et rt SO oe ree rex? S =) gered, + eS. aa - . - ba 3+ Poe a aon * nf be a! coe ee, Seb eES as ~ ~~ ene Me te bee me oe es attr PS OT Oe te Sal - bot oe Saat oe ‘ :* . * pty ee Kote Pats rN fot ears Se BSNS etca tyes ey ~~ FOSS | esi ears seaeete sets Sy * ~,*. , MAss. ACS ON oS eons asoececseke MONTREAL, QUE. MOEEINSONE C8 OW S062 scsi pecasriccocsieaeence Boston, Mass. KENNEDY, C. H LEONARD, M. D CoL_umMBus, O. .. ITHACA, N.Y. AU Nee aN ES ES WN a LS dockcot hanes ve tea kcsoeansenectits ...... WASHINGTON, D.C. ‘ McDUNNOUGH, DR. J. H OTTAWA, ONT. MacGILLIVRAY, PROF. A. D........ UrBana, ILL. AUDA IANIN TVA 27d ENS PIRES a Py SR eee pee eee Seek ARNPR?OR, ONT. WU OT ey inwR 5: occa: ee caenees Gcovtdeessaveds URBANA, ILL. MATHESON, DR. ROBERT E ITHacaA, N.Y. IMERO RETEST OE IP Re ON ne Sanaa ae Be Ae ae ie ee : ...PET®RBOROUGH, ONT. MORRISON, MRS. E. R .... WASHINGTON, D.C. VINCI Ce, GSBBI Worsssreees safe cecs ease Cornell Wmiversitys. scorer tees os arses eee IrHaca, N.Y. AVE MUGD Reon Piss acest Rescacs sone eeeeeeren ces Pees Honolulu Sugar Planters’ Association................. .. HONOLULU, T. H. INC OBA Air Siz aistit seat dtcnceschebecccre New Jersey Agricultural College.............:ccccccccceeees New Brunswick, N.J. OUELLET, J OUTREMONT, QUE. PAVIA Ki Bae Rete ee ace doacess cscedetcteclder antes Montana: State College: Seno wares ieee vite BozEMAN, MONT. PANS Ry EW allt AVEls «isa tuucs ives oc semacess=eeere Smith College.wii 7... tegatana tenet reecssenteegessetoracsss NORTHAMPTON, MAss, ROHWER, S. A ... WASHINGTON, D.C. ROSS y We Avs, cerca. 8 ... VINELAND, ONT. ROWLEY, R. R . LOUISIANA, Mc. SICADEN Bh. Wa Laices: cctacczscncecced OTTAWA, ON?F. PSII LEAs Lien Eta ccstcnevris sctasteacvaewovbasacodutecapevacepierensudecastseasiestanevarsderevadsates C nscssbeas uve cos Oe eRe ESSE eae RALEIGH, N.C. STEVENS, O. A .-FARGO, N. DAK. STONER DAN TON. idkovevcesseratteccss Iowa City, Iowa. SIMOMVINSSEUIN IDS AG. Eds L veces tonshactecenseuces WASHINGTON, D.C. STOEL RING, 0: Gist) cgatevessersnes Ns ...VANCOUVER, B.C. WALKER, PROF. E. M.......... . .... TORONTO, ONT. NOVAS SSD gt Eli ES aatnacrsacascsaneturessss te ....NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J. VIED To, EL iiss stosecccvesesassecconsparssvasvovsearsateus sucuoveabocdsuancapasnsessacten aaktueseccietoststecsermenen eae Pear eee Evanston, ILL. WVEL ED HEL OUSE, Co.cc cccootencccsuatccscsanenconevecwectseansssvontecesuparnecztetbauedtevcoteudsanettedonterkets tein intr reneeas RED Derr, ALTA. WILSON, H. F ....University of Wisconsin... .... MADISON, WIs. WVIDININ ‘As Fiiacccsescsscacsstdsovescansuoctsecnsovodesseatsseccesessaquersbrcesrronensusacvtipusignedepsvasdasascettenteaemions tree tea taaneE WESTMOUNT, QUE. Che Canadian Entomologist VOL. LI. LONDON, JANUARY, 1919. No. 1 ASBREATHING SPELL. Full fifty years of seasons fleet Give pause to round another bend, _A rallying-place for friends to greet Ere onward once again we wend. * * * * * I A gallant flood of noble sweep Our stream holds bravely on its course, With sparkling face and limpid deep That draw from rills beside the source. A varied scene its banks display In wood and swamp and far ravine; By mill and farm it makes its way, By garden-plot and pasture green. All honour then to those before Who pointed first the distant goal; From hill to vale who steadfast bore To trace the course our waters roll. With outlook wide, from upland slope, Our fathers viewed all Nature’s ground ; We strive within a smaller scope To perfect out our little round. Il. Children at play upon the shore Of a mysterious, murmuring sea— But gathered shells is all our lore, The vaunt of poor humanity. "Mid doubt and error on we go, By glimmering star a path we steer; To seek the truth but not to know, The lot of all who voyage here. We have our moments rich and rare; Amid long hours of darkest night, When on our vision bursts the glare Of meteor’s trail or Northern Light; oe : Till comes with dawn the lookout’s call, Strange ships beat up by wind and lee, In one great quest adventurers all We sail no more a lonely sea. Tit. Within the heart’s all-cherished shrine Of talents manifold are three That Nature’s mysteries best divine— Love, Reverence, and Humility. In earnest work, in eager play, By Nature-love united all, With might and main do what we may, Nor boast the great, nor scorn the small. “So much to do, so little done” Each lonely labourer’s parting sigh, Then speed the work so well begun, The common purpose cannot die. Each has his place within the plan, His proper place none else may fill; In brotherhood our course began, By brotherhood is furthered still. * ae an a -Then onward once again we wend From rallying-place for friends to greet, From pause to round another bend And fifty years of seasons fleet. FRANK: Morris Peterborough, Dec., 1918. i a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST OUR NEW VOLUME. With the completion of the fiftieth volume of The Canadian Entomologist, a convenient opportunity arises for the introduction of any new features or changes that may seem desirable. For fifty years the size of our page has never varied, a fact which says much for its suitability; but the time has now come when a larger page presents certain advantages, particularly with regard to illustrations. It was accordingly decided at the recent Annual Meeting of our Society to adopt the present size, which is uniform with that of our Annual Report and the Ontario Government bulletins, and is more suitable for full-page illustrations, besides permitting a freer interchange of these with other publications. _ This will bring about a considerable reduction in the number of pages, but there will be no material change in the quantity of matter in the text. The June and July numbers will be issued together and likewise the August and September numbers, so that there will be only ten issues, instead. of twelve, two of these being of double size. POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. THE APPLE MAGGOT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.* BY W. DOWNES, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPT. AGRICULTURE. In August, 1917, while collecting insects at Royal Oak, about four miles north of Victoria, B.C., the writer took two specimens of a Trypetid closely resembling the Apple Maggot fly. These were submitted for identification to Dr. J. M. Aldrich, who found them identical with Rhagoletis pomonella. Pre- vious to this there have heen only two authentic records of its capture on the Pacific slope. In 1894, five specimens were taken by Mr. O. T. Baron in the southern part of California and were described by Snow (1) as Rhagoletis zephyria, n. sp. Later this was shown by R. W. Doane (2) and J. M. Aldrich (3) to be a synonym of R. pomonella. No further mention of the existence of this species on the Pacific Slope appears to have been made until 1916, when two specimens of the fly were taken on July 26th of that year by Mr. R. C. Treherne (4) at Penticton, B.C. There is one other record of the fly on the West Coast, but this does not appear to be quite authentic. In 1911, A. L. Melander (5) reported R. pomo- nella as “‘destructive along the eastern border of the State,’’ but adds that there is no positive evidence of its occurrence in Washington. It is probable in this case that it has been confused with some other insect and, as will be shown later, notwithstanding its occurrence and comparative abundance, the probabilities are against its being a pest of the apple. The identity of the species being established, a search was at once made for the host plant. This was found without difficulty. Larvee resembling the species in question were found infesting the snowberry (Symphoricarpus race- mosus Michx) and 50 pupe were obtained and kept over the winter. In the spring of 1918, 42 of these were recovered and on August 19th five flies emerged, which were submitted to Dr. Aldrich and were found.by him to be identical in all respects with those taken the previous year. It was found that owing to a *Contributions from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. January, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 3 defective cover on the breeding box, eight flies had emerged previous to this date and had escaped. Altogether 18 flies emerged from the 42 pupz, up to July 22nd, leaving a balance of 24 to be accounted for. Exactly one month later, hymenopterous parasites commenced to emerge from these remaining pup, and during the last week of August 16 appeared. Of the remaining eight pupe probably some are dead, but possibly a few may carry over until the following summer. Through the courtesy of Dr. L. O. Howard, to whom specimens were sent, this parasite was referred to Mr. A. B. Gahan of the U.S. Bureau of Ento- mology, who reports that it is a new species of Opius (Vipionide) and will be described by him at a later date. The adult fly has been taken by the writer in the city of Victoria and all over the Saanich Peninsula wherever its host plant, the Snowberry, grows, the earliest date of capture being July 11th, and the larvee have been found in the berries at various points on the Mainland, including Agassiz, es Lytton, Chase, Armstrong, Vernon, Penticton, Creston and Nelson. The Snowberry is a very common shrub all over the drier parts of the Coast and interior of British Columbia. The clusters of pure white berries are very conspicuous along the country roads in the early fall, but among them will be seen numbers that.are brown, and shrunken. These are berries that have been eaten out by the maggot, the proportion of infested berries on a bush often running as high as fifty per cent. As a rule, only one maggot is found in a berry, but occasionally a fly will deposit an egg in a berry that already contains a maggot, as berries have been found containing two larve, in widely different stages of growth, If the berry should be a small one and happen to be touching another as is frequently the case, the maggot will leave the small berry when it has eaten out the pulp and enter the adjoining one and complete its growth there. The Symphoricarpus berries that are attacked by the fly do not drop to the ground, and the maggots remain in the fruit until the last vestige of pulp has been eaten. Later they bore through the now shrunken and dis- coloured skin and pupate among the dead leaves and humus below the bushes. In its selection of bushes on which to oviposit the fly shows a decided preference for those growing on high and dry spots, stunted bushes growing on hillsides generally having the heaviest infestation. The species is evidently very abundant and widely distributed, but it is seldom indeed that the adults are seen, the experience of the writer being identical in this respect with that of Mr. William C. Woods (6) with regard to the variety prevalent in blueberries in Maine. Although collecting was carried on very frequently through the sum- mer, less than half a dozen adult flies were taken by the writer in 1918. The explanation of this probably lies in the fact that the flies are exceedingly active and shy, and the advent of a collector with a sweeping net is sufficient to scare most of them away from his vicinity. The only times the writer has had the opportunity of watching the flies at close range have been when they have alighted on the leaves of the Burdock (Arctium minus). They have been seen to alight on the broad leaves of this plant and walk about, applying the labella here and there to the leaf surface. They do not stay long, however, and at the least movement on the part of the observer they make off. In commenting on this species, Dr. Aldrich, to whom I am indebted for the identification of the flies and notes on its distribution, says: ‘‘They are slightly 4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST smaller in size than those bred from apples and haws, but I can see nothing upon which to base even a varietal distinction.’’ Thus it is evidently an example of a “biological race,’ similar to, and perhaps identical with, the apple maggot of the blueberry. The fact of the insect being so abundant in this province, coupled with its heavy parasitization by a new species, suggests interesting possibilities. As regards any other food plant, diligent search has so far failed to reveal any other host of the fly in the neighbourhood of Victoria, though likely species such as Crategus and wild crab have been thoroughly examined, both during 1917 and 1918. The comparatively large size and soft, pulpy nature of the Symphoricarpus berries are, no doubt, the reason for its selection. Certain species of Vaccinium are found in the province, but they are nowhere abundant, and have not been met with by the writer. in the territory in which observations on the fly have been carried on. REFERENCES. Snow, W. A. Kan. Univ. Quart., II, No. 3. pp. 164-165. Doane, R. W. Ent. News, IX, p. 69. mMidrich eM. Can. Pat... 21. p09. Vreherne, RC: Can Ent. XEUX. 7p. 329) Melander, A. L. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 103, p. 43. Woods, W. C. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 244, p. 254. SENT cg a es ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO—ANNUAL MEETING. The fifty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and Thurs- day, December 4th and 5th, 1918. The President of the Society, Professor L. Caesar, O.A.C., occupied the chair. The following were present at the meeting: Mr. J.J. Davis, West Lafayette, Ind.; Prof. P. J. Parrott, Geneva, N.Y.; Prof. R. Matheson, Ithaca, N.Y.; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt; Messrs. Arthur Gibson, €2-E. Petch, C:-B. Hutchings, F. W. L. Sladen and Dr.S: Hadwen, Ottawa; Prof. E. M. Walker, Toronto; Mr. James Dunlop, Woodstock; Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland; Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Mr. W. A. Clemens, Toronto; Mr. H. F. Hudson, Strathroy; Father Leopold, La Trappe, P.Q.; Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, P.Q.; Mr. F. Letour- neau, Oka, P.Q.; Prof. W. H. Brittain, Truro, N.S.; Mr. John D. Tothill, Frederic- ton, N.B.; Mr. Norman Criddle, Treesbank, Man.; Professors C. J. S. Bethune, L. Caesar, J. E. Howitt and D. H. Jones; Dr. R. E. Stone; Messrs. A. W. Baker, H. G. Crawford, Eric Hearle, R. M. Aiton, H. C. Huckett and others, Ontario Agricultural College. By the kindness of Dr. Creelman the visitors were entertained in the College residence during their stay in Guelph. This arrangement added much to their pleasure by affording many opportunities for social converse, and also saved *the time usually spent in travelling to and from the town. This hospitality was greatly appreciated by all present and a hearty vote of thanks was accorded at the close of the meeting to President Creelman, and to the Matron and Superintendent of the Dining Hall. On Wednesday morning a meeting of the Council was held at which the January, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 5 report of the proceedings during the past year was drawn up, and various matters relating to the welfare of the Society were discussed. It was decided to enlarge the pages of the ““Canadian Entomologist’? in order to be uniform with the standard size of bulletins, and to publish ten instead of twelve numbers per annum, omitting the issues of the two mid-summer months, and at the same time the amount of reading matter is not to be reduced. In the afternoon the members met in the Entomological Lecture-room in the Biological Building, and the proceedings commenced with the presentation of the reports of the Council and the various officers and branches of the Society, followed by the reading of papers, a list of which is given below. The open meeting was held on Wednesday evening in the auditorium of the Massey Hall, and was opened by a cheery address of welcome from Dr. G. C. Creelman, President of the College. This was followed by a paper in his usual charming style by Mr. Frank Morris on wrrhe Life-history of a Hobby-horse,”’ giving reminiscences of the dawn and growth of his love for Nature and his development as an Entomologist. The special address of the evening was given by Mr. J. J. Davis, of West Lafayette, Indiana, on ‘“'President-day Problems in Entomology,” which was listened to with great appreciation and interest. At the close of the meeting the members were hospitably entertained by Dr. Creelman with a smoker at his residence. The meetings were continued during the morning and afternoon of Thursday, during which the officers for the ensuing year were elected, and the following papers read: “Economic Entomology in Quebec,’’ by Father Leopold; ‘‘Insects of the Season in Ontario,” by Mr. W. A. Ross and Prof. Caesar; ‘“Aphids—Their Human Interest,” by Dr. A. C. Baker, Washington, D.C.; ‘A Method for the Preservation of Insect — and Pupez,’’ by Dr. F. Slater-Jackson, i University, Montreal; * “Some Insect Problems in the Prairie Provinces,” by Mr. Norman Criddle; ‘‘The Recovery of the Brown-tail Parasite, Compsilura, in new Brunswick,” by Mr. J. D. Tothill; Presidential Address, by Prof. Caesar; “‘Oestrids’’ (with lantern slides), by Dr.S. Hadwen;‘‘ Further notes on the Control of the Cabbage-root Maggot,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson; ‘‘Some chapters of the early history of Entomology” (with lantern slide portraits), by Prof. Lochhead; ‘On the Genitalia of Primitive Insects” (with illustrative diagrams), by Prof. E. M. Walker; “The Pear Psylla,’’ by Mr. W. A. Ross; ‘‘Notes on certain species of Bees indigenous to both Canada and Great Britain,” by Mr. F. W. L. Sladen; ‘(Control of the Apple Maggott,’”” by Prof. Caesar and Mr. W. A. Ross; “The role which Insects play in the food of Trout,”” by Mr. W.A.Clemens. Most of these papers will be published in full in the next Annual Report of the Society. It was decided to hold the next meeting at Ottawa in the autumn of 1919. The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows: President, Prof. L. Caesar, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph; Vice-President, Arthur Gibson, Ottawa; Secretary-Treasurer, A. W. Baker, O.A.C., Guelph; Curator, Eric Hearle, Guelph; Librarian, Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, O.A.C., Guelph. Direc- tors: J. M. Swaine, Ottawa; C. E. Grant, Orillia; Dr. A. Cosens, Toronto; F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; J. W. Noble, Essex; J. F. Hudson, Strathroy; W. A. Ross, Vineland Station; Editor of the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist,’’ Prof. E. M. Walker, Toronto; Delegate to the Royal Society, the President. es PAS" B. 6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NOTES ON THE DELFHACID& IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM COLLECTION. BY F. MUIR, HONOLULJ, T. H. When tabulating the genera of Delphacide* I was unable to place some genera with any certainty, as I was only acquainted with them through descrip- tions, which did not mention the characters which I used for primary divisions. Thanks to the kindness of the British Museum authorities I have been able to examine the Delphacide in their collection and to make the following notes upon them. I wish to point out that Delphacodes Fieb. (Delphax and Liburnia of some authors) and allied genera are difficult to deal with, and unless great care be exercised, confusion will arise whenever one goes beyond a comparatively small faunistic area. The species of these genera can only be identified with any certainty by the use of the genitalia; not only should the characters found in the pygofer, anal segment and genital styles be used, but the aedeagus or penis should be dissected out. Many species have a wide geographical distribution and a large range of colour variation, which has led to synonymy. The demarc- ation between Delphacodes Fieb. and its allies is not definitely settled, and will not be until a study of species from various parts of the world shows us the range of variation within the genera. It is, therefore, with reservation that one must synonymize at the present time. Canyra Stal. The four species standing under this name, C. strigulosa Walk., C. revertens Walk., C. retrahens Walk. and C. vittifrons Walk. are the same as Ugyops, but they have a longitudinal depression along the first joint of the antennae. I have not seen the type species of the genus. Epibidis Fowler. This genus is congeneric with the four species under Canyra and has the first antennal joint sulcate. Usyops Guein. Delphax longicornis Walker and Delphax media Walker, both belong to this genus. Consualia Distant. I cannot separate this from Ugyops. Onkelos Distant. = Punana Muir. Ilburnia White. = Nesosydne Kirkaldy. Delphax simulans Walk. belongs to this genus. Ilburnia nephelias (Kirk.) =I. disjuncta (Muir). Ambarvalia Distant. The tibial spur is cultrate, half the length of the first tarsus, convex on both sides, with three teeth on the hind margin. The spur places this insect in the Alohini, otherwise the insect has a superficial resemblance to the Tropido- cephalini. Upachara Distant. The genus has the spur small, thick, with a tooth at the apex, but none on *Canadian Entomologist 1915, page 296 e. o. January, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST fi the hind margin. I consider it should be placed in the Tropidocephalini. The carine of the head and thorax are obscure. Pundaluoya Kirkaldy. The type of this genus, Delphax ernesti Kirby, has the tibial spur cultrate, thick, concave on the inner surface, without teeth on the hind margin. I place it in the Tropidocephalini. The carination of the head is similar to that of Belocera Muir but, apart from the spur, the terete antenna distinguishes it from that genus as well as from Perkinsiella Kirk. There is no carination on the lateral margin of the pronotum. The genus Peregrinus Kirk. is quite distinct in general facies, shape and carination of head and thorax. The six species under the genus I place as follows: 1. Pundaluoya ernesti (Kirby). Type. 2. Pundaluoya:simplex Dist. Typical. This only differs in the lighter colour from P. ernesti and is represented by a female. Only the capture of the male will decide if this be only a colour variety or not. 3. Pundaluoya simplex Dist. = Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead). 4. Pundaluoya insignis Dist. = Perkinsiella insignis (Dist.). 5. Pundaluoya facilis Dist. = Perkinsiella facilis (Dist.). 6. Pundaluoya pulchella Dist. = Phyllodinus pulchella (Dist.). The front legs of this species are flattened, otherwise it would be a Dicranotropis. Zuleika Distant. First tarsus slightly longer than the other two together, spur as long as the first tarsus, broad, laminate, with small teeth on the hind margin. Lateral carine of pronotum slightly diverging curved. I cannot separate this genus from Chlariona. Opiconsiva Distant. = Delphacodes Fieb. 1. O. fuscovaria Dist. = Delphacodes puscovaria (Dist.). 2. O.insularis Dist. = Megamelus furcifera (Horv.). 3. O. derelicta Dist. = Megamelus furcifera (Horv.). This is a light female specimen of O. insularis. 4. O. modesta Dist. = Delphacodes modesta (Dist.). 5. O. balteata Dist. = Megamelus furcifera (Horv.). The second specimen under this name is a different species. 6. O. colorata Dist. The genitalia of this species are similar to M. furcifera (Horv.), but the head and thorax are black, except in the two brachypterous specimens, in which there is a light mark down the middle of the thorax. 7. O. gloriosus Dist. One specimen without abdomen, similar to M. furcifera (Horv.). Nilaparvata Distant. = Delphacodes Fieb. The type of this genus is a damaged male, but it is in good enough con- - dition to enable me to be sure of the synonymy of the species. 1. Nilaparvata greeni Dist. =Delphacodes sordescens (Motsch.) = Delpha- codes anderida (Kirk.). I was in doubt as to whether D. sordescens was the same as D. anderida until I had examined the Indian specimens. 8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2. Nilaparvata mahensis Dist. = Delphacodes mahensis (Dist.). Toya Distant. =Delphacodes Fieb. This genus is described as having a transverse ridge between the eyes, but it has the same carination of the vertex as Delphacodes (Liburnia of some authors) ; the medio-basal carina dividing the two basal areas is obscure. The pronotal lateral carine slightly divergingly curved, not reaching the hind margin. Vertex as wide as long. Second joint of antenne slightly more than twice the length of the first. First hind tarsal joint slightly longer than the other two together, spur broad, laminate, as long as the first tarsus, small teeth on the hind margin. Toya attenuata Dist. = Delphacodes attenuata (Dist.). Kalpa Distant = Delphacodes Fieb. 1. Kalpa aculeata Dist. = Delphacodes sordescens (Motsch.). This is represented by one female, the type, which, on account of the dif- ference in coloration appears to have more pronounced carina on the head than has the male. This species and D. bakeri Muir, are peculiar in having small spines on the basal joint of the hind tarsus. Akilas Distant. I cannot separate this genus from Gelastocephalus Wirk. Hapalornelus Stol. The spur of this genus is narrow, pointed and thickened, with the inner surface distinctly concave, with many small teeth on the hind margin. The pro- and metanota each have three carina. The long, narrow wings constricted in the middle where the cross-veins are, distinguish it from other genera. Sogata Distant. The type of the genus, S. doherty: Dist., is represented by one female. The first hind tarsal joint is longer than the other two together; tibial spur laminate, many fine teeth on hind margin, not so long as the first tarsal joint. Second joint of antenna more than twice the length of the first. Vertex, longer than wide, base wider than apex; length of face three times the width. This comes very close to Kelesia. 1. Sogata dohertyi Dist. 2. Sogata sternalis Dist. Very near to Kelesia kirkaldyt, but it is necessary to dissect out the aedeagus. 3. Sogata pusana Dist. Very near to Kelesia fieberi Muir, but it is neces- sary to dissect out the aedeagus. 4. Sogata distincta Dist. = Megamelus furcifera (Hory.). The type and two other specimens are as above, while four other specimens under this name are Sogata pusana Dist. 5. Sogata pallescens Dist. Five specimens including the type are Mega- melus furcifer (Horv.), while eight other specimens under this name are Delpha- codes sordescens (Motsch.). 6. Sogata thoracica Dist. = Delphacodes thoracica (Dist.). Delphax unicolor Walk., from Hudson Bay is a nymph and not of a delphacid. Matutinus Distant. This genus was placed among the Cixiini, but it is a Delphacid, which I consider to be indistinguishable from Chlorionidea Fieb. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 9 ODONATA OF THE FRANCONIA REGION, NEW HAMPSHIRE. BY R. HEBER HOWE, JR., CONCORD, MASS. Mrs. Annie T. Slosson’s captures of Odonata in Franconia, made now over a decade ago, have already attracted odonatologists to a recognition of this interesting region. Franconia is thus the type locality of Gomphus borealis Needham, and Somatochlora minor (Calv.), and five of Dr. Scudder’s species were first described from the White Mountain region. It has been difficult, however, to limit the scope of this paper to just the township, and impractical to take a definite radius, for lying so near the Connecticut Valley, a very varied topographic region would be included, when it seems more interesting and proper to make the paper one on the mountain and foot- hill stations. I am, therefore, including the records made for the immediate region of the higher White Mountains, a region I think often referred to by Hagen and others on odonate labels as ‘‘White Mts.’”’ The list thus includes the notable records and type stations of Dr. S. H. Scudder on Mt. Washington, and at The Glen, and records of Dr. P. P. Calvert at Fabyan’s, Dr. G. M. Allen at Intervale in 1899, etc. My own collecting in this region includes one day’s trip made in 1916, from southern New Hampshire,north through the Profile Notch and south again by the Crawford (Psyche 24:45-53, 1917), and during the past summer when I Was a resident of Franconia from June 24 to August 5, and during a two days’ trip on June 1 and 2. One of the interesting features of my list is, not so much that I failed to find many species recorded by Mrs. Slosson over her long years of collecting in the region, but that in one summer I should have taken a con- siderable number of common species which it seems she certainly would have found; facts indicating very probably changes or local extensions of insect ranges in this region. Zygoptera. AGRIONID&. 1. o a + We ; i” he ra a A 1. MO eae a] fs bs ; re b Pale ie 2 c. . S *, u he ae ‘4. €» ° CAN. END; VOL VEI PLATE I. EPR SEI PANES . THE HABITS, OF HETEROCERUS BEEREES: 1. Mud bar where the beetles breed. 2. Burrows made by the larve. 3. Pupal cases. 4, Adult. 5. Eggs. 6. Larva. 7. Larva ready to pupate. 8. Pupa. Che Canadian Cutomolonist Won. LI. LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1919. No. 2 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. NOTES ON THE HABITS OF HETEROCERUS BEETLES. BY G. B. CLAYCOMB, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILL. In the hot, dry days of summer, when the creeks run low and the mud bars become numerous along the margins of the streams, a common sight on this recently deposited mud is the network of lines which mark and ramify the surface. Investigation shows clearly that some small animal has pushed its way through the soft alluvium and formed little tunnels in the freshly exposed sediment left by the receding water. These little subterranean passages were a source of great perplexity to the writer until the summer of 1916, when the entire mystery was revealed as if by magic. Along a small creek in western Illinois on a day late in July, the entire life- history of the little builder of the burrow was found in all completeness. Near the water (pl. I, fig. 1), just beneath the surface of the soft squashy mud, were the tunnels, freshly made. Farther back on the dryer portion of the bar, the tunnels were more numerous and the elevation of the soil which marked the passages was more distinct, due to the drying of the earth. Still farther back the lines formed, in places, an almost unbroken mat, so extensive had the net- work become (pl. I, fig. 2). On the higher, firmer portions of the deposit, among the older less distinct galleries, were little cases with chimney-like ex- tensions projecting from the mud (fig. 3). Here then was the life-history of these interesting beetles in all its com- pleteness within this very limited area. The adult beetle (fig. 4) was found to be the maker of the tunnels in the fresh mud near the water. Several were captured within the burrows, and others, when disturbed, forced their way out through the mud and flew away. In these newly constructed passages are laid the eggs in small masses (fig. 5). The eggs hatch into active running larve (fig. 6) which greatly extend the home already started for them by the adult. growing to a length of 7 or 8 millimetres, the larvae construct for themselves the mud chambers with the peculiar little chimneys extending upward from them (fig. 3). The openings of these chimneys are usually closed near the top by a very thin layer of dry mud. These structures become firm and strong after they are dry. In the chamber the larva changes to a pupa (fig. 8)... Beside the larve and pupe, several adults were found within the cells (fig. 3). ‘The beetles were identified for me by Mr. A. B. Walcott, of The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, who says: ‘‘The sending represents two species, the larger and paler ones are Heterocerus pallidus Say; while the smaller and darker ones are Heterocerus tristis Mann.’ The adults of these two distinct species were found together in the same limited area and in the same kind of pupal cases. Their habits apparently are identical. The smaller beetles measured on an average 4.3 mm. in length, the larger ones were slightly longer. At the time of pupation the larve measured from 7 to 8 mm. in length (fig. 7). The cases averaged 10 mm. in their longest dimension. When the place was visited again a few days later, a rise of the stream had obliterated the entire colony, and nothing remained but a plain mud bar. 26 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN AMERICAN BEES. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. The new species described all belong to parasitic genera. Ceelioxys panamensis, n. sp. o&. Length about 10 mm.; black, with the legs (except coxe), tegule, first abdominal segment and second laterally all bright ferruginous, under side of abdomen darker red; mandibles reddish in middle; face and front densely covered with appressed, very pale, yellow hair; eyes pale reddish, with short hair; antenne black, with penultimate joint (except dusky apex) and_ basal half of last joint dull yellowish red; third joint conspicuously shorter than fourth; vertex densely punctured, but a smooth area at each side of the ocelli; mesothorax densely and coarsely punctured, the anterior margin with a bow- shaped band of pale fulvous hair; a band of similar hair posteriorly, partly on mesothorax and partly on scutellum, and a spot at each side behind the tegule; axillar spines long, flattened, appearing slender from above; scutellum densely and coarsely punctured, with a median carina, but no projecting tooth; meso- pleura with a broad band of white hair in front and behind; wings strongly brownish; first r.n, jointing second s.m. nearly as far from base as second from apex; anterior coxz with short, flattened spines; abdomen dorsally finely punctured, shining; hair-bands slender, tinged with yellowish; apex with slender lateral spines; slender, widely divergent, inferior apical spines; and broad, obtuse superior apical lobes, shorter than the inferior spines. Canal Zone, Panama (A. H. Jennings), U.S. National Museum. Not closely related to any species known to me; in my table of males it runs near C. sayi and C. hirsutissima. The peculiarly coloured antenne are quite distinctive. Ceelioxys nigrofiimbriata, n. sp. 2. Length about 9.5 mm.; black, with the tegule and legs ferruginous; the abdomen is entirely black above, but dark red (with white hair bands) beneath; antenne entirely black; mandibles red, black at apex; face covered with erect brown hair, but the sides with white tomentum; clypeus simple; eyes red, with short hair; mesothorax surrounded with pale fulvous hair; mesothorax and scutellum with very large punctures, but the shining intervals conspicuous on disc; scutellum with a smooth median keel; axillar spines rather short, curved; wings strongly brownish; recurrent nervures equally distant from ends of second s.m.; anterior coxe with short spines; abdomen above highly polished, sparsely punctured, with very narrow whitish hair-bands; sixth segment with very minute punctures, and a median keel; last ventral segment produced far beyond last dorsal, sharply pointed at end, not notched at sides, but densely fringed with black hair; apex of last dorsal also with black hair, but its sides before apical part fringed with white hair. Manaos, Brazil, (Miss H. B. Merrill), U.S. Nat. Museum. In Schrottky’s table of Brazilian species this runs to C. amazonica Sky., but is smaller, and apparently less densely punctured on thorax above. Schrottky also omits to refer to the more striking characters of the abdomen, present in our species, and presumably absent in his. In the tables of Holmberg and Friese it runs nearest to C. remissa Holmbg., but differs in the sculpture of the scutellum. February, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 27 Ceelioxys clypeata Smith, variety a. 2 .—First abdominal segment red above. The pubescence of the large clypeal lobes is reddish. Trinidad, West Indies, June, (Aug. Busck). U.S. Nat. Museum. Ceelioxys deplanata Cresson. 2 .—Tlahualilo, Mexico, July, 1905, (A. W. Morrill.) Ceelioxys crassula, n. sp. 2 .—Length about 8.5 mm.; black, robust, with the legs (except coxe and trochanters) and tegule ferruginous; mandibles black; clypeus simple, short and very densely punctured; antenne black, third joint about as long as fourth; eyes black or almost (not greenish or reddish); vertex with a smooth space on each side next to eye; pubescence dull white, the abdomen with five entire bands, but no short, oblique ones; mesothorax and scutellum with dense large punctures, the latter with posterior margin straight; axillar spines moderate; wings dusky; anterior coxe with small spines; abdomen very broad at base, well punctured; apical dorsal segment keeled its whole length, ending with an angle of perhaps 60 degrees; apical ventral segment broad, not much turned downward at sides before end, the outer margin of the notch sharp. Boulder, Colorado, in D. M. Andrew’s nursery, at flowers of cultivated Helenium, Oct. 10, 1918. (W. P. Cockerell). In Crawford’s table this runs exactly to C. octodentata Say, but it differs by the entire keel on last dorsal seg- ment, shorter last ventral segment, and colour of eyes. On the same flowers, at the same time, were males of Melissodes semiagilis (Ckll.). On Oct. 12, the weather being unusually fine and warm for the time of year, I went to the same spot in search of more C. crassula. I did not find any, but from the Helenium ’ I obtained females of Megachile brevis Say, and males of Halictus armaticeps Cresson and Colletes salicicola geranii Ckll. I also collected a male Megachile perthirta Ckll. Immediately adjacent was a row of Salvia pitcheri, which was visited by Bombus americanorum Fabr., Anthophora smithit Cresson, Pseudo- melecta interrupia rociadensis Ckll., and Sphecodes lautipennis Ckll. Stelis aliena, n. sp. 2 .—Length about 8.5 mm.; with the general appearance, venation and pulvilli of Dianthidium (e. g., D. bicoloratum Smith), but no scopa, the ventral abdominal segments with thin fringes of hair; cheeks, vertex, occiput and mandibles (except teeth) bright ferruginous; two very broad black bands, beginning between the ocelli, pass down the front to the clypeus, where they become narrower; between these is a red band, the upper end of which (marked off from the red by a constriction) is orange; between the black bands and the eyes, down to the clypeus, is orange suffused with red; clypeus reddish black, the lower corners red; antennz red; head very densely punctured through- out, as also the thorax, the punctures of scutellum much larger than those of mesothorax; prothorax black, the tubercles with an orange spot; pleura black, with thin white hair, its upper part mainly occupied by a large red patch; mesothorax black in middle, laterally dull red, shading into black at sides, but lateral and anterior margins yellow, except middle of anterior margin, the yellow anteriorly forming triangular patches, which are extended 28 THE CANADIAN “ENTOMOLOGIST as orange lines across the disc between the black and red areas; axille yellow; scutellum bright red, prominent; metathorax black; tegule red, very finely punctured; wings fuliginous; legs red, hind femora suffused with blackish; abdomen black, with an interrupted yellow band on first segment, and four yellow spots each on second to fifth; the broad apical segment wholly black; first three segments shining and rather sparsely punctured, the others with large dense punctures. San Bernardino, Paraguay, (K. Fiebrig). U.S. Nat. Museum. This is the first recognized South American Stelis, and from its resemblance to the species of Dianthidium of the same general region, it seems possible that it represents an independent development, not derived from the Stelis of the Northern Hemisphere. Dianthidium nudum Schrottky appears to be congeneric, and may be called Stelis nuda. Dianthidium bicoloratum (Smith). Male.—Clypeus yellow, greater part of mesopleura and hind margins of first four abdominal segments red. Carcarana, Argentina (Bruner 18). Dianthidium multifasciatum (Strand). San Bernardino, Paraguay (K. Fiebrig). Erratum. Can. Ent., p. 349. For Nescorynura read Neocorynura. SOME NEW OR SCARCE COLEOPTERA FROM WESTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA—IJ. BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA. (Continued from Vol. L., p. 424.) Mycetophagus pini Zieg.—Three examples of what I take to be this uniform fuscous-brown species were taken at Dunedin in December. They were found on different occasions, two in fleshy fungi, the other by beating - dead branches. Col. Casey, who has examined one of them, is inclined to doubt its being pini, stating that ‘they are not so elongate as that species and the antennal structure appears to be different.’’ They accord, however, with all the brief descriptions of pini, the type of which was from North Carolina. No species of Mycetophagus has before been recorded from Florida. Hister coenosus Ehr.—This large well-marked Hister is recorded by Schwarz as ‘‘common in Northern Florida,’’ but no-records for the southern half of the State are known. Two specimens were taken at Dunedin, on Dec. 19 and March 29, respectively, both being sifted from carrion traps. Hister lecontei Mars.—This widely distributed species does not seem to be previously known from Florida, at least no published record can be found. A single specimen was taken from beneath the lake beach debris near Moore Haven on March 3. Hister coarctatus Lec.—Horn in his ‘Synopsis of U. S. Histeride’’ says that this species occurs with H. parallelus Say, the latter having been previously mentioned by him as Hoccurring in Georgia, South Carolina and Florida.’’ This indirect record is the only one I can find for Florida. A single *Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XIII, 1873, 298. February, 1919 * THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 29 specimen was taken at Dunedin on March 25 while sweeping huckleberry and other low vegetation. Soronia undulata Say.—A specimen was givenmeby Dr. E. W. Berger, Entomologist of the Florida State Plant Board, who reared it from larve sent in to him as damaging the fruit of guavas at Bradentown. It has not before been recorded from the State. Horn* gives its range as Middle States to Utah. Cryptarcha strigata Fab.—An introduced European species not before reported from Florida. Two specimens were taken, one at Dunedin, February 11, while beating, the other at La Belle, February 27, by sweeping. Trogosita hubbardi Leveille——A submaritime species described from Biscayne Bay, and since taken by Schwarz (Ms.) at Key West and Punta Gorda, Fla., and Cayamas, Cuba. Two specimens were beaten from Florida button-bush, on Hog Island, March 14. Elater manipularis Cand.—LeConte gives** the range of this species as ‘“‘Canada to Texas.”’ I can find no record of its occurrence in Florida. Two specimens were taken at Dunedin in December, and one at Lakeland, Feb. 22, all by beating bunches of Spanish moss in which they were hibernating. Dicerca punctulata Schén.—One specimen beaten from pine at Dunedin, Jan. 15. LeConte, in his Revision, gives its range as New York to Georgia. Not mentioned in any of the Florida lists. Mastogenius subcyaneus Lec.—Several specimens of this small Buprestid are taken at Dunedin each spring by sweeping ferns and beating in Skinner’s Hammock. I have also taken it at Eustis. © Schwarz (Ms.) notes it from St. Augustine. There is no previous published record for the State. Agrilus floridanus Cr.—A half dozen specimens of this handsome bronzed species were swept from huckleberry and other low shrubs at Dunedin during the latter part of March. It was described from northern Florida and is re- corded elsewhere only from Tampa. 7 Agrilus cupricollis Gory.—This species was described from St. Augustine and has been taken by me at Ormond and Dunedin. At the latter place it begins to appear about March 10 and occurs on huckleberry and other low shrubs. Taphrocerus albonotatus sp. nov.—Elongate, slender, strongly tapering behind. Black, shining, very sparsely and finely pubescent; the elytra with eight isolated white pubescent spots, arranged in three cross rows, two each in the first and third, and four in the second or middle row; the spots of the third row crescent-shaped, the others rounded or oblong, the first row at middle, the others equally spaced behind it. Head as broad as front of thorax, finely alutaceous, not punctate, the occiput with a wide, shallow, median impression. Thorax twice as wide as long, base slightly wider than apex, disk uneven, but less so than in gracilis; surface minutely alutaceous and with large, shallow, scattered ocellate punctures. Elytra at base slightly narrower than base of thorax, sides broadly sinuate in front of middle, straight and strongly converging from apical third to the obtusely rounded tips; disk with irregular rows of large shallow punctures, these becoming obsolete towards apex. Abdomen with *Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., VII, 308. - **Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XII, 1884, 9. 30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST a large, very shallow punctures, each enclosing a small oblong white scale. Length 3.0—4.9 mm. : Frequent in southern Florida, on huckleberry and other low shrubs in late fall and early spring. Taken by me at Lakeland, Ft. Myers, La Belle and Dunedin, October 20 to April 10. Confused heretofore with T. gracilis Say from which it differs by its more slender and more strongly tapering body, black colour without bronze tinge as in gracilis, and by the isolated white pubescent spots, the pubescence in gracilis coalescing to form two white cross bars on apical half of elytra. J. puncticollis Sz. is distinct by the punctate head and lack of elytral pubescent spots or bands. It has been taken by me at Okeechobee City, Bassenger and Dunedin. Taphrocerus agriloides Crotch.—A half dozen specimens of this scarce form were taken near Moore Haven by sweeping low vegetation along the margin of Lake Okeechobee. It was described from Texas and is recorded by Schwarz as very rare at Haulover, Fla. Brachys lugubris* Lec.—This name should be replaced in our lists either as a valid species or a well marked variety of B. ovata Web. The surface is black with a bluish tinge, never bronzed, the pubescence always white. The last ventral of male is not visible from above as in ovata, and its marginal teeth are much finer. In the female this segment is not truncate, as stated by Le Conte, but broadly rounded. About Dunedin it was swept from Ericads and low vegetation along the borders of lakes on several occasions in February and March, and was also taken under like conditions at Lakeland. Calochromus perfacetus Say.—Two specimens of this Lampyrid were taken at Lakeland on Feb. 21. It was also found by me at Ormond on April 14. LeConte, in his synopsis of the family, gives its range as “‘Atlantic States,”’ but this is the first record from Florida. Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus DeG.—This species, whose general range is more northern than that of C. marginatus, was taken at La Belle on Feb. 27. It is mentioned in Schwarz’s manuscript list as occurring at St. Augus- tine and Cresent City. Phengodes floridensis sp. nov.—Elongate, slender. Pale reddish yellow, pubescent with yellow hairs; antenne, except the two basal joints, apical or narrowed halves of elytra, inner wings and margins of dorsal segments of abdo- men, fuscous. Head with deep transverse curved channel behind the eyes, the latter globose, prominent; occiput and front densely punctate, not grooved lengthwise; antenne strongly plumose, half the length of body. Thorax slightly wider than long, convex, front angles rounded, hind ones acute, side margins flattened, horizontal, slightly narrowed in front, disk very finely and sparsely punctate. Elytra subulate, reaching scarcely beyond base of abdomen. Length 9mm. One male, swept from ferns in Skinner’s Hammock northeast of Dunedin, March 19. pee. Eupactus obsoletus Fall.—A specimen taken at electric porch-light at Dunedin was received on June 15. Identified by Mr. Fall, who states that it has *Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., XI, 1859, 251. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 31 not previously been reported from Florida. E. punctulatus Lec. has also been taken at light at Dunedin. Copris inemarginatus Blatch.—An examination of the male genitalia of this species and of C. anaglypticus was kindly made for me by Prof. R. W. Dawson of Lincoln, Neb. He reports that the claspers are uniformly less elongate and less slender in inemarginatus than in C. anaglypticus. He examined also the genitalia of other species of Copris, viz., mechus minutus and three tropical forms, and states that ‘‘the differences between the genitalia of these unquestion- ably distinct species are little if any greater than those between inemarginatus and anaglypticus.’’ His conclusions therefore are but additional evidence that the Florida form was worthy of a distinctive name*. Onthophagus alutaceus sp. nov. —Rounded-oval, small for the genus. Black, feebly: shining, not at all bronzed; palpi, tarsi and front tibize brownish. Head of male without carina, sparsely punctate above, more closely near the margins, the clypeus with a broad, rather shallow triangular notch. Thorax twice as wide as long, longest at middle; sides straight in front, then rounded into base, the latter broadly rounded, sinuate near hind angles, distinctly margined; disk strongly convex, its front third declivent and with an obtuse triangular median projection; surface finely alutaceous, sparsely, evenly, coarsely and shallowly punctate, each puncture bearing a short, coarse, stiff, erect, brown hair. Elytra at base distinctly narrower than middle of thorax; strie very fine; intervals wide, coarsely alutaceous, each with two rows of fine, acic- ulate punctures, each puncture bearing a fine, short, inclined yellow hair. Spur of hind tibie half the length of tarsi. Pygidium, femora and sterna coarsely, shallowly and sparsely punctate; abdomen almost smooth. Length 4mm. One male, taken on the wing at Dunedin, Jan. 7. Chas. Schaeffer, who recently published a review of the North American species of Onthophagus,** says it is undescribed form, close to a new species in his collection from Texas, which has the front tibize armed with a distinct, moderately long hairy pencil as in “anthracinus, landolti, etc.,”’ this being absent in the Florida specimen. The broad, strongly alutaceous elytral intervals with rows of aciculate punctures resembling minute tubercles, taken in connection with the small size, black colour and notched clypeus, are the principal distinctive characters of alutaceus. It is closely related to cribricollis Horn, the latter being bronzed, with different sculpture of upper surface and broader clypeal notch. Aphodius bicolor Say.—One specimen taken at Dunedin, March 18. The first record for the State. Polyphylla occidentalis Linn.—One specimen taken at porch-light at Dunedin, June 10. Specimens in the Gainesville collection are from Lake City. The P. occidentalis of the Schwarz List was based on P. gracilis, there being no published record of true occidentalis from the State. *In thelast paragraph of the notes following the description of C. inemarginatus (Can. Ent., February, 1918), line 8 from the bottom of p. 55 should read ‘‘and take the punctures out of” in- stead of ‘‘and put the punctures in.”’ **Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXII, 1914, 290. 32 : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Heterachthes pallidum Hald.—Elongate, slender, cylindrical. Rather dark reddish brcwn or rufc-testacecus throughout, strongly shining. Thorax cylindrical, twice as long as broad, narrowed at base, finely, sparsely and ir- regularly punctate without callosities or antemedian constriction as in quad- rimaculaius. Elytra twice as long as thorax, slightly wider at base, finely sparsely and irregularly punctate, each puncture bearing a very slender, erect hair. Under surface smooth, glabrous. Length 6.5 mm. The above description, I take it, is that of the insect mentioned* as a variety of H. quadrimaculaius Newm., Haldeman’s brief description following that of H. gquadrimaculatus, being as follows: “‘Var. pallidum. Pale, posterior spots wanting. Three lines Icng.’’ As described above the differences between the two forms are sufficient to restore Haldeman’s name, if not as a valid species, at least as a good variety. One male was taken by beating in Skinner’s Hammock northeast of Dunedin, March 23. The antenne, as is usual with males of the genus, have joints 1 to 6 uniformly thickened, the second very small, globular; the terminal joints much more slender. H. ebenus, the only other species known from Florida, was taken at Moore Haven and Okeechobee City. (To be continued) THE NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA DESCRIBED BY NIELS S SWEDERUS. BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON, BOSTON, MASS. In Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar, 1787, vol. VIII, pt. 4, Swederus described seven Diptera, including two from North America. The author states that he has followed the classification of Linné, the genera of Fabricius being placed in parenthesis. On page 287 is described Musca (Syrphus Fabr.) monoculus, “Hab. in America Septentrionali.”” I am unable to identify this species. On page 288, Musca (Syrphus Fabr.) americana is described, “Hab. in America Sept.’’ This is probably the species referred to as ‘‘Musca tomentosa Swederus”’ in Osten Sacken’s Catl. N. Amer. Diptera, page 1386, 1878, in the synonymy under “Brachypalpus verbosus (Harris) Walker,’ and later placed in the synonymy under Criorhina verbosa by Williston (Synopsis N. Amer. Syrphide, page 211, 1886). The name “Musca tomentosa Swederus”’ is evidently an error, as no species by that name was described by him. In regard to Musca (Syrphus) americana Swederus being the same as C. verbosa Walker, there seems to be too many discrepancies, the description agreeing far better with Eristalis flavipes Walker. The name Musca americana was previously used by Fabricius 1775. On the other hand, Syrphus americanus was used by Wiedemann in 1830. Does the use of Fabricius’ genus in parenthesis by Swederus invalidate the name used by Wiedemann? I am inclined to think it does, as the author’s intention seems very clear, for, following this description, three other species are described in which only the genus Musca is used. To avoid confusion it seems necessary to rename Wiedemann’s species. I, therefore, propose the name Syrphus wiede- manni n.n., placing Musca (Syrphus) americana Swederus in the synonymy under Eristalis flavipes Walker. *Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., X, 1847, 48. February, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 33 LEUCOPELMONUS CONFUSUS, NORTON—TENTHREDINID-~.* BY ALEX. D. MacGILLIVRAY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILL. Norton in his ‘‘Catalogue of the Described Tenthredinidze and Uroceridz of North America,” describes as a new species, Tenthredo confusus. This species was based upon a male received from the Smithsonian Institution. The only locality noted was the United States. The type of this species has been reported as lost and, so far as |am aware, no one has identified this species since. In the Canadian Entomologist for 1893, Mr. W. Hague Harrington de- scribed a peculiar tenthredinid, Tenthredopsis (?) annulicornis. It is not unusual for species of Ichneumonide to have the proximal and distal segments of the antenne black or dusky and the intermediate segments white. This is the first record of a species of Tenthredinidz with antenne coloured in this way. The female of this species has the fifth and sixth segments white and the others dusky. Such an arrangement of colour makes the female very easily recognized. Mr. S. A Rohwer described a similar species from North Carolina under the name of Perinura turbata. The female of this species also has the fifth and sixth segments of the antennz white. There is included in my report on the Tenthredinoidea in the report of the Hymenoptera of Connecticut a new genus and species, Leucopelmonus annulatus, the female of which has similarly coloured antenna. This species was based on specimens collected in New England. It was hoped that a careful study of all these species could be made before the description of L. annulatus was pub- lished, but this was impossible. The description of Norton was based upon a male, but in the case of the species described by Harrington, Rohwer, and MacGillivray, specimens of both sexes were available for study. There is before me for comparison typical specimens of both sexes of these three latter species. While there are slight individual variations, I am unable to find any constant characters for separating them. The males agree perfectly with Norton’s description of the male of confusus, and I believe that these four names all apply to a single species which is very constant in its structural and colorational characters. Leucopelmonus MacG. 1917. MacGillivray, Bul. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 22, 83. Head broad between the compound eyes, nearly twice as broad as the eyes are along at the antennal fovee; compound eyes with their mesal margins nearly parallel or only slightly converging ventrad; antennal plates not strongly developed, but distinct; malar space one-half as long as the first antennal seg- ment; clypeus deeply emarginate, labrum broadly rounded; lateral ocelli slightly dorsad of a line connecting the dorsal corners of the compound eyes; antennz with nine segments, the first distinctly longer than the second, segments of the flagellum not thickened or clavate; legs with the metacoxe not reaching to the caudal margin of the third abdominal segment, metafemora not reaching the caudal end of the abdomen, and the claws deeply cleft; front wings with the radial cross-vein, the free parts of Ra and Rs, the radio-medial cross-vein, and the free part of Sc: distinct; Ms+s originating from the cell Rs and M2 from the cell R4; 2nd A a short, transverse vein; hind wings with the free part of Ra and *Contributions from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois, No. 57. February, 1919 34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the transverse part of Mz wanting, the cells Rs and Mi: not limited at the margin of the wing by a vein; abdomen with the basal plates not divided at middle. This genus is related to Tenthredopsis and Rhogogastera, from the former of which it is separated by having the basal plates undivided and from the latter by lacking the free part of Ra, and the transverse part of Me in the hind wings of both sexes. Leuccpelmonus confusus Nort. 1869. Tenthredo. Norton, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., 2, 24. 1887. Tenthredopsis, Cresson, Syn. Fam. Gen. Hymen. Amer., 169 annuli- corms Harrg. 1893. ? Tenthredopsis, Harrington, Can. Entom., 25, 61, turbata Rohwer. 1911. Perineura, Rohwer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 41, 408, annulatus MacG. 1917. Leucopelmonus, MacGillivray, Bul. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., 22, 83. Female.—Head, including the clypeus, finely, densely, shallowly punctured; the clypeus narrowly, deeply emarginate, the bottom of the emargination transverse, the sides oblique, the clypeal lobes large, broadly truncated; the antennal furrows broad, deep, and distinct, more linear between the lateral ocelli and the caudal margin of the head, parallel; the caudal portion of the head distinctly margined, deeply interrupted by the antennal furrows; the postocellar area very convex, quadrangular; the ocellar furrow distinct, broadly rounded, connecting with the antennal furrows and a short, interocellar furrow continued as a slight V-shaped depression surrounding the median ocellus; the ocellar areas not elevated adjacent to the lateral ocelli, forming well elevated ridges continuous with the distinct antennal plates and elevated flat supraclypeal area; the median fovea wanting; the dorsal end of the supraclypeal area abrupt, forming the ventral boundary of the deep ocellar basin, extending from the supraclypeal area to-the median ocellus, the ocellar basin variable in depth, the ventral portion sometimes smooth; a distinct lateral fovea adjacent to the dorsal end of each antennal plate; the antenne with the third and fourth seg- ments subequal or the third slightly longer than the fourth, the fourth dis- tinctly longer than the fifth; the pronotum sparsely coarsely punctured; the median and lateral lobes of the mesonotum polished, with sparse punctures bearing sete; the mesoscutellum and axille densely granular, the mesopost- scutellum polished with a few punctures, the lateral portions sometimes slightly finely striated; the mesoscutum finely densely granular; the mesopleura with the dorsal portion finely densely punctured, gradually merging with the granular ventral portion and polished mesosternum; metapleura granular; the wings hyaline, the proximal half of the stigma pale, the veins including the costa brownish; the claws cleft, the inner lobe about one-fourth the length of the outer; the cephalic tibial spurs enlarged, angularly bifurcate at the distal end; the abdomen polished, sparsely setaceous; the saw-guides slender, the dorsal margin straight, the ventral margin rounded, continuous with the strongly obliquely convex distal portion, the dorsal and distal margins forming a sharp angle; the distal and ventral margin bearing long sete; the cerci short and truncate; colour rufous shading to whitish with the following parts black: the first to fourth segments of the antenne, the distal half or whole of the seventh, —— THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 35 and the eighth and ninth, the head except the supraclypeal area for the most part, the clypeus, the labrum, and some irregular marks on the postocellar area, sometimes represented by two black spots, an oval spot on each lateral lobe of mesonotum and a minute spot near the caudo-mesal angle of each oval spot, the metanotum and the sutures between it and the basal plates and first abdominal segment more or less, the ventral aspect of the mesopleura and metapleura, sometimes with a rufus spot on the mesopleura, variable in size and distinctness, mesosternum and metasternum, the coxe except the distal portion, and a band at the distal end of the metafemora and metatibie; the labrum, antennal segments five and six, sometimes the proximal half of seven and the tegule white. Length 8-10 mm. Male.—The male differs only in having a larger proportion of black and in having the rufous colour tending toward white; the antenne are pale beyond the second segment, rufous or yellowish, the distal segments viewed in certain lights, whitish; the three distal segments of the abdomen usually black, the entire abdomen sometimes rufous; the pronotum in great part black; the meso-- pleura entirely black. Length 7-8 mm. Habitat.—Ottawa, Ontario, (W. Hague Harrington); North fork of Swan- aanoa River, Black Mountains, North Carolina (Nathan Banks and Franklin Sherman); Franconia, New Hampshire (Mrs. A. T. Slosson); Durham, New Hampshire (C. M. Weed); Hampton, New Hampshire (S. Albert Shaw); Ithaca, New York. SOME NEW AMERICAN DELPHACID-. BY F. MUIR, HONOLULU, T. H. Genus Columbiana, nov. Head a little narrower than thorax; vertex slightly wider than long, apex slightly narrower than base, basal areas five-sided, nearly the length of the vertex with an oblong foveola in each, the diamond-shape cell small and pro- jecting beyond the apical margin; length of face about twice the width, slightly narrowed between the eyes beyond which the sides parallel, median carina simple, slightly thickened at base; in profile vertex and face rounded; antenne cylindrical, reaching to apex of face, first joint about as long as broad, second joint about twice the length of first and slightly thicker; clypeus tricarinate. Pronotum tricarinate, lateral carine divergingly curved posteriorly not reaching to the hind margin; mesonotum tricarinate. Hind tibia longer than the tarsi, first tarsus equal in length to the two others together; spur slightly shorter than the first tarsus, narrow, cultrate, concave on the inner surface, a tooth on apex but none on the hind margin. Media touching cubitus, a short cross-vein between media and radius. This genus comes near to Sogatopsis Muir; if we disregard the spur it comes near to Delphacodes Fieb. and Sogata Dist. Columbiana Iloydi, sp. nov. Figs. 6-a, 7-a. Male, macropterous. Castaneous, darker on pro- and mesonota and abdomen. Tegmina hyaline, veins brown with very fine granules, fuscous or brown over the basal half of costal cell and slightly so over clavus, with a darker mark at the apex of claval vein. February, 1919 36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Opening of pygofer oblong, the ventral edge produced into three processes, the middle one broad and bifurcate, the lateral smaller and lanceolate; anal segment large without spines; genital styles straight, flat, narrow at apical fourth, apex truncate; aedeagus large, produced into a long, curved narrow apex with a curved spine at base of the narrow apex. Length 2.6 mm.; tegmen 4 mm. Habitat.—Almaguer Cauca, Columbia, 10,500 feet elevation (Lloyd). Pissonotus megalostylus, sp. nov. Figs. 8-a. Male, macropterous. Width of head including eyes 1.7 times the length including eyes, antenne reaching nearly to the apex of clypeus, joints subequal in length, vertex longer than wide, apex slightly narrower than base; lateral pronotal carine straight, diverging posteriorly not quite reaching the hind margin; length of hind tibia subequal to tarsi, first tarsus slightly longer than the other two together, spur large, as long as first tarsus, laminate, small teeth on hind margin. Light brown, darker between the carine of face and clypeus, along the posterior margin of pronotum, over the medio-lateral areas of mesonotum, the abdomen and third tarsus. Tegmina hyaline, median vein and all the apical veins brown, on the median vein all the brown extends into the neighbouring membrane, a brown mark at the end of commissure; wings hyaline with brown veins. Opening of pygofer oval, margin entire; anal segment small with two small spines on medio-ventral edge; armature arising from the middle of the dia- phragma as a cultrate projection; genital styles large, flattened, curved, in lateral view bent at right angles before middle, apex pointed the apical portion curled round into nearly a complete circle, a small projection where the curl begins. Length 2.5 mm.; tegmen 4 mm. Habitat.—Demerara River, British Guiana. Megamelus timehri, sp. nov. Fig. 9. Male, macropterous. In structure and colour similar to the macropterous M. notula (Germ.) to which it is closely related. Spur slightly longer than first tarsal joint, thin and broad with apex rounded, numerous small teeth on the hind margin. Dark brown, carine of head, legs, antenne and pygofer lighter brown; tegmina hyaline, veins brown with a few minute granules bearing black hairs; wings hyaline with light veins. Pygofer on the same plan as that of MW. notula (Germ.), the ventral margin with three emarginations, a semicircular median one and a pair of lateral ones deeper than wide; anal segment small, closely embraced by the pygofer; genital styles small, flat, outer edge slightly convex, inner edge straight or slightly concave, apex obtusely pointed. Length 2.2 mm.; tegmen 3 mm. Habitat.—Demerara River, British Guiana. M. notula (Germ.) differs from this species in having the two processes between the emarginations on the ventral edge of the pygofer much narrower and pointed, the genital styles are more pointed and have a large projection at base, and the anal segment is not closely embraced by the pygofer. The variety flavus (Crawford) differs from M. timehri. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 37 z Fig. 6.—Dorsal view of head and pronotum of Columbiana lloydi. — ; Fig. 7—C. Iloydi, full F g. 7a.—Lateral view of same. Fig. 6a.—Face of same. view of pygofer. ra Fig. 8a.—Lateral view Fig. 9.— Megamelus timehri, Fig. 8.— Pissonotus : of same. full view of pygofer. megalcstylus, full view of pygofer. Fig. 10. — Chloriona Fig. 11. — Delphacodes fuscipennis, full view guianensis, full view Fig. 12.—Delphacodes subfusca, of pygofer. of pygofer. full view of pygofer. 38 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Chloriona fuscipennis, sp. nov. Fig. 10. Male, macropterous. Length of vertex twice the width, -apex slightly narrower than base, length of face two and one-half times the width, slightly wider on apical half; antenne reaching to the base of clypeus or slightly beyond, first joint half the length of the second; hind tibia of equal length to tarsi, first tarsus longer than the other two together, spur nearly as long as first tarsus, wide, laminate, many small teeth on the hind margin; lateral pronotal carinz diverging posteriorly, slightly curved, not reaching the hind margin. Dark brown, front and middle legs lighter brown, antennz, rostrum, hind legs, lateral portions of pronotum, middle of pro- and metanota yellowish or light brown. Tegmina hyaline, fuscous, an area over apex of costal and sub- costal cells clear, infuscation darkest along cubital area, commissure white with a dark mark at apex, granules minute with black hairs; wings hyaline with brown veins. Pygofer opening wide, dorsal emargination deep; anal segment sunk into emargination, round; genital styles long, straight, flat, narrowed on apical third, apex truncate. Length 2.5 mm.; tegmen 3.4 mm. Habitat.—Demerara River, British Guiana. Deliphacodes guianensis, sp. nov. Fig. 11. Male, macropterous. Vertex as long as wide, length of face slightly more than twice the width, sides subparallel, slightly narrowed between the eyes; antenne reaching slightly beyond the base of the clypeus, first joint more than half the length of the second (1 to 1.4); hind tibia longer than tarsi, first joint of hind tarsus as long as the other two together, spur large, as long as the first tarsal joint, broad, laminate, apex acute, small teeth on the hind margin. Light brown or ochraceous; a minute black spot on the lateral carinze of face in front of the ocelli, a slightly darker longitudinal mark down the tibia, abdomen darker with a light line down the middle of the ventral surface and on pleura. Tegmina hyaline, slightly yellow, veins yellow, granules fine with black hairs; wings hyaline with yellow veins. Opening of pygofer slightly deeper than broad, anal segment small not closely embraced by pygofer, a pair of short, stout, curved, diverging spines on medio-ventral surface, their bases approximate; genital styles large, flat, broadest at apex which is truncate and oblique, outer edge slightly concave, inner edge produced into a process at the middle, which is longer than broad and rounded at apex. Length 2 mm.; tegmen 3.3 mm. Habitat.—Demerara River, British Guiana. Delphacodes subfusca, sp. nov. Fig. 12. Male, macropterous. Vertex slightly broader than long; antenne reaching to base of clypeus, first joint about half the length of second; length of face about twice the width, slightly narrowed between the eyes, beyond which the sides are parallel; median carina furcate at base; hind tibia equal in length to the tarsi, first tarsal joint equal to the second and third together, spur as long as first tarsi at joint, wide, pointed, laminate, small teeth on the hind margin. Light brown or ochraceous, darker between carine of head and over coxe ee THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 39 and abdomen. \Tegmina hyaline with light brown veins, granules very small bearing black hairs, a dark mark at end of commissure, wings hyaline with brown veins. Opening of pygofer round, margin produced into a small lobe at each side of the anal segment; anal segment small with a pair of small, stout spines on the medio-ventral edge, touching at their bases and slightly diverging to the apices; armature or diaphragm small, Y-shape; genital styles long, flat, slightly curved, slightly narrowed at middle, apex truncate with the corners slightly produced. Length 1.6 mm.; tegmen 2.0 mm. Female lighter in colour, especially so on coxe and abdomen. Length 2.2 mm.; tegmen 2.8 mm. Habitat.—Demerara River, British Guiana. SAMUEL WENDELL WILLISTON. In the death of Samuel Wendell Williston, on August 30, 1918, American entomology has lost one of its keenest students. Although his professional work lay mainly in paleontology, in which field he attained great d’stinction, he also ranked as the foremost American dipterist of his time and a world-author- ity in this branch of entomology : The following brief sketch of his life is based upon, and largely quoted from, the admirable account by Prof. J. M. Aldrich, wh’ch appeared in the November number of the Entomological News (vol. XXIX, pp. 322-327, with portrait). Samuel Wendell Williston was born on July 10, 1852, and was, therefore, 66 years old when he died. At this time and for some years previously he was Professor of Paleontology and Director of the Walker Museum in the University of Chicago. His boyhood was spent at Manhattan, Kansas, where he entered the Agricultural College, graduating in 1872. He began to study medicine in 1873, but in the following two years he spent the summer months in fossil- collecting expeditions in Western Kansas, the work being done for Prof. Marsh, of Yale University. After a winter at the Medical Schoo! of the University of Iowa, he visited Prof. Marsh in the spring of 1876; and this visit resulted in almost continuous emp oyment with Marsh for nine years, until 1885, when he received his Ph. D., spec alizing in paleontology. He also managed to finish his med cal course in 1880, and in 1886 was appointed demonstrator in anatomy at Yale Medical School. So great was his ability as an anatomist that he obtained a full professorship in Human Anatomy ‘n the follow ng year. After three years in ths position he accepted a call to the University of Kansas as Professor of Historical Geology and Paleontology. Twelve years of arduous and productive work followed, during which he helped to organize the Medical Department of the University and took on the deanship of the latter in addition to his other duties. Though possessed of a vigorous constitution, his health began to give way unde~ the strain of overwork, so that, after resigning from this post, he went to Chicago in 1902 as Professor of Palaeontology, in which capacity he was able to concentrate upon his chosen specialty. Here he spent the last 14 years of his February, 1919 : - 40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2 life, beginning under some unexpected hardships and gradually working up to full recognition and honours. Williston never held an official entomological position, but he found time to do much valuable work as a pioneer in dipterology. His interest in flies began to be serious about 1878, but he was virtually alone in the field in America, and the difficulties which confronted him in the identification of genera and species were almost overwhelming. After a year or two of slow and tedious effort, however, he came upon Schiner’s Fauna Austriaca, in which he found great relief and satisfaction, for he was now able, through its excellent analytical tables, to trace all his American flies to their families and, in most cases, to their genera. “He was so impressed by the saving of time accomplished that his own publications coming later show the effect of this early experience on every page; everywhere he has the beginner in mind and is clearing the way for him. ‘In a few years he began publ'shing tenative papers analyzing the American families and genera of flies. These he extended and enlarged in a pamphlet in 1888, and again in a bound volume in 1896; and in 1898 published a third edition still more complete, with 1,000 figures, his well-known Manual of Diptera. This third edition is his main contribution to entomology. It is a handbook unapproached by anything else dealing with a large order of insects. From necessity he published it at his own expense; it was eight years before the receipts from sales covered the cost of printing, but happily he lived to see this con- summation. ‘His other papers of his early period, 1881-89, dealt with Asilida, Conopide, Tabanide, and smaller groups, and especially with Syrphide, in which his fine monograph of 1886 is still in universal use, and by the taxonomic genius of its author has created in the United States an ineradicable belief that the family is an easy one, well adapted for the beginner to publish in; a mistaken belief, but highly complimentary to the monographer. “From 1890 his more important papers were concerned with tropical Diptera (Mexico, St. Vincent, Brazil), and with bibliography As his official duties grew more exacting, he gradually abandoned entomology, but he had as many farewell appearances as an opera singer, for he could not resist the tempta- tion to come back again and again * * * But after 1896 he did little work on the order except in preparing the third edition of his Manual, which cost him two years of arduous work, as he drew 800 figures with his own hand His deep interest in genera and his very wide acquaintance with them, together with his universally recognized taxonomic ability, made him in the period 1890-1900, the peer of Osten Sacken, Brauer and Mik as a world-authority in Diptera.”’ Williston exercised a stimulating aid inspiring influence upon his students, with whom he associated himself intimately. Although he never gave any formal entomological courses, he gave much informal assistance to many who were interested in his special studies, and among these are some of our most eminent dipterists, as well as others who attained distinction in paleontology. “But his life work was mainly directed to the larger circle outside his own in- stitution.” “His last years were full of honours. He was a delegate to the International Zoological Congress at Monaco; Yale University gave him an honorary D. Sc.; THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Al he was chosen to the limited membership of the National Academy of Sciences, and the Entomological Society of America made him an Honorary Fellow, one of seven out of its membership of 600. He was married in 1880 to Annie I. Hathaway, of New Haven, who sur- vives him together with three daughters and a son.” In his concluding paragraph Prof. Aldrich says: “More than any other of my teachers, he became my ideal of a scientific man; and if in later years my ideal took on larger proportions, so he too seemed to expand in his nature powers; and at the close of his life I still feel that a splendid and inspiring example of scientific work and achievement is contained in his career.” SOME NEW LACHNIDS OF THE GENUS LACHNIELLA. (HoMOPTERA-HEMIPTERA.) BY H. Ff. WILSON, MADISON, Wis. (Continued from page 22.) Lachniella nigra, n. sp. Descriptions made from specimens collected at Kilbourn, Wisconsin, August 18, 1917, on Pinus sp. Very abundant and found in colonies on the underside of the branches or on the trunk of young trees. General colour shining or a metallic chocolate brown, not pruinose. Colour notes from live specimens, other notes from alcoholic and balsam material. Types in the writer’s collection. Apterous viviparous female.—General colour metallic brown with the legs and antenne black. After being in the balsam for a few months the antenne and front and middle pair of legs became lighter, especially the tibia. Antenne with the third segment being much stouter. Third segment approximately as long as the fourth, fifth and sixth together, the sixth being slightly longer than the fourth, and both less than the fifth. Third segment without sensoria, fourth with two small ones, and the fifth with one small sensoria near the middle, and a very large one at the distal end. Beak long, extending to the tip of the body. Nectaries very large and with a straight sloping base, cauda angled rather than rounded at the tip. Hairs abundant and of medium length. Measurements.—Length of body 2.6 mm. Length of antennal segments: III, 0.5 mm.; IV, 0.187 mm.; V, 0.27 mm.; VI, 0.21 mm. Total length 1.34 mm. Length of beak 2mm. Length of hind tibiz 2.35 mm. Alate viviparous female-—General colour bronze. brown with antenne and legs black. Colour notes made from live specimens, other notes from balsam mounts. After several months in balsam the antenne and legs become lighter coloured. The antennz from the base of the third segment, gradually becoming darker toward the tip, the last segment being dusky to black. The tibiz of the first and second pair of legs excepting at the joints become quite clear, those of the hind pair continue to be dusky black. Third antennal segment approxi- mately as long as the fourth, fifth and sixth. As in the apterous forms the antennz taper somewhat, the last two segments being thicker than the preceding; from one to three sensoria are found on the distal end, except that occasionally two sensoria may occur near the end, and one larger one about the centre of the “segment. - Fourth segment normally with one sensorium, but two may occur, February 1919 - ~ae 42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ Fifth segment with two large or one large and two small sensoria. Beak reaching to tip of abdomen, wings as usualin the genus. Nectaries not quite as large as in apterous forms, and cauda more rounded. ) = Measurements.—Length of body 2.25 mm. Length of antennal segments: III, 0.62 mm.; IV, 0.25 mm.; V, 0.27 mm.; VI, 0.187 mm. Total length 1.5 mm. Length of beak 2.15mm. Length of-hind tibize 2.6 mm. Laciniella’ montana, new species. . Description made from three apterous specimens on one slide. Material sent to me by Prof. C. P. Gillette and designated as a new species by him under the name Lachnus montanus collected by Prof. Gillette at Cimmaron, Colorado, on oak August 22, 1906. Apterous viviparous female——General colour cannot be determined. Antenne light coloured throughout, legs slightly darker without black areas. Antenne reaching slightly beyond the hind coxe, third segment not as long as the fourth, fifth and sixth together. Third and fourth antennal segments without sensoria, fifth with one at the distal end. Beak reaching slightly beyond the hind coxe. Abdomen with a row of distinct tubercles along each side, which are raised areas on the front edge of each tracheal opening. A few scat- tered glandular areas are also to be found on the abdomen. Each hind tibie has a number of round to oblong sensoria on the upper side of the basal one- third of the segment. It is possible that the specimens at hand are oviparous females, but it hardly seems possible that this form would occur in that climate as early as August. The cauda and oval plate are slightly distinct. Measurements.—Length of body 3.5 mm.; width 2mm. Length of antennal secments: [IL 0.72 mm.: TV. 0:3) mm.: V, 04mm «~sV +025 mui. Total length 1.67 mm. - Beak: III, 0.23 mm.; IV, 0.21 mm.; V, 0.083 mm. Lachniella burrilli, new species. From material collected by Professor A. C. Burrill on Sabina scopulorum at Twin Falls, Idaho, July 6, 1917. One alate specimen in good condition, one apterous specimen in poor condition and a number of larve. Mr. Burrill states that these were found on the underside of the limbs feeding on the bark, and that they greatly resembled the colour of the bark. Mr. Burrill’s notes on coloration are included in the descriptions. Specimens of what is evidently the same species but differing slightly were sent to me from Fort Collins, Colo- rado, by Professor C. P. Gillette. These were collected on the same food plant. Types in writer’s collection. A pterous viviparous female.—General colour closely resembles the bark, being black with pruinose patches which produce a calico effect. Antenne cream-coloured at the base and black at the tip. Abdomen with two rows of black blotches along the median line and two rows of black dots dorso-laterally along the abdomen. Legs with the femora black, and the tibie black at the tip. Nectaries black, cauda light coloured. Antenne with third segment less than length of fourth, fifth and sixth segments. Fourth longer than the sixth. Third segment with three sensoria, fourth with one and five with one. Nectaries small conical, and diameter of base not much greater than that of the opening. Body, legs and antennae moderately hairy, hairs short and inconspicuous. Measurements.—Length of body 3 mm. Length of antennal segments: III, 0.42 mm.; IV, 0,2 mm.; V, 0.17 mm.; VI, 0.12 mm, Total length 1.3 mm, | | aap ante THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 43 Beak: ILI, 0.166 mm.; IV, 0.166 mm.; V, 0.063 mm. Total length 1.56 mm. ? Length of hind tibia 0.95 mm.; hind tarsus 0.21 mm. Alate viviparous female.—General colour black with white pruinose areas producing a calico effect. Antennz cream-coloured at the base of the third and fourth segments, other parts dusky and tip dusky black. Head dusky, _thorax black, wings dusky, veins with dusky borders. Legs with femora light coloured at base and dusky toward the tip. Tibiz light coloured except slightly at the base and a small part toward the tip. Tarsi black. Abdomen smoky, with two rows of dorso-lateral black dots, and an extra dot on segment four. Posterior segments almost black. Cauda black. Third antennal segment shorter than the three distal segments, four and five approximately equal, and six shorter than four. Beak reaching to base of nectaries. Nectaries cone- shaped and rather large. Cauda and anal plate broadly rounded. Measurements.—Length of body 2 mm. Length of antennal segments: III, 0.33 mm.; IV, 0.166 mm.; V, 0.18 mm.; VI, 0.1 mm. Total length 1.36 mm. Beak: III, 0.166 mm.; IV, 0.166 mm.; V, 0.088 mm. Total length 1.55 mm. Length of hind tibia 1.46 mm. Hind tarsus 0.23 mm. Lachniella caudelli, new species. From specimens collected by A. N. Caudell at Kaslo, B.C., July 7, 1903, on spruce. One slide containing one alate and five apterous forms. This species is sufficiently distinct to warrant a description, although the material at hand is not abundant. Types in U.S. Bureau of Entomology collection. Apterous viviparous female.—General colour cannot be determined. Antenne light at the base growing darker toward the tip, last segment dusky. First and second pair of legs light except at the joints, tarsi dusky. Hind legs with femora light at base and dusky towards the distal end; tibia dusky except a light area near the base. Tarsi dusky and long and slender. Antenne with third segment shorter than the fourth, fifth and sixth together. Fourth and sixth approximately equal in length. Third antennal segment without sensoria, fourth with one small, one or none and the fifth with one large one near the distal end. Beak reaching to base of nectaries. Nectaries with base quite flat and about three times as wide as the opening. Opening pro- portionately larger than the base. Abdomen with two irregular rows of black spots dorsolaterally placed, and with two rows of five oblong spots which appear to be glands. These spots are distinct on two individuals but their structure is obscured by the balsam. Cauda broadly rounded and anal plate wide and dished. Measurements.—Length of body 2.42 mm. Length of antennal segments: III, 0.63 mm.; IV, 0.166 mm.; V, 0.25 mm.; VI, 0.19 mm. Total length 1.28 mm. Length of beak: III, 0.23 mm.; IV, 0.18 mm.; V, 0.1 mm. Total length 1.76 mm. Alate viviparous female.—Antenne dusky throughout and each segment of the same relative thickness. Third segment slightly longer than the fourth and fifth together, the fourth and sixth approximately equal. Third segment with five or six large sensoria, fourth with one or two and fifth with one very large, and one small sensoria. The legs are generally dusky black with a slight yellowish area near the base of the hind tibia. Wings with the median vein having but a single fork. 44 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Whether or not this is normal cannot be told until more specimens are gathered. Only one nectary is visible but it is distinctly shown. The base is a little wider than in the apterous forms, and is distinctly cone-shaped but with widely sloping sides. Hairs on antennae medium short and not overly abundant; they are shorter on the legs but more abundant. They are fine and inclined backward. Measurements.—Abdomen of this individual crushed, approximate length 2.5.mm.? Length of antennal segments: III, 0.47 mm.; IV, 0.21 mm.; V, 0.27 mm.; VI, 0.22 mm. Total length 1.32 mm. Length of beak: III, 0.21 mm.; IV, 0.167 mm.; V, 0.088 mm. Total length 1.6 mm. Lachniella pinivora, new species. From material collected by A. D. Hopkins No. 7422. Two slides containing six alate specimens. This species resembles L. gracilis quite closely but there is considerable difference between the two, in that the hairs at the base of the tibiz of L. prnivora are longer and more inclined than is the case with L. gracilis. Alate viviparous female.—Antenne light coloured at the base of the third, fourth and fifth antennal segments, distal portion of these segments and the sixth dusky. First and second pairs of legs yellowish at the base of the femora and along the middle of the tibia. Other parts and tarsi deep dusky brown. Hind femora yellow at the base and dark brown at the joint, hind tibiz with yellow area clear and covering about one-third of the segment. Nectaries large and volcano-shaped. Cauda and anal plate both broadly rounded. Third antennal segment with seven medium-sized sensoria widely set apart, fourth with one or two and fifth with two. Third segment shorter than the last three together, five distinctly longer than four and six four-fifths as long as four. Beak short, extending to the farther edge of the middle coxe. Hairs long and drooping, but not so much so as in L. strobt. Measurements.—Length of body 2.9 mm. Length of antennal segments: Ill, 0.55 mm.; 1V, 0.22 mm.; V, 0.24 mm.; VI, 0.164 mm: Beak: III, 0.172 mm.; IV, 0.15 mm.; VI, 0.63 mm. Total length 1.25 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.29 mm. Hind tarsus 0.27 mm. Lachniella edulis, new species. From ntaterial collected by Mr. L. C. Bragg at Trinidad, Colorado, June 18, 1911, on Pinus edulis. Other specimens collected on the same plant by Professor C. P. Gillette at Walsenburg, Colorado, and by Mr. Bethel, Cannon City, Colorado, may possibly be the same species although some differences have been noticed. Types in writer’s collection. A pterous viviparous female.—Antenne clear at the base and dusky at the tip.. Two anterior pairs of legs dusky except over a greater portion of the tibia. Hind legs dusky except a light coloured area near the base of the tibiz. Third antennal segment slightly shorter than the fourth and fifth together; sixth segment about two thirds the length of the fourth. Apterous forms on Prof. Gillette’s slide do not show sensoria on the third segment, while those collected by Mr. Bragg have three small ones near the distal end. Fourth segment with one or two and fifth with two sensoria. Nectaries large and voleano-shaped. Antenne and body with a moderate number of medium short hairs, legs more abundantly set with short drooping hairs. Hind tibie distinctly curved. a ey ae hk detest Mat tet THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 45 Measurements.—Length of body 3.74 mm. Length of antennal segments: VII, 0.5 mm.; IV, 0.25 mm.; V, 0.27 mm.; VJ, 0.145 mm. Total length 1.32 mm. Beak: III, 0.187 mm.; IV, 0.155 mm.; V, 0.063 mm. Total length 2.1 mm. Length of hind tibize 2.9 mm.; hind tarsus 0.33 mm. Alate viviparous female.—Specimens cleared before mounting and colour characteristics not definite. Antenne with third, fourth and fifth segments light at the base and dusky at the tip. First and second pair of legs with femora dark, tibiz light coloured except at the ends. Hind legs with the femora and tibia dark except a yellowish area near the base. Third antennal segment slightly shorter than the fourth and fifth together, sixth segment little more than half as long as the fourth. Third segment with four to six round irregular sized sensoria, four with two or three and five with two. Wings folded: under the specimens so that venation cannot be determined. Nectaries very large and volcano-shaped. Tibiz long and strongly curved. Antenne and body moderately set with medium short hairs, hind tibia, thickly set with short drooping hairs. Measurements.—Length of body 3.5 mm. Length of antennal segments: III, 0.52 mm.; IV, 0.31 mm.; V, 0.31 mm.; VI, 0.187 mm. Total length 1.55 mm. Beak: III, 0.25 mm.; IV, 0.21 mm.; V, 0.063 mm. Total length 2.8 mm. Length of hind tibiz 2.8 mm.; hind tarsus 0.35 mm. Lachniella montanensis, new species. From material sent to me by Mr. J. R. Parker, of the Montana Agricul- tural College. Two slides, one containing specimens collected by F. C. Bishop at Florence, Montana, July 2, 1914, on Pine and a second containing specimens collected by Mr. Parker at Bozeman, Montana, June 25, 1915, on Pinus laricis. Types in writer’s collection. Apterous viviparous female.—Antenne with segments three, four and five yellowish at the base and dusky at the tip, sixth segment completely dusky. Legs completely black except a small! section at the base of the femora and light areas near the base of the tibia. This area is a little longer on the front tibia. Nectaries dusky black broken with light patches about the base. Third antennal segment longer than segments four and five together, fourth almost equal to five and six about one-half as long as four. Third seg- ment without sensoria, fourth with one or two and fifth with three. Nectaries large and volcano-shaped, cauda angular. Antenne and body moderately hairy, legs, abundantly set with short and drooping hairs. Hind legs strongly curved. Measurements.—Length of body 4 mm. Length of antennal segments: III, 0.58 mm.; IV, 0.27 mm.; V, 0.27 mm.; VI, 0.15 mm. Total length 1.46 mm. Rostrum: III, 0.31 mm.; IV, 0.31 mm.; V, 0.1 mm. Total length 2.39 mm. Length of hind tibiz 2.9 mm. Length of hind tarsus 0.27 mm. Alate viviparous female.—Antennz dusky to deep black with light areas at the base of third and fourth segments. Legs as in the apterous forms except that the light areas on the tibiz are less prominent. Nectaries similar to those of the apterous forms. Third antennal segment approximately equal in length to the fourth and fifth segments together. The two latter being approxi- mately equal in length to the fourth and fifth segments together. The two latter being approximately equal in length. Sixth segment about one-half as 46 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST long as four. Third segment with seven or eight regular and round sensoria whose diameter is about one-half the diameter of the segment. Fourth seg- ment with two or three and five with two sensoria. Beak extending slightly beyond the hind coxe. Wings typical of the genus. Measurements.—Length of body 4 mm. Length of antennal segments: III, 0.6 mm.; IV, 0.29 mm.; V, 0.29 mm.; VI, 0.15 mm. Total length 1.48 mm. Rostrum: III, 0.31 mm.; IV, 0.30 mm.; V, 0.1 mm. Total length 2.4 mm. Length of hind tibiz 2.9 mm.; hind tarsus 0.389 mm. Lachniella schwarzii, new species. From material collected by E. A. Schwarz at Prescott, Arizona, June 20, 1901, on Pinus sp. Also three specimens collected by Professor C. P. Gillette at Laporte, Colorado, July 1, 1898, on Pinus ponderosa. Types in U.S. Bureau of Entomology collection. At a first glance this species may be taken for Lachniella montanensis as the markings of the legs and antenne are quite alike and the wings, nectaries and cauda are very similar. The antennez vary considerably, and the beak of L. schwarzit is much the longer in proportion to the length of the body. A pterous viviparous female.—Antenne light coloured over basal two-thirds of third and basal one-third of fourth and fifth segments, remaining parts and sixth segment dusky black. The three pairs of legs except the base of the femora and a yellowish area towards the base of the tibia dusky black. This light coloured area is much more extensive on the two front pairs than on the rear pair. Third antennal segment equal to or slightly longer than the fourth and fifth segments together. Fifth segment slightly longer than fourth, and sixth about two-thirds as long as four. Third segment with one small sensoria at the distal end, fourth and fifth with two each. These are larger than the one on the third segment. Beak long, extending almost to or beyond the tip of the abdomen. Hairs on antennz and body moderately abundant. Legs thickly set with short drooping hairs. Hind tibiz strongly curved. Nectaries large and volcano-shaped. Cauda angular. Measurements.—Length of body 2.5 mm. Length of antennal segments: I 0. 56 mma: LV ..0:23.mm< V5.0)26:mme: V1.0. 66 amv 02s mie ve 0.1 mm. Total length 2.49 mm. Length of hind tibize 2.45 mm.; hind tarsus 0.33 mm. Alate viviparous female.—Colour markings of antenne and legs like those of the apterous female except that the light areas on the tibia are not as extensive. Comparative length of antennal segments as in the apterous form. Third - antennal segment with four to six round sensoria of irregular size, fourth with one or two and fifth with two. Rostrum long, reaching to or beyond the tip of the abdomen. Cornicles large and volcano-shaped, cauda angular. Measurements.—Length of body 3mm. Length of antennal segments: TET ,.0:51.1mm.; 1V,.0.23 mm.::V, 0:25: mms V 1.05166 mms, Motalélenoin d:3 mm. Besta: III, 0.25 mm.; IV, 0.22 mm.; V, 0.1 mm. Total length 2.9° mm. Hind tibie 2.49 mm.; hind tarsus 0.31 mm. Lachniella pergandei, new species. Description made from four slides selected from 25 as being representative of the different stages of the species. ee ‘ - ° eg THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 47 Apterous viviparous female.—Specimens in balsam collected by Theo. Pergande, from Pinus inops in Virginia near Washington, D.C., June 9, 1903. _ The prominent character of this species is the deep brown to almost jet black tibia set with heavy leaning spines. Antenne medium slender and extending to the second pair of coxe. All segments light coloured at the base, dusky toward the tip. Sixth segment fingerlike and approximately as long as the fourth. Fifth segment with three small sensoria toward the distal end. Beak short, reaching to the base of the third pair of coxe. Tip dusky black. Nectaries conical and with a widely sloping base. Cauda bluntly angled and short. Abdomen covered with irregular black spots, a hair arising from each one. The purpose of these spots has not been determined; outside these are found other hairs or bristles, the entire body being set with numerous long spinelike hairs. The femora are brown in colour and the spines, which are not as coarse as those on the tibia, stand more nearly upright. The tibial spines are set in a leaning position pointing toward the tarsi. Measurements.—Length of body 4.16 mm. Antennal segments: III, 0.52 mm.; IV, 0.29 mm.; V, 0.31 mm.; VI, 0.25 mm. Total length 1.52mm. Length of beak 1.5 mm. Hind tibia 2.39 mm. Alate viviparous female.—Specimens in balsam collected by Theo. Pergande, on Pinus inops, Catholic University, D.C., June 19, 1905, and by H. F. Wilson at D. C. July 4, 1909. Three specimens in all. Antenne dusky toward the tip, lighter at the base of the fourth segment and only the distal one-quarter of the third dusky. Legs with femora brown, tibiz black. Beak black at the tip and extending slightly beyond the third pair of coxee. Antennzel moderately slend- er and reaching to the hind cox. Segments four and five approximately equal. Fifth segment about three-fifths as long as the third, and much longer than the fourth or sixth. Third segment with six or eight round sensoria along the distal two-thirds. Fourth segment with two or three sensoria on the distal half. Nectaries as in apterous forms. Abdomen with numerous dusky spots each of which bears a spine-like hair as in the apterous form. Additional spines occur outside these areas. Entire body, legs and antenne with numerous hairs. Measurements.—Length of body 4.08 mm. Antennal segments: III, 0.56 mm.:; IV, 0.27 mm.; V, 0.29 mm.; VI, 0.25mm. Total length 1.55 mm. Length of hind tibia 2.33 mm. (To be continued.) BOOK NOTICE. THE WinGs or INsEcts.—By J. H. Comstock, Ithaca, N.Y., The Comstock Publication Company. Pp. XVIII + 423, 9 plates and 427 figs. Among recent publications in the realm of entomological science few have he us more pleasure to read than Professor Comstock’s work on the wings of insects, a pleasure that arises not only from the intrinsic value of an important _ series of investigations thoroughly prosecuted, but also from the assurance that oi ei. 48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the subject is presented to us in logical fashion by a recognized authority. The terminology of the wing-veins of insects has always been a subject for debate, and the difficulties have not been diminished by the fact that at different times various authors have adopted systems of nomenclature that have taken little recognition of the work of others. Some authors, indeed, have not helped to unravel the skein by using different systems even when dealing with the same order of insects. It is a matter for congratulation, therefore, that Professor Comstock has found it possible to gather together and present in book form his numerous researches and those of other workers with a view to the adoption of a uniform terminology, the well-known Comstock-Needham system. Commencing with what he considers as the most likely hypothetical type of wing-venation, the author traces out the homologies of the wing-veins and shows how the more specialized forms have arisen from the more generalized along three quite distinct lines; namely, 1. Increase in the number of wing- veins by the addition of accessory veins. 2. Increase in the number of wing- veins by*the addition of intercalary veins. 3. Reduction in the number of wing-veins by the coalescence of veins, and also in many cases, by the atrophy of veins. In support of his theories Professor Comstock brings to bear informa- tion and facts laboriously gathered from the various provinces of paleontology, morphology, embryology and histology. In the first of these, judicious use is made of the careful work of Anton Handlirsch embodied in his ‘Die Fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der Rezenten Formen.” Whilst on the whole Professor Comstock agrees with the views of the paleontologist, he differs with Handlirsch in his idea that all insects had a common ancestry in the Palzodicty- optera of Devonian times. In a work that bears throughout the impress of the master-hand, it were invidious to make distinctions; but we must say that the chapter dealing with “The Basal Connections of the Trachez of the Wings of Insects,’’ written by one of Professor Comstock’s students, appeals to us particularly as a very careful piece of work. It is shown that there is a strict correlation between the trachea- tion of the wings of insects and the venation, although this fact is often obscured in the adult to accord with its needs and habits. In the study of the tracheation of the wings of nymphs and of pupz the truth of the conclusion is demonstrated that the wings of all orders of insects are modifications of a single primitive type, and that consequently it is possible to homologise the wing-veins of any of the orders with those of any other order. In a series of nineteen chapters Professor Comstock discusses in detail numerous types of venation as found in the various orders of insects, and a valuable chapter outlining laboratory work in the study of the venation of the wings of insects, enhances the value of the book as an aid to the teaching of the subject in universities and colleges. The student will also find an exhaustive bibliography of the more important works referred to in the text. The illustra- tions are excellent, and the explanatory letters very distinct. Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agri., Ottawa, Ont. A. E. CAMERON. Mailed February 28th, 1919. Che Canadian Entomalagist WOE. LT; LONDON, MARCH, 1919. No. 3 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. Doe Days. BY FRANCIS J. A. MORRIS, PETERBOROUGH, ONT. Almanacs heliacal and cosmic notwithstanding, sunworshippers in Canada during the first fortnight of July, 1916, could hardly question the ascendancy of Sirius. The heat was so intense here, in Central Ontario, that tropical thunder- _ storms burst over the land every few days without ever lowering the mercury longer than a matter of hours. For certain forms of insect activity (we may safely say) it cannot be too hot, and at such times, if your observer is a real enthusiast, he will be more than busy. For my part I was enjoying the rest and leisure of summer holidays by hurrying at red-hot speed—a slow walk sufficed— to a succession of stations at four diverse radial points from the city of Peter- borough, six miles east to the Wood of Desire, eight miles south to the neigh- borhood of Hiawatha, two miles west beyond Jackson’s Park, and five miles north between Nassau and Lakefield. At the western station I was burrowing into the heart of a woodpile with results that have already been put on record. I wish here to say something of a trip I took towards Hiawatha. On July 5th I boarded the early morning train to Keene, my object being to make a general reconnaisance of the country lying between Indian and Otonabee Rivers just north of Rice Lake; a solitary tramp one April, when wild geese were wedging north, had revealed some likely looking woods, and their promise had been confirmed by a motor ride to Hiawatha and a river trip to Jubilee Point. I started out determined not to show any more bias or dis- crimination than a man who is “’sot”’ in his few peculiar ways can help, and that was why I carried field glasses and a pocket plant-press as well as insect net and collecting bottle. On leaving Keene station, after a few uncertain questings like a hound at fault, I finally headed west, nose to the ground, and swung south at the second cross-road, in full cry for a compact-looking bush of hardwood and hemlock. Presently I came to where dense cedar aisles flanked the road on both sides. Experience had taught me to look in such places for some of the smaller Botry- chiums (ferns), and I dived into the depths. As soon as I had had time to collect myself and look about, like some Indian pearl-gatherer, I found myself staring atalarge clump of Macrae’s Coral-root (Corallorhiza striata), still in bloom though 3 weeks later than usual; quite near it were some small plants of Botry- chium simplex, while further on I found a few fairly large specimens of Botry- chium matricaria (ramosum). All this on'the west side of the road; on the east this rare Coral-root was abundant, especially some feet down a steep bank on the outskirts of the wood I had been making for. It seems to have a decided preference for sheltered roadsides and the edges of woods, especially under evergreens; though one station at least that I know of is under hardwoods. The plant, usually known as Striped Coralroot, is a western species, and in Ontario is reputed quite as rare as, say, the Evening Grosbeak among birds; in the neighborhood of Peterborough, however, it is of fairly general occurrence, 50 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST and I have found about a score of colonies; it is in fact ‘locally rare,’’ but we happen here to be a favoured district for the plant, as we are for the bird. Once down the bank I found the adjoining wood so inviting that I stepped in and spent a couple of the morning hours wandering about in the shadows of its cloistered beech and maple: A footpath traversed the wood’ N. E. to a clearing partly filled with woodpiles, and close by the path I happened on several colonies of Corallorhiza multiflora just coming into bloom, and yet another “‘sicht for sair een’’ in the shape of Habenaria hookeri. For this plant I had only known a single station heretofore, a few miles north of Port Hope, and in recent years the colony had dwindled to 1 or 2 plants in a season. Here by Hiawatha I counted close on a score of plants; it is nowhere nearly so common an orchid as its next-of-kin Habenaria orbiculata. From the shadows I emerged about 11 a.m. into the glare of the clearing and made a fairly thorough scrutiny of the woodpiles; there were no traces of longicorns about them, but buprestids (mostly Dicerca divaricata) in great numbers and astonishingly active in the fierce heat; almost as ready to take to flight on being approached as to play dead, an unusual condition for the species; two kinds of Agrilus, also, were to be seen about the piles and numbers of Chrysobothris femorata; however, these insects had all become common to me and I was free to pass on to further explorations. I could not but admire, however, the wonderful protective colouring which enabled these large, heavily built Dicercas to shuffle about over the grey bark of beech or maple almost unobserved and immune from attack; on a single small woodpile I counted upwards of 40 of these insects basking, crawling, or settling on the billets, and I brought 11 home to mark the occasion. My parting thought was how lucky I should have thought myself a few years before, as a young collector, to meet so fair a fortune face to face right on the threshold of the woods and a July holiday. Next I made my way to a small grove of pines on a knoll beyond a soggy pasture; here were some bushes of sweetbriar and a patch of gowans from whose blossoms I gathered a few Lepturas, pubera and proxima, Clytanthus ruricola and Typocerus lugubris—an old friend now met again for the first time since leaving Port Hope. I then crossed to the S. W. of the meadow, approaching the road along the edge of a wooded swamp. Right in the sun stood a large hemlock, its bark glowing red in the light, and immediately in front of it were some logs of hem- lock lying; on one of the logs I spied an uncommon Dicerca with somewhat short-pronged elytra tips, noticeably stout across the back and remarkably rugose, the ridges dark grey, but the grooves and channels brilliant with a mixture of silver and rich green as of verdegris. Hardly had I captured the prize when a facsimile suddenly lit on the standing hemlock; but alas! as I approached over the rough, swampy ground, the insect flew and soaring in an upward plane was soon swallowed in space. Have you ever fed your spleen at the expense of some poor lumbering spaniel trying by a sudden dash to sur- prise a flock of sparrows feeding by the barn—for ever foiled, but never losing hope? I have, and smiled cynically at its comic look of dejection; but when cynic and hound are both in one skin, look you, the cream is off the joke. My capture hes been identified as Dicerca tenebrosa,one of the most pleasing to look ee vee eee ee ee eS ee eee ¥ rath nye“) toatl ten a. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 51 at of all its genus and quite rare,—this being only the third specimen ever taken by me. Just south of where I made these captures ran a good gravel road east and west; I struck west and after two miles entered a wayside smithy for directions; here they told me that the next cross-road would take me south to Hiawatha and north to the flag station of Drummond’s. Both here at the blacksmith’s and further on at a farm where I called for a drink of water, I was conscious of being eyed with suspicious looks, but since August, 1914, I had been taken for so many aliens that I gave the matter hardly a moment’s thouglit. To my delight I recognized at the next corner a piece of country near the Otonabee through which I had once motored, and I knew there was a fine stretch of woodland just S. W. of the cross-roads. It is always a great relief to swing out of the dusty highway with its cramped fence margins into the spaciousness of pasture and woodland. The wood was too dense at this point for floral treasures, and proved after all a very narrow belt with the river in full view just beyond some stumplands. Just north-west the axe had been recently at work levelling part of a farmer’s woodlot; there were stacks of cordwood visible, and a recent storm had taken heavy toll of timber on the newly exposed western edge. In the mid distance I spied a fallen spruce and a large limb of beech torn from its trunk. The day Was at its height and no tiniest breath of wind invaded the throbbing heat. If ever there were insects abroad here in the day-time, it would be now. My first venture was the fallen spruce, but nothing was to be seen about its rough, scaly bark, or among the branches and foliage. In falling, however, it had struck and heavily “‘blazed”’ a nearby balsam fir; this tree was languish- ing, for the foliage had gone brown. On examining the tree closely, I found just beside the grazed patch of bark (which was oozing resin freely) a fine speci- men—a large female—of Xylotrechus undulatus ovipositing, and then, somewhat lower, a male of the same species; these beetles I had seldom taken before, and had indeed been uncertain as to which of our conifers it attacked. But I was able to make good use of my discovery, and secured later in the season over a score of the insects in the Algonquin Park. The other tree infested by it is the hemlock, and very rarely I have captured a specimen on spruce. Both these beetles were on the sunny side of the tree, and when I worked round to the shady side no more of their kind were to be seen; but I soon detected—courting the shadow as usual—a pair of Acanthocinus obsoletus; this was of some interest, for I had never before taken the species on any tree but white pine, where it is fairly frequent. Examination of several other balsams brought no fresh captures and I determined to move on towards the S. W., where fire had run between the belt of woodland and the river. A path took me right past the broken limb of beech, part of which lay along the ground. Beech had never before brought me any captures of longicorns, and I was passing on with only a casual glance when I was stopped short by a discovery that proved the forerunner of many interesting captures during the dog-days of 1916. It was a small specimen of Neoclytus erythrocephalus that I spied running along one of the branches of the fallen limb. I suppose this insect is fairly common, a few specimens were once sent me from near the Rideau by an old friend who had noticed them racing over some fresh-cut . 5p THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST logs and branches of maple; about 4 years ago I captured 3 or 4 on some newly- lopped branches of hawthorn. But they are quite a difficult insect to capture; in my experience they are even more active than Neoclytus muricatulus, a black species with white or grey pubescence, occurring on white pine. So far as I have been able to observe (by a comparison of these two species of Neoclytus with Xylotrechus undulatus and colonus), the former have a far better title to the name X ylotrechus than the latter, which are much more sedate and leisurely in their movements; both species of Neoclytus are expert and habitual ‘‘log- runners,’ as the word X ylotrechus implies; they have extremely long hind legs and travel at a great rate, zig-zag or spiral, even leaping or dropping from one branch to another, by long odds one of the nimblest of our longicorns; in hot sun, they are quite as active on the wing as in running and dodging. Indeed, they are seldom at rest, except momentarily when breeding, or while ovipositing in shadow on the under side of the limbs and branches. In about half an hour I had captured 3 specimens and lost 2 more; I found that they soon returned, after escape by dropping or flight, to the log or limb of their choice. Besides these, on the broken trunk and upper part of the torn limb I captured an A grilus that was new to me, 5 or 6 specimens,—A grilus obsoletoguttatus. About a quarter of a mile farther on I came across an old hollowed beech, which the same storm had broken off near the root; the tree had been partly dead before its fall and appeared to be even more attractive than the sounder wood of the torn limb. I captured 5 Neoclytus erythrocephalus, including a breeding pair which I detected perfectly motionless on the under side of a small branch; several more Agrilus obsoletoguttatus and 2 Agrilus bilineatus. These were all captured from above or the sides, on the branches and limbs; before leaving I stooped to look at the under side of the trunk which was a couple of feet up from the ground and parallel with it. I immediately became aware of a grey longicorn—indeed a pair—and by lying down under the tree I was enabled to make captures at several points on the lower surface; 4 Urographis fasciatus, 1 Hoplosia nubila and 1 Neoclytus colonus; none of my readers, if interested in Cerambycide, will deny that this was reward enough for a certain discomfort of body; but, I have, sometimes, since, in atrabilious humour, pictured myself a middle-aged plumber of palpably inattenuate bulk, engaged in driving rivets up into the under side of many-jointed boilers and squat kitchen stoves. On my way back to the road, I captured on raspberry foliage a specimen of Oberea having the thorax entirely light creamy brown, the body, legs, wings, and scutellum being black. This was the last of my captures that day, but the observations led eventually to quite a series of finds and really opened a fresh field of investigation for my tramps abroad. The heat lasted on, and I managed a few days later to make a trip to the east section of the Wood of Desire, where beech trees are numerous; I figured on the storm which had taken toll so heavily near Hiawatha, having swept the west or windward side of that’ wood, and sure enough, I found nearly a dozen beeches down. On four of them, longicorns were busy; and on two that had come down together with roots intertwined, I captured 8 specimens of Xylo- trechus colonus and 34 of Urographis fasciatus. Only trees in full sunshine seemed to be attractive, and the weather was unusually hot. I have examined beech assiduously all through July since 1916, and though I have made an » tT hte ets sg — SS = THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 53 occasional capture, I have never taken insects in any great abundance. My experience has been very similar in the case of basswood, white pine, poplar, balsam and spruce; an occasional haul, but usually little or nothing; and even less on the harder wood of elm, maple, ash, butternut, hickory and oak. Theories are dangerous, but I incline to think that some sense of smell—probably sap or vegetable juices fermenting in the hot sun—releases the reproductive impulse in these woodborers and brings them in ever-growing numbers from all parts of a wood to the few windfalls that their instinct “‘senses’’ as the proper nursery of their race. It was in piecing out such problems as these in the late afternoon of July 5th, 1916, in ruminating over the day’s take, and in planning my next campaign, that I beguiled my way along the last few miles of this 12-hour jaunt. On arriving home I found that the weather man had recorded 98 degrees Fahr. in the shade, and when I caught sight of myself in the bathroom mirror I realized why I had been the object of so many suspicious looks. My face was tanned to the colour of a well-boiled lobster and smeared with muddy streaks that had once been summer dust; my tie had disappeared and my collar wilted to — the form and semblance of a dirty handkerchief; the philosopher’s dignity was further impaired by the revelation of a large, 3-cornered rent in one trouser leg. I was really lucky to have made my way home through more than a mile of populous city streets unarrested, if not unrecognized. NATIONAL COLLECTION OF INSECES. Dr. J. McDunnough has been appointed Assistant Entomologist, in the - Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, to have charge of the National Collection of Insects. Canadian Entomologists will welcome the return of Dr. McDunnough to his native country, and his appointment to a position in which he will be‘able to devote his extensive knowledge of system- atic entomology to the care and building up of the National Collection. AN ENTOMOLOGIST’S HANDBOOK. An entomologist’s handbook or compendium is very much needed, espe- cially by economic entomologists. It is planned to compile such a handbook, which will include principles and methods of studying the life histories of insects, of conducting field experiments and demonstrations, handy tables for field work- ers, etc. It is desired to have references, or better, to have separates of all published notes dealing directly or indirectly with the subject and to have details, and if possible drawings or photographs as well, of cages, apparatus, methods, etc., as yet unpublished. The handbook will be a compilation and full credit given to all contributions. The co-operation of entomologists is solicited. Joun J. Davis, Box 95, West Lafayette, Indiana. 54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST THE’ CYRTID GENERA THYLEIS AND MEGALYBUS: BY F. R. COLE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, FOREST GROVE, ORE. The genus 7hyllis was established by Dr. Erichson in a monograph of the Cyrtide published in 1840. Four species were described in this paper, all from Capeland, South Africa. In the year 1865 Dr. Philippi described six species of Cyrtide from Chile, for which he erected the genus Megalybus. In 1868 Schiner gave notes on two Chilean species in his ‘‘Reise der Novara,” recognizing in these two forms two of the species described by Philippi a few years before. In this paper Schiner placed Megalybus as a synonym of Thyllis. In a note he stated that there was no doubt in his mind that the genera were the same, at least no character was given that would justify separation. In the two species before him he noted that the eyes met above and below the antennze and he continues, “/whether this is the case with all Megalybus species I cannot say, were it so, those Megalybus species in which the eyes do not come together under the antennze would be in another genus, that would then differ from Philopota in the wing venation, from Thyllis by the eyes not joining under the antenne.”’ In 1876 Westwood described four species from Chile, stating “‘the names here employed for this genus and its four species were found attached to the specimens in Mss. when purchased, and have been retained, although, I believe, they have never been published.’’ Evidently Westwood had not seen Philippi’s above mentioned paper, for all four species were synonyms of those described by Philippi and had perhaps been named from his collection. Neither did West- wood compare the genus Megalybus with Thyllis, to which it is so nearly related. In his generic description he states that the eyes are contiguous above and below the antenne. It would appear then that Schiner was correct in his synonym, but unfortun- ately all of the Chilean species of this group do not have the eyes touching be- neath the insertion of the antennae. My attention was called to this point when examining specimens of what I take to be Megalybus gracilis Phil. in the U. S. National Museum. There are three specimens collected in Chile by Mr. E. C. Reed. All have the eyes distinctly separated below the antennae. Mr. J. R. Malloch informs me that all of his Chilean species of the genus Megalybus have the eyes separated below the antenne. Verrall, in his ‘British Diptera,’’ considers Megalybus as a distinct genus. It may be that one sex has the eyes contiguous below the antenne and the other has not; if so, it is something occurring nowhere else in the family. It is my opinion that the genera should be considered as distinct, although they are very closely allied, as can be seen from the figures. The species of Thyllis which I have figured has two median dorsal ridges on the mesothorax, which are not present in the Chilean species of Megalybus. There are five genera in the Cyrtide belonging to the remarkable group Philopotine, if we consider Megalybus as a genus, the others being JThyllis, Philopota, Terphis and Helle. They are distinguished from all other Diptera by the remarkable development of the prothoracic humeral lobes, which meet in*front of the thorax in these forms. Most of the species have a grotesque, hump-backed appearance. Some of the literature on the two genera under discussion is rather in- accessible and I give a translation of the descriptions below. March, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 55 Thyllis Erichson. The proboscis has nearly the length of the body; it nearly but not quite reaches to the tip of the abdomen. The shield, lying at the base of the proboscis, projects somewhat in the form of a ‘‘Halbrinne.’’ The antenne are very small, the first joint exceedingly short, the second pear-shaped, the tip prolonged into a bristle. The pilose eyes are very large, contiguous in the middle line of the head, only that on the front arched side of the head there is a small triangular space for the face, a very small triangle on the vertex and also below the middle, island-like, a small rounded place, on the under side of which, but free from it, are placed the antenne. On the somewhat raised vertex are three inconspicuous ocelli. Behind the eyes the head is considerably prolonged cylindrically. The head is moderately small. The thorax is convex, somewhat bowed or hunch-backed, the dorsal pieces of the prothorax are proportionately large, with the inner corners contiguous, and with the broadened anterior margin encroaching on the hind margin of the head. The separate segments of the abdomen are quite apparent. The wings have a complete submarginal cell, five incomplete posterior cells, of which the first takes in the tip of the wing, and two complete, long, slender discal cells. The body is thinly clothed with fine, short, recumbent, almost silk-like pile. Cyrtus, under which genus (Acrocera) Fabricius and Wiedemann placed the one species described by them, is easily separated from these flies by the situation of the antenne. It is more closely related, particularly in the structure of the thorax and the greatly developed prothorax, to Philopota. In venation it is intermediate between the two. In common with Terphis it has the eyes con- tiguous under the insertion of the antenne.”’ The following is a translation of Erichson’s descriptions of his four species. Thyllis crassa. Black, red mottled, anterior margin: of prothorax, curved lateral meso- thoracic stripes and marginal fascize of abdomen yellow, costal region of wings fuscous. Length 214-314 lines. Acrocera crassa Fab., Syst. Ent., 332,2. Cyrtus crassus Wied., Ausser. Zweifl. Ins., II, 15,4. Body black, finely cinereous pubescent. Prothorax rufous, anterior margin yellow, lobes on both sides with a median black spot. Mesothoracic dorsum on both sides with a lateral curved yellow stripe bordered rufous, above scutellum twin reddish spots, posterior calli before scutellum with median testaceous stripe; pleura with a reddish spot before insertion of wings. Scutellum with an apical rufous fascia. Abdomen swollen, each segment reddish apically, apical fascia attenuated on both sides, interrupted in the middle, yellow. Legs rufous, fermora blackish, apex yellowish. Wings hyaline, costal vitta before apex marked fuscous. Squame hyaline. Wiedemann described all the markings as yellow, Fabricius pointed out the presence of red at least on incisures of the abdomen. Thyllis turgida. Black, marked reddish, outer and posterior margin of prothorax, and lateral mark on mesothorax yellow, wings fuscous hyaline, toward the costa fuscous. Length 4 lines. 56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST rufous, anterior and posterior margin yellow, lateral subarcuate obsolete vitta on dorsum of mesothorax and posterior calli before scutellum yellow. Scutellum all red. Abdomen swollen, first segment black, narrow apical margin yellow, the rest rufous, base of 2-4 fuscous, apex of 4-6 with yellow margin. Legs reddish brown, unspotted. Wings fuscous hyaline, costal vitta wholly brown. Squame hyaline. Near the foregoing species but somewhat larger; the prothorax also has the hind margin yellow, the yellow band on the side of the mesodorsum is simply bowed, on the wings the light part is brownish, and the brown colour on the veins reaches to the tip; the femora are entirely red, and without yellow tips. Thyllis obesa. Black, anterior and posterior margin of prothorax, sides of mesothorax, scutellum and posterior part of abdominal segments yellowish, wings hyaline, fuscous toward costa. Length 4 lines. Body finely ashy pubescent, black. Anterior and posterior margin of prothorax, dorsum of mesothorax on both sides with an arcuate marginal vitta and posterior calli before scutellum yellow. Scutellum black, yellow margined. Abdomen swollen, each segment above with terminal belt of yellow. Legs brown, femora from base to beyond middle black. Wings hyaline, costal strip fuscous, abbreviated before apex, rest of costa testaceous. Squame whitish hyaline. In form similar to the two species above, somewhat more finely punctate and in colouring without a mixture of red, therein differing from Th. crassa, which also has the hind margin of the prothorax yellow and the lateral bands on dorsum of thorax are simply bowed. The yellow bands on abdomen are all of like size. The wings are coloured as in Th. crassa, the veins themselves are, “however, not brown, as the bands lying back of them, but brownish yellow. Thyllis compressa. Black, thorax compressed, on both sides with a longitudinal brown vitta and a posterior brown spot, abdomen oblong, ferruginous, segments with basal bilobed black spots. Length 3 lines. Head black, frons a small spot, brown. Thorax gibbous, compressed, above on both sides with a longitudinal stripe, from anterior margin thence gradually attenuated to base of scutellum, almost straight, reddish at termination, before scutellum two small spots, oblong, marked yellow, posterior calli before scutellum yellow vittate. Scutellum thick, bordered rufous, with a median apical yellow spot. Abdomen as the thorax much less highly arched (than usual), oblong, parallel sided, apex rounded, convex above, brown, segments with two dorsal black spots confluent at base, a small intermediate spot of yellow included, the lateral margin and venter all yellow. Legs yellow, femora brown, base fuscous. Wings all fusco-hyaline. Squame whitish hyaline. In the laterally compressed form widely differing from the foregoing species, at first glance appears nearer a Philopota. All four species are from Cape Land. The third is in the Drege collection, the others are from the material sent by Krebs. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST OM Below is the description of a species of Thvilis loaned by Prof. A. L. Melander which may prove to be an undescribed species when more material is collected. It is near 7. compressa Erich. Thyllis, sp. near compressa Erich. Head rather flat in front. Eyes short blackish pilose and meeting above and below the antenne (see Figs. 2b and 2c). It will be noticed that there is a line between the eyes below the antenne. Antennz brownish, the small first joint scarcely visible. Ocellar tubercle very small and with three ocelli. The occiput is black and punctate. Frons reduced to a tiny triangular shining black space. Proboscis does not quite reach tip of abdomen, black at base, brown the rest of the distance, lobes at tip of galea rather short. Thorax black, marked with yellow and red, the pile rather short, fine and ashy coloured. There is a very noticeable ridge each side of the median line of the dorsum (see fig. 2a). The prothorax is very remarkably developed as in others of the group and is mostly pale yellow. It is butterfly-shaped as seen from above, marked with reddish brown on the lateral margins, and on either side of a median black spot. There is a yellow crescent rimmed with brown above the base of the wing and a smaller spot just back of it. Two oval yellow spots just in front of scutellum. Postalar calli pale mottled brownish, black in the depression just back of the wing. Scutellum black with yellow margin, the yellow expanded in the middle. Pleura black with a reddish brown spot on mesopleura. Halteres yellow. Abdomen rather short and thick. First segment very short. Segments 2-5 increasing slightly in length, the incisures deep and clearly marked. Second segment broadest, the following gradually decreasing. Colour of abdomen mostly brownish red, all segments except sixth black basally. A median line of yellow spots on the posterior border of each segment, the yellow surrounded by a brownish red which nearly reaches the base of the segment. Lateral margin of abdomen narrowly whitish yellow as in the margin of the fifth segment. Venter yellowish. Squamz whitish hyaline with a sparse fringe of short hairs. Very little of genitalia projecting in the female. Coxe and bases of femora blackish. Tibi, tarsi, tips and part of under- side of femora yellow. Claws black, yellow at base. Venation typical of genus. Wing veins on anterior half of wing strong and blackish. Veins from posterior cells do not reach posterior margin of wing. Wing membrane strongly rippled, infuscated, darker in costal region. Length 5 mm, measured over dorsum of thorax 7mm. One female specimen from Willowmore, Capetown, S. Africa, collected by Dr. Brauns. Specimen in collection of Prof. A. L. Melander. Below is given a translation of Philippi’s description of the genus Megalybus and its six species published at Vienna in 1865 in the K. K. Zool. bot. gesellsch. Verhandl., V, 15, p. 641-644. The head is very strongly bowed (geneigt), rounded, composed almost entirely of the eyes, behind which a very prominent ring-like occiput is to be seen, that is, however, smaller than the front part of the head. The eyes are dark brown and pilose. The small ocellar triangle shows the usual three ocelli. In the middle of the height of the head when one sees it in profile, projects a small, smooth knob between the eyes, and under this are situated the smal] 58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST apparently two-jointed antenne, whose first two joints combined are hardly twice as long as this knob; the second (actually the third) is rounded and ends in a fine bristle. The proboscis is long, pointing back under the body, split at the end into two thread-like lips, which are somewhat curled up. The palpi are (asin M. pictus) very small, awl-shaped, horizontal. The thorax is as large as the abdomen, extraordinarily gibbous, that is, the mesothorax is raised high so that the abdomen forms a right angle with the forepart of the thorax; pro- thorax, mesothorax and metathorax are clearly separated by sutures.—The abdomen is cylindrical, thick or slender, six-segmented, but the first segment is very short; all segments separated by deep incisures.—The wing venation is nearest Cyrtus, but it is characteristic, namely the cell which takes in the tip of the wing is not petiolate as in Cyrtus. The squame are convex, thick, glass- like. The legs are simple; the tibiz somewhat thickened at the end, entirely unarmed, the claws large, there are two ‘‘Haftlappen.”’ ‘‘The adult insect is found on flowers; the larve live, it would seem in wood, at least my son Karl, in Dec. 1863, found a fly of this genus just crawling out of a tree. “1. Megalybus pictus Ph. M. niger, helvolo-pictus, antennis capitesque nigris, rostro helvolo; thorace vittis interruptis helvolis notato; abdomine crasso, maculis ternis triangulatibus helvolis in quovis segmento picto; alis ante apicem fascia abbreviata nigra ornatis; femoribus nigris, genubus, tibiis tarsisque flavis. Length 3 lines, expanse of wings 5% lines. ‘Habitat in the province of Santiago. “The prothorax is clearly differentiated, black, rimmed light yellow, has a short furrow in the middle, and its hind margin forms two corners. The meso- thorax is of great height, has on the fore part four short, light yellow stripes, of which the side ones are strongly curved, and as many shorter stripes in the posterior part. The hind margin of the scutellum is yellow. On each side of the scutellum is a yellow dot between the edge of the mesothorax and the glass- like squame. “2. M. crassus Ph. M. thorace maxime gibboso, rufo, strigis helvolis et castaneis picto; abdomine crasso, supra nigro-castaneo, et in medio marginis postici segmentorum macula parva triangulari flava notato, lateribus potius, ferrugineo, marginibus flavescentibus, alis hyalinis fusco-bimaculatis; pedibus e ferrugineo luteis. Length 3 1/3 lines, expanse of wings 8%lines. (See figure). “Captured in province of Valdivia. ‘The head is brownish, the proboscis reaches three-fourths the length of the body. The antenne are light brown and the prominence above them white. The prothorax is light rust brown with whitish yellow margins; the mesothorax is of the same ground colour and marked with the same whitish yellow stripes as M. pictus, but in the middle is deep chestnut-brown, and is highly arched in a very remarkable manner. The scutellum is dark chestnut brown, with whitish yellow margins. Also the abdomen is dark chestnut brown, with small triangular whitish yellow spotson the middle of the posterior margin of the second, third, fourth and fifth segments, on the sides rust brown with pale yellow margins. The wings have a blackish cross-band shortly before the tip, which reaches to the anterior margin, but ceases some distance from the posterior CAN. ENT., VOL. LI PLaTeE IT. ply ; SAN AN } v vat \ “4 ? 2b THE CYRTID GENERA THYLLIS AND MEGALYBUS. 60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ margin, and a blackish cloud in the middle. The legs are entirely yellow, and the femora hardly noticeably darker. 3. M. obesus Ph. M. rufo-castaneus; antennisque nigris; thorace vittis tribus nigris, maculisque sex helvolis picto; abdomine crasso, ad medium margin- um posticorum segmentorum macula parva helvola notato, ad latera immaculato; alis fusco-bimaculatis; pedibus rufo-fuscis, Sosa piceis. Length 3% lines, expanse of wings almost 9 lines. ‘Specimen prope Corral estate 18624 lectum est. “The proboscis is yellowish, the frontal prominence over the antenne yellow- ish white. Of the spots on the thorax two are before the scutellum, another on either side before the base of the wing, and one on each side before the end of the scutellum. The fifth abdominal segment has a narrow yellow posterior margin, which coalesces with the yellow spot in the middle of the same. The abdomen is dull, the base of all the segments is clothed with fine reclinate hair, which gives the effect, that they shimmer gray in certain lights. This is the thickest and largest species and separated from M. crassus through the lack of yellow colour on the sides of the margins of the abdominal segments. By closer observation the whole colouring is seen to be quite different. “4. MM. gracilis Ph. M. corpore obscure brunneo; thorace quam maxime gibboso, flavo-picto; abdominis tenuis, cylindrici, apici incrassati segmentis lateribus helvolo-marginatis; pedum luteorum femoribus supra fuscescentibus; alis infuscatis, immaculatis. Length 31% lines, Expanse of wings 7 lines. “Inhabiting the province of Valdivia. “The dark brown eyes are white pilose, the antenne brown, the frontal protuberance above the same whitish yellow, the light yellow proboscis is hardly half as long as the body. The thorax is brown, clothed with yellowish hair in front and ornamented with pale yellow marks. The prothorax has a yellow margin, the mesothorax is marked with four short yellow stripes above, with two short yellow stripes above the scutellum and a yellow stripe on each side, which commences back of the base of the wing. The scutellum is unmarked above, brown, but the underside is yellowish. The abdomen is very thin, cylindrical, thickened posteriorly; the second segment is as long as wide, smaller posteriorly, the third segment at least 114 times as long as broad, the fourth similar, the fifth of the same length, but thickened posteriorly, the sixth segment is small, directed downward, not visible from above. The colour on the dorsum is dark brown, on the side each segment has a yellow spot, becoming broader posteriorly ; the fourth and fifth have above in the middle of the posterior margin a small yellow spot, which on the fifth segment coalesces with the (also yellow) hind margin. The venter is yellowish. The wings are infuscatéd, brownish gray, unspotted. “5. M. tristis Ph. M. corpore nigro, sub-unicolore; thorace minus gibboso, flavo-punctato; abdominis gracilis segmento primo lateribus, tertio in margine postico flavis; pedibus ferrugineis, femoribus atris, basi tibiarum nigricante; alis infuscatis, nubecula centrali obscuriore. Length of body 31% lines, expanse of wings 6 lines. ‘Taken in my Valdivian estate at San Juan, of which I have frequently spoken. “The yellow proboscis is about half as long as the body or only a little THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 61 longer. The thorax is back and lacks the yellow stripes. Also the prothorax has no yellow margin, and only the raised edges, which separate the middle from the side parts of the same, have in their posterior region a yellow colouring. The Mesothorax is almost always very strongly arched but not so unusually as in M. gracilis or M. crassus. Over the base of the wing on either side is a small circular, yellow spot, and four of the same on the posterior margin before the scutellum, of which the outer are the larger. Also the downwardly directed tip of the scutellum is yellowish. The abdomen is of the same slender form as in the preceding species, but entirely black with the exception of the narrow poster- ior margin of the fifth segment, which is yellow; on the third and fourth segment only the lower half of the posterior margin is yellow, and on the second segment is likewise furnished with a yellow ‘posterior margin. The legs are in general dark brown, the tibiz lighter, the femora deep black, at the lower end with a yellow ring; also the ends of the tibiz are yellowish. The wings are infuscated and have a dark cloud in the middle. At first glance one could take this species , to be a colour variety of M. gracilis, but the height of the thorax is very different, etc. “6. M. subcylindricus Ph. M. niger, margine prothoracis, vittis interruptis mesothoracis, margine posteriore lateribusque segmentorum abdominis cylindrici, crassiusculi flavis; alis infumatis; pedibus luteo-ferrugineis, femoribus nigris. Length of body 234 lines, expanse of wings 41% lines. “One specimen taken with the previous species. “The head is black, frontal protuberance and proboscis yellow. The pro- thorax has a yellow hind margin and now and then the anterior margin is yellow- ish brown. The mesothorax is highly arched for this genus, somewhat as in M. tristis, and has in front four abbreviated yellow stripes and four similar stripes posteriorly. The margin of the scutellum and the sides of the mesothorax are yellow. The abdomen is not nearly so slender as in M. gracilis and tristis, but much thinner than in M. pictus and crassus; the first segment is clearly visible, the second broader than the following, but the same length as these, the third, fourth and fifth are apparently as broad as long. The sides and posterior margins of these segments yellow and the margins have a yellow spot in the form of a triangle in the median section of the dorsum. The wings are infuscated, unspotted, yet a darker cloud can be made out in the middle. The legs are dark as in M. tristis. Through the kindness of Mr. F. Knab I obtained the loan of three specimens of a species of Megalybus from Chile which I have mentioned in the first part of this paper. They are probably M. gracilis Phil. and I give a description below: Head black, occiput ring-like and with a rim next to the prothorax (see fig. 1). The occiput is finely punctate and with fine white pile. Eyes with fine, short white pile, the facets very small. Ocellar tubercle triangular and raised only slightly. The head appears round from in front and more than a hemisphere viewed in profile. The small triangular frons projects somewhat and is black at the base, the lower half being ivory white. The antennz are small, yellowish brown, contiguous at the base, the first joint scarcely visible, the third ending in the usual bristle. The eyes are separated below the antennz by almost the width of the frons at the widest part (see fig. la). The proboscis reaches almost to the tip of the abdomen, brownish at the base, otherwise yellowish, and ends 62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST in two long slender lobes which are curled up and give the appearance of being jointed beyond the middle. (See fig. 1). Prothorax remarkably developed as in others of the group, dull black, finely punctate, and with yellow margins. The thorax ts of like colour and texture, short shining white pilose posteriorly and laterally, the rest brownish pilose. Two widely separated, short yellow lines on the anterior mesonotum, and a yellow curved mark outside these on the lateral margin. Two oval yellow spots in front of the scutellum, and a yellow spot above the postalar callosities which runs down across them. Scutellum black with a yellow hind margin. Pleure black with a yellow mark in front of the wing. Abdomen black, the lateral margins yellow, broadly on the second, the yellow reaching across on posterior margins of segments some distance. First segment very short. On the dorsal margin of the second, third and fourth are small median yellow triangles. The sixth segment is black with a yellow margin. Squame with narrow margin and almost transparent membrane. The pile on the abdomen is rather short, recumbent and shining in certain lights. Legs yellow, femora blackish brown, pale beneath, the base and tips yellow. Tibiz and tarsi yellowish brown. Wing venation typical, the membrane strong- ly rippled and infuscated light brown. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Fig. 1. Megalybus gracilis Ph. la. Outline drawing of head from front and greatly enlarged figure of frons and the region around it. Fig. 2. Thyllis compressa? Erich. 2a. Head and thorax from above. 2b. Outline of head fron front. 2c. Drawing showing eyes meeting above and below the insertion of the antenne. AN APPEAL FROM BELGIUM. The following letter has been received from the Curator of the Entomo- logical Section of the Royal Museum of Natural History of Belgium: Translation. Brussels, 11—1—-1919. Dear Sir: It is absolutely necessary that you write some notices in the American scientific journals in order to save the Selys Catalogue. I have lost twenty subscriptions in Europe and I must retrieve them. in the United States. Financial aid from the de Selys family is impcssible for a long time. Each new subscription will bring a little capital to the reconstitution of this work which can be brought to a termination with a little energy and with the aid of all. The great institutions, libraries, etc., ought to put some of their pennies into SUbSCLIpPHGhsus +. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 63 Here we have suffered much from the slow and inexorable hunger, from the nervous depression of our abominable slavery that no one can describe. Our museum and our collections are saved, but I have lost one of my two sons who was at the front, a fine boy of 24 years, a captain of engineers. I have lost a part of my small fortune and my health, but more I fear that the sufferings from hunger have compromised the future of my younger son and of my grand- children. The balance sheet is sad, and I have little courage to take it up. I would not, however, see the Catalogue, to which I have devoted myself for years, founder. This is why I call for your aid. Write to your entomological friends and sustain me, Yours sorrowtully, G. SEVERIN. The Baron Edmond de Selys Longchamps (1813-1900) was known as the chief authority on the taxonomy and geographical distribution of the Odonata. He formed an extensive collection of these insects and of other “neuropteroids”’ from all parts of the world, and of the vertebrates and some other groups of Europe. These collections were presented, after his death, to the Brussels Museum by his two sons. The publication of the Catalogue Systematique et Descriptif des Colleciions Zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys Longchamps, ‘‘designed to realize the supreme desire of their late possessor and at the same time to serve science,’’ was begun in 1906 under the care of the two sons, M. Severin and a number of zoologists, who interlook, as specialists, the preparation of certain parts thereof. It was planned to appear in 32 fascicules of a varying number of pages, of large quarto size, illustrated by text figures and some plates. The subscription price for the complete work was fixed at 25 centimes (20 centimes for the fasci- cules on Orthoptera, Lepidoptera and Vertebrata) per page of text, 2.75 francs per coloured plate and 2 francs per black and white plate, with an increase of 25 per cent. for subscriptions to separate parts only. At the beginning of the war 21 fascicules had appeared, treating of the Orthoptera, Embiide, Perlodides, Megaloptera, Trichoptera, Ascalaphide, Libelluline, Corduline, Aeschnine, Birds, Mammals, Amphibia and Fishes, at a total price of 703.50 francs. The eight fascicules on the Libellulinee by Dr.‘F. Ris, of Rheinau, Switzerland, constitute the most extensive monograph on that subfamily ever produced, and several other groups have been dealt with a similar fashion. Several fascicules are in such an advanced state of preparation or of printing that they can be issued in a short time. There are many reasons—scientific, humanitarian, international, appreci- ative of the nation which has suffered so fearfully—why the Selysian catal »gue should be carried to completion, and it is to be hoped that readers of this appeal will personally do all in their power to aid in this accomplishment by inducing institutions which they can influence to subscribe. All correspondence relating to subscriptions should be addressed to M. G. Severin, Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle, 31 Rue Vautier, Bruxelles, Belgium. Puitip P. CALVERT, University of Pennsylvania. 61 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST THE DIPTEROUS GENUS IMITOMYIA TNS. (HIMANTOSTOMA LW.). BY J. M. ALDRICH, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Liew described Hinder sugens as number 87 of his Fourth Century of N. A. Diptera, in Berliner Ent. Zeitschrift for 1863. He appended a note | describing the genus as new also; it contained but the one species, based on a single male specimen, the locality being given as Illinois. Until recent years this genus remained an enigma to dipterists. Coquillett in his Revision of N. A. Tachinide, 1897, 40, mentions it among those unknown to him. Adams, in Williston’s Manual, 1908, 377, lists it among those which he cannot place in his table. Townsend, however, states in his Taxonomy of the Muscoidean Flies, 1908, 126, that he has seen the type; without further comment he places it in his tribe Clistomorphini, family Phasiide. Later (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XIV, 49, 1912) he proposes Imitomyia to replace Himan- tostoma, which is preoccupied by Agassiz in Coelenterata in 1862; this time he refers the genus without comment to tribe Eutherini, subfamily Peeudodestines family Exoristide. In 1915 Harrison E. Smith published the new genus and species, Saskatche- wania canadensis (Can. Ent., XLVII, 153), based on two males and four females taken at Farwell Creek, Saskatchewan. A few months later when visiting me he stated that Dr. Townsend believed this to be the long-lost Himantostoma sugens. -On June 18, 1918, I collected thirteen females of swgens at Minot, N.D., on flowers of ox-eye daisy growing in low ground (slough or hay land among small timber) near the Mouse River just above the city. One of these I later sent to Nathan Banks at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, who compared it with the type of swgens and pronounced it the same species. My material exactly fits Mr. Smith’s excellent description of Saskatchewania canadensis, and was taken about 60 miles from the southeast corner of Saskatchewan. Since the species has been rediscovered in the northern plains region, it would appear quite likely that the original specimen came from there also. Osten Sacken received much material from Robert Kennicott (see his Record of My Life Work, p. 35), who collected in Illinois as well as in the far north for him; so there was an opportunity for error before the specimens reached Osten Sacken. In 1897 Thalhammar (Termesz. Fiizetek, XX, 145) described a Himan- tostoma hungarica from Hungary. Bezzi in the Palearctic Catalogue made this a synonym of Ancistrophora mikw Schiner. The genus was described by Professor Bezzi in Boll. de Lab. Zool. Portici, XII, 86-93, 1917. Here he recognizes hungarica as a valid species of Himan- tostoma, and describes a species from North Africa as H. mochii. In receiving this paper from the author in 1918, I sent him a specimen of the type species sugens, and he has since informed me that neither of the old-world species is congeneric; hungarica he puts back as it was in his catalogue, and has proposed a new genus for mochit, which is still I believe unpublished. A new description of the genus and species is unnecessary, since Mr. Smith has given a complete one which is readily accessible. J will add, however, that in the table in Coquillett’s revision Imitomyia will come out at couplet 6, page 30, where it separates by possessing a long, slender proboscis and very striking flat facial carina; and in Adams’s table it runs to couplet 10, p. 361, where it separates on the same characters. March, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 65 SOME NEW OR SCARCE COLEOPTERA FROM WESTERN AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA.—III. BY W. S. BLATCHLEY, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. (Continued from p. 32.) Molorchus semiustus Newm.—One specimen taken by beating in Skin- ners’ Hammock, March 9. Usually classed as a_ variety of bimaculatus Say, but aside from the nearly uniform reddish-brown hue, it is stouter, with broader more depressed thorax, the sides of which are less rounded and disk without the smooth callosities present in bimaculatus. It has previously been known only from St. John’s Bluff and Crescent City, Fla. Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr.—One specimen taken at same place as the two preceding, Feb. 16. Schwarz (Ms.) notes its occurrence at Enter- prize and Crescent City. Leptostylus parvus Lec.—One taken at light in house at Lakeland, Feb’ 22. Schwarz (Ms.) records it from Lake Worth and Key West. Labidomera clivicollis Kirby.—I was surprised to find this large, well- known Chrysomelid not listed from Florida. Two specimens were beaten from bunches of dead leaves, where they were hibernating, in February at Skinner’s Hammock. Galerucella nymphez Linn.—This is usually supposed to be a species of strictly northern distribution. Five specimens were obtained from the flowers of the yellow water-lily, Nymphea advena Sol., near Moore Haven, Fla., on March 2. It is possible that the species may. have been introduced near there from Northern Europe, where it is said to be common. Disonycha leptolineata -Blatch.—Farther examination of 30 or more specimens taken during the past two winters leads me to believe this distinct and not a variety of D. abbreviata as described.* It occurs on ferns in Skinner’s Hammock in February and March, and has also been found at Lakeland and Lake Istokpoga. Longitarsus fuscicornis, sp. nov.—Oblong-oval. Shorter and more convex than L. testaceus Lec. Pale brownish yellow, not alutaceous, head and hind femora slightly darker; elytra with a vague darker, W-shaped, scutellar - blotch; antennz fuscous, the four basal joints pale; under surface dusky brown. Antenne rather stout, two-thirds as long as body, the second, third and fourth joints subequal in length, shorter than those which follow. Thorax slightly wider than long, sides feebly curved, rounded into base, disk very minutely and sparsely punctate. Elytra one-third wider at base than thorax, rather strongly convex, umbones evident but small, punctures of disk very fine, almost invisible. Wings present. Length 1.3-1.5 mm. Described from four specimens swept from low vegetation about ponds near Dunedin, Oct. 26—Dec. 13. Differs from both testaceus and cotula, our other species of similar hue, by the fuscous antenne and the lack of the greasy aspect which they have, due to their alutaceous surface. The form is com- paratively more robust than in either, and the punctuation finer. Longitarsis solidaginis Horn.—Two specimens taken by sweeping north of Dunedin, March 20 and 25. Known only from Sumter and Orange Counties, Florida. *Can. Ent., 1917, 148, March, 1919 66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Chetocnema cribrifrons Lec.—Taken at Dunedin by sweeping in February. Horn gives its distribution as Colorado, Texas, Dakota, Georgia and California.* This is the first record for Florida. Epitrix parvula Fab.—Horn says of this species: ‘Occurs throughout the entire U.S. extending also to the West India Islands.’ It has not been reperted from Florida. A specimen was taken by sweeping on Hog Island, March 26. Bruchus coryphz Oliv.—One specimen beaten from a mass of Spanish moss near Dunedin, Dec. 23. No previous published record for the State. Schwarz (Ms.) notes its occurrence at St. Augustine and Haw Creek. Bruchus cruentatus Horn.—Hibernates like the preceding in bunches of Spanish moss. Quite frequent near margins of lakes at Lakeland, Feb. 22, and also taken at Dunedin on several occasions, Nov. to March. Recorded only from Tampa. The hind legs of Florida specimens are more often red than black. The form with red spots absent, nigrinus Horn, also occurs near Dunedin, but only two specimens have been found. Bruchus macrocerus Horn.—This species, known heretofore only from New Jersey, Tennessee and District of Columbia, occurs also near Dunedin, three specimens having been taken in March while sweeping huckleberry and other low shrubs. Bruchus compressicornis Scheff.—Frequent at Dunedin; also taken at Ormond and Sanford. Occurs on flowers of the frost-weed, Helianthemum corymbosum Michx., in March and April. Described from Brownsville, Texas, and not elsewhere recorded. Strongylium anthrax Sz.—Described from Enterprise, and noted by Schwarz (Ms.) as occurring at St. Augustine. One specimen taken at porch light at Dunedin, Aug. 6. * * * The family Cistelide is especially well represented in western Florida. Five species from there have been described by the writer in previous papers, and at least half a dozen which cannot be placed by the literature extant are at hand. Examples of all species taken were recently sent to Col. Casey, who monographed the family some years ago.** He states that a number of them are unknown to him. Notes on several of the species and descriptions of three which are undoubtedly new are herewith given as follows: Hymenorus difficilis Casey.—Two specimens, so pronounced by Casey, are from Ormond and Dunedin. They were taken in April by beating. His type was from New York. ; Hymenorus dichrous, sp. nov.—Elongate-oval, large for the genus. Nearly uniform dark brown, shining; head and thorax often slightly darker; elytra with basal third more or less tinged with dull red; antenna, palpi and legs pale reddish brown. Head small, coarsely and sparsely punctate between the eyes which are very large, coarsely faceted, separated by about their own width (female), almost contiguous (male); clypeus, and occiput behind the constric- tion, coarsely and densely punctate. Antenne short, stout, the apex of eighth joint reaching base of thorax, the third and following joints subequal in length, the second only one-fourth the length of third. Thorax one-third wider than *Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XVI, 1889, 261, a **Ann, N. Y..Acad. Sci. VI, 1891, 69-170, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST | 67 long, sides straight from base to beyond middle, thence rounded into apex, hind angles rectangular; disk rather closely, not coarsely aciculately punctate, the punctures separated by nearly their own diameters. Elytra scarcely wider at base than thorax, sides parallel for two-thirds their length, then converging and rounding to the obtuse apex; striz very fine, their punctures small, round, close-set; intervals flat, each with two rows of minute punctures, each puncture bearing a rather long, strongly inclined, pale brown hair. Abdominal segments 1—3 finely and sparsely punctate, four and five almost smooth. Length 6.7—7.2 mm. Described from nine specimens taken at Sanford and Dunedin, Fla., March 29-Oct. 31, mostly by beating, some at porch light. In colour resembles dorsalis Sz., but larger, broader, less parallel, with shorter antennze and more sparsely punctate thorax, the red hue of elytra less distinct. In dorsalis the eyes are as widely separated in male as in female, the back portion of occiput is sparse- ly punctate, the middle of seventh joint of antenne reaches base of thorax, and the punctures of elytral intervals are much more distinct than in dichrous. Hymenorus sabalensis, sp. nov.—Elongate-oblong, smaller and more slender than dichrous. Head, thorax, antenne and basal third of elytra dull red, legs paler; apical two-thirds of elytra dark brown. Head rather large; interocular area and clypeus coarsely and very sparsely punctate; eyes separated by one-half their width. Antenne rather stout, half the length of body, the third joint two-thirds the length of fourth. Thorax one-half wider than long; sides evenly and broadly curved from basal third to apex; disk vaguely and broadly impressed each side on basal third, its surface sparsely and rather finely punctate, the punctures separated by twice or more their own diameters. Elytra at base slightly wider than thorax; strie fine, their punctures small, close-set; intervals slightly convex, each with two rows of punctures which are almost as large as those of striae. Under surface dull red, the abdomen punctate as in dichrous, the prosternum more densely so. Length 6 mm. One specimen taken by beating palmetto leaves on Hog Island, March 22. Distinct by its peculiar coloration and widely spaced punctures of thorax. Hymenorus sobrinus Casey.—One specimen, so determined by Casey, taken at Lakeland, Feb. 22, by beating masses of Spanish moss. The species was described from Florida without definite locality. Andrimus brunneus Casey.—Frequent at Dunedin and La Belle in February and March. Taken by sweeping, and, in late March, at porch-light. Described from Haulover, Florida. Andrimus parvulus, sp. nov.—Elongate-oblong. Pale chestnut-brown, shining; legs and palpi paler. Head small, with a wide groove between the eyes; clypeus and occiput finely and densely punctate. Eyes large, coarsely granulate, separated by a distance one-third greater than their width, Antenne stout, joints 4-11 flattened, 2 and 3 together only one-third the length of fourth. Thorax subquadrate, slightly wider than long, base squarely truncate, front and hind angles rounded; disk minutely alutaceous, very finely and sparsely punctate, without trace of basal foveze. Elytra one-third wider at base than thorax, sides subparallel to apical fourth, then feebly converging to the separately rounded tips; striz fine, their punctures small, close-set; intervals flat, each 4 68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST with a single row of minute, hair-bearing punctures. Under surface very finely and sparsely punctate. Length 5.5 mm. Dunedin, March 29, 31; swept from huckleberry. Smaller and paler than our other species, the antennal joints relatively broader, the second and third shorter than in any of the others. Toxotropis floridanus Leng.—This prettily marked little Anthribid occurs on ferns in dense hammocks, a half dozen or more having been taken near Dunedin, January-March. It was described from Enterprise, Fla., and is not known outside the State. Rhinomacer pilosus Lec. — Although it is said that the species of Rhinomacer occur exclusively on coniferous trees, a dozen or more specimens of R, pilosus were swept from an Ericad, Xolisma fruticosa Michx., near Dunedin, in January. The plant was then full of the fruit or seed pods of the season before, and the weevil was doubtless living in or among these. Tachygonus lecontei Gyll.—This species is not mentioned in any of the lists of Florida Coleoptera. It has been taken by the writer at Jacksonville, Ormond, Lakeland and Dunedin, a half dozen or more having been secured the past winter by beating oak about the borders of ponds or hammocks. Listronotus floridensis Blatch.—This well-marked weevil was found in numbers near Moore Haven, March 2, on the flowers of an arrow-head (Sagit- taria). Fresh specimens are more conspicuously and densely scaly than any of the allied species. Otidocephalus dichrous Sz.—Occurs at light; three specimens taken in June at porch-light, having been sent me from Dunedin. Anthonomus costulatus Suff.—This is a submaritime species frequenting the foliage of the Florida buttonwood, Conocarpus erecta L. It was taken in numbers on Hog Island in February and March. Anthonomus sexguttatus Dietz.—Both this species and Neomastix solidaginis Dietz occur frequently about Dunedin on the flowers and foliage ofa tall scurfy Ericad shrub, Xolisma ferruginea Walt., which grows in very dry sandy soil. The Neomastix was also taken at Lakeland and Ft. Myers. Baris scintillans Casey.—This, the smallest and one of the most shining members of a large genus, was taken at Lakeland and Moore Haven in some numbers by sweeping low vegetation about the borders of lakes. It is probably wide spread throughout southern Florida. Nicentrus grossulus Casey.*—This name should replace that of Nicentrus canus Lec., on page 392 of the ‘‘Rhynchophora of N. E. America,’ and Limno- baris canus Lec. should be inserted near the top of page 402 of that work. A specimen of N. grossulus was swept from the low sea-blite, Batis maritima L., on Hog Island, March 26. ZL. canus Lec. is known from Enterprise and St. Augustine. Conotrachelus seniculus Lec.—This was found to be a common weevil ° at Ft. Myers, La Belle and Moore Haven, where numbers were taken by sweeping low vegetation, and also at light. Conotrachelus belfragei Lec.—A single specimen of this handsome species was taken on Hog Island, March 14, by beating the seaside grape, (Coc- *Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 1893, 599. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 69 coloba uvifera L.). One had previously been taken at Eustis. These are the only two records for Florida, the species having been described from Texas. Chalcodermus inzequicollis Horn.—This species was found hibernating in the axils of a tall thistle growing on Hog Island. A dozen or more specimens were there taken while searching for Paragraphus setosus. It is known also from Capron and Buck Key, Fla., and from Georgia and Arkansas. Tyloderma maculata Blatch.—A single example of this prettily marked weevil was taken March 3 by beating at Moore Haven, and another on Hog Island, March 26, while sweeping Batis. It was described from a unique taken at Little River, Fla. Tyloderma lvicollis, sp. nov.—Elongate-oval; smaller, more slender, with sides more parallel than any other of the brown forms. Dark reddish brown; the head, thorax and legs strongly shining. Head and beak rather finely, not densely punctate, without frontal fovea, the punctures isolated, not confluent or reticulated as in variegata; beak stout, about as long as head, cari- nate above. Thorax longer than wide, strongly produced over the head, sides feebly rounded; disk very minutely and sparsely punctate, each puncture bearing a minute prostrate white hair; flanks behind the ocular lobe strongly concave and coarsely punctate. Elytra one-third wider than thorax, sides parallel from humeri to apical third, then converging to the obtuse apex; striae ‘shallow and sparsely punctate on basal half, much deeper and without punctures toward apex; intervals feebly convex; disk with scattered small patches of white hairs, which tend to form very narrow, broken cross-bars. Last ventral coarsely punctate, abdomen otherwise almost smooth; sterna coarsely and_ sparsely punctate. Length 3 mm. Two specimens taken March 4 by beating at the point where the Palm Beach Canal leaves the east shore of Lake Okeechobee. The elongate slender form, almost smooth thorax and deep, subapical striz of elytra readily separate this from any known species. Cryptorhynchus apiculatus Gyll.—This species is not so scarce as is commonly supposed. A half dozen or more have been taken at Dunedin in February and March, and one at Okeechobee City, March 6. It occurs on dead branches in wet hammocks. Cryptorhynchus schwarzi Blatch.—A single example of this elongate, dull coloured form was taken near Moore Haven, March 1. The type was from the north end of Lake Okeechobee and the only other known specimens are from Biscayne Bay, so, as far as known, it is confined to southern Florida. Caulophilus latinasus Say.—Hibernates in bunches of Spanish moss, numerous specimens having been taken at Lakeland, Feb. 21. Pentarthrinus atrolucens Casey.—One specimen taken by beating dead branches in Skinner’s Hammock, Dec. 20. Recorded before only from Enter- prise and Biscayne Bay, Fla. Calandra linearis Hbst.—A West India species known as the tamarind weevil. A single specimen was beaten from oak in open sandy woods near Lakeland, Feb. 22. Not before definitely recorded from Florida. 70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NEW ENGLAND HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. New REcorps. BY H. M. PARSHLEY, SMITH COLLEGE, NORTHAMPTON, MASS. Since the publication of my New England List* a number of additional species and significant records have come to light, together with a few errors which require correction. All available information on these points is brought together here in the belief that the value of such a list can be main- tained only by keeping it up to date. New England records have particular interest for students of distribution in Canada, and some interesting compari- sons should be brought out in connection with studies now in progress on the Hemipterous faunas of the eastern and western regions of the Dominion. In the following notes bold-faced type is used to indicate forms new to the list; italics to mark those previously recorded. In all trinomials here and in the List the third name is varietal, not racial. For collectors’ names see the List. LYGAIDE. Geocoris bullatus var. discopterus Stal. Mass.—Northampton, 5 June, 18, (H.M.P.). Kolenetrus plenus (Distant). N. H.—Crawfords, 28 Sept., ’16, (H. M. P.). Trapezonotus arenarius (Linné). Mer.—Casco Bay (fide Barber). N. H.—Claremont (G. P. E.) One Barber). Drymus unus (Say). Mass.—Northampton, 14 Nov. 717, (Esther W. Hall). TINGID-. Corythucha pallipes Parshley. In Gibson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1918, vol. 44, p. 82. Conn.—Stamford, 16 Aug, °12, (W.E.B.). Corythucha cyrta Parshley. In Gibson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1918, vol. 44, p. 86. Me.—Ft. Kent, 17 Aug., 710, (C.W.J.); Liberty, 16 Sept., °13, (J.A.C.); Orono, 4, June, ’07. N.H.—Bretton Woods, 26 June, '13, (C.W.J.). Mass.—Beach Bluff, 21 June ’15, (H.M.P.); Chester, 27 May, ’12, KEW): Corythucha betulze Drake. In Gibson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1918, vol. 44, p. 86. Me.—Cumberland, May, ’16, (A. Nicolay) (fide Drake in litt.). Corythucha borealis Parshley. In Gibson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1918, vol. 44, p. 92. MeE.—Orono, 14 July, ’11 Leptostyla heidemanni Osborn and Drake. Mass.—Sunderland, Mt. Toby, 15 Aug., '18, (H1.M.P.). *Occas. Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History VII, Fauna of New England: 14. List of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera, 1917. March, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 71 MESOVELIIDA. Mesovelia mulsanti White. Mass.—Sunderland, Mt. Toby, 23 Sept., ’17 (H.M.P.). NABIDA. Nabis sordidus Reuter. Mass.—Northampton, 21 Oct., 18, (H.M.P.). ANTHOCORID-. X ylocoris cursitans (Fallén). Mass.—Sunderland, Mt. Toby, 11 Oct., 17, (H.M.P.). MIRID-. Paracalocoris scrupeus var. bidens McAtee. Mass.—Northampton, 22 June, 718, (H.M.P.). Paracalocoris hawleyi var. fissus McAtee. MeE.—Princeton, 12 July, (C.W.J.). Paracalocoris colon var. amiculus McAtee. Mass.—Northampton, 8 July, 18, (H.M.P.). Dichrooscytus elegans Uhler. Mass.—Beach Bluff, 28 June, 15, (H.M.P.). Horcias dislocatus (Say). Mass.—Sunderland, Mt. Toby, 6 July, 118, (H.M.P.). Horcias dislocatus var. coccineus (Emmons). MaAss.—Sunderland, Mt. Toby, 6 June, 18, (H.M.P.). Platylygus luridus (Reuter). Knight, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 1918, vol. 13, p. 16. N. H.—Claremont, 10 July, (G. P.£.). Lygus vitticollis Reuter. Mass.—Northampton, 4 June, 18, (H.M.P.). Neoborus pubescens Knight. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 1917, vol. 12, p. 81. N. H.—Hanover, 3 July (C.W.J.). Dicyphus vestitus Uhler. N. H.—Mt. Washington, 3,000 ft., 4 July, ’18, (C.W.J.); Crawfords, 28, Sept. 16, (H.M.P.) Macrolophus separatus (Uhler). Mass.—Whately Glen, 5 Aug., 18, (H.M.P.). Lopidea heidemanni Knight. Ent. News, 1917, vol. 28, p. 456. Vt.—Bennington, 24 June, (C.W.J.). Mass.—Natick, 20 June, '14, (C.A.F.). Conn.—S. Meriden, 1 June, (H.L.J.). Lopidea reuteri Knight. Ent. News, 1917, vol. 28, p. 459. Mass.—Chester, 8 Aug., 12, (C.W.J.); Fall River, 11 Aug.; Rutland, 31 Aug., 716, (C.W.J.); Sharon, 3 Aug., ’09, (C.W.J.); Southbridge, 16 July; Williamsburg, 7 Aug., ’11, (C.W.J.). Conn.—Portland, 10 July, (A. E. Moss), 10 Aug., (B.H.W.). 72 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Lopidea staphylez var. sanguinea Knight. Ent. News, 1917, vol. 28, p. 461. Mass.—Brookline, 4 July, Mt. Tom, 14 July, ’07, (C.W.J.). Conn.—Mt. Carmel, 24 July, (W.£.B.). Diapnidia provanchert (Burque). N. H.—Alstead (A.P.M.) (fide Van Duzee). Diaphnidia capitata Van Duzee. Mass.—Beverly, 23 July, °17, (Z.B.). Orthotylus uniformis Van Duzee. Mass.—Beach Bluff, 28 July, ’17, (H.M.P.). Orthotylus catulus Van Duzee. Conn.—Mt. Carmel, 25 May, ’06, (B.H.W.). Cyrtorrhinus caricis (Fallén). Mass.—Cohasset, 8 Sept., (C.W.J.); Nantucket, 6 Aug., °13, (J.A.C.). Mecomma ¢ilvipes (Stal.). Records given for M. ambulans (Fallén), List, p. 102, pertain to this species. Macrotylus amenus Reuter. , Mass.—Sunderland, Mt. Toby, 8 July, ’18, (H.M.P.). Very numerous in upland pasture. Oncotylus punctipes Reuter. MeE.—Calais, 10 July, (C.W.J.); Eastport, 15 July, 09, (C.W.J.). Reuteroscopus ornatus (Reuter). Mass.—Northampton, 3 Oct., ’17, (Esther W. Hall). Microphy'ellas modesius Reuter. VrT.—Burlington, 22 June, 06, (C.W.J.). Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dur). Mass.—Northampton, 21 June, ’18, (H.M.V.). SAL DIDZ:. Pentacora hirta (Say). Conn.—Branford, 11 Aug., ’04, (H/.L.V.). CORRECTIONS. Pages 8-9. In the Palearctic list add Scolopostethus thomsoni, Cyrtorrhinus caricis, Oncotylus punctipes. Delete Mecomma ambulans. Page 29, line"6> For (G.2-.2)) read. (Ueki sB.)s Page 50, line 17. For Rhyparochromus read Kolenetrus and insert reference: Barber, Concerning Lygzide, No. 2,-Jour. N.Y. Ent Soc., 1918, vol. 26, p. 49. Page 51, line 14. Delochilocoris should probably read Aphanus (Barber, Op. ‘Cit; pol). * Page 54, line 19. For crateegi Morrill read cydoniz Fitch. Page 82, line 2 from bottom. For punctatus (Zetterstedt) read var. oblineatus (Say). Page 86, line 8. For Knight read Reuter. Delete the next line. Page 107, line 11. Insert Forest Hills. Page 119, last line. Insert additional data: 22 Aug., (N. Banks), Mailed March 31st, 1919. (Can, amy, Wot, IGI- PLATE YII- ACHORULES. SOCIALIS» UZGCE: An example of the sub-order Arthropleona. (See p. 73.) Che Canadian Entomologist WoL. LI. LONDON, APRIL, 1919. No. 4 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. REMARKS ON COLLEMBOLA. BY CHARLES MACNAMARA, ARNPRIOR, ONTARIO. That ingenuous character, the Man in the Street, commonly holds the erroneous opinion that an entomologist is a person who knows all about insects. Consequently, on the rare occasions when he brings some Entomological Depart- ment a “‘bug’”’ to be named, if his specimen happens to be anything a little less common than a cicada or a Luna moth, he sustains a distinct shock when he finds that even the professional entomologist cannot tell him offhand exactly _what it is, and must refer it to a specialist for determination. Our friend’s surprise is, of course, due to the fact that he does not realize the vast, over- whelming abundance and variety of insect life; and he is not aware that no investigator, however studious, can even in the course of a whole life-time become acquainted with more than a small proportion of the prodigious number of different creatures included in the class Hexapoda. And, besides the sole weight of numbers forcing the student of insects to specialize if he wishes to make any real progress, other influences also work in the same direction. The moths and butterflies, for instance, attract such a host of collectors as much by their beauty as by their biological interest, that there are probably more students of Lepidoptera than of all the other orders put together. Beetles, too, make a fine showing in a cabinet, and Coleopterists are legion. Then again, we are forced to give earnest if unwilling attention to those pestilent and all too numerous insects that devour our crops, bite our bodies, inoculate us with disease, or otherwise interfere with our living. All this tends to focus entomological study on certain handsome or obnoxious orders and categories, while other less showy or more inoffensive insects are passed over. One of these neglected orders is the Collembola, familarly known as Springtails. These insects are so minute that, preserved in alcohol in tiny vials or mounted on microscope slides, they make no display in a collector’s cabinet. And they are practically without economic importance. Some slight injuries to garden and _ greenhouse have been alleged against them, but their very worst depredations bear about the same relation to the virulent activities of say the locusts or the mosquitoes, as a small boy with a peashooter does to a German army corps invading Belgium. Consequently, they have been little . studied. Unassuming and harmless as they are, however, they have always attracted some attention. Owing to their wide distribution and, at times, extraordinary abundance, they drew some notice even from the earliest naturalists. I do not know that they are mentioned in the classic though unreliable pages of the Elder Pliny, but Linnzeus did not overlook them, and with his passion for classi- fication, duly tabulated them in his great ‘‘Systema Nature’’ under the generic name of Podura. 74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST But a century later we find Nicolet reproaching naturalists that they have attached but little importance to the study of the order; and in 1872 Lubbock in his elaborate Monograph repeats the same complaint. Even to-day the sum of Collembola literature,—for the most part scattered through reviews and ‘Yproceedings” in half a dozen different languages—comprises only a few score papers. Nicolet’s Memoir of 1841 and Lubbock’s Monograph of 1872, although both beautifully illustrated with drawings and coloured pictures of an excellence seldom seen in modern insect books, are not nowadays of much use to the systematist. Linnaniemi’s large Memoir (1907-1912) on the Aptery- gotan fauna of Finand is very useful to the American student, as many European species occur here. Guthrie’s ‘‘Collembola of Minnesota’ (1903) is the most comprehensive American volume, but the collector in this part of the country soon comes across numerous species not mentioned by Guthrie. However, Dr. J. W. Folsom, of the University of Illinois, the well-known authority on the Order, has lately published several exhaustive memoirs on certain of the North American sub-families, and I understand has others in preparation, so we may hope to have soon accurate and authoritative descriptions of all the known species on this continent. And we should be glad of this, for the Collembola are well worthy of study. The economic entomologist with his mercenary instincts may elect to ignore them, but their exceedingly primitive development makes them intensely interesting to the student of insect genealogy; while the astonishingly wide dispersal of some of their species and genera over the globe points to the immense antiquity of the Order, and sets some hard problems for the geologist to account for the primordial distribution of land and water. If the bees and the ants be regarded as the aristocrats of the insect world, we must look on the springtails as belonging to the submerged tenth. They are among the most primitive of the ‘‘six-leggers.’’ Some writers class the Thysanura as the lowest of the true insects, while others confer that doubtful honour on Berlese’s Mirientomata; but all agree in placing the Collembola second on the list, only one step above the simplest known hexapods. The Order is divided into two suborders: the Arthropleona and the Symphypleona—which may be translated as the ‘‘Jointed-abdomens’”’ and the ‘/Together-grown- abdomens.”’ The terms well express the difference in the appearance of the two divisions. The Arthropleona, which are considered the more primitive, have a well-marked head carried horizontally and bearing a pair of antenne usually four jointed (but six jointed in one genus). The thorax consists of three conspicuous segments each with its pair of rather short legs, and the elongated abdomen is made up of six distinct divisions. In the Symphypleona the head is vertical, the constricted prothorax simulates a neck, while the other thoracic divisions are fused with the abdomen into an unsegmented globose body, the insect somewhat resembling a minute spfder. (See plates III and IV.) All the Collembola are without wings, and as no trace of these appendages can be found in the embryo at any stage of its growth, it is apparent that the wingless condition is primitive, and not the result of degeneration, as in the case of numerous other insects. Typically the mouth-parts of both sub-orders are withdrawn within the head, and are adapted for chewing, but in a few genera they project in a suctorial cone. *THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 75 About 700 species of Collembola have been described so far, and of these some 200 have been found in North America. But there are certainly a large number to be discovered yet. Dr. Folsom estimates the collembolan fauna of this continent at not less than 250 species.. They are all very small, delicate insects, ranging from one-half millimeter to five millimeters in length, but the commonest kinds are from one to two millimeters long. Their integument is very soft, and great care is necessary in handling them. Most of them are clothed, thinly or densely, with hairs of a remarkable variety of form. There are long, slender, simple hairs, and stiff, spiny bristles; there are wide, ribbon-like hairs, and hairs terminating in fancy spear heads and in cups; there are hairs with flat, broad bases notched along one edge; there are feathered hairs, clubbed hairs and hairs bent over sharply at the ends. Of course, no one species possesses all these different kinds of hairs, but most springtails can boast of three or four varieties at least. For con- venience sake, we speak of these growths as hairs, but they have little in common with the hairs of a mammal that grow out through the skin like an onion in a garden bed. A springtail’s hairs are really continuous outgrowths of the in- tegument, and when the insect moults its skin, as it does frequently in the course of its life, it sheds the outer layer of these so-called hairs also. A few genera are covered with scales, not unlike the scales on a butterfly’s wing, but very much smaller. These scales are lined and fluted so minutely. that they are often used as test objects for microscopes, and the exact nature of the markings appears to be as hard to make out as the pattern on a diatom. In colour the Collembola run through the whole spectrum from red to violet with black and white thrown in. Some are coloured uniformly all over, some are irregularly blotched and spotted and some wear veritable Joseph’s coats of complicated symmetrical designs. Most of the colour is pigmentary, but the scaled species often show beautiful iridescence. Some species are very constant in their coloration, while others assume several different liveries according, it would seem, to their food or their habitat. Thus Sminthurus hortensis Fitch, taken on garden beds, is a very dark purple with minute yellow spots, whereas a bright yellow variety, indistinguishable in everything but colour, is found living in the adjacent grass. | Achorutes armatus Nic. may be a dirty white, pale violet, wine colour, or dark blue; and one variety, Dr. Folsom says, is canary yellow mottled with lavender. The common and abundant Podura aquatica, known all over the northern hemisphere, has always been described from the time of Linneus himself as dark blue with red brown legs and antenne. But P. aquatica, recently found in the vicinity of Arnprior, Ontario, is coloured uniformly red all over. Indeed, variations of this kind are so common among the Collembola that colour is scarcely of any diag- nostic value at all. The most striking feature of the Collembola is the leaping apparatus to which they owe their popular name of Springtails. This apparatus is not characteristic of all the Order, however, for there are a good many species without any springing device at all, and in others it is so poorly developed as to be inoperative; but the majority are active jumpers. The apparatus, which is known as the furcula, consists of a forked appendage, (the dentes) hinged by a broad base, (the manubrium), to the belly at the fourth abdominal segment, 76 3 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST and is normally folded under the insect with the free forked end towards the head. The dentes terminate in curious hooked and toothed pieces (the mucrones) plainly designed to give the insect a firm purchase for its leap; and with the same object in view, the underside of the dentes are often studded with spike- like setee. The acme of stinginess is reputed to have been reached by a man who used a wart on the back of his neck for a collar botton. Without accusing the springtail of parsimony, it must be stated that it adopts much the same means to hold its furcula in place. On the third abdominal segment is a curious little double-fingered protuberance (the tenaculum) which, when the furcula is folded in place, projects between the dentes. The fingers of this excrescence each provided with three or four teeth to ensure a firm grasp—bending outwards against the dentes, serve to hold the furcula close along the belly, where it is under considerable tension from the muscles of the manubrium. When the fingers of the tenaculum are relaxed, these muscles pull the furcula strongly ~ downwards and backwards, and the insect is flung upwards into the air. Any- one who remembers that homely toy, the goose-bone jumping jack, that used to delight the children of a past generation, will readily understand how a spring- tail leaps. The length of a jump may be as much as five or six inches. An Achorutes socialis, one millimeter long, easily springs four inches or 100 millimeters, and A. socialis is by no means one of the most active species. In proportion to the size of the insect, these are prodigious leaps. It is as if a man could cover a mile in nine or ten bounds. While in the air, the insect folds the furcula back into place again, so that on alighting it is immediately ready for another leap, and it almost invariahly comes down on its feet. Only a few species, however, such as Tomocerus flavescens, jump several times in quick succession. Generally there is an interval of half a minute or more between the leaps. And, as a rule, leaping is only resorted to in order to escape from danger. The usual mode of progression is walking or running by means of the legs; although the migrating kinds when on the march, keep leaping from time to time, but apparently largely at random. While the springing apparatus is the most noticeable structure of the majority of the Collembola, it is not the distinguishing mark of the Order, for, as already mentioned, a good many species are entirely without it. It is the possession of the mysterious organ known as the “‘ventral tube’’ that decides the springtail lineage. Thisorgan, situated ventrally on the first abdominally segment, is in some species merely a cleft tubercle, the sides of which open back like the jaws of a steel trap, exposing a wet, stickly-looking disc within. In other species it takes the form of a relatively long, projecting tube, from which (among some of the Symphypleona) can be protruded two lengthy, slender, transparent filaments, thickly studded with circular glands. Dissection does little to explain the use of the organ, but Sir John Lubbock named the order Collembola—literally ‘‘glue-insertion’’—from the idea, com- mon to most entomologists of his day and apparently still held by some writers, that the ventral tube enabled “‘the creature to attach or glue itself to the body on which it stands.’’ That this is the special function of the organ seems very doubtful. Springtails do not appear to be in any particular need of attaching themselves so securely to surfaces. They do not habitually live upside down, THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST iy f / - PAS oS ee Dna RS nor are they especially exposed to shocks that might shake them loose from their hold. And Guthrie is mistaken in saying that their feet are not well adapted for smooth surfaces. It is true that the feet are lacking in any kind of a pad or sucker; and it is not likely that the two or three clubbed or genicu- late setee—the so-called tenent hairs—that in some species project over the usual pair of curved pointed claws, are anything more than tactile in function. But however they manage it, the thirty or forty species that I have observed in life, whether with two claws on each foot or only one, and with or without tenent hairs, could all run nimbly on dry, polished glass, even back downwards; and such a surface is infinitely harder and smoother than any they ever encounter in their natural habitat. . ’ In support of his opinion that the ventral tube is an organ of attachment, Lubbock says that if a Sminthurus is laid on its back and a piece of glass is brought within its reach, ‘‘the animal will endeavour to seize it with the feet, but at the same time it will project one or both of the ventral tentacles and apply it, or them, firmly to the glass, emitting at the same time a drop of fluid which, no doubt, gives a better hceld.”’ This surmise may sound plausible in the par- ticular instance, but an extended observation of the actions of different species as regards the ventral tube leads to another view of the probable function of the organ. The Collembola are all extremely sensitive to any lack of humidity in their surroundings. Most species, if put into a dry vial, will die and begin to shrivel up within an hour. The only way to keep them alive in captivity for any length of time is to put in the vial some source of moisture such as wet, rotten wood or damp filter paper. Evaporation through the thin epidermis is; so rapid, that it appears not unlikely to me that the ventral tube has to do with supplying or regulating the large quantity of moisture the insect requires. This conjecture seems to be borne out by the conduct of more than one species For instance, a yellow Papirius—(a genus closely related to the Smyn- thurus mentioned by Lubbock) found in the autumn under dead leaves of hard- © wood forests, stands high on its legs, neither its ventral tube nor any other part of its abdomen normally touching the surface it rests on. In a vial, it has no trouble in walking on the glass in any position; and it remains for hours and even days clinging to the glass, back downwards, by its feet alone, maintaining its hold without any help whatever from the ventral tube. Of a dozen or so of this species kept in a vial with the usual morsel of moist, rotten wood or damp filter paper, the majority remain thus motionless for long periods. Then suddenly, with startling swiftness, one of them shoots out its ventral filaments on either side of its body, and applies them closely to the glass along their whole length, always—so far as I have observed—where there is a film of moisture on the glass. The filaments, which are tubular and provided with a number of sucker-like glands at the ends, are longer than the insect’s entire body, but are evidently stowed away by the smaller apical half telescop- ing into the larger basal section. After leaving the filaments in contact with the glass for a minute or two, the insect draws them in as swiftly as it shot them out, changes its position slightly, and darts them out again. This performance may be kept up for ten minutes or so, and then finally drawing in the filaments permanently, the insect lapses into quietude again. 78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST — This Papirius makes use of its ventral filaments also when washing itself, which it does frequently, very much like a cat. From its mouth it exudes a small, bright drop of liquid, and taking it on the claw of one of the forelegs— where it looks like a gleaming boxing glove—it rubs it briskly over its antenne, head and legs. Sometimes it transfers the drop to the claw of one of the second pair of legs so as to reach farther down the body. The drop often remains unbroken during these proceedings, and with laudable economy, is then returned to the mouth and swallowed again. The washing operation almost invariably ends by the swift extrusion of a short piece of one of the ventral filaments, which is also apparently rubbed over with the remains of the drop; or moisture is transferred between it and the mouth. But the action is so rapid that I have never been able to make out exactly what occurs. Guthrie observes of Orchesella zebra, which one morning after a shower he found in great numbers on the moist surface of stumps in the woods, that “they moved about fitfully at time, but often stopped and squatted down to bring the ventral tube into contact with the moisture.’’ And some additional light is thrown on the use of the organ by watching the conduct of Achorutes socialis Uzel in a vial. The ventral tube in this species is simply a low cleft protuberance, which on opening, exposes a wet, sucker-like disc. When the vial containing a number of newly caught A. socialis is laid on its side, the insects first run around busily in every direction, maintaining their hold on the glass in every position without any assistance from the ventral tube. But every now and then, one of them opens the tube, and applies the disc to the glass. It still keeps its legs going, but now can only drag itself along slowly, as the attachment to the glass greatly impedes its way. In a few moments It withdraws the disc—sometimes leaving a trace of moisture on the glass,— closes the tube, and runs off briskly as before, only to repeat the action a little later on. After awhile, the insects quiet down, and come to rest closely packed side by side all around the circumference of the bottle. Many of those that are hanging back downwards are seen to have the ventral tube applied to the glass; but this cannot be merely for support, for the insects resting on the lower side of the bottle, where no attachment is necessary to maintain their position, are found, with few exceptions, to have their tubes in contact with the glass also. And a few hours later the still, motionless insects all around the bottle are discovered to be holding by their feet alone, with their ventral tubes without exception all closed. To me, the evidence points strongly to the conclusion that the ventral tube is not primarily intended to maintain the insect’s hold, and the probability is great that it acts as a kind of regulating valve, controlling and supplementing the supply of moisture. Nor does the suggestion that the ventral tube is a breathing organ seem any better founded than the “‘attachment theory.” The fact that the Col- lembola—with the exception of one or two genera of the Symphypleona—are without air trachezee might seem to lend weight to the hypothesis. But Smin- thurus and one or two others which alone have a tracheal system, also have the most highly developed type of ventral tube with long, extensible filaments, and it is against all the economy of nature that two distinct sets of apparatus should be provided for the same purpose. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 79 In addition to the conspicuous organs we have been discussing, the Col- lembola display several minor structures that no doubt are sense organs of some kind, but what their precise functions are, and indeed what senses the insects really possess, we can only guess. Many species seem to get along quite well without sight, and the eyes of those endowed with vision are very simple constructions compared with the enormous compound eyes of some of the flying insects. The sense of touch—the most primitive of all the senses, and com- mon to every manifestation of life—is doubtless served by the numerous strange “hairs’’ that cover the insects’ bodies as well as by the antennz. The very neces- sary sense of taste it is reasonable to suppose is situated in the mouth. And possibly the closely-allied sense of smell has its seat in the curious depressions each with a ‘‘peg’’ in the centre that sometimes indent the sides of the antennez, or in the remarkable buds and tubercles often seen on the same organs. But it is hard to divine the use of the strange bladder-like sac that Achorutes armatus Nic. can evert from between its last two antennal segments. Equally mysterious are the “‘post-antennal organs,’’ those rosettes of scales situated on the head between the base of the antennz and the eyes in many species. They may be auditory, but, of course, we have no evidence that the insects can hear at all. Another peculiar feature of certain species are the two or three sharp, curved spines that grow out of the last abdominal segment. But whatever use these “anal horns” are to the animal, at least they justify their existence to the puzzled entomologist by helping him in the often difficult task of determining the species. As the systematic observation of such minute insects in their habitat is practically impossible, and as it is very difficult to keep them in captivity under natural conditions, the details of their life-history are not well known. The Collembola pass through no larval stage, and undergo no metamorphosis whatever. The white or yellow spherical eggs, about one-eighth of a milli- ' meter in diameter, are generally quite smooth, although- Nicolet figures some hairy ones. - They are laid singly or in masses like bunches of grapes under bark, among dead leaves and in many other damp situations. The masses often contain from 50 to 100 eggs, and bulk much larger than the body of the insect, but are usually all stuck together with every appearance of being the product of one female. Oviposition apparently takes place only in the dark. Several species lay eggs freely in captivity, but I have never been able to observe the operation; and an English writer says that in 50 years’ study of the insects he has never succeeded in seeing how the eggs are laid. Until some one discovers how to circumvent this coyness of the mother springtail, we shall not know whether, despite appearances, more than one female contributes to the egg cluster, or whether we must accept the decidedly improbable suggestion that the eggs increase in size after laying. Incubation at room temperature takes from 10 to 35 days, according to the species. The large variation in the size of individuals of the same species taken at the same time points to more than one brood in the season, but they are so difficult to rear that exact data on this point are lacking. In captivity, Achorutes socialis Uzel and some other species lay only in the spring, while 80 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Achorutes humi Folsom and -Neanura muscorum Templeton oviposit late in the fall. The eggs of the last-named took 35 days to hatch at an average temperature of 60 F. This is a remarkably long period compared with the 10 or 12 days required by the eggs of Achorutes socialis under the same conditions; and in the insects’ natural habitat incubation would doubtless have been even longer, for the young Neanura appeared in my bottles on the 8th January; and in their native wilds, sheltered from the intense frost only by the bark of a rotten log, it is scarcely likely that they would have hatched before spring. On emergence from the egg, the young of a two millimeter adult are about one quarter of a millimeter long, and are invariably white, with—except in the blind species—conspicuous black eye spots. They are perfectly developed, but are not of quite the same proportions as the adults,—being somewhat shorter and thicker—and are wonderfully active runners and jumpers. Their | growth seems to be slow, but it is scarcely safe to generalize on this point from the progress of the young in captivity, for they do not thrive under artificial conditions. Achorutes socialis and Achorutes packardi captured when well grown, have lived for six to eight months in my vials, and it was more than a year before senile decay carried off Xenylla maritima. But though I have seen the young of half a dozen species hatch out, not one of them ever survived longer than two or three weeks; and during this brief life I could never notice any marked change in their appearance. Some species at least are sexually mature a good while before they attain their maximum size. Achoruies socialis reaches a body length of two milli- meters, but specimens only one and a quarter millimeters long lay eggs. The number of moults, so constant with many insects, is I suspect with them in- definite, for they seem to keep on shedding their skins and growing as long as they live. The largest sized specimens of several species that I am familiar with are found only in the spring. Apparently belonging to some brood of the year before, in spite of the almost sub-arctic cold of this district, they have con- tinued to grow all winter in their shelters under the snow. Their food seems to consist of organic matter of almost any kind. They have been found feeding on dead molluscs, fish and birds along the shore, but probably vegetable substances supply most of their nutriment. The mandi- bulate mouth-parts possessed by the majority are obviously designed for chewing. Some of the species I have had under observation fed on rotten wood, moss and lichens; others—notably the Arthropleona—would not eat at all in captivity. No matter how small you are, trouble won’t overlook you, and even the minute springtail has itsenemies. Lubbock and some others refer to the presence of Protozoa in the internal organs of Collembola, and Imms found Nematodes in Anurida maritima. Nor are external parasites wanting. Of twelve or fifteen specimens of a small Sminthurus I: collected last summer in the long grass of a beaver meadow, five had still smaller red mites firmly attached to them. This genus seems to be subject to attack by mites, for Lubbock mentions the same occurrence in connection with S. fusce (L.). Other likely enemies of the Order are the tiny spiders and chelifers, the thread-legged bugs and other pre- daceous creatures that one often finds in the collembolan habitats. Can. Ent., Vot. LI. PLaTE IV. SIMIENLAUR US HORTEN SES BITECH* An example of Sees Symphypleona. (See p. 73.) ee Oe rim ‘ zoe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 81 NEW PSAMMOCHARID4 AND PHILANTHID£:. BY NATHAN BANKS, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. The following new species are mostly from the northern and northwestern parts of the United States or from Canada. PSAMMOCHARID 2. Psammochares lasiope, n. sp. 2 Black, basal part of abdomen reddish above and below, extreme base of first segment black. Head, pro- and metanotum densely clothed with rather long hairs. Clypeus truncate, margined; antennz slender, second plus third joints fully equal vertex width, vertex from in front hardly convex; the lateral ocelli nearer to each other than to the eyes; hind border of pronotum angulate; base, tip, and venter of abdomen with few fine hairs, no bristles near tip of abdomen; legs slender, with short spines, three in comb on basitarsus, not very long; inner spur of hind tibia about one-half of the basitarsus. Wings nearly uniformly blackish, but not very dark; second and third submarginals subequal in size, both broad above, separated by a vertical vein, and receiving the recurrent veins near the middle; basal vein before transverse; in hind wings the fork is interstitial with the end of the cell. Length 11 mm. From Saranac Lake, 26 Aug.; Wilmington, 20-26 Aug.; New Russia, Essex Co., 18 Aug., all in New York, (Bradley). Differs from atlanticus, autumnalts, marginalis, in having longer hair on metanotum and broad-topped third sub- marginal cell; the spines of the comb are about the length of those in marginalis, much shorter than in autumnalis and atlanticus. Anoplius depressipes, n. sp. 9. Deep black throughout; wings uniformly black. The face is rather broader below than above, the clypeus very broad, nearly truncate below, but rounded at outer sides, vertex straight across, hind ocelli about as close to eyes as to each other, antenne slender, second plus third joint equal vertex width; pronotum behind angulate, metanotum sloping, not very long, with a deep median groove, with long hair. Abdomen slender, basal and apical segments hairy above, all below; legs slender, not very spiny, those on the tibie hardly one-half of the width of joint, inner spur of hind tibia about one-half of basi- tarsus, anterior tarsi flattened, the outer edge angulate, concave below, no spines above on basitarsus, 2 in the concavity on lower outer side. | Wings moderately long, second submarginal cell longer than wide, receiving the first recurrent beyond middle, third submarginal fully as long as the second, narrowed above, receiving the second recurrent vein near middle, latter curved, basal vein a little before the transverse; in hind wing the fork interstitial with the end of the cell. The head and thorax are clothed with rather long hair. Length 12 to 16 mm. From Ithaca, N.Y., 12 July (Needham); Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga., 16 July, (Bradley) and Burton, Ga., 21 May, (Bradley). The nature of the anterior tarsus, especially the basal joint, will distinguish it from our other species of this genus. April, 1919 82 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Anoplius similaris, n. sp. Q. Black throughout; wings uniformly black. Closely to A. illinoiensis. | The clypeus is broadly, evenly concave below, in zllinoiensis it is truncate and consequently longer. The face is a little broader at vertex than in illinoiensis; antenne and ocelli about the same as in that species; the metanotum is a little shorter, more deeply grooved, the posterior slope more flattened across, the hairs shorter and much fewer than in A. illinoiensis. The abdomen similar but the last segment has only a few fine hairs, not the stiff bristles of A. illinotensis. Legs slender, hardly as spiny as in illinoiensis, the inner spur of hind tibia a little more than one-half of basitarsus; the front basitarsus has _ no noticeable spines above, but two or three on the outer under side. Venation similar to A. illinoiensis, but submarginal cells a little larger, and the second recurrent vein not curved. Length 15 to 16 mm. From Ithaca, N.Y., 14, 25 July, (Bradley). Lophopompilus autilone, n. sp. o. Related by the male genitalia to L. ethiops, differs in that there is a median, hairy ridge the whole length of the genital plate (in @thiops only at base). The under side of the first joint of the antenne is hardly hairy; the hairs on the metanotum are not nearly as long or as dense as in @thiops, and the whole body is less hairy. The clypeal margin is slightly concave; the third sukmarginal cell is triangular, receiving the second recurrent vein near the middle, the latter bent near the middle; hind margin of pronotum almost angular; apical ventral segments with scattered hairs only. Length 14 mm. From La Belle, 8-10 May, Ft. Meyers, 7 May, Florida, and Billy Island, Okefenokee Swamp, Ga., all taken by Prof. Bradley. Pompiloides canadensis, n. sp. _ Q. Similar to P. cylindricus and P. insolens; differs from both by the shape of the basal plate of male genitalia being triangularly emarginate, the sides of the emargination divergent (instead of parallel); the last ventral seg- ment is not so deeply emarginate behind as in P. cylindricus. Black through- out, not as much silvery as in P. cylindricus, the silvery appearance noticeable on face, thorax and coxe. Head with rather longer hair than P. cylindricus, venter with few, but distinct hairs. Third submarginal cell usually short petiolate, the second sub-quadrate. About the size of P. insolens. From Truro, Nova Scotia, 12 Aug., (Matheson); and Val Morin, 29-30 July, Canada (Ouellet). Sophropompilus quadrispinosus, n. sp. 2. Deep blue; wings blackish, nearly uniform, legs and antenne black; clothed with short hairs. Clypeus truncate, third antennal joint hardly equal first, faint line to anterior ocellus, hind ocelli nearer to each other than to the eyes, vertex from in front slightly convex, pronotum arcuate behind; metanotum short, hairy, faint groove on the base; abdomen with short hairs above, longer at tip and below; femora plainly hairy above, inner spur of hind tibiz two- thirds of the basitarsus, front tarsus has four long spines in comb on the first joint, these are almost flattened; wings and venation as in S. hyacinthinus. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 83 Length 10 to 12 mm. From Long Beach, L. I., N.Y., Aug., (Shannon); Chesapeake Beach, Md., 18 to 21 Sept.; Gulfport, Fla., April, (Reynolds) ; Billy’s Island, Okefenokee Swamp, Ga., 1 to 5 Sept., (Bradley), and Tybee Island, Ga., (Bradley); evi- dently a coastal species. Body and legs more hairy than hyacinthinus, and with longer comb, four on first joint. Ageniella eximia, n. sp. o&. Black, apical parts of legs more brown; wings slightly fumose, not darker on tips. Small and very slender; face rather broad, hardly narrowed below, lateral ocelli plainly nearer to each other than to the eyes; pronotum behind strongly arcuate, metathorax sericeous on its sides. Abdomen very slender, basal segment about one and a half times longer than broad at tip; inner spur of the hind tibia little more than one-half of the basitarsus. Wings slender, rather short, marginal cell not its length from wing-tip, third sub- marginal higher than long, slightly narrowed above, receiving the second re- current a little before middle, basal vein a little before the transverse. Length 3!/, to 414 mm. From Falls Church, Va., Ithaca, N.Y., 15 July to 10 Aug., (Bradley), Albany, and McLean, N.Y., 3 July. Related to A. iridipennis Cress., but very much smaller, darker spurs and. front legs, and slightly different in venation. Several specimens have the apical ‘part of hind femora reddish, but otherwise agree. Agriogenia, n. gen. Based on Agenia brevis Cress. It agrees in general with Ageniella, but differs in being clothed with a fine, appressed, greyish yellow pubescence; the legs, especially the femora, are shorter and stouter than in Agenia, and the shape of marginal cell and. third submarginal was noted by Cresson. The ferrale, ltowever, has on the underside of the head back‘of the mouth a curved row of long white bristles which look as though arranged to hold food. Nothing similar occurs in Ageniella; the head is flatter in the frontal region than in A geniella. PHILANTHID2. Cerceris completa, n. sp. Male from Claremont, California, (Baker). Black, with yellow marks; face below antennz, base of mandibles, stripe on scape beneath, spots on pro- notum, the postscutellum, and legs (except basal two-thirds of femora, yel- lowish. Basal segment of abdomen black, second yellow above, with a median transverse black spot, pointed at each side, the following segments yellow with large basal, transverse, black spot, that on the third and fourth segments nar- rowed at extreme base; the venter with pale bands on second, third and fourth segments broader on sides, fifth with spots on side. Clypeus truncate in middle below; hair lobes small; enclosure smooth and shining; first abdominal seg- ment plainly longer than broad, and not one-half the width of the second; other segments broad; pygidial area once and two-thirds longer than broad at base, rather broader at base than elsewhere. Body rather finely and densely punctate; head, thorax, and first segment plainly hairy; stigma yellowish. Length 11 mm. 84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Cerceris snowi, n. sp. Males from Tucson, Arizona (Snow) and San Diego Co., Cal., (Van Duzee). Black; lateral face marks, scape beneath, two spots on pronotum, the post- scutellum, tegule, apical bands on the second and following segments, cream yellow, those on face nearly white; band on second segment much broader than others which are narrow and may be broken each side; tibia and extreme tips of femora pale, a dark spot behind on mid and hind tibie, the basitarsi pale. Flagellum of antenne rather rufous beneath, especially toward tip. Face below densely white-haired; clypeal margin at middle faintly tridentate; enclosure smooth; the pygidial area elongate, about as in C. kennicotti. Head, thorax, first and second segments very plainly hairy. One specimen has two small spots on first segment, two have faint lateral spots on the scutellum. Length 8 mm. By small size and coarse punctuation related to C. erigoni and C. acan- thophila, but distinct by having clypeus all black. . Cerceris interjecta, n. sp. Male from Lake Point, Utah, 18 July, (Titus). Black marked with yellow; first abdominal segment red above and below. Face with middle clypeal spot not reaching lower margin, and lateral spots yellow, sides of clypeus and the mandibles black; basal part of flagellum slightly rufous beneath; two spots on pronotum, the postscutellum, and broad abdominal bands, yellow, that on the second segment occupying one-half of the segment, not emarginate; third, fourth and fifth broadly emarginate in front, but on sides reaching the front margin of the segment, sixth with a small basal, median dark spot; venter all black; legs black, the tibiz yellow in front, tarsi dark brown; stigma yellowish; pygidium mostly rufous. Face very broad; clypeal margin slightly rounded, hair-lobes very small; last joint of antenna as long as pre- ceding, slightly curved; enclosure large, smooth, polished; pygidial area once and one-half longer than broad, sides nearly parallel. Body moderately, coarsely punctate; abdomen broad, basal segment.’ Length 10 mm. Cerceris abbreviata, n. sp. Males from Yakima River, Little Spokane, and Umatilla, Washington, June and July, (S. Henshaw). Black, marked with yellow, face, base of mandibles, scape beneath, dot behind eyes, pronotum, tegula, postscutellum, two spots on basal segment, narrow bands, all about of the same width on following segments, yellow; three pairs of ventral spots, usually connected; legs yellow, front and mid femora with black spot near base, hind femora and tibia black near tips; stigma yellowish; flagellum rufous beneath, last joint of antenna rufous, slender, curved. Face is narrower than C. occipitomaculata, the lateral lobes of clypeus being pro- portionately higher. Clypeal margin truncate; enclcsure plainly longitudinally striate, but on sides more oblique; basal segment of abdomen very broad; pygidial area elongate, the sides parallel; head and thorax short-haired. Length 8 mm. In appearance a C. nigrescens marked with bright yellow instead of white, but a slightly smaller, and shorter bodied species. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST , 85 Philanthus yakima, n. sp. Washington—Yakima, 2 to 4 July, 1882, (S. Henshaw). 2. Close to P. flavifrons, but smaller. Face, mandibles, scape beneath, streak behind eyes, two dots on vertex, collar, tegule, tubercles, spot behind, larger spot below, spot at posterior corners of mesonotum, adjoining spot each side on base of scutellum, postscutellum, spot each side on metanotum, broadly interrupted bands on first and second, segments, bands on others, broad on sides, very narrow in middle, that on third deeply indented each side behind, broad bands 6n second, third and fourth ventral segments, all yellow. Legs (including coxe) yellow, basal part of femora, rather more than one-half on hind femora, and spot toward tip of hind tibia black. Underside of flagellum rufous; stigma yellow. Punctured as in flavifrons, striately on front, few on meso- notum, rather deeply and evenly scattered on abdomen, but hardly as large as in flavifrons. Differs from flavifrons in that the enclosure has the posterior as well as lateral margins raised and smooth, making a horse-shoe-shaped area. The last dorsal segment is broadly triangular, and the sides not concave to- ward tip as in flavifrons. Length 10 mm. FURTHER NOTES ON THE LATIMANUS GROUP OF THE BEE GENUS MEGACHILE. BY F. W. L. SLADEN, APIARIST, DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. In the Agricultural Gazette of Canada, February, 1918, page 125, I proposed the name diligens for Megachile latimanus, Ckll. not of Say. Professor Cockerell has informed me that the name diligens was given by F. Smith in 1879 to a Megachile in the Hawaiian fauna, so that it becomes necessary to find a new name for latimanus Ckll., and I propose dentitarsus. The difference between this and the other Canadian species of the /atimanus group were pointed out in my table given in the Canadian Entomologist, September, 1918, page 302. There is, however, another character to which Professor Cockerell has called my attention. When the abdomen is viewed from above and slightly tilted, black hairs are prominent laterally in dentitarsus (latimanus Ckll.), but no black hairs project at side in perihirta, Ckll. (grindeliarum Ckll.). OCCURRENCE OF THE PEAR THRIPS IN ONTARIO. BY WM. A. ROSS, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STA., ONT. The notorious pear thrips Te@niothrips inconsequens Uzel, hitherto unrecorded in Ontario, was taken by the writer last spring (1918) on pear trees in a large orchard near Beamsville. Fortunately the thrips was present in very small numbers and apparently was not causing any appreciable injury. Thanks aredueto Mr. P. J. Parrott, of the Geneva Agricultural Experi- ment Station, and Capt. J. D. Hood, Washington, D.C., for confirming the identification of this insect. For the information of the reader it should be stated here that an excellent, detailed account of the known distribution, life history, habits and control of the pear thrips is given by A. E. Cameron and R. C. Treherne, of the Dominion Entomological Branch, in Bulletin No. 15—‘‘The Pear Thrips and Its Control in British Columbia.”’ April, 1919 86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY AND EARLY STAGES OF BRACHYS OVATUS WEB., AND BRACHYS AEROSUS MELSH. BY HARRY B. WEISS AND ALAN S. NICOLAY, NEW BRUNSWICK, N.]. Packard in his ‘“Forest Insects’’ records B. aerosus as occurring on oak early in summer in Maine and late in May near Providence, R.I., and states that Gillette (Canad. Ent. July, 1887) reared it from larve in poplar leaves, the mines being finished in October and the beetles appearing early the following May. Concerning B. ovatus, this species is recorded by Packard as follows ‘‘on laurel oak; imago issues latter part of April and early May (Riley’s unpublished notes).” Gillette also reports rearing the beetle from a larva mining a leaf of either red or black oak. Felt (N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8; 2, p. 512-3) states that B. aerosus was taken while feeding on elm during the latter half of May, and that B. ovatus was common on scrub oak the latter part of May and June. Blatchley in his ‘§Coleoptera of Indiana” records aerosus as throughout the state, frequent, May 16—June 18, occurring on oak, hickory, elm and ovatus also as throughout the state and frequent, May 16—July 13, on oak in the leaves of which the larvee dwell. According to Smith (Rept. N. J. State Mus. 1909) aerosus is found throughout New Jersey, not rare, on oak, May, June and ovatus is common throughout the state, June to August on oak. Burke (U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 437, 1917) summarizes the distribution, common habits and host trees of the genus Brachys as follows:—‘‘Eastern and Central States, leaf miner in leaves: Populus ?, alder (Alnus), Fagus ?, chestnut (Castanea), oak (Quercus), Ulmus ?, and Acer?” In New Jersey, we have found the distribution of both species to be as reported by Smith, and have observed the adults feeding on foliage as follows: B. ovatus on elm (Ulmus americana), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), white oak (Quercus alba) chestnut oak (Q. prinus),pin oak (Q. palustris), chestnut (Castanea dentata), scrub oak (Q. tlicifolia), black oak (Q. velutina), post oak (Q. minor), beech (Fagus ferruginea), and hickory (Hicoria glabra) with the various species of oaks as preferred food plants; B. aerosus feeding on beech (F. ferruginea), linden (7wlia americana), witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), elm (Ulmus americana), chestnut (C. dentata), sugar maple (A. saccharum), red maple (A. rubrum),and various species of oaks with the oaks.as preferred food plants, although quite a few adults were taken while feeding on red maple and beech. The feeding of both species is quite characteristic. The beetles feed on the upper leaf surfaces usually near the edges consuming the tissue between the larger veins and working, as a rule, along a large vein. This habit results in feeding areas which are bounded on one or more sides by straight edges or lines giving the injury a sort of ragged geometrical appearance. After much feeding has been done at one spot, the small amount of remaining uninjured tissue weathers away in the course of time, resulting in irregular holes. The mines of both species are somewhat irregular and blotch-like and may be found on any part of a leaf, the majority, however, occurring near the edge. As a rule each mine contains only one larva, and is found on a leaf which is comparatively uninjured by adult feeding. Aerosus mines take up only a small portion of a leaf, while an ovatus larva will frequently mine one-half or more of a medium-sized leaf. The mines of both species are visible on both leaf surfaces, more so on the upper where they appear as brown dead spots or areas. Some April, 1919 Can. Ent. Vou. LI. PLATE V. VARIOUS LEAVES SHOWING BRACHYS, SP. FEEDING. “se | Se eee pile ae - ~ - ae, Fe oes 88 ls eet cems eed aliens eke Woe Gam ware Que here XS Soh sate aes ah A THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 87 leaves when held up to the light are so mined that the characteristic larva is readily identified as a Brachys sp., while others have the mined area so brown that the light will not penetrate. However, a Brachys sp. mine can usually be identified as such by the dried, oval, flat, glistening egg shell which remains sticking to some portion of the upper surface of the mine long after the larva has left it. Mined leaves were found on small as well as large trees. On the large trees, however, only the outer leaves exposed to plenty of sunlight were -infested. Not all of the trees selected as food plants by theadu Its seem to harbour the larve in their foliage, and we have observed mines of both species only, ~ as a rule, in the leaves of various oaks. In a few cases we have noted mines on chestnut and have taken larve therefrom. At Uhlerstown, Pa., eggs and adults of B. aerosus were plentiful on red maple leaves, but an opportunity for visiting this place later in the season was not afforded us, and it-is not known if the leaves were mined. In general, the life-history of both species is as follows. Adults appear about the middle or latter part of May and disappear by the first part of August, being most plentiful during June and the first part of July. Soon after emergence and feeding, eggs are deposited on the upper leaf surfaces, many being laid near the edges. After hatching, the larve mine the leaves until the latter part of August and September, at which time many leave the mines through the lower surface and drop to the soil where pupation takes place. Sometimes it is possible to find larvee in their mines as late as the middle of October. The winter is evidently passed in the pupal stage, as a specimen under our observation pupated during the first part of October. Eco oF B. ovatus. Length 2.2mm. Width1.7mm. — Flat, oval, rounded at both ends. Side resting against leaf flat. Upper surface slightly convex. Chorion apparently smooth, shining. Transparent when first laid, later be- coming yellowish white. Just before hatching larva can be seen through the transparent chorion, resting with the abdomen bent back sidewise upon itself the tip touching the second thoracic segment. Except for its smaller size, (Length 1.7 mm., width 1.1 mm.,)_ the egg of B. aerosus appears to be similar to that of ovatus. In depositing the egg, the female protrudes the tip of the vagina slightly and rubs it back and forth against the leaf surface. This operation which ends in three or four minutes results in an oval, flat, transparent, watery-like mass, the outer surface of which soon hardens into a thin film or skin. The entire thing resembles an oval drop of transparent, watery excrement rather than an egg. Of a pair of B. ovatus collected May 27 and placed in a cage, the female deposited sixteen eggs. A pair of B. aerosus collected at the same time and caged resulted in the female depositing forty-five eggs. Another pair of aerosus yielded thirty-five eggs. Inasmuch as no eggs were noted in the field when the _ specimens were collected, these numbers may be fairly representative. All of the above specimens lived and fed for six weeks, the eggs being deposited during the first four. All eggs were deposited on the upper leaf surface, many of them close to the edges. As a rule, leaves uninjured by adult feeding were selected. The young larva usually enters the leaf tissue directly beneath the egg and mines , 88 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST either in an irregular area around the egg or in a gradually widening, elongate area away from the egg and parallel to and against the leaf edge. Practically all of the ovatus eggs in our cages and many in the field were parasitized by Closterocerus cinctipennis Ash. In the cage containing forty-five aerosus eggs, nineteen mines were started, 17 eggs were parasitized and nine appeared to dry up. In the cage containing thirty-five aerosus eggs, ten mines were started, fifteen eggs were parasitized, and ten failed to hatch for some reason or another. Most of the larve which started the mines were also parasit- ized by the same species. Parasitized eggs became black in colour and many such were noted in the field. A few good eggs were noted as late as July 15, showing that egg deposition evidently extends over a considerable period. FULL GROWN LARVA OF B. ovatus. Length 7 to9 mm. Width of first thoracic segment 2.4 to 2.85 mm. _ Slightly wedge-shaped, much flattened. Body composed of thirteen well-defined segments which are deeply notched and lobed. Head and mouth-parts dark. Head more or less retracted into first segment. First segment as broad or slightly broader than the following, body gradually tapering to the twelfth segment. First segment with large, well- developed, comparatively smooth, shining, subquadrate plate on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Dorsal plate with median line groove. Abdominal seg- ments one to seven with pronounced rounded lobes. Lobes of abdominal seg- ments five to nine each bearing a group of several stout, minute spines. Posterior dorsal edge of eighth abdominal segment fringed with row of minute, stout spines. Colour whitish, broad median dorsal line indicated on abdominal segments one to eight. Lateral dorsal portion of each body segment except the first varies from light gray in some specimens to black in others. (Immature specimens are entirely whitish). Entire dorsal surface except plate of first segment covered with somewhat slightly raised dots. These are more apparent laterally and bear the dark colour. Ventral surface somewhat similar to dorsal. Entire lateral surface of body sparsely hairy. The larva of B. aerosus appears to be somewhat similar to the above, except that it is smaller (Length 4-5 mm. Width of first segment 1.53 mm.), and that the sides of the body appear to be slightly rougher, and the spines on the lobes of the fifth to ninth abdominal segments appear to be less pronounced. Pupa oF B. ovatus. Length 6.7 mm. Greatest width 3.5 mm. Colour brown ochre (Nomenclature of Windsor & Newton’s Water Colours). Shape similar to that of the adult. Surface smooth, shining. This stage is probably passed on top of the soil in rubbish or under the surface of the soil. Many fines were examined in the field, but no pupz were ever found. It was noted that in every case, the larva had made its exit through the lower surface of the mine. In our cages only one larva of ovatus pupated, and it did so on the surface of the soil. When full grown they left the mines, and for some reason or another all except one died on the surface. Ovatus was described by Weber in 1801 (Observ. Ent., Vol .1), and aerosus by Melsheimer in 1846 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., Vol. 2). There is some synonymy indicated, but this need not be gone into here. CAN AentT., Vor. LI. PrarEe Vi; OAK LEAF SHOWING INCOMPLETE MINE OF BRACHYS OVATUS. The dark oval spot near the lower edge of the mine is the dried egg shell. . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST _ 89 NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF. CORIZUS. (COREIDA:, HETEROPTERA). BY EDMUND H. GIBSON, U, S. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C. After several months of studying long series of specimens representing each species that occurs in North America and many exotic species the author comes to the conclusion that no satisfactory results, as to the limits of each species, the systematic arrangement and relation of species, can be obtained from the mere examination of dried adult specimens, especially without an increased ‘biological knowledge of the group. The writer, therefore, is forced to call tentative any remarks or deductions herein set forth until they are verified by results obtained from life-history and habit studies of each species. At the outset of the study it was the plan to revise the genus, but being forced to abandon this because of the above stated reasons, this paper resolves itself into more or less of a review of Hambleton’s* treatise of the North American species, which has been the most notable contribution to our knowledge of the group. In the first place attention must be called to the great similarity of this genus to the Lygeid genus Nysius Dall., which has often been a stumbling block for young students and general collectors. In the mind of the author Corizus represents a much degraded-.group of Lygeeidee and should be considered in that family rather than the nucleus of a subfamily of Coreidz, or else it is the group that links Coreide with Lygzeide and is sufficiently different from both to be considered the basis of a separate family (Corizide L. & S.) The chief point of difference between Corizus and Nysius lies in the character and form - of the genitalia of both sexes. Also Corizus may be distinguished from Nysius by the lack of a prominent osteolar canal and simplified odoriferous orifice and in the much more produced scutellum. From all evidence at hand I agree with several other hemipterologists that subgenera should not be recognized and hence the names Liorhyrsus Stak Stictopleurus Stal., and Niesthrea Spin. go into synonymy with Corizus. The following artificial key is offered as an aid to the identification of the species with the hope that numerous dubious points in Hambleton’s key will be cleared up. 3. KEY TO THE SPECIES. Antenniferous tubercles very long, approximating the length of the first BGtet ial Sesiem inns her cee Mee ae ose eee eens tuberculatus Hambl. Antenniferous tubercles more or less prominent, but not long or approxi- mating the length of the first antennal segment............0.. es te Posterior border of metapleura not prominently expanded laterally, lateral posterior angles broadly ee and receding from margin of abdo- rip ern ieee bien Bae ake he De ia PO Cee PREECE oo SE es Posterior border of metapleura more or less expanded laterally, lateral posterior angles usually acute, sometimes rounding but never receding fron marein Of AbGCOMeN (2... ieee eet ete reece cree renee ae 4 Species large, connexivum spotted ............:..: es crassicornis Linn. Species small, connexivum unspotted .........0.00-. viridicatus Uhl. *The Genus Corizus with a review of the North and Middle American Species. ‘J. C. Hambleton, Annals Ent. Soc. Am., Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 158- 152, 1908 April, 1919 7 > + ee 90) a) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 4. Last segment of abdomen short, truncate in female and evenly rounded in malé as: viewed front above, nat. eee ee a eee, Ayalinus Fabr. Last segment of abdomen comparatively long, rounded or pointed in female, not evenly rounded in male as viewed from above....................6. 5 hc ocutellum. broad-4t apex: rouneedmorielitintay.. 5. ...dcc..00 co cee eee eee ee 6 Scutellum narrow at AER, POOP eo ec iren Fe A lvaloi ios cetpastgni tiie Se eae ene 11 6. Abdomen above distinctly marked transversely with black, second and Sixth see mients Moni COM ed 4. me .ch ochre gate es Re hee sid@ Fabr. A balGime mnie ts Simrad cine OG hy eo era Ta bse testi sate ccf ae Oe cad cep ae Ae 7 7. Last dorsal abdominal segment of female long and distinctly angulate, apex less than:a right angle. Dark coloured species. Sternum black, Connestvurmsor male. spotted 5.2300. Ge ee a ee ee ee 8 Last dorsal abdominal segment of female rounding, apex greater than a GAC eTES I Oc wsS dhol ne hee a eine ot etwas meh aL ot Sate a eae geome nay een Nae 9 8. Female segment very acutely pointed, extremely long. Western Sy Yell Ce oe reese gaan man pete ate ats baa: ered aay onan punctatus Sign. Female segment not acutely pointed, Eastern species........ bohemanit Sign. 9. Species small, robust, and dark coloured, mottled on underside of abdomen. Very hairy. Connexivum heavily marked.................. parvicornis Sign. Species larger, generally lighter coloured, not so hairy. Underside of abdomen not mottled. Connexivum only slightly marked if at all....10 10. Species medium sized to small............... RN atc et aiden tte lateralis Say SHecies AiMich lar ek, Hana Beit een ea ae ie lateralis var. validus Uhl. 11. Postero-lateral angle of metapleura greatly produced. Antenne short, last joint comparatively stout. Wings not extending to end of abdo- men. Species small and robust. Densely clothed with fine long | SEEN RS Ranh ine eee hs Gia MAME tice oto rte SNe ene Boalt, Aire ES hirtus Bueno Notas ADOVE:. (aah Sion kc he a eee aie alte Sarton at Pete cae ta a ene 12 ia < stern: black, «-(ointall Species sh. hestsa0 sa bpaeeene bees indentatus Hambl. Steruum: not » black: “Eareer species: 4... uy eoae eno scutatus Stal. C. hyalinus Fabr. is a well-defined species and readily distinguished from all others by the shape of the last abdominal segment in both sexes. It is cosmo- politan in its distribution, and is the logotype of the genus. I am unable to separate by structural characters the various varieties as listed in Van Duzee’s catalogue. C. tuberculatus Hambl. should not be confused with any other species. The very greatly produced antenniferous tubercules serve to distinguish it. In general appearance it greatly resembles indentatus Hambl., punctatua Sign., and bohemanii Sign. This is a western species, records show it occurs from Washington and Idaho south through Oregon, Nevada and California. C. hirtus Bueno is the smallest species in the genus, and appears to be some- what of a degenerate form of parvicornis Sign. The elytra are usually much shortened and appear undeveloped. It is probably limited in its distribution to the northeast. C. parvicornis Sign. But little needs to be remarked concerning this species, its short, stout, form being quite characteristic. It is known to occur in Washington, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and southward. . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 91 C. punctatus Sign. The greatly produced and acutely pointed last abdom- inal segment of the female serves as a character to set this off from other species. However, in this respect the females of bohemanii Sign. approach punctatus, and I am unable to separate the males of these two species. C. punctatus is limited to the southwest, while bohemanii occurs over the entire eastern half of the United States. While for the time being it is wise to keep these two forms distinct and as separate species, yet the author surmises that one may be a locality form of the other, and at some future time with increased evidence it may ke best to consider one a variety of the other. C. bohemanii Sign. is probably the most common species found in the East and Central States. Typical specimens are extremely dark in colour. The last abdominal segment of the female is produced more than any other species except punctatus Sign. C. scutatus Stal. is the largest species in North America, and occurs from British Columbia south into Mexico. Its generally large size and bluntly pointed scutellum will serve to distinguish the species. In colour it varies con- siderably. Typical specimens are dark with connexivum heavily marked. C. indentatus Hambl. is a comparatively small form that can only be separ- ated from scutatus Stal. by its size and the fact that its sternum is black while that of scutatus is normally light-coloured. Both are western species. C. side Fabr. is very variable in size and general colour, but is readily separable from the other species by dorsal transverse, black bands or markings: on the third, fourth and fifth abdominal segments. This characteristic colour marking is always present, although in some specimens examined it has become less prominent or faded. Numerous specimens exhibit much reddish coloration. Some authors would undoubtedly establish numerous varieties based upon variations of colour and size, but the writer is prone to believe that such dit- ferences come from climatic and food conditions. A close study of the external anatomy of these so-called forms reveals no structural differences. I do not agree to the advisability of considering pictipes Stal. a distinct variety. It is also a cosmopolitan species. C. lateralis Say occurs over the entire United States and southward. There are no outstanding features that will readily serve to separate this from other species. The process of elimination in the determination of species will apply to advantage. If specimens in question cannot be placed in other species they are usually called lateralis. The acutely pointed scutellum and lack of markings on the connexivum are generally used as diagnostic characters. It is very variable in size and colour, some specimens being quite dark or reddish and others entirely pale yellow. I am unable to separate Uhler’s validus from lateralis, except in size and the slight colour markings on the connexivum, However, I* have seen innumerable gradations in size from an extra large, so- called validus to a minute lateralis, and have been unable to separate them by structural differences. Also even some nearly typical lateralis will exhibit slight indications of colour markings on the connexivum. For the time being I consider it advisable to consider validus as a variety of lateralis until more biological evidence is at hand. . C. crassicornis Linn. and viridicatus Uhl. These two species form a group _ quite distinct from all other species, and can be most easily recognized by the 92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST fact that the posterior margin of the metapleura is nearly truncate, being only | slightly sinuate. The posterior lateral angles of the metapleura are broadly rounded in these two forms, while in the other species they are more or less produced and not receding from the lateral margin of the abdomen. There are other characters, such as the transverse suture of the pronotum ending in a loop, which Hambleton gives for separating these species, but the author con- siders the difference in structure of the metapleura to be of the most importance. C. viridicatus is smaller and lighter coloured than crassicornis, and does not have the range of distribution that the latter has. With further biological data the writer suspicions that viridicatus will have to be considered a variety of crassicornis, or may even be forced into synonymy with the latter. C. crassicornis occurs over the entire northern portion of the United States, and in the west it is knewn to extend north into Canada and south into Mexico, It also occurs in Europe and Asia. Viridicatus has been recorded only from Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Colorado and New Mexico. The writer disagrees with Hambleton’s opinion that “the nature of.the dorsal sutures between the third and fourth, and fourth and fifth segments of the abdomen is quite constant.’’ The advisability of using this character in the separation of species is certainly risky. The characters of the genitalia should only be used in the separation of but few species. For a full description and complete bibliography of each species reference should be made to Hambleton’s paper and to Van Duzee’s recently published and most excellent catalogue. In closing the writer wishes to acknowledge the generous loan of speci- mens from Messrs. H. G. Barber, J. R. Bueno, C. J. Drake, R. W. Leiby, W. L. McAtee, and Rev. M. Wirtner, all of which greatly facilitated the study which in turn permits these preliminary remarks. These collections with that of the National Museum afforded long series in each species. A NEW RACE OF PLEBEIUS ICARIOIDES FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND. BY WM. BARNES, M.D., AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH.D., DECATUR, ILL. This variable species seems to have developed on the southern portion of Vancouver Island into a local and very characteristic race which, on the under- side, has so much similarity to pheres Bdv. from the San Francisco region that it has frequently passed under this name, and is probably figured by Holland in his Butterfly Book (Pl. XXX, Fig. 37) as this species. The most characteristic feature of this new race, however, is found in the colour of the blue scaling of the upper side; this is a distinct silvery-blue, much _as in saepiolus, and easily distinguished from the violet or lilac-blue of the other icarioides races; we have at various times had single specimens before us for. examination, but this year through the efforts of Mr. E. H. Blackmore, of Victoria, B.C., we have secured a fine and, in general, very constant series of both sexes; we take much pleasure in dedicating this interesting form to its discoverer, and describe it in detail as follows :— P. incarioides blackmorei var. nov. &. Upper side brilliant silvery-blue; primaries with a blackish border, 2 mm. broad, along outer margin; secondaries with vague dark marginal spots, April, 1°19 a THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 93 ~ surrounding which the blue is of a somewhat paler colour than on the remainder of the wing; a small patch without blue scaling at costal angle; terminal dark - line; fringes on both wings with basal half blackish and outer portion white, except along abdominal margin of secondaries where they are totally white. Beneath both wings pale gray, sprinkled with greenish at base and suffused with whitish rather broadly along outer margin; primaries with the dark discal dash and postmedian row of spots reduced in size as compared with those of typical icarioides (Sierra Nevada region) but broadly encircled with white; subterminal spots obsolete; secondaries with a white lunate discal mark and a curved postmedian row of rather obscure white spots, very, faintly centered with black dots; traees of faint whitish subterminal lunules; fringes white. 2. Upper side deep black-brown, basal half of primaries scaled with blue; a narrow, black discal mark; secondaries bluish at base and along abdominal margin; a narrow, broken, bluish line along outer margin, behind which are traces of dark spots similar to those of the o, partially outlined by blue scaling; no red scaling. Underside very similar to that of the &, with slightly darker ground colour. Expanse, @ and 2, 30 mm. Holotype.-—1 &, Goldstream, Vance. Is., B.C., (May 31). Coll. Barnes. Allotype.—1 2., Goldstream, Vanc. Is., B.C., (May 31). Coll. Barnes. Paratypes.—7 3's, 5 Q’s (same locality and date) in Coll. Barnes, and 7 o’s, 5 Q’s in Coll. E. H. Blackmore, Victoria, B.C. In the @ sex the variation of the upperside is inconsiderable, consisting in the greater or less width of the dark border of primaries and the degree of dis- tinctness af the marginal spots of secondaries which may either become more or less suffused to form a complete border or be almost completely covered by the blue scaling; occasionally a black discal lunule is present on the primaries. In the 2 the discal lunule is at times entirely silvered, approaching in this respect pheres; other specimens show a more or less complete row of subterminal - bluish Iunules on secondaries; in none of our specimens is there anything but the very faintest traces of the red submarginal shading so often seen in typical - icarioides. Mr. Blackmore writes us that the food plant of the larva is Lupinus columbianus Heller, and that the race is localized to a small hill, 700 feet high, about three miles south of Goldstream. 3 ADDITION TO THE ODONATA OF FRANCONIA REGION, N.H. 4 In the Canadian Entomologist for January, 1919, (Vol. LI, 9-15) I pub- lished a list of the Odonata of the Franconia Region. Mrs. Slosson had been good enough to send me her complete list of Odonata collected at Franconia a decade or more ago, and her annotations were included in this paper save for - the addition of three species inadvertently omitted by the printer. These bring the list to seventy-five species: 73. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis (Walsh). 74. Gomphus abbreviatus Hagen. 75. Tetragoneuria spinigera Selys. Mr. L. B. Woodruff has since the publication of the list sent me also a record of Somatochlora elongata (Scudd.) from Bretton Woods. R. HEBER HOWE, JR. _ Thoreau Museum of Natural History, Concord, Massachusetts. April, 1919 = aan 94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST A NEW JAPANESE SPECIES OF THE CYRTID GENUS OPSEBIUS. BY F. R. COLE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, FOREST GROVE, ORE. In a collection of Cyrtide kindly loaned for study by the Entomology Department of Cornell University I found one specimen which was collected at Harima, Japan. The specimen belongs to the genus Opsebius and is an undescribed species. As far as I know this is the first Cyrtid recorded from Japan. The genus Opsebius was described in 1856 by A. Costa from a species, O. perspicillatus, collected in Spain. In the following year Loew -described inflatus from Spain, and not having seen Costa’s paper erected for it the genus Pithogaster. In 1870 Loew described O. pepo from Spain, and in 1871 described O. formosus from the locality termed Gallia, probably southern France. The five other described species in the genus are all from the United States. S tag ey eg Fig. 13.—Opsebius nipponensis, n. sp. The American species are uniformly blackish in body colour. In the three European species the body is black and yellow, and in the Japanese species described below the body colour is metallic green. All species of Opsebius have a characteristic cross-vein dividing the long cell above the discal. This cell may be an outer first basal or the first posterior. Loew left out this cross-vein in figuring the wing of O. inflatus, but Osten Sacken,examined the type years afterward and found it to be present. Opsebius nipponensis, n. sp. 9. Eyes black with a purplish tinge. Head viewed from in front almost round. Eyes with long, dense black pile. Antenne black with the long bristle-like arista characteristic of the genus. Occiput metallic green with long yellowish pile. Thorax and scutellum metallic green with long, almost erect, -yellowish pile. Ptero-and metapleurze a bluish green, the upper pleuree with yellowish pile. Squame semi-transparent and coloured a peculiar shade of brown, the rims yellowish. ; April, 1919 <3 er Soe hes THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 95 Abdomen bronze green and clothed with a yellowish pile which is reclinate on the last four segments and thicker on the dorsum near the posterior margins of the segments. The abdomen is swollen in appearance and much larger than the thorax (broken at the base in this specimen). Venter much the same colour as the dorsum. Genitalia yellowish brown. Legs honey yellow, the claws black. Wing membrane infuscated, darker toward the base. Veins blackish. Venation near the North American OQ. diligens O. S. Besides the characteristic outer cross-vein in the cell above the discal, there is a supernumerary crcss-vein in one wing of this specimen just inside this vein. Length 8.5 mm. Habitat—One specimen collected at Harima, Japan, on May 19, 1916. The type is in the Cornell University collection. A NEW SPECIES OF HYLEMYIA FROM CANADA (DIPTERA, ANTHOMYIID£®). BY J. R. MALLOCH,-F.E.S., GRBANA, ILL. The species described in this paper belongs to the genus Hylemyia, sub- genus Pogonomyza S. and D. There are three other North American species of the subgenus known to the writer, all of which occur in the northeastern United States. The type specimen of the species described in this paper is in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, at Ottawa. Hylemyia (Pogonomyza) spinosissima, sp. n. Male.— Black, distinctly shining, entire body with rather dense, brownish gray pruinescence. Orbits, face, and cheeks with white, almost silvery, pruine- scence; second antennal joint reddish yellow at apex. Thorax indistinctly vittate. Abdomen with a poorly defined dorso-central black vitta. Wing yellowish, veins pale. Calyptra and halteres yellow. Head small; eyes separated by a little more than width of anterior ocellus; - orbits sparsely bristled on almost their entire length; arista with dense, very short hairs; parafacial much narrower than third antennal joint; cheek not twice as high as width of parafacial; proboscis as thick as fore femur. Presutural acrostichals weak, 2-rowed; prealar bristle about one-third as long as the bristle - behind it; sternopleurals 1:2 or 1:3; scutellum bare below. Abdomen narrow, _parallel-sided, all dorsal segments with long, strong bristles on posterior margins \ and in a transverse series on disc; hypopygium of moderate size; fifth sternite with very short hairs. Fore tibia with from 2 to 4 bristles on antero-dorsal and on pcsterior surfaces; mid femur not much swollen, with a series of short bristles on entire antero-ventral surface, and 4 exclusively long, strong bristles Pi on postero-ventral surface, the ene furthest from base directed slightly apicad, situated at middle; mid tibia with 1 antero-dorsal, and 4 irregularly placed posterior bristles; hind femur with a series of bristles on antero-ventral surface, and another, weaker, series on basal half of postero-ventral surface; hind tibia with 4 or 5 strong antero-dorsal and 3 strong postero-dorsal bristles, the antero- > a ventral and posterior surfaces each with some setulose hairs. Costal thorn small; last sections of veins 3 and 4 subparallel. April, 1919 — - > - ‘Ne — ro a > “= "Ft . - BS ~ 96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Length 5.25 mm. Type.—Port Hope, Ont., June 13, 1897, (W. Metcalfe). This species is separable from its allies by the bristling of the mid femur, the postero-ventral bristles being much longer than in any of the other species, the longest at least twice as long as the femoral diameter. A NEW_SPECIES OF CGENOSIA FROM CANADA (DIPTERA, ANTHOMYIIDA:). BY ;. R. MALLOCH, F.E-S., URBANA, ILL. The species described in this paper is one which was submitted for identi- - fication by the Dominion Entomologist. The type specimen is deposited in the National Collection of Insects, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Coenosia fuscifrons, sp. n. : Male.—Black, covered with dense white pruinescence. Head black, with white pruinescence except on interfrontalia; antenne and palpi black; proboscis _ brown. Thorax and abdomen unmarked, apices of abdominal segments yel- lowish. Legs pale yellow, gradually darkened from near base of femora apicad, the tibize and tarsi usually fuscous, sometimes the bases of tibia pale. Wings white at bases, distinctly browned beyond to apices. Calyptra white. Halteres yellow. Frons nearly twice as long as broad; orbits narrow, well defined, the bristles long, upper pair shorter than second and ocellars; antenne reach- ing over two-thirds of the distance to mouth-margin, third joint slightly angulate at apex above; arista bare; parafacial in profile almost linear; cheek higher than width of third antennal joint, the margin with a few long, slender bristles. Humeral angle with one long and _ four or five short, stout bristles; presutural acrostichals in an irregular single or double series; intra-alar bristles weak; lower stigmatal bristle weak or absent, when present directed laterad or slightly upward. Abdomen short, cylindrical, dorsum with a few scattered setulose hairs; hypopygium small, retracted; fifth sternite with a large V-shaped excision, the processes short and broad. Legs long and slender, the bristles hair-like; basal joint of tarsi on all legs at least half as long as tibiae; fore tibia with one median posterior bristle; mid tibia with the two median bristles very short, situated at about the same distance from base; hind tibia with the antero-ventral bristle very weak and short, the antero-dorsal and preapical dorsal bristles each over one-third as Jong as tibia. Inner cross-vein of wing below apex of first vein; third vein ending in apex of wing; apex of fourth basad of apex of third. Length 2.25 mm. Type.—Brockville, Ont., August 12, 1903, (W. Metcalfe). Paratypes, Ottawa, August 17, 1907, (J. Fletcher); Port Hope, Ont., May 14, 1897, (W. Metcalfe). This species most closely resembles argentate Coquillett of the North American fauna, but may readily be separated from that species by the narrower frons and the colour of same, which is fuscous instead of silvery. Mailed April 28th, 1919. a of a a 4 SS ee ee re | Soe fee. We hk os coil ts | hs gil Che Canadian Entomologist VOL. . LJ LONDON, MAY, 1919. No. 5 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. FRAGMENTS IN THE LIFE-HABITS OF MANITOBA INSECTs. BY NORMAN CRIDDLE, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, TREESBANK, MAN. Field work such as is carried on by the staff at an entomological laboratory naturally presents many opportunities for insect studies apart from the major problems for which the laboratories were primarily established. Thus the odd hours when more important matters are temporarily absent, or the less frequent occasions provided by the stops between trains, present opportunities for numerous minor studies resulting in the accumulation of various more or less disjointed notes which under ordinary circumstances remain unpublished. As such notes might well prove of interest to others, I have taken adgyantage of the Editor’s request for an article to bring a few of them together under the above heading. a Pecilopsis (Apochiema) rachelz Hlst. This moth has usually beefwconsidered rare but in reality is probably more numerous than is generally supposed. It appears quite early in the spring at the time when the first willows are flowering, though I have never observed it actually resting upon the flowers. It becomes active at the time when the beauties of sunset are darkening into twilight, and for that reason we christened it “the Twilight Moth.” At that time the male moths may be seen flying in a jerky, up-and down flight not unlike that of the buck moth (Hemileuca) and if we watch carefully, the hovering of the male over a certain spot will occasionally reveal the wingless female. The latter, however, is very difficult to find, and more often than not its discovery is due to accident rather than to search._ The females have been found resting upon the ground, on the trunks of trees, or on the smaller twigs of shrubs such as willows. Aspen poplar appear to harbour them most frequently, possibly because the moth shows a wonderful colour resemblance to the bark. Willows, too, are often chosen for resting places, and here again the little bundle of fluff, of which the female moth reminds one, is very like a pussy willow. The life-history of A pochiema rachele was described in the Canadian Ento- mologist by Mr. Arthur Gibson, Vol. XLV, No. 12, 1913, but the egg-laying habits, of which the strange ovipositor had occasioned considerable speculation, remained in some doubt at the time, and the observations which eventually filled the gaps have remained unpublished since 1915. In that year a female A pochiema was found running actively along the ground in broad daylight on April 13, having probably been disturbed by the building operations taking place close at hand. She was placed in a cage in which a goodly number of twigs, rotten wood, sods and other objects were added for ovipositing purposes. During the day time she remained quiet, but as the shades of evening approached she became active and was used to lure males within reach. Later it became evident that she was seeking a suitable situation for her eggs, and as she showed 97 98 THE CANADIAN «iYTOMOLOGIST little concern for the dimmed light of a lantern, I was able to watch her mov- ments without in any way interfering with her work. Thus, she was seen to run actively about the cage, climb up and around the various twigs, and when a promising crack appeared test its possibilities with her ovipositor. Eventually reaching a dead twig containing loose bark she became greatly excited, and before long had thrust her ovipositor behind the bark between a crack and deposited an egg upon the wood beneath. Then moving to another spot she repeated the performance. Many of her efforts to. reach a favourable situation were, how- ever, without avail, and while she seemed to object strongly to placing more than one egg in the same place, the scarcity of appropriate cracks elsewhere invariably induced her to return to the original twig. It thus happened that while she searched over every object in the cage with great care her entire clutch of eggs was ultimately placed in the one twig. In all about 40 eggs were de- - posited. These, as was to be expected, were somewhat bunched though no egg actually rested upon another, and all were well hidden by the overhanging bark. The foregoing observations provide strong evidence to show that the eggs of Poecilopsis rachele are not laid in masses as was previously supposed, but instead are deposited singly or at most in small numbers. They are placed beneath the dead loose bark, probably on those twigs so commonly found at- tached to the lower stems of aspen poplars or upon willows which provide many similar conditions. This will, of course, explain why the larve are generally found singly and have a diversity of food plants. It also accounts for the remarkable agility of the female moth and the activity of the young caterpillars. Eggs from the above-mentioned moth hatched on May 10-11, and moths from the resulting pupe on April 20 of the following year. A majority of .the adults were, as usual, females. Leucobrephos brephoides Wk. The remarkable earliness at which this moth makes its appearance in spring- time has often occasioned speculation as to whether or not it was able to force its way through the snow. The adults have frequently been observed flying and were captured too, while the woodlands still rested under a thick covering of snow and only the extreme uplands were free from its mantle. This seemed strong circumstantial evidence in favour of the supposition that the moths did make their way, though the small amount of visible land always left a doubt as to whether this was actually so or not. In 1916, however, evidence of a direct nature became available, which left no doubt as to the moth’s habits in this FESPECt. The spring of 1916 was an unusually late one in Manitoba, while the winter preceding it had provided an abnormal amount of snow. Thus up to April 10 no land was visible anywhere, and the woodlands among which L. brephoides is known to breed presented a solid covering of approximately two feet in depth. Odd thaws had occurred, however, and once the temperature rose to 44° F. in the shade, so that the snow was actually in a thawing condition. The first moths were seen flying on April 1, and during the succeeding days were observed frequently up to the 10th, some of which we captured. As a rule these moths were noted resting upon bunches of straw, hay or some other material dropped THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 99 along the trails, and it was only on the warmer days that they appeared on the snow itself. One of these latter captures, however, presented unmistakable evidence of having recently emerged as it had not yet reached the state when active flight was possible, the wings being soft and not fully developed. It has been suggested that the larve of this moth might pupate in the dead, partly rotten wood as Brephos infans is supposed to do, and so perhaps lie above the snow line. Breeding experiments have failed, however, to show any indication of this. Moreover, the open woods in which L. brephoides breeds were in the above instance practically free from necessary dead material. Perhaps not the least interesting point in this moth’s habits is the fact that it emerges when the temperature registers but a few degrees above freezing and while the ground upon which the pupe rest must be very close to the freezing point. The moth, however, is thickly clothed with hairs which doubtless help to protect it from the cold. Hemileuca lucina var. latifascia B. and McD. This moth is by no means uncommon in the sand dunes near Aweme, Man. The handsome black and yellow caterpillars are at first found in bunches feed- ing upon the low shrubby aspen poplars and later as they attain maturity, scattered singly upon the same type of vegetation. They are often heavily parasitized and, in consequence, the moths only appear in large numbers at intervals of several years. The moth is an unusually handsome one, and its jerky, up and down flight, from whence it gets the name “buck moth,’’ makes it an object of particular interest, flying as it does in broad daylight and during the finer days of autumn. For a long time we found difficulty in securing them. Then in a moment a secret was revealed to us whereby the males were collected with little effort. The moth is, of course, a day flier so that light traps are out of the question; yet, strange as it may seem, fire still provided the at- tractant, though in a totally different way. The means adopted to obtain the desired end were extremely simple and consisted of lighting a small fire from which sufficient smoke issued to drift ‘down wind’’ for about half a mile; in other words, to make a smudge of some dead grass and leaves. Then the collectors would calmly sit near and await the coming of the moths, nor were the latter long in appearing. A moth would be seen dodging backwards and forwards across the smoke as if seeking the strongest part of it, but at the same time steadily moving nearer to its source. Soon it was hovering over the fire -and shortly after found a resting place in a convenient cyanide bottle. Others guickly followed, perhaps two or three at once, and the sport became fast and exciting. From what distance these moths came is unknown, but doubtless it was from as far as the smoke remained fresh. A bright, sunny day with a breeze sufficient to keep the smoke low provided the ideal conditions. We noted that these moths came towards the fire without hesitation, and that they invariably flew towards its source as if recognizing at once from whence it came. When actually over the fire they hesitated, hovered over it, and at times flew directly into the flames; on other occasions they recognized the heat sufficiently soon to enable them to “‘make off’’ before being injured. From the fact that only males were enticed it would seem as if the smoke provided some odour or other attracting properties reminding the male of the opposite sex rather than of food. But whether this is so or not cannot 100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST be definitely settled at the moment. The habit, however, provides an instance of how the males of this moth might be destroyed in large numbers were they ever to become a pest. Unfortunately the females are not attracted in this way, and it is on them after all that the perpetuation of the species depends most. My brothers and I have since attempted to lure other insects by similar methods, but our efforts for a long time were without avail; indeed, so far as one could judge, most insects had a decided objection to the smoke. Later, however, we found that we had been actually associated with another insect that came persistently though doubtless from a very different motive from the Hemileuca. An account of this is given under the next heading. Musca domestica Linn. The common house-fly needs no introduction and it has been dealt with so- frequently, both scientifically and popularly, that one can hardly expect to add much to what has already been written. Our first experience with the house-fly as attracted to camp-fires was many years ago. We thought then that it was the savoury smell of a roasting grouse that induced the gathering, and I am not prepared to say even now that this was not, in part, the case. Later, however, we discovered that the flies came almost, if not quite, as readily when no cooking was in progress. But the climax was reached when we attempted to drive the pest from a building by smoking it out and after being forced out ourselves and permitting the smudge to modify, found to our astonishment that the flies were thicker than ever inside as if waiting a promised feast. It seemed to matter little where the fire was started, be it in the wilds far removed from habitations or close around the farm yard, the smoke no sooner had time to spread than along came a house-fly and soon a small procession was seen rapidly beating ‘‘up wind.’”’ Unlike the moth de- scribed above the flies did not fly directly into the fire, but instead seemed to use the smoke merely as a guide that led to other objects more attractive. Further observations convinced us that smoke constituted an invariable attractant for these insects. We also noted that a frequent method of entering a house, namely, by means of a chimney was only utifized when a fire provided the necessary smoke, and not to any noticeable extent when heat alone issued forth. Thus the contention that the attraction was in reality heat and not smoke, does not seem to be warranted from this evidence, and while the gather- ing of flies around screen doors and windows is doubtless, in part, due to warmth it may also be largely influenced by the smells from within, including smoke. Our experiments in the field, in which we provided a maximum quantity of smoke with a minimum amount of heat, in every way confirmed our previous observations as to smoke being the true cause of the attraction. It might be asked why should flies be drawn to smoke and foilow it to its source. What does smoke usually foretell? A habitation or camp fire and these in their turn, man and food. Is it not possible that this reasoning acquired from long associa- tion with mankind, has become part of the fly’s instinctive nature? It seems so to me, but I am content to let others judge. In any case, there are opportuni- ties for some interesting experiments along the lines of this study which would seem well worth while. HE CANADIAN ENITOMOLOGISL Cicindela limbalis var. awemeana Casey. 7 This insect, in its adult state, is usually found on semi-moist roads, on similar moist areas along river banks or on pocket gopher hills in openings among semi-wooded areas. In autumn it seeks rather higher situations in which to hibernate. The larve occur in much the same places as the beetles, but are more easily discovered on the old gopher mounds that have become firm through the combined action of snow, rain and time. In 1916, I came across a single gopher hill on quite high ground in which were no less than 16 burrows, most of which contained almost mature larve. These were marked for further observation and on August 8th dug up. The result showed 11 beetles about to emerge, 5 empty holes from which adults had issued, several parasite cocoons and a dead larva from which were coming numerous minute hymenopterous insects which were secured. These latter were afterwards determined by Mr. Girault, through the courtesy of Dr. Howard, as Tetrastichus microrhopala Ashm. There was also one living larva which would undoubtedly winter over and become a beetle the following year. Pupal cells were always either in, or very close to, the larval burrow and the average length of the two combined was three inches, while the deepest slightly exceeded four inches, and the shallowest two inches. The single larva had a burrow measuring four and a half inches, which represented the height of the gopher hill. This seems to be the usual depth even in winter time, as the larve, apparently, are unable to dig through the sod found below the mounds. The beetles are also content with shallow winter burrows which seldom exceed a foot in depth. Eleodes tricostata Say. While investigating wirewcrms in grain fields during 1915, a new form of injury was noted which, in many respects, resembled the work of cutworms. This on close inspection, I traced to an active wireworm-like larva having indeed a close superficial resemblance to a true wireworm, but showing structural characters which placed it among the Tenebrionide. Specimens collected were about an inch in length, shiny, brownish-slate in colour above, with a blackish head, a light undersurface and a dark stripe along the ventral side. Pupation tock piace about August 18 and adults emerged the second week in September. The habits of these Eleodes larve closely resemble those of ordinary cut- worms, Euxoa spp. They appear above the ground at night, run actively about until they locate a suitable plant for food purposes, and then usually devour the leaves above ground, but at times, cut the stem off close to the surface. Their method of attack is generally told from that of cutworms by the plant being eaten above ground instead of being partly dragged under and eaten from below. The larve are very general feeders. In a wheat field they preferred lamb’s quarters but ate wheat plants readily also. In captivity they feed upon various plants including red-root, pigweed, lambs’ quarters, Russian thistle, tumble weed, Russian pigweed, wild buckwheat, hares-ear mustard, tumbling mustard, cabbage, turnip, beets, wheat, oats, barley and rye. It is also noteworthy that bran was consumed readily. Hence, there is reason to expect that the usual poisoned baits as used for cutworms would prove equally efficient in the control of this insect. Use IHnh CANADIAN ENIOMOLUGISL = — —— NOTES ON THE GENUS OLENE WITH DESCRIPTION OF_A NEW, SPECIES. BY WM. BARNES, M.D., AND J. MCDUNNOUGH, PH. D., DECATUR, ILL. In our Contributions, Vol. IV, No. 2, p. 129, we called attention to two distinct species of Olene larva found in Maine; the one we identified as that of vagans B. & McD. and the other as willingt B. & McD. This latter identifica- tion was, however, an unfortunate error on our part; at the time we had only the single 6 type of willing: before us, a rather suffused, poorly marked speci- men, but later Prof. Willing was kind enough to send us for examination the co-type and the larva from which the figure in our revision of the genus (1913, Contr. II, (2), Pl. V, fig. 5) was made. These proved conclusively that our identification of the Maine larva as willingi was incorrect and that our treat- ment in the revision should hold. From information received from Mr. T. Spalding, of Provo, Utah, concerning the larva of grisea B. & McD., we believe that this name also for the present must remain associated with vagans as the two larve agree in lacking the dorsal hair pencil on segment XI; in any case grisea cannot be associated with the Maine species which we wrongly called willingi, the larva of this being at once separable by the presence of the afore- said dorsal hair-pencil. Mr. W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist of Nova Scotia, is about to publish a Bulletin on the life-history of vagans which obviates the necessity for any further remarks on our part concerning this species. During the summer of 1918 Dr. McDunnough was fortunate enough to discover eight more larve of the second Olene species on oak and beech trees in the vicinity of Ottawa, Ont.; these agreed exactly with the specimen found feeding on hazel the previous summer in Maine and eventually hatched out into three o’’s and five @’s; the o’s agreed well with the Maine specimen figured in our Contributions, Vol. IV, Pl. XX, fig. 7; the 2’s proved to be identical with our 2 type of vagans, a fact which we had already hinted at in our notes (1. c. p. 129) when restricting the type of vagans to the o& specimen. As the species is without a name we offer the following description based on our Ottawa material. Olene dorsipennata, sp. nov. o&'.—Head, thorax and primaries rather even, dull, greenish gray; a straight black basal half-line; t. a. line broadly geminate, angled outwardly slightly in the cell, strongly in the fold and again immediately above inner margin, the included space partially filled with brownish shading; reniform of the usua! broad lunate shape, incompletely outlined in black with traces of white shading within and around the edges, but much less prominently than is usually found in the group; t. p. line irregularly dentate, slightly bulging opposite the ce.l and strongly angled inwardly above inner margin, followed by a diffuse, dull liver- brown subterminal shade which in turn is bordered outwardly by a poorly defined whitish shade, most prominent as a small, white patch above anal angle; an irregular terminal black line slightly interior to the outer edge of wing, especially at anal angle; fringes greenish-gray, faintly checkered-outwardly with pale ochreous. Secondaries dark smoky with faint traces of a darker subterminal line. Beneath smoky gray, darker in cell of primaries with large discal dot and diffuse subterminal line on all wings. Expanse 37 mm. May, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 103 ?.—Similar in coloration to the @ but with the brown shading before the t.a. line and beyond the t. p. line more prominent; the reniform is contained in a distinct white patch and the black terminal line is bordered inwardly with white. Expanse 50-55 mm. Holotype.—1 o, Chelsea, Ottawa Co., Que. (July 8-14.) Allotype.—1 o, Chelsea, Ottawa Co., Que. (July 8-14.) Paratypes.—l1o, 2 2’s from same locality, and 1 &, 2 2’s from Aylmer, Que.; all in Coll. Barnes. We have already noted (1. c. p. 129) the points by which this species may be separated from the very similar vagans, but we must confess that, without a knowledge of the larva, in many cases a definite identification is practically impossible. There is considerable variation in the species, especially in the 2’s; these tend to show an indistinctness of maculation, combined with a diffusion of the pale shades, which gives a general washed-out appearance to the specimens and is quite characteristic of the species. As regards the larva we have nothing to add to the description we published under the name of willingi (Contr. IV, (2), p. 180); we have taken the caterpillars on oak, beech and hazel and have found the empty cocoons on poplar so that the range of food-plants appears to be wide. Of the Olene species feeding on deciduous trees we now definitely know the larve of meridionalis, vagans, leucophea, atomaria and dorsipennata. Of these meridionalis and vagans are very similar and it may be, when the connecting link, basijlava, from the Southern New England States is known, that these three forms will be regarded as races of one species rather than as distinct species. It should not be hard for some of our New England collectors to settle this question as the larve are quite readily found by searching the trunks of trees in the day time; in most instances they are partially concealed in crevices of the bark. Beating in the early morning or at dusk is also productive of good results, especially in a neighborhood where the species has been definitely located. The following table may be used as a means of separation: Peiasenirely OCMGEOUS 2 8.56,2 he cael Bo ose laekseies leucophea. Larva gray or brown With lateral black hair pencils anteriorly only......................atomaria. With lateral black hair pencils anteriorly and posteriorly With long dorsal black hair pencil on Segment XI....dorsipennata. Without hair pencil on Segment XI. Dorsal tuft on Segment XI broad, brown; many black, plumed hairs from lateral tubercles........................meridionalis. Dorsal tuft on Segment XI narrow, blackish; only one or two black plumed hairs from each lateral tubercle......zagans. Concerning the pine-feeding Olenes Dr. McDunnough was successful in securing a number of the larve of plagiata by searching pine trunks in the vicinity of Ottawa the last week in May; they were then full grown, pupating in about a week and producing the adults in early June. Mr. J. M. Swaine, of the Entomological Branch, Ottawa, brought in two young larve of the same species in June, obtained by beating young pine trees in the vicinity of Ft. Coulonge on the Ottawa River; one of these fed up and produced the adult in August; 104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the other hibernated half-grown, and is at the time of writing commencing to feed again. It is evident that at least a certain proportion of the larvee hiber- nate twice; in the case before us this took place in a slight web uniting two or three pine needles to form more or less of a protective covering; whether this is the natural methed or whether the larva descends to the ground ordinarily is unknown to us. Plagiata larva is gray with a decided yellowish tinge; the dorsal tufts on abdominal segments 1—+ and 8 are deeper mouse gray, intermingled with plumed white hairs; there are also lateral black hair pencils anteriorly and posteriorly as well as a single dorsal pencil arising out of the tuft on the 8th abdominal segment; the dorsal tubercles on the remaining segments show a rosette of short plumed white hairs and a number of longer slightly barbed yellowish hairs; the supra- and subspiracular rows of tubercles are very similar but contain in addition a single (occasionally two) long black plumed hair. Subventrally there is a fairly heavy clothing of long whitish, bipectinate hairs; the eversible dersal glands are coral red. Judging by the description given by Dr. Dyar of the larva of pini (1911 Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XIII, p. 19) the two must be very closely allied and may even be identical; however, as we have had no opportunity for a careful examination of either the larva er the adults of Dr. Dyar’s species the two names may stand for the present as given in our Check List. KIRBY SS INSECTAc> VOL: IV -FAUNA BOREBALI-AME RLG aise RESTRICTION OF AN; INDEFINITE LOGALMI NX: BY ALBERT F. WINN, WESTMOUNT, QUE. Anyone who has occasion to consult this volume about Canadian Insects can hardly fail to notice the oft-recurring words ‘‘Taken in Canada by Dr. Bigsby,” and will probably lay the book down wishing that the author had been more definite in quoting localities. While Canada in 1837 was of a very limited area compared with our country at the present day, it was of large extent. Some months ago, having an enquiry as to what part of Canada, in my opinion, the types of a species of butterfly described in this volume probably came from, I tried to get a little light on the subject. The introduction to the work conveys nothing further than acknowledgement and thanks to Dr. Bigsby, of Newark, and Capt. Shepherd, of the Royal Artillery, for records for Canada, and to Dr. McCulloch and Capt. Hull for those of Nova Scotia. In the Redpath Library of McGill University, however, there are three bcoks by Dr. Bigsby. In one of these, entitled, ‘‘The Shoe and Canoe,”’ by John (Jeremiah) Bigsby, D.D., late Secretary to the Boundary Commission, published in London 1831, I find the following: ‘‘Both my duty and my pleasure took me out of the common track——-————to Lakes Simcoe, Huron, Superior, etc., into a portion of Hudson’s Bay and up the River Ottawa into Lake Nipissing as well as to the rarely visited Highlands of the St. Lawrence below Quebec.”’ It would seem safe to limit the locality ‘‘Canada’”’ to the districts above mentioned, and wide though they still are, all are within the present boundaries of the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. May, 1919 CAN. EntT., Vot. LI. PLATE VII. 8 SPIDERS FROM CANADA AND: ADJOINING STATES. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 105 NEW SPIDERS FROM CANADA AND THE ADJOINING STATES, No. 2. BY J. H. EMERTON, BOSTON, MASS. The first paper of this series was published in August, 1917, and described a number of spiders from the Pacific coast, eastern Canada and northern New York and New England, part of them collected in the summer of 1916. The present paper describes a few new species collected and identified from the same parts of the country since 1916. In addition to the new species, the male of Pardosa vancouvert, described in the paper of 1917, has been found, and its’ palpus is now figured. Dziplostyla canadensis Emerton, described in Trans. Conn. Acad., 1882, from Montreal, has been again found, at Lake Tear on Mt. Marcy in the Adirondacks, N.Y., at an elevation of 4,500 feet. Lophocarenum minakianum, n. sp. Hardly 2 mm. long. Light brown with the legs and palpi and underside of the abdomen pale. The whole upper half of the abdomen is thickened and covered with small depressions in which are minute hairs. The head of the male has a hump which carries the posterior middle eyes. It is about as high as wide, and rises abruptly before and behind. It is rounded on top and has a slight groove in the middle, but is not as deeply divided as in L. sculptum Em., (Can. Ent., Aug., 1917,) which this species closely resembles. At each side of the hump is a deep groove as in sculptum and excavatum. The male palpus ‘s much like that of sculptum, but the process on the top of the tarsus is longer and more narrowly pointed. (PI. 7, Fig. 1, a and b.) Minaki, Ontario. Sifted from leaf mould near Minaki Inn. Ceratinopsis obscurus, n. sp. Male 2 mm. long. Legs and cephalothorax yellow brown and the abdomen dark grey. The cephalothorax is nearly as wide as long and narrowed in front. The male palpi. resemble those of C. nigripalpis, but the outer process of the tibia is wide and flat. The tarsus has, asin nigripalpis, a wide, thick ridge on the outer edge, at the side of which is a narrower groove. The palpal organ resembles that of nigripalpis and nigriceps. (Pl. 7, Fig. 2, a, b.) In leaf mould in pine and birch woods at Minaki, Ontario. Grammonata semipallida, n. sp. Scarcely 2 mm. long. Legs pale, cephalothorax but little narrowed in front, pale on the hinder half and darker gray in front. The palpi are also dark grey. The abdomen is gray, oe in front and marked behind with alternate dark and light transverse spots. (Pl. 7, Fig. 3, a.) The male palpi are large and the tarsus round. The tibia has a age blunt process extending over the tarsus, which has a distinct groove in which the process fits. The tarsal hook is curved in a half circle. The tube of the palpal organ is slender and abruptly curved backward in the middle. (PI. 7, Figs. 3, b, c, d.) Winnipeg, Manitoba, June, 1917. F. W. Waugh. Diplostyla crosbyi, n. sp. Male 4 mm. long. First femur 3 mm. Height of head and mandibles nearly equal to length of cephalothorax. (PI.7, Fig. 4,a.) The cephalothorax and legs are brown and the abdomen gray with light markings in pairs, as in nigrina. The tarsus of the male palpus is but little longer than wide. The tarsal hook has a sharp angle near the end and the terminal part is thin and flat and curved, May, 1919 LUO THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST as if to fit against the convex side of the palpal organ. Near the base of the tarsal hook are several long hairs. The basal process of the palpal organ is not as straight as in nigrina, but is turned a little inward, as in inornata, (P1.7, Fig. 4, b,c) and the narrow terminal half is flattened and slightly grooved in the middle. Sifted from moss at 3,500 feet near the mouth of Uphill Brook, near Mt. Marcy, in the Adirondacks, N.Y. One male only. Dictyna quadrispinosa, n. sp. Male 2 mm. long. Colours and markings like muraria. The male palpi have the tibia wider than long. The usual two spines are sessile at the front edge of the tibia on the outer side, they are close together and curved down from the base and upward at the points. Behind the two spines is a ridge somewhat longer than the spines, ending in blunt points above and below.a (Pl. 7, Fig. 5, a, b.) The palpal organ is smaller than in muraria, and the tube and its supports more slender. (Pl. 7, Fig. 5, c.) Black Brook, Clinton Co., N.Y., June, 1916. C. R. Crosby. Pardosa vancouveri Emerton, Can. Ent., Aug, 1917. The original description was of the female only, the male has since been found and resembles the female in size, colour and markings, with slightly longer legs and smaller abdomen. The male palpus ( Pl. 7 Fig. 6) has the basal process very long and flattened and curved obliquely across the palpal organ. The whole palpus is very dark coloured and the details hard to see. Near Lytton, B.C., from W. Taylor, Vancouver. Amaurobius agelenoides, n. sp. Female 9 mm. long. Male a little shorter and more slender. Colours pale yellow and brown in a distinct pattern on the back. The cephalothorax is brown with pale lateral stripes and a pale middle stripe half as wide as the head extending from the eyes to the dorsal groove. (Pl. 7, Fig. 1 a) The legs are pale with fine, dark hairs. The abdomen has a pale middle stripe divided in two in the front half and broken by several indistinct, dark middle spots behind. The rest of the abdomen is brown above and below without any other distinct markings. The upper spinnerets are twice as long as the lower pair, with the terminal joint conical and as wide as long. The cribellum is two-thirds as wide as the lower spinnerets and distinctly divided across the middle. The calamistrum is three-fourths as long as the fourth metatarsus, but does not show at all in the male, which also has the cribellum narrower and less easily seen than in the female. The epigynum is more open than in sylvestris and pictus, the middle lobe wide and dark coloured. (Pl. 7, Fig. 2b.) The male palpus has two processes on the outer side of the tibia, which show best when seen from below. (Pl. 7,Figs. c, d.) The tarsus is twice as long as wide, widest near the base, and nearly straight on the inner side. (PI. 7, Fig. d.) Immature individuals have long been known, but only in the summer of 1918 were adults secured, the male by C. G. Hewitt at Jasper, and the female by N. B. Sanson at Banff. Clubiona furcata, n. sp. Male 4 mm. long. Pale with the abdomen reddish in alcohol. The size, eye arrangement, and length of legs resemble C. abboti. The male palpus has the tibia short with the long, outer process curved downward and outward with THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 107 a short fork at theend. (PI. 7, Figs.7,a.) The palpal organ, (Pl. 7, Figs. 7, b), is long and somewhat like that of C. canadensis. Saskatoon, T. N. Willing. Fig. 14 Clubiona saltitans, n. sp. Male 3 mm. long. Female 3.5 mm. Cephalothorax 1.5 mm. Colour b pale, less red in alcohol than C. abboti. Eyes of the upper row in line with the front row and covering the whole width of the head. (Figs. 14,d.) Length of mandibles equal to Spa width of head and slightly longer than in abbott. The male palpus resembles that of [Fa °S®\ abbott, but is more slender and the outer He eS process of the tibia has the lower branch e one-half longer than the upper. (Figs. 14,a,b.) It has been found at several places near the seashore under stones and sticks on the sand. It sometimes jumps when pursued. This species has been confused with C. abbott. In general it is slightly larger, paler and more slender, and the tarsus of the male palpus is distinctly smaller. The mandibles are slightly longer, but the arrangement of the teeth is the same in both species. (Figs. 14, c.) Ipswich, Plum Island and Wellfleet, Massachusetts. Xysticus acquiescens, n. sp. Male 5.5 mm. long. Legs very short, the first and second pairs 7 mm. long. The general colour is brown, the first legs a little darker and the palpi lighter than the rest. The cephalothorax has the light middle stripe much darkened with brown in the front half. The abdomen has the usual markings in pairs, the hinder pairs united into transverse stripes. (PI. 7, Figs. 1,a.) The first and Bien: Eo G354.5° ey, “Kieltes zs Scape Stars ais : SLi; we ee he RS second legs have the femur, patella and tibia darkly spotted with brown, and the tarsus and metatarsus a little lighter. The male palpus has the two pro- cesses of the palpal organ both small, the basal one simple and the distal one narrow at the base and thickened at the end where it curves toward the other. In front of the two processes is a wide, dark brown ridge. (Fig. 15, b.) Saskatoon, T. N. Willing. 108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Xysticus ontariensis, n. sp. : Male 4mm.long. Firstand second legs9 mm. Cephalothorax dark brown, showing a middle strip2 very indistinctly. The first and second legs have the femur and patella dark brown, and the rest of the leg pale. The third and fourth legs are spotted as usual but not very strongly marked. The abdomen has Fig. 16 two irregular brown patches on the front half, and three or four transverse stripes behind all with irregular outlines and variable colour. (Fig. 16, a.) The male palpus has the tibia white. The palpal organ has the two processes on the under side, simple hooks turned toward each other as in X. gulosus, with which this species has been confused. (Fig. 16, b.) Cloyne, Ontario, A. B. Klugh; Wellesley, Massachusetts. NOTES: ON “COCCI DAIL. (GH ENVINE DE RA )e* BY G. F. FERRIS, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA. Continued from Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 332. Genus Stigmacoccus Hempel. 1903. Fernald, Cat. Coccide, p. 20. Monophleboid Coccidein which the adult female possesses mouth-parts, legs and antenne, the latter 7-8-segmented; immature stages without legs and with the antenne reduced to mere chitinized points, with an anal tube formed by the chitinization of the posterior portion of the alimentary canal, this tube terminating at its inner extremity in a series of tentacle-like processes. Abdo- men in adult and penultimate stages with 8 pairs of spiracles. Type of the genus, Stigmacoccus asper Hempel. Notes.—The original description of the type species was based upon the adult alone and the immature stages have not been described. In general the genus appears to be quite similar to X ylococcus, but the very peculiar character of the anal tube alone seems sufficient grounds for its separation. Whether the genus Perissopneumon Newstead is a synonym of Stigmacoccus, as Cockerell has indicated, is perhaps doubtful. Stigmacoccus asper Hempel. Fig. 17. Penultimate stage. Enclosed in a test, as described by Hempel for the adult female. Body more or less spherical, with the anal opening high up on the dorsum. Derm membranous throughout, except for a small, circular, May, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 109 chitinized area surrounding the base of the anal tube, everywhere beset with small, spike-like spines. Legs lacking. Antenne reduced to mere chitinized points. Anal tube of a very distinctive type (Fig. 17A), its inner end terminating in a series of tentacle-like processes (in my single specimen 7 in number), these processes and the tube itself thickly beset with pores. Dermal pores of three types. Of these, one (Fig. 17B) is more or less 8-shaped, with one of the loculi e e Fig. 17.—Stigmacoccus asper Hempel. A, anal tube, with chitinized area and spiracles at its base; B, 8-shaped pore; C, simple pore, from clusters about spiracles; D, spiracle, external opening at lower end. much smaller than the other. Another resembles the first in shape, but is much smaller and is borne at the inner end of a short duct. The third (Fig. 17C) appears as a simple ring with the enclosed area partially chitinized. The pores of the last type form clusters about the spiracles; those of the first two types are scattered about over the body. Eight pairs of abdominal spiracles present, all of the type indicated in Fig. 17D. The last abdominal pair are situated at the edge of the circular, chitinized area which surrounds the base of the anal tube. Material examined. Part of the type material, this including a single immature individual. Genus Xylococcus Loew. 1903. Fernald, Cat. Coccide, p. 32. 1917. Florence, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., vol. 10, p. 147. This genus has been assigned by previous authors to the subfamily Margarodinz because of the supposed absence of mouth-parts in the adult female. I have at hand a series of adult females of X. macrocarpe Coleman, and in this series practically every stage from a complete absence of mouth-parts to mouth- perts which are to all appearances functional is represented. It appears from this series that the foundations of the mouth-parts are probably always present, but that in some instances they do not become chitinized. Ihave not observed mouth-parts in the adult females of other species of Xylococcus, but the number of specimens examined is small, and it is not at all improbable that the examination of a long series would reveal conditions similar to those found in X. macrocarpe. It is becoming increasingly evident that the distinction heretofore drawn 110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST between the Monophlebine and the Margarodine on the basis of the presence or absence of the mouth-parts in the adult female cannot be maintained. Xylococcus betulz Perg. 1898. Xylococcus betule Pergande, U.S. Dept. Agric., Div. Ent., Bull. 18, n.s., p. 18. 1917. Xylococcus alni Florence, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., vol. 10, p. 158. There is, I think, no question that these two species are identical. I have at hand the types of X. a/ni and specimens of X. betule as follows: from ‘‘cherry birch,’”’ Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada, adult female, intermediate stages and larva; from beech, Ithaca, N.Y., intermediate stages; from beech, Michigan, adult female, intermediate stages and larva. The characters used by Miss Florence for the separation of X. alni are hardly sufficient. The differences in the anal tube of the apodous stages are not con- stant. The first larval stage of alni (in the two specimens examined) has 6-7 median ventral pores and the first stage of betule (in numerous specimens) has but 5, but in all other respects the two are identical. Whether X. qguercus is distinct is questionable. There appear to be certain differences in the first stage, but if these differences be allowed as of specific value it will be necessary to name another species for specimens taken from Quercus californicus. More material is desirable before forming any con- clusions. X. macrocarpe Coleman is very distinct. I would separate this from X. betule by the following characters: Adult female with the derm of the dorsum practically destitute of spines; anal tube of apodous stages with pores at the inner end only; marginal pores of first stage sessile, X. macrocarpe Coleman. Adult female of the dorsum everywhere quite thickly beset with slender spines; anal tube of apodous stages with pores both at the inner end and near the base; marginal pores of first stage borne at the WAneweenG Ol SMOLE GUEES <1 haies., tet eset epee X. betule Pergande. Genus Kuwania CkIll. 1903. Fernald, Cat. Coccide, p. 30. 1909. Cockerell, Can. Ent., vol. 41, p. 56. Monophleboid Coccide in which the adult female appears normally to lack mouth-parts but with the legs and antenne present; tarsal claw without digitules, the tibia with numerous digitule-like hairs on the inner side at its apex; intermediate stages without legs and with the antenne reduced to mere chitin- ized points, anal tube lacking. Four pairs of abdominal spiracles present in adult and penultimate stages, these on the anterior segments of the abdomen. Type of the genus Kuwania quercus (Kuwana). Notes.—I am inclined to doubt that K. zeylanica (Green) is congeneric with K. quercus. The immature stages have not been described, and it is upon these that the matter will largely depend, the adults of all of these forms being quite similar. I have at hand an adult female of K. zeylanica which differs from the same stage of K. quercus in having well-developed mouth-parts with a distinct mentum, and in having 6-8 pairs of abdominal spiracles. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1G Kuwania quercus (Kuwana). Fig. 18 1903. Fernald, Cat. Coccide, p. 30.. 1917. Ferris, Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 377, fig. 39b. The general characteristics of the adult female have been described by Kuwana, but there remain certain points of interest. The mouth-parts appear really to be lacking as they are absent in all of numerous preparations examined It is not impossible, however, that further examination would reveal a condition similar to that found in Xylococcus macrocarpe. There are four pairs of abdominal spiracles (not noted by Kuwana), these of the type shown in Fig. 18. D. Penultimate stage. Oval in form (Fig. 18C). Antennze reduced to mere chitinized points. Spiracles arranged as in the adult but of a quite different Fig. 18.—Kuwanta quercus (Kuwana). A, larva; B, spiracle of apodous stage C, apodous stage; D, spiracle of adult; E, pore of apodous stage. form (Fig. 18B). Margins of the body with large, circular pores (Fig. 18E), these icst numerous toward the head. Anal opening simple, without an anal tube. First stage larva. (Fig. 18A). The description given by Kuwana appears to be accurate except for the statement, ‘‘Margins of the body with capitate hairs.” These hairs do not appear in my specimens. The larva is so minute that I have been unable to detect the arrangement of the spiracles, or, indeed, whether or not they are present. Each abdominal segment bears at the margin a small object that may be either a pore or a spiracle. Material examined. Preparations from the type material. 112 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Se ee eee Genus Cissococcus Ckll. Coccide referable to the subfamily Coccine. Adult female with the anal plates borne at the apex of a low prominence, their dorsal surface beset with numerous small spines; antenne and legs present but extremely small; stigmatic depressions apparently lacking, their presence not indicated by differentiated spines. First stage larva likewise without differentiated stigmatic spines. Type of the genus Cissococcus fulleri CkIl. Notes.—The original description of this genus is much in error. The author states, ‘‘Belongs to the Eriococcini. Larva typically Eriococcine, with rows of dorsal spines. . . Adult . . . with a pair of plates simulating those of the Lecaniine.’’ The larva is in all respects of the type usual in the Coccine (=Lecaniine) and is entirely without dorsal spines. The anal plates of the adult are very much of the type seen in Ceroplastes, except for the numerous spines on the dorsal surface. In spite of the gall-making habit the genus is indeed possibly close to Ceroplastes. The species described by Ehrhorn as Cissococcus ? oahuensis has nothing to do with C. fulleri and has quite properly been referred by its author to a new genus. Cissococcus fulleri Ckll. Fig. 19. 4 My single adult specimen is not in sufficiently good condition to permit adding much to the description already given for the genus. The anal plates (Fig. 3C) are rather long, the lateral margin rounded, the tips quite pointed, resembling in this respect the type of plates seen in Ceroplastes. There appear on MTU i) B Fig. 19.—Cissococcus fulleri Ckll. A, posterior extremity of abdomen of larva, showing the eversible anal tube, which is characteristic of the Coccinae; B, antenne of larva, sete not indicated; C, anal plates of adult, spines of dorsal surface indicated in but one plate. to be no marginal spines. The antenne are extremely minute, with the number of segments undeterminable; the legs are likewise very small but possess the normal parts. The first stage larva bears a marginal series of short, stout spines (Fig. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1b BS 19A); the antenne are 6-segmented, rather short and stout; there are no dorsal spines. Material examined. Part of the type material. CORRECTIONS TO EARLIER PAPERS. In my description of Stomacoccus platani (2) the caption for Fig. 38B has been omitted. This is the antenna of the prepupa of the male. On page 376 it is stated that the antenne of the prepupa of the male are 8-segmented, while the figure shows 9 segments. The figure is correct. In the redescription of Cryptokermes brasiliensis Hempel (3), the second line on page 222 reads in part, ‘‘posterior portion of anal ring.’ This should read, “‘posterior portion of alimentary canal.” *THREE NEW SPECIES OF BRACONID. BY C. F. W. MUESEBECK, ITHACA, N.Y. Apanteles phigaliz, n. sp. Female.—Length 2.2 mm. Black, shining. Head transverse, broad; mandibles reddish brown; palpi yellowish; face slightly convex, medially punctate, and with a distinct median ridge originating between the antenne; antenne black. Mesoscutum closely punctate; scutellum distinctly but shallowly punctate, slightly convex; both mesoscutum and scutellum shining. Meso- pleura punctate cephalad and ventrad, and with a large, shallow, perfectly smooth and highly-polished area posteriorly, which does not possess the crenulate fovea common to many species of the genus. Propodeum smooth and shining, with a number of short radiating striula extending upward from the middle of the posterior margin; no median carina nor median fovea present. Wings.—Tegule and wing-bases black; veins and stigma brown; radius and transverse cubitus meeting in a sharp angle, with a distinct heel at the point of union, the two veins about equal in length. Legs.—All cox black, the posterior rather smooth, above with a basal elongate-oval flattened shining area, which has a few scattered punctures; all trochanters dusky; fore and middle femora somewhat dusky at extreme base, the hind femora dusky at extreme base and apex and along the upper edge, the hind tibia dusky at apex, and the hind tarsi, except on the basal two-thirds of the basal segment, entirely dusky. Abdomen black and shining, moderately broad; first tergite almost twice as long as broad at base, parallel-sided, and rounded off very strongly at apex so that apex is much narrower than base, almost entirely smooth and polished, only the extreme apex being weakly punctate; plate of second dorsal segment triangular, very narrow at base, and three times as broad as apex as at base, three-fourths as long down the middle as broad at apex, and very slightly, or not at all, shorter than the third plate; the basal middle of this plate is smooth and polished, while the apical margin and the apical angles are finely rugulose. The membranous margins along the apical half of the first tergite and all of the second are fuscous, and exceedingly broad along the second plate, the mem- 2. Canadian Entomologist, vol. 49, p. 375-378, figs. 36 to 39, (1917) 3. Canadian Entomologist, vol. 50, p. 221-225, (1918) " *Contributions from the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, United States Bureau of Entomology, Melrose, Highlands, Mass. May, 1919 114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST branous portion on either side of this plate being almost as large as the plate itself. Segment three and beyond smooth and shining. Ovipositor subexserted. Male.—Like the female except for the usual sexual differences. Type locality.—Melrose Highlands, Mass. Type.—Gip. Moth Lab. No. 12007N-16. Deposited in U. 5. Nat. Mus, Type No. 22095 U.S. N. M. Host.—Phigaha titea Cram. Described from 21 specimens (138 females; 8 males) bred by Mr. R. T. Webber, of the Bureau of Entomology, at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass., from nearly full-grown larve of the above species, June, 1916, the adult parasites issuing the following spring. Cocoons are light brown in colour, parchment-like, and have about eight strong, regular, longitudinal ridges; they are broader at the anterior end and taper considerably toward the posterior end; they resemble somewhat the cocoons of some species of the closely-allied genus Microplitis Foerst., especially those of M. gortyne Riley, but are much smaller. Although this species of Apanteles is gregarious the cocoons are not fastened together, but are formed individually on the back of the caterpillar. The species resembles somewhat A panteles feltie Vier., but differs as well in the paler stigma and lighter legs as in the second abdominal tergite being considerably longer in proportion to its width at the apex. Apanteles compressus, n. sp. Female.—Length 2 mm. Black, shining. Head transverse; face punctate, slightly broader than long; palpi yellowish white; antennae yellowish-brown on scape and basal third of flagellum, darker on apical two-thirds; apical flagellar segments of antenne broad, almost as broad as long and broader than the basal segments. Mesoscutum and scutellum closely punctate, the latter some- what less so medially, only slightly shining; scutellum narrow, distinctly longer than broad at base, very slightly convex. Mesopleura punctate and dull anteriorly and below, smooth and polished above and posteriorly, where there is a long, narrow, finely crenulate, longitudinal channel. Propodeum very finely rugose, the posterior angles deeply sunken and shining; a very weak suggestion of a median carina on the propodeum. Wings.—Tegule and wing-bases black; stigma and veins brown; radius and transverse cubitus forming a rather uniform arc, without the sharp angula- tion at the point of union as found in many species of the genus. Legs.—Fore and middle legs entirely yellowish; hind coxe black, smooth and shining, having only a few distinct punctures at base above; hind trochanters and femora yellow, except the upper edge of the femora dusky on the apical two-thirds; hind tibize blackish except on basal fourth, where they are yellowish; hind tarsi dusky except at base of basal segment; spurs of the hind tibiae not one-half as long as the metatarsus. Abdomen black, shining; very narrow, being greatly compressed at apex; first tergite long, narrow and parallel-sided, twice as long as wide at base and narrower at apex than at base, very finely rugulose, feebly striate at extreme sides; second tergite triangular, only one-half as broad at base as long down the middle, and three times as broad at apex as at base, almost entirely smooth and polished, only the apical angles finely rugulose, this rugosity extending toward THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LS middle along the margin; membranous margins along apical third of first plate and all of the second, broad, dark testaceous; third tergite and beyond very smooth and shining; ovipositor subexserted. Males.— Agrees well with the female except for the usual sexual differences. Type locality—Lunenburg, Mass. Cocoon mass with the host larva firmly attached collected by Mr. S. M. Dohanian, of the Bureau of Entomology. Paratype localities —Exeter, N. H.; Pelham, N. H.; Bristol, R. I. Type.—Gip. Moth Lab. No. 10697AK. Deposited in U. S. Nat. Mus. Type No. 22094 U.S. N. M. Host.—Evidently a species of Hypoprepia. Described from 24 specimens (13 females; 11 males) bred at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass. Cocoons are pure white, thin, clustered together, and usually firmly cemented to the under side of the host caterpillar. Resembles very closely A. sarrothripe Weed, but the latter has a much less punctate and a highly polished mesoscutum and scutellum; the apical flagellar segments of the female antennz are much longer than broad and much more slender than in the present species; the hind coxe are reddish black rather than black; and the abdomen has more or less reddish on the segments posterior to the second, while in the present species the dorsum of the abdomen is entirely black; also, the venter of the abdomen is more testaceous in sarrothripe, and the second abdominal tergite is broader at base so that the lateral margins are less oblique; the venation of the anterior wings also differs, in that the radius and the transverse cubitus meet in a sharp angle in sarrothripe. From the species phigalie, described above, compressus may be distinguished by the much narrower and more compressed abdomen, by the yellowish fore and middle cox, by the rougher propodeum, and by the cocoons. Meteorus triangularis, n. sp. Female.—Length 5 mm. Head yellowish; eyes black; antennz yellowish red; stemmaticum black. Prothorax, meso- and metapleure yellowish red; mesonotum yellow except the lateral lobes, which are black; scutellum yellow; pestscutellum blackish; propodeum black, except the apical angles, which are reddish. Legs entirely yellowish, except the hind tibia, which have a dusky annulus near the base and another at the apex, and the hind tarsi, which are dusky. Wings hyaline, stigma and veins brownish, the stigma without the dark spot found in some species of the genus; the recurrent vein interstitial with the first transverse cubitus; tegulz and wing-bases yellow. Abdomen blackish brown above, except the extreme base of the first tergite, which is yellowish, and a yellowish-brown triangular spot at the base of the second tergite, which extends across the entire plate, but is very narrow laterally ; the first tergite is longitudinally aciculated on the apical two-thirds or more, which part is black in colour; the deep fossee, which are found on the upper side of the petiole of a number of species of Meteorus, are wanting in this form. Ovipositor half the length of the abdomen. ~ Male.—Resembles the female except for sexual differences. Type locality.—Mass. (?) 116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Type.-—Gip. Moth Lab. No. 6988-1. Deposited in U. S.’ Nat. Mus. Type No. 22096 U.S. N. M. Described from eight specimens (4 females; 4 males) reared at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass. A note in the files at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, and relating to these specimens, reads, “‘from a geometrid tray, July 7, 1914.” Cocoons pale brownish, very similar to those of M. communis Cress. in colour, density and size. Rarely the abdominal tergites beyond the first are largely brownish yel- low, instead of blackish brown, as in the type specimen. A NEW COCCID ON THE COCOANUT PALM. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. Mr. R. C. McGregor, of the Philippine Bureau of Science, recently visited the Island of Batbatan, from which, so far as I can learn, no insects have pre- viously been obtained. Among the various things he found, the following is perhaps the most interesting. Furcaspis hzmatochroa, sp. n. Female scales on leaves of cocoanut palm, scattered. Scale deep rich red, suggesting a drop of blood; circular, slightly convex, with the large, circular exuvie to one side, often reaching or slightly overlapping the margin, first skin nipple-like, prominent; width of scale about 2.56 mm. Male scales suboval. Female without circumgenital glands; in form and details of structure closely resembling F. oceanica Lindinger, but distinguished by the broad, squarely Oe ( ComPinwal frm a, Gilew) ( sqpa nf ret 8 U truncate lobes, the bidentate (not tridentate) squames, and the very prominent pointed elevations on the abdominal margin between the lobes proper and the long, lateral bristle. The details of structure are better indicated by a figure than described. Larvae in female very large, length about 360 microns. Batbatan Island, Antique Province, Panay, P.I.; June 30, 1918, (McGregor). The scale of F. oceanica also differs in being suboval instead of circular. From F. capensis (Walker), the new species is known at once by the bifid or bidentate end of the squames and the very broad lobes. It also lacks the series of long hairs found on the cephalothorax of capensis. From F. cladu (Aspidiotus cladii Maskell) it is equally distinguished by the form of the squames, as well as the lateral dentiform process of the abdomen. ‘The lateral dentiform processes are developed in F. biformis (Ckll.), which occurs on orchids; but that has a much darker scale and is otherwise different. May, 1919 Fig. 20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 117 A METHOD FOR THE PRESERVATION OF INSECT LARV4 AND PUP. BY F. SLATER JACKSON, M.D., MCGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. During the summer of 1916 the writer devised a method (as yet unpublished) for the preservation of fresh-water Bryozoa in an expanded condition. At that time, as a matter of experiment, several larve and pupae of Nymphula maculalis were placed in the fluid employed for this purpose, with fairly satisfactory results. It was subsequently used for the preservation of insects in all stages. Among these were the larve of Mamestra picta and other Lepidoptera, and the pupz and imagines of Plrysonota unipuncta, all of which seem to have retained satisfactorily their form and colour. Several members of the Montreal branch of the Entomological Society, among others, Mr. A. F. Winn and Mr. Geo. A. Moore, obtained good results with the same fluid. In a letter of February 28th, 1918, Mr. Arthur Gibson, Chief Assistant Entomologist, writes: ‘I used it rather freely for preserving larve of cifferent kinds. . . . I have also spoken of its value to several of our field officers. I hope very much that you will publish your formula soon, as I know many workers will find it of value.’’ These encouraging reports led to further experiment, with the view of obtaining a modification of this fluid which might prove more widely useful as a preservative for material of this character. It had been found that in many instances, e. g., in the case of large Lepi- dopterous larve, there was frequently marked alteration or loss of colour, and a considerable degree of shrinkage. Pressure of other work, however, and a period of incapacity for concentration of effort, led to the postponement of this matter, until during the past summer opportunity was afforded for further experimentation, which resulted in the provisional adoption of the following method. The specimens, having been killed in the cyanide bottle, or by means of chloroform vapour, are allowed to relax, straightened if necessary, and placed in a fluid having the following composition :— Fluid a. a eA eh Tc vs eye 8p obras nhs Beles oa igen dance 10 parts Nee te TREN ups es Fahne dee 5 sy son avo vs ac so Meas oo Cea Mov op ess One esos tee Nae eiahte MUN TTMPEI Ne en sos ccd tutlvbn vn'say gee anonc¥Gan oncgane Ti tye soups aie tN EAT Re Nasco we nats foug da dniweckvendans oPleseapeteeese OOS The sugar is to be dissolved in the water, and the acetic acid and formalin subsequently added. In this fluid the specimens are allowed to remain for about 24 hours. They are then transferred directly to Fluid b., which is identical in composition except that the acetic acid is omitted—it being, in fact, simply a 10% solution of sugar in 2% formalin. After about 24 hours this fluid should be changed, and in the case of large specimens a further renewal after the lapse of a week or ten days is advisable, since traces of acetic acid tend, in some instances, to destroy colour. Attention to the following details may be of assistance in obtaining the best results. 118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 1. In the case of specimens which tend to float, on account either of an oily surface, or through the accumulation of air bubbles (as e. g. in Arctiids, etc.) a preliminary immersion for a few moments in 70% or 90% aicohoi will be found to facilitate their contact with and penetration by the fluid. 2. In dealing with large or transparent larve, it is weil to starve the specimens for a few hours before killing, in order that the alimentary canal may be emptied of its contents. For this suggestion I am indebted to Mr. A. F. Winn. 3. In the case of elongated larve, if tubes be employed, they should be almost completely filled with the fluid A., and then allowed to lie horizontally until the transfer to fluid B. is made. While it is not claimed that the above method is applicable to all forms, or that all colours will be permanently preserved, it has yielded good results in the hands of the writer, and in those of the gentlemen who have so kindly, at his suggestion, given it an extended trial. Larve of widely-differing types, such as the following, have been satisfactorily preserved :—various Arctiids and Geometrids, Euvanessa antiopa, Datana spp., and Nymphula maculalis, together with numerous Coleopterous larve and the nymphal stages of a number of Hemiptera. In any event the method is one of easy application, and the ingredients for the preparation of the fluid are cheaply and easily obtainable. No more satisfactory means of preserving insect larvee and pupz is known to the writer, by whom this note is submitted in the hope that the method, while admittedly not of universal application, will be found to be of service, and by whom any reports of its successful employment, or suggestions as to its modification, will be gratefully received. Zoological Laboratory, McGill University, Oct. 29, 1918. NOTE ON CHALEPUS NERVOSA PANZ. AND ITS PROBABLE . FOOD: PLAN ®. The reading of the ‘‘Notes on Chalepus rubra in New Jersey,’ published in the December number of the Canadian Entomologist, has prompted me to give a short account of a somewhat similar observation I made last Spring on Chalepus nervosa Panzer, the only one of the five recorded Canadian species that I have taken in this Province. On May 16th, 1918, while doing some outdoor entomological work in that part of Montreal mountain bordering the grounds of the Outremont Golf Club, I noticed that every time the sweeping net was being emptied of its con- tents, a good supply of this little beetle could be dropped into the killing bottle. The thought struck me of finding out which plant they were being swept off. An active search was then made all around, which soon gave me the desired result The slow, harmless little being was found in colonies of four, eight or more on the leaves of Solidago latifolia L.., then but a few inches tall. Some of the plants sheltered no less than a dozen specimens. As it was surely mating time, one would have been able to take hundreds of them in an hour. Never before had I met them in such numbers. They are most easily taken with the hand, provided you do not touch the plant before seizing the insect; a jerk of the stem will bring down the whole May, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 119 colony to the ground, where they will lie motionless and quite invisible, so that you had better give up looking for the tricky little creature. No further observations have been made on the habits of the insect, nor have I even seen the larva or the eggs. So we may still doubt if Solidago lati- folia be really the food-plant of Chalepus nervosa. This question might be elucidated next season, and it would also be interesting to find out what sort of damage the beetle causes to the foliage of this handsome wood Goldenrod. Blatchley, in his work on the Coleoptera of Indiana, says that Chalepus nervosa occurs on weeds and bushes of many kinds. So far, I have not seen the beetle crawling in number over any plant except Solidago latifolia. Is it not strange that the discovery was made only after more than twenty years of very active collecting? Outremont, Que., Jan. 11th, 1919. Jos. OUELLET, C.S.Vv. A NEW PARAJULUS FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA. BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. In a small collection of Chilopods and Diplopods collected by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt in British Columbia, Sept., 1918, were several specimens of a new species of Parajulus. These were collected at Agassiz. From the same locality were also secured representatives of Harpaphe haydeniana (Wood) and Bothropolys hoples (Brélemann). A specimen of Paobius orophilus Chamberlin, previously known from Kaslo, was taken at Jaspa, Goat Mountain, at an elevation of 7,000 feet. Parajulus hewitti, sp. nov. The general colour of the female is brown above with the sides paler, a series of small, black spots along each side caused by the black repugnatorial Fig. 21.—Parajulus hewitti, sp. n. Anterior view of gonopods of male. glands. The male is darker in colour throughout. The posterior border of metazonites darker down the sides or in the form of an encircling annulus. Anal valves dark. Collum dark along the borders, the remaining portion covered with a dense network of dark lines as is frequent, such also covering the May, 1919 120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST- vertex of the head which is dark excepting the clypeal region. Antenne brown. Legs yellow. In the male the second tergite extends much below the level of the collum and is angularly produced below at anterior corner. In the male the second tergite is on the same level below as the collum. The collum is more elongate thanin the female, as usual, and the longitudinal stria above the lateral border is strongly marked. On each side of the second tergite below are typically three longitudinal striz in the male. The cardo of mandibles. of the-male is large. It is concavely excavated below, leaving a larger angular anterior process and a smaller posterior one. Segmental suture in a well-impressed encircling groove, widely curved opposite the pore from which it is well removed. Cauda of anal tergite straight, caudally rounded, decidedly exceeding the valves in both sexes. First legs in male strongly crassate and uncate as usual. The species is most readily to be distinguished by the structure of the gonopods of the male, particularly by the form of the second pair. These are distally branched, presenting two acute spurs, visible in anterior view, pro- jecting from beneath the plate of the first pair, one of them being apical, and a larger mesal principal branch which curves mesad against the corresponding branch of the other gonopod as shown in the accompanying figure. Number of segments mostly forty-six or forty-seven. Length near 27 mm. OVIPOSITION OF RHINOGASTROPHILUS NASALIS L. Referring to Mr. A. E. Cameron’s article in Science for January 3, 1919, p. 26, I would insist that my observations, as recorded in Can. Ent. for July, 1918, are absolutely correct. In repeated instances I saw the fly strike at the muzzle of the horse just as I have described. While the egg of nasalis is easily to be distinguished from that of intestinalis, I still maintain that both are “‘prac- tically the same size and shape’”’ as compared with that of haemorrhoidalis. 1 also still believe that my tentative conclusions as to the method of oviposition are extremely probable. As to the observations recorded, they are not inaccurate in any sense. C. H. T. TOWNSEND. Mailed May 20th, 1919. ‘The Canadian Entomologist WOE. IS LONDON, JUNE anp JULY, 1919. No. 6 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. THE VARIATION OF INSECTS. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, BOULDER, COLORADO. Nearly thirty years ago English entomologists began to take a new interest in the variation of Lepidoptera, and in the interval since that time, principally owing to the activities of J. W. Tutt, a very large amount of detailed informa- tion has accumulated. Tutt’s “British Noctua and Their Varieties,” in four volumes (1891—1892), deserves to rank as a classic, although at the time of its publication it was received by many with something less than enthusiasm. More recently, the great monograph of the British Lepidoptera, left unfinished owing to Tutt’s untimely death, covered the subject of variation in an exhaustive manner, including all phases of the species treated, whether British or foreign. In its exhaustive character, this work runs parallel with Taylor’s Monograph of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the British Islands, still in course of publication. The variation of Lepidoptera also receives very full treatment in “‘The Macrolepidoptera of the World,” edited by Dr. Adalbert Seitz, and published in English, French and German. This series of volumes, although planned and published in Germany, is thoroughly international in its character, a large part being written by English entomologists. The volume on _ the Palearctic Noctuide, for example, is the work of W. Warren. During the war publication has ceased, and I do not know whether it will be continued. To those who had been concerned primarily with the study of genera and species, all this minute attention to variation seemed rather like counting pebbles on the beach. Let us assume, they said, that all species are variable, and state the facts in general terms. It may be well enough to record varieties, but why give them names? Will not the whole subject be buried in a complex nomen- clature? It is, of course, quite true that when one is dealing with a large and little known fauna, the species problem is sufficient to tax one’s energies; and, as a rule, the material at hand is not adequate for a study of variation. It is only when the species are fairly well known, and large series of specimens have accumulated, that such methods as these of Tutt become possible or advisable. When, however, the time has come for intensive study, it must be insisted that the records should be exact, and that all looseness of expression should be avoided as far as possible. It is found, in practice, that the only way to avoid ambiguity is to name and define the principal forms, which then become standards for comparison. The literature is full of statements concerning ‘‘melanic’’ or “albinic’’ or otherwise modified forms, which are so ambiguously referred to that it is impossible to be sure what was intended. Moreover, the adequate taxonomic treatment of the subject gives us a summary of what is known, properly arranged and made intelligible. While the descriptive side of the study of variation has occupied the at- tention of many workers, others have taken up the subject for the experimental 121 122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST side, with results of extraordinary interest, not only to entomologists, but to all biologists. In the earlier days Weismann and Merrifield, in later times such men as Standfuss of Zurich and Morgan of New York, have produced works of such value as to arrest the attention of all naturalists. In particular, Morgan’s intensive study of the vinegar-fly, Drosophila, has given us a knowl- edge of the facts of variation and heredity which the most optimistic would have declared impossible a few years ago. Thus all doubt as to the value of minute and detailed investigation of single genera and species has been dis- pelled, except in the minds of those who take no interest in the biological problems of the day. Indeed, it must be said that any able student who will study a single small group or species from all points of view, will be sure to get results of value and importance, whereas as a collector of miscellanea he may go through life without making any significant contribution to science. Thus the new outlook and the new methods open up a great new field for amateurs, who may readily make themselves more familiar than any one else with a special small field of research, knowing at the same time that their discoveries will have some bearing on the whole structure of biological science. We approach the subject of variation to-day with many advantages not enjoyed by our predecessors. Owing to the rediscovery of Mendel’s work, and the great advances in our knowledge of eytology and of the processes of heredity, we are able to interpret what we find with better success. We no longer content ourselves with describing, in objective terms, the phases of variation found, but undertake to classify them according to their true dynamic significance. Variation may arise from different causes, as follows: 1. Original variation, due to some change in the character of the germ plasm itself. Theoretically, this may come about either through (a) the addition of something, or (b) the subtraction of something, or (c) the redistribution of what was already there, following the phenomena already well known to students of organic chemistry. Tower, of Chicago, appears to have pro- duced variations of this sort in potato-beetles (Leptinotarsa), but it is possible to interpret them as the result of selective destruction of elements (genes) in the germ plasm, which is, at least theoretically, a different matter from altering the genes (factors determining characters) them- selves. The sudden appearance of red on the rays of a sunflower in Colorado can be interpreted as due to a doubling-up or duplication of a gene for red which is undoubtedly present in the normal wild plant. Furthermore, when a variation occurs in a gamete (unfertilized germ cell) which is recessive to the normal,—that is, fails to produce any effect when united with a normal gamete,—it may be an indefinite time, possibly a thousand years, before there will be any visibie result. A visible result will only appear when two individuals, each carrying the modified character, chance to mate. Thus when we witness what ap- pears to be an entirely new “‘break,’’ we may be observing the conse- quences of a chemical change which occurred long ago, the causes of which, whatever they were, have long ceased to operate. The mest important evidence kas been obtained by Prcfessor Mergan and his associates in their studies of Drosophila... In numerous cases new variations have arisen under circumstances which seem to i“ THB CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 123 indicate without question the mutation of factors or elements in the germ-plasma. 2. Variation due to new combinations, or to recombinations of genes normally carried by a species (as in sex-dimorphism, polymorphism, etc.). This is the kind of variation we are most familiar with, and which has been the subject of so much experimental research. Not only may genes or determiners be shuffled in inheritance, as Mendel described, but those constantly present may be greatly modified by the unexpected appear- ance of others, which have until then escaped notice. Thus in the sun- flower there is a series of pattern-factors, which only become evident when the factor for red rays enters the combination. In the case of the many mutants of Drosophila observed by Morgan, all within the limits of a single species, it is difficult to resist the con- clusion that a process of subtraction is going on under our eyes, leaving combinations which are new in the sense of lacking some of the original elements. In other analogous cases, we are struck by the fact that the same kinds of subtractions occur in many different genera and species, showing that the tendency to perform these tricks is deep-seated in the protoplasm of the whole race. There is here involved a question which cannot be said to be settled, and to which much additional research must be directed. 3. Variation due to the direct action of the environment, which, as we have > learned from Weismann, is not inherited. Nevertheiess, the power to react to the environment in particular ways is inherited, and hence even these variations cannot be dissociated from the question of heredity. On the negative side, as it were, we have the facts of paleontology. The study of fossil insects shows us that many apparently trivial characters, such as the arrangements of spots on wings, are of enormous antiquity. Not only this, but as Wheeler’s researches on the ants of Baltic amber have shown, specialized habits and reactions are likewise millions of years old. It, therefore, becomes more probabie that the phenomena of variation which we witness to-day repre- sent, mainly at least, the shuffling of very ancient cards. In the Canadian fauna, there are several notably attractive opportunities for the study of variation. I will refer now only to a single family of insects, with which I have been especially concerned in recent years; the Saturniide. The publication of Packard’s Monograph (Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, vol. XII) brings the subject fairly up to date, and makes it convenient to go forward from the point there attained. The genus Samia, as represented in Canada, is extremely interesting. There is not only the question of the relationships of the species cecropia, gloveri, columbia and rubra, but columbia has in the west a remarkable race nokomis (Brodie), while rubra produces at Kaslo a form kasloensis Ckll. These are merely conspicuous outstanding facts; large collections from many localities, together with experimental breeding, will bring out innumerable details of interest. Another very interesting species is Telea polyphemus, the variations of which should be studied exhaustively, and compared with those of the great Asiatic silk-moths. |The Hemileucide, also included in Packard’s book, afford similar opportunities, and owing to their smaller size are somewhat more manageable. 124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NOTES ON THE CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES OF BRITISH SPECIES: OF BEES. BY F. W. L. SLADEN, APIARIST, DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. Of the twenty-eight genera of bees given in Saunders’ ‘Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British Isles,’”’ no less than twenty-two occur in Canada. The six absent are small genera belonging to an ill-defined unimportant complex in the Andrena group, several of which may yet be found to exist in Canada when this large genus, full of raw material, has been analyzed. In most of the genera common to both countries, there are many Canadian species which are more or less closely related to British species. The following are a few outstanding examples: : Colletes cunicularia Linn. Colletes inequalis Say, by far the largest species of Colletes in Eastern Canada and the only one occurring in spring, is apparently the representative of C. cunicularia Linn., also much the largest species and the only spring one found in England. Both are among the earliest bees to appear in spring. Ottawa specimens differ from British in having a much shorter coat, which is generally paler and greyer (less brown), and they have well-developed bands of white felt* on the margin of each segment of the abdomen. These bands in British specimens are scarcely discernible, being composed of fewer, looser hairs, which are dingy. Ottawa specimens are smaller; several females measured averaged in length 13.83 mm.; British females 14.00 mm.; Ottawa males 11.00 mm.; British males 13.25 mm. Andrena clarkella Kirby. Comparison of a male and two females of Andrena bicolor Prov. taken by the writer at Ottawa, and a female from Abitibi, with two males and two females of A. clarkella Kirby, taken at Maidstone, Kent, England, and with Saunders’ description of this species shows no differences either in structure or colour. Even the tint and extent of the different hair colours in both sexes are identical. The characteristic red and red-haired hind tibiz and tarsi, and black-haired notum in the female, and the comparative lengths of the antennal joints 3, 4 and 5 in both sexes are the same. The Canadian examples however, are a little smaller:—females, average length 12.00 mm.; Maidstone females 12.75 mm.; Ottawa males 8.75 mm.; Maidstone males 9.75 mm.; and the coat on the thorax and abdomen is much shorter and less shaggy in the Canadian specimens. In both countries these are early spring bees. The Ottawa females were taken during early willow-bloom on April 25, 1915, about ten days after the snow had gone, and the male on April 27. In England it is taken in early March and has been recorded as early as February 19. It is also widely distributed northwards and uncommon, both in Canada and England. Andrena wilkella Kirby. Andrena winkleyi Vier. is the same as A. wilkella Kirby. I can find no differences in structure or size. Both are abundant in late spring at Ottawa and Dover respectively, and are fond of the same plants; Myosotis, etc. In both, the third antennal joint is shorter than the fourth, a character by which wilkella *The word ‘‘felt’’ is used to describe very short, close hair, the individual hairs of which are cee than ordinary hairs. Felt grades into ordinary hairs. une, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 125 is known from its close ally similis Sm. This is a short-haired species in which white felt bands on the abdominal segments are well developed with a corres- ponding bare area on the disc of the segment. Osmia fulviventris L. Specimens of both sexes of Osmia purpurea Cr. from Ottawa and Toronto agree in every respect, including size, with those of O. fulviventris L. from Dover. This is, therefore, a parallel case to that of Andrena wilkella, and it is perhaps worthy of note that the Osmia appears in late spring after most of the other species of its genus have appeared as in the case of A. wilkella. Megachile ligniseca L. Comparison of both sexes of Megachile inermis Prov. (M. decipiens Lovell and Cockerell) taken at Ottawa, shows this species to be closely related to M. ligniseca L. of Europe. Prominent characters possessed in common by specimens from Dover and from different parts of Canada are the very short, decumbent black hair on the disc of the sixth segment of the abdomen and the large head in the female. But the white felt bands on the margins of the seg- ments of the abdomen, well marked in Canadian specimens are rudimentary in the British specimens. Canadian specimens also differ in having the pollen collecting-brush cream coloured—not reddish, and the body hairs grey and black—not brown, and the coat distinctly shorter. Ottawa specimens are also smaller, average length of Ottawa females 14.83 mm.; Dover females 16.00 mm.; Ottawa males 12.61 mm.; Dover males 13.88 mm. Specimens have been bred in this country from a rotting piece of an apple tree found by Prof. Arthur Wiley at McGill College. In England it burrows in wood that is more or less decayed. Most of the other Megachile burrow in the ground. The same differences,—shorter coat, which is whiter (less brown) with stronger white felt bands, and paler (less red) pollen brush, separate M. vidua Sm., a species common all over Canada from M. willughbiella Kirby, a species common in England and Northern Europe. Anthophora furcata Pz. This British bee is represented in the American fauna by a bee known by the name of Clisodon terminalis Cr., which occurs in Canada from coast to coast and at least as far north as Cochrane, Ont. and Edmonton, Alta. Friese gives the range of A. furcata in Eurasia from Norway to Mongolia and south to Caucasia. Ontario specimens differ from British in both sexes in having a shorter coat—much shorter and scantier on the abdomen of the female and generally less brown but greyer and paler, and the hairs on the abdomen run into dense pale bands on the margins of the segments, taking, in the female the extreme form of narrow bands of white felt, interrupted in the middle. No tendency to white felt bands is noticeable in the specimens from Dover. Saund- ers even gives this as a character for the species. The white felt bands are also absent in four females from the Pacific Coast, (Agassiz, B. C., Shawnigan Lake, V.I., and Victoria, V. I.) but they may have been rubbed off. Specimens from Ottawa are distinctly smaller than specimens from Dover, but the females from the Pacific Coast are even larger than British females as shown in the following table, and they probably represent a distinct species or at least a geographical variety to which the name neofurcata is here given. 126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Ottawa males average length 9.50 mm. Ottawa females average 10.75 mm. Dover males average length 10.70 mm. Dover females average length 12.80 mm. Pacific Coast females average length 14 mm. In England, Anthophora furcata is very faithful to its food plant, Stachys sylvatica, and the Canadian forms may always be found on Stachys palustris. Saunders notes that it burrows in ‘‘dead wood,” although other species of the genus burrows in the ground. Attracted by a heap of white sawdust around a decayed but stil hard stump near Hull, P. Q., on August 16th, 1913, I found this to be riddled with the burrows of Clisodon terminalis. The exceedingly active females, resembling honey-bees in appearance and size, passed in and out of numerous holes in the stump as frequently as the workers of a strong colony of bumble-bees. ows q> Ot Bombus and Psithyrus. These northern genera, so rich in biological material, furnish an interesting contribution to this study. They never develop felt bands but there is a uni- form coat of long hair resembling fur. Bombus borealis Kirby.* Bombus borealis Kirby, fairly common and widely distributed in the boreal region of Canada east of the Rocky Mountains has its British representative in B. distinguendus Morawitz, the distribution of which, according to Hoffer, extends to Siberia. Here again the pattern and even the tint of the coat, deep greenish yellow with a black band across the thorax, very variable in most species of Bombus, is common to both forms with the unimportant exception of more or less black hair on the last segment of borealis, but the British specimens are larger (average length of females 20 mm. compared to 18 mm. in borealis) and they have a much longer and more uneven coat. In the Mountains and Pacific Coast region, borealis is replaced by a form, appositus, that is intermediate in size between British distinguendus and borealis, having a coat slightly longer than borealis and the yellow band on the anterior part of the thorax very pale while there are no black hairs on the abdomen. A ppositus is evidently still more closely related to distinguendus than is borealis. In both the Old and New Worlds, the queens of all these forms appear later in the spring than those of almost every other species of Bombus. The colonies consist of comparatively few workers, and the young queens and drones are raised early. The period of activity therefore lasts a shorter time than in the case of the other species. hs Bombus terrestris L. One of the commonest and most aggressive species of Bombus in England and the continent of Europe is terrestris L. This is represented in Canada from the Atlantic Coast to the Mountains by an equally common and aggressive species, B. terricola. In habits, terricola agrees with terrestris not only in those common to the ferrestris group such as biting holes at the bases of flowers, but also in the unique habit that separates ¢errestris from its close ally in England, lucorum, of continuing to leave its winter quarters in small numbers from the opening fof spring right on until about mid-July when all other species have *This name has priority over distinguendus. : THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST a20 céased to appear, instead of during the shorter and more definite period common to all the other species of Bombus. Terricola has the tip of the abdomen tawny like many terrestris forms. In lucorum forms, however, this remains always white. Terricola, however, has a much wider yellow band on the abdomen than any Old World form of ferrestris. In this respect it converges towards other species of Bombus found within its region, fervidus, borealis, etc., Terricola has the coat much shorter than ¢errestris. It is also smaller, average length of female terricola 18 mm., female terrestris, from Dover, 20 mm. B. terricola is replaced in the Mountains and on the _ Pacific coast by the closely related occidentalis, a somewhat longer-coated species. I do not think that fterricola and occidentalis intergrade because I have taken both forms at Banff, Alta. : Bombus lucorum L. Bombus lucorum, above mentioned, is, in Britain and Europe, a small mountain or northern form with a rather long coat. B. moderatus Cr. a species of the terrestris group with colour pattern the same as that of lucorum, is found at Banff, Alta. and in Northern B. C., Yukon Territory, and Alaska. It un- doubtedly is a lucorum form. It differs from lucorum only in the somewhat paler tint of its yellow bands. In this respect, it not only follows appositus of the same region, but approaches albocinctus Sm. the lucorum form found in Kam- chatka, Siberia, which has these bands white. Bombus lapponicus Fab. Franklin notes the close relation between Bombus melanopygus Nyl., a very long-haired, red-banded species, common in the Mountains and Pacific Coast region and Bombus lapponicus Zett. a species found on the high moors of the north of England and Scotland and in arctic and sub-arctic Europe. Sylvicola Kirby, from Arctic Canada, of which melanopygus is probably a variety, seems identical with lapponicus. Psithyrus vestalis Fourc. Bombus terrestris is preyed upon in England by Psithyrus vestalis Fourc. A vestalis form known as ashtoni Cr. is found throughout the range of B. terricola and is probably parasitic on it. Ashton is smaller than vestalis and has a shorter and paler coat. Apis mellifera L. The variety of honey-bee native to Britain has an entirely black tegument, dark brown hair and feebly-developed white felt bands on the margins of the segments. This variety is native to the whole of Western Europe, and it has been introduced into and has spread through Canada during the last two or three hundred years. It still predominates in the Gulf Region, in the north, and on the Pacific Coast. But in Southern Ontario and on the Prairie, it has been largely replaced by the Italian bee, introduced about fifty years ago from Southern Europe, which has the tegument of the abdomen banded with orange, has paler hair and well-developed white felt bands. This bee is also slightly smaller than the black bee. The honey-bees of the Prairie show great con- stancy in the strong development of the white felt bands. CONCLUSIONS. 1. The bee fauna of the boreal zone of America contains a number of species closely related to, and in some cases indistinguishable from those in 128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST north-western Europe and furnishes evidence of a former land connection with a climate comparable to that of Britain or Ontario, in which these species lived. 2. There are, however, in a number of cases certain more or less pro- nounced differences in character between the descendants now living in Britain and Canada. Asarule, the Canadian forms are smaller, and they havea shorter, closer, less shaggy coat, the colour of which is not so rich or deep, but paler, more dingy; brown changes to ashy grey or dingy white, and red to orange or cream. Usually in the genera where white felt bands are tiable to occur on the abdominal segments, these bands either appear for the first time in Canadian forms. or are better developed, that is to say, are wider and more extensive as well as of a more extreme type, with a corresponding reduction of hair on the disc of the segment. Melanism is less frequent and less pronounced. These differences are so widely spread that they evidently represent a definite principle. 3. Searching for the cause of these differences we find there is an approach towards the British type of characters on the Pacific Coast and in the north of Canada where the summer climate is cool as in Britain, and they are most departed from in the interior and southern part where it is warm. A good illus- tration of this, in addition to those already given, is found in Megachile perthirta, Ckll. a species that has no Old World representative. At Lethbridge and in the Kootenays, this species has definite white felt bands on the margins of the abdominal segments and there are no black hairs amongst the pale ones on the apical segment. At Victoria, B. C., the white felt bands are weaker and partly broken, the hairs composing them being longer and less dense, and the whole coat is slightly longer. At Cochrane in Northern Ontario these bands are still weaker and the hair on the apical segment is biack. All the species of Bombus occurring on the Pacific Coast, in the mountains of B. C. and in the Arctic, have a longer, shaggier coat than those occurring in Ontario. The species of Bombus that has the most southerly range in Canada, B. pennsylvanicus has the shortest coat of all. Species of Bombus in the Shetland Islands are rather larger and have longer, shaggier coats than the same species in Scotland. In Great Britain and in Canada also, not only are the species having longer and shaggier coats more plentiful in the north and west, but the shorter-coated species, if they extend so far, grow longer coats. For the same or closely related species, size tends to become as a rule, smaller in the south and interior, but the south-interior contains many species, not found all over, some of which are of giant size. In Canada, the interior and southern conditions reach their extreme at Medicine Hat, a dry, hot, basin-shaped locality in Southern Alberta. Here the species of Anthophora belonging to the subgenus Amegilla, characterized by an extreme development of the white felt bands and swift flight, are common. Species of Amegilla are numerous in Turkistan, Central Asia. At Medicine Hat species of Halictus, Colletes, Mclissodes and Melecta appear that are almost covered with dust-like felt. Amongst the parasitic bees, Coelioxys ribis Ckll. is common throughout Canada. In Southern Alberta is found a small form of this species known as grindelie Ckll. (average length of female 10.33 mm. compared with 11.66 mm. of ribis). In grindelie not only are the white felt bands on the abdomen much wider, but the face is largely covered with white felt, and the white hair on the sides of the thorax inclines towards felt. At THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 129 Medicine Hat, too, a general change in tegmental colour, which must not be confounded with hair colour, is noticeable. Yellow bands and markings in the bare or nearly bare bees and wasps expand and multiply at the expense of black, and species, often of giant size, having red markings, especially on the first segment of the abdomen begin to appear, notably in the bee genera Anthidium, Epeolus and Nomada, and in the wasp genera, Vespa, Bembix, Microbembex, (yellow); Philanthus, Cerceris and Odynerus (red markings). Several species of Andrena from Toronto and Winnipeg regions have a red abdomen, but on the coasts and in the North the abdomen is always black. At Oxford, England, Andrena hattorfiana has a red abdomen, but at Dover the abdomen of this species is. black. Reduction of humidity acts in the same way as heat, but it appears to be less important. Indeed, in the present study, it can be demonstrated to be a negligible factor if rainfall be taken as its criterion. The summer rainfall of Dover and Victoria, B. C., is much less than that of Ottawa and Toronto. But humidity cannot be judged by rainfall which increases the relative humidity of soil and air in our region much less than heat reduces it. Differences in winter temperature and rainfall, however, do not affect the characters to any extent. The same varieties are found on the mild and wet Pacific Coast as on the dry cold mountains. This is the more remarkable when when we remember that the distribution of the plants on which the bees feed is greatly affected by winter climate. The same differences that are found between bees in a cool coastal summer climate and a warm interior one, are found between spring and summer flying bees in the same climate, and they are more marked in regions like Britain and the Pacific Coast where the spring is cool, than the interior of Canada where it warms up quickly. In England, and to a less extent in Ontario, the one species of Colletes that flies in the spring is larger and has a longer coat with feebler felt bands than the many species that fly in summer. Similarly, the early spring flying species of Andrena are large, have long coats and no felt bands; the summer flying species are generally smaller (except giant southern forms), have shorter coats with bare areas and frequently felt bands. At Ottawa, A. cockerelli which appears in spring before the snow has gone, has a longer, shaggier coat with less tendency to bare areas than any other species in Eastern Canada. Britain and the Pacific Coast have several large, robust, shaggy and long haired species of Anthophora appearing in early spring as well as shorter haired summer species, but the long haired spring species are not found on the prairie or in Eastern Canada. Many of the differences noted are more shown in the females than in the males. Abdominal felt bands are always better developed in the females than in the males. Females of numerous species develop red tegumental markings, while the males remain black or yellow. In many species of Sphecodes the abdo- men is black in the male and red in the female. Ina large wasp found in Medicine Hat, Alta., Eucerceris gloriosa, the male is yellow and the female red. In Vespa carolina, a species found at Point Pelee, Ont., by Mr. Taverner, the queen has orange markings, while in the workers these markings are yellow. Can the reason he that the female has a longer adult existence, or that the continuance of the species depends solely upon it after the male has died? 130 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Do the cool and warm conditions during the flying season work their opposing effects on the adult or the larva, or both? The female Halicti pass the winter as adults, but live on until summer when they raise their brood. They have short coats and are of small size. The honey-bee raises its brood and passes the night in activity under the conditions of all seasons in an artificial heat provided by the colony. The European species of Andrena, A. gwynana Kirb. has two broods in the season. The spring-flying adults raised the previous summer hibernate as adults and are more robust with longer coats than the summer flying adults which are raised in the spring and have the slender, feeble appearance of the few species of Andrena found in the tropics. Queens of the Italian bee that have been chilled in the pupa stage have the orange part of the integument darkened, and queens of Bombus lapidarius L. that slowly passed the pupa stage in the lowest temperature that could support life, had their black and red coat changed to brown. How far the fact that British forms have a larger number of close allies on the Pacific Coast than in Eastern Canada is due to migration via Asia and how far to the action of similarity of climate cannot be estimated until our knowledge of Siberian forms, at present meagre, is greatly increased. The hairs clothing the body are of value to the bees for gathering pollen for which they are admirably adapted, being branched but unbranched in wasps. Their value for keeping the insect warm in chilly weather is apparently of secondary importance because wasps are almost as scantily clad in the north as in the south, and the parasitic bees are scantily clad. Bright colours and striking patterns, whether of coat or tegument, for instance in Bombus and many parasitic bees and many wasp genera, are usually of the warning kind and therefore are liable to regional convergence. In England, most of the species of Bombus have a white or a red tail. In Canada the only white or red-tailed species are in the western mountains and the north. CATOCALA ULALUME, A. CORREGTION. BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS. It may be unfortunate that Mr. Herman Strecker did not figure all of the new species that he described, for his descriptions, like those of some of the rest of us, were not always clearly drawn. Another unfortunate thing, for me, is that during a few years in which I was compelled to drop entomological work some of my material was lost, among which was C. wlalume. The specimens upon which were based my note in the Canadian Entomologist of January, 1919, page 16, were Dr. Holland’s C. carolina, and that is really a variety of C. flebilis. This species is too small for C. wlalume. Since writing the above-mentioned note I have seen material from several localities outside of Southern Iilinois, containing a number of forms of C. lacry- mosa and C. dejecta. One of these, I think from Kentucky, has the bluish sheen of C. dejecta, with no noticeable brown except a narrow subterminal shade of very dark brown, not noticeable except under the lens. This specimen had t. p. dentation of C. lacrymosa, but lacks the white along the t. a. and t. p. lines near the posterior margin of the wing that is so prominent in C. lacrymosa. The whole wing is pretty evenly dusted with black atoms. June, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 131 ON THE MALE AND IMMATURE STATE OF GRYLLOBLATTA CAMPODEIFORMIS WALKER. BY E. M. WALKER, TORONTO. The remarkable Orthopteroid insect described by the writer as Grylloblatta campodeiformis' has been hitherto known only from the type and paratype specimens, both of which are mature females. Through the kindness of Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, who visited Banff, Alberta, the type locality, in 1916, I have had the privilege of examining seven additional speci- mens, including a mature male, two mature females and four nymphs, of which three are males and one is a female. One of the adult females was taken by Dr. Hewitt, in company with Mr. N. B. Sanson, Curator of the Rocky Mountains Park Museum, and is well preserved in alcohol. The other specimens were dried and were found in the collection of the Rocky Mountains Park Museum, with the exception of one male nymph, also dried, from the National Collection. All were taken in the vicinity of Banff, the labels giving the following data:— “Sulphur Mt., Lab. No. 50, July 18, 1916.’ (Adult female). “Sulphur Mt., Oct., 1908, N. B. Sanson.”” (Adult female). “Sulphur Mt., Nov. 21, 1910, N. B. Sanson.’”’ (Adult male). “Sulphur Mt., Nov. 21, 1910, N. B. Sanson.”” (Male nymph, stage A). “Sulphur Mt., top of trail, on snow, Jan. 24, 1910, N. B. Sanson.”’ (Male nymph, stage B). “Banff, Nov. 5, 1906, N. B. Sanson.””. (Male nymph, stage B.) “Sulphur Mt., trail, Nov. 9, 1915, N. B. Sanson.”’» (Female nymph). Since the original description of this insect was published several papers by Professor G. C. Crampton have appeared, in which its structure and affinities have been discussed at some length. He has dealt chiefly with the thoracic and cervical sclerites,” the antennz* and to some extent with the female genitalia.4 The latter have been fully investigated by the present writer, and will be de- scribed in a paper on the terminal abdominal structures of Orthopteroid insects, which it is expected will appear in the near future. The present paper will be chiefly confined to a description of the adult male and the immature stages of both sexes, as represented by the material at hand, a full discussion of the phylogenetic relations of Grylloblatta being re- served for the future paper just mentioned. It will be convenient to describe the adult male first, then the immature stages of the male and female, respectively. The Adult Male. The adult male measures 16.5 mm. in length, and is similar to the female in every respect, except the terminal abdominal segments and genitalia. The 8th segment shows no special features, being similar to the 7th and other typical abdominal segments. The 9th segment, on the other hand, is very remarkable. It is of considerable size, larger than that of the female, and about equal in width to the 8th segment. The tergite (Pl. VIII, Fig. 1) is about twice as broad as long, with a slightly and somewhat irregularly arcuate hind 1. Walker, E. M., Can. Ent., 1914, vol. XLVI, pp. 93-99. 2. Crampton, G. C., Ent. News, 1915, vol. 26, pp. 337-350. 3. Crampton, G. C., Can. Ent., 1917, vol. 49, pp. 213-217. 4, Crampton, G. C., Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1917, vol. 25, pp. 25-237. June, 1919 4 oe THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST margin, and is nearly if not quite, symmetrical. It is separated from the sternal region only by a suture, there being no distinct pleural membrane (Figs. 8 and 9). The sternal region (Fig. 2) is unique among Orthopteroid insects in being divided into three sclerites, a basal plate, the true “‘sternite,’’ and two disto- lateral ‘‘coxites,’’ which are connected with the sternite by distinct articulations. The sternite is of nearly the same size and form as the tergite, although with a somewhat more decidedly arcuate hind margin and is slightly asymmetrical, being longer on the right side than on the left. The coxites are remarkably asymmetrical and different in form. Both are roughly triangular and bear well- developed styli at their apices. The left coxite (cxl) is a large scoop-shaped plate, whose base extends from the left pleural suture to a point well to the right of the median line. The right coxite (cxr) is of about the same length, but much less than half as broad at base, and is confined to the right side. Its upper margin bears a prominent chitinous process (cxp) directed ento-caudad. Both coxites and styli are thinly pubescent, like the general body-surface, and the styli also bear a few short bristles, chiefly toward the apices. The 10th segment, as in the female, is much smaller than the 9th, but is fairly prominent. The tergite as viewed from above is symmetrical and trape- zoidal in form, being narrowed distally to a truncated apex. Viewed from behind, however, its lateral lobes are seen to be produced mediad beneath the cerci and paraprocts (Jamine subanales) into a pair of free, unequally developed arms. The left arm is the longer and is entirely chitinized, except at the tip, which is slightly expanded into a little rounded pad. The right arm is shorter than the left, chitinized only at the base and lacks the pad; having the appearance of an aborted structure. At the base of the cerci, which are similar to those of the female, there is a small ventral basipodite. The supra-anal plate (sa) or ‘“epiproct’”’ is vestigial and feebly chitinized. The paraprocts, which are situ- ated on each side of the anus, are also poorly developed and unchitinized, though pubescent. There is no 10th sternite. The Genitalia. The phallus is bulky and irregular, resembling in general appearance that of certain Blattide, and also recalling that of the Phasmidz. It consists of two large lobes separated by an oblique fissure, extending from about the mid-ventral line to the left side at the base of the 10th tergite (Figs. 3 and 4). As seen in Fig. 2 both lobes project well behind the posterior margin of the 9th sternite, the right lobe terminating in the space between the two coxites, while the left lies chiefly in the concavity of the left coxite. The right lobe bears upon its dorso-caudal surface a heavily chitinized prominence (pm), divided into two irregularly folded parts, bearing several blunt, tooth-like processes. Just above it are two nearly horizontal plates (1m), whose freely projecting outer (right) extremities are bent backwards towards the chitinous prominence just de- scribed. These parts, together with the right coxa, with which they are associated, appear to form the clasping apparatus, in which the left arm of the 10th tergite may perhaps be included. The exposed part of the right lobe is chitinized and pubescent. The left lobe is entirely membranous except a small, ventral patch, which is chitinized and pubescent. It is remarkable in being produced into a long, coiled membranous tube, which apparently has no opening but is an evaginated ”” Can. Ent. Vor. LI PLATE VIII. what ri aitulk hs ATTA WE Re ACA AT eu LE PSM) \ / Ay titeyy .\t yf 1 igbhyil we as wh Ae “ te Taree Pit if feAry), NN PAN +) UND Ua Rts a GRYLLOBLATTA CAMPODEIFORMIS WALK.; STRUCTURAL DETAILS. (P. 138.) 134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST sac, comparable to the sheath of the eversible hook, which is present in the same situation in many Blattida, sometimes on the right side, sometimes on the left. There is, however, no hook in Grylloblatta on the left side, although the toothed prominence on the right side is apparently its homologue. The pur- pose of the coiled sac is not evident. It seems to be too far from the opening of the ejaculatory duct to serve as an eversible seminal reservoir or a bursa copula- trix, for although I was unable to detect the genital aperture it is extremely probable that it lies in the fissure between the two lobes. The disto-medial angle of the left lobe is produced into a rounded process, which fits into a fold of the right lobe. Its inner surface is somewhat grooved and lies in the fissure, possibly functioning as a seminal channel. It much resembles the “Denis” of Periplaneta, Blaberus and other Blattide. Probable Copulatory Position. In the absence of any actual knowledge of the copulatory position in Grylloblatta it is perhaps of little value to speculate as to its nature, but the fol- lowing suggestion may be of some use as a guide to future observations. It is probable that the copulatory position is radically different from that of the Blattide and Mantide, in which, on account of the shortness of the ovipositor, an end-to-end connection is possible. I have a female specimen of Stagmomantis carolina with a portion of the male body attached, and it shows that the decurved dorso-caudal margin of the ovipositor is received within the genital cavity of the male, the body of the latter being twisted so that its dorso- ventral axis is perpendicular to that of the female. Such a position would be impossible in an insect with so long an ovipositor as Grylloblatta, and it is, therefore, extremely probable that the copulatory position is more nearly com- parable to that which is usual in the Orthoptera and Phasmoidea, i.e., the genitalia of the male are applied to the vulva of the female, the two sexes facing the same direction. This is the more probable in that the genital aperture of the female Grylloblatta opens directly on the ventral surface at the base of the Ovipositor, not being covered by a subgenital plate. The scoop-shaped left coxite seems adapted to receive the base of the Ovipositor, covering the vulva. This would place the right coxa on the right side in such a position as to receive the lower edge of the right dorsal valve of the ovipositor in the notch between its distal part and the chitinous spur (cxp) on its upper edge, which, from its direction would be on its inner side (Fig. 15). The inner edge of the right ventral valve would then be received between the right coxite and the toothed process of the right lobe of the phallus, or possibly between the latter and the transverse lamine (1m). ~This position would also bring the oblique fissure more directly in line with the longitudinal axis of the body of the female, and thus permit a more direct passage for the spermatic fluid or spermatophore into the vagina. The Male Nymph. The earlier of the two stages represented (stage A) measures 11 mm. in length, the hind tibie 2.75 mm. The antennz, one of which is incomplete, have 22 segments. It is quite similar to the adult in form, except in the some- what less tapering antennz, and slightly stouter femora, particularly the pro- femora, which are nearly half as broad as long, and the terminal abdominal segments and genitalia. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 135 The 9th segment (Fig. 5) is relatively much smaller than in the adult. Its sternal region is clearly divided into sternite and stylus-bearing coxites. The asymmetry is noticeable but far less marked than in the adult, the base of the left coxite being only about 1.5 times as broad as that of the right. Both are ventral in position and triangular in form, with relatively large styli. There is as yet no indication of the spur borne by the right coxite in the adult. The 10th segment is relatively larger than in the adult and consists chiefly of the tergite, which forms a ring broken only by a small sternal area (st 10). The latter is quite distinct but membranous. There is as yet no distinct ap- pearance of asymmetry in the 10th segment. In the intersternal membrane between segs. 9 and 10 two slight ventro- lateral raised areas are visible, the rudiments of the two lobes of the phallus (Fig. 10). The cerci are quite similar to those of the adult except that they are relatively stouter, and the constriction between the first two joints is less clearly defined. The supra-anal plate and the paraprocts are much more prominent than in the adult, the former being slightly chitinized above, the latter membranous but pubescent. The two specimens belonging to the older nymphal stage (stage B) measure 11 mm. and 12.5 mm., respectively, the abdomen of the former being con- tracted. The hind tibia in each are about 3.1 mm. long, and measurements of other parts are also closely comparable. The form of the 9th sternum has changed very little from stage A, though the asymmetry of the coxites is a trifle more marked. The principal change is the greater contrast in size between seg- ments 9 and 10. The former is relatively considerably larger, the latter smaller and almest entirely concealed in a direct ventral view (Fig. 6). The ventral edges of the 10th tergite nearly meet one another, there being no longer a dis- tinct 10th sternum. The supra-anal plate and paraprocts are also greatly reduced, almost as much so as in the adult. Owing to the increased depth of segment 9, the intersegmental membrane on which the phallus develops is now nearly vertical instead of horizontal in position. The two lobes of the phallus (Fig. 7) are much larger, asymmetrical and separated by a fissure having a obliquity similar to that of the adult but less marked. No chitinized areas are as yet present. The difference in size between these two nymphal stages is so slight that it is almcst certain that they represent successive instars. The Female Nymph. The single immature female is somewhat larger than any of the male nymphs, measuring 15 mm. in length, the hind tibia 3.25 mm. The antenne have 24 to 25 segments. The 8th abdominal sternum is similar to that of the adult, except that it lacks the pale median area present in the latter, and is less firmly chitinized. The ventral valves of the ovipositor or valvule (anterior gona- pophyses) arise from the hind margin of the 8th sternum and extend back a little beyond the hind margin of seg. 10. They are straight, subcylindrical, broadest at base, and taper to bluntly pointed apices. The basal segments (basivalvule) are well marked off by a distinct constriction. The sternal region of seg. 9 is clearly defined and still has its primitive horizontal position, in line with that of seg. 10; whereas in the adult it becomes vertical, so that the bases of the dorsal and inner valvule are directly above those of the ventral valvule (not including the basivalvule). 136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST The dorsal and inner valvule (outer and posterior gonapophyses) arise in the same transverse plane across the middle of the sternum. The former are subcylindrical and terminate in well-developed styli like those of the male, which reach just beyond the tips of the paraprocts, and are about half as long as the valvula itself. The apices of the ventral valvule reach to about the ends of the dorsal valvule, without the styli, and as the dorsal valves in the adult are distinctly longer than the ventral valves, it is evident that the styli are not cast off at ecdysis, but go to form the apices of the dorsal valves. The inner valvule occupy the space between the outer or dorsal pair, and are contiguous with the latter and with each other at base. They are simple, styliform processes, falling a little short of the dorsal valvule without the styli. A comparison between the structure of the immature and mature ovi- positor of Grylloblatta, and the remaining parts of the 9th sternum will be made in my later paper. It may be mentioned here, however, that the lateral parts of the 9th segment, shown in Fig. 10 (vf) become the small triangular plates which Crampton has termed the ‘‘valvifers.”’ Concluding Remarks. It is not my intention to discuss here in detail the phylogenetic relations of Grylloblatta, but attention may be drawn to a few points which have a bearing on the problem. One of the most significant features possessed by the male is the remarkably primitive structure of the 9th abdominal sternum. In no other Pterygote insect, so far as I am aware, is there to be found an abdominal sternum con- sisting of sternite and separate, undivided coxites, each bearing a simple stylus. In some Ephemerids, such as Blasturus nebulosus, the 9th sternum of the male consists of sternite and separate coxites with styli, but either the styli or the apical part of the coxites are secondarily segmented, and even this condition is unusual, as the coxites in the Ephemerida are generally united to form a single plate. It is in the Thysanura that we find abdominal sterna most nearly compar- able to the 9th sternum of the male Grylloblatta in respect of the features men- tioned. In certain genera of Lepismoidea (Nicoletia and Atelura) the 9th sternum of the female possesses, in addition to the stylus-bearing coxites (present in both sexes), a sternite overlapping the bases of the coxites.® In most of the genera of this order and of the Machiloidea, however, the sternite is absent from the 9th segment, but in the latter group the other abdominal sterna, or most of them, show all these parts, although the coxites are separate from the sternite, and basally from one another, only by sutures. : In this connection it may be added that Grylloblatta is interesting as giving additional support, if such be necessary, to the view that the lateral gonapo- physes of the female are prolongations of the coxites of segment 9. Thus in the structure of the 9th sternum of the male, Grylloblatta is not only more primitive than any other Orthopteroid insect, but also more so than the Plecoptera, Embiidina and Dermaptera (together constituting the ‘Pan- plecoptera’”’ of Crampton) in all of which the division into sternite and coxites, and the styli, have been lost. It is also more primitive than any of the true Orthoptera in the absence of a subgenital plate in the female other than the ~ 5, Escherich, K., Das System der Lepismatiden, Zoologica, 1905, Bd. 18, Heft 43, p. 25. CANS ENT, Vici, LI. Pied) ear GRYLLOBLATTA CAMPODEIFORMIS WALK.; STRUCTURAL DETAILS. (P. 138.) 138 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST unm< dified 8th sternum, and in the details of the ovipositor, which are yet to be described. The immature ovipositor is of a distinctly more primitive type than that of the most generalized Orthoptera of corresponding stage, e. ¢., Ceuthophilus of the Tettigoniide. This is seen in the form and position of the valvule, the presence of well-marked styli and the more definite basivalvule. In these respects it approaches the Blattidae and Mantide, but the valvule of the 9th segment have not the terminal position, nor have the dorsal valvulz the broad, flattened form found in these groups, in which respects they are apparently the more primitive, at least at this stage. The great reduction or complet2 loss of the ovipositor in the Panplecoptera is, of course, a secondary feature, in which they are negatively specialized, as compared with the majority of Orthopteroi 1 groups. The male genitalia considerably resemble those of certain Blattoidea and Mantoidea, and also the Phasmoidea, and the fundamental plan of structure seems to be the same in all of these groups, although I believe the asymmetry has been independently acquired in some of them, at least. The true Orthoptera seem at first sight to be constructed upon an entirely different plan, but further investigation tends to indicate that it is a very highly modified form of the same plan. It is my present opinion that the ‘“Panisoptera’”’ (Blattoidea, Mantoidea and Isoptera), which is unquestionably a natural assemblage, and the Orthoptera together with the Phasmoidea, represent two main branches of the same stem, originating as a section of the Palaeodictyoptera, and that Grylloblatta is the sole survivor of a twig which separated from this stem before the two main branches had become differentiated. The Phasmoidea also separated very early from the Orthopteran branch. The characters in which Grylloblatta and the Phasmoidea resemble the ‘‘Panplecoptera”’ are all primitive ones, and only indicate the common origin of the two stems. The five-jointed tarsi, which are present in Grylloblatta, the Blattoidea, Mantoidea and Phasmoidea, are characteristic of primitive Orthopteroid insects, but I agree with Crampton’s suggestion that the trimerous type may be, after all, the more primitive for the Class Insecta in general. We never find penta- merous tarsi in the Apterygota, nor in any of the Panplecoptera, so that they were probably acquired very early in the Orthopteroid stock, and probably also in other branches of the Palzodictyoptera. The reduced number of tarsal joints in the Isoptera and true Orthoptera is doubtless a secondary feature. EXPLANATION OF PLATES VIII AND IX. Abbreviations. atg 10—arm of 10th tergite. pm—chitinous process of right lobe. be—basipodite of cercus. of phallus. bs—basivalvula. pr—paraproct. c—cercus. sa—supra-anal plate. exr, cxl—right and left coxites. st 9—9th sternite. cxp—process of right coxite. tg 9, tg 1C—9th and 10th tergites. es—eversible sac. vd—dorsa! valvula. Im—lamine forming part of clasping vf—valvifer. apparatus. vi—inner valvula. Ir, 1] right and left lobes of phallus. | vv—ventral valvula. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 139 Plate VIII.—Grylloblatta campodeiformis, terminal abdominal segments and genitalia of male. 1, adult, dorsal view; 2, same, ventral view; 3, same, caudal view; 4, same, ventro-caudal view; 5, nymph, stage A, ventral view; 6, nymph, stage B, ventral view; 7, same, caudal view. Plate IX.—Grylloblatta campodeiformis. 8, adult male, right lateral view of terminal abdominal segments; 9, left lateral view of same; 10, female nymph, ventral view of terminal segments; 11, same with ventral valves bent forward to show inner valves; 12, diagram of probable method of coupling; 13, adult male dorsal view; 14, male nymph, stage A; 15, male nymph, stage B. THE MAY-FLY OVIPOSITOR, WITH NOTES ON LEPTOPHLEBIA AND HAGENULUS.* BY EMILY REED MORRISON, WASHINGTON, D.C. The biological and morphological information contained in this paper was obtained from field trips made at Cornell University in the early summer of 1917, and from a laboratory study of the material thus collected and of related forms in the University collection. The work was undertaken at the sug- gestion of Dr. J. G. Needham who called the writer’s attention to this may-fly and to the unusual structure present on the seventh and eighth abdominal segments of the adult female, and suggested that it might prove an interesting subject for a summer’s study, an examination of other related species perhaps revealing similar modifications heretofore unnoted. For this original suggestion and for subsequent additions and corrections to the work, the writer is greatly indebted to him. This species was first described by Dr. Needham (3) as Choroterpes bettent from specimens which had been collected by Dr. Cornelius Betten near Hamburg, N.Y., in 1906. Only adults were available for study at that time, and the species was doubtfully referred to the genus Choroterpes. Ten years later Dr. Needham found a swarm of little red may-flies near McLean, New York, which upon examination proved to be the same species; and in the nearby stream were the reddish-brown nymphs which he suspected to be its immature form. An examination of the nymphs showed that they belonged to the genus Leptophlebia. The observations and breeding work of the writer confirmed Dr. Needham’s opinion that both nymphs and adults were the same species, Leptophlebia bettent. Habitat. The local habitat of this species is rather unique. It lies in the midst of a series of peat and grass bogs which are located near McLean, New York. Both the fauna and flora of this region are extremely localized, owing to the peculiar manner of the formation of peat bogs. The water in the streams which run through the peat bogs is of a deep coffee colour. It isin such a coffee-coloured stream which runs from a pond in the midst of the bogs that the nymphs of Leptophlebia betteni live, on logs which have dropped into the stream and have become water soaked and partially rotted. The brown nymphs were found in the longitudinal fissures of these logs, and so closely do they resemble the wet wood in colour that it is impossible to distinguish them when they remain motionless. On the logs with them may be found numerous Parnid beetles, pee ribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. une, 140 , THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Bryozcans and fresh water sponges, together with the comb-horned fish fly, Chauliodes; the green may-fly, Baetis; Chironomid larve; the stone fly Perla; such caddis worms as Hydropsyche; and the Hydrophilid -eetle, Hydrebius globosus. This may-fly is also extremely localized in habitat for the images were found for a distance of only about twenty feet and were abundant fer only about six feet. The immature forms were found in the stream opposite this place of greatest abundance. At this point the stream ted breaks into gentle riffles in which lives the mollusk, Anodonta footiana, in some numbers. Just above the riffles the stream bed changes abruptly to soft, black coze which is filled with another mollusk, Spherium. The writer visited the stream on the 25th and 30th of June, hoping to find the may-flies swarming, and if possible to observe mating and oviposition. However, the season had been late and cold and there were no swarms, although the nymphs were transforming; both subimagos and adults were clinging to the herbage and shrubs along the stream. Although no egg masses could be found, there were many of the small brown nymphs on the water-soaked wood, and from some of these which were carried into the laboratory it was possible to rear both sub-imagos and adults. Description of the Stages. Egg. A dissection of the ovaries of a female of this species showed the presence of about six hundred eggs. The following description was made from material thus obtained. The egg (PI. X, Fig. 9) is broadly ovate, .195 mm. long, by .11 mm. wide. The surface of the egg shell is laid off in numerous minute hexa- gonal areas with depressed centres. The dissected material was translucent whitish, and it was necessary to stain the shell to bring out the reticulation clearly. Nymph. The fully grown nymph (PI. X, Fig. 8) is 7 mm. long with the three anal sete 4 mm. long and subequal, and the antenne 1.7 mm. long. The body is elongate, slender, flat below and slightly convex above. It is widest at the mesothorax, while the prothorax is slightly narrower than the head. The wing pads project posteriorly over the margins of the first two segments of the abdo- men. The abdomen is long and narrow, twice as long as the head and thorax combined, widest at the sixth segment and with segments eight and nine pro- duced posteriorly at each lateral margin into a triangular spine, while the caudal margins of segments nine and ten bear a fringe of spines dorsally. The deeply bifurcate abdominal gills are present on the lateral margins of segments one to seven and are all approximately equal in length, with broad basal portion about half as long as each of the slender terminal filaments. The body above is reddish brown in colour and slightly lighter beneath. Mouth Parts of the Nymph. The labrum (PI. X, Fig. 1) is larger than wide and rather deeply incised medially, while on the under surface are a number of fine hairs which aid in straining food particles from the water. The mandibles are very roughly and irregularly triangular in shape, with the articulation and muscle attach- ment occupying about half of the base and with a group of large, erect fangs Can. Ent., Vor. LI. PLATE X. RA | hy y I LEPTOPHLEBIA BETTENI (NEEDHAM) AND L. PRAZPEDITA EIN.(?) 142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST projecting at right angles to the axis of each mandible near its apex, while just within this group of fangs is the much smaller movable endopodite, terminating in a tiny brush of differentiated long and short hairs. The molar surface of the right mandible (Pl. X, Fig. 4) is situated on the lateral margin, while that of the left mandible (Pl. X, Fig. 3) is on the outer anterior margin. Each maxilla (Pl. X, Fig. 6) is made up of a basal portion, the cardo, which is roughly broad- triangular in shape and apparently divided into two sclerites. A united galea, lacinia and stipes, oblong in shape, more or less constricted in the middle, with apex diagonally truncate and the base rounded off on the inner side, is ap- parently attached to both sclerites of the cardo. A short suture at the inner apical corner of this combined sclerite marks the only differentiation between the galea and lacinia, while these structures cannot ke separated from the stipes. A thick brush of long, fine hairs borders the truncate distal margin of the galea. The four-segmented palpi are attached about midway on the outer margin of this combined sclerite, with the basal segment minute tringular and the remaining segments elongate cylindrical. The second and fourth palpal segments are subequal in length, the third is a little shorter. The apical seg- ment terminates in a cluster of hairs nearly as long as the segment. The labium (Pl. X, Fig. 5) consists of a ligula divided into oval glossee and much wider para- glosse, a pair of large, three-segmented labial palps, and a very much reduced and undifierentiated mentum, submentum and palpifer. The glosse are clothed, except at the base with short, fine hairs, have a row of short, stout spines on the lateral margin, and terminate at the apex in a hook-like spine. The hairs on the distal portion of the paraglosse are much longer than those on the glcssz. The apical segment of each labial palpus possesses a row of rather stout hairs on its inner margin, while there are finer hairs on the outer margins of the basal segments. The hypopharynx (PI. X, Fig. 2) which normally lies closely applied to the labium, is divided into a central piece and two large lateral lobes which have long, fine kairs on their distal portions, while there are two short tufts close to the median margin of the central piece. Adult. (Pl x Bie. sO): Dr. Needham (3) has described the adult as follows :— ‘2Choroterpes bettent “Length 5-6 mm.; expanse 10-11 mm.; sete of the male 5-6 mm., and of the female 414.-5 mm.; colour nearly uniform, dark reddish brown, slightly paler on the middle abdominal segments in the female; wings hyaline, veins pale brown; legs yellowish brown, hind femur with two darker bands, fore femur of the female wholly dark; sete pale yellowish with brown rings, three in num- Eer, equal; forceps of the male pale brownish, darker beneath with one very long basal and two very short apical joints.” - Male Genitalia. Tke male genitalia follow the general plan of structure which is constant in all of the species of Leptophlebia which were examined. They (PI. X, Fig. 13) consist of paired penes placed ketween the forceps, each limb of which is made up of ore Icng stout, slightly tapering basal segment and two small oval terminal segrents, cqual in size. The penes form an unjointed lobe-like pro- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 143 tukerance, abcut half the length of the basal forceps arm, the paired arrange- ment, which shows distinctly in other specics, being indicated only bv a deep median cleft. The sperm ducts terminate in a pair of openings at the end of the paired lobes, while from below the middle of each margin there projects upwards and outwards as far as the base of the lobe, an elongate slender struc- ture, slightly clavate near the apex. So very distinct are these variations in structure that they may be used to separate the species. Thus in Leptophlebia mollis (Pl. XI, Fig. 11, 12) the basal portion of the basal forceps segment is decidedly enlarged and there extends from each of the divided penes a distinctly sword-shaped protrusion... And in a form clesely resembling Leptophlebia prepedita* (Pl. XI, Fig. 13, 14) there is a small, additional segment at the base of each forcep limb, and the penes are long with a proportionately smaller lateral extension. The Ovipositor in May-flies. That a modification of the abdominal segments about the egg-valve, (that is ventrally between segments seven and eight) exists in certain may-flies, has previously to the description of L. bettent, been noted apparently by but two other workers. Dr. Hagen (2) seems to have been the first to note the presence of any such modification, for he states (p. 2) ‘“Some of the females have a rounded egg-valve at the antepenultimate abdominal plate; and again in charaeter- izing the genus Potamanthus which included the Leptophlebia of modern writers, he states (p. 17) that the egg-valve is long. Dr. Eaton (1) in his Monograph of the Ephemeride, (p. 2) makes the following statement :— “In the female the oviducts terminate separately in the joining of the seventh and eighth segments; there is no real ovipositor, but in some genera (e.g., Heptagenia) the apex of the seventh segment is produced into a short, rounded flap, and in one Hagenulus this projection takes the form of a spout.” In order to determine if this modification existed in any other forms, the writer made an examination of several species of the genus Leptophlebia, of the related genus Choroterpes, and the genus Heptagenia, all of which had been collected near Ithaca, New York. In Choroterpes and Heptagenia no trace of such a condition could be found, but in two species of Leptophlebia other than bettent there was a marked differentiation in the ventral structure of seg- ments seven and eight between which the egg-valve opens. Leptophlebia mollis shows the simplest condition in this respect. The ventral portion of segment seven extends backward very slightly, as compared with the other abdominal segments, to form a broad truncated lobe, under which lie the two openings of the oviducts. Plate XI, Fig. 10 shows the ventral aspect of the abdomen at this point. In the centre of segment seven are two prominent conjoined ganglia (mv) on either side of which lies an oviduct (0) filled with eggs, opening beneath the lobe. The modification of segment eight consists of two rounded chitinous ridges, converging posteriorly, covered with small *“This is the Leptophlebia prepedita (?) Etn. of Needham’s ‘May-flies and Midges of New York”’ (N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 86, pp. 49-51, 1904, PI. 11, Fig. 1, 2) and the nymph is there described. The gills lack the basal tracheal stubs that are shown in both the forms figured in this paper.’-—J. G. N. 144 THis CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST spinules, with a concave area between the ridges, placed on the anterior third of the segment and extending nearly to the truncate lobe of the seventh segment. In Leptophlebia submarginata these last mentioned ridges are closer together and shorter and completely covered by a mid-ventral triangular prolongation of the apex of segment seven. In Leptophlebia prepedita (?) (Pl. X, Fig. 11) the posterior portion of the seventh abdominal sternite is still more elongated, extending outward and backward so as to be distinctly visible from the side. Segment eight is but slightly modified. Leptophlebia betteni shows a further specialization in which both segments seven and eight are conspicuously involved (PI. X, Fig. 12). The greatest development occurs in segment eight, the expanded portion of which is extended ventrally into a long and narrow, distinctly ovipositor-like organ the tip of which is quite heavily chitinized and basally into a short egg guide. A backward prolongation of segment seven forms with segment eight a channel for the passage of the eggs. An internal dissection showed that the oviducts, extend to the egg-valve and open separately at its base. One species of Hagenulus, which is found in Cuba has a much longer ovipositor-like extension (Pl. XI, Fig. 8) than has Leptophlebia betteni. A female specimen of this form, which is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., was kindly leaned by Dr. Nathan Banks, and upon examination it was found that segment seven extends beyond the apex of the abdomen, folding together toward the tip in a tubular form with an opening on the upper surface. Three chitinous ridges extend along the under surface, converging to the tip. The oviducts extend and open separately, the eggs passing into the ovipositor in two strings whcse identity is lost as they pass out of the aperture in a cylinder. No nymphs of the genus Hagenulus have hitherto been made known; but a specimen collected by Professor C. F. Baker in Cuba and sent to Dr. Needham, in whese slide collection it-now appears, dissected and mounted, has enabled the writer to present herewith Figures 1 to 7 of Piate XI. Noteworthy are the _inequilateral gills, the form of both labial and maxillary palpi, and most re- markable of all, the extraordinary lateral extension of*the labium, its breadth greatly exceeding that of the head. Bibliography. (1) 1888. Eaton, Rev. Alfred Edwin. A Revisional Monograph of Recent Ephemerida or May-flies—Part I by Rev. A. E. Eaton. In the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd Ser. Zoology, Vol. III, Part 1 (1883) p. 1-281, pl. 1-63. (2) 1863. Hagen, Hermann August. Synopsis of the British Ephemerida. In the Entomologist’s Annual for MDCCCLXITI, (1863) p. 1-35. (3) 1908. Needham, James ‘6. New Data Concerning May-flies and Dragon Flies of New York. In Museum Bulletin 124, 33rd Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, 1907 (1908), p. 188-198, pl. 10. GAN. ENi, Vor. LI: PeAne Xue HAGENULUS AND LEPTOPHLEBIA; STRUCTURAL DETAILS. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Het: eee sid nO, Heal, we bas ee LEN Ae al lc EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate X. Leptophlebia bettent. Labrum of nymph. Hypopharynx of nymph. Left mandible of nymph. Right mandible of nymph. Labium of nymph. Maxilla of nymph. Abdominal gill of nymph. Fully grown nymph. Ege. Adult female. Leptophlebia prepedita (?). Lateral view of end of abdomen of female. Leptophlebia bettent. Lateral view of end of abdomen of female, showing an egg partly extruded between the prolongations of segments 7 and 8&. Plate XI. Hagenulus sp. Hypopharynx of nymph. Right mandible of nymph. Left mandible of nymph. Maxilla of nymph. Labium of nymph. Head and labium of nymph. Inequilateral abdominal gill of nymph. Hagenulus caligiatus. Lateral view of end of abdomen of adult female, showing ovipositor bearing extruded egg-mass at its tip. Leptophlebia submarginata (European). Ventral view of segments 7, 8 and 9 of female, 7 and 8 being slightly separated to show prolongations that form the egg-guide. Leptophlebia mollis. Ventral view of segments 7 and 8 of adult female. Lateral view of male abdominal appendages. Dorsal view of male abdominal appendages. Leptophlebia prepedita (°?). Dorsal view of male abdominal appendages. Lateral view of male abdominal appendages. DELPHACIDA: OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM—ERRATUM. On p.7, line 16, for ‘3, Pundaluoya simplex Dist.” read ‘3, Pundaluoya simplicia Dist.” F. Murr. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 147 THE PROPLEUBRA AND THE PRONOTAL SULCI-OF THE ORTHOPTERA. BY E. MELVILLE DUPORTE, MACDONALD COLLEGE (MCGILL UNIVERSITY). A few months ago while studying the musculature of Gryllus pennsyl- vanicus, | was impressed by the evident homology of the muscles of the mess- and metapleura with those attached to what I then thought was simply an entopleural apodeme of the prothorax. It occurred to me that this process might really represent the propleuron which externally is limited to a small triangular sclerite in front of the coxa. Examination of other Orthoptera convinced me of the correctness of this view. Recently Crampton* has shown that in Dissosteira carolina the pleural region is not “‘crowded out”’ but overgrown by the pronotum. This is the first published observation on this peculiar con- dition in the Orthoptera, and it has induced me to ccllect and publish my own notes on the subject. I was pleased that Dr. Crampton in his paper drew attention to the mis- application of the terms prescutum, scutum, scutellum and postscutellum, in re- ference to the areas of the pronotum cut off by the sulci. Since it is generally accepted that the sclerites of the meso- and metathorax to which these terms are applied developed as a consequence of the growth of wings on these segments, and since there is no evidence that the prothorax has ever borne wings it is evident that the pronotal areas cannot be homologous with those of the hinder segments. I hope to show‘ that the overgrown pleuron is general throughout the Orthoptera (sens. str.), and that the sulci of the pronotum are integumental folds which originated as the result of mechanical stress. a. THE PROPLEURON. The Acridude (Pl. XII, Figs. 1-3, 12). Rhomalea microptera. (Figs. 1 and 2). Externally the episternum is visible as a small, triangular sclerite (Fig. 1, est.) protruding from beneath the anterior half of the ventral edge of the pronotum. The position of the over- grown region of episternum is indicated externally by a darker pigmented and more densely punctate area on the pronotum in front of the third sulcus, and its anterior edge is outlined by a lightly impressed dotted line (Fig. 1). The pronotum can be lifted and cut away from the episternum without difficulty as the two are not very closely united. From within the episternum appears as a triangular sclerite with a convex anterier edge. It extends dorsad nearly half way up the pronotum. Its posterior edge lies against the third sulcus and is inflexed, uniting with the similarly inflexed anterior edge of the epimeron to form the entopleurite (Fig. 2, entp.), a triangular ridge which at its apex near the ventral edge fuses with entosternite or furca. A similar entopleural ridge is formed in the meso- and metathorax of this and other orthopterous insects (cf. Fig. 13, entp. 2). The epimeron (Figs. 1 and 2, epm.) is a very narrow sclerite hardly visible externally except at its junction with the episternum. Its position, like that of the episternum, is indicated externally by a more densely punctate area at *Crampton, G. C., The Thoracic Sclerites of the Grasshopper, Dissosteira carolina, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., vol. XI, p. 347, Dec., 1918. June, 1919 148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST the ventral edge of the pronotum. It tapers posteriorly to a point which is attached near the posterior ventral angle of the pronotum. Much the same conditions are found in the other Acridiide examined, viz., Melanoplus, Dissosteira, (Fig. 3) Stenobothrus, Chortophaga, Camnula and Acridium. The Tettigide. (Figs. 4 and 5). Tettix granulatus. A notch in the edge of the pronotum exposes a very small portion of the ventral edge of the episternum (Fig. 4, est). Internally the appearance is similar to that of the Acridiide. The episternum narrows more abruptly and the epimeron is shorter and more narrowed posteriorly. The entopleurite is thin and quite deep. The entosternal arch (Fig. 5, ents.) fuses with the entopleurite near its dorsal end and not, as in the Acridiide, near the ventral end. The Locustide. (Figs. 6, 7 and 8). Conocephalus (Fig. 6). Externally a very small, triangular portion of the episternum may be seen lying cephalo-laterad of the coxa. The greater portion of this sclerite, however, lies on the inner side of the pronotum extend- ing more than half way towards the dorsal median line. The anterior edge is inflexed slightly and almost parallel with the posterior edge; the dorsal edge is rounded. The entopleural ridge projects ventrally and articulates with the coxa. At the dorsal end of the pleuron the epimeron is represented by a very small, narrow sclerite. At the ventral end there is a short, narrow, rod-like sclerite projecting backwards in much the same position as the epimeron in the Acridiidea but very much more reduced. The pleural regions of Xiphidium are very similar to those of Conocephalus. Microcentrum (Fig. 7). Here the episternum is triangular, tapering dorsally. The epimeron is very narrow and, as a free sclerite, is confined to the dorsal haif of the pleuron. It projects dorsally some distance beyond the episternum. Ceuthophilus maculatus (Fig. 8). Theepisternum is broad and deeply bilobed. The entopleural ridge is strong and curved; the epimeron is very narrow, widest at the dorsal end and extending almost to the ventral edge of the pronotum. The Grylide. (Figs. 9, 10, 11). Gryllus pennsylvanicus (Figs. 9 and 10). The pleuron extends dorsad almost to the rsedian line. It is irregular in shape, and as it follows the curve of the pronotum is itself pronouncedly curved. The episternum is narrow but well developed, and the ventral edge projects slightly below the pronotal edge. The entopleural ridge is deep and projects ventrally, articulating with the coxa by a ball and socket joint. The epimeron is narrow and is best de- veloped dorsally. It does not descend as far as the ventral edge of the pronotum. (Ecanthus nigricornis (Fig. 11). In Gcanthus the pleuron is completely overgrown by the pronotum. The anterior ventral angle projects slightly beyond the membranous integument (shown by the dotted line) connecting the pronotum and the sternal sclerites, so this small portion of the episternum can be seen on the ventral side beneath the flange-like edge of the pronotum. The episternum is broadly oblong. The entopleural ridge is narrow and but Can. Enr., Vor. LI PLATE XII. Mmesonotum. PROPLEURAL AND PRONOTAL SULCI OF ORTHOPTERA. (Page 153.) 150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST slightly raised; as in the Locustids and in the other Gryllids it projects ventrally and articulates with the coxa. The epimeron is very narrow, almost as deep as the episternum and practically uniform in width except at the ventral end, where it projects farther caudad. It is entirely an internal sclerite. In the insects described it is possible to trace a distinct gradation in the development of the propleura as ental sclerites. In the Acridiide (Figs. 1-8) the ventral end of the pleuron had undergone but little change and still stretches from the anterior to the posterior end of the prothorax. The epimeron is greatly reduced dorsally, much more so than the episternum. It is possible to lift the edge of the pronotum and show that the episternum is a continuous sclerite overgrown by the pronotum. In the Tettigide (Figs. 4, 5) the epimeron is still further reduced. In the Locustide (Figs. 6-8) the ventral end of the epimeron no longer extends to the posterior end of the segment but is gradually disappearing, the last vestige of it remaining in the Conocephaline (Fig. 6). After this we find the epimeron reduced to a very narrow sclerite, best developed dersally. In Ceuthophilus (Fig. 8), except for the broad anterior lobe the pleuron closely resembles that of the Gryllide (Figs. 9 and 10). In the Locustide and Gryllide, unlike the Acridiide, the episternum is fused with the ventral edge of the pronotum and (at least in the Gryllide) have only a muscular attachment with the inner face of the pronotum, so that the internal portion of the pleuron has the appearance of a process of the small externally visible portion of the episternum; only by comparison with the Acridiide, and by a study of their musculature in comparison with that of the hinder segments of the thorax can their true nature be definitely ascertained. ; The Musculature of the Propleuron. (Figs. 12 and 13). The reason why the propleuron has persisted in spite of the fact that its position and function as an external lateral wall of the prothorax has been usurped by the overgrowing tergite, probably lies in the fact that important muscles of the leg arise from its inner surface. As fewer of these muscles arise from the epimeron this sclerite is accordingly more reduced than the episternum. If we examine the mesopleuron of Gryllus (Fig. 13) we find the following muscles arising from the episternum. 40a. From the basalar sclerite, a detached portion of the episternum, into the anterior edge of the trochanter. An extensor of the femur. 42. From the dorsal edge of the episternum into the anterior edge of the coxa. An extensor of the coxa. 43. From near the middle of the sclerite zuto, (1) the precoxale, (2) the trochantin, and (3) the anterior edge of the coxa. An extensor of the coxa. The pro-episterum of Rhomalea and Gryllus (Figs. 12 and 13) show homo- logues of these muscles as follows :— 25, homologue of 40a; 26, homologue of 42, and 27, homologue of 43. From the proepimeron a single muscle 25a originates. It is inserted into the anterior edge of the trochanter. I have not yet found its homologue in the hinder segments. A similar homology exists between the muscles of the propleuron and those of the metapleuron. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST : 151 Dy =~ LHE DULCE. Rhomalea microptera (Figs. 1, 2 and 12), having four well developed pronctal sulci gives good material for a study of these structures. The first sulcus (sui) lies a very short distance behind the anterior edge of the pronotum and does not quite extend either to the median carina or to the ventral edge of the pronotum. The three other sulci all cut the median carina; the second (suz) runs about half way down the pronotum and curves forward; the third extends to the ventral edge, and its lower half is coincident with the entopleural ridge formed by the infolding of the contiguous edges of the episternum and epimeron; the fourth runs from the median carina almost to the postero-ventral angle of the pronotum. An examination of Figure 12 will show that the first sulcus lies near the line where the infolded integumental membrane of the anterior end of the pronotum merges into the cervical membrane, and marks the furthest point to which the head may be retracted within the prothorax. This sulcus may be regarded then as marking the extremity of the primitive prothorax, the portion of the pronotum in front of this being probably a later developed growth forming a flange to receive and protect the retracted head. The anterior sulcus represents the fold which would naturally be formed when this flanking piece is pushed back by the retracted head. That this is the case is shown in Tettix granulatus (Fig. 5) where the prosternum has grown forward, completing the flange formed by the pronotum. In this insect the anterior notal sulcus is continuous with a sternal sulcus (s.su) which marks the position of the anterior end of the sternum in other Orthoptera. A similar explanation accounts for the origin of the fourth sulcus (sus). As Crampton (l.c.) has pointed out, the third sulcus originated with the infolding of the contiguous edges of the pleural sclerites to which it is closely attached. This accounts for the origin of the lateral portion of the sulcus, and it will be noted that in Dissosteira and many other insects this sulcus does not extend to the dorsal portion of the pronotum. The dorsal portion of this sulcus in Rhomalea arose as a result of the pull of the muscles which are attached to it, viz., one head of the third pronotal muscle (20) and one of the elevator of the head (4). The origin of the second sulcus (suz) is also due to the pull given the integu- ment by the muscles attached to it. These muscles are an elevator of the head (4), a rotator of the head (8), one head of the third pronotal muscle (19), and an extensor of the coxa (23). At the time the sulci were formed the integument was probably more flexible and less highly chitinized than it is at present. The method of origin of the second sulcus is well illustrated in the condition which now obtains in the flexible sutural membrane between the pro- and mesonotum. Here the pull of the first (XIX) and third (19, 20) pronotal muscles has produced a distinct fold in the integument (Fig. 12 F.). The hardening of this membrane would undoubtedly produce a sulcus exactly similar to those of the pronotum. SUMMARY. 1. The propleuron in the Orthoptera has not been forced out by the downgrowing notum, but has persisted on the inner side of the pronotum which has grown over it. GAN. END) VOL. 11: : PLATE XIII. i 8 iy tas epm. 3 PROPLEURAL AND PRONOTAL SULCI OF ORTHOPTERA. (Page 153.) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 153 2. The episternum, epimeron and entopleural ridge can be easily dis- tinguished though in most cases greatly modified. 3. The pleural sclerites have probably persisted because of their muscular attachments. 4. The musculature of the propleuron is similar to that of the mesopleuron and metapleuron. 5. The sulci are integumental folds formed by mechanical stress due to (a) the pulling of the head and mesothorax against the pronotum, (b) the in folding of the pleural suture, and (c) the pull of the prothoracic muscles at- tached to them. REFERENCE LETTERING. box, - COxa. Muscles. epm. epimeron. 4. Elevator of head. entp. entopleurite. 5. Retractor of head. ents. entosternite. 6, 7, 8. Rotators of head. est. episternum. 19, 20, XIX. Retractors of the pro- F. fold in sutural membrane. notum. iE base of head. 22. 20 2h, 242,, Ad. Extensors. ot the pex. precoxale. coxa. s.su. sternal sulcus. 23. Flexor of the coxa. su. sulcus. 25, 25a, 40a. Extensors of the femur. tn. trochantin. 44. Depressor of the wing. tr. trochanter. ve. veracervix. rk EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. External view of the pronotum and propleuron of Rhomalea micro- Bic. 4 plera. ‘* 2. Internal view of same. “3. Internal view of pronotum and propleuron of Dissosteira carolina. ‘‘ 4, External view of pronotum and propleuron of Tettix granulatus. ‘© 5. Internal view of same. ‘6. Internal view of pronotum and propleuron of Conocephalus. “7. Same of Microcentrum. “8. Same of Ceuthophilus maculatus. ‘“ 9. Same of Gryllus pennsylvanicus. * 10. Anterior view of detached propleuron of a pennsylvanicus. ‘11. Internal view of pronotum and propleuron of Oecanthus nigricornis. ** 12. Musculature of the propleuron and pronotal sulci of Rhomalea mtcro- ptera. “13. Musculature of pro- and mesopleuron of Gryllus pennsylvanicus. Change of Name.—Prof. R. W. Dawson, of Lincoln, Neb., who is making a special study of the genus Serica informs me that my Serica carinata (Cole- optera of Indiana, 1910, p. 950) is preoccupied by Serica carinata Burmeister (Handbuch IV, 2, p. 175). I, therefore, propose for my Indiana species the name Serica evidens, sp. nov. W. S. BLATCHLEY. 154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST NORTH AMERICAN SARCOPHAGIDZE: FLIES OF GENUS METOPO- SARCOPHAGA TOWNSEND.* BY R. R. PARKER, BOZEMAN, MONT. The writer described the species Sarcophaga pachyprocta in 1916 (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 24, pp. 171-175). In connection with the description it was noted that the species was considered to represent a form separable from Sarcophaga and possibly should be placed in a distinct genus, but the writer refrained from so doing till it was possible to examine other closely related species. In 1917, however, Townsend made this species the genotype of Metopo- sarcophaga (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 30, pp. 46) but mentioned no other species as belonging to the genus. In the same paper.(p. 43) Sarcophaga incurva Aldrich was made the genotype of Thelyleptococnema. It is the writer’s opinion, however, that the two species are congeneric and Metoposarcophaga is hereby designated as the name of the genus. WM. tothillt and M. pachyproctosa, new species of the genus, are described in this paper. The following characters are common to the males of all four species:— parafrontals and gene silvery grey; front broad, very prominent in profile; vestiture of back of head black or with some light coloured hair close to foramen (in pachyprocta); lateral verticals present, greater ocellars as strong or stronger than uppermost pair of frontals; frontal bristles not numerous (six to seven, sometimes eight or nine); epaulet dark; anterior acrostichals well developed; scutellar apicals absent or weak and hair-like; lower sternopleura with bristles only; vestiture of nota of short reclinate bristles that become longer and more slender ventrally; vestiture of fourth ventral plate erect; posterior surface of anterior tibia with two bristles about one-third from distal end (only one in Sarcophaga and Ravinia); first genital segment much larger than second and its vestiture longer; marginal bristles absent; forceps slender, bent so that prongs are at a pronounced angle to the base; accessory plate at side of forceps (not anterior to them as in Ravinia, etc.), erect and hiding at least part of base of forceps (in tothilli and incurva only tip of forceps visible from side); claspers on each side united basally (not separate as in Ravinia, etc.); posterior clasper with variously shaped expanded base with bristle at upper anterior angle, distally with a curved hook. The genus quite naturally divides into two groups, the pachyprocta group, containing pachyprocta and pachyproctosa, and the incurva group containing incurva and tothillt. The pachyprocta group is distinguished by the following characters:— three pairs posterior dorsocentrals; scutellar apicals absent; first vein bristly; costal spine present; posterior tibia of normal length; ventrally sides of fourth notum with marginal bristles only; profile of genital segments as in Fig. 1; first genital segment grey pollinose. The penes and claspers very similar but nct alike, forceps essentially the same. Characters of inucurva group:—four pairs posterior dorsocentrals (some- times five); scutellar apicals, if present, weak and hair-like; only third vein bristly; costal spine vestigial; posterior tibia much shorter than femur or tarsus; ventrally sides of fourth notum clothed with long, slender bristles; profile of *Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Montana State College, Bozeman, Mont. June, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 455 genital segments as in figure 2; first genital segment dull orange, darkened anteriorly; claspers and forceps are essentially alike in both species. Examination of the figures shows that there is a fundamental likeness in the structure of the accessory genital parts of all four species. TABLE OF SPECIES. 1. Four or more posterior dorsocentrals, posterior tibia very short................. 2. Three posterior dorsocentrals, posterior tibia of normal length................... 3. 2. Posterior femur normal, tibia short, but not distorted................ tothilli, n. sp. Posterior femur very large with protuberance beneath bearing a ‘*brush,”’ VSS PST SAS ata fe lS otey gr CCG MURR SOON ieee ee ieee a ee rr ancurva Aldrich. 3. Anterior clasper reversed S-shaped, penis on long, slender [ene Dy eal a eee ith TR RR an NE le pachyproctosa, n. sp. Anterior clasper with distal hook and large expanded base, penis on short SPIRES Ble Ve en a ee ee cee a i pachyprocta (R. Parker). Metoposarcophaga tothilli, n. sp. Holotype (male).—Collection of R. R. Parker. Male.—Parafrontals and gene silvery grey; vestiture of back of head black except for some light coloured hairs just below foramen (difficult to see) ; lateral verticals present, greater ocellars well developed, section III of costa about equal to section X; leg vestiture short; anterior face of posterior femur with only upper row of bristles complete; posterior tibiz very short, much shorter than either femur or tarsus; anterior acrostichals present; four pairs posterior dorso- centrals (sometimes five); genital segments dull orange except that first is darkened anteriorly. Length 6-10 mm. Head viewed from side parafrontals and gene with dark reflections; trans- verse impression same colour as gene. Breadth of front at narrowest part about three-fifths eye width; cheek height approximately three-sevenths that of eye. Front very prominent; width of frontal vitta variable but at narrowest part of front at least twice width of each parafrontal. Second antennal segment dark; third about twice length of second; arista short plumose about to middle. Vesti- ture of back of head black. Gena with scattering hairs above, below with a row close to lower eye orbit. Chetotaxy.—Lateral verticals present; vibrissze inserted slightly above line of oral margin; greater ocellars well developed; frontal rows of bristles extending to or slightly below base of vitta, the lower few pairs divergent from edges of vitta. Thorax.—Vestiture of mesonotum black, cilia-like, slightly reclinate. Wings.—Anterior cross-vein more basal than end of first longitudinal; third vein bristly; costal spine vestigial; section III of costa practically equal to section V; calypters whitish, fringed with white hair. Legs.—Dark, vestiture short. Anterior face of posterior femur with com- plete upper row of bristles, intermediate row absent, lower row with a few rather weak distal bristles; tibia very short, beardless, about three-fourths length of femur, much shorter than tarsus, middle femur without ‘‘comb.”’ Chetotaxy.—Well developed. Anterior acrostichals present; inner pre- suturals absent; four pairs posterior dorsocentrals (sometimes five); prescutellar 156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST acrostichals present; scutellar apicals absent or scarcely differentiated; three sternopleurals; lower sternopleura with bristles only. Abdomen.—Rather short. Clothed above with short, reclinate bristles, beneath with longer, more erect hair; on each side ventral portion of fourth notum clothed with long, slender bristles (not confined to edge as in most species of Sarcophaga); ventral plates not rounded posteriorly, fourth clothed with erect hair. Chetotaxy.—Second segment without marginal bristles or, if present, short, decumbent and inconspicuous; third with two, sometimes very weak; fourth with complete marginal row. Genital Segments.—Both dull orange except that first is darkened anteriorly. First much the larger, marginal bristles absent: second, flattened, vestiture shorter than that of first; anal area small. Forceps slender, abruptly curved Fig. 22.—Metoposarcophaga spp., male genitalia. (Page 157.) at right angles to the basal portion, distal end slightly enlarged with a short tooth directed forward; forceps in profile view except tip concealed by accessory plate. Penis and accessory parts almost identical with those of M. imcurva Aldrich. Described from nine male specimens. Range.—British Columbia; Savary Island, July 13, 18, 20, 31, 1917, (R. S. Sherman, collector). Holotype taken in same locality and by same collector on July 18, 1917. The writer has two females which are obviously either MW. incurva or M. tothilli and though the posterior tibia is shorter than the tarsus, it is not as short as in the males of these species nor does it present the peculiar structural modi- fications found in M. incurva. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ’ Nay Metoposarcophaga pachyproctosa, n. sp. Holotype (male).—Collection of R. R. Parker. Allotype (female).—Collection of R. R. Parker. This species is so close to M. pachyprocta that a repetition of the description is unnecessary. So far as observed the only reliable differences between the males of the two species are to be found in the characters of the genitalia as here listed. M. pachyproctosa. Anterior clasper reversed S-shaped (Fig. 12). Penis distinctive, but with long, slender base (Fig. 12). Fifth ventral plate distinctive (Fig. 13). M. pachyprocta. Anterior clasper with broad expanded basai portion (Fig. 9). Penis distinctive, with short base (Fig. 10). 3. Fifth ventral plate distinctive (Fig. 7). In addition the second genital segment of pachyproctosa is dull orange throughout, and there is a narrow, posterior, dull orange band on the first seg- ment, whereas in pachyprocta the second segment is more or less greyish pollinose and the grey pollen of the first segment extends to the middle portion of the posterior margin, at least. These characters may well be variable, however. I have three females collected in the same locality as the above males. These females are not separable from those of pachyprocta, but this species has never been found in several lots of materal from Savary Island. The females are therefore assumed to be those of pachyproctosa. Described from two male and three female specimens. Range.—British Columbia; Savary Island, July 9, and Aug. 11, 1916. July 11 and 12, 1917, (R.S. Sherman, collector). M. pachyprocta is known to occur in Mass., N. Y., N.J., Pa., Va., N. C., Sa@eiGarolot: Ind: Onio,-Col., 52D.) Calif; .Manitoba,: ‘Cuba:(?). and: Hayti (2): M. pachyproctosa and M. tothilli are known only from British Columbia: M. incurva occurs in N. Mex., Mont., and British Columbia. Peer Doe EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 1. Profile view of genital segments of M. pachyprocta R. Parker and M. bachyproctosa, n. sp. 2. Profile view of genital segments of M. incurva Aldrich and M. tothill1, n. sp. 3. Penis of M. tothill. 4. Claspers of M. tothilli. 5. Forceps and accessory plate of M. tothilli. 6. Fifth ventral plate of M. tothilli. 7. Fifth ventral plate of M. pachyprocta. 8. Forceps and accessory plate of M. pachyprocta. 9. Claspers of M. pachyprocta. 10. Penis of M. pachyprocta. 11. Forceps and accessory plate of M. pachyproctosa. 12. Claspers and penis of /. pachyproctosa. 13. Fifth ventral plate of WM. pachyproctosa. 158 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST ABBREVIATIONS. a. c. anterior clasper. p. c. posterior clasper. a. p. accessory plate. f. forceps. p. penis. g.s.1 and g. s.2 first and second genital segments. 5 v. p. fifth ventral plate. A NEW CISIDE GENUS WITH NEW: SPECIES FROM MANITOBA. BY CHARLES DURY, CINCINNATI, OHIO. Dolichocis, new genus. This genus is proposed for a species of narrow and elongate form, having a combination of the characters of Cis and other described Ciside genera. It has the -antenne 9-jointed, the elytra finely beaded along suture. The pro- thorax at side edges strongly margined and finely serrate. Dolichocis manitoba, n. sp. Elongate, narrow, oval in form. Brownish piceous in colour, when mature. Vestiture of rather sparse, pale sete. Punctures deep and strong, those of prothorax closer and finer than those of elytra. Head—epistoma subtruncate and margined. Palpi thick, with terminal joint oval and blunt at tip. Pro- thorax as long as wide, with sides rounded, margined and with finely serrate edges. Elytra two and one-fourth times as long as wide. Beneath the pro- sternum is flat between coxe, and long before them. Fore tibiz not produced at outer tip. Males with a sharp, round fovea on first ventral. Length 2 mm.; width O07 mm. Aweme, Manitoba. Norman and Talbot Criddle. From fungus growing on ash and elm. Twenty specimens; in the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa, Ont., and in my collection at Cincinnati, Ohio. Cis criddlei, new species. Elongate, with sides straight, colour piceous, vaguely paler on posterior third. Vestiture of conspicuous hairs arranged without order. Head with epistoma truncate and narrowly reflected. Prothorax as wide as long, sides feebly rounded. Hind angles viewed from above almost right angled. Punctures dense and deep. Elytra twice as long as wide, more sparsely and coarsely punctured than the prothorax. Beneath, the male has a large fovea on first ventral segment. Length 2 mm.; width 1 mm. Aweme, Manitoba. Norman Criddle. Eight specimens; in Canadian National Collection at Ottawa, Ont., and my collection, Cincinnati, Ohio. This species is the size and shape of Cis wenzeli, but differs from that and all other species known to me in structural characters. June, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 159 ON SOME TINGID NEW TO THE FAUNA OF CANADA (HEMIP.). BY CARL J. DRAKE, SYRACUSE, N.Y.* Corythucha salicis Osborn and Drake. Specimens of this insect were taken on willow, Salix discolor, at Aweme Manitoba, Aug. 13, 1918, by Mr. N. Criddle; other specimens were coilected at Trenton, Ontario, Sept. 11, 1910, by Mr. Evans. From the United States specimens are at hand from Montana, Wisconsin, New York, Massachusetts and New Jersey. The known food plants are willow, Salix spp., and currants; Ribes sp. Corythucha elegans Drake. Mr. H. Groh took a few specimens of this species at Ottawa, Ontario, Oct. 13, 1908, on poplar, Populus balsamtfera; two specimens were collected in Ontario, July 27, 1908, by Mr. Evans. One specimen is before me that bears the locality label ‘fMich.’’ The type specimens are from Colorado. During the summer of 1917 and 1918 the writer noted hundreds of specimens, adults, nymphs and eggs, on willow in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake, New York. Corythucha padi Drake. Chilliwack, British Columbia, collected by Prof. F. C. Ewing. This insect breeds upon the western choke cherry, Prunus demissa. Specimens have been ~ examined from Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana. Corythucha parshleyi Gibson. Several specimens, collected on walnut (Juglans nigra), butternut (Juglans cincerea), Japanese walnut (Juglans sibboldiana) and juneberry (Amaelanchier intermedia). It is a common insect in the eastern part of United States, rang- ing from Canada to North Carolina. - Corythucha heidemanni Drake. Two specimens, collected at Ottawa, Canada, by Mr. W. H. Harrington. This is a common insect that infests birch in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake, New York. Corythucha betulz Drake. Two specimens from Ottawa, Canada, collected by Mr. Harrington. Thousands of specimens, adults, eggs and nymphs, have been seen by the writer on yellow birch, Betula lenta, in Adirondack Mountains, near Cranberry Lake, New York, during the summers of 1917 and 1918. Two specimens have also been examined from Maine. Corythucha immaculata Osborn and Drake. Lilloet, British Columbia, collected by Mr. A. W. A. Phoir. This species infests balsam root, Balsamorrhiza sagittata. Specimens are at hand from Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana and California. Corythucha hewitti, new species. Four specimens, taken on hazelnut, Corylus americana, October 8, 1918, at Aweme, Manitoba, by Mr. N. Criddle. Length 2.78 mm.; width 1.5 mm. Type and paratype in the National Collection of Insects, Entomological Branch, Ottawa; paratype in the author’s collection. Named in honour of Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist. Hood moderately elevated, the length slightly less than twice its height. ~_ *Contribution from the Department of Forest Entomology, the New York State College ‘of Forestry, Syracuse, New York. June, 1919 160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Median carina slightly raised anteriorly; outer carine normal. Spines moder- ately long, the tips dark fuscous. Reticulations of the hood moderately large, slightly larger than those of the paranota. Tumid elevations of the elytra normal; costal area triseriate, the outer margin slightly concave. A small spot on the paranota, another on the median carina, and greater part of the dorsal portion of the hood dark fuscous. Body beneath blackish, sometimes slightly tinged with reddish. Nervures whitish. Elytra with a band across the base, another near the apex, a spot on the paranota, part of the inner portion of sutural area dark fuscous. The apical band of the elytra without large hyaline cells; some cells with tiny hyaline centres. Legs and antenne yellowish white. Readily separated from the hazelnut tingid, Corythucha coryli Osborn and Drake, by the much less elevated hood. Akin to C. bellula Gibson, from which it may be distinguished by slightly longer spines, the globose portion of the hood being much less narrowed dorsally and not distinctly angulate at the crest, darker colour pattern, the apical band of elytra without large hyaline areole. DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA. BY S. A. ROHWER, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, D.C. Tetrastichus rugglesi, new species. Female-—Length 1.75 mm. Subopaque dark blue, without sculpture; intraocellar line subequal with the ocellocular line; antenne eight-jointed; one ring joint a three-jointed funicle and two-jointed club; funicle joints subequal in length and subequal in length with the pedicle; club one-fourth shorter than two funicle joints, pointed apically, the apical joint longer than the preceding one; mesonotum with a rather faint median furrow; scutellum with two well- defined furrows; propodeum smooth, shining; prepectus sculptured like meso- pleure, i.e., smooth and shining; abdomen ovate, ovipositor sheath slightly exserted; costal margin of hind wing with one spine. Antenne brown; scape, tibize and tarsi and narrow apices of femora yellowish-white (tibia somewhat infuscated medianly); wings hyaline, venation yellowish. ° Type-locality.—University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota. Described from eleven females (one type) reared as parasites of A griius arcuatus by A. G. Ruggles. Material reared July 24, 1916, (type), July 11, 1916, and September 16, 1915. Type.—Cat. No. 22132. U.S. Nat. Mus. Trigonura hicoriz, new species. Female.—Length 4.55 mm. Head with large umbilicate punctures; area between eyes about one-fourth greater than length of eye; antennal fovez smooth; antenne thirteen-jointed with one ring joint; ocellocular line slightly shorter than the interocellar line, and not much greater than the greatest diameter of a lateral ocellus; thorax with large umbilicate punctures, smaller and closer on the prothorax; the depressed area of mesepisternum in which the middle leg fits transversely striate; legs shining with very fine scattered punctures; hind femora with eight teeth, the three apical teeth close and smaller, the posterior one well removed from the others; abdomen shining, the apical segment with large, irregular setigerous punctures. Black; a yellowish spot on venter; four June, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 161 anterior knees and all the tarsi yellowish-brown; wings hyaline; marginal and stigmatical veins black; a brown spot basad of stigma. Male.—Length 4.25 mm. Except for usual differences, like female. Venter without yellow. Type-locality.—Syracuse, New York. Described from two females and five males reared from Hicoria glabra by M. W. Blackman and H. H. Stage and under their numbers H-171 (type), H-114 (allotype), H-955, H-134, H-892, H-1367 and H-212. Type.—Cat. No. 220938, U.S. Nat. Mus. Ecphylus hicoriz, new species. Readily distinguished from related American species by its colour and sculpture. Female.—Length to apex of abdomen 3 mm.; length of ovipositor 2.5 mm. Face granular and with irregular transverse, raised lines; frons and vertex with distinct transverse striz; posterior orbits smooth; postocellar line about half as long as ocellocular line; antenne 27-jointed, the third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth; pronotum with lateral angles prominent; prescutum punctured, and with a median impressed longitudinal line; notauli foveolate; scutellum without sculpture; propodeum coriaceous, reticulate in apical dorsal middle, a faint dorsal median longitudinal carina and a transverse carina at top of posterior aspect; recurrent interstitial with intercubitus; first tergite one-fourth longer than apical width, with distinct longitudinal striz, these more prominent laterally so there is a triangularly-shaped median area which is not so coarsely striate, remaining abdominal segments smooth, polished. Black; abdomen beyond first segment rufous; basal joints of antenne and legs yellowish-ferruginous; pro- notum anteriorly and lower part of mesepisternum rufous (may not be constant) ; wings hyaline; venation dark brown. Male—Length 3mm. Agrees with female except for usual differences. Type-locality.—Syracuse, New York. Described from three females and one male reared from Hicoria glabra by M. W. Blackman and H. H. Stage, and recorded under their numbers H-972 (type , H-956, H-947 and H-118a_allo- type). Type.—Cat. No. 22030, U.S. Nat. Mus. In the male and in one female the frons are partly ferruginous. Heterospilus blackmanni, new species. Because of the colour and length of ovipositor this new species would be grouped with consimilis Ashmead, but the sculpture is quite different from that species. Female.—Length to apex of abdomen 2.55; length of ovipositor 2.5 mm.; length of abdomen 1.25 mm. Head smooth, polished; ocelli in nearly an equi- lateral triangle; inner margins of eyes parallel, the distance between them somewhat greater than their length; antenne, 20-jointed, the third joint about one-fifth longer than the fourth; scutum and prescutum shining, practically without sculpture; notauli well defined, not foveolate; suture in front of scutellum finely foveolate; scutellum smooth, shining; dorsal lateral areas of the propodeum polished, median carina distinct; posterior face of propodeum finely coriaceous; first tergite about one-sixth longer than apical width, with distinct longitudinal 162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST strie; base of the second tergite longitudinally aciculate; most of the second and all of the remaining tergites smooth, polished; mesepisternum smooth; sides of the propodeum sculptured fike the posterior face; second abcissa shorter than the first intercubitus; recurrent slightly beyond the intercubitus. Black; mandibles, three basal joints of antenne and the legs yellow; wings -hyaline, venation pale brown, stigma somewhat darker. Male.—Length 2 mm. Agrees well with female except the second tergite is yellowish. T ype-locality. eee New York. Described from five females and one male collected by M. W. Blackman and H. H. Stage from Hicoria glabra, and recorded under their numbers H-107 (1 type), H-608, H-1141, H-118 and H-608a (allotype). Type.—Cat. No. 22031, U.S. Nat. Mus. NEW NEARCTIC CRANE-FLIES (RHYPHIDZ AND TFTIPULID, DIPTERA). PART Vit BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY, URBANA, ILLINOIS. FaMILy Rhyphide. Trichocera colei, new species. Thoracic stripes indistinct; wings light grey, yellowish at the base, a faint brown cloud on 7-m; male hypopygium conspicuously enlarged. Male.—Length, including the hypopygium, about 7—7.5 mm.; wing 6 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antenne of the male setaceous, black. Head dark grey. Mesonotum brownish grey without distinct stripes, the posterior half of the scutellum yellowish; postnotum dark. Pleura dark brown, sparsely grey pruinose. Halteres pale, the knobs dark. Legs light brown, the coxe, tro- chanters and bases of the femora paler. Wings with a faint grey tinge, the base of the wing yellowish; stigma brown, diffuse; a brownish cloud on r-m. Venation: Sc ending slightly before 7; Re+3 a very little longer than Re before r. Abdomen dark brown, the incisures paler. Male hypopygium conspicuous, very large for this genus of flies. Pleurites with a group of sete near the distal end on the inner face. Pleural appendage longer than the pleurite, at the apex enlarged into a blackened lobe which is densely covered with short, erect, yellowish hairs; on the dorsal inner face near the base of this lobe, a slender cylindrical arm. Penis-guard broad at the base, rapidly narrowed to the blunt tip. Gonapophyses in the form of two strongly liversens chitinized horns. Habitat.—Oregon. Holotype.—%', Forest Grove, Washington Co., November 11, 1918, (F. R. Cole). Type in the collection of the author. Paratype.—o', Vancouver, Washington, Dec. 12, 1918, (Wm. Giles); reared from turnips. In the collec- tion of the U. S. National Museum, Chittenden, No. 2772. The conspicuous male hypopygium will easily separate the fly from any of the known American species. The species is dedicated to Mr. Frank R. Cole to whom I am indebted for many favours. June, 1919 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 163 FAMILY 7 vpulide. Gonomyia (Gonomyia) mainensis, new species. Related to G. subcinerea O.S.; thoracic pleura striped; abdominal tergites. dark brown; male hypopygium with the outer pleural lobe rather short with its apex obliquely truncated; inner lobe bifid, with a posterior flattened blade. Male.—Length about 5 mm.; wing 5.6 mm. Head dark, discoloured in the type. Antenna broken. Pronotum clear light yellow. Mesonotal prescutum pale brown, with three indistinct, dark brown stripes, the lateral margins light coloured; scutum pale brown, the lobes dark; remainder of the mesonotum brown. Pleura light yellow with two distinct, purplish brown stripes, the ventral stripe occupying the mesosternum. Halteres very long and slender, pale, the knobs darkened. Legs with the coxe dull brownish yellow, darkened on the base of the outer face; remainder of the legs light brown, the tarsi darker. Wings with a faint greyish tinge; stigma darker; veins dark brown. Venation: Sc rather long, ending opposite about one-third the length of the radial sector; Rs very long, straight; Re+3s very long, Re correspondingly shortened; deflection of Rs+s puncti- form; cell 1st M2 with the inner end slightly narrowed; basal deflection of Cui beyond the fork of VM. Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium yellowish. Male hypopygium with the outer pieural lobe stout, hairy, slightly darkened toward the apex, which is obliquely truncated and produced inwardly into a small tooth; inner appendage bifid, consisting of a posterior flattened blade terminating in a hook, with a single seta on its face; ventral lobe short, terminating in about two stiff sete. Gonapophyses small, curved, strongly chitinized, in the unique type unegual. Habitat.—Maine. Holotype.—, Fort Kent, Arocstook Co., August 29, 1913. Type in the collection of the author. Gonomyia mainensis differs conspicuously from G. subcinerea in its striped pleura, venation, and, especially, the very different structure of the male hypopygium. Limnophila (Ephelia) angustior, new species. Wings narrow, the brown markings confined to the vicinity of the veins; pleurites of the male hypopygium with a tuft of long, yellow hairs at the apex; outer pleural appendage with a prominent lateral tooth on the outer margin. Male.—Length 6.5 mm.; wing 7.5-7.6 mm. Female.—Length 8-8.4 mm.; wing 8.3 mm. Similar to L. superlineata Doane, differing as follows: Antenne dark brown throughout. Mesonotal praescutum without a lateral brown line, the lateral stripes less distinct, the median stripe entire Wings very narrow, strikingly different from those of either L. superlineata or L. aprilina. Wings light grey with a dark brown and greyish brown pattern, the costal markings relatively small, much narrower than the interspaces; the markings on the disk take the form of narrow seams along the veins and cross- veins; veins dark brown, Sc and R more yellowish. Venation: the super- numerary cross-vein in cell M is inserted so that it lies beyond the end of the 164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 2nd anal vein; the wing pattern is not so heavy as in L. aprilina. Male hypo- pygium with the pleurites moderately elongated, covered with numerous sete that become very numerous along the basal inner two-thirds; outer apical angle of the pleurite a little produced and blackened, provided with a loose tuft of long, yellow hairs that exceed the pleural appendages in length. Outer pleural appendage slender, with a prominent tooth before the apex on the outer margin, distad of this with numerous appressed teeth and a small, stout apical spine. Inner pleural appendage fleshy, stout, blunt at the tip. Habitat.—Colorado. Holotype.—co, Platte Cafion, Jefferson Co., altitude 10,000 feet, June 27, 19TH CR Oslar)s Allotopotype.— 2. Paratopotypes.—11 & @. Type in the collection of the author. Limnophila (Ephelia) apiculata, new species. Closest to L. angustior; pleurites of the male hypopygium without an apical tuft of hairs; outer pleural appendage straight, without a prominent lateral tooth on the outer margin. Male.—Length, about 6.8 mm.; wing 7.2 mm. Very similar to L. angustior, differing as follows: Antennal flagellum with the basal segments light brownish yellow, passing into darker brown on the terminal segments. Mesonotum light grey with four dark brown stripes, the intermediate pair very long and separated by a capillary vitta of the ground colour. Dark tips to the femora and tibiz less distinct. Wings slightly more yellowish, the brown pattern heavier but confined to the vicinity of the veins. Abdomen dull brownish yellow, with an indistinct, dark brown dorso-median stripe. Hypopygium more reddish. Pleurites moderately stout, without a conspicuous apical tuft of long yellowish hairs. . Outer pleural appendage black, stout, the apical third along the outer margin with numerous, acute, appressed teeth, the terminal one extended: into a free spine. Inner pleural appendage fleshy, pale, covered with numerous stout sete, the apex narrowed and tipped with three or four sete. Habitat.—California. Holotype.—o, Alpine, San Diego Co., April 8, 1915, (M. C. Van Duzee). Paratopotype.— o. Type in the collection of the author. Limnophila (Ephelia) edentata, new species. Closest to L. superlineata Doane; size small, wing of the male about 6.5 mm.; first segment of the antennal flagellum yellowish; wings with a heavy brown pattern, the outer four costal blotches confluent in pairs; outer pleural appendage of the male hypopygium without appressed lateral teeth on the outer margin near the apex. . Male.—Length 5.6 mm.; wing 6.5 mm. Similar to L. superlineata Doane but differing in numerous regards: Size very small. First flagellar segment of the antenne yellow, the remaining flagellar segments light brown. The median prescutal stripe is widely divided for its entire length; in addition to the narrow lateral stripes and a dark spot THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 165 at the margin of the sclerite, there is a small, brown line between the lateral and intermediate stripes that crosses the suture onto the scutal lobes. The femoral tips are broadly dark brown, but the tibial tips are but narrowly and indistinctly darkened. The wings are narrower with a much heavier pattern, the markings at Sci and Ri, and at R2 and Rs being confluent behind; a few brown dots in the costal and subcostal cells between the larger blotches; petiole of cell 1% a little longer than this cell. Male hypopygium with the pleurites rather slender. Outer pleural appendage blackened, terminating in a long, curved hook whose outer margin is not minutely tooth as in many species of the subgenus; on the outer face before the tip with a stout spine; a small, black- ened tubercule on the inner margin near the base of the appendage. Inner pleural appendage stout and broad, flattened, covered with numerous sete. Habitat.—California. Holotype.—%, Apline, San Diego Co., April 9, 1915, (M. C. Van Duzee). Type in the collection of the author. Eriocera saturata, new species. Antenne black, the scapal segments brighter; preescutum yellowish gray with four dark brown stripes, the intermediate pair narrow; wings reddish brown; cell J lacking; abdomen dark brown, the lateral margins broadly yellowish. Female.—Length 13.5 mm.; wing 9.4 mm. Rostrum short, light brown. Palpi black, the basal segments more brownish. Antenne with the scapal segments yellowish brown above, reddish beneath; flagellum black. Head broad, brown, with an indistinct darker median area. Frontal tubercle dark brown. Mesonotal prescutum yellowish gray with four dark brown stripes, the intermediate'stripes very narrow, separated from one another by a distance a little less than the diameter of one; anterior portion of the scutal lobes dark; scutellum grey, with the extreme base darkened; postnotum grey. Pleura clear silvery grey, the dorsal pleural region dark brown. Halteres short, brownish yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the cox pale brown, sparsely grey pruinose; trochanters brownish yellow; femora brownish yellow, narrowly darker at the tips; tibie and tarsi brown. Wings with a strong reddish brown suffusion, the colour being a little darker than in FE. californica O.S.; a small, brown cloud on 7-m; veins Sc and R brown, remaining veins dark brownish black; stigma indistinct. Venation: Cell M1 lacking; vein Mi+2 beyond cell 1st M2 longer than this cell. Abdominal tergites dark brown, the lateral margins broadly yellowish. Ovipositor rusty red; sternites light brown, margined laterally with yellow. Habitat.—California. Holotype.— 2 , Fallbrook, San Diego Co., August 2, 1917, (E. G. Holt). Type in the United States Biological Survey collection. E. saturata is closest to E. velveta Doane from which it may be told by its deep, saturated reddish brown wings with the stigma not darkened, the greater length of the veins issuing from cell /st M2, the colour of the abdomen and other characters. 166 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Tricyphona macateei, new species. Antenne black; mesonotum yellowish grey, the prescutum with three stripes of which the median one is divided by a capillary pale line; wings nearly hyaline with a heavy dark brown and grey pattern, the mark at the origin of the sector running into the costal cell; abdominal segments indistinctly banded with yellowish. Male.—Length 8-8.5 mm.; wing 7.8-8.6 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black. Antenne dark brownish black throughout, the intermediate flagellar segments short-cylindrical or almost rounded, the terminal segments smailer. Eyes broadly contiguous beneath, widely separated above. Head small, dark grey. Mesonotal praeescutum light yellowish gray, with three brown stripes, the n1edian stripe more or less distinctly divided by a ground vitta, this pale stripe clearer behind; scutal lobes dark. Pleura gray with indistinct blotches of darker Halteres short, pale brown, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxe dull yellow, the middle and posterior coxe sparsely grey pruinose; trochanters dull yellow; femora brownish yellow, the tips broadly dark brown; tibie and tarsi dark brown. Wings almost hyaline with a heavy dark brown and grey pattern, this including about six larger markings along the costal margin, the first sur- rounding the humeral cross-vein, the second Sc, the third the origin of the sector, passing into the costal ceil, the fourth mark at the tip of Sci; small, pale seams along the margin of the wing at the ends of the veins; narrow seams along the cord and m. Venation: Scz about midlength between / and the origin of the sector; Rs very strongly arcuated at origin; cell Mi shallow, its petiole longer than m; m-cu obliterated by the punctiform contact of Cui and M. Abdominal tergites indistinctly banded with dark brown and paler yellowish brown; sternites brown, the posterior half of each of the intermediate segments yellow. The male hypopygium shows the moderately powerful pleurites in- clined toward one another so that the tips are contiguous, the apices with abundant blackened spicules. Habitat.—Maryland. Holotype.-—, Beltsville, Prince George Co., October 7, 1917, (W. L. McAtee). Paratopotype.— &. Type in the United States Biological Survey collection. T. macateei is readily separated from T. vernalis (O.S.) by the uniformly dark antennz, the almost hyaline wings with the pattern larger, darker and more clearly defined, the blotch at the origin of the sector including the costal cel!, the short cell Mi with a long petiole and other characters. This very interesting new species is dedicated to its collector, Mr. W. L. McAtee. Tipula pendulifera, new species. Belongs to the cunctans group; antennal flagellum dark brown; mesonotum light grey, the prascutum with four stripes; wings with a faint yellowish tinge, the stigmal region and wing-base more suffused; abdomen yellowish with a broad, dark brown median stripe; male hypopygium with a long, pendulous lobe at the ventral angle of each pleurite. Male.—Length 17 mm.; wing 18 mm. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 167 Female.—Length about 20-21 mm.; wing 18.5-19 mm. Frontal prolongation of the head brownish grey. Palpi dark brown. Antenne with the scape reddish brown, the flagellar segments uniformly dark brown. Head dark grey. Mesonotal preescutum light grey with four greyish brown stripes¢ scutellum and postnotum clear light grey. Pleura heavily greyish white pruinose. Halteres light brown. Legs with the coxe yellowish, sparsely grey pruinose; trochanters and femora light brown, the latter darkened at the tips; tibia yel- lowish brown, the tips darkened; tarsi brown. Wings with a faint yellow suffusion; base of the wing and the stigmal region yellowish, this latter including the apex of the costal cell, the apex of cell st Ri and most of cell 2nd Ro; costal and subcostal cells brownish; veins dark brown. Venation: Petiole of cell MW short. Abdomen yellowish; segment eight and the basal half of nine in the male dark brown; a very distinct, dark brown, median stripe on both the tergites and sternites; on the former it begins at about midlength of the first tergite as a narrow line, gradually widening behind; these stripes are continuous except for narrow yellowish silvery posterior margins to the segments. Male hypo- pygium with the sclerites fused into an almost continuous ring. Eighth tergite concealed beneath the seventh, except laterally. Ninth tergite extensive, the posterior margin with a broad median notch, the lateral angles subacute, black- ened; on either side of the median line is a small obtuse knob; the ventral margin of the ninth tergite bears two median blackened points. Region of the ninth pleurite long and narrow. Outer pleural appendage broad and flattened, pale, very narrow at the base. Inner pleural appendage complicated in structure. At the ventral angle of each pleurite hangs a very long, pendulous lobe, pale, directed ventrad, slightly enlarged distally and here provided with long, coarse hairs; the dorsal end of this appendage is likewise slightly produced. Between these pendulous lobes a flattened, elongate oval disk is visible. The female is similar to the male, differing in the sexual characters; the dorsal abdominal stripe is narrower and attains the end of the seventh tergite. Ovipositor with the tergal valves straight; sternal valves very short, high, obtusely rounded at their tips, a litthe more than one-half the length of the tergal valves. Habitat.—Colorado (Saguache County). Holotype-—&%, Cochetopa National Forest, Upper Saguache Ranger Sta- tion, September 7, 1917, (A. K. Fisher). Allotopotype.— @ . Paratopotypes.—3 Q's. Type in the United States Biological Survey collection. T. pendulifera is a well-defined species, allied to T. cunctans and T. carinata, from which it is easily told by its larger size, and the conspicuous pendulous lobes of the male hypopygium. Tipula noveboracensis, new species. Belongs to the tricolor group, closest to T. caloptera Lw.; antennal flagellum short, dark brown; wings with cells M1, M2, Cui and most of M3 brown; male 168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST hypopygium with a powerful curved clawlike horn on either side of the median lobe of the ninth tergite. Male.—Length, 18-22 mm.; wing, 20.5—25.5 mm. Close to T. caloptera Lw., differing as follows: Antennal flagellum short, darker, almost uniformly dark brown, the first segment a little paler. Ground colour of the thorax, including the pleura, bright silvery white. Preescutal stripes darker, the lateral stripes more or less confluent anteriorly with the median stripe, the pale ground interspaces indicated near the suture. Wings with the brown markings darker and differently arranged: cell 1st Me and the apical two-thirds of Rs hyaline, cells Wi, M2, Cui and all but the extreme base of Ms brown; in J. caloptera the white area includes the basal half of cell 1st Me, the bases of cells M1, Mz and Ms and the apical half of cell Rs; the brown in the base of cell M is about equally extensive in the two species. The abdominal pattern is more contrasted than in 7. caloptera, the broad, lateral stripe being almost black; in the holotype, the ground colour of the tergites is yellowish on the first two segments only, on the remaining segments passing into grey; in the paratypes, however, the bright yellow colour persists to the fifth or sixth segments; in all cases the black, lateral stripes are narrowly connected across the caudal ends of the segments; the lateral margins of the tergites are broadly silvery, more buffy near the end of the abdomen. Male hypopygium conspicuously different from the other members of the ¢ricolor group, the narrow, rectangular, somewhat depressed, median lobe with parallel sides being subtended on either side by a powerful, slightly curved clawlike horn which is sometimes slightly roughened. Habitat.—Northeastern North America. Holotype.-—c, Power-house Creek, near Gloversville, Fulton Co., New York, altitude 1,000 feet, June 24, 1916, (C. P. Alexander). Paratopotypes, 2 3's; paratypes, &, Ithaca, Thompkins Co., New York, May 12, 1915, (C. P. Alexander); #, May 24, 1898, pinned with the cast pupal skin; &’s, Beaver Dam, New Brunswick, June 23, 1914, (J. D. Tothill). Type in the collection of the author. The type and paratopotypes were found resting on small boulders pro- jecting from the bed of a small mountain stream. The flight of these large, beautiful crane-flies is unusually vigorous for a member of this family. Tipula calopteroides, new species. Belongs to the tricolor group, closest to T°. caloptera Lw.; antennal flagellum long, clearly bicolorous; mesonotal prescutum with the stripes dull grey, not distinctly margined with darker; wings with the base of cell M clear. Female.—Length about 25 mm.; wing 25.3 mm. Close to Tipula caloptera Lw., differing as follows: Antenne longer, distinctly bicolorous, the basal enlargement of the flagellar segments dark brown, remainder of the segments yellowish. Mesonotal prescutal stripes dull grey, very indistinct, the usual dark margins scarcely evident; the brown median vitta very distinct. Wings with considerably more pale markings than in T. caloptera, more nearly approaching the type of 7. strepens; the brown in the base of cell M practically lacking THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 169 excepting the usual broad brown seam along Cu and its branches; the pale pattern includes the base of cell /s¢ M2, apical two-thirds of cell Rs, base of cells Mi, M2 and Ms, and the centre of cell Cu. Abdominal tergites with the dark brown lateral stripes very broad, about as wide as the vellow mid-dorsal area, this latter most distinct on tergites one to seven. Habitat.—North Carolina. Holotype.— 2 , Canton, Haywood Co., June, 1911. Type in the collection of the author. Tipula manahatta, new species. Belongs to the tricolor group, closest to T. sackeniana Alex.; antennal flagellum light yellow throughout; mesonotum reddish brown with indistinct prescutal stripes; wings with a strong fulvous tinge with scarcely any pale areas on the membrane; abdomen reddish brown without darker stripes. Male.—Length about 15 mm.; wing 15 mm. Frontal prolongation of the head light yellowish on the sides, darker above, indistinctly lined with brown; palpi short, brown, the basal segments more yellowish. Antenne moderately elongated, the scapal segments brown, the flagellar segments light yellowish throughout, the terminal segment brown. Vertex dark grey; occiput and a very narrow margin around the eye paler. Mesonotum reddish brown, the prescutal stripes very indistinct; scutellum yellow. Pleura yellowish, the mesopleure faintly grey pruinose. Halteres dark brown, yellowish at the:extreme base. Legs with the coxe yellowish, faintly pruinose; trochanters yellow; femora and tibia reddish brown throughout; tarsi dark brown. Wings with a strong greyish fulvous tinge, the costal margin and a broad seam along Cu very broad, rich fulvous; there are scarcely any paler areas on the membrane, the obliterative streak’ extending about to mid-length of cell 1/4; cell Rs, and the bases of the anal cells a little pale. Abdomen reddish brown, the sides of the first segment more yeilowish; abdominal tergites very narrowly and indistinctly ringed caudally with silvery. Male hypopygium as in the tricolor group, the sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous compressed ring. Ninth tergite with the median lobe, prominent, depressed, slightly expanded distally, reddish, the extreme posterior margin minutely spiculose; margin of the sclerites between the tergal and pleural regions light yellowish. Outer pleural appendage large, fleshy, distinctly notched at its apex, covered with short dense hairs. Inner pleural appendage subchitinized, flattened, with a deep split that separates off a posterior hook or lobule whose posterior margin is grooved longitudinally into a scrobe; posterior margin of the anterior appendage with a high, flattened carina; apex broadly rounded. At the base and ventrad of the pleural appendage is a triangular lobe which is densely covered with a short, golden yellow pubescence and, ventrally, a number of long reddish hairs. Region of the ninth sternite extensive, the adjacent margins almost continuous, from between them projecting the straight, slender penis-guard and two small oval, flattened lobes. 170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST Habitat.—New York (Suffolk County). Holotype.—c&, Yaphank, Long Island, September 3-4, (Charles Schaeffer). Paratopotype.— ov Type in the coilection of the Brooklyn Museum. Tipula phoroctenia, new species. Belongs to the marmorata group, closest to 7. Hans Lw.; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite having a broad V-shaped notch; outer mslsueal appendage without a basal tooth; eighth sternite strongly projecting, shovel-like, the pos- terior margin shallowly notched and with a row of black, comb-like spines. Male.—Length about 13 mm., wing 14 mm. Similar to.7. fragilis Lw. in most respects, differing as follows: The preescutal stripes are broader and less distinct, the intermediate pair extending a little farther cephalad, the grey thoracic interspaces narrower. The wings are a little narrower, with the dark pattern less distinct. The abdomen is light yellow with a narrow, dark brown sublateral stripe and silvery grey lateral margins. The ninth tergite and the sixth to ninth sternites are dark brown. The most conspicuous differences are to be found in the structure of the male hypopygium, the ninth tergite of which has a broad, posterior V-shaped notch the caudal margin blackened, with the lobes running out into slender, chitinized points, the space between with a few smaller elevations; lateral notches ex- tensive, not so deep as in T. fragilis. Outer’pleural appendage long, slender, somewhat flattened, without a distinct chitinized basal ridge or tooth as in most other species of the group. The fleshy lobes that arise near the ventral angle of the pleurites are very large so that they practically fill this portion of the opening of the genital chamber; they are pale reddish, covered with a short, dense pale pubescence. Ninth sternite with a broad square notch, from the base of which projects a stout, reddish rod, presumably the penis-guard. Eighth sternite extensive, projecting, the posterior margin nearly truncated with a very shallow notch, set with a row of short, black spinous teeth; extreme pos- terior lateral angles of the sternite with a few long yellowish — Habitat.—Maine. Holotype-—o', Orono, Penobscot Co., in a bog at the edge of a wood, October 3, 1913, (H. M. Parshley). Paratopotype.—o, indoors, October 16, 1913. Type in the collection of the author. Tipula nebulipennis, new species. Belongs to the marmorata group, closest to T. fragilis Lw.; legs mostly brown with only the femoral bases yellowish; male hypopygium having the caudal margin of the ninth tergite with two flattened divergent lobes separated from one another by a very small notch; outer pleural appendage with a subacute shiny chitinized tcoth; eighth sternite slighlty projecting, the posterior margin with a broad, U-shaped median notch. Male.—Length 12-13 mm.; wing, 12.2-13.5 mm. Frontal prolongation of he head dark grey, the sides more brownish. palpi short, brownish black. Antenne with the scape yellow, the flagellum brownish black; flagellar segments only slightly enlarged basally. Head grey. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST BEL Mesonotal prascutum light grey with four brown stripes, the intermediate pair becoming indistinct anterior to the level of the pseudosutural fovee; scutal lobes largely brown; scutellum and postnotum light grey. Pleura grey, clearer and lighter posteriorly. Halteres brown, the extreme base yellow. Legs with the coxe light grey; trochanters light yellow; femora yellowish basally, soon passing into brown, the tip narrowly darker brown; tibiz with the basal half light brown, the apical half darker brown; tarsi dark brown. Wing pattern and venation about as in 7. fragilis, the stigma paler brown. Abdomen with the first tergite grey pruinose, the other tergites brown with a broad, dark brown sublateral stripe, ringed posteriorly with yellowish, these rings broadest on the basal segments, becoming indistinct about the seventh segment; sternites one to five bright yellow, the basal segments a little darker laterally; remaining sternites dark brown. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite rather large, divided into two apparent halves by a mid-dorsal impression; each half is produced caudad into an inner flattened lobe, separated from its mate of the opposite side by a very small and narrow notch, the lateral angle of each lobe slightly produced and with a few stout black sete; the tergite is dark, the lateral margins yellowish, the apical lobes orange yellow and pro- vided with a short, dense pubescence. Outer pleural appendage large, greyish, slightly curved, the outer face with appressed black hairs; near the base of the appendage a shiny, flattened, chitinized tooth. Inner pleural appendage com- pressed, flattened, extensive, near its base forming a cup-like hollow. An enlarged, dark-coloured, fleshy lobe provided with numerous pale hairs lies on either side near the ventral angle of the pleurite, extending dorsad along the opening of the genital chamber; the outer basal margin of this lobe is light yellow in colour. Eighth sternite slightly projecting, the posterior margin with a large, shallow, broadly U-shaped notch, the lateral angles of which are provided with long whitish hairs, the outer basal margin of this lobe minutely spinulose, light yellow beneath. Habitat.—Labrador. Holotype-—, Battle Harbour, August 1, 1912, (G. P. Engelhardt). Paratopotype.— co. Type in the collection of the Brooklyn Museum. Tipula fragilina, new species. Belongs to the marmorata group, closest to T. fragilis Lw.; legs darkened, the femora with a broad, yellowish subterminal ring before the black tip; male hypopygium having the ninth tergite with a wide V-shaped notch; outer pleural appendage with a blunt, blackened basal lobe; eighth sternite carinate, the posterior margin with a very deep and narrow median notch, the margins con- tiguous or nearly so and provided with Iong, yellowish hairs. Male.—Length about 13 mm.; wing 13.3 mm. Female.—Length about 13 mm.; wing 13 mm. Generally similar to T. fragilis Lw., differing as follows: The intermediate stripes of the preescutum are broader and extend further cephalad; the ground colour between the intermediate and lateral stripes narrower. Pruinosity of the pleura darker. Legs darker, the black femoral tips broader and with a 172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST distinct yellow subterminal ring. Hypopygium darker coloured. The most striking differences between this and the related regional species are found in the male hypopygium, as follows: Ninth tergite dark coloured, with a deep, impressed mid-dorsal line; posterior margin with a wide V-shaped notch, the lateral lobes formed terminating in. blackened chitinized points, the lateral notches only slightly concave, larger and not so deeply rounded as in T. fragilis. Outer pleural appendage long, slightly flattened, not as stout as usual in the group, pale, almost white in colour, the basal third slightly contracted and produced proximad into a blunt, blackened lobe. Inner pleural appendage a pale, almost white, compressed blade, on the | posterior margin near the base bearing a small knob provided with numerous short, black sete. At the ventral angle of the pleurite, jutting dorsad across the face of the genital chamber as a long, slender, slightly sinuous lobe tapering to a point, densely covered with white hairs; this structure is considerably larger than the corresponding one in 7. fragilis. Ninth sternite with a deep notch which is slightly enlarged at its base, the sides parallel or nearly so. Eighth sternite compressed, with a very deep median notch, the adjacent lobes con- tiguous apically, though separated basally, provided with long, yellow hairs. In 7. fragilis, the eighth sternite is spade-shaped, unnotched. Habitat.—Alaska. (Iditarod River Country). Holotype-—o, Flat, September 6, 1917, (A. N. Twitchell). Allotype.— 2 , Bethel, September 24, 1917, (A. N. Twitchell). Type in the United States Biological Survey collection. Nephrotoma euceroides, new species. Generally similar to N. eucera (Lw.) from which it differs as follows: Average size much smaller (male, length 14-14.2 mm.; wing 13.8-15 mm.). Male antenne with only 17 evident segments. Thoracic stripes distinct, reddish brown, much darker than in N. eucera. Wings with a more greyish yellow tinge, the stigma poorly defined, pale. Abdomen darker, brownish yellow, the hypopygium brown. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite having the caudal margin evenly rounded with a small, narrow median notch whose nearly contiguous lateral angles are produced beneath into blackened lobes which are densely spiculose. Eighth sternite with a broad, deep posterior notch, the median area of the sternite not so densely hairy as in N. eucera. Habitat.—Northeastern North America. Holotype.— &, Sport Island, Fulton Co., New York, altitude 750 feet. June 16, 1910, (C. P. Alexander). Paratype-—o, Perth, New Brunswick, June 15, 1915, (F. M. McKenzie). In general appearance, N. euceroides is very similar to N. breviorcornis (Doane) from which it is most easily told by the number and structure of the antennal segments. Mailed July 8th, 1919 Che Canadian Cutomologist Vot. LI. LONDON, AUGUST anp SEPTEMBER, 1919. No. 7 POPULAR AND PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. COLLECTING TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS IN BARBADOS AND ANTIGUA, BRITISH WEsT INDIES. BY DAYTON STONER, IOWA CITY, IOWA. I. Barbados. The data upon which the following notes are based were secured by the writer and Mrs. Stoner during the time spent on the islands of Barbados and Antigua as members of the Barbados-Antigua Expedition sent out by the University of Iowa in the spring of 1918. The time between May 9 and June 17 was spent at Barbados. Collecting at Antigua was done between June 19 and July 19. ; The island of Barbados is situated in 13° 4’ North latitude and 59° 37’ West longitude, and is the most easterly of the Antillean chain. It is about twenty-one miles long by fourteen broad, with an area of 166 square miles and a popuiation of about 200,000, nine-tenths of which is biack. The strata forming the basement series of Barbados consist of siliceous and calcareous sandstones and clays. About six-sevenths of the total area of the isiand is covered by a cap of cora; rock which is more or less flat, and rises in a series of terraces to Mt. Hiliaby in the ‘'Scotland district,’’ which is 1,104 feet in height. An area of approximately 6,000 acres at the northern and eastern side of the island has received that name on account of its peaked and hilly character. The remainder of the island is low and flat or at most slightly rolling, with few swamps and marshes and but two or three fresh water streams of any importance. Practically all the tillable land is under sugar cane, and but few remnants of the forests which once covered the island now remain. The annual rainfall is about sixty inches, and usually comes in the form of showers during the sum- mer months. The dry season occurs in the winter and early spring months. On account of the slight physiographic differentiation, the almost uniform state of cultivation and the density of the population, Barbados is not a par- ticularly favorable place for collecting insects. In addition, practically all the grass land is closely grazed by goats and cattle, so that dense growths of v2geta- tion are much restricted. In general the affinities of the insect fauna are with that of South America, but a number of North American and closely allied forms are to be found. A few indigenous forms also occur. Whenever the entomologists started out on a collecting trip, the fact was quickly noised abroad that strange people were collecting butterflies. How the news spread so quickly was somewhat of a mystery in view of the fact that telephone service is seldom available to the blacks. But in a short while groups of children and older persons as well would put in their appearance and express a desire first to know what we were going to do with the insects, and suggesting as a probable answer that perhaps they were to be made into medicine. Having been more or !ess satisfactorily appeased by our answers, the second thought was to be of assistance—for a consideration. After a few usually vain attempts 173 . 174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST to secure the particular insects desired the youngsters desisted in their efforts to capture specimens, but often continued to follow at a safe distance to view the strangers. Not always were the followers peaceable, for on one occasion the entomologist was followed for a considerable distance over the hills of the Scotland district by an ever-increasing mob of black children, who drew others from far and near by their shouts of ‘“A German spy.’’ On another occasion the writer was taken for an escaped lunatic, and three big black fellows armed with a rope were making ready to capture the luckless “bug man”’ and escort him within the four walls of the nearby lazaretto. However, the persuasive powers of the intended victim were sufficient to permit him to continue un- molested. | Among the men in jiLittle England” who take a special interest in ento- mology and who did much to aid us were Mr. Wm. Nowell, Mycologist in the Imperial Department of Agriculture; Dr. J. C. Hutson, the then Acting Ento- mologist in that Department, and who was taking the place of the regular Entomologist; Mr. H. A. Ballou, then absent in Africa on special economic investigations, and Mr. J. R. BovelJ, Entomologist in the Colonial Department of Agriculture. Rev. N. B. Watson, of St. Lucy’s Parish, one of the delightful old-time naturalists, has a fine collection of native insects, and Sir Gilbert Carter, a former Governor of Barbados, has in his beautiful home an excellent collection of native Lepidoptera: _ A few of the principal collecting places may be briefly referred to here. One of the chief places frequented by insects of various kinds is the more or less protected series of terraces referred to above. Here on the side next the sea the vegetation is somewhat sheltered from the direct rays of the sun, and the more delicate shrubs, small trees, weeds and Solanacee in particular offer a plentiful supply of food for plant-feeding insects, many kinds of which were taken in the sweep net. The high, dry flats between these terraces are often thickly overgrown with the long, dense, sour grass which, however, is harsh and supports few insects other than grasshoppers. It was indeed a pleasure to meet with one of our old friends, Megella maculata along with many other less well-known forms of Coleoptera, as wel/ as an abundance of Hemiptera in the small ditches scattered over the island. These are usually grown over with grass and weeds, and in them, during heavy rains, the water flows in torrents; shortly thereafter they again become dry, but the stimulus given the vegetation by the more than usual amount of water keeps it continually green and fresh. The surrounding country often becomes ex- ceedingly dry, and many species of insects congregate in these welJ-watered places on account of the abundant food supply. The semiaquatic vegetation bordering small pools and streams also often furnishes good collecting places, as indeed do the waters and bottoms of the pools and streams themselves. Often along the uncultivated borders of cane fields various kinds of weeds and grasses grow, particularly if in low or somewhat moist and shaded situa- tions. Even the cane fields themselves offer somewhat fimited opportunity for collecting. Nor should the Scotland district with its dense tropical vegetation and THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 175 its rock ledges and bluffs be omitted; nor Calais and other sandy beaches; nor the cliffs and upland flats near Speightstown—each somewhat different in its aspect from the other, and lending some variety to the scenery as well as to the day's catch. The Arachnids are extremely well represented on Barbados, and vary in size from spiders with an extent of from four to five inches to the minute Tetranychus. The Barbados tarantula, a tailless whip scorpion, is among the most interesting of the group, and is commonly found under the moist bark of decaying trees. -Myriapods are very common. A black Julid with transverse markings of green and averaging from four to four and one-half centimeters in length is most abundant. On one occasion a sort of migratory movement of these Arthropods was observed. Hundreds of them were crossing the dazzling white coral road in moving from one cane field to another, and alJ seemed to be going inthe same direction. A small Polydesmid is very common under rocks along the bases of the terraces. Scolopendrids are abundant under sticks and stones in damp places and under the dried leaves of sugar cane, with which some of the fields are covered. These Centipedes are known locally as ‘“‘forty-legs,’’ and the natives have a great fear of them. The popular belief is that a bite from one of them will cause a ‘‘fever’’ in the victim. The specimens are commonly from three to six inches in length, very active and difficult to handle, and it requires consider- able dexterity to transfer one safely to the killing bottle without being bitten, Many years ago the Mongoose (Herpestes) was imported into Barbados for the purpose of destroying the rats. It is now fairly common all over the island. While it, no doubt, has been responsible for some diminution in the number of rats the experiment has not been a success, for in addition to its destruction of birds of various kinds, particulariy the Ground doves (Columbi- gallina), the blood-thirsty animal has killed off a great many lizards and centi- pedes, which are enemies of insects. As a resuit destructive insects have be- come more abundant on the island since the introduction of this animal, which is now much despised by the natives. Of the Hexapoda only the more conspicuous will be mentioned here. On account of the scarcity of suitable breeding places the order Odonata is not - well represented. The vicinity of Indian and Bird Rivers and the large swamp in the suburbs of Bridgetown offer limited opportunity for larval development. The common pond fly (Erythrodiplax umbrata) and the red pond fly (Tramea abdominalis) are probably the most abundant. Four or five other representa- tives of the order occur here also. The order Orthoptera is represented by a goodly number of species. Ear- wigs (Forficula) are common in rocky places in the vicinity of cane fields, and in leaf sheaths and stems of old canes. Cockroaches are abundant in cane fields and houses; a half dozen species are found on the island. One of the most common, and at the same time conspicuous representatives of the group is the large, yellowish, short-horned grasshopper (Schistocerca pallens), which is found commonly on the flats grown up in sour grass. The insect is very difficult to capture on account of its rapid flight and its habit, when closely pursued, of crawling some distance in the short grass before again taking flight, and then 176 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST of springing up suddenly in an unexpected quarter and flying off again. Many miles were traversed in pursuit of these elusive insects. Another common Acridiid is Orphulella balloui, which also frequents grass lands. Conocephalids and Gryllids are not abundant. The Hemiptera is the best represented of any of the orders, both in actual abundance and in number of species. Of the aquatic forms the water strider Gerris marginata is by far the most abundant, and is found in all the permanent fresh-water streams and ponds of any size. Of the other Heteroptera the family Pentatomidz is well represented, about twelve species having been coljected. The two most common species are the green bug (Negara viridula) and the brown bug, known locally as the ‘‘pea chink’’ (Edessa meditabunda). This latter form is one of the most abundant plant feeding Heteroptera on the island. Two other Pentatomids, Piezodorus guildinii and Arvelius albopunctatus are also worthy of mention, the former being much the commoner of the two. The cotton stainers (Dysdercus spp.) have not yet made their appearance on Barbados although they are present in all the other islands of the West Indian group. Of the Homoptera there are several kinds of scale insects; Cicadellids and Membracids are common on vegetation in moist or partly-shaded places; a few Fulgorids are found in the wooded Scotland district. Beetles are well represented on Barbados, and a number of them are of considerable economic importance. Perhaps the most conspicuous species in this connection is the Scarabzeid beetle, locally called the ‘“‘brown hardback” (Phytalus smithi), the larve of which injure the roots of sugar cane, citrus trees, palms and bananas. Effort is being made by the Colonial Department of Agriculture to control the pest by offering prizes to schools and schoolmasters for the greatest number of the insects brought in to the entomologist’s office. In addition, a “bounty” of 2d. per four hundred is paid. The writer saw in a glass laboratory jar in Mr. Bovell’s office 27,200 live specimens of this beetle which had been collected for the bounty offered. In 1916 the collection of adults on one estate amounted to 589,680. A small Hymenopteron, T7phia parallela, is parasitic on the beetle, but the parasite is not sufficiently abundant to hold the pest in check. A single tiger-beetle (Cicindela suturalis var. hebrea) is found upon the island, and at only one place, Calais beach, southeast of Bridgetown. A long stretch of sand affords a typical habitat for this beautiful white form. Of the aquatic beetles the Dytiscide are most abundant, though in the larger pools and streams the large black Hydrophilid, H. ater, is not uncom- mon. Among the Coccinellids, in addition to the common spotted ladybird (M. maculata) the red ladybird (Coccinella sanguinea) is also found, and is even more common than the former. Strangely enough carrion beetles are not found upon Barbados, and but one species of short-winged scavenger beetle was collected. Once, upon coming across the decaying remains of a mongoose the carcass was examined carefully for insects, but the net result was a single fly puparium. Two other beetles should receive special mention on account of their abundance. The fine black Tenebrionid Hopatrinus gemellatus is found everywhere under small stones along the bases of the terraces, and the Chryso- melid Homopherta aequinoctinalis is abundant on the common weeds and grasses. _ Of the weevils the beautiful gray and black striped Curculionid Diaprepes THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 177 abbreviatus is one of the most common and, at the same time, destructive. The larve are very injurious to sugar cane, boring into the cane bases and some- times completely severing them. This insect is found throughout the West Indies. Of the Rhopalocera there are not many examples on the island, but among them are two of our well-known forms, the monarch butterfly (Anosia plexippus) and the painted lady (Vanessa cardut) both of which are fairly common. The three other common species are Catopsilia eubule, Dione vanille and Junonia genevera. Moths are moderately common, the Sphingids and Noctuids being best represented. Some of these are present in sufficient numbers to cause con- siderable damage in the larval state. Among these are the tobacco worm (Protoparce sexta and P. cingulata), whiie the familiar cotton worm (Alabama argillacea), corn ear worm (Laphygma frugiperda) and the boll worm (Helzothis obsoleta), as well as various species of ‘““cutworms”’ (Prodenia spp., etc.), come in for their share of attention from the plantation owners. Perhaps the most common moth on the island is the pretty Arctiid Utetheisa ornatrix, which is particularly abundant on the high grassy flats and in open places in palm groves. The order Diptera is well represented, and some of its more notorious menibers are fairly common. Both the filaria mosquito (Culex fatigans) and the yellow fever mosquito (Stegomyia fasciata) are present, the former being the more abundant. Practically all the houses of the white people and the better class of negroes are furnished with mosquito nets over the beds, although neither the doors nor the windows are screened against these or other insects. Numerous cases of the deformity known as elzphantiasis or Barbados leg are to be seen among the natives, who sometimes adopt curious methods in an attempt to hide their affliction from the public. Since there is a goodly numbe- of brightly coloured flowering trees and plants on Barbados one naturally expects to find a large and varied hymen- opterous fauna. However, he is somewhat disappointed, for the paucity of flower-visiting forms is very striking. One of the most conspicuous bees is the large bluish-black carpenter bee (Xylocopa aeneipennis), which builds its nest in old posts and decayed branches of trees. A still larger and reddish-brown form (Xylocopa fimbriata) is also quite common. Both are excellent flyers for such heavy bodied insects. Of course, the honey bee (Apis mellifera) is also found in some numbers, although it is not so common as with us. Of the wasps (Vespidze) the ‘‘Jack spaniard”’ (Polistes annularis) is very common and builds its paper nests on the sides of the rocky terraces. The cow bee (Polistes bellicosus, is found less commonly but in similar situations. The family Formicide is represented by considerably the largest number of species. Aside from the strictly entomological aspect and from the facts already mentioned, two or three items of particular interest stand out in the writer’s mind as worthy of special note. Seldom is it that a tropical country is entirely free from snakes but, so far as is known, none now occur on the island of Barbados and but one small worm-like form (Typhlops sp.) has been able to survive the mongoose and other enemies on Antigua. Lizards are, however, extremely abundant on the trees and among the rocks and, of course, form an important natural check to the increase of noxious insects. 178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST As the collector proceeds along his hot and dusty way he suddenly comes upon one of the dazzling white coral roads. Following this for a short distance a large iron hydrant comes into view, and soon refreshing water is to be had. These hydrants, similar in size and shape to the fire hydrants in our cities, are found along the main highways at intervals of from a mile to two miles, and are practically the only means the natives have of obtaining water which is stored in reservoirs far inland and piped to all portions of the island, except the rough Scotland district. Quite a different situation pre ‘ails in Antigua, where prac- tically ail the drinking water is collected in great catch basins and the natives in the rural districts must carry it to their homes, sometimes a considerable distance away. (To be continued.) THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE GOLDENROD LEAF-BUG, STRONG YLOCORIS STYGICA SAY (MIRIDA, HETEROP). BY MORTIMER D. ILEONARD, ITHACA, N.Y During the latter part of May and the first of June, in ‘lip vicinity of Honeoy e Falls, N.Y., the nymphs of a black leaf-bug are found in great abundance in patches of goldenrod, where they subsist on the leaves of this plant. Little is known concerning the |jfe-history or the seasonal history of this insect. In 1916 on June 5, nymphs of all stages were found in a large patch of goldenrod. Those of the second stage, however, predominated, and only a few individuals in the fourth and fifth stages were present. Second and third stage nymphs were noticed as early as June 1, feeding on the tender leaves of the terminal shoots. By July 5, fifth stage nymphs predominated. Following is a description of the several stages which the insect passes through in the course of its development. To Mr. H. H. Knight I am indebted for the determination of the species. The drawings were made from living material by the writer. Egg (Fig. 1). The eggs of this species have not been found, but they are undoubtedly inserted into the more succulent portions of the goldenrod stems during late June and July, where they remain over winter and hatch the following May. On June 25, 1915, females, apparently swollen with eggs, were common. On opening the abdomen of some of these eggs, which were undoubtedly mature, were found. The description of such an egg is as follows: length 1 mm.; greatest width .27 mm.; pale yellowish or translucent, shining, stat and slightly curved; somewhat compressed, and with a prominent cap which is narrowly elliptical when viewed from the top. Stage I (Fig. 2). Length .93-.97 mm.; width of head including eyes .33 mm. General colour yellowish; head and ee slightly tinged with orange or pale brownish; each of the thoracic segments with a pair of darker spots. These spots are usually faint, but vary somewhat in intensity with the individual and as to whether it is newly hatched or nearly ready to molt. Eyes reddish. Antennz tinged with dusky; tip of first three segments often somewhat paler. Tarsi tinged with dusky. Caudal border of meso- and metathorax slightly curved backward. Stage II (Fig. 3). Length 1.3 mm., greatest width (across abdomen) .6 mm. Head and prothorax blackish; the hind angles of the mesothorax and August, 1919 CAN. ENT., VOL. LI. PLATE XIV. STRONGYLOCORIS STYGICA SAY (MIRID©, HETEROP). 180 . THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST — the lateral border of the metathorax yellowish brown; a brownish yellow median line on the thorax meets a V-shaped line of the same colour on the head between the eyes. Abdomen yellowish brown with a series of darker median transverse spots in the centre of each segment, becoming successively smaller toward the caudal end; abdominal spiracles indicated by a series of small dark dots. Eyes dark reddish. Antenne brownish yellow, tip of first three segments somewhat lighter. Legs concolorous with antenne; femora, except tip, and tarsi darker. Caudal margin of meso- and metathorax either straight or curved slightly forward. Stage III (Fig. 4). Length 1.6 mm., greatest width (across mesothorax) ‘7mm. Head and thorax shining black; inner margin of eyes narrowly yellowish; a narrow, yellowish median line on thorax, which, as in the preceding stage meets a V-shaped line of the same colour on the head between the eyes. In the darker specimens this is sometimes but faintly indicated on the thorax. Abdomen dark reddish, marked as in preceding stage, except that in the darker specimens the median spots entirely overlie the ground colour. Eyes dark reddish. Antenne pale brownish; tip of first three segments lighter. Legs dark brownish or dusky; tip of femora lighter; tarsi somewhat darker. Wing- pads becoming apparent. Stage IV (Fig. 5). Length 1.8 mm., greatest width (across wing-pads) about | mm. Head and thorax black, somewhat shining and finely punctate. The narrow median line on thorax and V-shaped line on head in this stage are reddish. Inner.border of eyes narrowly reddish. Abdomen very dark reddish brown; posterior border of segments narrowly reddish. Eyes blackish. Antenne grayish brown; extreme tip of first two segments lighter. Legs con- colorous with antenne; extreme tip of tibiae ighter; tarsi darker; coxe and trochanters pale translucent yellowish. Wing-pads reach nearly to fourth abdominal segment. Venter reddish brown. Beak brownish yellow; tip and base blackish. Stage V (Fig. 6). Length 3.1 mm., greatest width (across wing-pads)-1.8 mm. Much the same as the preceding stage. There is, however, no median line on the thorax or V-shaped line on the head, and the antenne are some- what darker than in the preceding stage. The femora, except the tip, and the basal half and tip of the tibiz are dark brownish. The wing-pads now reach nearly to the fifth abdominal segment. Adult Fig. 7). Length 5 mm. Shining black; membrane dark brownish. Eyes dark brown. Leg markings somewhat variable but in general femora are blackish, tip brownish yellow; base and usually tip of tibiz blackish; some- times only base of front tibiz black, and more or less all of middle and hind tibiz black. Tarsi often entirely blackish, or with two basal segments some- what paler. Beak more or less brownish. Venter shining black, nonpunctate, and in certain lights finely clothed with short golden hairs. With the exception of the genetalia there is no apparent difference in the sexes. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. Fig. la, “Bee. Fig. 4. Third stage nymph. Fig. 2. First stage nymph. Fig. 5. Fourth stage nymph. Fig. 3. Second stage nymph. Fig. 6. Fifth stage nymph. Fig. 7. Adult. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 181 —_— NOTES ON THYSANOPTERA FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA. BY R. C. TREHERNE, FIELD OFFICER, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH DOMINION DE- PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, The following notes are submitted herewith to augment our knowledge of Western Thysanoptera, a group which appears to have been sadly neglected by Canadian entomologists. Orothrips kelloggii yosemitii Mouiton. (Plate XV, Figs. 1-3.) A single female of this variety was taken on Mt. McLean at Lillooet, B.C., at an altitude of about 6,000 feet, off Amelanchier, on July 25, 1917. I have ‘been unable to compare this single female with specimens of kelloggii or of its variety yosemitit. From the description, however, given by Moulton (1), the the shape of the sense areas on antennal segments 3 and 4, together with the relative lengths and colours of the antennal joints, clearly place the specimen from Lillooet as belonging to the variety vosemitii. There are, however, certain structural features in the specimen before me which differ from the short de- scription given by Moulton. Antenne.—The measurements of the antennal segments compare with the description with the exception of segment 4, which compares with segment 3 in length as 74 to 99y, instead of as 96 to 99y. The constriction in segment 3 is not very apparent, and the base of segment 3 is white or at least lighter in colour than the apical portion of segment 2, which is yellow. Sense areas are present on the apical portions of segments 3, 4, 5 and 6; those on seg- ments 3 and 4 ovoid; those on segments 5 and 6 circular, with a simple trans- parent sense-cone protruding from each. There also appear to be two ovoid sense areas, beside each other, on segment 3, and the same on segment 4. Mouth Cone.—Maxiilary palpi 7-segmented, the basal joint large and as Jong as the remaining six segments; labial palpi 4-segmented.(2) * Colour.—The colour is brown; head and prothorax darker than the re- mainder of the body, which is shaded with orange. It may be seen, therefore, that despite the smail variations noted, the species from Lillooet belongs to the variety yosemitii. Being so, it is interesting, as this record greatly extends the distribution of this insect, which so far has only been recorded from the Yosemite VajJley, California. £olothrips fasciatus Linn. (Plate XV, fig. 4.) I find in my collection two male specimens of this ‘species; one taken off Lithospermum pilosum from Kelowna, B.C., on May 16, 1917; and the other off the bloom of the cultivated dahlia from Agassiz, B.C., on July 14, 1914. The latter specimen was taken in association with females of the same species and with many adults of Frankliniella tritict. In the literature at my disposal I have been unable to find any reference to males of . fasciatus. For that reason I submit herewith the following description with the respective measure- ments of the two specimens before me. ZE, fasciatus, 2 males (A and B). Head, length .14 mm. and .14 mm., width .17 mm. and .18 mm.; prothorax, length .15 mm. and .15 mm., width across centre .18 mm. and .20 mm.; meso- *Moulton (2) gives labial palpi 4—segmented in the key, but on pp. 45-46 gives 5—seg- mented in the description of the genus and species. August, 1919 182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST and metathorax length over dorsal plates .26 mm. aad .22 mm., width across _ metathorax .28 mm. and .26 mm.; abdomen, Jength .84 mm. and .82 mm., width across male appendage on 9th segment .21 mm. and .21 mm.; total length of body 1.39 mm. and 1.33 mm.; antennal length .46 mm. and .37 mm.; length of segments: 1 9 3 4 5 B20 1 eee ee a5 Vulpes’ ion er 70 pee ene onan 22 3243 78. oF ee OE ke Gh Colour, uniformly light brown, first few abdominal segments slightly lighter in colour, though blending with remainder of body; male appendage of same colour as the head, intersegmental and body pigment carmine. Antennal joint 1, concolorous with head; 2 brown shading to light brown at tip; 3 light brown at base, brown in upper half with a circle of darker brown at tip; remaining segments 4-9 brown. Legs brown concolorous with head with the exception of upper half of fore-tibie and fore-tarsi, which are light brown. Fore-wings banded with two brown between three white areas. Females have been taken on a variety of plants of which may be mentioned Elymus condensatus, clover, crategus, cherry, Prunus demissa and Amelanchier at various times during May, June and July 1914-1918 at Victoria, Lillooet, Agassiz, Vernon and Kelowna. The distribution of this species in the Province of British Columbia must, therefore, be widespread, inasmuch as it has been taken in localities varying from the humid to the arid. During the summer of 1918 females of this species were observed to be in association with the Onion Thrips (7°. tabaci, upon which it is doubtless predacious, on onion foliage at Kelowna, B.C. Williams (8) records this species,as predacious on the pea thrips (Kakothrips pisivora West) in Europe, but also notes that it feeds on pollen and plant juices (4). Eolothrips annectans Hood (5). (Plates XV, fig. 5, and Plate XVI, fig. 1.) This species apparently occurs commonly in British Columbia. It has been taken on several occasions during May, June and July in the past three years at points in the Okanagan Valley, and in the vicinity of Victoria on Van- couver Island. It has been taken also on a variety of plants, among which may be mentioned, Acer glabrum, Ribes viscosissimum, Sambucus racemosa, Ilex europeus, apple, alder, Lithospermum pilosum, Amelanchier florida, and in sweeping through general vegetation. . Possibly the most notable record of its presence in numbers was observed in Kelowna, B.C., during early July (1918) in commercial onion plantations, where many specimens were seen associated with and doubtless predacious upon the onion thrips (7. tabacz). Mr. J. D. oe to whom some British Columbia specimens were submitted, agreed that my “determination was correct, though a remarkable addition to its known distribution,” (April, 1918). According to my information this species thus far has only been recorded from Maryland, Virginia and New York State, | Shas el, Sela (i Eleven specimens before me clearly agree with the account given by Hood (5). The presence of slight transverse striations across the occiput constitutes il it i PLATE XV, CAN. ENT., VOL. LI. WS eS BRITISH COLUMBIA THYSANOPTERA. 184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST eee the only main difference from the published description. The fore-wings are shaded as described, but in addition have their extreme basal portions, (scale ° and fore-wing), shaded brown-gray. The measurements of the British Columbia specimens may be briefly given as follows: Head, length .15 mm., width across occiput .19 mm.; prothorax, length .15 mm., width at centre .22 mm.; total length of body, 1.7 mm—1.8 mm.; fore- wing, length .94 mm.—1.01 mm.; antenne, length .40 mm.—.42 mm.; antennal segments, length: 3 Segmentsncawiecsa sean 1 2 3 4 5 6-9 |S Si ca a ae Ze aN RSF 30 52 105-122 87-96 70 52 In addition, the following notes are added to the description already given by Hood: Fore-wings.—Cross-veins present: two cross-veins connecting anterior ring vein to first longitudinal vein, one connecting the two longitudinal veins, one and (apparently) sometimes two connecting second longitudinal vein to posterior margin of wing; spines on anterior margin of ring vein 37-41, on first or anterior longitudinal vein 13-16 (arranged 6-8 brown, 2-3 white, 4-6 brown), on second or posterior longitudinal vein 19-21 (arranged 1 white, 18-20 brown); on scale 5—6 on anterior margin and one central. The two wings of the same specimen often vary in the matter of alar spines. Maxillary palpi.—3-segmented, geniculate, basa: joint twice as broad and nearly twice as long as the middle joint, apical small; labial palpi 4-segmented, basal joint as long as the remainder. /Eolothrips auricestus, new species. (Plate XV, figs. 6, 7, and plate XVI, fig. 2.) I am indebted to Mr. J. D. Hood, of the United States Biological Survey, for confirming my beljef, that this species has not been previously described. Measurements.—Head, Jength .18 mm., width across occiput .21 mm.; prothorax, length .18 mm., width .22 mm.; mesothorax, length .24 mm., width .89 mm.; abdomen, length 1.48 mm. Total length of body about 2.08 mm.; antenne, total length .44 mm.; antennal lengths: Deementin se A ek 2 3 4 5 6-9 benigthecasn shri. 30 61 113-122 87-91 70 70 Colour.—Brown; head slightly darker brown than other parts of the body; antennal segment 1, brown; 2, brown at base (at times light brown at base) shading to white at tip; 38, creamy-white with a circle of brown at tip; 4, pale- brown at base shading to brown at tip; remaining segments similar to segment 1. Legs brown, fore-legs lighter; fore-tibize and tarsi light-brown; abdomen segments 2-6 golden-yellow, last four segments brown, segment 1 light brown shading to yellow on posterior half. Fore-wings banded, with two brown areas between three clear white ones, each area of about equal width. Hind wings banded, similar to the fore-wings, but the bands of brown are pale and indistinct. Scale shaded brown at base. Head.—Slightly wider than long, about equal in length to the prothorax, slight transverse striations across occiput, covered with numerous smaall spines; > ht itil PrATE Savi. GANS ENT., VOLO EL a ! VUALdONVSAHL VIANNIOD c ~