329-
546187 ,32945(61) 78,32945-
1678, 3(29)51(46)78, 3(29)
541678, 3925(16)478 , 3(92)
55 Ee 514678, and 3(29)5(146)78;
Fig 25.—Phenacoccus peltiti n. sp., A, fore leg; B,

middle leg; C, hind leg; D, anterior spiracle; E, antennal curves as in dia-
posterior spiracle; F, antenna.

- gram, leg measurements
showing the extremes as follows:

Trochanter
and Femur Tibia Tarsus

279 x 41 LOS x 20,

x

x
x 32

x

x

_ Fig. 26.—Phenacoccus pettiti n, sp., A, cerarius of anal lobe on ultimate segment; B, cerarius
of penultimate segment; C, second head cerarius. -

284 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ;
SS Saat oe SE a ec ae EA 5 gt eee ne
Tarsal claws 32 mmm. long; tibial spines vary from 20 mmm.
to 30 mmm. in length; trochanteral spine varies from 118 mmm.
to 147 mmm. long, being of constant length in each specimen;
- spiracles large and Sclerotinia-shaped; anal lobes slightly de-
veloped, well rounded on the distal ends, and each bearing a seta
or hair varying from 265 mmm. to 295 mmm. in length; also bear-
ing several other hairs of varying lengths, from very minute (about
5 mmm.) to longer ones (45 mmm. to 90 mmm.); also bearing
cerarli composed of two stout, conical spines, surrounded by several
small, obscurely-triangular wax pores; also bearing four large
gland-pores, two on each lobe, and about 20 mmm. in diameter,

Fig. 27.—Antennal curves of Phenacoccus petlitt n. sp.

from which lead cylindrical tubes; cerariz distinct and somewhat
elevated upon rounded protuberances; cerarii of the ultimate and
penultimate segments and the second head group as in figures.
Type locality.—Vicinity of Columbia, Boone County, Mo.
Remarks.—The writer names this species in honour of Pro-
fessor Pettit, Entomologist of the Michigan Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. it has been found in the act of feeding on Ambrosia
trifida, Psedera quinquefolia, Rhus toxicodendron, Cercis canadensis,
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, and Fraxinus americana. It was col-
lected from Celtis occidentalis, Carya ovata, Ostrya virginiana, and
Acer saccharum upon which it was merely crawling. It is dis-
tributed in Missouri in Gentry, Jackson and Boone counties, and
it has been reported to the writer from Kansas. The character-
istic dorsum of this species will distinguish it in the field while
mounted specimens show many distinguishing characters, most
important of which are the projecting glands in the anal lobes.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 285

NOTES ON NEBRASKA BEMBICIN~. +

BY CLARENCE E. MICKEL, LINCOLN, NEBRASKA.

Recently the writer worked over the material of the sub-

family Bembicine in the entomological collection of the Uni-

versity of Nebraska. In view of the fact that there seems to be

very little Nebraska material of this sub-family in other entomo-

logical collections and since a monograph of the Bembicine has

lately appeared, the time seems opportune to publish a list of the
Nebraska species. Some notes on synonymy are also included.

Genus STICTIELLA Parker.
Stictiella pictifrons (F. Smith).

Specimens examined: 2 2’s. Omaha, 1; Weeping Water, 1.
July.

Stictiella plana (Fox).

Specimens examined: 3 9’s, 4 o&’s. McCook, 1; Halsey, 3;
Mitchell, 2; Glen, 1. July 10 to August 15.

Stictiella emarginata (Cresson).

Specimens examined: 4 @’s, 4 o's. South Sioux ‘City, 1;
Maskell, 2; Mitchell, 1; Warbonnet Canyon, 4. June 28 to July 24.
Stictiella speciosa (Cresson).

Specimens examined: 6 2’s. Haigler, 1; Sidney, 4; Mitchell,
1. August.

Stictiella spinifera (Mickel).
1916, Stictia spinifera Mickel, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLII,

p. 418, o.
1917, Stictiella melampous Parker, Proc. U. 5S. Nat. Mus.,
isp 43) ot

The writer has carefully compared the type of spinifera with
the description and figures of melampous published by Mr. Parker,
and finds melampous to be identical with spinifera.

Specimens examined: 3 o's. McCook, 2; Glen, 1. July,
August.

Stictiella exigua (Fox.)

Specimens examined: 6 Q's, 2 o's. Glen, 7; Warbonnet
Canyon, 1. July 12 to August 17.

Stictiella divergens Parker.

1917, Stictiella divergens Parker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Bi 55; Gt.

August, 1917

286 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

.
See

Attention should be called to the fact that Stictiella exigua
Mickel, o& (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLII, p. 419) is the same as
divergens. However, Mr. Parker has assigned another male to
exigua in his monograph. Biological evidence is needed to show
which of these is really the male of exigua and to determine the
status of the name divergens.

Genus BICYRTES Lepeletier.
Bicyrtes fodiens (Handlirsch).

Specimens examined: 1 2, 1 o&. Louisville, 1; Meadow, 1.
July.

Bicyrtes ventralis (Say).

Specimens examined:. 12 9Q’s, 31 o’s, Nebraska City, 1;
Omaha, 8; South Bend, 3; Lincoln, 2; Cedar Bluffs, 2; Neligh, 1;
Carns, 3; Halsey, 1; Mitchell, 12; Gordon, 1; Glen, 8; Monroe
Canyon, 1; Warbonnet Canyon, 1. June 25 to September 27.
Bicyrtes quadrifasciata (Say).

Specimens examined: 9 2’s, 16 o&’s. Omaha, 14; Louisville,
8; South Bend, 1; Meadow, 1; Haigler, 1. July 4 to September 12.
Bicyrtes capnoptera (Handlirsch).

Specimens examined: 5 9’s, 2 o’s. Mitchell, 7. July 20
to September 4.

Genus BEMBIX Fabricius.
Bembix arcuata Parker.

Specimens examined: 3 o’s. Meadow, 3. July.

Bembix nubilipennis Cresson.

Specimens examined: 31 9’s, 5 o&’s. Omaha, 5; Louisville,
3; Lincoln, 23; Fairmont, 2; Holdrege, 1; Culbertson, 1. July 9
to September 8.

Bembix sayi Cresson. c

Specimens examined: 8 @’s, 19 o’s. Lincoln, 3; Fairmont,
1; Haigler, 2; Imperial, 4; North Platte, 1; Halsey, 1; Mitchell,
15. June 22 to August 17.

Bembix belfragei Cresson.

Specimens examined: 3 2’s, 3 o*’s. Omaha, 1; West Point,
1; McCook, 2; Haigler, 1; Halsey, 1. June to August.

Bembix spinolz Lepeletier.

Specimens examined: 219 9’s. Child’s Point, 2; Omaha, 47;
Louisville, 19; Lincoln, 16; Fairmont, 7; Cedar Bluffs, 1; South

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 287

Sioux City, 4; Niobrara, 1; Norfolk, 1; Neligh, 1;,Red Cloud, 3;
McCook, 1; Haigler, 3; Halsey, 5; Valentine, 2; Mitchell, 86;
Glen, 12; Harrison, 3; Monroe Canyon, 5. June 18 to October
FE:

Bembix primazstate Johnson and Rohwer.

Specimens examined: 12 2’s. Mitchell, 5; Glen, 5; Monroe
Canyon, 1; Warbonnet Canyon, 1. July 11 to August 14.
Bembix pruinosa Fox.

Specimens examined: 11 2’s, 6 o’s. Child’s Point, 1; Omaha,
6; Louisville, 2; South Bend, 1; Ashland, 5; Neligh, 2. July 2 to
September 3.

Genus MICROBEMBI® Patton.
Microbembix monodonta (Say).

Specimens examined: 51 @2’s, 23 o&’s. Omaha, 15; Louis-
ville, 5; South Bend, 13; Ashland, 27; Lincoln, 2; West Point, 2:
Neligh, 3; Haigler, 1; Halsey, 1; Mitchell, 3; Gordon Creek, 1.
June 18 to September 30.

A NEW-SPECIES OF ,AGRILUS: FROM CALIFORNIA.*
BY W. S. FISHER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Among a collection of Buprestidae, submitted by Mr. H. E.
Burke for determinations, a large series of the following species
was found, which has been confused in collections with Agrilus
politus Say, and the description is presented at the present time,
so that the name can be made available for discussing this species
in economic papers.

Agrilus burkei, n. sp.

Form of politus, of a deep blue to bluish-green colour and
moderately shining. Antenne of a uniform blue or bluish-green
throughout, rather short, not reaching to the middle of the pro-
thorax, serrate from the fourth joint. Head nearly flat in front,
with a shallow, transverse groove at base of clypeus, terminating
in a deep pit just above the base of the antennz, a feeble median
depression reaching from the occiput to near the middle of the
front; front coarsely granulate, sparsely clothed with short, white
pubescence; occiput strigose. Prothorax wider than long, narrower
at base than apex; sides arcuate, feebly sinuate near the posterior

*Contribution from the Branch of Forest Insects, Bureau of Entomology.
August, 1917

288 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

angles, which are carinate in both sexes, sinuous when viewed
laterally; disc convex with two shallow, median depressions, one
near the base and the other near apex, and with deep, prominent
lateral depressions; surface coarsely, transversely rugose, with fine,
indistinct punctures between the strige. Scutellum transversely
carinate, surface very finely granulate. Elytra slightly sinuate be-
hind the humeri, dilated behind the middle, and slightly sinuate
near the apex, which are separately rounded and serrulate; disc
slightly flattened, basal impressions large and deep, reaching from
the scutellum to humerus, surface closely imbricate-granulate,
without any trace of coste. Body beneath of same colour as
above but more shining, finely, transversely strigose, and sparsely
clothed with fine, short, white pubescence; prosternal lobe slightly
emarginate; intercoxal process broad, slightly narrowing to apex.
Pygidium without a projecting carina. First joint of hind tarsi
as long as the next three joints united. Length 6-9 mm.; width
1.75-2.50 mm. -

Male.—Front densely punctured and pubescent. Prosternum
densely punctured and hairy. Claws of anterior and -middle feet
cleft near the apex, nearly bifid; posterior claws cleft at middle,
forming a broad tooth.

Female—Front mere shining and less densely pubescent.
Prosternum sparsely pubescent. Claws of all feet cleft at middle,
forming a tooth.

Habitat.—Placerville, California.

Type, allotype and paratypes.—Cat. No. 21386, U.S. N. M.

Described from a large series of specimens recorded under
various Bureau of Entomology, Hopk. U. S. Numbers. These
specimens have been reared by Mr. H. E. Burke from material col-
lected at various times by himself, J. J. Sullivan and F. B. Herbert.
The larve of this species mine in the inner bark and wood of normal,
injured, and dying white alder (Alnus rhombifolia), and paperleaf
alder (Alnus tenuifolia).

This species is closely allied to politus but differs from it
chiefly in colour and habits. Horn in his Revision of the genus
Agrilus (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XVIII, p. 316, 1891) places all
the brassy green or blue forms under LeConte’s name desertus,,
which is preoccupied and which has been renamed solitarius by

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 289

Harold (Col. Hefte, vol. V, p. 124, 1869). LeConte in the original
description, does not mention a blue form, but gives the colour
as ‘‘zneus subnitidus.’’ Horn in the above Revision places all
of these forms as synonyms of politus Say, in which he says, ‘The
difference of colour has given rise to several names which do not
seem worthy of retention, even as varietal names, inasmuch as
the intergrading of colour is so gradual as to render it impossible
to separate them.’’ At the time Horn wrote his paper on this
genus very little was known of their food habits, -but as the habits
of these insects become better known, and where large series have
been reared, the colour_séems to be quite constant, so it will be
necessary to restore some of the old names.

; TOM WILSON. ~

In the full vigour of his energetic life and while carrying out
his duties as Inspector of Indian orchards, Mr. Tom Wilson was
burnt to death on March 6th, 1917, when the Quahalla Hotel at
Hope, B.C., was totally destroyed by fire.

Few men were more widely known or more universally liked
in British Columbia than Tom Wilson, whose extensive knowledge
of the natural history of the province, and particularly of the flora,
was at-the service of all students and nature lovers.

He was born at Mussleburgh, Scotland, on July 25th, 1856.
As a young man he learned horticulture and forestry, and at the
age of 22 was Foreman in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Two years later he went to India where he spent six years. Re-
peated attacks of fever compelled him to return to Scotland, but
in 1885, a few months after his return, he came to Canada. After
a varied experience in railroad construction, farming and orchard
planting he reached Vancouver, B.C., in 1896, and later was ap-
pointed as Fruit Inspector in the Provincial Department of Agri-
‘culture. In 1900 he was appointed Superintendent of Fumigation
at Vancouver, B.C., by the Dominion Government, and in 1906
additional duties as Inspector of Indian Orchards were assigned
to him. In 1911 he was relieved of his duties as Superintendent
of Fumigation in order that he might devote his entire time to the
work in the Indian orchards, an important section of the work
of the Entomological Branch. To this work he devoted. himself

290 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

wholeheartedly. At first his duties consisted in cleansing the
Indian orchards, or one might say with greater exactness, the
fruit trees on the Indian reserves in British Columbia. From~>
this the work developed under his guidance until the Indians were
not only growing excellent fruit but-were learning to pack their
fruitin the approved fashion, and in many reserves young orchards
were being planted. Mr. Wilson wrote an account of the work
in the Indian orchards in The Agricultural Gazelte of Canada,
October, 1916. (Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 856-860.)- The Indians and
those gentle Sisters who teach the Indian children will miss him.

During his thirty odd years in British Columbia he acquired
an extraordinary knowledge of the trees, plants and insects of the
province, and long before the establishment of ecology as a special
study he had especially interested himself in questions relating to
plant distribution and association. He was always connected with
the promotion of entomological work in British Columbia, and in
1912 was President of the Entomological Society of British
~ Columbia, to the Proceedings of which he contributed papers from
time to time. In conjunction with his friend A. H. Bush he made
an excellent collection of the insects of British Columbia, and
last year, after the death of his old friend on military service in
France; he presented the collection to the Entomological Branch,
where it now forms part of the, Canadian national collection of
insects.

He occupied a unique place in the small band of workers in
British Columbia. His memory and his hands were at the service
of all students of the subjects that he himself sovdiligently studied.
Mountain, forest and the open country were his laboratory, anda |,
journey’ in his company was a delightful experience. Nothing
escaped his attention, and one felt the refreshing effect of a mind
that had been storeid in the open. His sister, in a recent letter to
me, writes: ‘He enjoyed life so thoroughly lately, was so whole-
hearted in his pursuits that one did not think of him as in his 62nd
year. His splendid constitution, the open air life and the intense
love of his work, together with the close touch with nature, all
combined to make the years pass lightly. ut WHis “tragic
death has removed a keen student of nature, a staunch friend and
a faithful servant of the State. C. GORDON HEWITT.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 291
CLEANING BUMBLE-BEES.

Recently, when looking over some back numbers of the
Can. Ent. I came across Mr. Sladen’s article on page 116 of vol.
XLV, 1913, entitled ‘“‘Bumble-Bees and Wasps Wanted,’’ and
noticed that in the second paragraph he says that “‘crushed tissue
paper should be -placed in the cyanide jar to absorb moisture
which would otherwise mat and spoil the bees.’’ As I have had
some experience in the matter I thought perhaps a cure for this
trouble might be of sufficient interest to warrant publication.
Several years ago I visited a peach orchard in full bloom, and
swarming with bumble-bees. I caught a nice lot of them and
took them home, and when I came to pin them out I found that
they were all as wet as the traditional “‘drowned rat,’’ and appar-
ently ruined. I decided to experiment with them; they couldn’t be
made to look any worse any way and perhaps might be bettered.
I took a good-sized bottle with a wide mouth, filled it about half
full of water, dumped the bees into it, corked it tightly, and shook
it violently for several minutes. I then poured off the water and
poured in more and shook again, repeating the process until the
water seemed perfectly clean. I then spread the bees out on blot-
ting paper and left them for a few minutes to get rid of the excess
of the water, then put them back into the bottle and covered them
with denatured alcohol, letting them stand until I thought the
alcohol had had time to unite with the water, (perhaps 15 minutes)
and then removed them again to fresh blotters to get rid of most
of the alcohol, after which I again returned them to the bottle
and flooded them with gasoline. After afew minutes.in this bath
they were again placed on blotting paper, and in a few minutes .~
the gasoline all evaporated, and the bees were as fresh and clean
as though never wet; cleaner in fact, for often fresh specimens are
badly daubed with honey on the face and head. Possibly the last
bath might not have been necessary, but it made them dry quicker.
The same process would, I think, be equally successful in cleaning
moths which have been drowned in sap buckets, only, of course,
they should not be shaken in a bottle, but floated on a pan of
water and moved around carefully to get rid of the sugar, just
as tHe bees are freed of the regurgitated honey which is the cause
of their being wet and sticky. “E. J. SmituH, Sherborn, Mass.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ine)
We)
bo

BOOK NOTICE.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF NovA SCOTIA
FOR 1916. No. 2, January; 1917.

The Entomological Society of Nova Scotia deserves, great
credit for the admirable work it has already accomplished in the
short period since it came into being. We have recently received
a copy of vol. II of the Proceedings of the Society, containing the
papers and addresses presented at the Annual Meeting, which
was held at Truro on August 4, 1916. This is a publication of 64
pages, and contains in addition to excellent addresses by the
President, Mr. E. C. Allen, and the Superintendent of Education,
Dr. A. H. MacKay, thirteen papers on entomological subjects
by various members of the Society. Of these papers no less than
five are contributions from the Society’s indefatigable. Secretary-
Treasurer, Prof. W. H. Brittain, the Provincial Entomologist,
while two more are by the same author in collaboration with others.
Mr. G. E. Sanders, of the Dominion Entomological Laboratory,
Annapolis Royal, contributes ‘four papers, including one in
collaboration with Prof. Brittain.

The list of papers in addition to official reports and addresses
is as follows:

“Some Results From a Few Combination Sprays,’ (W. H.
Brittain); “How to Collect and .Preserve Insects,’ (L. A. De
Wolfe); ‘“The Nova Scotia Division of Entomology,” (W. H.
Brittain); ‘‘The Effect of Certain Combinations of Spraying Ma-
terials on the Set of Apples,” (G. E. Sanders); “The Acridide of
Nova Scotia,’ (C. B. Gooderham); “The Apple Seed Chalcis,”’
(W. H. Brittain); ‘‘ Biting Insects Injuring the Fruit of the Apple
in Nova Scotia,” (G. E. Sanders); ‘‘ Notes on two Species of Tree-
hoppers,’’ (W. H. Brittain); ‘“Arsenate of Lead vs. Arsenate of
Lime,” (G. E. Sanders); ‘‘The Dock Sawfly,” (A. G. Dunstan and
F. C. Gilliatt); ‘‘ Notes on the Rose Leaf-hopper,’’ (W. H. Brittain
and L. G. Saunders); ‘‘ Notes on the Rosy Aphis,” (W. H. Brittain);
‘The Toxic Value of Some Common Poisons,” (G. E. Sanders and

W. H. Brittain).
Mailed August Ist, 1917.

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CANE NG, Vv Ol eV IEXe PLATE XIV.

SOME RECENT IMMIGRANTS INTO NEW JERSEY.
(See page 293.)

Th Ganadiay Entomologist

VoL. XLIX. | LONDON, SEPTEMBER, 1917 No. 9

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL,.ENTOMOLOGY.
UNDESIRABLE INSECT IMMIGRATION INTO NEW JERSEY.

BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
NEW BRUNSWICK,N.J.

From Europe, Asia and South America, a more or less con- ’
stant stream of such undesirables arrives and settles in New
Jersey. This State by reason of certain specialized agricultural
activities, receilves more than other States, but what is happening
in New Jersey is happening to a less extent in other States. This
emigration-is not due to the pressure of over-population at home,
nor to the pursuit of wealth, nor to political, social or religious dis-
content. Itis rather an involuntary emigration or one of which the
participants are wholly unconscious.

European officials try to keep them at home because they
know that the United States does not want them, and a small army
of inspectors on this side of the water is constantly on the watch
for them, ready to turn them back if discovered; but in spite of
the combined efforts of these officials, in spite of legislation against
them, rules, regulations and so forth, some of these creatures con-
trive to slip through silently and unobserved, remaining so until
later when their unwelcome activities are forced upon the com-
munity where they have settled.

On account of the similarity between the climate-of this
country and the northern parts of Europe and Asia and by reason
of other similar conditions, many of these emigrants do very well
‘in this country, especially when allowed to develop to their fullest
extent unhampered by enemies and restrictions. One which is
comparatively unimportant in its own country may become a
serious menace when placed under new and favourable conditions.
Fully one-half of the principal injurious hexapods in the United
States have been introduced from foreign countries and the in-
juries inflicted by them have been enormous, in many cases beyond

~

. 294 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

reasonable calculation. In order to arrive at a better undérstand-
ing of the facts surrounding these immigrants, a few cases are
taken up in detail.

The Case of Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.).
(PIS We tig ee

The Mole Cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.), came to New
Jersey from Holland, where with other members of her species,
she occupied her time excavating tunnels through the soil, feed-
ing on insect larve, cutting off plant roots in her path, raising a
large family of children, eating them when other food was scarce,
and incidently making a nuisance of herself to Holland agricul-
turists. One day while she and her husband were resting in a
~ tunnel beneath a rhododendron growing in a nursery, the plant

_was suddenly dug up and before they could run, they found them-
selves imprisoned by a piece of burlap wrapped around the roots.
Too frightened to try to escape, they dug a passageway for them-
selves in the closely packed soil and awaited developments.

This plant together with others was placed in a huge box
which was floated down a canal in a flat-bottomed barge until an
ocean-going steamer was reached. Here it was loaded none too
gently into the hold of the vessel, which in due time docked. at
Hoboken, New Jersey. Following this, the case was loaded on a
freight car and finally reached its destination in that state. Here
the plant was removed, the burlap around the roots loosened, and
the whole thing planted. Finding themselves free at last, Mr.
and Mrs. Gryllotalpa crawled out to investigate and found con-
ditions pretty much the same as they had been before their rough
experience. So these two ‘‘shanghaied”’ creatures started a sub-
way right then and there, and in due time raised another family.
During the next few years they flourished exceedingly well, in-
creasing in numbers by leaps and bounds, and finally cutting off’
so many roots that the plants wilted and died and the owner called
in an entomologist to suggest a remedy.

And, so ends the case of Gryllotalpa. Of course, the plants
were officially inspected before the owner was allowed to plant
them, but the inspector never thought of looking in the soil around
the roots. If he did, he decided that it was not practical on ac-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 295

count of the length of time necessary for such an operation, or
because of the fact that the roots of the rhododendron were so
fine and fibrous and so imbedded in the soil that it would be im-
possible to separate them and have anything left that would grow.

Some persons say that Gryllotalpa will never amount to much
in New Jersey, which may be true, but what is to prevent her from
being carried to other parts of the United States just as she was
brought to New Jersey? Anyhow, she has a bad reputation in
Europe.

The Case of Blaberus discoidalis.
(Pie SCI, igs 1):

Just like Gryllotalpa, the large Cockroach, Blaberus, came to
New Jersey in a boat, but in this case, the boat sailed from a
South American port instead of an European one. This boat
carried among other things, numerous cases of wild orchids, which
were consigned to a New Jersey orchid grower. It is somewhat
difficult to determine just when Blaberus and his associates crawled
into these cases and why they wanted to come to New Jersey.
Perhaps they were chasing each other around the boxes while they
stood on the dock of a South American port and a few dodged in
to hide and were later carried on board. Perhaps they were
already on the ship and crawled in the boxes for green food or
want of something better to do or in search of amusement. How-
ever, these cases of orchids finally stood outside of a greenhouse
in New Jersey waiting to be unpacked. This work was done out-
side so that Blaberus could not get into the house and thrive.

The official inspector was there also but Blaberus knew naught
of inspectors and regulations and when the plant in which he was
hiding was picked up, quick as a flash he dropped to the ground
and scooted off. The greenhouse man said, ‘Well he will die
just as soon as the weather gets cold, anyhow.” Did he? Well,
I guess not. Just as if an intelligent roach couldn’t find a crack
in a greenhouse, large enough to squeeze through. Then the in-
spector pulled out a little red book and marked down therein,
“ Blaberus discoidalis on orchids from South America.’’ And that
is all, except that Blaberus and others of his kind are doing very
well now in New Jersey greenhouses. Of course, they are almost

296 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

omnivorous, are annoying, disgusting and troublesome, but still
they don’t bite the eyelashes off sleeping children here as they
do in parts of Brazil, and that is something in their favour.

The Case of Stephanitis pyrioides.

It’s a long distance from ‘‘cherry blossom’’ land to New
Jersey, but the embryonic children of Pyrioides managed to make
the trip in safety. Stephanitis pyrioides lived contentedly in
Japan, on an azalea, sipping the sap now and ‘then, watching >
over her brood, and taking pride in her beautiful, lace-like gauzy
wings. Knowing upon the approach of cold weather, that she
could not hope to live much longer, she carefully deposited in the
leaves of the plant, close to the mid-ribs, tiny, oval eggs and then.
died contentedly. If this plant had only remained in Japan, all
would have been well. But, there arose in New Jersey, a demand
for Japanese azaleas, a demand which had to be supplied and so
over the Pacific ocean, over the continent of North America, came
the azaleas and the unborn children of Stephanitis. The inspecs
tor was on the watch for these plants and looked carefully over
each one, but how was he to know of the tiny eggs hidden in the
leaf tissue so effectually and not discoverable without a high-
power microscope. He carried only a pocket lens, moreover he
couldn’t begin to pick off every leaf and tear it apart to see if any-
thing was inside. The plants looked all right and so they were
admit ted. i

And so the babies of Stephanitis grew up in New Jersey in-
stead of Japan. Needless to say, they increased numerically to
such an extent and made such a pest of themselves by sucking
the sap out of nice, green, azalea leaves, that many owners of
Japanese azaleas are forced every year to go through their gardens
and squirt stuff on them with a little brass gun.

The Case of Cholus fordesit.
(PRLS Ves tenco):

There lived in the tropical forests of Colombia, an attractive
black and white-marked creature, which prowled around, sinking
its beak into the leaves and bulbs of wild orchids growing on the
trunks of trees, living a care-free life, unknown and unhonoured.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 297

Some of the plants upon which it had bestowed its attention weré
later ripped from the trees by natives with long, sharp knives,
and in the course of time finally came to grace the conservatory
of a person whose esthetic taste demanded orchids. It was
only a question of time before Cholus made her appearance and
started to feed on the scenery in that conservatory. It appears
that she had smuggled either herself or her young along with the
plants, undoubtedly in the tissue, which the inspector could not
examine without destroying the plant, and in that way arrived
safely at her destination.

Of course, the tropical atmosphere of a greenhouse does not
approach that of her natural home but it is a fair substitute, and
she can be contented provided the owner does not devote his at-
tention to her extermination.

The foregoing cases, and it would be possible to cite numerous
other ones, show how the insect fauna of New Jersey and other
States is constantly being added to by undesirables from other
countries. This immigration is taking place in spite of well-
developed and well-enforced systems, of inspection.» The estab-
lishment of foreign pests in the United States is not always due to
a laxity in the inspection service of any state. In most cases, the
pests have entered undetected by the inspector, sometimes through
his ignorance of foreign pests, sometimes on account of individual
carelessness, but mostly on account of the impossibility of ex-
amining every leaf, twig, root and particle of soil around the
roots of a plant and having anything left that will grow, especially
when an inspector is called upon to examine hundreds of plants
each day. :

In other words, ordinary inspection will not keep out all
foreign pests, and extraordinary inspection would not be tolerated
by importing firms or paid for by state governments. The in-
spection does, however, prevent an overwhelming rush of such
pests; it does hold and delay the spread of them at times until
means of controlling them have been found or until they are no
longer dangerous, and it has in the past served the country well;
but it is useless to expect more from inspection however well
earried out it may be.

298 ' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
The fact remains that by the importation of plants from
foreign countries (64,652 cases were brought into the U.S. during
the season of 1915-16, according to the report of the Fed. Hort.
Bd. for year ending June 30, 1916) we are slowly but surely add-
ing to the number of pests which we already have in this country,
thereby increasing the burden which future generations will have
to bear. And the remedy? A national quarantine of all foreign
nursery stock.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1, Blaberus discoidalis, a tropical roach (natural size).

Fig. 2, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, the European mé@le_ cricket
(natural size.)

Fig. 3, Cholus forbesii, a tropical orchid weevil, (after H. S.
Barber), (enlarged).

-LECTOTY PES: 7OF THE «SPECIES OF 2 AGM ENOL tinea
(EXCEPT APOIDEA) DESCRIBED BY ABBE
~ PROVANCHER.

BY A. B. GAHAN AND S. A. ROHWER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
WASHINGTON, D.C.

Introduction.

This paper, which is a contribution from the Branch of Cereal
and Forage Insects and the Branch of Forest Insects, is largely
based on an examination made in May and June, 1915, of the
Provancher collections located in the Museum of Public Instruc-
tion at Quebec, and in the possession of Mr. W. Hague Harrington
and the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa, Canada.

This study was undertaken in order to determine in so far as
possible the correct position of the Provancher species in the
modern classification and obtain notes which would supplement
the original descriptions, and thus facilitate recognition of the
species, many of which could not be certainly identified by the
original description. Notes of greater or less extent were obtained
on all but a few of the species of Hymenoptera, excluding ‘the
Apoidea, especial stress being laid, however, upon the sawflies
and the parasitic forms belonging to the Ichneumonoidea. In

some groups our notes consisted principally of a record of the
September, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 299
condition of the type. The limited time at our disposal made it
impossible to attempt to secure full notes on any but the groups
in which we were especially interested.

This paper is only a list of the species described by Provancher
with the logation, condition and designation of the type speci-
mens, and is submitted at this time in.order to establish definite
premises on which to work and thus make it possible to publish

- in the future, systematic notes on the species with assurance that

other workers will be able to use our remarks and find the same
specimens we examined.

The only previous comprehensive study of the Provancher
collections was made by Mr. G. C. Davis, who has published the
results of his study in two reportst. Davis, however, confined
himself entirely to the Ichneumonide. The conclusions reached
by him regarding the species, in the main, agree with our own,
but in a number of instances do not coincide with ours. Davis
made no attempt to establish lectotypes for the species, and, there-
fore, it was often impossible for us to determine on what speci-
men he based his conclusion.

Provancher’s Life and Work.

Practically the first Canadian-and in fact one of the first
Americans to make a serious and comprehensive study of the
Hymenoptera of Canada was Abbé Léon Provancher. Abbé
Provancher was a French Canadian who was born, brought up
and-spent most of his life in the Province of Quebec. He died in
1892, and brief accounts of his life and work were afterward pub-
lished in a number of journals.* Some years later Abbé Huard
began a more extended biography which appeared in various
issues of Le Naturaliste Canadien,** a magazine founded and edited,
until shortly before his death, by Provancher. Since Provancher

tSome notes from a Study- of the Provancher Collection of Ichneumonide,
1894, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil., pp. 184-190.

Review of a few more Provancher types of Ichneumonide, 1895, Can. Ent.,
pp. 287-290.

*See especially Can. Ent., Vol. 24, 1892, pp. 130-131, and Entom. News,
Vol. 6, 1895, p. 209, pl. IX.

**This interesting account has never been completed, but Abbé Huard told
us it was his intention to complete it and we certainly hope he finds an oppor-
tunity to do so. For the parts published, see Nat. Can., 1894, 1895, 1896,
1897, 1898. !

300 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

began his work in Quebec and spent most of his life there, it is not
surprising to know that a large part of his collection came from
that region. But later in his life he received much material from
other people so that his completed collection included species
from many parts of Canada, the United States, Europe and some
of the West Indian Islands.

Provancher described about 923 species and a few genera of ©
Hymenoptera and most of this great number are valid. His
largest and most comprehensive work on Hymenoptera is Petite
Faune Entomologique du Canada and its Additions, but besides
this he published several shorter papers on Hymenoptera in which
new species are described. Considering the time, lack of facilities
and literature, and his comparative isolation, Provancher had a
very good idea of the limits of a species.. The. weakest point of
his hymenopterological work was his conception of genera and
generic limits. Even when we consider the genera he recognized,
we often find that he placed the same or closely allied species in
widely different genera. Hence, we find, especially in the parasites,
that Provancher was often wrong in his generic placement of the
species. His descriptions are accurate, and if we remember that
the diagnostic characters of that period were limited mostly to
colour, they are as satisfactory as these of his contemporaries.

Location of Collections.

Most of Provancher’s types are in the Public Museum of
Quebec, some are in the collection of Mr. W. Hague Harrington
at Ottawa, a few are in the collection of the Canadian Department
of Agriculture at Ottawa, while a few others were returned to
Ashmead and Cequillett and are now in the United States National
Museum. Some few types we were unable to lecate. These may
have been returned to the ccllectors.

In 1889 the College de Levis, Levis, Ouckes received a collec-
tion of insects from Provancher, and for some time it was thought
to contain some of his types. Further investigation tends to prove
that this collection was composed entirely of duplicates, an in
certain cases these were not correctly determined.

A—Collection in the Public Museum at Quebec.
The collection in the Museum of Natural History, under the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST aut:

* Department of Public Instruction is now housed in the Parlia-
mentary Building in Quebec, and is cared for by Abbé V. A. Huard
and his assistant. In this Museum there are really two Provancher
collections. The first was purchased in 1877 by the Museum and
. is known as the 1877 collection (in this paper referred to as the
first collection). .The other came to the Museum (through pur-
chase) after Provancher’s death, and is known as the Derniére
Provancher collection, (in this paper referred to as the second collec-
tion). Both of these collections are in the cabinets obtained from
Provancher, and most fortunately are still left as arranged by him.
Each collection contains species not represented in the other, but
in cases where the species was found represented in both collec-
tions and there was nothing in the description or manuscript
notes to prevent, we have chosen as lectotype a specimen from the
second collection, because this was the collection’ retained and
used by Provancher until his death, and we are inclined to believe,
even though he was not a ‘“‘type-worshipper,”’ that he would retain
the actual type for future reference. Specimens in both collec-
tions bear small, yellow labels on which a number is printed.
Thése numbers are species numbers and refer to a catalogue pre-
pared by Provancher. Each insect order in both collections be-
gins with the number one. In the Hymenoptera, therefore, con-
sidering both collections as a unit, we often have two, usually
widely different species under the same number. There appears
to be no instance in which the same species occurs under the same
number in both collections. The two collections differ in the
style of name label. The name label for the 1877 collection is on
blue paper, while that for the second collection is on white paper
which has a double red line (the outer being the heavier) around
the margin.

The catalogues prepared by Provancher are in the Public
Museum, and although they are little more than lists of numbers
followed by names, with an occasional mention of locality, they
are of some assistance in proving the way in which Provancher
treated. species reduced by him to synonymy.

A hasty examination of all the insects in both collections
showed that they were in reniarkably fine condition, considering
that they are kept in wooden drawers unprotected by any repellant,

302 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

and which are closed by glass tops which set down inside, without
any overlapping flange. A careful examination of the Hymen-
optera proved that they were free from pests and in good condition.
At the time of our visit the Hymenoptera of the 1877 collection
were in museum case 35, and those of the second collection in the
left hand column of case 46 and two drawers in the left hand column
of case 49.

That Provancher had no concrete idea of the value of types
_ is shown by the fact that in no case (with possibly a few exceptions
in later years) were his types labeled as such. Furthermore, it is
apparent that-when he discovered one of his species to be a syno-
nym he often removed the name label from the type and pinned
the specimen among others of the species to which he thought it
belonged. In other instances, upon deciding that one of his
species was synonymous with another not already represented in
his collection he removed the original name label and replaced it
with what he considered to be the correct one. For example,
there is no specimen in his collections labeled Selandria flavicornis.
After describing this species Provancher concluded that it was
the same as Selandria halcyon, and an examination of the catalogue
shows under 60 the name Selandria flavicornis with the word
‘ flavicornis’’ crossed out and above it written the word “halcyon.”
It, therefore, appears certain that the type of Selandria flavicornis
stands in the collection under the name Selandria halcyon. In
this case this is also proven by the fact that Provancher instead of
supplying a new label just reversed the old label and wrote the
name Selandria halcyon so that we find on the underside of the
label for S. halcyon the original label for Selandria flavicornis.
This one case is sufficient to show how Provancher worked. Many
other similar cases could be mentioned. There are many cases,
however, where there is no proof, either in the catalogue or in the
_labeling, that the types of some of Provancher’s species which
were later suppressed by him stand under the name of the species
with which he considered them to be synonymous. In such cases
we can only assume, froni our knowledge of Provancher’s methods,
that this is what has taken place.

At no time while studying the collection did we remove any
labels, and we were always very careful to put the specimens

" THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 303

back where they came from so that the collection still stands as
it was arranged by Provancher. We did not even feel justified in
labeling the specimens which we believed to be the type as lecto-
types, and will rely in this paper entirely on the name label and
the number label for means of correctly identifying the speci-
mens which we believe should stand as type.

x B—Harrington Collection.

The types in the Harrington collection are in good condition,
and although they usually do not bear the name label in Pro-
vancher’s writing we were assured by our friend Mr. W. H. Harring-
ton.that they were the identical specimens examined by Pro-
vancher as could easily be proven by a comparison of the number
(they bear in addition to other labels a small, white square on which
is written by Harrington a number) with the list as returned by
Provancher.

C—Types in Collection of Canadian Department of Agriculture.

The types in the Department of Agriculture are in good con-
dition, and have all been properly labeled as types.

D—Types in U. S. National Museum.

The types in the United States National Museum have all
been accessioned and labeled with Museum type numbers.

Plan of Paper.

In submitting this list of the species described by Provancher
and presenting notes on the location and condition of the types
we have considered that it was much better to arrange them
alphabetically as they appear in the final index published by Pro-
vancher as a conclusion to his two more important papers on
Hymenoptera. We have chosen this method largely because there
will be many more changes in generic position than those already
published, and also because we do not know when we shall have
an opportunity to completely review our notes and definitely
assign the species of the genera as at present understood. Prac-
tically throughout this paper the word ‘‘type”’ is used in the sense
of “lectotype.’’ There are, however, certain cases when there
was only one specimen, and there is no doubt that it is the speci- .
men examined by Provancher and is, therefore, certainly the type.

304 _ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

At the time of our visit the type specimens of the species
placed by Provancher in the Braconid subfamilies Aphidiine and
Opiine were not available and the data on these were not secured.
We hope, however, to secure and present it later.

Unless otherwise stated, it is to be understood that the speci-
mens are in good condition. The letter (s) stands for the word
“script.” The numbers on the yellow labels are printed. When-
ever possible, we chose as type the specimen which bore the name
label written in Provancher’s hand.

An LE List of Species With Designation of
Lectotypes.

Acerota opaca. Type.—yYellow label 1381. 2nd Coll. Pub.
Mus., Quebec. Two other specimens. Fair.

Acoenites canadensis. Type.—Male, yellow label 375. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks antenne, right fore wing, hind
tarsi, abdomen glued on.

Acoenites flavipes. Type.—Female, yellow label 1249.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Acordulocera saginata. Type.—Yellow label 390. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right fore wing gone.

Acothyreus mellipes. Type.—Yellow label 1320. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair. %

Aigilips aciculatus. Type.—Not seen.

Agathis femorator. Type.—Female, yellow label 578.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne wanting.

Agathis nigriceps. Type. —Female, yellow label 1680.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Agathis perforator. Type.—Female, yellow label 577.
2nd-Coll: Pub. Miaiss-Ouebec: 454

Agathis quesitor. Type.—Female, yellow label 576. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. _ Lacks head.

Agathis scrutator. Type.—Female, yellow label 1269.
2nd Coll. Pub: Mus., Quebec. Male allotype. Both eee on
slips.

Agathis tibiator. Type.—Female, yellow label 579. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 305

Agenia atrata. Allotype.—Male, blue label 125(s). Yellow
label 1417. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Agenia perfecta. Type.—Male, yellow label 783. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne wanting beyond 3rd joint.
Four hind tibiz gone.

Agenia rufigastra.. Type.—Female, bltie label 122(s), yel-
- low label 1419. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Allantus cogitans. Type.—Female, yellow label 44. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks right antenna. Two female
paratypes. Ist Coll.

Allantus robustus. Type.—Female, Harrington Coll.

Allantusrubricus. Type.—Female, Harrington Coll. Lacks
right antenna beyond 8rd joint.

Alomya pulchra. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, unless
under name Phygadeuon pubescens Prov.

Alysia astigma. Type.—Female, yellow label 1051. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left flagellum gone and only base of
right remaining.

Same specimen used as type of Aspilata astigma.

Alysia completa. Type.—Female, yellow label 1166. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Alysia fossulata. Type.—Cat. No. 1970, U. S. N. M.

Alysia lucens.—Type.—Female, yellow label 909. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. :

Alysia nigriceps. Type.—Female, yellow label 539. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right flagellum and extreme apex of
left gone.

Alysia rubriceps. Type.—Male, yellow label 1052. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Same specimen used as type of Pheno-
carpa rubriceps Prov.

Alyson conicus. Type.—Male, blue label 622(s), yellow
label 1449. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks most of left
flagellum.

Alyson guignardi. Type.—Female, yellow label 1433. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus.; Quebec.

Alyson triangulifer. Type.—Male, yellow label 1450.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apices of antenne. :

306 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Amblyopone binodosa. Type.—Yellow label 948. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair. (Arotropus binodosa).

Amblyteles bifasciatus. Type.—Yellow label 227. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Amblyteles borealis. Type.—Female, yellow label 1002.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Amblyteles indistinctus. Type.—Female, yellow label 185.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Amblyteles macrocephalus. ‘Type.—Male, yellow label
1063. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Both antenne broken, one
at Ist flagellar joint, other at middle, 1 anterior, 1 median and 1
hind leg missing.

Amblyteles marginatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 700,
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Amblyteles perluctuosus. Type.—Female, yellow label
172. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Amblyteles quebecensis. Type.—Yellow label 181. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Amblyteles stadaconensis. Type.—Male, yellow label 175.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Amblyteles superbus. Type.—Female, Harrington Coll.

Amblyteles tetricus. Type.—Female, yellow label 171.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. -

Anacharis marginata. Type.—Yellow label 1318. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Abdomen off but on triangle below.

Anacharis pediculata. Type.—Blue label 762(s), yellow
label 1317. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. :

Anacharis subcompressa. Type.—White label ‘‘Quebec’’;
yellow label 616.. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Abdomen gone.

Anacrabro constrictus. Type.—Male, tag-mounted, yel-
low label 1690. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Anacrabro levis. Type.—Female, yellow label 1691. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Andricus gibbosus. Type.—Yellow label 609. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Qubeec. Head and abdomen gone. Cynips (Andri-
cus) gibbosa—under Cynips in list.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 307

Aneurychus foveatus. Type.—Blue label 83; yellow label
1330. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair.

Aneurychus mellipes. Type.—Yellow label 1331. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Anomalon chlamidatum. Type.—Female, yellow label
1217. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left antenna missing be-
yond fourth joint and right hind leg at coxa.

Anomalon exile. Type.—Female, yellow label 329. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left antenna at 15th joint, left median
and both hind legs at coxe gone; left fore wing gone and right
broken at middle. :

Anomalon filiforme. Type.—Female, yellow label 1218.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Anomalon nigripennis. Type.—Probably pinned under
Exochilum mundum Say. Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Anomalon rufulum. Type and Allotype.—Harrington
Coll. Both antenne, tarsi, except one anterior, broken and lost.
Female paratype yellow label 1213, blue label 481. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Anomalon unicolor. Type.—Female, yellow label 1216.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Apanteles acaudus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1285.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec, '

Apanteles carpatus. Type.—Apparently destroyed. Pin
bearing yellow label 592 in 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Apanteles clavatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 642.
2nd Coll. Pub: Mus., Quebec. Badly broken and plastered up
with glue. Antenne, one median and both hind legs gone. Speci-
men in U.S. N. M. labeled type not type. :

Apanteles cinctus. Type.—Female; yellow label 716. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken near middle. Faun:
529. Add. S. 388.

Apanteles crassicornis. -Type.—Female, yellow label 1269.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Anterfne and hind tarsi broken.

_ Apantelesfemur-nigrum. Type.—Male, yellow label 1578.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. One antenna broken, one front and
one hind leg missing.

308 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

'Apanteles longicornis. Type.—Female, yellow label 1258.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. ;

Aphereta auripes. Type.—Specimen in Public Mus.,
Quebec, bearing name label in Provancher’s hand. Other data
not taken. Specimen in_U. S. N. M. labeled type, not type.

Aphidaria basilaris. Type.—See Introduction.

Aphidius canadensis. Type.—See Introduction.
Aphidius nigrovarius. Type.—Scee Introduction.
Aphidius obscurus. Type.—See Introduction. —

Aplomerus tibialis. Type.—Female, Ent. ‘Branch, Dept.
Agr., Ottawa. Left antenna wanting beyond 5th joint.

Arenetra quebecensis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Lampronota tegularis.

Arotes superbus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, unless
under name A. vicinus Cress. =

Arotropus binodosus.—See A mblyopone.
Ascogaster rufipes. Type.—Female, yellow label 1254.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Rather dirty. (This number in

Prov. catalogue refers to Chelonus rugulosus Prov. There is no
such species.

Aspilota astigma.—See Alysia astigma.

Atractodes autumnalis. Type.—Female, yellow label 706.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Atractodes nigricoxus. Type.—Male, yellow label 984.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left hind tarsus broken at 2nd
joint. ;

Atractodes nitens. Type.—Male, yellow label 695. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Female not located in either collection.

Atractodes scapiphorus. Type.—Yellow label 307. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Badly broken; only thorax, coxe in
part and wings, except right fore wing, remaining.

Aulacus bilobatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 82. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left antenna gone.

(To be continued.)

\ ba 7 a
Ps fe y ThE
tf) ethane

CAN. ENT., VOL. XLIX. PLATE XV.

Phe

hd hs

LECANTIUMsGORNIA(ic. 1 253.55) and 16)
PHYSOKERMES PICEA: (Fig. 4),

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 309

OBSERVATIONS ON LECANIUM CORNI BOUCHE, and
PHYSOKERMES PICEZ Schr.*

BY F. A. FENTON, COLUMBUS, O.

The following studies on the life history and habits of two
of our common soft scale insects were made at Madison, Wis-
consin, under the direction of Prof. J. G. Sanders. The writer
is greatly indebted to Professor Sanders for invaluable assistance
and to Mr. A. A. Girault for the determination of parasites.

THE EUROPEAN FRuIT LECANiUM (Lecanium corni Bouche).

Lecanium cornt, probably native of Europe and one of our
commonest and most widely distributed soft scales, has been the
subject of much discussion in various scientific and popular journals.
Sanders! has demonstrated that it is capable of much variation
in form, size, and coloration even on the same host, and since it
develops on numerous plants it is especially subject to a variety
of normal environmental conditions. For instance, on hickory the
ovipositing females are almost invariably white with black mark-
ings (Plate XV, fig. 2b), instead of the normal brown coloured forms
(Plate XV, fig. 2a). Parasitism and disease produce abnormally de-
veloped forms, and these as well as immature individuals have
been described as separate and distinct species.

History.—This insect was first reported in this country in
1851 when Fitch described it as Lecanium tilie*. In 1859 it was
found in Canada and in the United States as far west as Minne-
sota’, and in 1891 Crawford found it in large numbers in Cali-
fornia’. Until 1908 there was much confusion regarding the
_ identity of this species as its numerous synonyms indicate. It was
found, however, that while external appearances might be ex-
tremely variable, certain microscopical characters remained con-
stant, and Marchal’ and Sanders® reduced to synonymy some forty
so-called species, the form described by Bouche in 1844 as Lecanium
corni having priority.

*Contributions from Entomological Department, University of Wisconsin.
1. Sanders, Jour. Ec. Ent., Vol. II, No. 6, pp. 443-445, 1909.

2. Fitch, 4th. Rep. Reg. Univ., N.Y., p. 69, 1859.

3. Fitch, 3rd Rep. Ins., N.Y., p. 50, 1859.

4. Crawford, Rep. Calif. Bd. Hort, p. 12, 1891.

5.. Marchal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., LX VII, p. 264, 1908.

6. Sanders, loc. cit.
September, 1917

310 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Distribution and Economic Importance.—Lecanium corni is
found throughout most of the United States and is known to occur
as far north as Nova Scotia and Ontario, and south into Mexico.
In spite of the wide range of its host plants and its general dis-
tribution this insect seldom becomes of economic importance,
although serious outbreaks of it have been recorded. In 1891
Crawford’ reported its occurrence in California where it had be-
come and still remains a serious pest of apricot and prune trees,
and in 1894 Slingerland® found a similar and doubtless the same
species occurring in destructive abundance in the larger plum
growing districts of New York. ;

Food Plants—The European fruit lecanium, as already indi-
cated, has been found on a wide variety of deciduous shrubs and
trees, and it has received various popular names in different locali-
ties, according to its favorite host plant, being known in New
York as the “plum scale,’ and in California as the ‘‘apricot scale’.
The following list gives an idea of the extent of its food plants.

AURA ONT A cia ah ea re te AlCer, MOACKOPN WAN cs. scscs0)sesncs ssc:

Bee etre elena eC RUNG OS tere arate fae eee A OKKE | Clee

mack ies ore Soe a SOGGHOTININ ret ee Oltmaples

bar ai atanen Matos we el SOGCHOL UM ee ee eee. <heee POSTMAN Les
Bet GCC Ges! ete oe Betula alba t ie e ee eee White birch.

Cele ae ees Ostrya virginiand............................ op hornbeam.

RE ee oe Corylus americana............................ Hazelnut.

a ATA een ae, OS rOStF CIOs. 2) eras te cs Dea kedehazelmut,
Caprifolad cen .ti.c-s2-. Viburnum pubescens............ccc.ccccceees Pursh.
Cclastfaceerns nae eee EVvONYMUS SANQUINEA. ..........00.01eeeeee Evonymus.
COMPOSUE Te eerie eet GTANOCIIOAS TD een eee eee
Cornacee es iat Cornus aliernifolia ee

Sie entee eee eens pan SCHOUINCO ne reer oe ene
PYICUCE OP ae aes ee Vaccinium corymbosum...............++- High bush blueberry.
GSACCer ee GaSstimea CEMalis re eo --8.c0e ee Chestnut.

Be eee as eet ee Quercus palustris... Pin oak,

7. Crawford, loc. cit.
&. Slingerland, Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 83, 1894.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST dll
Hamamelidace@.............. Liquidambar styraciflua.................. Sweet gum.
Juglandace@............000... PASC OR MONI DIRP Re ete pte cn Shag-bark hickory.

i wn rer eee JUZlans CINETED.......01200.0000008s.00003.. bUtternut.
aaa ie PN BOOT Oo vcccnlassigrece tors tt we DAC ewan
DOUG C600. Foss 8c co SOSSOPIOS. SUSSOSTGS 206. ciccinededbesncces Sassafras.-
Legumtnos@..........0000000- CEPGIS CANGELISIS 5. % = YR x8 12. Sons en Red bud.
GR TET ge VER alana ee Gymnocladus dt0tca.........2.....se.00.00s Kentucky coffee tree.
Site ois iD aga aE Ae AR? Gleditsia triacanthos.................0000... Honey locust.
pena eee Robinia pseudacacia........................False acacia.
Magnoliacee .................. WMGENROMGES Deer ae ee ee Magnolia.
DLT Tce eee ee re ee et FEV DURUNUS OMETIGONG s.200 2k ee White ash.
see gpccesesee A melanchier canadensts................. Shad bush.
ROSUCED = ase eet ET ALMAUS. OF TCT COG Renee eee ea Apricot.
Baie PS ene el aR OLT OSI Seen tae eee cre ee OhHeniys
Sere ee oer COMIESTICHs then eee eee LEN
py Meee oar es = galatensts............Prune
Becerra VSTIES \COMUTUNLUS (eins dee texan ees Pear.
a eee eee eee a OLUSSE te, en Rn NP LED
ob Rivne rane ar TROSORSS ieerra at he ee ROSE
ene es RUDUS SPP.........00.000cecceceeeeeseeeesesesss-..-Cultivated blackberry.
on tat PER eA en eee RUDUSESD Diets ee oe eae a raspberry.
SGMGACEE a ees eee (BOPULUSISDDise nn eee ee Op late
I. pees ea PBL IGES PP cena weet ener eee ee LOWE
EXT OU ACER: rae cia. k GTA T ESSN 0 RRO ee RR Pere ee Tae Currant
re pe Oks ee el See Eee Pe CC OOSEDELLY:
SOMIIUEGEE et Sonne SOLONUM, CULCUMONO. ox. kces ese Climbing bittersweet.
DAOC (Ce neon nee EDAD OIMEKUGEI scm eae re re Linden.
Wiriciedet hdc. es Celts OCCIRENIOUES 2.) Noa.cce se sscttisenie: Hackberry.
Seria Meee ae Maclura pomtfera............................ Osage orange.
BA RRS ee Reet WWOTUS TUDOR... ices nee. eed mulberry.
ee eee ee Ulmus americana............................. American elm.
WL CEOR sales co cs ae ais spss cot earn ee eee ee Grape.

Life History.—Lecanium corni passes the winter in the second
instar, the larve being found attached to the bark, generally pre-
ferring the underside of the branch and appearing as small, brown,
flattened, oval bodies closely appressed to the surface. The ap-
pendages are withdrawn beneath the scale over which a thin,
transparent, waxy covering is secreted.

Growth in spring is coincident with the beginning of sap flow,
the insects seldom migrating, and within a week moulting for the
second time. (Plate XV, fig. 5). Following this the male larva
undergoes a series of transformations quite distinct from those of
the female. —

312 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Male.—With the second moult the male enters a quiescent
period known as the propupal stage during which no food is taken,
and which is characterized externally by the beginning of a wax
secretion over the scale or puparium which becomes separate from
the insect. All larval appendages are cast off and are replaced
by the developing legs and wings of the adult. This period is
transitional, seldom extending more than two days.

The true pupa, which is flesh-coloured, may be easily seen
beneath the opaque puparium, being distinguished only by the
further development of its appendages and by the distinct seg-
mentation of the body. Externally the secretion of wax has con-
tinued and the male scales differ from those of the females in their
smaller size, more elongate shape, and wire-glassy appearance.

In from three to seven days the final moult of the male takes
place within the puparium and is indicated by the wings and de-
veloping caudal filaments which often protrude beyond the scale.
(Plate XV, fig. 6.) In a few hours after the last transformation
the mature insect backs out from the puparium and is ready for
flight. It is very delicate and lives but a few hours.

‘The emergence of the male generally covers a period of
four weeks, the date of earliest emergence depending largely on
the host species. The first males were bred out from scales col-
lected on linden. They issued from the middle of April till the
middle of May. -On hickory and bittersweet males did not begin
to emerge until the first of May and continued to mature until the
middle of June. On elm and white ash they did not begin to issue
until late in May, and the last individuals appeared late in June.

Female.—F¥ollowing the second moult the female increases
rapidly in size. Owing to the continued growth the protective
wax covering is split and appears as irregular plates on the dorsum.
These finally disappear and when mature the female‘is smooth,
broadly oval, and slightly convex, with darker markings plainly
visible on the lighter specimens. The comparative size with that
of the male is indicated on Plate XV, fig. 1. Several stiff iridescent
strands of wax project from the margin of the scale which may
function as a secondary sexual character. Shortly after impregna-
tion a chestnut or brown colour prevails, the surface becomes

-

PLATE XVI.

CAN. ENT:, VOL, XLIX.

“(ST-OL “S81q) INYOD WAINVOAT ANV

‘

(6-1 “Ss!

1) PADId SHWAYAMOSA Hd

314 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

_—

—$———

pitted and as growth continues, the body is arched upwards be-
coming quite convex.

In the latitude of Southern Wisconsin development continues
with great rapidity during May and early June, the ovisac becom-
ing distended with eggs. Within three weeks the females stop
feeding and a week later oviposition commences. Scattered in-—
dividuals begin egg laying by May 25 but the majority not until
June 11. The eggs are deposited beneath the scale in a cavity
or brocd chamber formed by the shrinking ovisac, and this pro-
cess continues until the venter becomes fused with the dorsum.
At the end of egg laying the parent insect remains as a mere shell,
which acts as a barrier against various egg predators and parasites.

The number of eggs laid by a single female varies considerably
and over two thousand have been counted’. Small individuals
may contain only a few hundred, but the-average number is con-
siderably over a thousand.

The oviposition period terminates by the middle of June, and
eggs under observation on different hosts began to hatch during
the first days of July, although in one exceptional instance one
female was found to contain hatching young June 12. July 5
Lecanium corni was found hatching on ash, linden and apple, and
a few days later on bittersweet. Practically all the young had
issued by July 1 in spite of the fact that the dates of oviposition
extended nearly a month. The young remain under the old scale
until it becomes loosened, which is usually about five days from
the time the first eggs hatch. This short period of rest is not essen-
tial to the life of the insect, and when a scale is removed from
hatching young they immediately migrate to the leaves. They
generally settle on the underside and when numergus attach them-
selves along the principal veins, where they remain until autumn.

Just before the leaves fall the immature scales migrate back
to the bark, having moulted once. The percentage of those suc-
cessful in re-establishing themselves in this way is not known,
and it is possible that many are distributed to different hosts by
the scattering of the leaves.

_ Description.—The eggs are oval, and protected by a powdery
wax deposit, measuring .246 mm. by .112 mm. They are pure
.. OF Lowe; Vo Heh RepaNeae State Laps Nowi45 1505 iene eee ee

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 315

white when laid, but change to cream yellow previous to hatch-
ing. .

The young larvz measure .37 mm. in length and .135 mm.
in width and are pale yellow, with eight distinct abdominal seg-
ments, but with no definite body divisions. The antenne are
short, six segmented, with numerous long sete. Two anal plate
spines are conspicuous, being about one-third the length of the
body.. After settling the insects assume a transparent green colour
and are practically invisible on the surface of the leaf.

The second stage larva is distinguished microscopically from
the first by the absence of the major apical sete which disappear
at the first moult. Upon migrating to the bark the green colour
is replaced by brown. In this stage two sizes become differentiated,
the larger measuring about one mm. in length, and the smaller .7
mm.

The puparium is a rather elongate oval structure 1.5-mm. in
length and .75 mm. in width, the white, glassy colour sharply
contrasting with the bark. It is slightly convex and is adorned
by two longitudinal and two transverse white lines. (Plate, XV,
fig. 6.) These scales are fragile and the empty ones are easily
dislodged, seldom being found later in: the season.

The adult male is a small, brown, two-winged insect 114 mm.
in length, with a wing expanse of 4 mm. and having two long,
white caudal filaments. The antenne are relatively large, eight
segmented, and densely clothed with hairs. The head is pro-
vided with six ocelli, one pair being located ventrally and two
dorsally. (Plate XVI, figs. 12 and 13.) The wings are clouded
with a tinge of brown and no halteres are present. There are
six segments in the abdomen which terminates in a large style at
either side of which are secreted the two long wax filaments.

At maturity the female’is a smooth, brown hemisphere, and
is incapable of locomotion, the appendages having been greatly
outgrown by the swollen body which is fastened to the bark by
a deposit of wax. (Plate XV, fig. 3.) Microscopically the anal
plates (Plate XVI, fig. 10) are conspicuous and obtuszly triangular,
having eight anal ring sete, four fringe, two sub-apical, and eight
apical sete. Fully mature females still possess the appendages
though in an atrophied form, and may measure from 3 by 2 mm.

316

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

to 7 by 5mm. During oviposition and accompanying the harden-
ing of the derm, the latter becomes perforated with minute open-
ings known as derm pores.

Experiments in host plant transfers ——A number of experi-
ments were undertaken in view of definitely determining whether
Lecanium cornt could be transferred from one host plant to an-
other, and the following table represents the results obtained.

'
TABLE I.—TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS WITH LECANIUM CORNI.

Number Host trans- Date eggs Date Number

Original females ferred to hatched larve larvee

host used attached attached
White ash........,.. 3 pear July 7 July 16 several

EDT BAS mer eee 1 apple “ “ in

SU ate eee 1 elm i “ “ it

sare ee Be 1 plum os “ ts

a ees eteere ect 2 sour cherry s§ as ay
Climbing bitter-

sweet............ several apple os July 17 ss
Bim .s-eeae wee s et “ “ fe
Weta deter sesso eeecs “ We “ “ “
Kentucky coffee :

PRCO ye acneceee es oe ae “ as
Pear..... ut Ke “ &
PITA Pee eae re “ “

Black locust....... “ “

Plum... pear “ “
Windentintste ec. a be “
1D) bt be aeecemeeea ches ee “ 0d gel
Windlenisent cscs fs currant ts “ “
ASH ete sae Bere ee plum unsuccessful

Bittersweet......... bar

Lindens. seo. fe- ash “

Maple shag bark

hickory

It will be observed that in several instances unsuccessful at-
tempts were made to transfer Lecanium corni, but this was due
to either parasitism or dislodgement cf the females.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 317

Parasites—The following species of Chalcidoidea were bred
from corni, which on some trees was badly parasitized and almost
exterminated—Coccophagus lecanit Le Baron var., C. cinguliventris
~ Gir., C. perflavus Gir. mss., Bilastothrix longipennis How., and
several male encyrtids. Besides these parasites, Comys bicolor
How., Coccophagus lecanit Fitch, Euderus lividus Ashm., and
A phicus albiceps Ashm., have been bred from this scale in Michi-
gan.° By far the most numerous and effective one in this region
proved to be C. lecanii, although in California Comys fusca How.,
a species not found at Madison, and probably not occurring in
Wisconsin, seems to be the chief check. :

Predators —The maggots of a small fly, Leucopsis nigri-
cornis Egger, were observed feeding on the eggs. Two common
coccinellid beetles Hyperaspis binotata Say, and Chilocorus bi-
vulnerus Mulsant, are important enemies, the larve feeding on
the eggs and young.

Disease.—The adult females are susceptible to several fun-
gous diseases, which with favourable conditions, spread rapidly .
and destroy many of the insects. Cordyceps clavulatum Ellis is
the most important of these and was first mentioned as being
parasitic on Lecanium corni by Pettit in 1895."

THE SPRUCE SCALE, (Physokermes picee Schr.).

Physokermes picee Schr. is found abundantly on the Norway
spruce (Picea abies) about the University of Wisconsin campus,
and has become a serious pest of this tree. It is especially numer-
ous on the lower branches, many of which are being killed by it,
and which are rendered unsightly by a black fungus thriving on
- the honey-dew secreted by these insects. The heavy honey-dew
secretion is also very attractive to flies, and especially honey bees.

History and Distribution.—In 1903° Physokermes picee was
believed to be confined to Europe,” and it was not reported in
this country until 1906 when it was discovered near Hartford,
Connecticut. Since then it has been found in various northern
localities as far west as Wisconsin. The following list of Ameri-
can records of its distribution was kindly furnished by Mr. E. R.
Sasscer, of Washington, D.C., Massachusetts.

10. Lowe, V. H., loc: cit., p. 589.

11. Pettit, R. H., Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull., 97, p. 341, 1895.
12. Fernald, M. E., Mass. Exp. Sta. Bull., No. 88, p. 209, 1903.

318 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Massachusetts

Amher Stray secre IP1CCG QULES-- sears, June 9, 1908........ B. N. Gates.

Tie. hese elena is MENZEST.......... Cae noel Ol Oise he %

Mialdemeds> parecer cena: ey att ce NE ee Pe May 25, L908 a W. T. Harris.

Plamovier. ten te. a OMUS. SU OOUS occa. suns stk Oct 19% TOI J. W. Hinckley.
Connecticut

blantiondse eer eens ACC ONAUTES en ween June 23, 1906........ W. H. Patton
New Hampshire ;

Pikes eect eae es PAGE UU CMS a ea Seo v4 tl GOO ex E. J. Kraus.
New York

Vonkersict a.ccctnnes JEEAG S04 Occ abo grotionee SLO ONDE ease W.L. Kingman.
Pennsylvania

West Chester............. Picea menziesit......... Nov. 28, 1914........ F. Windle.
Ontario

Creu Weim geet Re Picea spp es ema tae July 14, 1910........ T. D. Jarvis.

It is thus an introduced species from Europe, and is dependent
on spruce and pine as host plants. It in fact seems to prefer the
Norway Spruce Picea abies, being found on no other tree in Madison,
Wisconsin, although in some instances the infestation was sur-
rounded by different species of spruce.

Life History.—In winter the second stage larve are found
clustered thickly on the undersides of the spruce needles. They
remain dormant until the latter part of March, when they become
active and may be observed migrating from one branch to another.
This period of spring activity is of short duration and by April
the majority have settled on the leaves.

By the middle of April those larve which are to develop
into females migrate to the twigs. The male larve remain at-
tached to the undersides of the needles, where they moult twice
during a period of development in which the insect passes suc-
cessively from a propupal to a true pupal stage beneath the first
exuvia which becomes. coated with wax. The adult males
issue within two weeks after the twigward migration of the females
and fertilization takes place by the first of May, shortly follow-
ing the second moult of the females.

Female.—The majority of the female larve settle in the
woody bracts at the bases of the smaller twigs. In this stage
growth is at first slow, and tendril-like wax filaments are secreted
around the margin of the scale. In two weeks the insects moult
for the second and last time, all appendages being lost, a mere
globular sac resulting. This change takes place early in May,

13. Henschel, Die Schad]. Forst. and Obst. Ins., p. 511, 1895.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 319
practically all larve being in the last instar by.May 3. In this
month growth is rapid, the females maturing by the first of June.
Specimens, dissected May 29 were found ‘to contain fully de-
veloped eggs.

Oviposition began June 9 at which time large quantities
of the honey-dew persisted. As the eggs are deposited the in-
ternal structures of the female shrink until the body organs become
obliterated and persist as a thin septum dividing the egg chamber
into halves. During the development of the insect, the anal cleft
lengthens, due to the great enlargement of the body wail, until it
comes to lie dorsally. Thus at the end of oviposition the female
remains as a hollow sphere, divided internally into two cells closely
packed with eggs, the number of which varies from only 12 in
small individuals to as many as 227, the average being about 200.

The period of incubation extends for a month and larve were
observed hatching July 27. At this time they are entirely sur-
rounded by the body wall of the dead female, the anal cleft being
entirely closed; but within a week, the mechanical drying and
shrinking of the derm causes the cleft to split apart, producing
an opening through which the young can pass. The larve im- -
mediately migrate to the spruce needles upon which they settle,
growing slowly and moulting once before autumn.

Description.—The eggs are .4 mm. by .24 mm. and are smooth,
ovate and pink in colour. The hatching young (Plate XVI, fig. 3.)
are small, red, lice-like insects .5.mm. in length. Microscopically
the antenne are six-segmented, (Plate XVI, fig. 6), and the anal
plate is well defined, having the usual major apical sete, (Plate
XVI, fig.8). No spiracular spines are present in this species al-
though found in others of this genus.

There is little difference between the two larval stages except
that microscopically the anal plates are further developed, (Plate
XVI, fig. 9). Just preceding the second moult the larva is about
1 mm. in length, (Plate XVI, fig. 4).

The adult female is a brown sphere, averaging from 1.5 mm.
to3mm. in diameter, (Plate XVI, fig. 3). It presents a very curious
appearance when alive, capped with a large transparent viscid
globule of honey dew, and clothed basally with a thin sheath of
white wax, (Plate XV, fig. 4). During life the body wall is plastic

320 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

and adapts itself to the irregularities in the bark, but upon ma-
turing it becomes heavily chitinized and extremely rigid.

The old dead female shells are generally found at the juncture
of the twigs in groups of from two to as many as eight. They
are of a chestnut brown colour, closely resembling buds, and are
dislodged with difficulty, often remaining attached to the bark
for several years. Microscopically few structures are visible,
the appendages and anal plate having been lost with the second
moult.

Parasites —A parasite seems to have been introduced with
the species from Europe and is effective in checking the spread
of the scale. This was determined to be a new species and was
recently described by Girault as Holcencyrtus physokermis. Chei-
loneurus albicornis How., and several encyrtids were bred from
this insect.

A NEW CANADIAN NOCTUID.

BY WM. BARNES, M.D. AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D.
DECATUR] ici.

Xylomoia chagnoni, sp. nov.

o.—Antenne finely ciliate; head and thorax light ruddy
brown, the collar crossed by a black line; abdomen untufted, light
ochreous; primaries rather pale ruddy-brown with the maculation
not well defined, the most conspicuous feature being a black dash
in the sub-median fold connecting the t. a. and t. p. lines; sub-
basal line very obscure, angled below costa; t. a. line better de-
fined, faintly geminate, the inner line more or less obsolete, the
outer black, with a prominent outward angle below vein 1, preceded
by a slight dark shade along inner margin; orbicular and reniform
very faint, rather small, the former oblique, the latter defined on
its inner edge by a black lunate mark; claviform scarcely visible
resting on the black streak in the fold; t. p. line faint; strongly
bent out around cell, then rigidly inwardly oblique to vein 1 where
it bends outward slightly to inner margin, it is followed by a few
dark points on the veins; s. t. line pale, obscure, irregular, defined

outwardly by two darker terminal semi-triangular patches, the
September, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 321

one at inner angle, the other between veins 4-6; a rather heavy
terminal broken black line; veins terminally slightly paler than
ground colour; fringes smoky, cut by a median dark line and
dotted with ochreous opposite veins. Secondaries pale shiny
ochreous, shaded with smoky terminally, with large, dark discal
dot and distinct wavy post-median line; a broken, dark, terminal
line and a median line through pale fringes. Beneath smoky
with slight ruddy tinge and paler secondaries; dark discal dots and
terminal lines on both wings but post-median line of secondaries
less distinct than on upper side. Expanse 30 mm.

Habitat.—Rouville Co., Que., (July 4); Mt. St. Hilaire, Que.,
(July 4, 6). 3 o&’s. Type, Coll. Barnes. Paratype, Coll. Chag-
non.

We have much pleasure in naming this species after Mr. G.
Chagnon, of Montreal, from whom we received the type speci-
mens. The species bears considerable superficial resemblance to
Xylomoia didonea Sm. from Colorado, but lacks among other
things the distinct white-marked t. p. line as well as showing a
well-defined post-median line on secondaries; the front is rather
improminent, being slightly less bulging than in didonea but the
species resembles so markedly the figure of the generic type,
Xylomoia graminea Staud., figured in Rom.- Mem. VI, Pl. 12,
fig. 8, that we incline to place it in:this genus. We have single
worn specimens of this new species from Cartwright, Man., and
Durango, Colo., which would indicate an extended distribution.

AN ANNOTATED: EIST ‘OF THE SCOLYTID BEETLES-OF
OREGON.
BY W. J. CHAMBERLIN, OREGON EXPERIMENT STATION,
CORVALLIS, ORE.
Conophthorus ponderose Hopk. .
There are a number of specimens in the College Collection
taken at Corvallis, Oregon, Dec. 17, 1909.
Conophthorus, sp.
Three adults bred from cones of Pinus contorta collected at
Corvallis, Oregon. Oct. 29, 1915.
Cryphalus amabilis, n. sp.

Length.—Female, 1.6 mm.; male 1.2 mm. Body oblong,
September, 1917 ‘

322 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

elliptical, dark brown, almost black; pronotum slightly broader
than long, broadest just before the base, constricted sharply at
base so as to be slightly narrower than the base of elytra; pro-
notum rounded, hood-shaped, anterior margin with two distinct
teeth near the apex, an obscure tooth lateral to each; pronotum
with prominent callosities arranged in six or seven, more or less
concentric circles; spaces between callosities with minute eleva-
tions, elytra finely and densely punctured; stria plainly seen but
appear as mere lines of enlarged punctures. Entire body covered
with fine yellowish hair, short on elytra, longer and coarser on
pronotum; ventral surface and legs clothed with medium long
yellowish hairs.

Described from seven specimens, four males and three females
taken at Elk Lake, Oregon, August, 1914, Host Amabilis Fir
(Abies amabilis).

A small stand of Amabilis Fir (Abies amabilis) saplings was
noted near Elk Lake at an elevation of 3,300 feet. The trees
looked sickly and the foliage on many branches was turning red.
Upon examination a tiny entrance hole was found just below many
of the branches, and a small, oval.chamber was eaten out. These
chambers averaged from 1g to 14 inch across the longest diameter
and from 20 to 35 eggs were deposited therein, mingled with fine
bark borings. The eggs were slightly over 44 mm. long and 14 mm.
wide, oval, transparent and white. The larve when first emerged
are about the size of the egg and grow very slowly for some days.
_They develop to slightly over 214 mm. long, but never become
very active. The pupe are from 134 to 2 mm. in length and 4%
to 34 mm. broad. The pupal cells are in the cambium.

Eggs are deposited the last week in August and hatch in 5
days; the slightly yellowish larva work out in all directions from
the egg chamber, girdling the small limbs and covering a space: of
5 or 6 square inches. Though not definitely established, it is
very probable that each pair of beetles make more than one egg
chamber. Both male and female work at excavating the egg
chamber.

Cryphalus subconcentralis Hopk.
Astoria, Oregon. May 24, 1899. Hubbard & Schwarz.

- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 323

Cryphalus grandis, n. sp.

Length 1.8 mm.; width 0.8 mm.

Body size and shape of C. amabilis; colour black. Pronotum
with four teeth on the anterior margin, two central teeth large,
rounded, lateral ones narrower, smaller. Dorsal surface rather
densely clothed with pale hairs. First two lines of callosities on
the pronotum regular, posterior portion more or less confused.
The entire dorsal surface presents a granulate appearance, a con-
dition not noted in any other species. Strie faintly evident,
especially laterally; elytra sparsely clothed with long, bristle-like
hairs. Faint transverse rugule on the elytra. Elytra clothed
“with fine hairs (not scale-like) and finely obscurely punctate.
Legs amber coloured, antennal club dark. Ventral surface clothe |
with recumbant, yellowish hairs. Lateral margin of the elytra
shows a very broad emargination near the middle, and a distinct
ridge extends from the humeri to the posterior lateral margin of
the elytra. (Not constant.)

A large number of specimens from A bies grandis near Corvallis,
Oregon, collected by the author. Hairs on pronotum dense,
medium long, recumbent toward anterior margin; bristle-like hairs
of dorsal surface very long.

Crypturgus, undes. sp.

A number of these minute insects were taken from a de-
fir (Abies lasiocarpa) near Sumpter, Oregon, July 20, 1914. In
company with other bark beetles, they were working in the deat
bark near the top of the tree.

Dendroctonus valens_ Lec.

Rather common throughout the pine regions of the State.
Especially abundant in Pinus ponderosa in Eastern and Central
Oregon. Occasionally found at the base of the larger lodgepole
pines (P. contorta). Noted at Corvallis, Hood River, Bend,
Crescent, Sumpter, Sparta, Ashland and on the Klamath Indian
Reservation. The habits of the Dendroctonus beetles are (co
well known to deserve comment here.

Dendroctonus monticole Hopk.

Found throughout the State in Pinus ponderosa, conteria,
monticola and lambertiana, wherever these trees occur. It has
caused heavy losses in Northeastern, Central and Southern Oregon.

324 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Dendroctonus engelmanni Hopk.

This species has not heretofore been reported (in literature)
from this State. The author collected two dead adults from their
characteristic mines under the\ bark of Picea engelmanni near
Sumpter, in the Blue Mountain Region of Northeastern Oregon.
Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec.

This is the most serious pest of pine in this State, and causes
the death of a very large amount of the largest and finest yellow
pine (P. ponderosa) timber of Eastern, Central and- Southern
Oregon. Thousands of dollars are being expended annually in
combating the pest.

Dendroctonus pseudotsuge@ Hopk.

Found in all parts of the State where Douglas fir grows. The
beetles seem to prefer dying, injured or down timber, but will at-
tack living, healthy trees as shown by a serious infestation in
Southern Washington and near White Pine, Oregon, where several
thousand trees were killed.

Dendroctonus obesus Mannh.

A rather rare beetle working in the cambium of Sitka spruce,
Picea sitchensis, noted at Marshfield and Astoria.

Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopk.

This species is reported by Dr. Hopkins as occurring in South-
western Oregon. I have seen no specimens collected i in this State.
Dolurgus pumilus Mannh.

Oregon (Swaine 1908) in Picea sitchensts.

Dryocoetes autographus Ratz.

A number of specimens referred to this species were collected
near Detroit, Oregon, from the bark of large Douglas fir windfalls.
Dryocoetes pseudotsuge Swaine.

This species is not uncommon in the western part of the State.
At Ranier the adults were found in January, crowded into hiberna-
tion galleries in the outer bark of Douglas fir. In December near
Olney they were found under the bark of a Douglas fir stump,
when the bark was removed, the larve were found to_be actually
floating in water. Specimens brought into the laboratory ma-
tured, thus showing that they have adapted themselves to the
extremely wet winters of that. section. Also noted at Corvallis
and Detroit, Oregon.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST B25

Eccoptogaster unispinosus Lec.

A species widely distributed in the State, works in Larch
(Larix occidentalis), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuge taxifolia), and
Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannt). It is not uncommon in
the thin bark of Douglas fir saplings, and limbs of older trees.
It was recently bred from thick bark taken from near the base
of a large tree, here the species evidently spent its full life cycle
in the bark never reaching the cambium. It often causes the
death of saplings and young poles.

Eccoptogaster, n. sp. ;

A species resembling wnispinosus in size and form but differ-
ing in the spines was taken in numbers from the twigs of a dying
Grand fir (Abies grandis) at Corvallis, in September, 1916.
Eccoptogaster subscaber Lec.

Found throughout .the State working in Abves, especially A.
grandis. The adult makes a short transverse gallery from 1 to 3
inches long, 30 to 50 eggs are deposited, and the larvae work up
and down the tree. (They are doing considerable damage at
Klamath Lake in white firs). These larval mines are often a foot
long; the pupal cells may be wholly in the bark, wholly in the
wood, or partly in each. It is not unusual to find a tree so heavily
attacked that it would be impossible to find a square inch free
from mines. Larva, pupa and adults were taken at Ashland, :
Oregon, June 21, 1916.

Gnathotrichus sulcatus Lec. -

Common in dying trees, especially in the western portions
of the State. This ambrosia beetle has been taken from Abies
grandis, A. nobilis, Pseudotsuga taxifolia and Tsuga heterophylla.
Noted at Corvallis, Detroit, Astoria, and in the Blue Mountain
Region.

Gnathotrichus retusus Lec.

A similar species found in 7suga heterophylla, Pinus contorta,
P. ponderosa and Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Most abundant in the
Coast Range and Blue Mountains.

Gnathotrichus sp.

A species which I am unable to place among the described
species was taken from Alder (Alnus oregona) at Florence, Oregon,
in April, 1914.

326 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Gnathotrichus sp.

A species similar to the last was taken from a healthy maple
(Acer macrophyllum) at Corvallis, Oregon, in May, 1916.
Hylastinus obscurus Mannh.

The common clover root-borer is found in both Eastern and
Western Oregon.

Hylesinus aculeatus Say.

Not abundant but is found attacking Fraxinus oregona in
the western valleys. The work of this beetle often presents a
masterpiece of wood engraving. The adult and larval mines are
often as perfect and symmetrical as if done by the hand of an
expert engraver.

Hylesinus aspericollis Lec.

A rather common species attacking living and dying alder
(Alnus oregona). It usually selects young trees, but in the late
summer of 1914 the author collected a number of adults from
newly made burrows on large limbs of old trees near Breitenbush
Hot Springs, Oregon. They worked in pairs, each helping in the
excavation. In August many of the burrows were just being
started. Noted at Florence and Corvallis, Oregon.

Hylesinus granulatus Lec.

Collected from Abies grandis in Blue Mountains of Oregon,

in July, 1914.
Aylesinus dentatus Lec.

Rare, found in Juntperus occidentalis.
Hylesinus imperialis Lec.

Rare, Corvallis, May and September.
Hylurgops rugipennis Mannh.

Large numbers of these beetles were collected under the bark
of a large, dead white pine (Pinus monticola) in the Santiam National
Forest. August 21, 1914.

Fylurgops subcostulatus Mannh.

A decidedly secondary pest, entering dying or dead Pinus
ponderosa after other Scolytids have started their work, occurring
in large numbers at times. They were found especially numerous
in the yellow pine of the Blue Mountain Region.

Hylurgops lecontet Swaine.
A species similar to subcostulatus occurring in yellow and lodge-

=

)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 327

pole pine in the eastern portion of the State, and in the coast
variety of Pinus contorta near the mouth of the Siuslaw River.
Hylurgops pinifex Fitch.

Reported from Oregon by Dr. Leconte.
Ips. emarginatus Lec.

These large Jpide attack the cambium of the lower and
middle trunk of Pinus ponderosa and P. contorta. They excavate
large mines, running parallel with the grain of the wood, often
cutting through the mines of D. valens, monticole, and brevicomis
with which they associate. Asa rule the mines are nearly straight,
but at times they wind around considerably without any particu-
lar pattern. Larve of all stages, together with adults were col-
lected in the Blue Mountains during June and July. They at-
tack living, dying and recently dead trees, both standing and
fallen.

Ips, n. sp.

A species allied to Leconte’s balsameus was collected from
dead Pinus ponderosa at Hood River, in August, by Mr. LeRoy
Childs. The tree had been dead at least two years. The Ips
galleries were so cut by galleries of other beetles that it was almost
impossible to get the design.

Ips latidens Lec.

Collected from Pinus ponderosa on Boundry Creek, Grant
County, Oregon, June, 1914.

Ips radiata Hopk.

Not uncommon in Pinus contorta and P. ponderosa in the
Blue Mountain Region of Eastern Oregon.

Ips rectus Lec.

I have not been able to identify this species in any of the ma-
terial collected, but it is reported from Oregon by Dr. Leconte.
Ips wieslanderi Swaine.

Collected under the bark of drying lodgepole pine (P. con-
torta) in the Whitman National Forest in July, 1914.

Ips oregona Hopk.

Large numbers of these beetles were found at Bend and
Ashland attacking living, dying and recently felled yellow pine,
showing a decided preference for the latter. More than one pair
of adults are often found in the same gallery. Adults and eggs

328 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
were common at Bend, May 19, while larvee and pupae were found
at Ashland, June 20. Many were found dead, imbedded in pitch
on the stumps. The egg galleries are usually 7 to 8 inches long,
though it 1s not uncommon to find them 12 to 18 inches’ or
even more in length. These galleries are usually fairly straight,
running parallel with the grain of the wood. Occasionally they
are irregular, crossing and recrossing other galleries, making a
complex pattern. The typical work consists of an irregular
round chamber, about half an inch in diameter from which the
egg galleries run up or down the tree trunk. Each female has
her own gallery in which 20 to 40 eggs are deposited along the
sides and carefully covered with fine borings.
Ips pint Lec.

Reported from Oregon by Leconte in 1868.
Ips interruptus Mannh.

A single specimen taken from Picea sitchensis at Marshfield,
Oregon.

Ips interpunctatus Eich.

Collected from Pinus contorta on the Whitman National
Forest in July, 1914.

Ips concinnus Mannh.

This species ordinarily attacks Pinus contorta and Picea
sitchensis, and it was very unusual to take several adults from a
fire-injured Douglas fir sapling at Astoria in April, 1915. This is
probably an accidental host, and it is interesting to note that the
broods failed to develop.

Ips celatus var.

.

Collected from Picea engelmanni, Grant County, Oregon,
June, 1914.
Ips confusus Lec.

Occurs in the extreme southern part of the State in pine.
Leperisinus aculeatus Lec.

A single specimen collected at Corvallis. Host not known.
Orthotomicus ornatus Swaine.

A few specimens taken from Pinus ponderosa on the Whit-
man National Forest, July. 1914.

(To be continued.)

Mailed. September Ist, 1917.

Ge Ganadiay Entomologist.

VoL. XLIX. LONDON, OCTOBER, 1917 No. 10

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
THE APPLE MAGGOT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

BY R. C. TREHERNE, FIELD OFFICER, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH.
DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Two adult flies of the Apple Maggot or Railroad Worm,
(Rhagoletis ‘~pomonella Walsh) were taken at Penticton, B.C., by
the author on July 26th, 1916. Inasmuch as this record constitutes
the first of its kind for the Province of British Columbia, and
exists practically as an original record for the Pacific Coast of
North America, it is of interest and of importance. I am indebted
to Dr. J. M. Aldrich for his final determination of the species.

On July 26th, 1916, while visiting the orchards in the flat
land lying between Okanagan Lake and Dog Lake, at a point about
two miles south of Penticton, B.C., I was attracted by the appear-
ance of some trees suffering from a pathological trouble (Baldwin
Spot). While standing among the trees in the orchard I noted
an adult Trypetid fly settle on a leaf. The specimen was captured
in a hand net, and examination showed a strange resemblance to
the Apple Maggot (R. pomonella). I was so struck by the re-
semblance that I endeavored to find other specimens. After an
hour’s search I was only rewarded by capturing a second adult.

The flies were later referred to Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, who
concurred as to their identity, but who suggested that they be for-
warded to Dr. Aldrich for final determination. Dr. Aldrich duly
certified to the fact that the specimens were adults of the Apple
Maggot, R. pomonella.

The variety of apple tree upon which the flies were taken was.
the Red Astrachan variety, but examination of its fruits and the
fruits of other early varieties in the vicinity, on July 26th and ona
subsequent occasion in August, revealed no definite sign of larval

330 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

injury. Many early varieties of apple had been picked and shipped
at the time of the second examination. Consequently this fact,
coupled with the lateness of the season which was towards the end
of the flight period of the adults, probably accounts for the paucity
of material.

So far as the distribution of this species of fly on the Pacific
coast is concerned, I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Aldrich and to
Mr. Henry H. Severin for drawing my attention to some of the
following records: Five specimen’ were collected by Mr. O. T.
Baron, in the southern part of the State of California. These
were described by Snow as Rhagoletis zephyria, n. sp., (Kansas
Univ. Quart., II, No. 8, pp. 164-165) in 1894- R. W: Doane, in
1898 (Ent. News, IX, p. 69), and J. M. Aldrich in 1909, (Can. Ent.,
XLI, p. 69) state that R. zephyria is a synonym of R. pomonella.
Since the record of 1894, apparently, no further remarks on its
existence have been made in California. Dr. Aldrich further
states, in correspondence, that his cards show that the insect has
teen recorded from the eastern slope of Colorado (Colorado Springs,
Fort Collins). No information is available that the species exists
in the State of Oregon, but Dr. A. L. Melander (Bull. No. 108,
Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., Dec. 1911) states that it “has been recorded
as destructive along the eastern border’’ of the State of Washing-
ton. He remarks, however, that there is no positive evidence
of its occurrence in Washington orchards.

Consequently the record for British Columbia stands very
nearly as a unique one for the Pacific Coast. Fortunately it evi-
dently does not exist in numbers at present in British Columbia,
otherwise its presence would have been observed on earlier oc-
casions. Even yet no definite form of larval injury has been
observed, and the record, thus far, exists only in the form of the
capture of two adult flies. It is inferesting to note, however,
that Mr. E. H. Strickland, Field Officer, Entomological Branch,
Dominion Department of Agriculture, captured a single specimen
of this fly at Lethbridge, Alta., in 1914. There is little doubt that
the insect emerged from imported fruit, and as the Province of
Alberta is supplied more commonly with western fruit than eastern,
the record suggests an interesting probability.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 331

CECTOTY EES Ob- THE, SPECIES OF TYMENOPTERA
(EXCEPT APOIDEA) DESCRIBED BY ABBE
PROVANCHER.

BY A. B. GAHAN AND S. A. ROHWER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY:
WASHINGTON, D.C.

(Continued from page 308.)

Bzeoneura arietina. Type.—Yellow label 1380. 2nd Coil.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Badly glued.

Banchus caudatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1298.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Banchus ferrugineus. Type.—Yellow label 385. 1st Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. :

Banchus flavovariegatus. _ Type.—Female, yellow label 311.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Female, yellow label 379. Ist
Coll. 2 other specimens.

Banchus formidabilis. Type.—yYellow label 378. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne at apex, median tarsi at apex,
right hind tarsi entirely, gone.

Banchus inermis. Type.—Female, yellow label 318. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. 3 specimens in Ist Coll.

Banchus insignus. Type.—Male, yellow label 387. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right anterior tarsus, left median
tarsus at 2nd joint, left hind tarsus and right at metatarsus, right
median leg, broken off.

Banchus pallescens.- Type.—Male, yellow label 386. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left antenna at 5th joint, left fore leg
and right hind leg gone.

Banchus polychromus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1551.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Basalys ruficornis. Type.—Yellow label 913. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. a

Bassus aciculatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1565. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks most of antenne.

Bassus albicornis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec. un-
less under name, B. orbitalis Cress.

Bassus amoenus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, unless

under name, B. orbitalis Cress.
October, 1917

od2 _THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Bassus areolatus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, un-
less under name, Lampronota punctulata Cress.

‘Bassus auriculatus. Type.—Not located.

Bassus belangeri. Type.—-Female, yellow label 709. ‘2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bassus bouleti. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, unless—
under name, Erronemus pedialis Cress.

Bassus cingulatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 985. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bassus costalis. Type.—Female, yellow label 453. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Some legs gone.

Bassus cylindricus. Type.—Male, yellow label 103(s) and
1246 (Prov.) 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks left antenna. -

Bassus dorsalis. Type.—Female, blue label 195(s); yellow
label. 1247. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.. Apices of antennze
gone.

Bassus elongatus. Type.
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bassus fuscitarsus. Type.—Male, yellow label 349. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bassus humeralis. Type.—? yellow label 448. 1st Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Abdomen wanting. Sex not determined.
One male, yellow label 348, same species, in 2nd Coll. Species de-
scribed from one female. E

Bassus ichneumonoides. Type.*—Species badly confused,
impossible to choose lectotype.

Bassus longicornis. Type.—Yellow label 932. -2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bassus mellipes. Type.—Female, yellow label 1656. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Badly mounted, antenne gone.

Bassus pallipennis. Type.—Female, yellow label 1021.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bassus_ pectoralis.. Type.—Yellow label 449. Ist Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks abdomen and antenne.

Bassus pulchripes. Type.—Male, yellow label 446. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apex of right antenna.

Bassus saginatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 533. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Male, yellow label 694. 2nd

+

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 333

Bassus scapulatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 994. 2nd

‘Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Blacus cuneatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1592. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken at tip.

Blacus defectuosus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1287,
blue label 734. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken
about 10th joint.

Blacus longicaudus. Type.—Yellow label 1282, blue label
710. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Head and fore legs missing.

Blennocampa paupera.—See Selandria.

Blepharipus cinctipes. Type.—Male, yellow label 957. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Blepharipus nigricornis. Type.—Male, yellow label 1448.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Brachistes crassigaster.—See Calyptus.

Brachistes submucronatus.—See Calyptus.

Bracon zequalis. T¥pe.—Female, yellow label 551. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Apices of antenne gone.

Bracon angelesius. Type.—Female, blue label K(s), white
label 25(s), yellow label 1486. Head and wings except left hind
wing, gone.

Bracon apicatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 554. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks ovipositor, apices of antennz
and some tarsi.

Bracon auripes. Type.—Female, blue label 670, yellow
label 1571. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right wings and head
gone.

Bracon inquisitor. Type.—Female, yellow label 536. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks flagella and right wings.

-~- Bracon levis. Type.—Female, yellow label 537. 2nd Coll.

Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks flagella and left wings.

Bracon longicaudis. Type.—Yellow label 602. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Two specimens on same pin, top one female
lacks antenne, other one probably male, lacks abdomen and part

of antenne.
Bracon lutus. Type.—Yellow label 552. 2nd Coll. Pub.

Mus., Quebec.

/

334 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Bracon nanus. Type.—Female, yellow label 725. - 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bracon nigripectus. Type.—Female, yellow label 553.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Apices of antenne gone.

Bracon nigripes. Type.—Female, yellow label 1261. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bracon nitidus. Type.—Male not in Coll. Female, allo-
type, yellow label 1026. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Female,
paratype, yellow label 104. 2nd Coll. Pub.”"Mus., Quebec.

Bracon obliquus. Type.—Female, yellow label 541. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Dirty.

Bracon ornatus.—See | phiaulax.

Bracon pilosipes.—Type.—Male, yellow label 1655, (also
round, faded orange disk). 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bracon politus. Type.—Cat. No. 1969, U.S. N. M.

Bracon pygmezeus. Type.—Female, mica tag, yellow label
555. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Bracon rufovariegatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 605.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Female allotype without label.

Bracon sanguineus, Type.—Cat. No. 1968, U.S. N. M.

Bracon striatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 724. 2nd
. Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Callimome fagopirum. Type.—Yellow label 917. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair. .

Callimome longicauda. Type.—Yellow label 1019. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec: “Fair.

Calyptus crassigaster. Type—Female, yellow label 1300.
2nd Coll. PubsMus., Quebec. Dirty.

Calyptus submucronatus. Allotype.—Female, yellow label
569. 2nd Coll. Pub. ‘Mus., Quebec. Antenne missing. Type
male not located.

Campoplex carinatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 294.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Campcplex flavipennis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Opheletes glaucopterus Linn. Three specimens 2nd
Coll>2 im tseColk -

' Campoplex lucens.—See Mesoleptus.

Campoplex luctuosus. Type.—Female, yellow label 335.

Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Head and left fore leg entirely gone.

a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ee)

Campoplex marginatus.—See Limnerium.

Campoplex minor. Type.—Female, yellow label 293. 2nd
Coll Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne gone.

Campoplex niger. ~Type.—Female, yellow label 1220. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Badly broken.

Campoplex nigripes. —Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under C. laticinctus Cress. Female, 2nd Coll., female Ist

Coll.
Campoplex politus.—See Exolytus.

Campoplex scalarius. Type.—Female, yellow label 1219.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. :

Campoplex semirufus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1024.
2nd Coll. Pub: Mus. Quebec. - Antenne, one at scape, the left at
3rd joint, middle tarsi at 2nd joint, right hind tarsus and last
joint of left hind tarsus gone; abdomen broken off, stuck on pin
below specimen. Allotype not located.

Campoplex unicolor.—See Mesoleptus uniformis Prov.

Campoplex vicinus. Type.—Female, yellow label 291.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Camptotera clavata. Type.—Not at present in Coll. Sent
to Girault, June, 1911.

Capitonius rubriceps. Type.—Female, blue label 721(s),
yellow label 1279. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Capitonius rugosus. Type.—Female Cat. No. 21433 USS.
N.M. Lacks fore wings and antenne. Male, allotype, blue label
606, yellow label 1255. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks
apex of left antenna.

Centeterus tuberculifrons. Type.—Female, yellow label
249. Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Some verdigris.

’ Cephus bicinctus.—See Phyllecus.

Cephus interruptus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1542.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Head gone.

Ceratosoma rufus. Type.—Female, yellow label 377. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken at apex.

Cerceris zqualis. Type.—Cat. No. 1974 U.S. N.M.

Ceropales minima. Type.—Male, blue label 124(s), yellow
label 1420. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

336 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Ceropales superba. Type.—Harrington Coll. Paratype,
yellow label 766. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

_ Ceroptres dorsalis. Type.—White label 56; white label
71(s); yellow label 1595. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Charitopus facialis. Type.—Harrington Coll.

Charops fuscipennis. Type.—Female, Cat. No. 1967 U.S.
Nat. Mus. Right antenna:broken; right hind tarsi gone; right
wings glued on label.

Chelonus argentifrons. Type.—Male, yellow label 1304.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Apices of antenne gone.

Chelonus basicinctus. Type.—Female, yellow label 906.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left flagellum and apex of right
gone.

Chelonus carinatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 907.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus. Quebec., Apex of left antenna gone. Speci-
men rather dirty.

Chelonus fissus. Type.—Male, yellow label 598. 2nd
Coll: Pub. Mus., Quebec. :

Chelonus nanus. Type.—Male, yellow label 908. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Chelonus rufiscapus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1303.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Chiloneurus maculatipennis. Type.—Harrington Coll.

Chorinzeus pulchripes. Type.—Female, yellow label 1025.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Chrysis aurichalcea. Type.—Not located.

Chrysocharis viridis. Type.—Harrington Coll. Fair.

Cinctus nasutus. Type.—Blue label 769; yellow label 1328.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cleonymus superbus. Type.—Yellow label 1601. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair.

Cleptes americana. (preoc.)=provanchert Aaron. Type.
—Not in Quebec. May be in Philadelphia.

Clistopyga canadensis. Type.—Female, yellow label 396.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Clistopyga truncata. Type.—Female, yellow label 1001.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

' (To be continued.)

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 337

NEW NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DOLICHOPODIDE
(DIPTERA).
BY M. C. VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, INS Vie

Sympycnus fasciventris, n. sp.

Runs in the table of species in’ the Entomological News,
Vol. 24, p. 270 to No. 10 where it would form a third item which
would read: ““‘Whole of hind tibiz and base of hind tarsi yellow-
ish.”’

Male.—Length 3 mm. Eyes meeting on the face, leaving
only a long, slender triangle below the antenne which is covered
with white pollen; palpi small, whitish; front wide, brown, covered
with gray pollen; cilia of the lower orbits short, black; antenne
(Fig. 28, A) black, first and second joints short and with the usual
bristles at tip of second joint, the longest about equal to the length
of the joint; third joint fully as long as the first two together,
triangular, with a sharp point, about twice as long as the width
at base, fringed with rather long, crooked hairs; arista inserted
near the base, pubescent, nearly twice as long as the antenne;
eyes pubescent. Thorax rather pale brown with grayish pollen,

o>,

Fig. 28—A. Sympycnus fasciventris sp. nov., antenna of male.
B. Nothosympycnus tnornatus sp. nov., antenna of female.
C. Nothosympycnus inornalus sp. nov., antenna of male.
D. Sympycnus caudatus sp. nov., antenna of male.
E. Sympycnus lineatus Loew, hyt popygium.
F. Sympycnus caudatus sp. nov., hypopygium.
G. Nothosympycnus abbreviatus Sp. noy., antenna.

October, 1917

338 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

which is thickest on the pleure, sides of the dorsum and space be-
fore the scutellum; scutellum slightly darker than the dorsum,
and with two strong bristles inserted at the sides. Abdomen
bronze brown, shining, with the apical half of segments three to
six pale verdigris-green, first and second segments of the same
colour on the sides, the green nearly meeting on the dorsum of the
second along the hind margin; venter dark brown, paler towards
the base; hairs of the abdomen black except a few on the sides of
the first and second segments; hypopygium small, forming a rounded
tip to the abdomen and without visible appendages. Fore coxe
yellow with abundant, rather long, pale hairs on the front surface;
middle and hind coxe black with yellow tips, hind pair with a
pale bristle and two pale hairs on the outer surface, middle pair
with pale hairs. Legs yellow; hind femora darker above; fore
tarsi short, scarcely as long as their tibia, darkened towards the
apex, last two joints black; fore pulvilli enlarged; middle tarsi
slender, a little longer than their tibia; middle tibia with two
bristles near the base and one near apical third; hind tarsi stout,
infuscated from the tip of the second joint, about four-fifths as
long as their tibie, first and second joints subequal. Halters and
tegule pale yellow, tegular cilia pale. Wings grayish hyaline
with the fourth vein ending in the apex of the wing.

Described from a single male taken at Fulton, St. Cruz Mts.,
Cal., (800 feet), May, by Dr. J. C. Bradley. :

Type in the Cornell University collection. .

The wings in the type are in very poor condition. The
species can easily be recognized by the slender third antennal
joint, small hypopygium with its small appendages, and the colour
of the feet.

Sympycnus caudatus, n. sp.

Runs in the keys to N. Am. species to S. lineatus Loew, but .
is distinguished by the longer hypopygial appendages, coleur of
the thorax and the modified fore tarsi. (Fig. 28, E, lineatus; F;
caudatus.)

Male.—Length 2-3 mm. Eyes meeting so as to obliterate
the face; antenne (Fig. 28,D) small,first and second joints yellowish,
third joint black, slightly pointed, scarcely as long as wide; arista
dorsal, inserted near the base of the third joint, rather long and

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 339

slender, pubescent; front and thorax bronze brown, shining,
slightly dulled with brown pollen; pleuree with whitish pollen.
Abdomen dark bronze brown with more or.less purple reflections
towards the tip; venter yellowish, which colour extends more or
less to the dorsum at the base; hypopygium brown, rounded and
conspicuous, with minute white pubescence and a few black
bristles; outer appendages long yellow filaments which are ciliate
with long hairs placed at regular intervals (F), inner appendages’
black, club-shaped. Fore coxe yellow, nearly bare but with a
few bristles near the tip; middle and hind coxe black with the
extreme tips yellow; legs yellow; last three joints of fore and hind
tarsi and the middle tarsi from the tip of the first joint infuscated;
hind femora more or less darkened at the tip; first joint of fore
tarsi about as long as the remaining four and with several bristles
towards the tip, second joint longer than any of the following,
enlarged below, last three joints of nearly equal length, third joint
contracted at base; fore pulvilli net enlarged; middle tarsi slender,
about one and one-half times as long as their tibia; first joint dis-
tinctly shorter than the four remaining joints together; first joint
of hind tarsi shorter than the second. Halters yellow; cilia of
the tegula pale. Wings brownish hyaline; fourth vein ending in
the apex of the wing.

Described from six males from Wild Cat Canyon, San Pablo,
Contra Costa Co., Cal., taken Nov. 16th by J. C. Bradley.

Type in the Cornell University collection.

Sympycnus canadensis, n. sp.

Male.—Length 2 mm., length of wing the same. Face silvery
white, black just below the antenne, rather wide for a male,
narrowed below; palpi-brown; front almost black with violet re-
flections, shining; antenne black, third joint triangular, as long
as the width at base; arista dorsal, pubescent. Thoracic dorsum
violet in the centre, more coppery on the sides with considerable
brown pollen on the front sides, and with a large, velvety black
spot on each side above and in front of the root of the wings, the
sloping posterior portion and the scutellum bright green; pleure
blackish with gray pollen. Abdomen dark green, shining, with
the venter and most of the second and third segments yellow,

340 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

clothed with pale hairs; hypopygium small, black with small,
black lamella. Coxe and legs yellow; top edge of hind femora on
apical half, hind tibie and tarsi wholly and last two joints of fore
and middle tarsi black; fore coxe with prominent black bristles
on the front surface; middle and hind coxe each with a large, black
bristle on the outer side; fore tibiz with a bristle on top near the
_ base and several small ones; middle and hind tibiz each with two
bristles on top, one at basal fourth and one near the middle, and
several at tip; fore tarsi a little longer than their tibiz, the first
joint nearly as long as the remaining four together, second a little
longer than the third, fourth and fifth about equal in length;
pulvilli not at all enlarged; middle tarsi as long as their tibiz; hind
tarsi shorter than their tibia, the first joint very little shorter
than the second. Tegule, their cilia and the halters yellow.
Wings grayish hyaline, rather dark; fourth vein ending in the
apex of the wing; posterior cross-vein nearly three times its length
from the tip of the fifth vein; veins black.

Described from two males which I took at Ft. Erie, Ont.,
June 6th. Type in the author’s collection.

This species ‘would run in the table of species in the Ent.
News, Vol. 24, p. 270,to S. angustipennis Ald., but that species has
yellow antenne, yellow appendages to the hypopygium, and has
the legs and feet entirely yellow except the last tarsal joint.

Nothosympycnus inornatus, n. sp.

Male.—Length ‘2.5-3 mm. Face very narrow, covered with
gray pollen; front and thorax metallic brown with a greenish
lustre and dulled with yellowish brown pollen;antenne (Fig. 28,C)
black, third joint large, oval, rounded at tip; arista inserted near
the base of the third joint and thickened towards the apex, pubes-
cent; scutellum blue-green. Abdomen shining black on _ the
dorsum, especially towards the apex; venter yellow, which colour
extends more or less to the dorsum at the base; hypopygium small,
black, its appendages inconspicuous. Fore coxe yellow with
yellow hairs towards their tips; hind coxz with a pale bristle on
the outer side. Legs yellow, hind femora and tibie darkened at
tips; tarsi becoming black towards their tips; first joint of fore
tarsi very short, not much longer than thick, second joint three-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 341

fourths as long as the tibia and nearly as long as the third and
fourth together, third and fourth of equal length, fifth distinctly
shorter than fourth; middle tibia with several slender bristles
(the specimens before me have from one to four, they seem to
be easily broken off); middle tarsi about as long as their tibia,
the first joint longer than the remaining four, second nearly as
long as the three following and distinctly widened at tip, third
_ and fourth about equal in length and somewhat widened, fifth
slender, nearly as long as the preceding two together; hind tarsi
scareely as long as their tibia. Tegule, their cilia, and the halters
yellow. Wings brownish hyaline; fourth vein ends in the apex
of the wing; anal angle prominent.

Female. — Face wide; thorax more opaque brown; third
antennal joint (Fig. 28,B) smaller, about as long as broad,rounded
at tip; middle tibie with several bristles as in the.male.

Described from seven males and several females taken by
je S Bradley, in Wild Cat: Ca.,- San: Pablo; Contra Costa Gor
Cal., May 20th—25th.

This is very much like vegetus Wheeler but the thickening of the
arista is not close to the tip as in that species, nor so conspicuous;
therelative lengths of the joints of the fore tarsi are also different,
and the anal angle of the wing is more prominent.

Nothosympycnus abbreviatus, n. sp.

Male.—Length 3mm. Face narrow with silvery white pollen;
palpi yellowish; proboscis brown; front bluish but thickly covered
with brown pollen so as to conceal the ground colour except on the
sides; antenne brown, third joint about as long as wide, somewhat
rounded at tip; (Fig. 28, G)'arista very short, blunt at tip, scarcely
as long as the antenne (apparently broken off). Thorax brown,
nearly opaque; pleure black. Abdomen yellowish above at ase,
beyond the hind margin of the second segment it is black above,
somewhat bronzed at tip; venter yellow which colour extends up
on the sides of the third and fourth segments; hypopygium and
its appendages small. Coxze yellow; fore pair with a silvery lustre
and minute pale hairs on the front surface and a few yellowish
bristles at tip; middle and hind coxe with a black bristle on the
outer surface; femora yellow, the hind pair darkened above at

342 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

tip; middle and hind femora each with a small bristle close to the
apex; tibia pale yellow, the posterior pair darkened at tip and with
a very slender but rather long bristle below just before the basal
third and several other small bristles; middle tibiz with two bristles;
fore tarsi yellow, darkened towards the tip, first joint not longer
than thick, second joint more than half as long as the tibia, third a
little longer than the fourth, fourth scarcely longer than the fifth;
hind tarsi blackened from the tip of the first joint which is shorter
than the second. Halters yellow. Wings grayish hyaline, rather
narrow at base; fourth vein ending in the apex of the wing; last
section of fifth vein three times as long as the cross-vein; veins
yellowish brown, costa darker.

Described from one male taken in Douglas Co., Kansas. Typé
in the collection of the University of Kansas.

This is one of a group of four species which are somewhat re-
lated, the antenne being formed about alike in all. The third
joint of this species is a little wider in proportion than in the
others and the apex more flattened, giving it a quadrate appear-
ance, and the arista is short and blunt (if it has not been broken
off). In frontalis Loew the arista is slender and tapers to a point;
in vegetus Wheeler it terminates in a very small lamel, while in
inornatus, n. sp.,1t is gradually thickened but still ends in a point.
In frontalis the fourth joint of the fore tarsi is longer than the third,
in vegetus the joints of fore tarsi are of decreasing length from the
second to the fifth, in abbreviatus the third is longer than the fourth
but the fifth is not much shorter than the fourth, while in izornatus
the third and fourth are of nearly equal length, and the fifth is dis-
tinctly shorter.

THE. SPECIES) OF ARGYNNIS “IN - AMERICA’
BY HENRY SKINNER, PHILADELPHIA.

Recently I received a letter from Mr. Charles Oberthtir, of
France, in which he says: “‘In the European collections there is a
great perturbation and confusion in the knowledge and determina-
tion of the American species of the genus Argynnis. The light
is very desirable but hard to obtain.’”’ The European entomolo-

gists are not alone in finding our species extremely difficult, as
October, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 343
they are extremely difficult for us. Confusion has arisen from
synonymy, loss of types and lack of knowledge as to what is a
species or variety in the genus, lack of accurate data, types not
fixed or inaccurately fixed, plastic or variable forms, and speci-
mens only accidently received through the wanderings of collectors
or the accidental habitat of collectors. There are some things
that must be done before we can come to a rational understanding
of these butterflies. First—a single specimen must be fixed as
a type to establish the correct name each species or variety is to
bear. Second—to delimit the range of variation of each species.
To do this large series must be studied, and they should have exact
locality, date of capture and altitude where taken.

Herman Strecker! pointed out the difficulties in 1878. He
had an excellent idea of the specific relationships of the forms or
species.

H. J. Elwes? wrote a revision of the species of the world in
1889, and related his experience in trying to get some rational idea
of the American species.

Wm. H. Edwards’ wrote a reply and gave notes on the above
revision, amd a perusal of both articles gives one an idea of the
great confusion and difference of opinion in regard to these insects.

A. J. Snyder? in 1900, wrote a revision of our American species,
and gave some valuable information in relation to the forms of
eurynome Edw., derived from extensive field work in Utah and
Colorado. ;

Dr. W. J. Holland gave a series of exceedingly useful illustra-
tions in the Butterfly Book, but in many instances only figured
the upper sides of the species, and there is no way of telling whether
they represent types or the contrary.

W. G. Wright, in his Butterflies of the West Coast, figures
many species, but many of his determinations are erroneous and
only lead to confusion.

Mr. Charles Oberthiir, in hiss Etudes Sép. Comparée has
given some beautiful figures of the Boisduval species and has

1. Beetles and Moths of N. Am., 1878, p. 118.

2. Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1889, p. 535.

3. Can. Ent., 1890, p. 81.

4. Occasional Memoirs, Chicago Ent. Soc., 1900, p. 27.

344 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

helped disentangle the great confusion in the Californian species.
Dr. Barnes and McDunnough, in their contributions, have added
much to our knowledge of some of the species.

There are some things that are imperatively necessary. A
single type (holotype) should be fixed for all of Edwards’ species in
Dr. Holland’s collection in the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburg,
and these should be selected in relation to the type locations and
specimens mentioned in the original descriptions. Strecker says
that Dr. Behr sent him the types of coronis, montivaga, rupestris
and monticola. Single types should be selected for these four
spécies. The Strecker collection is in the Field Museum in Chicago.
We need to know more definitely about Dr. Boisduval’s types.
Mr. Edwards says® that all of Boisduval’s types were sent to him
and that they were in his collection. There are many confusing
things in the literature in regard to types and other matters.

Dr. Holland says the types of columbia Hy. Edw. are in his
collection, whereas the type or types are supposed to be in the
American Museum of Natural History in New York.

The importance of single type fixation is shown by these
citations. A concrete example is as follows: Mrs. Edwards says
the types of A. chitone are from South Utah and the Weber
Mountains (Can. Ent., 1890, p. 83), Drs. Barnes and McDunnough
(Contributions, No. III, p. 75) say the Weber Mountain speci-
mens, 1 o', 3 Q’s, represent a different species.

It is impossible to differentiate the species of Argynnis from
descriptions alone, as while they may h4ve a different facies it is
very difficult to describe it in words. As nearly all the species
have been well figured in one place or another we can now make
progress as soon as the types are fixed. The difficulty of fixing
names and relationships is shown by the following names and how
they should be tréated. Much more depends on the views of the
individual student. Are they species topomorphs, varieties or
what?—mormonia, arge, erinna, bischoffi, opis, washingtonia, eury-
nome, clio, artonis, luski. There must also be plenty of other
variations of these in the many mountains not yet collected in.

5. Can. Ent., 1890; p:-82:

~

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 345

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW CYNIPID
BY WM. BEUTENMULLER. NEW YORK.
Andricus castanopsidis, sp. nov.

__ Female.—Head jet black, finely wrinkled and with whitish
hairs on the face Antenne long and slender, filiform, 14-jointed,
3rd—8th joints long, the 3rd longer than the others, 9th—14th joints
short and not much thicker than the preceding joints, Ist and 2nd
joints short and stout, 2nd shorter than the Ist; joints 1-8 rufous,
9-14 black. Thorax jet black and highly polished, microscopically
wrinkled, under a high power lens, smooth to the naked eye,
strongly arched on the summit: Parapsidal grooves broad and
deep at the scutellum, gradually becoming narrower as they reach
the collar. These grooves are parallel for their greater length,
and converge shortly before their posterior ends. Median groove
very faint and only visible in certain lights. Anterior parallel
lines very fine and scarcely evident. Lateral grooves wanting.
Scutellum black, reticulately rugose, with two very large, deep
and glossy basal fovee. Abdomen rufous, darker posteriorly, with
the upturned sheath of ovipositor black. Legs rufous. Wings
hyaline; radial area open, the subcostal vein not reaching the
costa; cubitus not extending to the first cross-vein; areolet large.
Length 4mm. Antenne 3 mm.

Gall.—On the blossoms of Western Chinquapin (Castanopsis
sempervirens and C. chrysophylla) in May. Monothalamous.
Brown, globular and exceedingly thin-shelled; the outer covering
being skin-like. Internally it is filled with a soft, porous, pith-like
substance. The round, central larval chamber is thin-shelled and
firmly imbedded in the pithy part. The gall is probably green
when fresh and very soft. Diameter 12-24 mm.

Habitat.—Pacific Grove, Monterey Co., Calif. (Miss Dorothy
Egbert), galls and flies; Truckee, Calif. (H. G. Dyar), galls and
flies, U. S. Nat. Mus.; Mt. Tamalpais, Calif. (L. H. Weld), galls;
Placer, Co. (A. Koebele), galls.

A distinct species very much resembling a Diastrophus in
general appearance. The point of attachment of the gall is very
short, and when mature it drops to the ground. The male is un-

known.
October, 1917

346 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Andricus myrtifoliz, sp. nov.

Female.—Pale, uniform yellowish brown, legs and antenne
paler. Head opaque and finely punctate. Antenne 13-jointed,
basal joints filiform, terminal ones stouter and much shorter.
Thorax opaque, evenly and finely punctate. Parapsidal grooves
fine, continuous and converging at the scutellum. Lateral grooves
indistinct. Anterior parallel lines-very fine. Median groove evi-
dent only for a short distance at the scutellum, wanting anteriorly.
Pleure wholly punctate. Scutellum opaque, finely rugoso-
punctate, with two broad, deep, almost contiguous, basal fovee.
Abdomen smooth and shining. Wings delicate, hyaline with’ the
veins very faint. Radial area open at the costa. Cubitus con-
tinuous. Areolet not evident. Length 1—1.25 mm.

Gall.—In clusters on the blossoms of Quercus myrtifolia
Monothalamous. Small, cone-shaped bodies, each containing a
single larval cell. When dry the gall is dark brown or almost
black. At the point of attachment it is flattened, and from this
part it gradually tapers to a blunt point at the apex. Length
2.50—3 mm.

Habitat.—Jacksonville and Palat Ka, Fla. (Lewis H. Weld.)
The galls of this species were collected by Mr. Weld in April,
1914, and the flies emerged in a paper package and were all dead
when he unpacked his Florida material in July, 1914. ‘Mr. Weld
informs me that the galls looked about the same in colour when
they were collected, but they may be greenish when they first ap-
pear. The male is black with pale, yellowish brown legs and
antenne. The latter is 15-jointed, with all the joints stouter,
the 3rd excavate beneath. —

Andricus gemmiformis, sp. nov.

’ Female.—Head black, face very finely and minutely granulate,
cheeks almost smooth. Antenne 13-jointed, brown, paler at the
junctions of the joints in certain lights, four terminal joints black.
Thorax rufous, with a broad, black band from the collar to a little
beyond the middle, and a similar band outside the parapsidal
grooves extending forward to beyond the middle. Finely and
closely punctate, subopaque. Parapsidal grooves subparallel,
continuous, sharply defined and not much wider apart at the

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 347

scutellum than at the collar. Lateral grooves distinct in the black
area. Anterior parallel lines very narrow and not sharply defined.
Median groove wanting. Scutellum rufous, rugose with two
large, somewhat shining basal foveee. Mesopleura rufous granulate.
Metapleura black, smooth and shining. Abdomen globose, smooth
and shining, rufous, darker dorsally. Legs rufous, posterior
femora darker. Wings hyaline, veins fine. Radial area closed.
Cubitus continuous. Areolet small.. Length 2+2.50 mm.

Gall.—On the trunk of white oak (Quercus alba), May—October.
Monothalamous. Green, sometimes tinged with red. Bud-shaped,
elongate, pointed at the apex, thin-walled when mature and hol-
low inside and containing no separate larval chamber. When
young it is more solid. Length 3-4 mm.

Habitat—Fort Lee district, New Jersey; Woodlawn, New
York City.

The gall is found on the trunk of large, white oak, where the
same is gnarly and young shoots sprout forth. It is imbedded in a
cavity and may be easily removed. The gall looks exactly like
-the bud of a young sprout, and may be readily mistaken for such
and overlooked. I have found fully developed galls May 30th
and in June, and also late in October, 1915. One female emerged
in October, 1915, from a gall collected in May, 1915, and one female
in May, 1916, from a gall taken in October, 1915. - Mr. L. H. Weld
has also taken the gall at Evanston, Illinois. The male is unknown.

Andricus dugesi, sp. nov.

Female.—Head dark rufous with short, whitish hairs, face and
vertex rather coarsely rugose, cheeks finely granulated. An-
tenne 14-jointed, dark rufous. Thorax dark rufous, granulated
with coarse, transverve wrinkles, giving the surface a rough ap-
pearance. Parapsidal grooves continuous, widely separated at
the collar and converging at the scutellum, median groove con-
tinuous. Lateral grooves blackish and long. All these grooves
are wrinkled. Anterior parallel lines smooth and extending to
the middle of the thorax. Scutellum coarsely rugose, rufous with
two large, blackish basal fovea, almost lost in the rugosity of the
surface. Pleuree rugose. Abdomen rufous, smooth, with de-
cumbent yellowish hairs. Legs rufous. Wings yellowish brown,

348 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

hyaline and pubescent. Veins dark brown. Radial area open,
both veins very close to the costa. Cubitus continuous. Areolet
very large. Length 4-5 mm.

Habitat.—Guanajuato, Mexico, Oct. 4, 1900. (A. Duges).

Allied to Andricus cameront Ashmead, but differs in the larger
size, the colour and sculpture of the thorax and in the wings being
considerably more yellowish. It is one of the largest species of
Andricus. The gall is not known. - The types are in the U. S.
Nat. Mus., and cotypes in my collection.

Biorhiza ceepuleformis Beutenmuller.

_ When I described this species under the name Andricus
cepuleformis (Ent. News, Vol. XXII, 1911, p. 69), I was under the
impression that the wings had not been fully developed, because
the dead example.was cut from a gall. Mr. Lewis H. Weld col-
lected many of the galls at Evanston, Illinois, early in October,
1916, at the base of red oak (Quercus rubra) shoots growing from a
stump, and sent me many examples from which I cut at least fifty -
fine, living females, in October, 1916. Mr. Weld’s specimens
issued Nov. 28-26th, so the species seems to emerge late in fall.
In all these the wings are abbreviated, consequently the species
must be removed from.the genus Andricus and placed in Biorhiza.
The head and thorax are dark rufous, and the scutellum is black.

~The abdomen is large, globular, smooth and highly polished, black
with the sides and junctions of the segments dark rufous. The
legs are very long, dark rufous with the tibiz infuscated, as are
also the femora of the hind legs. It measures from 4—5 mm.,
in length, and the wings 2.50 mm. It very much resembles a queen
ant, but it is sluggish in habit and feigns death at the slightest
touch. When cut from the gall it emits a rather strong, fragrant
odor. It is a fine species and may be the alternating form of some
bisexual species. Possibly Dryophanta lanata.

Amphibolips nigra Beutenmuller.

Gall.—On the twigs of a species of oak; monothalamous;
densely wooley and about the size of a small peach, and also some-
what the colour of this fruit, especially those on the trees suffering
from peach-yellows, probably white when fresh and tinged with
pink. It contains a~hard, thick-shelled. oval cell about the size
of a bean. Diameter 22-50 mm.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 349

Habitat.—Durango, Mexico, (Dr. A. Palmer). The types are
in the U. S. Nat. Mus., and cotypes in my collection. The adults
emerged from January 30th to February 8th, 1897.

Dryophanta flioridensis, sp. nov.

Female.—Head black, evenly and finely granulate. Antenne
black, basal joints pale brown, 14-jointed. Thorax jet black,
highly polished, microscopically punctate, more so anteriorly.
Parapsidal grooves distinct, deep, continuous, widely apart at the
collar, and about half as wide apart at the scutellum. Median
groove wanting. Lateral grooves not sharply defined and scarcely
evident. Anterior parallel lines not evident. Pleuree subopaque,
finely rugose, with a polished area. Scutellum black, rather
strongly rugose, basal fovea large. Abdomen black, somewhat
compressed, subtriangulate, smooth and polished. Legs pale
brown. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Radial area closed. Cubitus
continuous. Areolet minute. Length 2-2.25 mm.

Gall.—On the trunks of Spanish Oak (Quercus digitata and
Blue Jack (Quercus brevifolia), that are six or more inches in
diameter; in April. The gall is soft and fleshy and does not look
like a gall at all. At the base of each sprout there is a rather large
cell, which is covered with short, fuzzy, abortive leaflets. They
occur in clumps and are dormant bud galls.

Habitat.—Ocala and Jacksonville, Florida, (Lewis H. W ele:

TWO UNNAMED CALIFORNIAN BUTTERFLIES.
BY FORDYCE GRINNELL, JR., PASADENA, CALIF.

Strymon sylvinus desertorum subsp. nov.

o'.—Fore wings: upper side, mouse colour along the costal margin
to below the cell, along the outer margin diminishing to the inner
margin and basally where it is lightest; fulvous from the dark
outer margin, fading gradually towards the base. Hind wings:
upper side, light mouse colour basally and along the costal region;
a darker band along the outer margin; grayish in the inner fold;
a very distinct and light fulvous area in the anal region and along
the outer margin diminishing towards the upper edge; two tails,
black, tipped with white; fringes white. Under side: fore wings,

ashy, a very faint discal spot, marginal line and row of spots barely
October, 1917

350 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

discernible, followed by a heavier row of six black dots. Hind
wings with a continuation of the inner row of heavy black dots,
the last two heaviest; also the first row of spots or crescents be-
tween this and the margin. A large, distinct red patch in the anal
angle and a smaller patch of blue or purple scales.

@ .—Similar to the male.

Expanse 32 mm.

Types.—One male and one female in the author’s collection.
Eleven topotypes. One or more topotypes will be deposited in
the Barnes’ ccllection.

Habitat.—Oak Creek, Kern County, California, June 29, 1905,
collected by the writer. Oak Creek “‘flows’”’ from the Tehachapi
Mountains into the Mojave desert. The type locality is in semi-
desert conditions, but about two miles further down are true desert
conditions with the characteristic tree yuccas and other desert
plants.

The male specimen selected as the type was sent to Dr. Mc-
Dunnough, who returned it marked “‘A form of sylvinus close to
dryope Edw.”’ There are two or three specimens in the series with
no fulvous on the upper sides of the wings; but the very lightly
marked under side and peculiar light fulvous extension on the upper
_side mark this as a readily distinguishable desert race.

Glaucopsyche behri australis, subsp. nov.

This Southern Californian race of behri (Edwards) has been
generally named and distributed by collectors .as antiacis or poly-
phemus, but as Dr. McDunnough has shown in his careful studies
of Boisduval’s types these names cannot hold, but are applicable
to species or forms of the San Francisco Bay region. It is figured
on Plate XXIX, 367, b., c., of Wright’s Butterflies of the West
Coast, as antiacis. Australis is very variable, much more so than
behri, and is evidently in a comparatively rapid process of species
change or formation from the probable original form of the San
Francisco region with large, distinct, round, black spots, known as
behri. The spots on the under side of the fore wing of australis
(type) are large but run together as compared with behri, and with
white rings; while those on the hind wing are much smaller. A
surprisingly large number of specimens taken in the-region of

-

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Ba!

australis show a disappearance or an approaching disappearance
of the black spots, leaving only indistinct white spots in their places,
or with a small, black dot in the centre. The black spots of
australis are, also, more irregular in outline than the more circular
ones of behri. Behri is much less variable.

Type.—One & from Pasadena,. May 20, 1907, by the writer
and in his collection. Topotypes will be deposited in the Barnes”
collection.

Distribution.—From Santa Barbara (extending north to
Monterey County) to San Diego west of the mountains. This
distinct faunal area is known as the San Diegan Faunal District.
It occurs from February to June.

GEOMETRID NOTES.
A NEw SPECIES OF EUCHLZNA.
BY L. W. SWETT, BOSTON, MASS.
Euchlzna albertanensis, sp. nov.

Expanse 45 mm. Palpi, head, thorax and abdomen pale
yellow ashen, primaries of the same colour. Base of primaries to
basal line darker than central portion, striated with fuscous.
Basal line reddish brown,’ making an outward curve to median
vein, then running straight to inner margin. Central part paler
than rest of wings, finely striated and with small, black, discal spot.
Extra discal line brownish, making an outward angle below costa,
then running straight to vein 3, where there is slight inward curve
to inner margin. There is a faint line bordering extradiscal,
which separates from it at costa and inner margin. Outer margin
darker, as is base, with with pale apical streak and black spot at
the end, almost opposite angle of extradiscal line. Fringe pale
yellow, outer margin somewhat extended at vein 5. Secondaries
same colour as primaries, only basal portion is lighter yellow. A
broad, suffused, brown basal band, discal space very pale yellow
and containing round, black, discal spot. Extradiscal line crosses
wing at almost right angles, hardly curved. The outer brown shade
line makes a projecting blunt jointed loop below discal spot.
Beyond extradiscal line the wing is darker than in the centre of the
wing. The fringe is the same colour as on the primaries, but there

are two deep notches near veins 5 and 6. Beneath primaries
October, 1917

352 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

marked as above but not darker in basal and marginal area.
Secondaries marked as above, pale yellow, with striations.

This species appears to be close to pectinaria Denis and
Schiffermiiller and its synonym deductaria Walker, which may be a
good species and not the same as pectinaria, In the copies of
Denis and Schiffermiiller’s work in the Boston Society of Natural
History, I can find no figure or any description and it seems as if
there may be an incorrect reference, so that deductaria Walker
will, at least, represent an Eastern form. This species, alberta-
nensis, is apparently not common,as Mr. Wolley-Dod, from whom
I received the type, stated he had seen but few. Since then I have
received other specimens from Mr. Bowman and Mr. Mackie, of
Alberta.

Holotype—o&%, May 31, 1912, Calgary, Alberta, from Mr.
Wolley-Dod, and in my collection.

Allotype—@2, June 16, 1916, Edmonton, Alberta, in Mr.
Bowman’s collection.

Paratypes.—Two o’s, Edmonton, Alberta, in Mr. Mackie’s
collection.

THE ANTHOMYID GENUS PHYLLOGASTER.—
ADDENDUM.

Since sending my paper on the Genus Phyllogaster to the
press* I have read C. W. Johnson’s paper in the April number of
the Canadian Entomologist, in which he describes a new species
of this genus under the name robustus. An examination of para-
types of robustus discloses the fact that in addition to the dif-
ference in size between the species and cordyluroides, the male may
readily be separated from the latter and also from Jittoralis by the
presence of a large number of strong bristles on the basal dorsal
segment of the hypopygium (two in the others) and the much
larger pulvilli which exceed in length that of the apical tarsal joint,
whereas in the others they are much shorter than it. The female
of robustus has two thorns on apical abdominal segment, /ittoralis
has four, the female of cordyluroides is unknown to me. As in
cordyluroides the third vein of the wing is, bare in robustus.

; J. R. MALLOCH.
*Can Ent <UL aulys 191 7p. 227,

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 393
AN ANNOTATED: LIST OF THE SCOLYTID* BEETLES OF
OREGON.

BY W. J. CHAMBERLIN, OREGON EXPERIMENT STATION,
CORVALLIS, ‘ORE.
(Continued from page 328.)
Phloeosinus dentatus Say.

A single specimen collected from Chamecyparis nootkatensis
at Elk Lake, Oregon.
Phloeosinus punctatus Lec.

This beetle was found doing considerable damage to the
juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) in the vicinity of Bend and Prine-
ville, in Central Oregon. Both male and female work, excavat-
ing a short gallery 114 to 1%4 inches long, running with the grain
of the wood. Eggs are deposited in nitches on each side of the
gallery and are sealed in by a wall of frass. The young larve
work out at more or less right angles to the egg gallery. Eggs,
larve and pupz were collected in early May at Bend. Com-
pleted egg galleries of the same species were found in Incense
cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), on the Klamath Indian Reserva-
tion a month later. It has been taken from its galleries in Western
red cedar (Thuya plicata), Alaska cedar (Chamecyparis noot-
katensis), and Port Orford cedar, (Chamecyparis lawsoniana), in
the western part of the State. It probably attacks all the trees
of the juniper and cedar group. The cocoons of an unidentified
hymenopterous parasite were found in the mines in juniper.

Phloeosinus cristatus Lec.

' This species is rare; attacks Alaska Cedar (Chamecyparis
nootkatensis), Noble fir (Abies nobilis), and Engelmann Spruce
(Picea engelmannt).

Phloeosinus sequoie Hopk.

Occurs in Thuya plicata and Sequoia sempervirens in the
southwestern portion of the State.
Pseudohylesinus nebulosus Lec.

The adults of this species emerge in March in the Willamette
Valley. After emergence, no time is lost in attacking a new host.
Douglas Fir is their principle hcst tree and living, dying or felled

trees, especially in the sapling and pole stages are favourites. When
October, 1917

354 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

such timber is not available the limbs of larger trees are selected.
The female starts the gallery and is soon followed by the male.
The entrance gallery is at an oblique angle, and upon reaching the
cambium a gallery is run parallel to- the grain by the female.
The male works in the opposite direction. The eggs are deposited
in little nitches chewed out by the female. The eggs hatch in 5
to 7 days and the larve work out at more or less right angles.
Pupation takes place in the bark. The parent adults die in the
mine after the eggs are deposited. In most-cases the male is found
blocking the entrance with his dead body, and the body of the
female is found at the far end of the gallery. Observed in both
Eastern and Western Oregon.

Pseudohylesinus nobilis Swaine.

This species was found entering the thick, flinty bark near
the base of large, living Abies nobilis in the Cascade Mountains
in August, 1914.

Pseudohylesinus laticollis Swaine.

_ Found with the above species on Abies nobilis and later taken
from Abies lasiocarpa.
Pseudohylesinus, n. sp.

A very large specimen taken in the act of boring into Lebanon
Cedar (Cedrus lebont), on the College grounds.

Pseudohylesinus undescribed species allied: to nebulosus Lec. :

A number of specimens in the collection taken at Elkton,
Oregon. February 16, 1896. No host given.

Pseudohylesinus griseus Swaine.

This species is less common than P. nebulosus, but in habits,
life history, etc., is very similar. Found attacking Douglas fir
at Breitenbush Hotsprings in the Cascade Mountains in April.
Pseudohylesinus sericeus Mannh.

Very similar to last two. Bred in numbers from Douglas fir
collected at Corvallis, Astoria, and Detroit, Oregon.
Pseudohylesinus sericeus var. i

A species differing considerably in size and markings. It
was bred from Douglas fir at Corvallis in August.

Pityophthorus pubipennis Lec.

Occurs abundantly in Ash (Fraxinus oregona) and Oak

(Quercus gerryana) in the western valleys.

Or

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 35

Pityophthorus puncticollis Lec.

Occasionally met with in spruce (Picea sitchensis) and in
Pinus contorta. ;
Pityoktaines jasperi Swaine.

I have two specimens of this insect as determined by Pro-
fessor Swaine. One taken from Abies grandis and the other from
Abies lasiocarpa near Sumpter, Oregon, July, 1914.

Procryphalus aceris Hopk.

Type taken from Acer macrophyllum at Albany, Oregon.
April 28, 1899. Hopkins.

Tomicus (Hylastes) nigrinus Mannh.

Taken from Douglas fir at Corvallis, Ranier, Astoria and
Svensen, Oregon.

Pityogenes carinulatus Lec.

A small species found girdling and killing twigs and small
branches, 1g to 1 inch in diameter. Occasionally larger limbs were
found attacked. Living, dying and felled yellow pine (Pinus
ponderosa) was found attacked at Bend, Oregon, in May. A
rough circular chamber 14 to 4% inch in diameter is eaten out,
from this radiate 5 to 8 egg galleries 44 to 14% inches long. The
eggs are pearly white, slightly less than 1 mm. long, oval, buried
in the frass. Adults, young larve and eggs were collected May
19, 1916.

Pityophthorus confinus Lec.

Swaine (N. Y.S. Mus. Bul. 134) gives the range of this species
as transcontinental and gives Washington and California, so the
species undoubtedly occurs in Oregon, though I have never col-
lected it.

Pityophthorus confertus Swaine.

Bred from pine cones collected at West Port, Oregon. Cones
collected August 20, and adults emerged September 11.
Pityophthorus nitidulus Mannh.

A widely distributed species which is found in dying Pinus,
Picea and Pseudotsuga, throughout the State.

_ Pityophthorus, n. sp.

Aespecies similar to nitidulus but larger and darker has been
collected a number of times from Abies grandis and Abies nobilis;
from the former tree in the valleys, from nobilis in the Cascades.

356 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

—

Trypodendron (Xyloterus) lineatus Oliver.

The true lineatus seems to be very rare, though a closely
allied species is common. I have what I believe to be the true
species from Seaside, Oregon. They were picked up on the beach
during a storm in December, 1916.

Trypodendron (Xyloterus) politus Say.

There is a single specimen in the College collection bearing
the label ‘‘Huntington, Oregon.’’ Probably erroneously labeled.
Trypodendron rufitarsis Kirby.

A number of specimens collected from Pinus contorta, near
Sumpter, Oregon, July 14, 1914.

Trypodendron, n. sp., near rufitarsis.

Collected from living Douglas fir at Breitenbush Hot Springs,
April and August, 1914.

Xyleborus dispar Fabr. +s

In orchard trees; Portland, Salem, Corvallis, Oregon City,
and Eugene; April to June.

X yleborus xylographus Say.

Specimens assigned to this species taken-from Oak (Quercus
gerryana) and Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) at Corvallis.
Platypus wilsont Swaine.

Abies grandis, Corvallis; A. nobilis, Elk Lake; Tsuga hetero-
phylla, Detroit, and Pseudotsuga taxifolia at Corvallis and Ranier.

Editor’s note.—Mr. J. M. Swaine has informed me that Ips
wieslandert Swaine, which was listed in the first part of Mr.
Chamberlin’s paper (p. 327) is an old manuscript name for the
species described as Ips radiata Hopkins.

Leperisinus aculeatus Lec. (p. 328) and Hylesinus aculeatus
Say, (p. 326), are synonymous, and should be listed under the
latter name.

A NEW WEST INDIAN CHALCID-FLY.
BY A. A. GIRAULT, GLENNDALE, MD.
Achrysocharella albitibiz, n. sp.
Female.—Length 1.50 mm.
Dark metallic green, the scape, tibiz, knees and tarsi white.

Scape compressed. Funicle 2 subequal to club 3; terminal spine
October, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST BH

of club subequal to club 3. Head and thorax scaly punctate, the

propodeum subglabrous, also segment 2 of abdomen; rest of abdo-
men delicately scaly. Wings hyaline, the venation pallid yellow.
Mandibles bidentate. Antenne with two distinct ring-joints,
two funicle-joints and three club-joints, the latter with a long
terminal spine and the region tapering. Stigmal vein subsessile,
half the length of the postmarginal, the marginal over half longer
than the submarginal. Hind tibial spur short and stout. Funicle
2 quadrate, 1 somewhat longer than wide, shorter than the long
pedicel. Segment 2 of abdomen occupying about a sixth of the
abdomen. Propodeum noncarinate. Axilla somewhat advanced.
Parapsidal furrows slightly indicated from cephalad, subobsolete,
a straight, oblique groove laterad of the spiracle. Abdomen
sessile.

From a single female on a tag in the U. S. National Museum,
labeled ‘‘Nesomyia albipes Ashmead, 242. Leeward side, St.
Vincent,-W. I., H- H. Smith.”

Type.—Catalogue No. 20349, U.S. Nat. Museum, the speci-
men on a tag and a slide.

This does not appear to be the genotype of Nesomyia Ashmead
MS., since I describe elsewhere a second species similarly
labeled and belonging more properly where Ashmead assigned
the genus. None of the West Indian species of Closterocerus belong
to that genus.

ON SOME NEW AND -.KNOWN MELANDRYID (COL.)
BY CHARLES SCHAEFFER. BROOKYLN, N. Y.

Carebara californica, new species.

' Elongate, subdepressed, brown, antenna, palpi, legs and
underside paler. Head convex with moderate punctures; antenne
about as long as head and prothorax, third joint longer than
second or fourth, fifth to tenth about as long as wide and nearly
equal in size but shorter than fourth, eleventh elongate oval.
Prothorax wider than long, apex a little narrower than bas*; sides
rather feebly arcuate; basal and apical angles broadly rounded;
basal margin feebly arcuate; surface moderately punctate; basal

fovee feeble. Elytra about two and one-half times as long as
Cetober. 1917 2

358 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

prothorax and not wider than the latter at base; sides feebly
diverging, nearly parallel; apex broadly rounded; surface with
slightly finer punctures than those on the prothorax. Under
side punctured nearly like the upper side. Length 4.25 -mm.
Fresno Co., Cal.

This species differs from longula in the shape of _prothorax
and differently formed antennal joints. The sides of prothorax
in Jongula are almost parallel, the fcurth antennal joint triangular
and the outer joints are wider than long; the upper surface is also
more depressed in /ongula than in californica. Carebara longula
was described from the Middle States and specimens taken in this
neighbourhood at Wyandanch, Long Island, and Jamesbourg
and Lakehurst, N. J., agree better with the description of that
species than my California specimens, some of which I received
from Ricksecker as C. longula.

Hallomenus binotatus Quens. -

I have a specimen from Montreal, Canada, given me by Mr.
Chas. Liebeck which agrees closely with the description of this
European species. Mr. Liebeck writes me that he has received
several specimens of the same species from the above mentioned
locality taken at different times.

It is similar in form, size and antennal structure to scapularis,
the colour brownish-yellow and the prothorax with two black
longitudinal lines. The elytra are obsoletely striate, the pro-
thorax more finely granulate and the basal margin more distinctly
sinuate than in scapularis.

Scraptia oculata, new species.

Very much like sericea but a little more elongate, punctuation
of upper surface almost the same as in that species; the second and
third joints of antennz are smaller and together not as long as
the fourth joint in the male, in the female the second and third
joints together are equal or nearly so to the fourth joint. The
eyes are larger and separated on the front by a much smaller
space than in sericea. The last ventral segment of the male is
deeply, longitudinally impressed at middle and at apex triangularly
emarginate. Length, male type,5 mm. Huachuca Mts., ‘Arizona.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST - 359

Allopoda lutea Hald.
Hallomenus fuscosuturalis Blatchl. Can. Ent. XLV, 24.

Specimens received from Prof. Blatchley of his Hallomenus
fuscosuturalis are the same as our common Allopoda lutea.

Allopoda arizonica, new species.

Form of /utea but generally of a darker and uniform colour.
Head moderately coarsely punctate, punctures more closely
placed than in lutea, eyes rather large; antenne rather longer
than in /utea. Prothorax transverse, sides arcuately narrowing
from the narrowly rounded hind angles to a little before apex and
then more strongly rounded to apex; surface more closely punctate
than in Jutea. Elytra slightly wider at base than the prothorax;
apices separately rounded; surface a little more closely and finely
punctate than in lutea. Length 4mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona.

This species differs from /utea in the denser pubescence and
punctuation, shorter and more transverse prothorax and relatively
. . ‘
longer antennal joints.

Allopoda californica, new species.

Narrowly elongate, rather sparsely pubescent, colour fusco-
testaceous, first two joints of antenne, palpi, legs and under side
paler. Head moderately closely punctate; antenne longer than
the head and prothorax together, third joint not quite twice as
long as second, fourth a Jittle longer than third. Prothorax
transverse, sides nearly parallel in about basal third, then rather
strongly, arcuately narrowing to apex; hind angles feebly rounded;
basal margin trisinuate, the median sinuation stronger than on
each side of middle; basal fovee distinct; surface rather finely
punctured. Elytra about three times as long as the prothorax;
sides feebly arcuate; apex broadly rounded; surface rather finely
and moderately closely punctate. Length 4.5 mm. Tulare
Ga. Cal:

The type and only specimen seen is a female in the collection
of the late Ottomar Dietz. It differs from arizonica and lutea in
slightly larger size more elongate form, base of prothorax more
distinctly trisinuate and especially in the form of maxillary palpi,
which are in californica elongate, cultriform, as in Canifa but it

360 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

differs from species of that genus by the very small, somewhat
triangular, labial palpi and the simple, not lobed, penultimate
joint of hind tarsi. It 1s possible that a new genus has to be
erected for this species as the genera of the tribe Scraptiini are
separated by the form of the last joint of maxillary palpi and the
form of the penultimate joint of hind tarsi; which are lobed in
Scraptia and Canifa but simple in Allopoda and the Central Ameri-
can Evalces.

SPECIES OF THE GENUS BRACHYOPA OF THE
EASTERN UNITED STATES: (DIPTERA):
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON, BOSTON, MASS.
_ TABLE OF SPECIES.

i “Arista microscopically poubescen tts .t25 4. s: ose ee ee ee 2
Arista conspicuously pubescent, species yellow. .notata O. S.

2.' = Species: yellowish-or brownish? ..4 <i. oe er asain Pes! MESURE 3
=e Species bla clets hiss 5.2 27 cores Ps eat RMAC age cee eign ae ame 5

3. Dark brown, three thoracic lines, second abdominal
segment light yellow, somewhat translucent...vacua O. 5.

Licht, brown >and yellows. a. Src oe gee a tee eee 4
4. Thorax, dorsum brown, with four black lines,
(G7 fe cine Pee eg RR Mae a Aen MEP LOE evan te. aN Ton Aeon media Will.
Thorax, dorsum yellow, with four brown lines,
2) STITT sys e SSA eae ea ee ee pee flavescens Shan.
5. Thorax, dorsum grayish pollinose with five black
lines, abdomen entirely black........ 5 ates daecket, sp. n.

Thorax, dorsum grayish pollinose with four black
lines and short diverse lines, abdomen black,
matked with, grayish pollen. Sse. te nee diversa, sp. Nn.

Brachyopa daeckei, sp. n.

Front black, grayish pollinose, a shining spot above the base
of the antenne yellow, bordered with black, face below the an-
tenne grayish pollinose, sides shining, yellow with two spots of
black, antenne dark yellow, arista brown. Thorax black, grayish
pollinose, with five subshining lines, the three inner ones slightly
diverging but not reaching the scutellum, pleura brownish grayish

pollinose, scutellum brown, the apical half much lighter than the
October, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGiST 361

base. Abdomen black, shining, hairs white. Legs brown, hairs
white, outer half of the posterior femora blackish, tarsi yellowish,
halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, veins brown, stigma yellow,
anterior cross-vein slightly clouded with brown, tegule white.
Length 6 mm.

One specimen, Castle Rock, Delaware Co,, Pa., May 19,
1902, collected by Mr. V. A. E. Daecke. Type in the author’s
collection. This specimen has been referred to as a dark variety
of B. media (Psyche, Vol. XVII, p. 230, 1910) but further study
in connection with the following species convinces me that it is
distinct. The thoracic lines and abdominal characters seem very
constant in this genus.

Brachyopa diversa, sp. n.

Face and front yellowish, whitish pollinose, a shining spot
above the antennae and a shining brown streak across the cheek,
occiput black, grayish pollinose, finely punctate, antenne dark
yellow, arista black. Thorax black, brownish pollinose, with four
shining black lines and short diverse lines, the two dorsal lines
not reaching the scutellum, but a short median line extending
forward from the scutellum, the subdorsal line interrupted by a
prominent sutural line, short oblique lines extending anteriorly
from the posterior ends of the subdorsal lines towards the ends
of the dorsal lines, humeri and a large spot above the base of the
wing shining black, pleura grayish pollinose with white hairs,
scutellum dark brown. Abdomen: first segment grayish pollinose,
_ second segment grayish pollinose except a median and large, round
lateral spots of shining black, third and fourth segments shining
black, excepting the posterior pollinose margins. Legs black,
bases and tips of the femora and tibia, and the tips of all of the
first three tarsal joints yellowish. Halteres white, wings hyaline,
veins brown, stigma yellow, anterior cross-vein and the angles of
the discal cell clouded with brown, false vein prominent, extend-
ing to the end of the discal cell, apical portion of the fourth vein
with two stubs, one at the obtuse angle, the other slightly anterior
and extending into the first posterior cell, a stub also extending
into the discal cell, tegula white. Length 7 mm.

One specimen near Shattuck Inn, Jaffrey, N.H., June 18, 1917,

362 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

on the flowers of the choke cherry. Type in the collection of the
Boston Society of Natural History.
Brachyopa flavescens Shannon. 3

B. flavescens Shannon, Insecutor Inscitia Menstruus, Vol. IIT,
p. 144, 1915.

This species is closely related to B. media from which it can
be separated only by its somewhat smaller size and lighter coloured
thorax. In some specimens the anterior portion of the thorax is
dark brown, strongly suggesting that it may prove to be only a
variety of B. media.

Specimens agreeing with those from the type locality, Dead
Run, Va., have been collected on the summit of Mt. Greylock,
Mass., June 15, 1906, Bretton Woods, N.H., June 26, 1913, and
near the Glen House, base of Mt. Washington, N.H., June 14,
1916.

Brachyopa media Williston.

This widely distributed species varies considerably both in
size and colour. In some specimens the legs are quite dark and
the abdomen has a distinct median line. It has been collected
at Bretton Woods, N.H., June 24; Glen House, N.H., June 14 and
June 15, Jaffrey, N.H., June 21, 1917, and Sherborn, Mass.

BOOK NOTICES.

(GUIDE TO THE INSECTS OF CONNECTICUT, PART III. The Hymen-
optera or Wasp-like Insects of Connecticut. Bulletin No. 22,
Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey. By
Henry Lorenz Viereck, with the collaboration of A. D. Mac-

- Gillivray, C.T. Brues, W. M. Wheeler and S. A. Rohwer. 824
pp., 10 plates. Hartford, 1916. $1.50.

This is the first attempt to present a complete systematic
treatise of the Hymenoptera of any stat2 of the Union and the
State Entomologist, Dr. Britton, under whose direction the work
was undertaken, as well as the various authors, deserve the thanks
of the entomological public throughout North America. for the
admirable manner in which their work has been accomplished.

In the Introduction, by Mr. Viereck, the general characters
of the order Hymenotera are set forth and the economic significance
of the various groups is discussed. The various superfamilies

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 363
are then taken up in order, each being defined and the taxonomic
characters illustrated by outline figures of a typical species. Full
keys are given to the families, subfamilies and genera, and in the
great majority of cases also to the species, which in any case,
are fully characterized. Lists of localities are given for each
species, with the names of the collectors, and the names are also
included of species not yet recorded from Connecticut but likely
to occur there. The same general plan of treatment has been
followed by the various authors though their methods differ
slightly in detail.

The chief author, Mr. Viereck, is responsible for the
Ichneumonoidea, Cynipoidea, Chalcidoidea, Chrysidoidea, Apoidea
and part of the Vespoidea; the Tenthredinoidea are by Prof.
MacGillivray, the Serphoidea and Proctotrypoidea by Mr. Brues,
the Formicoidea by Prof. Wheeler, and the Sphecoidea and greater
part of the Vespoidea by Mr. Rohwer.

Besides the text figtires there are ten good half-tone plates
from photographs, on which are illustrated typical examples of
the order, including representatives of most of the superfamilies;
and also various types of Hymenopterous larve, cocoons, nests,
galls, etc.

This is a book which should be in every entomological
library and will be as indispensable to the general student as
Blatchley’s Coleoptera of Indiana.

THE BLATTIDAE OF NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF THE MEXICAN
BounpDARY. By Morgan Hebard. Memoirs of the American
Entomological Society, Number 2. Published by the Ameri-
‘can Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, 1917. 284-+vi pp., 10 plates.

Students of Orthopteroid insects will all welcome the appear-
ance of this masterly revision-of a difficult and perplexing group.
While a good many papers on the North American Blattide, or
Cockroaches, have been published within recent years, we have
now for the first time a comprehensive review of the entire subject
from the systematic standpoint. It is in fact far more than a
review, for important new characters have been brought to light,
and no less than five new genera and eight new species are described.
A fifth new generic name, Parcoblatta (= Platamodes Scudder,

364 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

preoccupied), is introduced to include nearly all of the native
species commonly placed in Ischnoptera, this genus together with
Blattella having been found to contain many valid generic units.
Only one true Ischnoptera, I. deropeltiformis (Brunnef), belongs
to the North American fauna, while the only species of Blattella
represented in the New World is the introduced and cosmopolitan
genotype, B. germanica (L).

A valuable feature of the work is the careful definition of the.
characters of diagnostic value, including the methods of measure-
ment. The venational terminology, which is illustrated by a
diagram of a typical blattid tegmen and wing, is that which has
been commonly employed by ,orthopterists, but in the present
writer’s opinion it is somewhat to be regretted that the more
generally applicable system of Comstock and Needham was not
substituted.

Although detailed descriptions of genera and species have
been avoided, the characters of real importance have been carefully
analyzed and much attention has been given to coloration and to
the range of variation in each species. The geographical dis-
tribution is also treated in great detail, the exact localities with
other available data being given for all the material studied.

Forty-three species are recorded as established within the
United States and of these ten are probably introduced. Species
are numerous only in the limited tropical areas along the southern
border of the country, rapidly diminishing northward, there being
only two indigenous forms and two established adventives which
are known to occur north of the Canadian boundary.

Following the descriptive account of the Blattide that are
native or naturalized within the territory under treatment is a
supplement dealing more briefly with the adventive forms, tropical
cockroaches being frequently carried by commerce to more norther-
ly localities, where they usually fail to become established. There
are thirty-one species in this category, eight of which are also
native in southern portions of the United States.

The extensive series of illustrations are beautifully executed
drawings, which leave nothing to be desired.

Mailed October Ist, 1917.

a The Ganadiay Polcasiogis:

IVGL. 20x. LONDON, NOVEMBER, 1917 No. 11

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL FACtTs.
BY HARRY B. WEISS, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J.

In reading over various entomological publications, one is
impressed by the growing tendency of authors to present their
facts where possible, in a graphic manner. In support of this
statement, it is only necessary to recall in various publications,
the many charts showing curves of insect activity of one sort or
‘another. There are many entomological authors, however, who
have not adopted this forward step and in support of this, one has
only to remember the numerous tables of figures so often to be
found.

Many readers, when they arrive at a page containing detailed
information in the form of printed tables, experience a sinking
sensation and unless they are especially interested in the insect
or activity in question, they are inclined to pass hurriedly over
this part and seek a summary if one is to be found. It is realized,
of course, that many entomological facts cannot be treated graphi-
cally, but on the other hand, many can but are not and to those
who are not in the habit of using illustrative charts wherever
possible in their publications, this paper is intended as a_ slight
suggestion along such lines.

Much time and money is expended in the collection of ento-
mological data and unless this material is presented in a clear and
interesting manner, the maximum amount of benefit will not be
secured. Not only is time saved for the reader by graphic presenta-
tions, but the facts are put before him in such a manner that they
appeal to him more strongly, he remembers them better and it is
less possible for him to draw wrong conclusions when quantitative
facts are placed before him in accurate proportions. Such presenta-
tions do not as a rule require as much space as printed words.
They do require more work of the author, but if the data are worth

366 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

collecting at all, they are certainly worth presenting in a manner
likely to convince the reader, thereby obtaining the desired re-
sults.

The scope of this paper is purely suggestive and the follow-
ing figures are of the simplest. If one starts only to think of the
best way to present his facts, various graphic methods will sug-
gest themselves to him and by placing himself in the position of
the readers he is trying to reach, he can decide upon the best
method to use. Graphic methods are used by banking houses,
corporations, railroad companies, statisticians, engineers and
many others in business and professional occupations, and there

COLEOPTERA a 5100 Species
LEPIDOPTERA —_— RR 2 100 Spccies
HYMENOPTERA aS 2000 species

DIPTERA iS 1700 species
HOMOPTERA El Soo species
HETEROPTERA MIM 400 species
ORTHOPTERAMB 150 species
ODONATA ff 120 species

Fig. 29.—A comparison of New Jersey’s Insect Orders.

is no reason why all entomologists should not use them wherever
possible.

Figure 29 is‘a graphic comparison of the number of species of
insects in some of the orders in New Jersey. Figure 30 is a similar
comparison in which each order is represented by the sector of a
circle. The bar method as shown in figure 29 is by far the most
preferable. It is easier to read and the figures in round numbers
at the right hand ends of the bars give the reader a chance to test
the accuracy of the comparisons. All titles should be as full as
possible and in large enough type to be easily read. Figure 30 is
an example of the direct opposite of this. Many entomologists
simply number their figures and have an explanation of the plate

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 367

at the end of their paper, and worse still is the practice of having
the explanations scattered throughout the text. In many in-
stances there is no real reason why the explanation and the figure

: WY ME,
LL =

ALL OTHER me,

10530 SPECIES FOUND IN wesw JorScy
Fig. 30.

should not appear on the same page. An author fails to realize _
that all readers do not share his burning interest in the question
treated, and unless he can command their attention, sometimes
in spite of themselves, he is likely to lose their interest.

Figure 31 is a bar method of comparing percentages. An
illustration of this sort is easily read, and the reader can grasp
readily the fact that 48 per cent. of the species of insects in New
Jersey feed on vegetation and that 16 per cent. are predatory, and
so on. The words “on vertebrates’? should have been replaced
by “injurious to vertebrates,’’ as the*former phrase is somewhat
misleading. The shading of the large sections of the bar might
also have been made more dense, to bring them out better. A chart
of this kind is much more effective than a mere printed statement
of the facts. Many readers do not grasp printed figures easily,
and if you desire to reach this class you must visualize the facts
for them.

Figure 32 needs practically no explanation. It is simply a
‘graphic method of placing figures or amounts before a reader and

368 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

making them easy to compare. This chart would have been more
effective and useful if the figures showing the actual amounts
spent in the states had been placed at the ends of the bars, and if

FEED ON VEGETATION

100 % or
10500
SPECIES :
oO
160% PREDATORY
%
17.3 SCAVENGERS,
Z ae
12 PARASITIC

— > ON VERTEBRATES
8FFo309045)—_» POLLENIZERS
g OF NO IMPORTANCE

ARIZONA

ARKANSAS
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT

FLORIDA

Fig. 32.—Money spent for entomological activities in 1912.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 369
the figures in the horizontal scale were at the bottom. No im-
portance should be attached to the amounts shown on this chart.
They were taken from Prof. P. J. Parrott’s paper in the Jour.
Econ. Ent., Vol. 7, p. 57, simply for the purpose of illustration
and should not be used without reference to Prof. Parrott’s article.

2500

2000 ,

No.S PECIES-
FOUND IN
N. J. 1500,
1000 ,
500 ,

0,
ae
1890 1900 1910

Fig. 33.—Additions to insects of New Jersey during 20 years (showing growth).

Figure 33 shows the growth, by means of comparative curves,
in the knowledge of New Jersey’s insects from 1890 to 1910 in ten
year periods, this information having been obtained from Smith’s
Insects of New Jersey. The Coleoptera and Hymenoptera have
run along somewhat parallel with respect to the number of add-
tional species discovered during the twenty years from 1890 to
1910, and the largest part of this growth took place from 1890 to
1900. The Lepidoptera and Diptera show*a steady upward
trend, and the Heteroptera also, but at a slower rate. In charts

370 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

where the factor of time is considered, the earlier year should
always appear at the left, and all vertical scales should read up-
ward.

Figures 34 and 35 show map representations, which are common
and convenient ways of charting certain kinds of information.
Figure 34 illustrates the distribution by counties of two broods of

BROOD II,19%8 BROOD V1,1932
Fig. 34.

the Pericdical Cicada in New Jersey. Distribution information
should always be placed before a reader in a graphic way, as only
in such a way can he grasp and visualize the material as a whole.
Where necessary, the detailed printed information can accompany
the chart, but it should never be used alone if one expects to con-
vince the reader. Figure 35 shows the distribution of the nursery
stock which entered New Jersey from other states during the fall
of 1916. In order to bring the localities out more clearly, the
dotted areas have been surrounded by heavy black lines. Both
figures 34 and 35 are incomplete as to titles, which have been
omitted purposely to show the ineffectiveness of such a procedure.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 371
A good: thing to remember in making graphic presentations
and one which is often disregarded by entomologists, especially in
their efforts to show the differences in yields between sprayed
and unsprayed fruit trees by means of comparative drawings, is
to have the presentation read from one dimension only and not:
to use areas and volumes which are so easily interpreted wrongly
when quantities are represented. Inasmuch as many entomolo-
gists are familiar with curve plotting, no mention need be made of
this method here, except to advocate its greater use. As stated
before, this brief paper is merely suggestive, as are also the illus-
trations, which are not to be taken as examples, inasmuch as they
are far from perfect. For a complete treatise on this subject,
one is referred to ‘‘Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts’ by
Willard C. Brinton, published by the Engineering Magazine
Company (New York City), a copy of which will be exceedingly
useful to the entomologist who desires to present his material
where possible in a convincing manner.

SOME PYRALID NOTES.
BY WM. BARNES, S.B., M.D. & J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D., DECATUR, ILL.

In a recent number of the Insecutor (Vol. V, pp. 69.e¢ seq.)
Dr. Dyar has given some valuable critical notes on the Pyraustids
and other Pyralids as listed in our Check List; one of our purposes
in publishing this list was to elicit just such new records from our
North American fauna as Dr. Dyar gives; without published records
species indigenous to the territory embraced in our list may long
remain unlisted, known only to a few individual curators or work-
ers, and we trust that others who have further new records may be
prevailed upon to follow Dr. Dyar’s example.

We are also pleased to adopt Dr. Dyar’s references of several
of our apparently new species to older names given to West Indian
or Central and S. American material; based as they are on a study
of the large collections from this territory in the National Museum
they may be presumed to be correct; we had already expressed
the hope (Contr. II, (6) p. 223) that workers more favourably
situated than ourselves would endeavour to align our names with
those from more southerly points, and Dr. Dyar’s efforts in thus

November, 1917

372 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

straightening out the synonymy are, therefore, to be commended;
such work is instructive, not destructive.

With a few of Dr. Dyar’s references we cannot wholly agree
and offer the following notes in this connection.

Genus Egesta Rag.

Dr. Dyar has apparently not referred to Ragonot’s original
separation of the genus Egesta from Homophysa Led. (Glaphyria,
Hbn.) which was made in his “Classification des Pyralites p. 24”
and seemingly overlooked by Hampson in his later Classification.
Ragonot separates the species renalis (the spelling later corrected
to reniculalis, |. c., p. 2138) and ertpalis from the other species of
his Homophysine on the strength of veins 10 and 11 being separate
and not stalked; this character is entirely disregarded by Dr. Dyar
who bases his separation of the genera Egesta and Glaphyria solely
on the length of the maxillary palpi. Smyphysa Hamp. (type
sulphuralis Cram.) calls for the same venation as does Fgesta, and
for this reason was listed ‘by us as a synonym; this may be in-
correct and will need verification by a study of the type species
from Brasil. In any case the genus Egesta must be used for our
North American species, and in order to avoid any further confusion
regarding its status we would specify the type as reniculalis Zell.;
further subdivision of the two genera may be necessary when
the length of the maxillary palpi of the various species is taken
into consideration, but according to the primary division on the
strength of veins 10 and 11 being stalked or’ separate we believe
our arrangement will hold. The North American species of the
genera Glaphyria, Egesta and Lipocosma (as listed by us) form a
group which must probably sooner or later be separated from the
Pyraustine entirely; careful study will doubtless bring further
structural details to light and lead to a more satisfactory grouping
of the species, but until this can be done and done thoroughly
we prefer to adhere to the general grouping as indicated.

Sameodes adipaloides G. & R.

Dr. Dyar believes that this name should be given varietal
rank and would apparently apply it, as has generally been done,
to a smaller,suffused form found in the Northern Atlantic States.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 373

The only type of the species which we have been able to find is
in the American Museum Collection, a o from Pennsylvania,
and this type unfortunately does not bear out the above concép-
tion but, although in poor condition, is clearly a straight synonym
of elealis Wik. The original description of adipaloides, especially
the statement that the ground colour is a “rather bright clear
yellow’’ would seem to show that the author’s conception of the
species is correctly illustrated by this type; on the other hand the
figure given of a 9 specimen (Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. I, Pl. II, fig. 19)
rather points (except in ground colour) in the other direction, but
as this figure is not a photograph certain inaccuracies may possibly
be laid to the door of the artist. Whether, therefore, the identi-
fication of adipaloides should be based on the existing type, which
would appear authentic, or on the figure is a delicate point for
specialists to. wrangle over; if the view supported in our list be
correct then a varietal name may be necessary for the adipaloides
of various authors, but we prefer to leave the matter to Dr. Dyar’s
judgment rather than propose a new name with the prospect of
being accused later of rushing into print and overburdening the
synonymy.

Diasemia (Metasia) elegantalis Warr.

Dr. McDunnough when last at the British Museum, care-
fully examined Warren’s type and compared it with specimens he
had brought with him; we have a note stating that the British
Museum series was mixed, and that Warren’s type was in poor
condition but was evidently the same species as that described
later by Fernald as argalis; this is also borne out by Warren’s
description which states that the reniform is large and filled with
lilac-gray; the type localities for both species are California and
we have not seen the species from any locality outside of this
State. The other species considered by Dr. Dyar to be elegantalis,
following an erroneous determination of Prof. Fernald’s, occurs in
Arizona and is apparently nameless. We venture to describe it as
follows:

<

Diasemia disputalis, sp. nov.

Very similar to elegantalis Warr. but the ground colour of

374 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

primaries paler, the orbicular and reniform filled with rather shiny .
whitish and the latter smaller and much more constricted centrally,
being almost divided into two equal triangular spots; beyond the
t. p. line is a faint silvery band in costal portion of wing and a
broader bluish patch between the bend and inner margin; the
fringes are smoky in basal half, whitish outwardly. The second-
aries are paler than in elegantalis with only faint,smoky suffusion
outwardly and an obsolescent postmedian line. Expanse 20 mm,

Habiiat.—Palmerlee, Ariz.; Tuscon, Ariz. Three o’s;3 Q’s.
Types, Coll. Barnes.

Pyrausta orphisalis Wk.

Our note regarding the type says that it is close to generosa
G. & R., so that it may very well equal ochosalis Dyar as sug-
gested by Dr. Dyar; in our list we kept the name separate for want
of further verification, believing that a name wrongly sunk in the
synonymy is more likely to be overlooked than a synonym wrongly
standing as a species.

Cornifrons pulveralis, Warr.

Our note, after studying the type of this species and that of
simalis Grt. side by side, says that the former is more even gray
on primaries, with a less oblique t. a. lime and with the secondaries
paler; we are not at all sure that Dr. Dyar is correct in regarding
the two as simply forms of one species; his action without further
evidence than,a study of Warren’s description might at least be
characterized as premature.

Macrotheca interalbicalis Rag.

Our identification of this species as figured by us in Contr.
I, No. 5, Pl. III, fig. 9:has been confirmed by a comparison of
specimens with Ragonot’s type in Paris; it would seem, there--
fore, that vulnifica Dyar (1917, Ins. Menst. V ,83) will fall as a
synonym. Ragonot’s figures of both this species and baccalis
‘are distinctly poor; it is very probable that vicarilis Dyar will
become a synonym of this latter species; the reference is, however,
not absolutely certain but should be kept in mind.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 375

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF COCCID&.
(HEMIP.; HOMOP.).

BY G. F. FERRIS, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA.

Stomacoccus, new genus.

Coccide, referable to the tribe Xylococcini of the subfamily
Margarodine, characterized, as are the other members’ of the
subfamily, by the presence of legs in the first larval stage, the loss
of these appendages in succeeding larval stages of the female, at
least, and their reappearance in the adult female. Differing from
any of the other members of the subfamily by the presence of
mouth-parts in the adult female. Intermediate larval stages with-
out an anal tube.

Type of the genus, Stomacoccus platani, n. sp.

Stomacoccus platani, n. sp.

Adult female 1.6 mm. long (on slide), of elongate form, with
nearly parallel sides. In life of a deep yellow colour, without
waxy secretion.except for the fluffy.ovisac in which the eggs are
placed. Antenne set close to the extreme anterior margin of the
body with their bases nearly or quite touching, seven-segmented,
the first segment large and’stout, the second segment short and
broad, the remaining segments becoming successively narrower
and longer than the second with the seventh nearly as long as the
first. Legs well developed, the anterior pair somewhat stouter
than the others. Tarsal claw with at least six knobbed hairs
arising near its base. Body apparently with no dorsal setz, but
with a pair of slender sete at the base of each coxa and a median
pair of such setz on each ventral segment of the abdomen. Pores
of wax-glands relatively few, concentrated toward the posterior
end of the body, simple, surrounded by a chitinous ring. Anal
opening on the dorsum of the last abdominal segment, very small,
surrounded by a simple, chitinous ring. Eight pairs of spiracles
present, two on the thorax and one on each of the first six abdominal
segments.

Larva at first with legs and antennez, the latter five-segmented,
then losing these appendages and assuming a regularly oval form

having much the appearance of some insect’s egg. In life, of a
November, 1917

376. ¢ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

deep yellow or light brown colour, entirely devoid of secretion
except for a few dorsal waxy filaments. Length of fully grown
larva .5 mm. (on slide). Segmentation indistinct. Anal open-
ing on dorsum at a slight distance from the posterior margin of
the body, simple as in adult, without an anal tube. Tracheal
system ‘as in adult.

Fig. 37.—Larva of Stomacoccus
platani, n. sp.

Fig. 36.—Adult female of Stomacoccus
platant, n. sp.

‘Adult male apterous, entirely devoid of waxy secretion, of
a deep yellow colour. Antenne 10-segmented. Eyes simpk.

Male pupa enclosed within a loose sac.

Male prepupa with mouth-parts, legs and antenne, the latter
very short and stout, apparently eight-segmented. General
form much like that of adult female. The earlier larval stages
of the male have not been recognized and it is not known if there
is an encysted stage, such as recorded by Hubbard and Pergande
for the male larva of Xylococcus betule Hub. and Perg.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ae

Types.—Holotype, an adult female, allotype and paratypes of
adults and larve in the collection of the Department of Ento-
mology of Stanford University. Paratypes in the collections of
Mr. H. S. Smith and Mr: E. O. Essig. Type locality, Stevens
Creek, Santa Clara County, Calif.

Host and distribution.—On leaves, branches and trunk of
Platanus racemosa (sycamore), Pasadena, Calif., and Stevens
Creek, Santa Clara Co., Calif. :

This is the only species of Margarodine as yet recorded in
which the mouthparts are retained in the adult female, a fact
that seems amply to justify the naming of a new genus. The
adult female appears, aside from the possession of mouth-parts,
to approach most closely the genus Steingelia Nassonow, a genus

Fig. 38.—A.—Antenna of adult female of .
Stomacoccus platani,n. sp. _ Fig. 39.—A.—Tarsus and portion of tibia of
adult female of Stomacoccus plaiani, n. sp.
B.—Taisus and part of tibia of adult
female of Kuwania quercus (Kuw.).

of two species, one of which,.S. gorodetskia Nass., occurs in Russia
(host not recorded) and the other SS. brittanica (Green) on birch
in England. The latter species was referred by its author to the
genus Kuwania Ckll., but it is obviously not very closely related
to the type species, K. quercus (Kuw.) as cotype specimens of the
latter before me show, the most significant differences being in
the structure of the legs. Whether it is a synonym of S. gorodetskia
Nass., as suggested by Sasscer in his Catalogue of Recently De-
scribed Coccide for 1915, can hardly be determined without know-
ledge of the larval forms which is lacking in the case of both these
species.

Credit for the discovery of the species here described is due
Dr. A. G. Smith, of Pasadena, who forwarded specimens to Mr.

378 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

H. S. Smith, of the State Commission of Horticulture of Cali-
fornia. These specimens were forwarded to Mr. E. O. Essig and
received from him by the author. Upon its appearing that the
species was new Mr. Essig and Mr. H. S.Smith resigned their rights
to it, and Mr. Smith procured an additional supply of material. To
these gentlemen are due the fullest thanks for their kindness. A
search by the author then’ revealed the species in the vicinity of
_ Stanford University, a region that still continues to yield new
forms and records in spite of years of assiduous collecting on the
part of numerous workers.

The life history has been followed for but a short time, but
this is sufficient to indicate its general course. The insect occurs
either on the bark or on the leaves, probably passing the winter
on the former and then going out to the leaves. The presence of
adult males and females, mingled with all the immature stages,
on leaves scarcely a month old indicates that the life cycle is quite
short. The immature stages are attached solely by the beak
and are entirely exposed either upon the under side of the leaves
or upon the bark. The adult females seek the protection of bark
scales when present but may form their ovisacs in the open, some-
times remaining even partially within the exuvium of the pre-
ceding stage although they are quite active. The males are very
active and have been observed apparently attempting to copulate
with females that were still in the appendageless state.

\

SOME SENSORY STRUCTURES IN THE APHIDID-.
BY A. C. BAKER, WASHINGTON, D.C.

During the writer’s studies on aphids he has had occasion
to notice certain sensory structures on the wings and legs of these
insects. These structures vary in the different groups, and since
scarcely any references to them appear in theliterature of the family -
the writer here records some of his observations. The pores on
the legs are recorded in technical descriptions of species of Chermes,
but those present on the legs of insects in other genera and on the
wings appear not to be referred to in descriptions. Vickery* has
mentioned the presence of pores on the legs. No experiments

*Rept. of State Ent. of Minn., 1907-08, p. 178.
November, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 379

have been conducted by the writer to indicate the nature of these
organs, but they appear in structure quite similar to the sensoria
of the antenna in the genus Aphis. They are small circular or
oval structures composed of an outer rim and a middle pore-like
centre. Each organ is often surrounded by an irregular or oval
area which is differentiated from the surrounding chitin. The
organs occur near the base of the wings on the thickened origin
of the subcosta and radius, scattered along the area betwéen these
veins and on the trochanters and bases of the femora. None
seems to be present on other portions of the legs. The species
examined are arranged under their respective genera.
Genus Lachnus.

Besides the presence of many small pores near the base of the
femur in species of this genus, larger ones, more.or less tuberculate
are sometimes also present in ponderosa Wms. (fig. 39) and L.
sp. (fig. 40). Curvipes Patch (fig. 41) does not seem to possess
any of these large pores. Another species (fig. 32) shows a broken
group. Members of this genus also possess usually a group of
small pores near the base of the hind wing as in curvipes (fig. 42)
and ponderosa (fig. 43).

Genus Fssigella.

Essigella californicus Essig. does not possess the group of
small pores present in species of Lachnus examined, but the femora
are provided with only two moderate -sized ones near the base
(fig. 44). :
Genus Symydobius

S. oblongus Heyden seems to have none of these organs upon
the wings. There are three or four however upon the femur, and
about the same number upon the trochanter (fig. 20).

Genus Myzocallis

Members of this genus as well as other members of the tribe,
have as a rule only a few pores situated at the base of the femur,
for example, M. alnifolie Fitch (fig. 47) and M. bella Walsh (fig.
48). They have no definite group on the wings but sometimes a
few scattered pores on the subcosta.

Genus Drepanaphis.

D. acerifolii' Thos. possesses a few small pores upon the sub-

costa. On the femur there are usually two large pores which are

380 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

very distinct (fig. 31). They are more prominent upon forms
taken in the summer than in the spring forms.

Genus Pterocomma.
All the species of this genus show the same character of these
organs. There is a large group of very small pores close to the
base of the femur. Populifolie Fitch (fig. 38) and smithie Mon.
(fig. 34) show very compact groups. Salicis L. (fig. 35) shows
numerous pores upon the trochanter and a group of nine or ten
near the base of the fore wing (fig. 36). Bucolor Oest., (fig. 37)
has a similar group upon the femur.

Genus 7richosiphum.

One species of this group has been examined and it possesses
one large pore near the base of the femur (fig. 46). .

Genus A plus.

There is considerable variation met with in this genus. Most
species have two or three of these organs at the base of the femur.
A. coreopsidis Thos. (fig. 21) has a group of four or five at the
base of the femur. <A. gossypii Glover (fig. 32) is quite similar
as is also A. viburnicola Gill (fig. 45). A. madiradicis Forbes
shows a group near the base of the fore wing (fig. 22) and a group
of four or five at the base of the femur. A. middletoni Thos.,
shows a group near the base of the fore wing (fig. 24), and about
five near the base of the femur (fig. 25). It will be remembered
that these last two species are subterranean. A. maidis Fitch,
shows one of the deepest pores seen cn any species (fig. 26). This
huge pore is, however, not present on every specimen. The same
thing is sometimes met with in species of Lachnus.

; Genus Myszus.

Myzus cerasi Fab. shows one or two pores at the base of the
femur, and M. plantaginis Fab., has a group of about four near the
base of the hind wing (fig. 28).

Genus Macrosiphum.

M. circumflexum Buckton, possesses a scattered group of
about six small pores on the femur (fig. 27). None\is)found upon
_the wings, or if so a few small ones along the subcosta. M. am-
brosie Thos.,has one pore at the base of femur and a few minute
ones along the subcosta of the wing.

CAN.ENT., VOL. XLIX. PLATE XVII.

SENSORY STRUCTURES IN APHIDS (p. 378).

382 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Genus Toxoptera.

T. graminum Rond. possesses three or four large pores at the
base of the femur quite similar to those met with in the genus
Aphis.

Genus Rhopalosiphum.

R. rhois Mon. possesses about six pores at the base of the .
femur but these are considerably scattered (fig. 29). Another
species examined possesses four near the base (fig. 30).

Genus Anoecia.

Two species of this genus querci Fitch., and corni Fab. were
examined. Fall migrants were used in both cases. Both showed
about the same group of six to ten near the base of the fore wing,
but the organs of the femur are different. Querci Fitch shows a
row of four or five extending about ofe-quarter of the way along
the segment, whereas corni gave a group of six or seven near the
the base (Fig. 14). 2

Genus Friosoma.

E. americanum Riley shows a group of three to nine pores at
the base of the fore wing (Fig. 17). These are surrounded by
irregularly shaped areas (Fig. 18). There are about three present,
usually at the base of the femur and usually three at the base of
the hind wing. FE. pyricola B. & D., has a group somewhat larger
near the base of the fore wing (Fig. 19), and some four or five also
along the subcosta. :

Genus Prociphilus.

Several species of this genus were studied and they proved
to be all quite similar as far as these organs are concerned. P.
bumule Sch., possesses a group of about 18 pores at the base of
the hind wing (Fig. 9) and a few scattered along the subcosta of
the fore wing. The base of the femur has another group of about
eight pores (Fig. 10). P. pyri Fitch is very similar to bumule
as far as the wings are concerned, there being a group of about
15 at the base of the hind wing. The group on the femur is a
little more scattered in pyri (Fig. 11) and several are seen on the
trochanter. P. imbricator Fitch has a group of about fifteen at
the base of the hind wing (Fig. 12), and a scattered group of about
six on the proximal end of the femur. There are also two or
three near the base of the fore wing.

CAN. ENT., VOL. XLIX. PLATE XVIII.

=

SENSORY STRUCTURES IN APHIDS (p. 378).

384 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Genus Thecabius.

Thecabius affinis shows a large group arranged in more or
less of a row near the base of the fore wing. Two or three only
are present near the base of the femur (Fig. 13).

Genus Pemphigus.

Several species of this genus were studied and they all showed
a considerable number of pores. P. populicaulis Fitch has a
series of nine or ten at the base of the hind wing (Fig. 5), and
about three on the fore wing. The ‘base of the femur in this
species is armed with a group of five or six and two or three are
present on the trochanter (Fig. 6). Another species of this genus
taken in Colorado shows a similar group, but about a dozen are.
present on the fore wing (Fig. 7). These are surrounded by oval
or elongate transparent areas (Fig. 8). The individuals of this
second species were taken underground.

Genus Colopha.

C. ulmicola Fitch possesses a group of five or six in an even

row near the base of the fore wing (Fig. 16).
Genus Hormaphis.

H. hamamelidis Fitch, possesses a series of about a dozen
small pores. Scattered near the base of the wing none was ob-
served on the legs.

Genus Phyilloxera.

Two species of this genus were examined, carye@caulis Fitch
and casianee Hald. Both showed the same character of the
grouping of the pores. These occurred near the base of the fore
wing in a rather compact group, caryecaulis (Fig. 1) and castanee
(Fig. 2). The legs seem to show no small pores, but some speci-
mens of castanee@ possess one large pore (Fig. 3).

It will be seen from the foregoing tabulation that species
living underground and those inhabiting galls possess upon
their wings more of these structures than the free-living solitary
forms. In fact many of the latter have none upon the wings at
all. This applies also to those present upon the legs. Species
living underground possess them, as a rule, in more abundance
than their near relatives which are not subterranean. This will
be noted in the genus Aphis. In some genera, however, such
as the genus Lachnus, the aerial forms have these structures in
quite large numbers on the legs.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 385

NEW COLEOPTERA. VII.
BY H. C. FALL, PASADENA, CAL. ;

In view of the possible appearance in the not distant future
of a synopsis of the North American species of Conotrachelus, it
is thought best to present at- this time descriptions of two new
species, which have been drawn up for some time. With these
are submitted descriptions of what appear, with present light,
to be five new species of Ceutorhynchus.- It is rather remarkable
that four of the five were taken at the same place—Aweme, Mani-
toba—and all in the same month, by Mr. Norman Criddle, who
has sent them to me for determination. Types of all the above
are in my collection.

CONOTRACHELUS SCH.
Conotrachelus biscaynensis, n. sp.

Form approaching that of anaglypticus, but with the pro-
thorax somewhat wider and the elytra a little less robust. Colour
piceous, the beak and tibia dark rufous; vestiture consisting of
rather narrow to linear appressed scales, mostly brownish fulvous
in colour and irregularly dispersed, with a few, usually broader,
creamy white scales aggregated in very small spots, mcstly along
the elytral costae. Head coarsely punctate, with a small, incon-
spicuous frental fovea; beak about two-fifths the length of the
bedy, polished and very sparsely, finely punctate apically, lightly
sulcate at sides posteriorly; antenne inserted at apical third.
Prothorax a little wider than long, sides parallel and straight in
about basal half, thence a little oblique nearly to the apical con-
striction; surface coarsely, densely cribrate punctate, median line
imperfectly and incompletely carinate. Elytra one-half wider at
base than the thorax, sides feebly sinuate for a short distance at
base, beceming widest at about-basal third, thence arcuately
narrowing to apex; strial punctures rather coarse, intervals 3, 5,
7, 9 acutely carinate throughout. Mesosternum not protuberant;
metasternum grossly punctate; first ventral similarly, coarsely but
still more sparsely so, following segments broadly smooth and
polished at middle, punctate only at sides, last segment unmodi-
fied. Femora obscurely annulate and unidentate.

Length 4.1 mm.; width 2.2 mm.
November, 1917

386 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Biscayne, Florida, May 14. (Hubbard and Schwarz). A
single specimen, probably a female, is before me. By LeConte’s
table it would fall near germinatus, but it does not at all resemble
the latter. In general aspect it is very similar to floridanus, but
is less elongate and with very differently punctured ventral seg-
ments. .

Conotrachelus obesus, n. sp.

Form of anaglypticus but with a relatively wider ‘thorax;
piceous, vestiture not well preserved, consisting, so far as visible,
of very small, short, appressed dirty white scales or squamiform
hairs on the elytra, and short squamiform sete within the coarse
punctures of the prothorax. Head densely punctate, more coarsely
so in front at the base of the beak, the latter stout, not longer
than the prothorax, carinate and sulcate as in anaglypticus. Pro-
thorax slightly broader than long, sides parallel and nearly straight
in basal two-thirds, surface very coarsely, densely cribrate punctate,
median line not carinate, but with a short, narrow, smooth line
behind the middle, and two short, parallel raised lines or crests
in front. Elytra five-eighths ‘wider than the prothorax, three-
tenths longer than wide, with striae of coarse punctures; intervals
3, 5, 7, 9 acutely carinate, the carine of the third and fifth abruptly
interrupted before the middle, but not at all so pesteriorly. Meso-
sternum moderately coarsely punctate, protuberant in front.
Ventral segments opaque, rather coarsely but not very densely
punctate. Legs stout, annulate; femora with a stout, triangular
tooth and a small denticle. ;

Length 5 mm.; width 2.8 mm.

Georgia.—A single example of unknown sex. It is impossible
to say from the type whether the elytra when in perfect condition,
are as completely clothed as in anaglypticus, but it seems probable
that this is the case, as the two species are closely allied in most
respects. The present species is larger than anaglypticus, which
differs notably by its non-interrupted elytral coste.

CEUTORHYNCHUS GERM.
Ceutorhynchus echinatus, n. sp.

Mcderately broadly oval, convex, piceous, sides cf elytra
gradually brunnescent, legs dull rufous, elytra conspicuously

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 387

tuberculate and hispid. Antenne brownish piceous, scape and
basal joint of funicle pale, base of club also paler and subglabrous;
funicle 6-jointed, second joint a little shorter than the first, fully
twice as long as wide; third joint three-fourths as long as the second;
fourth, fifth and sixth subequal, each a little shorter than the third
and slightly longer than wide; club as long as the preceding four
joints, ovate-pointed. Head coarsely, densely cribrate punctate,
a short occipital carina; beak rather stout, as long as the prothorax,
striate basally and densely, coarsely punctate and hispid through-
out; antenne inserted slightly beyond the middle. Prothorax
about one-fifth wider than long, sides parallel in basal third,
broadly constricted in front, apex a little more than one-half as
wide as base, apical margin scarcely sinuate at middle, median
sulcus narrow, moderately deep posteriorly, evanescent in front,
lateral tubercles small but acute, vestiture of interniingled fine
white and blackish sete, the former less erect, the latter bristling
but more or less recurved, and with small patches of elongate, ap-
pressed white scales at the hind angles at base of median suicus.
Elytra about as wide as long, sides feebly rounded and subparallel
basally; striz moderate, intervals each with a single series of
strongly elevated, shining tubercles, which are acute when viewed
laterally, but with transversely arcuate outline when viewed from
behind, each bearing at its summit a long, blackish, erect but re-
curved seta. The surface is also clothed sparsely throughout
with shorter, more inclined white hairs; a short linear patch of
white scales at the base of the suture. Body beneath coarsely,
densely punctured, the sternal side pieces albo-squamose, the
ventral segments with intermixed, whitish scales and erect, dark
hairs, the former predominating at the sides. Legs moderate, the
femora armed with a very small acute tooth; ungual teeth approxi-
mate, and very nearly as long as the claws.

Length 2.5 mm.; width 1.5 mm.

Aweme, Maniteba, Sept. 25, on Heuchera hispida (Criddle).
The type is a male, having all the tibie strongly unguiculate,
and the last ventral with a rather shallow median fovea, with
its lateral margins somewhat elevated posteriorly.

This remarkable little species does not in all respects look
like a Ceutorhynchus, but I am unable to refer it elsewhere. It
may be placed near sulcipennis and decipiens for the present.

388 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

v

—_—— -—_. —

Ceutorhynchus invisus, n. sp.

Oval, convex, black, thinly clothed above with appressed,
hair-like scales, grayish to pale brownish in colour, rather incon-
spicuously condensed in a narrow, basal, sutural spot, and at thé
base of the pronotal sulcus, and arranged on the elytral inter-
spaces in two or three somewhat irregular series; the scales of the
elytral striz are just visibly coarser and more uniformly whitish.
Antenne entirely piceous, funicle 7-jointed, funicular joints
gradually shorter, the second scarcely twice as long as wide, in-
serted at the middle of the beak (o).-. Beak very little longer
than the prothorax, striate and punctate basally, more sparsely
punctured and shining apically. Prothorax one-fifth wider than
long, moderately narrowed and constricted anteriorly, front
margin entire, median line sulcate, lateral tubercles small, obtuse,
surface shining and densely, coarsely punctate. Elytra across the
humeri four-ninths wider than the prothorax, scarcely one-fourth
longer than wide, gradually narrowed from the humeri, intervals
rugose, nearly flat, twice as wide as the stria, declivity with some
acute granules. Body beneath more closely clothed with broader
grayish white scales. Legs moderate, femora toothed, claws with
an acute basal tooth rather approximate to its fellow.

Length 2.35 mm.; width 1.4 mm.

Aweme, Manitoba, Sept. 23. (Criddle).

The type is a male, having the last ventral distinctly foveate,
the sides of the fovea not elevated, the four posterior tibiz distinctly
unguiculate.- “

Using Dietz’ table of groups, one is uncertain whether to
refer this species to the subpubescens or sulcipennis group, since
the vestiture is neither dense, nor very sparse. Blatchley and
Leng unite these two groups in their own Group “A.” and by their
table the present species would seem to fall between marginatus
and sulcipennis, differing frem the former by its smaller size and
shorter basal tooth of claws, and from the latter, among other
characters, by the less deeply sulcate elytra with much less rugose
intervals.

Ceutorhynchus omissus, n. sp.

Oval, black, opaque, clothed not densely above with short,

: THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 389

.

whitish, piliform scales, which become broader and more numerous
in the median thoracic sulcus and along the base of the thorax,
also obscurely so at the base of the elytral suture. Antennze
piceous, second funicular joint elongate, the third about two-thirds
as long as the second. Beak slender, arcuate, serially punctate
at sides basally, finely punctulate and shining above and apically,
the punctures showing a tendency to unite longitudinally. An-
tenne (@Q) inserted slightly behind the middle. Head_ closely
punctate. Thorax moderately transverse, gradually narrowed
from the base, broadly constricted apically, anterior margin feebly
subsinuate at middle, punctuation dense, moderately ccarse,
median line distinctly impressed, lateral tubercles small. Elytra
about one-fourth longer than wide, widest across the humeri,
gradually narrowed pcesteriorly, rather finely striate, intervals
twice as wide as the stria, rugose, each with a double line of ap-
pressed piliform scales; declivity with some acute granules. Body
‘beneath clcsely, coarsely punctate, each puncture bearing a more
or less elongate white scale; last ventral with a rather shallow,
median fovea. Legs rather slender, femora unarmed, last tarsal
joint projecting a distance subequal in length to the lobes of the
preceding joint, claws with an acute basal tooth subapproximate
to its fellow.

Length 2.4 mm.; width 1.38 mm.

Aweme, Manitoba, Sept. 23, (Criddle).

This species belongs to the convexicollis group, and may pre-
~ cede mutabilis, from which and ovalis it differs in its narrow,
piliform vestiture.

Ceutorhynchus moznettei, n. sp.

Oblong oval, moderately convex, piceous, vestiture above
consisting cf small, not densely placed, brownish piliform appressed
scales, with broader white scales condensed in a baso-sutural spot,
and in the pronotal-sulcus; a few similar scales along the basal
margin cf the elytra, about the elytral apex and scattered singly
very remotely over the elytral disk; bcdy beneath rather densely
grayish squamose. Antenne piceous, inserted just perceptibly
-Leyend the middle of the beak; funicle 7-jointed, second joint
slender, but little shorter than the first, fully three times as long

390 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

——_

as wide, and subequal to the next two. Head densely punctate,
front concave, -vertex finely carinate. Beak moderate, striate
and punctate as usual. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides
arcuately subparallel basally, surface densely punctate, median
channel distinct, deeper behind, lateral tubercles obtuse. Elytra
distinctly longer than wide, broadly arcuately narrowed posteriorly ;
strie fine; intervals broad, flat, each with three or four more or
less irregular series of small, hair-like scales. Legs moderate,
thighs unarmed, feebly annulate with whitish scales. Claws
with a rather small but acute basal tooth.

Length 2.9 mm.; width 1.75 mm.
Corvallis, Oregon, (Moznette).

The type is a male, having the last ventral distinctly oon
and the middle and hind femora unguiculate. :

This species must be placed near mutabilis Dietz. The latter .

is a smaller species, with coarser, less appressed vestiture, the
broader scales of the upper surface much more numerous.

Ceutorhynchus convexipennis, n. sp.

Oval, black, moderately shining, thinly clothed above with
short, white appressed hairs which are somewhat coarser on the
_ elytra, where they are disposed in nearly single series on the in-
tervals, as well as in the stria. Antenne entirely piceous, funicle
7-jointed, first and second joints subequal in length, following joints
gradually shorter. Beak rather slender, evenly arcuate, shining,
sparsely punctate and lightly striate at sides basally; more sparsely,
finely and irregularly punctate above and apically; antenne in-
serted at about the middle (9 ?). Head densely, evenly punctate.
Prothorax coarsely, densely punctate, the punctures round and
nearly in mutual contact; base much wider than the apex, sides
parallel in nearly basal half, broadly constricted apically, antericr
margin not emarginate, lateral tubercles small, acute. Elytra
sub-oval, strongly convex, two-sevenths wider than the prothorax
and a little more than one-fourth longer than wide, widest at
basal fourth; striz moderate, intervals a little wider than the
strie, only slightly convex, surface feebly rugose, some small,
acute granules on the declivity. Body beneath coarsely,- closely
punctate, each puncture bearing a white scale, the scales a little

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 391

broader and more approximate on the sternal side pieces. Legs
rather slender, femora not toothed, terminal joint of tarsi project-
ing a distance rather less than the length of the lobes: of the pre-
ceding joint; claws simple.

Length 1.8 mm.; width .9 mm.

Aweme, Manitoba, Sept. 8, (Criddle). ¥q

A small species belonging to the squamulatus group of Dietz,
in which it may best follow persimilis, though not agreeing closely
with any species of the group. The small! size and lack of true
scales on the upper surface distinguishes it from all but albopilosulus,
which differs in its erect, coarser vestiture among other charac-
ters.

LECTOTY PES -OF “THE: ‘SPECIES OF --HYMENOPPERA
(EXCEPT APOIDEA) DESCRIBED BY ABBE
PROVANCHER.
BY A. B. GAHAN AND S. A. ROHWER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
(Continued from page 336.)

Coccophagus brunneus. Type.—yYellow label 1384. 2nd
Coll. Pub..Mus., Quebec. Badly glued.

Coccophagus compressicornis. Type.—Harrington Coll.

Coccophagus pallipes. Type.—Yellow label 1389: blue
783(s). 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Head gone.

Coleocentrus mellipes. Type.—Not located.

Coleccentrus quebecensis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus.,
Quebec., unless under C. pettita Cress.

Coleocentrus rufus. Type.—Female, yellow label 456. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Copeius paradoxus.—See Helorus.

Copidosoma pallipes. Type.—Harrington Coll.

Crabro acicuiatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 813. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Male, allotype, without label.

Crabro niger. Type.—Female, blue-green label 852(s), yel-
low label 1660. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.
_ Crabro 4-maculatus.—See C. 4-punctatus. Type the same

specimen.
November, 1917

392° = THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Crabro 4-punctatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 807.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. See C. 4-maculata. See Fauna p.
654 and table 653, both names used.

Cratospila aciculata. Type.—No specimen. Pin with
name label. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Probably returned
to collector.

Cratospila brevicauda. Type.—Female, yellow label 1273.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apex of left flagellum.

Cratospila caudata. Type.—Female, yellow label 606.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks flagella.

Cremastus fusiformis. Type.—Femrale, yellow labél 306.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken at apex.

Cremastus longicaudus. Type. — Female, yellow label
1050. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cremastus mellipes. Type.—Female, yellow label 363.
Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken near middle; fore
wings gone; badly pinned. Female. 2nd Coll. antenne broken.

Cremastus rectus. Type.—Yellow label 361. Ist Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left antenna at scape, left hind leg at coxa
and abdomen gone. .

Cremastus royi. Type.—Female, yellow label 674. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus affabilis. Type.—Female, yellow label 258. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus albonotatus. Type.—Not located. ;

Cryptus amblytelarius. Type.—Female, yellow label 1204.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. :

Cryptus annulatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 291.
Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks right fore wing.

Cryptus apicatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 246. vee
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks right antenna.

Cryptus belangeri. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, un-
less-under name C. nuncius Say. One specimen.

Cryptus brevicornis. Nat. Can., Vol. 7, p. 176.—See
Phygadeuon impressus.

Cryptus brevicornis., Of index p. 432. Type.—Female,
old rcse label 79; yellow label 1202. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 393

Cryptus canadensis. Type.—Male, yellow label 248. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks left antenna.

Cryptus certus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, unless
under name C. fungor Nort. Two damaged specimens.

Cryptus cinctus. Type.—Male,° yellow label 292. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apex of right antenna.

Cryptus circumcinctus. Type.—Male, yellow label 516.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks antenne.

Cryptus collaris. Type.—Male, blue label 121, yellow
label 1206. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus dubius. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Probably returned to collector. (Geddes).

Cryptus eburneifrons. Type.—Male, yellow label 517.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks most of antenne.

Cryptus elongatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 670. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apices of antenne and hind legs.

Cryptus erythropygus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Probably in Harrington Coll.

Cryptus exilis. Type.—Male, yellow label 283. Ist Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus flavipectus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Ichneumon scitulus Cress.

Cryptus fletcheri. Type.—Female, white label 115; also
“Cryptus 2 fletcheri Prov. Type.—Victoria, V. I.” in hand other
than Provancher’s. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus gracilis. Type—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Probably in Harrington Coll.

Cryptus ignotus. Type.—Male, Harrington Coll. Pink
label ‘‘P 423.” Part of left antenna gone. ;

Cryptus imitator. Type.—Female, yellow label 296. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus incognitus. Type.—Blue label 39; yellow label
1205. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks left flagellum.

Cryptus insignis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, un-
less under Phygadeuon blakei Cress.

Cryptus latus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, unless
under Phygadeuon occidentalis.

394 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

_ —_—

Cryptus linearis. Type.—Male, old rose label 49. Yellow
label 1207. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Part of antennz
gone.

Cryptus longicaudus. Type.—Female, Harrington Coll.
Pink label “P. 375.” ;

Cryptus mellicoxus. Type—Male, yellow label 1209. ©
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Apices of antenne gone; abdomen
glued.on number label.

Cryptus mellipes. Type—Female, Harrington Coll. Pink
label “‘P. 392.’ Abdomen wanting, wings except left hind want-
ing.

Cryptus montivagus. Type.—Female, yellow label 251.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks most of flagella.

Cryptus mundus. Type.—Male, yellow label 245. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks part of antenne and right hind
leg. *

Cryptus nigricornis. Type.—Male, yellow label 294. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks left antenna beyond 4th joint.

Cryptus nigricoxus. Type.—Male, yellow label 1553.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus notatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 254. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. aA

Cryptus occidentalis.—See Phygadeuon occidentalis.

Cryptus ornatus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus osculatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 281. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks right flagellum.

Cryptus pentagonalis. Type.—Harrington Coll. Male,
pink label 425. Female, pink label 481.

Cryptus perditus. Type.—Male, Harrington Coll. Pink
label ““P. 442.” Lacks antenne and right fore wing; other wing
folded and hard to see.

Cryptus pubescens. Type.—Male, Harrington Coll. Pink
label ‘“P. 424.”

Cryptus quebecensis. Type.—Not in Coll. unless under
name Ichneumon velox Cress. Two females. Ist Coll. fair.

Cryptus rectus. Type.—Male, yellow label 1208. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks left flagellum. ;

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 395

Cryptus ruficornis. Type.—Male, yellow label 519. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Some verdigris.

Cryptus rufoannulatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 286.
Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus rufus. Type.—Male, yellow label 259. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks right flagellum. ¢

Cryptus scutellatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 282. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apices of antenne some tarsi, and
abdomen has been glued on.

Cryptus segregatus. Type.—Male, Harrington Coll. Pink
label “'P. 422.”

Cryptus sericeifrons. Type.—Female, yellow label 515.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Most of flagellum gone. No
male in Coll.

Cryptus signatus.—See Phygadeuon signatus.

Cryptus sordidus. Type.—Female, Harrington Coll. Pink
label “P. 373.’’ Abdomen off but glued on card.

Cryptus soriculatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 697. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks right antenna.

Cryptus spissicornis. (Addit. 1886, p. 68, not suppl. p.
361). Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, unless under Cryptus
crassicornis of which there is one specimen agreeing with descrip-
tion of spissicornis.

Cryptus spissicornis. (1888, suppl. p. 361 not Addit.,
1886, p. 68). Type.—Female, yellow label 1582. 2nd Coll. Pub.
Mus., Quebec.

Cryptus 3-annulatus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Probably in Harrington Coll.

Cryptus varius. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, unless
under name Cryptus atricollaris Walsh.

Cteniscus apicatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 341. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks antenne.

Cteniscus concolor. Type.—Female, yellow label 321.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Under name Mesoleptus concolor
Cress. Lacks-most of antenne.

Cteniscus crassipes. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Probably returned to collector. .

396 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Cteniscus rufus. Type.—Public Mus., Quebec. Data from
pin not obtained.

Ctenopelma sanguinea. Type.—Pub. Mus., Quebec. Data
from pin not obtained:

Cylloceria lemoinei. Type.—Male, yellow label 470. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apices of antenne.

Cyrtocentrus quebecensis. Type.—Female, yellow label
693. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne wanting beyond
third joint. ‘

Dacnusa crassitela. Type.—Female, yellow label 1299.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antennz broken, right at scape,
left at seventh joint.

Dacnusa_ spatulata. Type.—Female, yellow label 1305,
blue label 669. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken
at tips.

Decatoma basilaris. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Isosoma hordet.

Diastrophus piceus. Type.—White label 3(s); yellow label
1325. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Diastrophus 5-costatus. Type.—Not located.

Dimicrostrophis nigricornis. Type.—Mica point, blue
label 759(s); yellow label 1664. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Dineura americana. Type.—Yellow label 639. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks left flagellum.

Dinocamptus linearis. Type.—Yellow label 1275. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Thorax broken by pin and abdomen
crushed out of shape at apex. Sex of type uncertain but believed
to be female.

Dinotus acutus. Type.—Yellow label 1385. 2nd _ Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Badly glued; another specimen in _ better
condition. :

Dolichoderus borealis. Type.—Yellow label 1603. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Doryctes atripes. Type.—Female, yellow label 1262. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 397

Doryctes beticatus: Type.—yYellow label 557. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Abdomen wanting.

Doryctes cingulatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 556.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks flagella.

Doryctes fartus. Type.—Female, yellow label 558. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Doryctes macilentus. Type.—Female, yellow label 559.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. No male in collection.

Doryctes pallipes. Type.—Female, yellow label 1569. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec..

Echthrus canadensis. Type.—Female, yellow label 468>
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Some verdigris.

Echthrus luctuosus. Female, yellow label 521. Ist Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apex of left antenna and abdomen.

Echthrus nigricornis. Type.—Male, yellow label 421.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair.

Echthrus pediculatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 937.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Echthrus provancheri. Type.—Female, yellow label 11438;
printed name label. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. | Considered
as Brodie’s species. The description was first published by Pro-
vancher and there is no indication that it was quoted from Brodie.
Provancher indicates that it is his description so the species should,
unfortunately, be accredited to Provancher.

Echthrus rubripes. Type.—Female, yellow label 1064.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left wings gone.

Eclytus pleuralis. Type.—Female, yellow label 410. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Eclytus robustus. Type.—Female, yellow label 996. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Abdomen and part of antenne gone.

Elis dives. Type.—Female, Cat. No. 1971, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Elis 4-cinctus. Type.—Male, Cat. No. 1972, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Emphytus hullensis. Type.—Harrington Coll.

Emphytus nigristigma. Type.—Yellow label 1543; name
label ‘‘Nematus nigristigma."’ 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Provancher’s catalogue proves this.

398 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Emphytus pallipes. Type.—Female, yellow label 35. — Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Specimen without label, paratype.
Ephedrus completus. Type.—See introduction (Aphi-

diine).

Ephedrus incompletus. Type. — See introduction (Aphi-
diinz). :

Ephialtes variatipes. Type.—Harrington Coll. teste Davis.
Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Epirhyssa clavata. Type.—Female, yellow label 1260.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks abdomen and apices of
antenne.

Epirhyssa crevieri. Type.—Male, yellow label 388. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Epyris formicoides. Type.—White label ‘Hull 25-8-84
Rus’’; blue label 312; yellow label 1028. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus.,
Quebec.

Eypris prolongatus. Type.—yYellow label” 744(s). 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Abdomen gone.

Eriocampa marginata.—See Selandria.

Eriocampa superba. Type.—Female, yellow label 1544.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Erronemus bedardi. Type.—Female, yellow label 658.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Erronemus marginatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 989.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Erronemus tristis. Type.—Female, blue label 594. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left antenna gone.

Eubadizon basilare. Type.—Not located.

Eubadizon californicus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1489.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken beyond middle,
head broken off and mounted on tag..

Eubadizon gracilis. Type.—Female, yellow label 603. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. One antenna and left hind tarsi broken.

Eucerceris insignis. Type.—Male, white label 77(s); yel-
low label 1626. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Eucharis gibbosa. Type.—yYellow label 623. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Head gone.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 399

Eucoila minor. Type.—Not located.

Eulophus ramosus. Type.—Yellow label 924. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair.

Eulophus tricladus. Type.—Harrington Coll. Paratype,
yellow label 1374; blue label 754. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Fair.

Eumenes cinctus. Type.—Female, round disk, yellow label
1643. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Poor condition, dirty, etc.

Eumenes crucifera. Type.—Female: Cat. No. 1978, U. 5.
Nat. Mus. .

Eumenes flavopictus. Type.—Female, round disk, yellow
label 1644. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Eumenes impunctus. Type.—Female, round disk, yellow
label 1642. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Euphorus cephalicus.. Type.—Male, yellow label 1118.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. One antenna gone, other showing 8
joints.Poorly tag-mounted. 4

Euphorus punctatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 991. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Badly pinned; head missing.

Euplectrus lucens. Type.—Yellow label 1369. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair.

Euplectrus mellipes. TypeFemale, Harrington Coll.
Antenne broken, one complete to fourth funicle joint. Paratype.—
Yellow label 1363. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Two spect-
mens, both badly glued.

Euplectrus virideneus. Type.—Yellow label 1382; blue
JT7\(s). 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. -Fair.

Eurytoma conica. Type.—Harrington Coll.

Eurytoma nigricoxa. Type.—Harrington Coll.

Eustalocerus fasciatus. Type.—Female, blue label 701(s);
yellow label 1281. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks flagella.

Eustalocerus longicornis. Type.—Female, yellow label
1280. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne and hind tarsi,
broken.

Eustalocerus petiolatus. Type. — Female, yellow label
1083. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left antenna, median and
posterior legs on left, missihg.

400 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Eustalocerus tauricornis. Type.—Female, yellow label
566. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. One antenna gone.

Euura nigra. Type.—yYellow label 1538. 2nd Coll. Pub.
Mus., Quebec. Another specimen with small, white label ‘161.’

Euxorides vancouverensis. Type.—Female, yellow label
1556. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks flagellum.

Exenterus canadensis. Type.—Not located. Allotype.—
Female, yellow label 953. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Exenterus hullensis. Type.—Male, Harrington Coll. Pink
label ‘“‘P. 581.”’ Allotype.—Female, blue label 468, yellow label
1238. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Exetastes albitarsis. Type.—Female, yellow label 376.
Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. =

Exetastes brevipennis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Mesostenus promptus Cress.

Exetastes clavatus. Type.—Not located.

Exetastes matricus. Type-—Female, yellow label 531.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right antenna at scape, left before
the middle, anterior and median legs on right at coxe gone.

Exetastes rufofemoratus. Type.—Female, yellow label
310. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Exetastes rufus.—See Ceratosoma.

Excchilum nigrum. Type.—Female, yellow label 279. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left antenna gone, right broken at
apex, hind-tarsi broken at third joint.

Excchus rufomaculatus. Type.—Female, blue label 562.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Exolytus politus. Type.—Female, yellow label 365. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Exyston marginatum. Type.—Not th Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Probably returned to collector. ;
| Exyston. variatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 324. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Mailed November Ist, 1917.

The anatlian Futomologist,

VoL. XLIX. © LONDON, DECEMBER, 1917 No. 12

POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY.
A LitTLE KNOWN Cutworm, Euxoa excellens Grt.*
BY ARTHUR GIBSON, CHIEF ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, IN CHARGE
OF FIELD CROP INSECT INVESTIGATIONS, DOMINION
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

In the Province of British Columbia the caterpillars of Ewxoa
excellens Grt. have been abundant enough during certain years to
effect important damage to vegetables of several kinds.

~

HABITS AND LIFE-HISTORY

The first year of which we have record of this species as an
economic pest is 1885. In Fletcher’s report for 1903, it is stated
that in 1885, the cutworm was a perfect plague in market gardens
around Victoria. Larvae from British Columbia were also re-
ceived at Ottawa in 1888, and referred to in Fletcher’s report for
that year under the name of Agrotis obeliscoides Gn. In 1903,f
the species was again troublesome on Vancouver Island. Since
this latter year we have received no reports of injury by this cut-
worm until 1916, when under date of May 30, the late Mr. Tom
Wilson, a valued officer of the Entomological Brarfch, reported
an outbreak in the neighbourhood of Sechelt, which is a short dis-
tance north of Vancouver. The caterpillars had cut off various
kinds of garden plants and apparently their feeding habits are
similar to those of the better known surface-feeding species of the
genus Euxoa. In some gardens three sowings of spinach, lettuce,
onion, etc., had been made before the end of May.

Larve received at Ottawa in June, 1916, pupated early in
July. Three specimens which changed to pupe on July 2, pro-
duced the moths on July 29 and 30. Other moths emerged in

*Contribution from the Entomological Branch.
Rept. Ent. & Bot., Exp. Farms, Ottawa, 1904.
tIdem, p. 183, under Paragrotis perexcellens.

402 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

August. In the collections at Ottawa there are three specimens
which were reared by Fletcher in 1885 from larve collected in
May, the dates of emergence being Aug. 15, 18 and 22, respec-
tively. From our records of captured specimens, the moths of
fiuxoa excellens are on the wing in British Columbia in the latter
half of the month of August and during September. The species
is widespread in distribution, being known to occur in the United
States, in the States of Oregon, Colorado (in September), and
California (in September and October). The species was de-
scribed from Vancouver Island specimens.

Nothing definite is known regarding the early life-history
of the insect. From our present knowledge it would appear as if
the winter is passed in the egg stage. Possibly during certain
seasons hibernation may also occur in a young larval condition.

DESCRIPTIONS.

Mature Larva. Length 40 mm. Head 3.0 to 3.2 mm. wide,
rounded, pale brown, conspicuously spotted with dark brown;
ocelli black. General colour of body, dull grayish-white. Thoracic
shield pale brown spotted and blotched with darker brown and
divided by dorsal and subdorsal stripes. Dorsal, subdorsal and
lateral stripes whitish, all uneven but distinct. Stigmatal band
also whitish, uneven, and broken in places. Ventral surface paler
than dorsal surface. Tubercules brown, conspicuous, sete pale.
Spiracles black. Anal flap pale brown, blotched with darker brown.
Feet pale, the thoracic feet. tipped and spotted with brown. Be-
fore pupating the markings on the body become faint.

Pupa. Length 18-19 mm., width 6.0-6.5 mm., at widest
part; colour chestnut brown, shining. Posterior half of abdominal
segments mostly finely pitted. The cremaster bears two stout
spines in addition to which there are nearby four other smaller
spines. The two stout spines and two of the other smaller ones
are in a line; the remaining anterior two which are dorsal spines
are strongly reclinate.

The earthen cell is similar to that made by other cutworms
of the genus. It varies in size from about 20-22 mm. in length,
to about 10-11 mm. in width, inside measurements.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 403

The Moth.—The moth is a rather striking species. With the
wings spread it measures from about 37 to 45 mm. in width. The
fore wings of the male are dark purplish brown shaded along the
lower edge, and in the space about midway between the reniform
and outer edge with dull red. The costal area is similarly coloured.
In the female all such areas are of a grayish-white colour. The
orbicular and reniform spots are conspicuous in both sexes, being
whitish with brown centre. A pale, apical spot is also present,
as well as a short, pale dash adjoining the dark claviform. The
transverse lines are pale. The hind wings in both sexes are whitish
tinged with brown. The moth is figured by Hampson, Plate
LXVI, 8 (Lep. B.M., Vol. IV).

NATURAL ENEMIES.

From the larve received in 1916 we reared at Ottawa several
specimens of ichneumonid parasites of two species, namely,
Amblyteles subfuscus Cress., and Amblyteles nuncius Cress.,* both
species of which emerged in August.

In addition to these parasites an important percentage of the
larvee were destroyed by the fungus known as Sorosporella uvella,
the disease being so determined by Dr. Roland Thaxter.

CONTROL.

At thé time of Mr. Wilson’s visit to Sechelt at the end of
May the efficacy of the well-known poisoned bran remedy was
explained and its immediate use was urged. Reporting further
under date of June 19, Mr. Wilson stated, ‘‘I am glad to report
that where my instructions were carried out the cutworms were
destroyed to the extent of 95 to 100 per cent. I asked the Sister
Superior at the school to have the mixture of bran, Paris green.
and molasses, applied and to leave a certain number of check rows
without any treatment. The untreated check rows have been
eaten as bare as the road, not a vestige of plant life remaining, *
while the other rows have not lost a plant since the mixture was
applied.”’

*Both species determined by Mr. W. H. Harrington.

404 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

NEW NORTH AMERICAN PHYCITINA‘

BY WM. BARNES, S.B., M.D., AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D.,
DECATUR, ILL.

Rhodophea bicolorella, sp. nov.

Palpi collar and patagia blue-black, thorax and abdomen
ochreous; primaries with the costo-basal half blue-black, streaked
with pale gray; median area of wing and inner margin broadly
to t. p. line ochreous, shading into ruddy-brown before t. p. line;
terminal area blue-black, sprinkled with pale gray; t. p. line in-
dicated in costal portion as the outer border of dark area, obsolete
in lower half, reniform faintly visible as a large oval filled with
paler shading; t. p. line distinct, black, berdered outwardly by
white line, rigid to vein 5, then slightly bulging and a little irregular
to vein 2, with slight inward angle in fold, preceded by slight dark
shading in costal and central areas; terminal dark line; fringes
smoky. Secondaries hyaline with slight smoky outer border.
Expanse 22 mm.

Habitat.—Christmas, Gila Co., Ariz.; Redington, Ariz. 4 o's.
Types, Coll. Barnes.

The type of maculation is essentially that of hystriculella,
but the ochreous and ruddy central and inner areas render the
species easily recognizable.

Genus Acroncosa, nov. gen. (Type A. albifavella, sp. nov.)

Fore tibia with long inner and short outer claw; o antenne -
ciliate, without scale-tuft but with row of minute scale-ridges on
upper side in basal portion; labial palpi somewhat ascending,
moderate, smoothly scaled; maxillary palpi scaly, appressed,
slightly fan-shaped; primaries 11-veined, 2 and 3 well separated
and sub-parallel, 4 and 5 from a point, 8 and 9 stalked, 10 separate;
secondaries 8-veined, discal vein strongly outcurved, the lower
angle of cell being produced to a point, vein 2 well before this angle,
3 from angle, 4 and 5 long stalked, 4 in line with discocellular, 8
distinct, shortly stalked from 7.

This genus is, as far as we know, the first instance of a Phycid
with clawed fore-tibia, and should be readily recognizable by this

feature.
December, 1917

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 405

—_ ~_--——

A. albiflavella, sp. nov.

Palpi, head and thorax white, patagia orange with a tinge
of this colour on front and on metathorax; primaries white with
sparse black sprinkling; inner margin at base orange; t. a. line a
broad, oblique band of orange with a small, black spot on its inner
side above inner_margin; discal spot distinct, black; t. p. line orange
close to outer margin and subparallel to same, with small, black
costal patch beyond it and faint, black shade preceding it; second-
aries hyaline smoky; fringes white; abdomen ochreous.. Ex-
panse 20mm. _

Habiiat—Loma Linda, S:. Bern. Co., Calif. (July, eve)
Go's; 9-9 ss -Fypes, Coll. Barnes:

We have a number pf specimens from Ft. W ingate, N. M.,
very similar in maculation, but with the primaries much more
heavily sprinkled with gray-black scales; for this apparently
good racial form from the Rocky Mt. region we propose the name
castrella, our types being 3 o's, 4 2’s captured in July-August.

fy

Acroncosa similella, sp. nov.

Very similar to the race casitrella of the preceding species but
larger, with longer primaries which are still more heavily suffused
with blue-black than in castrella; the crange t. a. band is not con-
tinued. to costa but stops at median vein, saa is followed by a
whitish, curved line starting from a similar coloured ccstal blotch
beyond which is a dark, oblique streak; median area heavily shaded
with a very prominent black, elongate discal spot; orange t. p.
line much reduced, defined inwardly by white line preceded by
heavy dark shading; distinct, dark apical dash; secondaries smoky
hyaline with a darker marginal border and white fringes. Ex-
panse 22 mm.

Habiiat—Pyramid -Lake, Nevada (May).‘5 o’s, 2 @’s.
- Types, Coll. Barnes.
We also possess the species from Eureka, Utah, (June 2).

Pyla fasciella, sp. nov.

Head, thorax and primaries deep blue-black with consider-
able bluish iridescence, but with only a trace of the bronze or
green metallic scaling found in scintillans or rainieri; the median
portion of the wing is crossed-by a broad, darker band, showing

406 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

less iridescence, the inner edge of which (t. a. line) is a little less
than half way from base of wing and is rather rigidly oblique
outwardly, the outer edge (t. p. line) is gently rounded outwardly
opposite cell from a point three-quarters from base to apex of
wing; ‘secondaries deep brown with darker fringes. Beneath
unicolorous black-brown, rather shiny. Expanse 21 mm.

Habitat.—Mt. Shasta, Calif. (July 24-31) (McDunnough)
4 o’s,1 9. Types, Coll. Barnes.

This species is the darkest of its group, the lack of bronze or
green scaling and the presence of the darker median band render-
ing it readily distinguishable from its allies; the type specimens
were captured at an altitude of about 7,500 feet in very fresh
condition, so that the general lack of metallic scaling may be
considered normal.

Pyla viridisuffusella, sp. nov.

Head, thorax and primaries heavily suffused with metallic
green scaling, the latter with the cross lines broadly marked in
blackish, t. a. line outwardly oblique, a little irregular, t. p. line
bent somewhat outward beyond cell; at times a faint discal streak
is visible. Secondaries deep black-brown; beneath unicolorous
black-brown. Abdomen and legs with metallic green scaling.
Expanse o1 18 mm., 2 17 mm.

Habitat—Tuolumne Meadows, Calif. (Aug. 1—7) 7 @’s,
4 9’s. Types, Coll. Barnes.

Readily separated from scintillans by its smaller size and
brilliant, green scaling without any of the bronze shades found in
this latter species; it 1s apparently common at high altitudes
throughout the Southern Sierras, as we have a series of it from
Mineral King, Tulare Co., as well as our type lot from the Yose-
mite region.

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF ANTHOMYIIDé -
BY J. R. MALLOCH, URBANA, ILL.

I present herewith a key to the imagines of the subfamilies of
the dipterous family Anthomyiide. The divisions I have adopted
differ very considerably from those of European authors, as one

may gather from either the names or a study of specimens with
December, 1917

\

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 407
the key as a basis. I have in manuscript keys to the genera of
these subfamilies, which I hope soon to publish.

The subfamily divisions here adopted are based upon larval
and pupal as well as imaginal characters.

MALES.

1. Sixth vein very short, seventh bent abruptly forward round
AMEKOF SUED. cs snes. Ss RRR SRE AY a ts Gorrie a Fanniine
— Sixth vein complete or incomplete, seventh never bent abruptly
FDCs PETG Ges Gir) BO) a ee ete ne ere Oe 2
2. Sixth vein complete; under surface of scutellum usually with
soft, upright hairs at apex; hind metatarsus with a strong
bristic’at. base veutrallyenc) oer hoster Anthomyiine
— Sixth vein complete or incomplete; under surface of scutellum
never with hairs at apex; if hind metatarsts has basal
bristle the eyes are widely separated and the frons is parallel-

3. Centre of pteropleura with a conspicuous group of long hairs;
eyes widely separated; palpi conspicuously dilated....Lispine
— Centre of pteropleura without a conspicuous group of hairs....4

4. Eyes usually contiguous or subcontiguous, rarely separated”
by nearly one-third the width of head, if the latter then the-
cruciate frontal bristles are absent; sternopleurals 2 to 4
in number, when 3 are present they are not arranged in a
neanky- equilateral :triancles. ete nce wince See 5

— Eyes separated by at least the width of head, cruciate frontal
bristles present only when the sternopleurals are not ar-
ranged in a nearly equilateral triangle....0.00.0.000.0000ccee 6

5. Fore femora simple; sternopleural bristles almost invariably
3 (1:2) or 4 (2:2) in number; if only 2 (1:1) are present the
prealar bristle is clearly distinguishable.............. Phaontine:

— Fore femora excavated on under surface near apex and with
1 or more stout thorns basad of the excavation, or if the
fore femora are simple the prealar bristle is absent and,
as in the previous group, there are only 2 (1:1) sternopleurals:
[BREET TIC oA OR SR 02 cee ANU AR aE RRS PO it Bee Hydroteine-

408

Ww

a

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
Cruciate frontal bristles present; sternopleurals not in a
nearly equilateral triangle; hind metatarsus with basal
venttal bristle: 4 -)ctetit eae ae eeire eee oon tee Fucelline
Cruciate frontal bristles absent; sternopleurals in a nearly
equilateral triangle; hind metatarsus without basal ventral
DES GIG BS ke Te ee eee ee ae Cenostine

FEMALES

Sixth vein very short, seventh abruptly bent Torward round
apex of sixth; lower orbital bristle directed outward over
Bee Set CO Rennes nce ke RNR ON aT SKE A SS Fanniine
Sixth vein complete or incomplete, seventh not abruptly bent
forward round apex of sixth; lower orbital either directed
forward or inward.......... GES ian Se eee OUR) et RR Re cine de 2
Sixth vein complete; under surface of se trellusn usually with
soft, upright hairs at apex; hind metatarsus with basal
ventral bristle eee te eek Se I ss Anthomviine
Sixth vein complete or incomplete; under surface of scutellum

‘never with soft; upright hairs at; apex ys Accu ee epee ae 3
Ceuciatestrontal- bristles absentt::.; .)24-jcsdeat i fa) an Romee ernie 4
Cruciate jrontalbtistles present..s02% cic tener 6
Pteropleura with a conspicucus group of Piece hairs in

centre: /palpi, muchwdilaved apically. <2 a ae Lis pine
Pteropleura without a conspicuous group of setulose hairs in

CENTTE.. 55) Briere ercctra tac ail sae Wenpeneatece stirred Sie a eee oS D

Sternopleural bristles 2 to 4 in number, if 3 are present they
are never arranged in a nearly equilateral

trianehe soar aise ee Soe en 2 eee Phaoniine, pt.
Sternopleural bristles almost invariably 3 in number, arranged
in a nearly equilateral triangle..............04...00.. Coenosiine
Sixth vein complete; hind metatarsus with strong, basal,
ventral ‘bristle. ..1 0825 128 GELUTD ARNE ACE Patel ae: Fucelline
Sixth vein incomplete; hind metatarsus without distinct basal
ventralbristle 526 ce eer nee ad Bee eee ni ait ere a? €
Sternopleural bristles 2 (1:1) in number; douse: centrals alwavs
Aint number. iri. Jee ee ee Le CL ee Peete -. Hydroteine

Sternopleural bristles 3 (1:2) or 4 (2:2) in number; dorso-
centrale Son 4 bin sum ber ee. ce ee Phaonune, pt.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 409
THE KNOWN NYMPHS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN
SPECIES OF SYMPETRUM (ODONATA).
BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO.

Of the eleven North American species of Sympetrum, generally
recognized, the nymphs of all but two have been reared or de-
termined with practieal certainty. These two are S. ambicuum
(Ramb.) and S. madidum (Hag.). Of the nine others I have ex-
amined nymphs of all except S. corruptum (Hag.) and S. illotum ,
(Hag.). These, however, have been sufficiently described and
figured by Needham! to make possible their inclusion in the key
given below. ‘

In addition to material collected by myself I have examined
a considerable number of specimens kindly lent me by Prof. Need-
ham, and also an exuvia of S. scoticum Donov., with the imago
which emerged from it, found at Red Deer, Alta., by Mr. F. C.
Whitehouse, who kindly gave the specimens to me.

The study of these Sympetrum nymphs has been unusually
difficult, and the results are far from satisfactory. Variation
within the limits of the species is generally so great that it is seem-
ingly impossible, in most cases, to find any constant character
by which a particular species may be recognized with certainty.
For this reason the key which is given here must be used with a
great deal of caution.

I have not included in the key the form which I consider to
be typical S. rubicundulum, as I have not reared it nor seen nymphs
which I could safely assign to this race. I have, however, several
specimens of the nymph of S. rubicundulum decisum (Hag.) from
Prince Albert, Sask., but they differ from Needham’s description
of rubicundulum” in the extreme reduction of the dorsal hooks .
and are readily separated from my nymphs of obtrusuwm. Needham
reared both of these species and found no differences between
them. This matter will be more fully discussed, later.

The nymph of Sympetrum may be characterized as follows:
Head rather large, the width acress the eyes being little less than
that of the abdomen, not more than twice as broad as long; eyes

1 Bull. 68, N. Y. State Mus.. 1903, pp. 271-273, No. 16, 17; Bull. 47, N'Y.
State Mus., 1901, pl. 25, fig. 1. ;
2 Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., 1901, p. 525.
December, 1917 :

410 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

moderately to decidedly prominent; lateral margins very oblique,
curving into the straight, posterior margin with no indication of
an angle. J.abium reaching caudad to the middle coxa, scarcely
longer than broad, the middle lobe obtusangulate, mental sete
usually 13 to 15, lateral sete usually 9-11 but sometimes more,
inner margins of lateral lobes with very low crenulations, the
marginal spinules in groups of 2 to 4, of which one is much the
longest, movable hook slender, rarely more than half the length
of the lateral margin. Abdomen ovate, but little depressed,
broadest at segment 6, narrowed more abruptly caudad than
cephalad; dorsal hooks never present on segs. 1 to 3 nor on 9 and
10, usually shorter than the segments which bear them; lateral
spines on segments 8 and 9 or on 9 only, generally shorter than
their respective segments; superior appendage triangular, but
little longer than broad, acuminate, with *a very slender pointed
apex, lateral appendages about half as long as inferior appendages,
the latter generally acuminate, fine-pointed and decidedly longer
than the superior appendage.

The nymphs of Sympetrum are very like those of Leucorrhinia,
and there seem to be no good characters for separating them
generically. (See Can. Ent., 1916, vol. XLVIII, p. 414.)

KEY TO THE NYMPHS OF NORTH. AMERICAN SPECIES OF
SYMPETRUM.

1. Segs. 8 and 9 with lateral spines, dorsal hooks present (except
in some individuals of S. rubicundulum decisum).................. 2

Seg. 8 without lateral spines, those of seg. 9 vestigial, dorsal
hooks entirely ‘absent::. to... sscccvs.t orca eee 8

to

Dorsal hooks on segs 6-8 as long as the segments which bear
them, lateral spines of segs. 8 and 9 subparallel, those of
seg. 9 as long as the lateral margins of the segment (not
including spine) and reaching back as far as tip of superior
appendage; eyes. prominent.*..:..:... Meee ce ee 3

Dorsal hooks shorter than the segments which bear them;
lateral spines more or less convergent, their outer margins
continuing the general curve of the abdominal margins;
those of seg. 9 shorter than the lateral margins of the seg-

CAN. ENT., VOL. XLIX. PLATE XIX.

NYMPHAL STRUCTURES OF SYMPETRUM.
(See p. 418.)

412 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ment and not reaching as far back as tip of superior ap-
pendage; eyes moderately-prominent.......5...c0..05.0...ccheeeseeeee dees a

3. Lateral spines of seg. 8 scarcely twice, those of seg. 9 21% times,
as long as their basal breadth, outer margins of latter dis-
tinctly incurvate; lateral appendages half as long as the
inferiors, the latter not acuminate........................ semicinctum
Lateral spines of seg. 8 more than twice, those of 9 three times,

as long as basal breadth, outer margins of latter nearly
straight, lateral appendages. less than half as long as the
inferiors, the latter apically acuminate..........2....... vicinum

4. Lateral spines of seg. 9 not less than two-fifths as long as the
lateral margin of the segment, dorsal hooks well developed,
slender and very acute, that of seg. 7 nearly as long as the
mid-dorsal line of the segment, that of 8 usually more than
half as long-as the: seementic% Ses jet eee ee 5
Lateral spines of seg. 9 not more than one-third as long as
the lateral margin of the segment, dorsal! hooks smaller
and when well developed somewhat stouter and distinctly
curved, that of seg. 9 distinctly shorter than the segment,
that of seg. 8 rarely half as long as the segment.................... 6
Base of mentum of labium distinctly broader than middle
coxe and somewhat more than one-fourth the greatest
width; lateral spines of seg. 9 usually at least half as long
as lateral margins of the segment; lateral sete typically

ty eee exe eae Sten camer chs Eanes ene Me tm oh A costiferum
Base of mentum of labium scarcely, if at all, broader than
middle coxze and about one-fourth of the greatest width,
lateral spines cf seg. 9-two-fifths to one-half as long as
lateral margins of the segment; lateral sete typically

sce AO pet aed aes Pele ROeed eed ey ee ee pallipes
6. Dorsal hooks present on segs. 4 to 7 or 8, sometimes absent
from seg. 4 or 8, lateral spines of seg. 9 about one-third

as long as the lateral margins of the segment, lateral sete

On

Dorsal hooks present on segs. 5 to 7 only, vestigial, or absent
altogether, lateral spines of seg. 9 about one-fifth as long
as lateral margins of the segment, lateral sete usually
SAE Sie Saye Rr GNI SE eee OE gt SE rubicundulum decisum

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 413

7. Lateral sete 11, dorsal hooks vestigial or absent from segs.

PANG cea 0 TONes SIEA Be ee ORE otek, Siac HES PG hee scoticum
Lateral sete 9 or 10, dorsal hooks somewhat larger, generally
present, though small, on segs. 4 and 8..........00....... obtrusum

8. Lateral sete 9, mental sete about 13, 7 in the stronger, outer
© LEVER Se ee aa ee a nek Aes ARE et illotum

9. Lateral sete 13-14, mental sete about 17, 9 in the outer
SELES cae Se Bae CE aE eae RR ER Rie. Sore ate A corruptum

Sympetrum semicinctum (Say).

I have seen but one specimen of this species, received from

Prof. Needham. Its characters seem quite distinctive. The

comparatively blunt, inferior appendages distinguish it from all

other species I have seen. It was described and figured by Need-
ham in Bull. 47, N. Y. State Mus., p. 523, pl. 25, f. 2.

Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen).

The prominent eyes, large, dorsal hooks and long, slender
lateral spines render this an easily recognized species. I have
examined a considerable number of specimens from various locali-
ties and have reared it several times, both in Ontario and on
Vancouver Island. It has been described by Needham (Il. c.;
p- 422).

Sympetrum costiferum (Hagen).

This species was described by Needham from a single, some-
what collapsed exuvia. The dorsal hooks on segments 6-8 are
described as being about as long as their respective segments.
They are usually somewhat shorter.

T have not actually reared this species, but I found a freshly-
emerged male with its exuvia in a shallow reed-bed at the edge
of a lake on Gabriola Island, B.C., Aug. 12, 1913. I also found a
number of exuvie on small reeds in a shallow, sand-bottomed
lagoon on the Giant’s Tomb Island, Georgian Bay, Ont., July 29,
1908. Adults of S. costiferum were flying here in abundance. I
have also .a few nymphs dredged from several localities in Georgian
Bay.

The nymph is easily distinguished from that of S. obtrusum
by the larger size and longer lateral spines and dorsal hooks, the

414 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

latter being also straighter and more slender. The lateral sete
vary from 10 to 12, but are 11 in the great majority of cases. The
mental setze vary from 13 to 18 but are usually 14 or 15, with 8
to 10 in the sttonger, outer series.

Fig. 40—Sympetrum pallipes, labium Fig. 41.—Sympeirum costiferum, labium
f of nymph from below. of nymph from below.
Sympetrum pallipes (Hagen).

This species, which I reared in 1913 from nymphs taken from
small pools near Rock City, Vancouver Island, is extremely like
S. costiferum, though the adults are not closely related. It was
described in Can. Ent., 1914, vol. XLVI, p. 373, pl. XXV, Figs.
6-8. The lateral spines of segment 9 are usually, but by no means
always, shorter than in costiferum, and the lateral lobes of the labium
tend to be somewhat more spinulose, the main spinules of the inner
margin being accompanied by two or three smaller ones forming
a graded series. In costiferum these accessory spinules are generally
fewer and shorter, some of the larger ones being single. (See
Can. Ent., loc. cit., pl. XXV, Figs. 8 and 12) but this charac-
ter is too variable to be of much value as a differential. The
labium is somewhat more slender and more narrowed at base,
being similar in form to that of obtruswm. This character is ap-
parently a good one but is difficult to appreciate without examining
good series of both species. The lateral sete are usually 10, some-
times 11; the mental sete vary from 12 to 15.

Judging from my limited experience in collecting the nymphs
of these two species, it would appear that they are ecologically
distinct, costiferum being an inhabitant of shallow, marshy bays

CAN,-ENT.,. VOL... XLIX. PLATE X2.-

14 hod ter”

NYMPHAL STRUCTURES OF SYMPETRUM.
(See p. 418.)

416 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

and lagoons, while pallipes, like its near relative obtrusum, prefers
small, semi-permanent ponds and puddles.
Sympetrum obtrusum (Hagen).

The nymph of obtrusum, of which I have bred several speci-
mens of both sexes, is very like that of pallipes but is somewhat
smaller and the shorter dorsal hooks and lateral spines seem to
be good characters, though the opposite extremes in the two
species approach one another closely. The lateral setz are nor-
mally 10, the basal one being, however, very small and sometimes
absent. The mental sete are usually 12 or 18, occasionally 14.

Sympetrum rubicundulum (Say).

As already mentioned, the nymph of this species has been
described by Needham® and the characters as given in his descrip-
tion apply equally well to S. obtrusum, from which he was unable
to distinguish it. Specimens of nymphs and exuvie from a puddle
at Prince Albert, Sask., where I found S. rubicundulum decisum
(Hag.) emerging, differ from obtrusum in the great reduction or
even absence of the dorsal hooks, and in the smaller lateral spines.
These characters appear to be good but I have only seven speci-
mens, and the variation among them is considerable.

During early July, 1917, I found a number of Sympetrum
nymphs in several small puddles at De Grassi Point, Ont., and be-
fore any of them had emerged, tenerals of S. rubicundulum were
found flying in the vicinity of the puddles. Unfortunately I was
unable to attend properly to the nymphs and only two emerged,
both females. One of them has an exuvia with extremely vestigial
dorsal hooks like the Prince Albert specimens, and the imago
seems to differ in no way from decisum, while the exuvia of. the
other is like obtruswm and the adult is very similar to the former
specimen, but may be obtrusum, for I find it sometimes impossible
to distinguish between the females of these two species.

These difficulties with the nymphs led me to a closer study of
the imagos, with unexpected results. There seem to be two forms
of what we have been calling rubicundulum in Canada and the
Eastern United States. One of these is apparently the same
species as the western decisum, and this is the form of which I
found tenerals emerging at De Grassi Point. It occurs across
Canada from Prince Edward Island to British Columbia. The

3 Wocicitepuben: sc

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 417

other I have from De Grassi Point and Toronto only among Cana-
dian localities and also from Bluffton, Ind., and Cedar Rapids,
Iowa. It may. be only a southern race of the same species, but it
appears to me to be distinct in both sexes from decisum. The
latter is, in some respects, intermediate between the southern
form and obtrusum, but certainly does not intergrade with the
latter. The question of the characteristics and status of these
forms of so-called rubicundulum will be more fully discussed in a
future paper.
Sympetrum scoticum (Donovan).

The exuvia from Red Deer, Alta., already mentioned as hav-
ing been taken by Mr. Whitehouse with the imago is all I have
from North America to represent the nymph of S. scoticum, but I
found this species emerging from a pond in the Harz Mountains,
Germany, in 1906, and have several of the exuvie, though they
are, for the most part, in fragments. In most of these there is a
minute denticle to represent the dorsal hook of segment 8, but in
one of them and in the Red Deer specimen there is no indication
whatever of this structure. There is some variation also in the
length of the lateral spines, one of them having them scarcely
longer than in the Prince Albert specimens of decisum. It is very
probable that no external characters exist by which scoticum and
decisum can be separated with certainty. The number of lateral
seta is normally 11, sometimes 12, and the mental seta vary from
13 to 15, with 7 to, 9 in the outer series.

The colour pattern, as in most species of Sympetrum is very
indistinct and offers no characters of any value.

Sympetrum illotum (Hagen).

The nymph of this western species has not been fully de-
scribed, but a figure is given by Needham,* who has also noted®
the chief characters by which it may be distinguished from its
nearest relative, S. corruptum.

Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen).

The nymphal characters of this species have been desc ribed
by Needham® from specimens taken in transformation by Prof.
T. D. A. Cockerell at Boe Ariz., and Las Vegas, N. M.

4 Loc. cit. ole 2D», fe.
5 Bull. 68, Oe oe Mus., p. 272, 1903.
6 oc: cit.; p. 271; fig. 16:

418 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XIX AND XX.

Fig. 1—8.—Apical abdominal segments of Sympetrum nymphs
dorsal view. 1, S. semicinctum; 2, S. vicinum; 3, S.
costiferum,; 4, S. pallipes; 5, S. obtrusum; 6, S. rubicundu-
lum decisum; 7, S. scoticum; (Red Deer, Alta.); 8, S.
scoticum (Harz Mts., Germany.)

Fig. 9—14.—Left lateral view of abdomen of Sympetrum nymphs.

9, S. vicinum; 10, S. costiferum; 11, S. pallipes; 12,
S. obtrusum; 18, S. scoticum; 14, S. rubicundulum
decisum.

Figs. 15—19.—Dorsal view of head of Sympetrum nymphs. 15, S.
semicinctum; 16, S. vicinum; 17, S. pallipes; 18, S.
scoticum; 19, S. rubtcundulum decisum.

OBSERVATIONS. ON CHIRONOMUS DECORUS
JOHANNSEN.*
BY CHI PING, ITHACA, N.Y.

Chironomus decorus Johannsen is a common species found ~
about Ithaca. The larva, pupa, and imago have been described f
but its egg stage was missing, and its habits and development
were hitherto unknown. The present work records my observa-
tions made in the summer of 1915.

Flying and mating.—The adults begin to swarm at sunset
and continue into the twilight. At first one or two come out from
the grasses, rushes and sedges growing along the shores of pools
or ponds where they spent the day. They fly very slowly at
first. Later on, as more and more come out and join them, they
beconte more active. As the nightfall commences they can only
be'seen outlined against the sky. A swarm is often found over-
head, from 10 to 15 feet above the ground. The swarm continues
to increasé in size, until a column may be formed about 5 feet in
height and 1 foot in diameter, with its base about 5 feet above the
ground.

While engaged in dancing, all the midges have their heads

pointing in the same direction, with their bodies moving back

and forth and up and down, sometimes with great rapidity. The

*Contribution, from the Limnological Laboratory of Cornell University,
ithaca; N.Y.
+Johannsen, O. A., Bull. 867 N. Y. State Mus., p. 239.
December, 1917 :

colour of the insects is much lighter than that of other species

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _419

of the same size so they may be easily recognized upon the wing.
From time to time females appear in the swarm. The male
chases the female in a spiral course, the two together appear like
a single individual. Instead of dropping down, as some species
do, they mate in their spiral course toward the summit of the column
where they are lost to sight. From the beginning of mating till
they disappear in the darkness it requires about 3 minutes.

Oviposition and eggs.—Observations were made during the
night of July 30, 1915, on some captured individuals. Oviposition
took place about 5.45 a.m. The female alighted on a leaf of
Elodea, raising her abdomen by drawing the hind legs close to
each other, then flexed her abdomen with its tip pointing down-
ward. On touching the leaf surface several times with the tip
of the abdomen, some transparent globules were exuded. This
was repeated after short intervals, and finally the abdomen was
bent in a greater degree and its tip was pointing forward so as
to touch the hind legs. The space between the abdomen and
femora was about .5 to 1 mm. Suddenly a brown egg-mass was
extruded and deposited on the hind femora. This mass was much
condensed. The femora remain together to hold the mass on the
dorsal side for 2 or 3 minutes after oviposition was accomplished ;
then by spreading the legs apart the egg-mass was thrown down
on the side of the glass container. The mass gradually expanded,
becoming fully distended upon touching the water. Later an-
other egg-mass was found that had been dropped on an Elodea
leaf by another female kept under similar conditions. The egg
clusters collected at the shores of pools and ponds were found
resting on the bottom in shallow water, floating below the surface
or attached to some aquatic plants, depending on how the female

' throws the mass from her hind legs.

Each egg measures about .33 mm. long, and .12 mm. broad.
It is more or less cylindrical at the middle and round at both
ends. Its colour is pale brown, lighter than the eggs of other
species, which I have observed, and-hardly changes at all from
the time when it is first laid until hatched. It has been estimated
that there are about 700 eggs on the average in the whole cluster.
The cluster averages 9 mm. in length and 5 mm. in width, slightly

420 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

elongated in an oval shape and a little arcuated. At one end of
the cluster the gelatinous structure extends into a handle-like
projection which is supposed the last portion of the egg-mass.
Usually this cord is found to be much twisted and coiled. The
unfertilized eggs remain undeveloped (Pl. X XI, fig. 1).

It was often noted that. before the fertilized eggs begin to
develop, 3 or 4 of them in the cluster were attacked by fungus.
The fungous filaments growing on them look like the tentacles of
hydra and sometimes become extremely elongated, branching out
to connect other eggs nearby in the gelatinous mass. They re-
semble a network, but are irregularly arranged. This growth
checks the development of the eggs and destroys all the substance
of them. The fungous disease generally starts from one or two
eggs, gradually affecting more eggs and finally destroying the whole
mass.

Larva.—When newly hatched, the pale, gray larva measures
8 mm. in length, with its head disproportionally large. The
anterior and anal prolegs are short and stout, the claws of the lat-
ter pale and transparent. The body segments are not distinct.
At this stage there are no appendages at all on the ventral sur-
face of the eleventh segment, while on the caudal end of the twelfth
segment there are but two gills. A median tuft of hairs occurs
on the dorso-caudal portion of the twelfth segment (Fig. 4).

Later when the larva has attained the size of 1 to 1.5 mm.
in length the head is more or less reduced in proportion, the body
segments are more distinct and two more blood gills have grown
out on the last segment.

When 3 mm. in length, the larva has assumed the general
form of a fully grown individual. The body is now much larger
in proportion to the head; the mandibles are slightly blackened
at their tips, the eye-spots are black instead of red and the head
darker. The curved hairs and claws on the prolegs are well de-
veloped and more distinct. One of the most noticeable changes
in the young larva now is that the blood gills on the ventral sur-
face of the eleventh segment are just budding out. The colour
of the larva has now become pink.

The colour of the larva becomes red when it is about 5 mm.
long. Excepting for the short gills curled together on the eleventh

=

AN. ENT., VOL: XLIX, PLATE XXI.

Ze
CHIRONOMUS DECORUS JOHANNSEN. (See p. 418.)

422, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

_—_—_ -—-.

segment, the larva resembles a fully grown one in every respect.
The head is brownish, and when the larva attains a length of 8 mm.,
setee have developed on it. There are a few sete found on the
first thoracic segment and the blood gills now hang straight down
on the ventral side (Fig. 5).

At maturity the larva measures 11 to 12 mm. in length.
The ventral blood gills are about 2 mm. long and longer than the
anal legs or any of the body segments. Just prior to pupation
the first and second thoracic segments become much swollen.

Growth of Larve.—The young larve emerged from eggs were
placed in the individual test-tubes containing about 4 or 5 cm.
of water. These test-tubes were placed obliquely in a dish im-
mersed in water for about half their length to insure uniformity
of temperature. They were exposed to sunlight during several
hours of the day. Fresh food material and fresh water were added
from time to time. A larva which had hatched on August 11,
measured .8 mm. in length. On Aug. 19, it was 4 mm.; Sept.
4;°6'mm.; Sept. 11,.7to 7.5 mm-; Sept. 16,-9.5-ram> 7 Dhe average
room temperature was 18 to 19 degrees C. A second larva from
another egg was hatched on Aug. 15; on Sept. 11 it measured 7
to-7.5 mm.; Sept. 16, 11 mm; five days later it pupated. The
average room temperature was the same’as above. A third. one
hatched on Sept. 23; on Oct. 1 it reached 1.5 mm.; Oct. 11, 6 mm.;
Oct. 28, 10.5 mm. The average room temperature was 10 to 11
degrees C. A fourth one hatched on Oct. 1; on Oct. 8 it measured
1 to 1.5 mm.; Nov. 21, 10.56 mm. The average room temperature
was 7 to 8 degrees C.

The larval stage under the conditions stated lasts from 32
to 53 or more days. It is evident from the above that low tempera-
ture retards development. In the laboratory the reared larve
were fed upon the finely ground leaves of Potamogetons and of
leaves and stems of Elodea. Under the microscope I have ob-
served a young larva of about 3.5 to 4 mm. long that had swallowed
a piece of Spirogyra which filled up almost two-thirds of its ali-
mentary canal.

Larve Living Outside of Water.—The larve of C. riparius
have been found to be able to live in mud for a considerable length
of time after the water is gone. Similarly the larve of C. decorus

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 423

can subsist without water, provided the condition is not too dry.
In the laboratory I have some fully grown larve which had made
their cases with their secretion and plant materials on the wall of
glass containers when the water was present. Upon removal of
the water they continue to live in their cases for almost a month
until entirely dry.

Pupa.—Upon pupation the larval skin ‘splits along the mid-
dorsal line of the thorax, a part of the pupal thorax will emerge
first, and the horn-shaped processes on the top of the head, the
compound eyes, a part of the antenne, and the tracheal filaments
are now outside the skin. As the development advances, the skin
splits further along the dorsal surface, a part of the pupa’s body
emerges, the compound eyes soon appear in a perfect shape, the
tracheal filaments longer, and the legs of the imago have their
claws, hairs and segments all visible through the transparent
pupal sheath (Fig. 4).

Finally matured, its tracheal filaments are very bushy and-
white, and its antenne brownish black. The abdomen is con-
tracted within the pupal skin, leaving the last two segments empty.
The genitalia of the adult are visible through the transparent
skin. The mature pupa measures about 7 mm. in length and now
becomes very active, swimming tadpole-like under the surface of
water and moving its depressed abdomen very rapidly back and.
forth. The thorax closely touches the surface film with the res-
piratory filaments slightly indenting it. The anal appendages
are much flattened and have matted hairs. well developed for
locomotion. While floating against the surface film it resembles
in habit the mosquito wriggler. Sometimes it lies stationary be-
neath the surface.

Emergence of Adult.—The pupal skin splits longitudinally
down the dorsum of the thorax. The head of the adult is pulled
backwards and upward, and the mouth-parts, palpi and antenne
gradually emerge. The base of the wings and the legs soon ap-
pear. When the front and middle pairs of legs are freed, or almost
so, the fly, in trying to raise its body, has its wings immediately
straightened out. At this time a greater portion of the posterior
legs and the entire abdomen are still retained within the pupal
covering. The posterior extremity of the abdomen is always

>

424 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

freed last. The time required for a fly to free itself usuaily dces
not exceed one-quarter of a minute, and frequently it has been
found that the extrication is accomplished within 4 or 5 seconds.
It may even further be hastened if the water is suddenly jarred.
In that case the adult can cast off the pupal skin in one second.
Sometimes the fly fails to get out of the pupal covering, on account
of pulling out the tip of the abdomen too soon. There is a natural
order for the extrication of the different parts of the insect’s body
as mentioned above, any departure from which will result fatally.

Experiments Upon the Longevity of the Adults.—The following
experiments were performed on the imagines reared in the labora-
tory. The imagines were confined immediately after their escape
from the pupal skin. Their confinement was near a window where
they were exposed to the sunlight during several hours of the day
and care had been taken against excessive heat:

1. An imago was kept in a bell jar under which some lumps
of CaCle were placed. The humidity inside was reduced prac-
tically to zero. The fly lived therein for only 24 hours. (Sept.
23-24).

II. An imago was kept in a jar in which the moisture was
maintained in a moderate condition through the evaporation of
the water in a small dish placed underneath. It lived for 45
hours. (Sept. 23-25.)

IiI. An imago was kept in a jar in which the moisture was
maintained to saturation by keeping Elodea and Sphagnum, un-
derneath by sticking a few pieces of fully saturated blotting paper
to the inner surface of the glass and by wetting the cheese-cloth
that covered the top from time to time. The fly favoured by such
condition lived for six days. (Sept. 23-29).

~ Under natural conditions, in the day time they are found in
the grasses, rushes and sedges growing on the shore in moist situa-
tions, and consequently, there is eyery reason to believe that the
imagines may survive much longer in such places than in con-
_ finement. :

Effect of Low Temperature, Wind and Smoke upon C. decorus.—
The imagines behave themselves very much like other insects with
regard to their activity under varying conditions of temperature.
In the summer season, if it has been a clear, hot day, they are

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 425

always found swarming actively above pools, streams, lake-shores,
and also above roadsides during sunset, but in cold weather the
swarm is not likely to be seen and their activities have evidently
been checked by the low temperature. On Aug. 27, at 5.30 a.m.,
when the temperature was about 5 degrees C., I observed imagines
torpid and unable to fly even when disturbed. On slightly windy
evenings, the swarm either does not occur or has a very short
duration. Smoke has the same effect on a swarm. It has been
found several times that in the Cascadilla Gorge the swarm was
often dispelled by smoke from camp-fires even when at a consider-
able distance.

Number of Generations.—My observations made in the sum-
mer and fall of 1915 indicate that probably five generations may
be developed in this locality. | The number of generations was de-
termined by the finding of egg-masses in ponds and dishes from
time to time. The first appearance of egg-masses was in May
and the first two weeks of June, the second in the last part of July,
the third in the second week of August, the fourth in the first two
weeks of September and the fifth in the middle of October.

Enemies.—The midge is apt to be attacked by enemies through-
out all the stages in its life-history. The eggs are attacked by the
fungous disease as already mentioned. I have observed a young
larva preyed upon by a Cyclops. The crustacean held up the
thorax. of the little larva with its mouth-parts and gnathopods,
sucking out the body fluids. After a while, the Cyclops shifted
its mouth-parts toward the caudal end. By so doing, within ten
minutes, the entire body of the larva was emptied of its contents.
At this point another Cyclops came to participate in this work
and wrested the prize away from the original possessor.

I have occasionally witnessed bats which preyed upon the
~adults by flying across the swarm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1.. Burrill, A.C. Z
1913. Economic and Biologic Notes on the Giant Midge
(Chironomus plumosus Meigen). Bull. of the Wis.
Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. X, Nos. 3-4, pp. 124-163.

426 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

2. Johannsen, O. A.
1903. Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera. N. Y. State Museum,
Bull. 68.

3. Malloch, J. R.
1915. The Chironomide of Illinois. Bull. of Ill. State Lab.
of Nat. Hist., Vol. X, pp. 472~474.

42> Miall eG. and Hammond As oR:
1900. The Structure and Life-history of the Harlequin Fly
(Chironomus dorsalis).

Moore, E.
1915. The Potamogetons in Relation to Pond Culture, Bull.
Bur. of Fisheries. Vol. XX XIII, pp. 284-285.

(by |

6. Needham, J. G.;Morton, K. J., and Johannsen, O. A.

1905. Maytlies and * Midgés “in New: York State..~ N.Y.
State Museum Bull. 86, pp. 239-241, pl. 23, fig. 7-13;
pl. 29, fig. 12: :

~I

Needham, J. G.
1908. Aquatic Insects of Walnut Lake. A Biological Sur-
very of Walnut Lake, Mich. Rept. of Biol. Sur. of
State of Mich., pp. 252-262.

8. Needham, J. G., and Lloyd, J. T.
1916. Life of inked Waters, pp. 227-230.

9. Tilbury, M. R.

1913. Notes on Feeding and Rearing of the Midge, -Chi-
ronomous cayuge Johannsen. Jour. New York Ent.
Soc., Vol. X XI, pp., 305-309.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

Fig. 1—Fertilized egg beginning to develop.

Fig. 2—Young larva just hatched with only two anal gills.
Fig. 3.—Mature larva.

Fig. 4.—Pupa.

Fig, 5.—Adult male.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 427
LEGCEOTY PES] Ob .2CEE-SoPECLES.” OF; HYMENOPTERA
(EXCEPT APOIDEA) DESCRIBED BY ABBE
~PROVANCHER.

BY A. B. GAHAN AND S. A. ROHWER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
WASHINGTON, D. C.

(Continued from page 400.)

Figites inermis. Type.—Female, yellow label 619. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus. Quebec.

Formica pallitarsis. Type.—yYellow label 925. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair.

Galesus quebecensis. Type.—Yellow label 912. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Glypta californica. Type.—Female, white label 8, yellow
label 1292. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Glypta ruficornis. Type.—Male, yellow label 490. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Bears name label Glypta macra
Cress.

Glypta rugulosa. Type.—Yellow label 986. 2nd _ Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Thorax and wings present.

Glypta tricincta. Type.—Not located.

Gonatopus decipiens. Type.—Yellow label 1332. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Badly glued.

Gorytes armatus. Type.—Male, old rose label 256(s), blue
label 845(s), yellow label 1484. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Gorytes eximius. Type.—Male, white label 29(s), yellow
label 1436. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Gorytes laticinctus. Type.—Not located. » Probably re-
turned to collector.

Gorytes maculatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 1726.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Gorytes ruficornis. Type.—Female, white label 36(s),
yellow label 1435. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Haltichella viridis. Type.—Blue label 110(s); yellow, 1394.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Hedylus politus. -Type.—See Introduction (Opiine).

Helorus paradoxus. Type.—Female, -yellow label 971.
December, 1917

428 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks head. Paratype in good

condition.

Hemiteles aciculatus. Type.— Male, Harrington Coll.
Pink label ““P. 426.” Lacks right antenna and apex of left.

Hemiteles caudatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 306.
Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks abdomen.

Hemiteles crassus. Type.—Male, yellow label 720. - 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Some tarsi gone.

Hemiteles debilis. Type.—Harrington Coll. One antennz
gone, other broken at apex. |

Hemiteles declivus. Type.— Female, Harrington Coll.
Antenne gone. Paratype.—Old rose label 33, yellow label 1199.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Hemiteles depressus. Type.—Not located.

Hemiteles gigas. Type.—Male, Harrington Coll. Pink
label ‘“‘P. 411.”

Hemiteles humeralis. Type.—Female, yellow label 233.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Hemiteles longicornis. Type.—Female, yellow label 671.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Hemiteles mandibularis. Type.—Female, yellow label
307. 1st Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Hemiteles mucronatus. Type.—Male, blue label 213,
yellow label 1198. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks left fore
wing.

Hemiteles nigricans. Type.—Male, yellow label 673. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Apices of antenne gone, wings crumpled.

Hemiteles orbicularis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Stilpnus americanus Prov.

Hemiteles ovalis. Type.—Female, yellow label 316. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks right and apex of left antenna.
Allotype.—Not located.

Hemiteles pallipennis. Type.—Female, yellow label 672.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks left antenna and apex of
right. Allotype.—In good condition, without labels. 2nd Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Hemiteles parvus. Type.—Male, yellow label 226. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair.

~

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 429

Hemiteles ruficoxus. Type.—Female, yellow label 228.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Some verdigris.

Hemiteles scabrosus. Type.—Female, yellow label 225.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apex of right flagellum.

Hemiteles semifurus. Type.—Female, yellow label 314.
Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Without head.

Hemiteles sessilis. Type —Female, yellow label 309. Ist
Coll. Pub Mus., Quebec.

Hemiteles subspinosus. Type.—Female, Yellow label 232.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus , Quebec. Lacks antenne.

Hemiteles tener. Type.—Male, yellow label 311. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Somewhat damaged.

Hemiteles utilis. Type.—See H. depressus Prov.

_Herpestomus pyriformis. Type.—Female, yellow label
200. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Heteropelma longipes.Type.—Cat. No. 1966, U. S. Nat.
Mus.

Holcopelte albipes. Type.—Yellow label 1378; blue 774(s).
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Fair.

Hoplismenus impar. Type.—Pub. Mus., Quebec. Data
not obtained.

Hoplismenus scutellatus. See [chneumon.

Hoplismenus stygicus. Type.—Not located, probably re-
turned to collector.

Hoplisus angustus. Type.—Male, yellow label 1688. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Hoplocampa canadensis. See Selandria.

Ichneumon absconditus. Type.—Male, yellow label 1210.
Mus. Pub. Instruction, Quebec. Right antenna broken, left fore
wing missing, thorax crushed but complete, hind tarsi broken, 3
basal joints of right present.

Ichneumon adjunctus. Type.—Female, blue label 93, yel-
low label 1189? (or one hundred and eighty-nine). 2nd Coll. Pub.
Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon zqualis. Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under A mblyteles nubivagus Cress.

Ichneumon annulatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 211.
Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right antenna broken off at scape.

430 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Ichneumon approximans. Type.—Male, old rose label 31,
yellow label 1193. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichnuemon aterrimus. Type.—Not in Quebec or Ottawa.
Probably returned to collector.

Ichneumon bimaculatus. Type.—Male, blue label 380,
yellow label 1580. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right antenna,
front legs, left middle leg and left hind wing missing.

Ichneumon bimembris. Tyvpe.—Female, yellow label 99.
Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon calcaratus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Hoplismenus morulus Say.

Ichneumon caudatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 139.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Verdigris. ~

Ichneumon cervulus. Type.—Male, yellow label 134.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon cinctipes. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under J. navus. One specimen female, yellow label 161.
Ist Coll. Pub., Mus.,. Quebec.

Ichneumon cinctitarsis. Type.—Male, yellow label 112.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right antenna missing.

Ichneumon citatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 162. Ist
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks right antenna.

Ichneumon citrinus. Type.—Female, Harrington Coll.
Antenne and wings on one side gone, abdomen broken off, mounted
on label.

Ichneumon clapini. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Ichneumon mualvus.

Ichneumon cressoni. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under J. velox Cress.

Ichneumon decoratus. Type.—Male, yellow label 135.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right antenna broken. ,

Ichneumon erythropygus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus.,
Quebec, unless under Platylabus thoracicus Cress.

Ichneumon fortis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, un-
less under Ichneumon centrator Say.

Incheumon hesitans. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec;
unless under Ichneumon funestus Cress.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 431

Ichneumon humilis. Type.—Female, yellow label 138.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antennae gone.

Ichneumon lachrymans. Type.—Male, yellow label 136.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon lividulus. Type.—Female, yellow label 144.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon lobatus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Ichneumon duplicatus Say.

Ichneumon magdalensis. Type.—Not located.

Ichneumon marianapolitanensis. Type.—Not in Pub.
Mus., Quebec, unless under A mblyteles rufizonatus Cress.

Ichneumon mellicoxus. Tyvpe.— Not in Pub. Mus.,
Quebec, unless under Ichneumon. puerilis Cress.

Ichneumon mucronatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 214.
1st Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne, left front wing, hind legs,
median tarsus on right leg, left anterior tibiz and tarsi missing.

Ichneumon nigripes. Type.—Male, yellow label 987. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken near middle. -

Ichneumon nigrovariegatus. Type.—Female vellow label
137. 2nd Col'. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right antenna except scape
gone, left antenna broken off near middle, abdomen glued on.

Ichneumon nitidus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under A mblyteles electus Cress.

Ichneumon ontariensis. Type.—Male, yellow label 1191,
pink label 30. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon paradoxus. Type.—Not located.

Ichneumon pilosulus. Type.—Female, yellow label 168.
Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken (one at 4th joint
and one at middle) and left hind leg gone.

Ichneumon placidus. Type.—Male, yellow label 142. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon pomilius. Type.—Male, yellow label 123.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon proximus. Type.—Female, yellow label 163.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon quadripunctatus. Type.—Not located. Proba-
bly overlooked in Harrington Coll.

Ichneumon saguenayensis. Type.—Not located.

432 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST '
SSS i Nt SOE RE I SY Pd
Ichneumon scutellatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 167.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right antenna and right hind
tarsus gone.
Ichneumon similaris. Type.—Male, yellow label 113.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon stygicus. Type.—Yellow label 167. Ist Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon trizonatus. Type.—Male, yellow label 118.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. :

Ichneumon ustus. Allotype.—Male, yellow label 510.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Ichneumon vagans. Type.—Yellow label 170. Ist Coll.
Pub. Mus., Quebec. Apex of right antenna gone.

Ichneumon vancouverensis. Type.—Ent. Branch, Dept.
Agr., Ottawa.

Ichneumon varipes. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Jchneumon w-album Cress.

Ichneumon vescus. Type.—Male, yellow label 122. “2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Iphiaulax americanus. Type.—Female, yellow label 1566.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Left fore wing loose.

Iphiaulax ornatus. Type.—Female, yellow label 542. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. ;

Ischnus impressus. See Phygadeuon.

Ischnus lentus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus. of Quebec un-
less under Cryptus limatus Cress.

Ischnus parvus. See Hemiteles.

Ischnus placidus. Type.—Not in Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Phygadeuon rectus Prov.

Ischnus pyriformis. See Herpestomus.

Ischnus ruficornis. See Phygadeuon.

Ischnus scutellatus. See Platylabus.

Ischnus variegatus. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec,
unless under Ichneumon w-album Cress.

Isostasius canadensis. Type.—Not located.

Joppa canadensis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec, un-
less under Ichneumon insolens Cress.

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 433

Labidia columbiana. Type.—Pin with yellow label 1152.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Specimen has been destroyed.

Lampronota albifacies. Type.—yYellow label 409. Name
label Lampronota pleuralis. Cress. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Proved by Prov. catalogue.

Lampronota humeralis. Type.—Male, yellow label 417.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks antenne.

Lampronota marginata. Type.—Female, yellow label 954.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Lampronota nigricornis. Type.—Female, yellow label 501.
Ist Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks apical half of right antenna.

Lampronota nigripes. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Probably returned to collector.

Lampronota rufipes. Type.—Provancher did not describe
this as a new species. Two females, Pub. Mus., Quebec. One,
yellow label 503, Ist Coll.; other, yellow label 532, 2nd Coll. Both
under name label Lampronota rufipes Cress.

Larra minor. Type.—Male, “blue label 77(s), yellow label
1430. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Larra quebecensis. Type.—Not located.

Larra rufipes. Type.—Female, white label 99(s); yellow
label 1715. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.

Leptobates canadensis. Type.—Not in Pub. Mus., Que-
bec, unless under Phygadeton signatus Prov.

Leptothorax canadensis. Type.—Not located.

Limneria argentea. Type.—Female, yellow label 471.
2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Antenne broken at tip, median
and hind legs on left gone at coxe.

Limneria basilaris. Type.—Male, yellow label 449. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Right antenna and left median leg
missing.

Limneria brevicauda. Type.—Female, blue label 252 (ap-
parently, blotted), yellow label 1221. 2nd Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec.
Left antenna gone at scape. .

Limneria clavata. Type.—Female, yéllow label 301. 2nd
Coll. Pub. Mus., Quebec. Lacks left antenna at scape, right at
apex, anterior and median legs on left.

(To be continued)

434 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

THE SECONDARY HOST: OF MYZUS GERASE

BY W. A. ROSS, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND
STATION, ONT.

On looking over some of the recent literature dealing with
Myzus cerast, the well known cherry aphis, we find that a difference
of opinion exists among entomologists as to whether the species
is migratory. Crosby (1) considers that the question is unsettled.
Sanderson (2) and O’Kane (3) say that so far as known the cherry:
aphis has only one food plant. Gillette (4) states definitely that
M. cerasi lacks the alternating food habit. .On the other hand,
Quaintance and Baker (5) claim that the species is migratory.
How are we to account for these apparently conflicting statements?
Is it possible that the species is partially monophagous and partially
migratory? Our observations lead us to believe that it is. Apterous
forms reside throughout the season on the primary host—cherry—
and in addition alate, produced during the summer, migrate to and
establish colonies on a secondary host. In Ontario, according to
our observations, the favourite alternate host is wild peppergrass,
Lepidium apetalum. We have made several collections of cerasi
from this weed and in migratory tests we have repeatedly been
successful in transferring the louse from the cherry to the wild
peppergrass. No doubt other crucifers serve as summer hosts.
In our insectary experiments we have succeeded in establishing
colonies of cerasi on Capsella bursa-pastoris, Brassica arvensis, and.
-Erysimum cheiranthoides, but so far these results have not been
verified in the field.

LITERATURE CITED.
1. Shngerland and Crosby. Manual of Fruit Insects, p. 312.
2. Sanderson, E. D. Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard,
p. 666.
3. O'Kane, W. C.. Injurious Insects, p. 318

4. Gillette, C. P. The Monthly Bulletin of State Commission of
Horticulture, California, Vol. VI, No. 2, p. 63.

Quaintance and Baker. Farmers’ Bulletin 804, U.S. Dept. of

Agr., p: 24.
December, 1917

wy |

Index to Volume XLIX.

Acantholyda ferruginea, n. sp., 192.
Achrysocharella albitibie, n. sp., 359.
Acroncosa, n. gen., 404.

: albiflavella, n. sp., 405.
similella, n. sp., 405.
Aéshna, Red Deer species of, 99.
Agonoderus indistinctus, 138.

Agrilus burkei, n. sp., 287.
AINSLIE, C. N., article by, 93.
ALEXANDER, C. P., articles by, 22, 61,

199.

Allopoda arizonica, n. sp., 359.

californica, n. sp., 399.

2 lutea, 359.

Amphibolips nigra, 348.
Amphrophora cicale, ites s\Sley alle
Anchonus duryi, 279,

Andricus castanopsidts, n. sp., 345,

“ dugest, n. sp., 347
gemmiformis, n. sp., 346.
myrtifolie, n. sp., 346.
Anthidium chubuti, 252.

rubripes, 252.
Anthomyid, a new maritime, 148.
Anthomyiide, key to subfamilies of,

406.

Antocha monticola, n. sp., 23.
Aphid genera, two new, 193.
Aphidide, sensory structures in, 378.
Apple leaf mites, -185.
Apple maggot in British Columbia, 329
Areoncus patellatus, n. sp., 262.
Argynnis, species in America of, 342.
Arhipis lanieri, 239.
Arrhenoplita ferruginea, 276.
Arthmius gracilior, 139.
A spidaphis, n. gen.. 196.

polygoni, n. sp., 196.

ac

ae

Bactridium californicum, n. sp., 169.

BAKER, A. C., articles by, 1, 378.

BaARNEs, W.,
articles by, 320, 371, 404.

Bees, collecting, 113.

Bees, some Euglossine, 144.

Bees, some _ neotropical
252.

Bembicine of Nebraska, 285.

BETHUNE, C. J. S., articles by, 37, 153.

BEUTENMULLER, WM., article by, 345.

Bicyrtes, Nebraska species of, 286.

Bindweed prominent, 280.

Biocrypta magnolia, n. sp., 236,

Biorhiza cepulzformis, 348.

Brrp, HENRY, article by, 121.

and McDunnouau, J.,

Megachilid,

Blaberus discoidalis, 295.
Blapstinus aciculus, n. sp., 275.

BLATCHLEY, W. = articles by, 137,
236, 272.

Booxk NOTICES:
Aldrich’s Sarcophagide of N.
America, 34.
BARNES’ and McDuNNouGuH’s

Checklist of N. American Lepi-
doptera, 219.
CALVERT’S Year of
Natural History, 255.
Heparn’s Blattide of N. Americ a,
363.
Proceedings of the Entomological
Society of Nova Scotia, 292.
Van Duzee’s Checklist
American Hemiptera, 33.
VIERECK’s Hymenoptera of Con-
necticut, 362.
WALSINGHAM’S Lepidoptera—Het-
erocera, Vol. IV, Biologia Centrali-
Americana, 31.
Brachyopa daeckei, n. sp., 360.
diversa, n. sp., 361.
flavescens, 362.
key to eastern species of,
360.
_ media, 362.
Brittain, W. H., articles by, 149, 186.
Bumble-bees, cleaning, 291.
Butterflies, two new Californian, 349.
CAESAR, L., article by, 17.
Carebara californica, n. sp., 357.
Caterpillars, death-feigning instinct of,
999

ae

Cebrio mandibularis, 142.
Ceutorhynchus convextpennis, n. sp.,

Costa Rica

of N.

Ceutorhynchus echinatus, n. sp., 386,

zr INVISUS, N.-SP., 388.
OmtsSUS, N. SDs 388.
Chetocnema brunnescens, 2 275.
Chalcid-fly, a new West Indian, 356.
Chalcoscirtus carbonarius, n. sp., 271.
CHAMBERLIN, W. J., articles byaroze

353.

Chionea gracilis, n. sp., 205.

““ noveboracensts, n. sp., 205.
primitiva, n. sp., 204.
Chironomus decorus, habits and _ life-

history of, 418.

Chlorophorus annularis, 239.
Cholus forbesii, 296.
Chrysobothris chrysoela, 239.

ac

“a

456

’
Cicadellide, additions to list of Mis-

souri, 75.

COCKERELL, T. D. A. articles by, 144,

212, 252.

Ccenagrion angulatum, 98.
2 resolutum, 98.
Coleoptera from drift-line of L. Michi-

Pails ee
Coleoptera from west coast of Florida,

137, 236.

Coleoptera, new, 163, 385.
Colopha, sensory structures in, 384.
Conotrachelus biscaynensis, n. sp., 385.
2 maritumus, n. sp., 278.
obesus, n. sp., 386.
Cerdulia shurtleffi, 100.
Cornifrons pulveralis, 374.
CRAMPTON, G. C., articles by, 213.
Crane-flies, new nearctic, 22, 61, 199.
CRIDDLE, N., article by, 77.
Cryphalus amabilis, n. sp., 321.

“ grandis, n. sp., 323.
Crypleria americana, n. sp., 29.
Cuckoo-flies, death-feigning instinct of,

999
Cutworm, a little known; 401.
Cynipide, new, 345.

Cytorrhinus caricis, 250.

‘ic

Death-feigning instinct, the, 221.
Delphax maidis, synonymy of, 147.
Dendroctonus, Oregon species of, 323.
Dermestes elongatus, 141.
Dialyta flavitibia, 148.
Diasemia disputalis, n. sp., 373.
e elegantalis, 373.
DICKERSON, EDGAR L., WEtss, H. B.
and, article by, 104.
Dicranomyia melleicauda, n. sp., 22.
Dicyphus luridus, n. sp., 218.
Ss prasinus, n. sp., 218.
Diplostyla brevipes, n. sp., 267.
a tnornata, n. sp., 266.
keentt, n. sp., 967.
Disonycha abbreviata leptolineata, n.
var., 143.
Don, F. H. W., articles by, 81, 240.
Dolichopedide, new N. American
species of, 337.
Dragonflies of the
trict, 96.
Dragonflies from
Island, 117.
Dragonflies, season irregularities in oc-

6

Red Deer Dis-

Prince Edward

currence of, 171.

Drepanaphis, sensory structures in,
a
379.

INDEX TO VOLUME XLIX

Dryoccetes pseudotsuge, 324.
Dryophanta floridensis, n. sp., 349.
DuportE, E. M., article by, 221.
Dysstroma, the genus, 64.
citrata, 65.
mulleoata, 69.
S aby: ochrofuscaria,
nov., 70.
Dysstroma mulleolata ab. subumbrata,
nov.,

“ce

Eccoptogaster, Oregon species of, 325.
Egesta, characters and synonymy of,

By
Elachertodomyia, n. gen.,
Elater discoideus, 142.
Bina GaRGearticlesbys ol
Embide, antenne of, 213.
Emersonopsts, n. gen., 110.
EmeErTON, J. H., articles by, 13, 261.
Enallagma calverti, 98.

110.

te civile, 118.
# cyathigerum, 98.
a5 hageni, 118.

Eriophyes malifoliz, 189.
Erioptera cinereipleura n. sp., 200.
ef noctivagans n. sp., 200.
Essigella, sensory structures in, 379.
Euchlena albertanensis, n. sp., 351.
Eufriesia purpurata, 144.
Euglossa bicolor, 144.
charapensis, n. sp., 146.
cyanura, n. Sp., 146
piliventris, 144.
“ -variabilis, 145.
“ -variabilis, var. hemtchlora, n.
var., 146.
Eumerus strigatus, occurrence in Cana-
da of, 190.
Euscelis ozarcensis, n. sp., 184.
Euxoa excellens, habits and life-history
of, 401.
Exochomus

140.

Fa.L, H. C., articles by, 168, 385.
FELT, E. P., article by, 191.
FENTON, F. A., article by, 309.
Ferris, G. F., article by, 375.
FIisHER, W. S., article by, 287.
Flea-louse, Bay, in New Jersey 73.

“a

ae

marginipennis childreni,

GAHAN, A. B., and ROHWER, S. A.,
articles by, 298, 331, 391, 427.

Geometrid Notes, 64.

Greson, A., articles by, 190, 401.

Gipson, E. H., articles by, 75, 183, 218.

GILLETTE, C. P., article by, 193.

INDEX TO VOLUME XLIX. 437

GIRAULT, A. A., articles by, 110, 129,
178, 356.

Glaucopsyche behri australis, n. subsp.,
350.

Glossura, n. subs. of Euglossa, 144.

Gnathotrichus, Oregon species of, 325.

Gongylidium curvitarsis, n. sp., 262.

3 macrochelis, n. sp., 263.
unidentatum, n. sp., 264.
Graphic presentations of entomological

facts, 366.
GRINNELL FORDYCE, article by, 349.
Grylloblattide, antenne of, 213.
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, 294.

ae

Habrocytus arkansensis, n. sp., 180.
aulacis, n. sp., 150.
borrowt, n. sp., 179.
canadensis, n. sp., 181.
dux, n. sp., 181.
franciscanus, n. sp., 180.
Habrocytus, N. American species of
178.
Habrocytus rhodobeini rose, n. var.,
180.

,

Haliplus punctatus, 138.

Hallomenus binotatus, 358.

Halticus apterus, 249.

Heath Collection of Lepidoptera, 81.

Helocharis maculicollis, 139.

Hemiptera Heteroptera, from drift-
line of L. Michigan, 134.

Hemiptera Heteroptera, in ocean drift,
45

Hessian fly, influence of weather con-
dition on prevalence of, 79.
Heteerius exiguus, 167.
“— loripes, 167.
minimus, 167.
Strenuus, n. sp., 167.
zelus, n. sp., 165.
Heterotoma merioptera, 250.
Hewitt, C. G., articles by,.34, 289.

ae

ce

HoLincer, A. H., articles by, 19, 281..

Hormaphis, sensory structures in, 384.

Hymenoptera, lectotypes of Provan-
cher’s species of, 298, 331, 391,
427.

a pecs melanopterum, n. sp.,

Hypanthidium taboganum, n. sp., 252.

Hyperaspidius militaris, 140.

Hypotrichia spissipes, 239.

Idiocerus fitchi, life-history of, 149.
Insect collections of Canada, PA U53;
240. :

Insect drift of lake shores, 129.
Insect immigration into New Jersey,
293.

Insects in ocean drift, 45.

Instinct, an interesting case of, 161.

Ips, Oregon species of, 328.

Ischyrus tripunctatus, n. sp., 238.

Jassoidea, three species from
Missouri of, 183. ;

Jounson, C. W., articles by, 148, 360.

new

KENNEDY, C. H., article by, 229.
Knicat, H. H.. article by, 248.

Lachnus, sensory structures in, 379.

Lacon curtus, 142.

Lampyride, light-emission of, 53.

Lathrobium shermani, n. sp., 164.

Leaf-hopper, black apple, life-history
of, 149.

Lebia pulchella, 138.

Lecanium corni, distribution of, 310.
“food plants of, 310.

history of, 309.

life-history of, 311.

status in New Jersey

ac “c
“e “cc

“eé fs

of, 119. é
Lepidoptera, Heath Collection of, 77.
Lestes, species from Red Deer Dis-
trict, 97.
Lestes, species from
Island, 118.
Leucorrhinia borealis, 102.
: glacialis, 102.
ss hudsonica, 103, 119.
2 intacta, 103, 119.
s proxima, 103.
Libellula quadrimaculata, 101, 119.
LILJEBLAD, E., article by, 9.
Limnobia indigena jacksoni, subsp. n.,
199.
Limnophila cressoni, n. sp., 208.
es subaptera, n. sp., 207.
Linyphia nearctica, distribution of, 16.
Lophocarenum sculptum, n. sp., 261.

Prince Edward

McDermott, F. A., article by, 53.
McDunnoucu, J., BARNEs, W., and,
articles by, 320, 371, 404.
MACNAMARA, CHAS., article by, 39.
Macro-lepidoptera, the Dod Collec-
tion of, 240.
Macrosiphum, sensory structures in,
380. ;
Macrotheca interalbicalis, 374.
Mattocy, J. R., articles by, 225, 227,
352, 406.

438 INDEX TO VOLUME XLIX.

Mealy-bug, shell-back hickory, 19,
Medonella minuta, 237.
Melandryide, some new and known,

301.

Melanophila notata, 239.
Melanoplus atlanis, 78.

spretis, 77.

MICKEL, CLARENCE E., article by, 285.
Microneta clavata, n. sp., 265.

=: orcina, n. sp., 266.

a pallida, n. sp., 265.
Microsynamma bohemani, 248.
Military service, cfficers and employees

of Entomological Branch on, 72.
Miridz, European, in N. America, 248.
Mite, apple leaf, 188.

“ silver-leaf, 185.
Mole cricket, European, 294,
Moncedus guttatus, 141.
Monoxta batisia, n?sp., 273.
Moore, C. A., article by, 33.
Mordellistena exilis, n. sp., 10.

= gigas, n. sp., 13.
insolita, n. sp., 11.
pulchra, n. sp., 12.
rufa, n. sp., 11.
rutila, n. sp., 10.
vera, n. sp., 11.

wolcotl1, n. sp., 12.
Murr, F., article by, 147.
Mycetochares puncticollis, n. sp., 276.
Myzocallis, sensory structures in, 379.
Myzus, California species of, 49.
‘ cerasi, secondary host of, 434
godetie, n. sp., 49.
sensory structures in, 380.

c

ac

ae

NEEDHAM, J. G., article by, 129.
Neobothynotus modestus, 251.
Neoclytus simplarius, n. sp., 240.
Neuroptera from drift-line of L.
Michigan, 135.
Noctuid, a new Canadian, 320.
Nothosympycnus abbreviatus, n. sp., 341.
“ tmornatus, n. sp., d40.
Notomicrus nanulus, 138.

OBITUARY NOTICEs:

REED, EpMuUND BAYNES, 37.

Witson, Tom, 289 .
Odonata of the Red Deer District, 96,

“from Prince Edward Island,

117.
Ophiogomphus severus, 98.
Ormosia megacera, n. sp., 26.

mesocera, Nn. sp., 25.
nimbipennis, n. sp., 24.
Orthocephalus mutabilis, 249.

sé

Otiorhynchus ovatus in BritishColum-
bia, 257.

Papatpema eryngii, n. sp., 125.
a new species and histories in,

PA
Papaipema polymnie, n. sp., 121.

Pera nEy cores, occurrence in U.S. of,
29.

Parachrysocaris semiflava, n. sp., 129.

Paragraphus setosus, 278.

Pardosa metlakatla, n. sp., 268.

“ vancouvert, n. sp., 269.
PARKER, R. R., article by, 157.
PARSHLEY, H. M., article by, 45.
Peltodytes oppositus, 138.

Pemphigus, sensory structures in, 384.
Péregrinus maidis, synonymy of, 147.
Phalonia spartinana, life-history notes

on, 93.
Phenacoccus pettiti, n. sp., 281.
Philhydrus estriatus, n. sp., 139.
Philodromus canadensis, n. sp., 270.

te macrotarsus, n. sp., 271.
Phloeosinus, Oregon species of, 353.
Photinus consanguineus, light emission

of, 61. a

Photinus scintillans, light emission of,

Photuris pennsylvanica, light emission
of, 56.

Phycitine, New N. American, 404.

Phyllocoptes schlectendali, 185.

Phyllogaster cordyluroides, 227.

ie littoralis, n. sp., 228.

a robustus, n. sp., 148.
Phylloxera, sensory structures in, 384.
Physokermes piceze, distribution and

history of, 317.
Physokermes picee, life-history of, 318.

ee ‘parasites of, 320.
PING, Cut, article by, 418.

Pithanus maerkelii, 251.

Pityogenes carinulatus, 355.

Pityophthorus, Oregon species of, 355.

Plagiodera versicolora, life-history of,
104.

Pleroneura borealis, n. sp., 191.

Plum Curculio, in Ontario, 17.
=p ‘« means of control of, 18.

_Poecilochroa columbiana, n. sp., 269.

Polyphylla gracilis, 239. ;

Popular and practical entomology, 17,
39, 77, 118, 149, 185, 221, 257,
293, 329, 365, 401.

Potato beetle, influence of snow on pre-
valence of, 79.

INDEX TO VOLUME XLIX. 439

Precipitation in relation to insect pre-
valence and distribution, 77.
Préciphilus, sensory structures in, 382.
PROVANCHER, insect collections of, 300.
oi life and work of, 299.
Pseudococcus jessica, 21.
Pseudohylesinus, Oregon species of , 353.
Pterocomma, sensory structures in,
380.

Pyla fasciella, n. sp., 405.

“ viridisuffusella, n. sp., 406.

Pyractomena angulata, light emission
of, 60.

Pyractomena borealis, light emission
of, 53. =

Pyractomena lucifera, light emission of,
60.

Pyractomena lucifera angustata, 142.

Pyralid notes, 371.

Pyrausta orphisalis, 374.

Rhabdomastix
subsp., 28.

flava coloradensis, n-

Rhagoletis pomonella in British Colum-

bia, 329.
Rhaphidolabis major, n. sp., 210.
; ry sessilis, n. sp., 210.
Rhodophaea bicolorella, n. sp., 404.
Rhopalosiphum, sensory structures in,
382.
Rouwer, S. A., Gauwan, A. B., and,
articles by, 298, 331, 391, 427.
Ross, W. A., article by 434.

Saltusaphis americanus, n. sp., 3.
ballii, 4.

elongatus, n. sp., 4.

5 flabellus 6

key to species of, 2.

scirpus 6.

: vIrginicus, N. sp., 7.

Sameodes adipaliodes, 372.

Saprinus carinifer, n.sp., 167.

% ciliatoides, n. sp., 168.
martint, n. sp., 169.
Sarcophaga fulvipes dissidia, n. sp., 157.

SAUNDERS, L.'G., Britrain. W. H.,
and, article, by, 149.
Sawflies, two new, 191.
SCHAEFFER, CHAS., article by, 357.
SHINJI, G. O., articles by, 49, 51.
renee ipomez, Louisiana records of,
Scolytid beetles of Oregon, annotated
“2 list#of seb oss-
Scraptia oculata, n. sp., 358.
Scymnus oculatus, n. sp., 140.
SKINNER, HENRY, article by, 342.

ae

ae

SLADEN, F. W. L., article by, 113.
SMITH, E. J., article by; 291.
Somatochlora albicincta, 232.
a cingulata, 235.
elongata 119.
hudsonica, 100, 232.
septentrionalis, 234.
walkert, n. sp., 229.
Soronta brunnescens, . sp., 238.
Spiders, new Canadian, 261.
Sphindocis, n. gen., 170.
= denticollis, n. sp., 171.
Spiders, recent studies of Canadian, 13.
Stelis veraecrucis, n. sp., 254.
Stephanitis pyrioides, 296.
Stictiella, Nebraska species of, 285.
STOHR, L. M., article by, 161.
Stomacoccus, n. gen., 375.
= platant, n. sp., 375.
Strawberry root weevil in British
Columbia, 257.
Strymon sylvinus desertorum, n. subsp.,
349.
Sunflower insects, 212.
Swett, L. W., articles by, 64, 351.
Sympetrum corruptum, 101, 417.
ye costiferum, 101, 413.
ss illotum, 417.
nymphs of N. American
species of, 409.
Sympetrum obtrusum, 119, 416.”
% pallipes, 414.
rubicundulum,

ae

on

sc“

416.

Sympetrum semicinctum, 413.
3 scoticum, 102, 417.

vicinum, 413.
Sympyenus canadensis, n. sp., 339.

e caudatus, n. sp., 338.
fasciventris, n. sp., 337.
Symydobius, sensory structures in, 379.

102, 119

’

a

ac

Telephorus albolineatus, n. sp., 143.
Tenebrioides foveatus, n. sp., 142.
Tetragonoderus fasciatus, 138.
Tetramerinx brevicornis, n. sp., 226.

2 key to species of, 225.
Thecabius, sensory structures in, 384.
Theridion zelotypum, distribution of,

14,

Thripsaphis, n. gen., 195.

eC balli, 194.

= producta, n. sp., 196.

i verrucosa, n. sp., 194.
Tiger beetles, 77.
Tinobregmus moodii, n. sp., 183.
Tipulide, new nearctic, 22, 61, 199.

440 INDEX TO VOLUME XLIX.

Tomarus hirtellus, 140.
TREHERNE, R. C., articles by, 257,

329.
Tribalister striatellus, n. sp., 165.
Tricosiphum, sensory structures in,
380.

Tricyphona autumnalis, n. oD 30.

cervind, N. sp.,

glacialis, n. sp., 83.

degenerata, n. sp., 209.

Trimicra angularis, 26.

Trioza alacris in New Jersey, 73.

Trirhabda canadensis, death-feigning
instinct of, 224.

Tritona dissimilis, n. sp., 140.

Trypodendron, Oregon species of, 356.

Toxoptera, sensory structures in, 382.

Tucker, E. S., article by, 280.

Tychius picirostris, death-feigning in-
stinct of, 228.

ae

oe

Typhlocyba modesta, n. sp., 184.

VAN DuzZEE, M. C., article by, 337.

WALKER, E. M., articles by, 117, 171,
255, 292, 362, 363, 409.

Wasps and bees, collecting, 113.

Wheat-stem saw-fly, 78.

Wertss, H. B., articles by, 73, 104, 119,
293, 365.

WuitEHouSsE, F. C., article by, 96.

Winn, A. F., articles by, 111, 219.

Wolf Spider, on the portrait of a, 39.

Xylomoia chagnoni, n. sp., 320.
Zagloba bicolor, 237.

Zagymuus clerinus, 272.
Zonantes schwarz, 277.

Mailed December 6th, 1917

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