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VOL. XLI, No. 1 JANUARY, 1927

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eo LON AWSIALI ALISTS' CLUB
ISSUED FEBRUARY 22, 1927

Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as second-class matter

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB

Patrons: 3
THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND VISCOUNTESS WILLINGDON

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Ch One President: NORMAN CRIDDLE
1st Vice-President: E. M. KINDLE _ 2nd Vice-President: CLYDE L. PATCH.

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Secretary: _ Hon. Treasurer:
J. F. WRIGHT, - B.A. FAUVEL,
Victoria Memorial Museum - $21 McLeod St.,
Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa, Ont.

Additional Members of Council: W.T. Macoun; Miss M. E. Cowan; C. M.StTerneperc; H. I. SMITH.
P. A. TAVERNER: W. J. WINTEMBERG: R. E. DeELURY: ARTHUR GIBSON; M. O. MALTE;
H. Grou; Miss F. Fytes; C. B. Hutcuines; Ciype L. PatcH; H.M. Ami; _ D. JENNESS;
H. F. Lewis; Hoyes Luoyp; Frits JOHANSEN; ANDREW HALKETT; C. E. JOHNSON; E. EH. PRINCE;
G.R.Wuite; E.G. Wuite; G.A.MAcDonaALp; A. G. Kineston; G. A. MILLER; MARK G.
McELHINNEY; V. W. JACKSON; R. O. MERRIMAN; W. N. Keiy; C. H. SNELL; J. R. MCLEOD;
JOHN DaAvipson; L. McI. TERRILL; R. MEREDITH; FRANCIS KERMODE; R.B. THOMSON.

Hditor:

G. A. MILLER,
Normal School, Ottawa.

Associate Editors: ta
IDGVENNESS jvictne cack Soni Ae ie Anthropology A. G. HUNTSMAN............Marine Biology

INE FO eIVEATARE oti, is aus ear earatin moma Botany PAU TAVERNEIRE cacine | ta scmu ee Ornithology

Bo Re GATCHRORDGE Saw nee Conchology : Ee VE ISIN DIE ee ncen ee ats Palaeontology

We WAM COCK As onesie eens ....Geology R. M. ANDERSON...... PR oe ae Mammalogy.

ARTHUR, GIBSON (ois Gros icceelee ss Entomology CLYDECL PATCH cs). i cate ss a Herpetology
CONTENTS

PAGE

The Genus Amesia in North America. By Henry Mousley............0..0 0.000 c ee ee eee ene
Fall Bird Notes from the Eastern Shore of Lake Superior. By Wm. G. Fargo and Josselyn Van 1
Tyne, Ann Arbor, Mich............. SPE eT PENS So cc) aig ar Nea acer a 7

Christmas Bird: Census;:Retumns, 1926205 osc. a at hcece ihe a kceia es cata ps oie oe ae eee oh
Report of Council, 1926, Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club................. 0.0 e eee eee “ 15
Report of Annual Meeting.............. SEC at eo OMAN SMR NOUR AUN ad Ce Coats 16
Statement o A Financial Standing of the Ottawa Field-Naturalsits’ Club at the close of the Year :
gS PAS oo2) Ne tea nO nine eae PEON A Lele noah WMO ReRe ee OR MCMC AT Uy Ona Sy 3 28 7
Statement Reserve Mund: Committee: sae es Ee nia one sre i ee even PS 17
Notes and Observations: —
“Freak” Ivory Gull (Pagophlia alba). By B. W. Cartwright.................-.... SRG teas 17
Bird Banding inet798:° By RW Lubtgn 0 Ge es eee ses eee eee eae AG
; A. COrrechlon: oie oe ee ee eee SNe PA yA Ee sna A card, oboe) 4 GGsA ace ‘18
Book Reviews:
New Physical.Geography: - (Bry: WN Fre eee ere eaten ar SNE a 18
Frere Marie-Vaictorin. By MEO Si ears ie Bae eens Ons See Costa ote) see sede ea tee 18
Frere Marie-Viactorins Bye Mae Mi on ihe) ne eee aay eae seer ena yates) ager el anes eee piesa 19
Brere Marie- Victerin 1} @ BY Vl O uM oa aya aks Sra te alae a ei Pe) eee a, 20
Report of the Game Commissioner for the Province of Saskatchewan. By N.C........... 20
The Romance of Fossil Hunting: “By Wis MaKe ae oe Ws oars oan sec ecest ape inet ol ofan nto ae 21

# The official publications of THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB have been issued
# since 1879. The first was The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, 1879-1886,
#: two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these i
# have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist i
# is issued monthly, except for the months of June, July, and August. Its scope is the publication
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VOL. XLI

OTTAWA, ONTARIO, JANUARY, 1927

No. 1

THE Genus Amesia IN NORTH AMERICA
By HENRY MOUSLEY

OSSIBLY, a few words of explanation are
necessary regarding my use of the generic
eaves! name Amesia for this group of orchids,
eee in place of that of Serapias of Gray’s
“New Manual of Botany,’ 7th edition. In Europe
the more generally accepted name for the genus

has been E’pipactis, but since A. A. Eaton pointed.

out in the Proceedings of the Biological Society
of Washington, XXI, 63 (1908), that Hpipaciis
(Haller) Boehmer was published earlier than
Epipactis Adanson, and should be used to replace
Goodyera R. Brown; A. Nelson and J. F. Macbride
in the Bot. Gaz. lvi, 472 (1913), proposed the
name Amesia to replace Hpipactis Adanson,
which suggestion has been adopted by Prof.
Oakes Ames in his latest book, “An Enumeration
of the Orchids of the United States and Canada”,
1924. Practically everyone admits, I think, that
Epipactis must be used for Goodyera, and Serapias
for a genus distinct from Helleborine, but there are
eminent botanists who are by no means agreed
that the new generic name Amesia is necessary,
maintaining that Helleborine Hill—which Druce
pointed out was the one available, and which he
adopted when revising “Hayward’s Botanist’s
Pocket Book,” 17th ed., 1922—should be adopted
in place of E’pipactis, which would seem to meet
the case admirably, especially, as the group in
- question is largely European, and has been uni-
versally known there under the generic names
Serapias, E'pipactis or Helleborine.

Nelson and Macbride, however, maintain that
Helleborine Hill, has no status, because it had no
binomial species. Nevertheless, it may be ques-
tionable whether in the International Rules any
justification exists for throwing out Hill’s, or any
similarly published generic names, the generic
characters having been definitely stated. The
solution of the whole difficulty seems to rest en-
tirely with the followers of the International
Rules, to come to some agreement as to the exact
method of determining the application of the gen-
eric names of the Linnean period, seeing that
different generic elements were included. Until
this is done, and for the sake of uniformity, I am
following the works that have been, or are about
to be published—one in China apparently—the

Authors of which have adopted Amesia as the
new generic name for this group of orchids, which
order of things, nevertheless, is liable to be over-
thrown at any moment, according to the vagaries
of the game. It would seem to me, that much of
the present trouble in nomenclatural matters, not
only in Botany, but in all the other Natural
Sciences, could have been avoided, if, in the first
instance, it had been agreed that generic, or
specific names, which had been in use for say,
twenty-five years, or perhaps longer, and had
become generally known and adopted, should have
been allowed to stand, notwithstanding the fact
that at any future time they may have been found
to have been ante-dated.

However, reverting to the already mentioned
work of Prof. Oakes Ames, I find the genus
Amesia is represented in North America by two
species only, Amesia gigantea Douglas (=Epi-
pactis gigantea Douglas ex Hooker), and Amesia
latifolia Hudson (=Serapias Helleborine L., =
Epipactis latifolia All.), the former being a western
species with which I am not acquainted, the latter,
an eastern one, whose range, however, is limited
to a few localities in the States of New York, and
Pennsylvania in the United States, and the
Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, in Canada. It
is at Montreal, in the first named Province, that
I have been studying the latifolian group of the
genus, with the result that for the present, it. is
proposed to add one new species to our North
American list, as well as three forms of A. lait-
folia, one of which, so far as I am aware, has not
hitherto been described.

In order to thoroughly realize the difficulties
and problems involved in the study of this critical
and at the same time, most unfortunate group,
every member of which is snowed under with
synonyms, one should consult the various papers
on the subject in the “Journal of Botany”, by
Colonel M. J. Godfery, and the Drs. T. and T. A.
Stephenson, who during the past few years have —
made this group their especial study in Great
Britain, with the result, that according to the
latest (1925) book on British Orchids, by Mr.
C. B. Tahourdin, five good species—with vars.
dunensis and vectensis of leptochila—appear to be

2 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

recognized, viz.: Epipactis palustris Crantz, E.
leptochila Godfery, E. purpurata Sm., EL. latifolia
All., and E. rubiginosa Crantz. After the perusal
of the above papers, it seemed possible, that in
addition to EZ. latifolia—which we already have—
any of the four remaining species might be found
in North America, with the exception of the first
named, which is very distinctive, and cannot be
mixed up with £. latifolia at all, and if occurring
here, would have been detected long ago. As
regards LE. leptochila Godf., it is to be hoped that
the creation of this new species will now do away
with all the uncertainty and confusion hitherto
surrounding the Continental EL. viridiflora Reichb.,
which Col. Godfery, “Journal of Botany’’, Vol.
LXIV, 1926, pp. 65-68, now clearly shows, is
merely a variety of EH. latifolia, and like it, is
cross-pollinated by insects, whereas, LH. leptochila,
together with EH. dunensis—one of the vars. of
leptochila recently raised to the rank of a species
by Col. Godfery, see above paper—are self-
fertilized, the organs of reproduction being entirely
different to those of viridiflora.

So far as my investigations have gone, neither
leptochila nor dunensis occur here, and possibly
not at all in North America, all the plants I have
examined—and that is some thousands—having
the large round prominent rostellum, with the
stigma well pushed forward, making self-fertiliza-
tion almost impossible, whereas, in leptochila and
dunensis, the rostellum is rudimentary, with the
stigma lying behind the pollen-masses, allowing
them to slide down bodily from the anther cells
over the sloping upper edge of the stigma, and
fertilize it, see Plate No. 576 of the aforementioned
paper.

Concerning the third species, H. purpurata, it
seems doubtful at present, whether we have it or
not, at all events, at Montreal, although at first,
I was under the impression that some of my plants
might belong here, from the fact of their having
in some cases fifteen or more flowering stems to a
root—a characteristic of purpurata—although the
leaves were larger than they should have been for
typical purpurata, which are smaller and narrower
than those of latifolia, However, from photo-
graphs since kindly sent me by Col. Godfery,
showing the very characteristic root-system of
purpurata, a knotted rhizome, and the absence of
a violet tint on the upper sides of the leaves of
my. plants—another characteristic of purpurata—
and from the fact that I have since learnt of
latifolia sometimes having many flowering stems
to a root, I have come to the conclusion that my
plants merely represent a form of latifolia, which
is given to growing in clumps in a particular area
—as I do not find it to be of general occurrence—

[Vou. XLI

where soil conditions may have something to do
with the matter, a subject which I hope to further
investigate another year.

Of the two remaining species of this group, the
first named, Epipactis latifolia All. (=Serapias
Helleborine L.), is the one, and only species, that
has so far been recognized as occurring in North
America, whilst the second, Epipactis rubiginosa
Crantz (=E. atropurpurea Raf., =E. ovalis Bab.,
=H. atrorubens Sch.), is the one, that it is pro-
posed to add to our list of native orchids, and to
discuss now, leaving latifolia until the last.

Amesia_ rubiginosa (Crantz) Mousley,
comb. nov.

AMESIA (EPIPACTIS) RUBIGINOSA CRANTZ.
Mt. Royal, Montreal, Que.
July 18th, 1925.

Epipactis rubiginosa Crantz., Stirp. Austr. VI,
467, (1769).

The addition of this species to the North
American list, rests upon the three plants seen in

January, 1927]

Continent of Europe.

Plate No. 1, all of which I found growing on

limestone on Mt. Royal, Montreal, on July 18, .

1925, and which seemed to answer the descrip-
tions given of the species in England and on the
In order, however, to
make doubly sure, I submitted them in the
following October to the Drs. Stephenson and
Col. Godfery—who as previously mentioned,

_have made this group their especial study for

several years past—all of whom confirmed my
determination. :

The chief characteristics of the species consist
mainly in its small size, distichous leaves, closely
clasping the stem, the dark purple suffusion at the

_ base of the latter, as well as on the back of the

whilst Correvon in his

small lower leaves, the smallness of the bract
leaves and flowers, coupled with the deep red
colour of the latter, suffused with brown and
greenish at their tips, upper part of stem, pedicels,
and ovaries, densely glandular, early date of
flowering, and last, but by no means least, in my
opinion, the nature and development of the root
system, a horizontal rhizome, with more wiry
roots than those of latifolia.

Irmisch, in Plate No. 4, of his “‘Beitrige zur
Biologie und Morphologie der Orchideen”, Leip-
zig, 1853, figures the root-system beautifully,
“Album des Orchidées
d’EKurope”, 2nd Ed. 1928, has an excellent coloured
plate of the plant, describing the roots as in fas-
cicles, about a horizontal or drooping rootstock,
which entirely agrees with my examples, all of
which happen to have the horizontal root-system
as depicted by Irmisch. The average height of
these three specimens is 34.5 em., the average
length of the racemes 11 cm., the number of
flowers 15, and leaves—including rudimentary ones
—11, the latter distichous as seen in the plate, and
clasping the stem, the lower ones being very small
and deeply suffused with purple, as was the base
of the stem, the upper part of which, together
with the pedicels and ovaries, being densely
glandular. The bract leaves were light green,
and very small, this latter remark applying also
to the flowers, which were deep red in colour,
with a suffusion of pale brownish green at their
tips, epichiles broad, with rugose lip-bosses,
whilst at the date of discovery, July 18, they were
the only ones out, latifolia not blooming until
about a week later. As compared with A. lati-
folia, this species is very scarce, and this seems to

_ be the case in England, where it is classed as a

rarity, being found very locally in a few limestone
districts only, where it flowers about mid-July,
the height being given as from 6-18 inches, with
a possibility of its attaining 2 feet. My tallest
example is 17 inches, or 43 cm., but this is excep-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 3

tional, I think, as the few others I found, were
much smaller. On the Continent of Europe, the
height given by Correvon is from 20-30 em.

Irmisch, speaking of the underground develop-
ment says, ““The primordial axis is sometimes long,
sometimes short, sometimes slender, sometimes
thick, sometimes rather curved, sometimes less
so. From it, and particularly from its anterior
end, one to three adventitious roots break forth,
which, like the axis itself, soon become covered
with papille. The first scale is very diminutive
but a dorsal and ventral side may nevertheless
be distinguished. The next scales, which are
similar in shape to the first one, are separated
from each other by short internodes, and have
small buds in their axis. The bud producing
internodes form an addition to the primordial
ground-axis, and develop roots. This is repeated
for several, often a great many years, until
finally the plant comes into bloom. At least in
nature, it takes normally quite a number of years
to reach that stage. The primordial axis was
still found on plants which already had produced
the third stem. The number of the green leaves
of the third year’s stem was often three or four;
the stems being almost as long as a finger. I
have so far not observed the primordial axis of
plants in bloom.”

For easy reference, we may briefly sum up the
foregoing as follows, viz.:

Amesia rubiginosa (Crantz) Mousley, comb.
nov.—Plant short, horizontal rhizome, funnel
shaped sheaths, distichous leaves, short bracts
pubescent ovaries, small flowers dark red.—
Quebec: Montreal, July 18, 1925, Mousley (two
specimens in National Herbarium, Ottawa, No.
116,714) also Montreal, July 18, 1925, one speci.
men in Herbarium of Bro. Victorin, No. 22,019.

Owing to the apparent scarcity of rubiginosa,
too much intensive work seemed inadvisable this
year, so I devoted my energies —-where no harm
could be done—to the last of the group, Amesia
latifolia (All.) Nels. and McBride (=Epipactis
latifolia All.=Serapias Helleborine L.) the Broad-
leaved Epipactis or Helleborine or, as I have once
seen it called, Bastard Helleborine—of which no
intensive work has so far been accomplished, or

_at all events published in North America, that I

am aware of, although in, “The Orchid Review”
for Jan., 1925, there appeared a short note
recording my experience with it in the fall of 1924.

It is probably the best known, as well as the
most plentiful member of the group, the root-
system, as can be seen in Figure No. 1, Plate No.
2, consisting of a number of tuberous roots, all
proceeding from the base of the flowering stem,
and at the same level. I have chosen this parti-

4 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Figure No. 1—ROOT OF AMESIA (EPIPACTIS) LATIFOLIA.
3—FLOWER OF ABOVE (Very Late Date.)
5p », 2—LIPS OF AMESIA LATIFOLIA

29 29

cular plant for three reasons. Firstly, because the
flowers, as can be seen in Figure No. 3, were just
coming into bloom at the abnormally late date of
October 5, 1925, whereas all the others were over
by the third week in August, with the exception
of a few on September the third, and ninth, which
had a few blooms left on the tops of the racemes
only. Secondly, because it is fairly typical of the
general arrnagement of the long tuberous roots,
and Thirdly, because in addition to the two new
roots or incipient tubers one usually finds at the
base of the new bud, at, or about flowering time,
we here have four, i.e., to the bud on the left-hand
side of the flowering stem. The central root, it
will be seen, is much thicker, and longer than the
other three, two of which are on either side of it,
whilst the tip of the third is just visible at the
back of and above the bud. This is the first instance
of its kind, not only in this species, but also in
Spiranthes Romanzoffiana and S. cernua that I
have found a plant with four new roots developed
at flowering time, although, as pointed out in my
paper “Further Notes on the Underground
Development of S. Romanzoffiana and S. cernua’’,
in “The Orchid Review’’, vol. XXXII, 1924, pp.
296-300 and plate, these two species, especially
when on dry ground—which latifolia favours—
have been found in the spring to have developed
a second, and in one extreme case, a third pair of
roots, presumably as extra reservoirs to draw upon
in case of drought. While the present example
may be taken as fairly typical of the disposition

[VoL. XLI

Oct. 5, 1925.
Oct. 5, 1925.
July 30, 1925.

of the long roots, there are of course many devia-
tions, nor does one generally find two new buds
at the base of each flowering stem, one being
perhaps, the more general rule. In some eases,
these buds are not at the same level, as in the
present instance, but an inch or two above one
another, and sometimes on the same side of the
stem. The long tuberous roots in some cases
reach a length of fifteen or sixteen inches, but this
is unusual, the only two instances I know of being
a plant found by myself on July 30, 1925, one root
of which was fifteen inches long, and the other a
plant found by the Drs. Stephenson at Cha-
monix, in France, on August 1, 1914, the longest
root of which was sixteen inches in length, or one
inch longer than mine. Both of these plants were
growing in very loose soil, fine gravel in my case.
In rare instances, one finds the roots arranged in
two whorls, as it were, one above the other, se-
parated by internodes, similar to Figure No. 6
in my paper, ‘“Spiranthes Romanzoffiana’, in
“The Orchid Review’, Vol. XXXII, 1924, p. 77.

In another exceptional case, a plant found on
August 7, 1925, had not only six stems in flower,
but a new one also developed, which, at that date,
of course, was not above the ground, being only
21% inches in height, but with four rudimentary
leaves in eivdence. Another interesting case is
that of two flowering stems half an inch
apart, but connected to one another by short
horizontal internodes, which have developed new
buds at different levels, the one on the left-hand

= : January, 1927]

stem being two inches above that of the right-
hand one, this latter bud, being at the normal
level of the connecting internodes.

Besides, being the best known, latifolia is pro-
bably the tallest member of the group, the heights
given in Gray’s Manual, 25-60 cm., being far

below the mark, my tallest example measuring

108.35 ecm.—probably the tallest recorded so far
—whilst the average of some two hundred flower-
ing plants—taken at random—comes out as 51
em., with an average raceme of 12.5 cm., the
average number of flowers on a raceme being 26,
and the number of leaves on a plant 9, exclusive
of rudimentary ones.

Plants of over 100 cm. in height are rare, three,
including the one above, are all that have come
under my notice in the thousands I have examined.
My record length for a raceme is 43.5 em. with 53
capsules, which is exceptional, in fact, racemes of
over 30 cm. are scarce, only five having been found,

- including the two above. The record number of
leaves on a plant—including rudimentary ones—
is 22, and the number of flowers or capsules on a
raceme 92, and this, on a raceme of 14 cm. in
length only!

On August the third, and again on the twenty-
ninth, I came across two exceptional stations for
the species, in the first of which eighteen of the
finest plants averaged 81 cm. in height, and twelve
in the second 82 cm. The average length of the
racemes in the first case came out as 23 cm., and
in the other as 28 cm., the number of flowers or
capsules, averaging 40 and 59 respectively, whilst
the number of leaves—exclusive of rudimentary
ones—was 12 and 11. These latter vary greatly,
not only in size, but shape also, and all kinds of
combinations can be found.

I have a plant in which the lowest leaf is a small
_orbicular one 3.5 cm.in diameter, followed suddenly
by two large ovate ones, averaging 10 cm. X 6 cm.,
these followed again by three large ovate-lanceo-
_late ones 14 em. X 6 em., the remaining five
leaves being lanceolate, ranging from 11 cm. x:
2.5 cm. to 6 em. X 0.5cm. In another plant, the
first leaf is orbicular 4.5 cm. in diameter,
followed by two much larger, almost orbicular
ones, averaging 8.5 em. X 7.5 cm. The two
next are broadly ovate, averaging 11 cm. X 7 cm.,
the remainder lanceolate, ranging from 11 cm. x
4.5 cm. to 6 cm. X 0.75 cm. In another case, the
lower leaves are ovate, about 7 cm. X 5 cm.,,
followed again by two lanceolate ones 9.5 cm. X
4 cm., these again followed very suddenly by nine
narrow lanceolate ones, ranging from 8 em. X
1.25 em. to 5 cm. X 0.3 em., these latter being
bunched together on a portion of the stem mea-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 5

suring 5 em. in length only, thus giving the plant
a very distinctive look.

In another instance the lower leaves are almost
orbicular, averaging about 6 cm. X 5 em., followed
by an ovate one 7 cm. X 4 em., this again followed
by a lanceolate leaf 7 cm. X 1.5 em., and this in
turn, curiously enough, by a much larger one—
i.e in width—7 cm. X 2.5 em., this kind of thing
being unusual. The remaining five leaves are
lanceolate, ranging from 6 cm. X 1 cm. to 3 cm.
xX 0.5 em.

Another plant has a very evenly graded appear-
ance, the first two leaves being ovate, and averag-
ing 9 cm. X 4 em., the remaining six being lance-
olate, and ranging from 12.5 cm. X 4.25 cm. to
6 cm. X 0.5 cm.

The arrangement of the leaves on the record
plant already mentioned, 108.35 cm.., is as follows,
viz.: the first four leaves ovate, ranging from 5
em. X 4 em. to 11 em: X 6 em.,, the remaining
ones, six in number, being lanceolate, and ranging
from 12 cm. X 6 em. to 9 em. X 1.5 cm. The
three bottom bract leaves on this example are
very large, ranging from 7 cm. X 1.5 cm. to 5 cm.
<i Cia.

As will be gathered from the foregoing examples,
the variation in the leaves is extraordinary, in
some cases tapering very evenly, in others the
change being very abrupt, and very long ones
may be found on plants with comparatively short
stems. In some instances the leaves are opposite
one another, instead of being alternate on the
stem, as is usual. These leaves may be of equal
size and shape, or very dissimilar, as in the follow-
ing case, where one leaf measures 12 cm. X 4 cm.
its opposite being 18 cm. X 3 cm. An even more
extreme case occurs where two leaves on the same
plant, averaging 9 cm. X 6 cm., have opposites
only averaging 8 em. X 1.25 em.

The texture of the leaves is variable, in some
cases being tough and strongly ribbed, in others
much finer. The largest example I have measures
14 cm. X 6.75 ¢.m :

The upper bract leaves I have always found to
be very small, but the variation in the lowest
ones is sometimes very great indeed, actually in
a few cases exceeding that of the topmost leaf.
In one instance the latter measures 6 cm. X 2.4
em., whilst the bottom bract leaf is 8 em. X 2.4
em. The greatest length of the latter so far
noticed is 9 em., and the broadest}2.5 em.

There is a curious aberration in the’bract leaves
which is of somewhat frequent occurrence. This
consists in a fusion of two or more leaves, as can
be seen in Figure No. 1, Plate No. 3,* caused

*See illustration in Feb. issue.

6 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

apparently by a shortening and thickening of the
stem. In order to show this fusion to better
advantage, I have removed nearly all the capsules.
Taking the large central leaf on the right-hand
side of the stem, it will be seen there were four
capsules, the three upper ones of which have been
removed—as indicated by the remaining pedicel
bases—leaving the bottom one only. To this
leaf there are four tips, corresponding to the four
capsules, thus denoting the fusion of four small
bract leaves into one large one. Above the
thickened portion the stem takes a turn to the
right, and again becomes normal to the tip, which
is not seen in the picture. In the present instance,
it might reasonably be assumed that some injury
to the plant had caused the thickening of the
stem and fusion of the leaves. However, I have
a fine raceme 34.75 cm. in length, which is per-
fectly straight and regular throughout its entire
length, yet, at intervals, three blooms occur with
only two corresponding bract leaves, but in each
case one of these bract leaves, which is wider than
the other, has two tips, denoting that here again
two leaves have become fused, and I have seen
other examples precisely similar.

In Figure No. 5,* we again see a thickening of
the stem, followed by a forking of the same to the
left, the main branch again® dividing higher up
into four tips. This is the only instance of its
kind that I have so far come across in the thou-
sands of plants examined.

The flowers like everything else connected with
this group of orchids vary considerably, being as
a rule of a somewhat dingy and inconspicuous
appearance, owing to the general dull character
of the various green, violet and red-purple colours,
that go to their general make-up, the only excep-
tion being when the flowers are white, which is
by no means of common occurrence, this form
being confined to a very limited area. It would
be natural to suppose that plants growing in deep
shade would be the lightest coloured, but this is
not always so, for most, if not all, the white
coloured ones, were found growing right out in
the open, whilst some of the deepest tinted forms
have been found under the shade of trees or hedge
bottoms. As a general rule, the plants prefer
shady situations, those I have found growing out
in the open, never being more than fifteen feet
or so from the border of a hedge, or the outskirts

*See illustration in Feb. issue.

[VoL. XLI

of a wood, and the drier and more stony the
nature of the ground, the more likely one is to
find them.

As regards their distribution, I thought at first
that they were to be found only on Mt. Royal,
but I have since discovered them at Cartierville
some ten miles or more to the north of the moun-
tain, and beyond Monkland on the west. On the
mountain itself they are most abundant at the
foot of the northern and western slopes, fairly
plentiful on the east, but comparatively scarce
on the southern slope as compared with the
others. Bro. Marie-Victorin tells me that he has
found them growing on Mt. St. Bruno, fifteen
miles to the south of Montreal, on the other side
of the St. Lawrence river, and that a friend of
his, Mr. L. Fortier; also records them from St.
Francois de Sales, Laval Co., and Mascouche,
Terrebonne Co., ten and fifteen miles respectively
to the north of Montreal. Mr. Geo. Ames also
reports having found two plants near Saint
Saveur, Que., and four near Morin Heights, Que.,
in August, 1926, these places being some fifty to
sixty miles north-west of Montreal.

When examining some of the National Her-
barium sheets kindly sent me from Ottawa, by
Dr. M. O. Malte, in addition to the Toronto
records, I noticed there were examples taken by
Mr. F. Morris at Peterborough, Ont., in October
1921. I also came across the following interesting
note on one of the sheets, viz.:

Epipactis Helleborine Crantz. First found in
Canada in 1890 at Lambton Mills, Humber River,
Ont., by W. and O. White, and more recently
(1892) on Mt. Royal, Montreal, Que., by N. D.
Keith. As regards the distribution of A. latifolia
in the state of New York, one cannot do better
than consult the excellent paper by Messrs.
Metcalf and Griscom, entitled “Notes on Rare
New York State Plants”, which appeared in the
February and March numbers of “Rhodora”, for
1917, wherein, on page 51 of the latter issue, will
be found a complete list of all the known localities
for the species in the State, the first recorded
instance being that of Mrs. M. P. Church from
near Syracuse in 1879 (Torr. Club. Bull. 6, 329).
As regards its distribution in the State of Penn-
sylvania, exact information seems lacking, at
least I can find no definite station mentioned in
any of the books I possess, so conclude it is of rare
occurrence.

(Concluded in February issue).

J anuary, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 7

FALL BIRD NOTES FROM THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR.
By WM. G. FARGO and JOSSELYN VAN TYNE, ANN ARBOR

HE LAKE SUPERIOR REGION of
Ontario has in the past been studied but
little by ornithologists. We therefore
present here a few notes made during a
short collecting trip to Agawa Bay on the east
shore of Lake Superior.

The territory covered by these observations is
a stretch of shore about eight miles long on the
eastern end of Lake Superior where the Agawa
River enters the Bay of that name and reaching
inland from one to three miles.

This territory is a little north of the middle of
the east side of the lake and was chosen for
observing the fall migration as being one of the
few places at this end of the lake where any
beaches exist. The timber here has never been
‘eut except in a few small tracts and consists
largely of spruce and balsam, with some red and
white pine and considerable maple and birch,
especially in the rugged hills which rise to heights
of 1,200 to 1,500 feet above Lake Superior.
At the mouth of the Agawa River are small areas
of mud flats and old river channels suitable for
shorebirds. Near here are also several small
clearings where some birds of the open country
_ were found.

_ The observations covered the period from
August 21 to September 138, 1926. Usually
circuits of eight to sixteen miles were covered
daily in the described region by each of the two
observers.

Larus argentaius. HERRING GULL.—Most of
the gulls seen were in the gray immature plumage.
On August 31 we counted more than thirty
recently used nests on the larger of the two
Agawa Rocks.

Larus delawarensis. RING-BILLED GULL.—
Two immature birds were seen September 10.

Phalacrocorax auritus auritus. _DOUBLE-CREST-
ED CORMORANT.—When we visited the Agawa
Rocks on August 31 we observed thirteen or more
cormorants, adults and birds of the year, flying
about and perching on the isolated rocks. On
the smaller of the two Agawa Rocks we found ten
of their very characteristic nests which had but
recently been vacated. One still contained an
egg shell and cormorant feathers were all about.
People living on the Bay told us that the cor-
morants had nested there ‘for years”. We were
unable to collect any of the cormorants, but we
_ assume that it could only be this species. This
appears to be the first record of cormorants
nesting on the Great Lakes.

Mergus americanus. MERGANSER.—On August
31 we collected a female at the head of a flock of
seven full-grown young.

Ereunetes pusillus. SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER.
—We collected a female of this species at the
cormorant colony on August 31. As indicated
on the tabulation, we found only three other
species of shorebirds, and but few individuals of
these. This scarcity of shorebirds is difficult to
understand in view of the presence here of miles
of sand and gravel lake beach as well as muddy
lagoons about the river’s mouth. The remainder
of the east shore of Lake Superior is almost
entirely without suitable beaches.

Bonasa umbellus togata. RUFFED GROUSE.—
In spite of fairly intensive field work, we saw
but two grouse during our entire stay. A party
of campers who spent the month of August tra-
versing the Sand River, which lies north of the
Agawa River, reported seeing only a brood of six
Ruffed Grouse. Residents agreed that the
grouse had been abundant here until about three
years ago, when they disappeared rather suddenly.
We saw no Spruce Grouse in the region.

Accipiter velox. SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.—We
collected one on August 23 and three on Septem-
ber 2 and 3. All four were in the immature
plumage. The stomachs of two each contained
a small bird.

Buteo platypterus. BROAD-WINGED HAWK.—
On September 7 we collected a male in the im-
mature streaked plumage. In its crop was a
young Red-backed Mouse (Evotomys gapper?).

Cerchneis s. sparveria. SPARROW HAwk.—Four
were collected and all had been feeding on grass-
hoppers, beetles, and other small insects.

WOODPECKERS.—It is notable that we found no
Hairy Woodpeckers and very few other wood-
peckers.

Otocoris alpestris alpestris. HORNED LARK.—
A series of Horned Larks were collected and all
proved to be typical alpestris.

Corvus corax principalis. NORTHERN RAVEN.—
Two or three ravens were constantly about, but
were extremely wary and we succeeded in collect-
ing but one. This was a bird of the year, taken
about August 30. The stomach contents con-
sisted of a small amount of carrion and a very
large number of huckle-berries.

Agelaius pheniceus arctolegus. RED-WINGED
BLACKBIRD.—A young male collected at the
mouth of the Agawa River on August 31 we refer
to this form.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

BIRDS OBSERVED AT AGAWA BAY, LAKE SUPERIOR (ONTARIO), AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1926

22 | 23 | 24] 25] 26| 27] 28) 29} 30)31} 1) 2)]3) 4
HonneduGrebesceacterac seis renee as [ete elves sek SN AIA2E Reece 1
IV WORF esc eet oR One Wet is Anal to ee SMe tee nite oe SEH bao | aad 1
VE Gacy Cou en wonik aed acon Ci IZE baat ial lA er (Bee art os bi cres| FeAl fee | erica tes
Rine=billeds Gaulle es pean ete eel 2 espe Farce piace Wade Lorelle ca frseeto | beste Pee #38
Double-erested Cormorant.......|... iii cal toe bos 13 }. aah
*American Merganser..........-- it sak 8 Toler
INO IDI aS s6euae onscoo aoolldbelle bc es rian Beal sped lreens
GreatsBluevHeron. soc) eis ete eel roe eee Ns a eae 1 yl HAO Pa Ee Heart Ve BRE) dears | Pence ial
*Semi-palmated Sandpiper........|... Bok Neate eieeeaal titers | | ect lintel Ppeascel MAR [acd ed ec ty Be ponent
SANG eLlin perme cs ces cieeie ste nmr elell cake Sane Negi Fer acs) [ecctpal betel Vigiensl Pancreat ete
Solitaryasandpiper, =). 44) ee pe] eal A uae (eee =| Piel Diced (nee ers Wel bie | bored Borg 3
Syraiae (Sine homie, Seadoo snoooulfsoslse cites slloosl lsocllseslloacl tec ered les! ea| (iret “ae
*Ruffed Grouse.......... RRercrete saad ecco Rack OL fo I Fiat es bee Pee alee sea
*Sharp-shinned Hawk............]--- OP: Wier a a | (coal Ae Mabel bee Fae WS Pee ie pos a IL
COC Macks hier A Sapo cHinne om dllanollaealieed|(oo 6 fenis|bor alle ol loan SA Mteoo ml [eee Kenblle| hoea Ree
(GUE TG yd eee ee ate rte doen te a S| We be Rec oy bears) [esoacal Peuidas| We-ore| eneee koa |i oanl Lotetc yee
leecbienlealisbydican ss gesonsdcasallecclasclesclooctacofecofeosiiosc aes
“Broad-=winged Hawk. 0 cio | oiler ralines DN ae cal pera sree isso aecitcel ee Swap tc cles [sens
OPPO Psvid Po AB GEDA A mado a soblloo cue clbse ollsoo| leo Allanoltsise DAE S| era TEN Ba
QE Seas OMe Bee aba Sudo ol lacs ||ao rec eeul Maal heete Sani kee all ge sl bmi aca 1 | Se
1B TSH | Ovid eG eae Gia PTET Oo Siebel faecal] baa Sl Rois) [eerie ool Pale ie |ENacal Pesce fees tons
Kang fish ene s eens ah csesrac meme erate I heal Ree ol [cere rar) Meal rettOde pee oll eatol ioc 1
*Downy Woodpecker............ Tea ia Sab eal rea eres PA HR este i 1
Aretichree-toed) Woodpecker. se) -\=-o|ecie| see [ie ell cen al ees ailess ell ene ll ee feeesed|ia roar
*Yellow-bellied Sapsucker........|.-.- Bo PR Alo Stel Pardee roe eee lL atmeall torwea | eee! fous Pt. cl anor oll hor oe
Pileated Woodpecker............]--- Rel eee Were (chores (eNO a al oes detec;
IE CK eT Saisie oie en ele BI irae Pinata Wee jhe Crh Pia ged eee all baal Bate se een ies ee
Ni ghtrbaw ks eee ae eet seers lieverel| reesl| Poet eee PAR Maen ste cos (ee sie 212 Ber [eae
ChimneysSwiht oe ae ieee licen eit ete basa 3G) aaa [orice | eee meet eal erm eae
Ruby-throated Hummingbird....]...]...]... Lee aii aa ed Srl aed Kido’ (ares Pare
pukcinsbirdctaraciee te oon eee 1 Be Nice | etl bani es tl eel ea (earned
*Olive-sided Flycatcher.......... 6 | 1 1} 2 Taal ed eal beat eee eae
*Yellow-bellied Flycatcher........ pearl tise] fetes faa Bad (al LN 2 TUS eect (TSA [teas Fecal eae ee
pAldemhlycatchert sane cren ane See yall aata ey coeael eRe re (ree psa ees Pea hegre Pl heee
iseast Mlyeatchers. ts.) cee oe Bide) Kristal Pan eel eee eae Piet | eee Fab Ts ae hes
SHormedeluarkin ccc se see ene Be Fes bee oa eres) beep ere ee ee oe ae Pasi Fa ie Salas nal
Blue Jaye ee ee sake a eee | eel ose i | hea | ced Pee Se) Use a ale
sCanadawiayvan vince sce cee er Bache fessee knoe we veo8| asa eee ef
sNortbherniRavenv sean creme. pel Wendl Mier sel eta NB Nh ak |
<A OF RON Ey oc OE OE aE OR NO Pees IY ele et Wee ee ale 2 &
*Red-winged Blackbird........... tee mee peal (rec iA Pate) ate ota irk Lond eesees| Canby | Races :
Bronzed Grackles- ss che eee ce Lane eats UV A efi |oseetcs| oR | chee | eT Re eel [ieee | eee :
SEAN] Biel Wonaiea cei Oca ower e!|e}]e]!]e}e|e]ec} ec] e {30 | ce | ce | ec} ce
*White-winged Crossbill.......... Sate he is Paaa'l Peeoia| Pats koe fi Boel sgt | eae eae ee
joavannah Sparrow. cle a Bohs | armel (ies S| Lonel Pies laeOeS Be alee Helse 1318}
*White-throated Sparrow......... Cl Ole Ci\FCl CI Cle} Clipe Cp eC] Cle
BOhipping Sparrows ce ote DP CAG WeOd OA WTEC A Case We oll lege Ne eo hee
*Slate-coloured Junco............ AS cule lechiicen| Ch) cs| ec Cah Cal «Cal gicCh| crllrah
BOON PIS PALhOWs eee Re ae ace eee Come Es are Pence Menta He race lie | ete |e |e
Plincolmisparrows) aes eke AOE Resavh Sgie|faaolfeas||osioewel (oem. ates TA Oe 6
#Cedar Waxkwineis sce. tence oe ea te We teed Fey fre ere eae ee ap fe I Te ye ope
*Red-eyed Vireo................. | hesueen kepnisad Uncen Perl We be a as bse cei! Deiat
*Philadelphia Vireo.............. Seb mmehas ee || me (cera | yea cael FRc ces cH Fao Later Pag bey el
*Blue-headed Vireo.............. shake eal ecis |e ice hae g ra | Ac cea ed el 1
*Black and White Warbler....... Il Baral Aiea Pears 1 Galsealeer Drea leas | olan ahs
Tennessee Warbler.............. aa 1a rash | Seba ccmet hserea leone area] eal se :
Nellow Warblers: >. eee | el Reger Blatt eorine| [eet ail eaceeesd Heal lisenttel eset | reel Passenger é
*Black-throated Blue Warbler..... TAI bre ihre eyo] (std ni ae eee anaes [norte BA. le Palen
pVigrtlesWarblersnn sen aie ca Me aN eign eres esti (ves heal BS Slay seal eaceal (oats el Kaze hee
‘Magnolia Warbler. ...22): 52.06 Bie ioe Wecice| es [eah Beat Bi clad (eae ener He igae leedees| gee 1
*Chestnut-sided Warbler......... Beets fete Perecd Peas) (Beso betas i Fes fects eaten Fiauasecs| Pineal Fee baw 6 é
*Blackburnian Warbler........... a el Pade | Pe Cetera Ves ie Meet fora cl Hevea aaa Coc a lS 9.8 ;
*Black-throated Green Warbler...| ¢ |.-.]...| e |} ee | ¢ | ¢ | ce}ec| f Jee} cc} 2 | ce
PinesWarblers sch Hose RO RSet bese Nhat [acing ete cote eae 1 @ |e f
Arilbest Wed ies sond adn osname os onalle Bes camel Pte Wang) WARE Mere nears lee ec felt f
GOveneBirdee serene eu nen Pye beers Re eal edn: eget Bas Ue eaters) een) Fee hear
*Northern Water-thrush.......... Ried Wh ses) |e taal hee Salleealfocs||as o|laxa| fo soc|fe ello e
*Connecticut Warbler............ Sibaesl en | Wel gl lata [Bien Pegs lise ta | as IE Sep raece| {so 5
SWalsony Warblers) ills sash asccee Bat bo olla onl ae Sebel een 1 I aba real
EBCanzdaaWarblers sc. ssn eee EAs Veeh| (ae ea le vas [et cil ee |e Ay ee By WP cPebeilt Bt
BAmenicansRedstarteses. seer ere Wecis| ela ewes pele Biecell te ilaccllase PANO aby | ti
pumenicanbipitee a sern as ee ee seh rete aeateal benecall leeds np | tea | rae 5 | farespeN (Ea | ene
AWimteraWrene assis sonia Arar cei Ws enced Bate a st eas htc 1 aecealie4
BLOWN Creeper..i.2 ss oo ds ee PAs linea | bet ea eer 3 se tal ae en
*Red-breasted Nuthatch.........| 2 ]...]...]...]--- pie hoes el ered be 3
*Black-capped Chickadee......... eof oe feat Nae pre Tp sep kee se) SEO faa eae te
*Hudsonian Chickadee........... Bei ERA lave ocak (Bea #055] ne agit Fore 4 Sao kor oeE
Golden-crowned Kinglet......... Lalo cid|hsoeifc d\n 5 Salfeat ao 6 spools
Ruby-crowned Kinglet.......... PA bas | eam Peal PE. cae Fen one Pease
claleinaiy Mauls 5 ge sme Go nee Lee PADS 3 lichore to ol lraensc eee ee | cee
‘CARY o) opualeeeiey tas fen are rari on NL, ak ogee bee cal ls ca Niner a Kado | 1elieies| (ees teo Ellis es
“Sei ey Byhda oan ero aS eee oo & 3 caer 3 lhe cidl| sae 3
*—Collected. ec—very common. c—commen.

5416) 7) 8) 9 | 10) 10) 127) 138
ta) (eae eto | Nee what
Eo [pear eeaeell teat Ena rede a Nia ete
Pa (eee estate CE mpieeoiilisny eel
Lee Sel See PAR Key alien a eote
1 Beene Pe ella] Frei aL
ll Peicieasleaeans| yeteees | Nae Laleeelressl eee
Re lence nsf TO ies rs ee
ve ealeas
Baus Be ae! al Leonel ae
ah ey 1 pobre lta re | pene
1 a oK Sabeweed eleeliee
oh AS Be belles thy
3 7 se fie 8 NE ales Stale
Bie genni
1 11 ai ieee
20h ree SO ae 2a
= a nel ea | bas |e Peli Wee Sl sae
Bern (aie peal = DS 2) Seal ol eee eee
et Reel masoeiinse ts. ral aed
eres lee eee eee 3 Ree
Bae | tsa Nee is ee nec ae
atl eats Ween | Maree are fitemay [ope 2
Coal (esr bstorer Kew oP lig ae tate 2
32 125 | .12) 6 | 1 ess eel
Gece eos el ae Sone Reo een | tere PS yee |e
Deval otal ice me Be | oaae ficken) (alk (Pe
EADS eral e alae tee | ae Aa ee
e fake seed eee Pally VF
ree Qa] soc Nyaa | eee ec | eee | ea
Lt Gy ea sla a|baraco| [JL |[\ion
f Sled alae | Li Oks |e tome bee pens
5 fea Hae i ee (a 6
3 © Co} | & 2
UE (Seen Recea Fees bee lad eee fo teal need acto
Aral |e) nla aan bail Fee IUIMO) ALS ae
alts Maal hg seo BUCO) Se eaisl ere
Boa ee clee Fak Sle Pal eee eee
aos [wis pareaea| (ined Gal eet beatae | [lane al hoo
4 Exp a | ays 1 eee
Stale Mob aee ea hore hac | 2.
3 BAAN, anil Sit |} oul AN We
5 ROT eral tie anal Hs 2
ela este MUA cin (ee
ee Gupe: ele a el eee
6 |. UG aren) eee lees a ede 3
c f 6 iL {i255
Sail PRR (aise ail Hemet rill Sa Leelee
sy Mesa aa Se eS:
Sane) (estes nee Baek: wt le
6 Adi WO see| Wace | |e PAc\ial
2 Sy MPA NESY te slices 8
esha (aaa (hasan 12 ete ae
oy Fear Mie ee fe | Fre
sie tein [ee Te WA a eee (as: of hall
1a feces te (Oye GES ka S| a
of SI Bal 2a) Sel eed pent | ae
ate Srp el fees he mel 2
3{...)3}2]2 ap a} al.
f—few.

January, 1927]

_ Passerculus sandwichensis savanna. SAVANNAH
SPARROW.—The migration of Savannah Sparrows
began on September 2 and on September 12 the
species suddenly appeared in large numbers.
These migrant birds were loosely associated with
the flocks of warblers, especially with the Palm

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 9

Warblers, and were as likely to be seen well up
in the trees as in their usual habitat near the
ground.

Nannus hiemalis hiemalis. WINTER WREN.—
On September 4 we found a Winter Wren feeding
a young one just out of the nest.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS RETURNS, 1926

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS aT OTTAWA, ON-
TARIO.—No less than ten distinct parties of
observers co-operated in taking the Christmas
Bird Census of 1926 at Ottawa, making it possible
to search the surrounding country weil. in spite
of this, and of suitable and agreeable weather,
only seventeen species of birds were discovered
in. the course of the census taking. These were
all hardy winter birds; the various half-hardy
species which often add to the numbers and the
pleasurable excitement of the Christmas Census
being entirely absent. It seems probable that the
early and continued cold weather and snow which
have marked the late autumn and early winter
of this year, and which have already caused the
countryside to assume the aspect of mid-winter,
have also reduced the local bird-population to a
midwinter minimum by killing or driving away
any half-hardy birds that may have had a ten-
dency to linger here.

It is also worthy of note that no Hawks or Owls
are included in this census. The great wave of
such birds which visited this region in November
has passed elsewhere.

The Northern Pileated Woodpecker makes its
appearance in our census records this year for the
first time. It is represented there by two indivi-
duals, and every one will hope that this may indi-
cate a permanent and continuing increase in
abundance of this valuable and handsome bird in
the Ottawa region.

As Ruffed Grouse are greatly reduced in
numbers over much of eastern North America at
the present time, it is an especial pleasure to be
able to report sixteen of them in this census.
Twelve of these were seen in Ontario and four in
the Province of Quebec.

One hundred sixty Starlings were seen at

Swamp. This is nearly twice as many as the
largest number (86) heretofore recorded in a
Christmas Census at Ottawa.

As in some previous years, so in 1926 it was
necessary to take the Christmas Bird Census at
Ottawa on two different dates. Most of the
region about Ottawa was surveyed for birds by
parties in the field on December 26th, but the
areas north of the city, one east of the Gatineau
River and one west of it, were investigated by
two parties on December 23rd, and are so marked
in the detailed record.

The personnel of the various parties and the
routes followed are set forth below, followed by
the detailed list of birds noted. The routes are
represented by numbers, as explained in The
Canadian Field-Naturalist, Vol. XX XIX, p. 24,
and Vol. XL, p. 12.

First Party: C. L. Patch, R. Finnie and W.
H. Lancely, Route 1, 11 miles, 10.30 a.m. to 3.00
p.m. SECOND Party: C. E. Johnson and C. M.
Sternberg, Route 2, 10 miles, 9.15 a.m. to 3.00
p.m. THIRD Party: D. B. Delury and R. E.
DeLury, Route 3, 16 miles, 8.30 a.m. to 3. 00 p.m.
FourTH Party: C. B. Hutchings, Route 4, 6
miles, 7.30 a.m. to 12.25 p.m. FIFTH PARTY:
B. A. Fauvel, R. Lockwood and Harlow Wright,
Route 5, 12 miles, 9.00 a.m. to 3.00 pm. SIXTH
Party: A. G. Kingston, Route 6, 8 miles on foot,
3 by street-car, 9.00 a.m. to 2.45 p.m. SEVENTH
Party (Dec. 23): Harrison F. Lewis, Route 7,
21 miles on foot, 8 by sleigh, and 8 by street-car,
7.40 am. to 6.25 p.m. EIGHTH PARTY: :
Blakely, Route 8, 12 miles on foot, 3 by bus,
10.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. NINTH Party (Dec. 28):
Hoyes Lloyd, Route 9, Ottawa to Chelsea,
Quebec, by bus, arriving at sunrise, then on foot
to Tenaga, Old Chelsea, Kingsmere, and back to
Chelsea, returning to Ottawa by bus, 12 miles

the refuse dump in the southern part of Dow’s

RouTE NUMBERS

SPECIES (Sess SS SS — —- TOTAL
it 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
American dvlerranseri ss. icc cians <ecielae sci] ann ct cles tucks « Gi Tare sespenic, Sue ce [tarde Secs IME Mae Reece at sank ae trae 6
PENCIL CAN GG OlMON=PVCN doit ore 'ardid contenant Haid [Bia dea lee pags Gee teeta oe PANES Sor hribeel lee ete ere (ote cea |r inaaterd Ices 33
GariadaehNieauG rouse: sea ee aes fs] tan» 5 1, | aes retest LRA ECHIT [ean acaNa [a cont sie AR SP 6 16
airy Woodpecker. 2aicl foeks eee 3} SSS rT et de toieea lg) oat st a Demme ng Hy a 2 2 PRR tie Oe 12
ID Ow VvaW OOGDCCKEL. . He eit ase ek leavers a [elchane otel|in ile ees 2 3 Ds Bewas Seen 1 1h Pb erate 8
iiorpnentimetleated: WOOdDECKED xix cotter we rtetye te | nee ee ores [loleiees os | sectend tee | ss Decay die orale gaan Tig | eae 1 2
HCA Yap aan ate. aclalsnie oe atte ik cri dieleailincs Gao 1 1 eR rs ot ae 1S ete te (7! ile cera SM etevecers 12
UMN 5 A ee a ea a ATC ae ee el 112 119 9 2 1 PAD) iM oe Siete Honea eel | Ataracsic 254
Soe ee Ste, lo eae SR ee ee Scott (Pree a LST Opes lence teitee oy (eke eursaciacu | Beaictn os |Past eee cele | REE Rete Pamcreemeney [ates cet ce 160
RCRCLEOS DCA her eran a aty ade te Pum | one Zr st eet |v eed a mae liane ge sce corel [hee tna ues ees ey anche fe 2
IBID ISFEMS 0 ese) go ge ane 22 396+) 14 20 5 200 2 100 G25 al@adons 821
SCE IIOM pee dareyee aes rota Nina) iets coho tore hee Mellints ores Paes cs er 1 TSM ASM etre} tee ca TGF al | eee eene| sedis eral |b Ghotceosc 32
ESELEPESSS CITE eam een eh Pat yR ES payed ge ta te pai[leo4 ox eks)| ens. etna n LS: arene, | Rte erste ee le etal ar Oe BPA Bel ias eden 33
MEIORVAES TIN DIN Pes rit ars) 5 hcusr des fs eh mecca GSU ls Bee cae ten Rees atl lene Rec cll aeeetre cial lo emecte nel leameerenees 150 DOR a Were ceetks 220
ECE ITT <Cmmer ee cen spe mete keataticn camecle lk ass cs Pa el os echay [eam ollie enwo ne dla eects 11> “ok ee eer amie | Sate ea Laverne 1
White-breasted Nuthatch.............. 2 2 2 5 PAT meee 2 Besa \ he ce is 22
Black-capped Chickadee............... 17 21 5 9 42 20 23 14 Dea: | Rees ie 172

10 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

on foot, 18 by bus, 5.45 a.m. to 1.45 p.m. TENTH
Party: F. H. Ostrom, Route 10, vicinity of Hog’s
Back, Ontario, throughout the day.

On December 23rd, the weather was clear;
with 10 inches of snow on the ground, wind
variable, light; temp., —10° at 8.00 a.m., +14°
at 4.00 p.m.

On December 26th the weather was overcast
most of the day, with about 8 inches of snow on
the ground, wind changing from light north to
moderately strong west; temp., 8° at 8.30 a.m.,
12° at 3.00 p.m.—HaRRISON F. LEWIS.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS AT LAKE COWICHAN,
B.C.—Observer: G. Buchanan Simpson; Date:
Monday, December 27, 1926; Locality: Lake
Cowichan, B.C.; Hours of Observation: 10 a.m.
to 4 p.m.; Weather: Dull, raw, light snow on
ground; temperature about 40° F., calm.

Western Grebe, 10; Horned Grebe, 6; Pied-
billed Grebe, 10; Marbled Murrelet, 30; Glau-
cous-winged Gull, 100; American Merganser, 6;
Hooded Merganser, 4; Mallard, 10; Greater
Seaup, 50; Ring-necked Duck, 45; Goldeneye
(22 species), 20; Buffle-head, 20; Surf Scoter, 4;
N.W. Coast Heron, 2; American Coot, 30; Ore-
gon Ruffed Grouse, 12; Western Goshawk, 1;
Northern Bald Eagle, 6: Western Belted King-
fisher, 2; Steller Jay, 1; Gray Jay, 7; N:W.
Redwinged Blackbird, 6; Oregon Junco, 10;
Rusty Song Sparrow, 6; Oregon Towhee, 6;
Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 100; Western Gold-
en-crowned Kinglet, 15; Varied Thrish, 8.

_ 28 species; 527 individuals—G. BUCHANAN
SIMPSON.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS. AT PANGNIRTUNG
FIORD, BAFFIN ISLAND, 1924 AND 1925.—Decem-
ber 24, 1924; 10 am. to 12 noon. Clear with
light southwest wind; 30 degrees below zero;
deep snow. A short period of murky daylight
at noon. Eight miles on skees north of Duval
mountain and return. Northern Raven, 2.

December 31, 1925; 10 a.m. to 11.45 a.m.
Clear and calm; temperature minus 24 degrees
On snowshoes to Ptarmigan mountain. Northern
raven, 3; Rock ptarmigan, 2.—J. DEWEY SOPER.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS AT COURTENAY, B.C.
—Courtenay to Comox, Vancouver Island,
B.C. Monday, December 27th, from 10.00 a.m.
to 4.00 p.m. Six to seven miles along river bank
and sea front mainly. Weather very dull, temp.
about 40°, in afternoon strong East wind; the
weather had been cold for previous two weeks and
snow lying about. Observer on foot and alone.

Holboell’s Grebe, 1; Horned Grebe, 3; Loon,
1; Pacific Loon, § (plus); Red-throated Loon, 3;
California Murre, 1; Glaucous-winged Gull, 300
(plus); Herring Gull, 3; Short-billed Gull, 37;
American Merganser, 30; Red-breasted Mergan-
ser, 3; Mallard, 500 (plus); Widgeon, 500 (plus);
Scaup, 500 (plus); American Golden-eye, 500
(plus); Buffle-head, 100 (plus); American Scoter,
2 (plus); White-winged Scoter, 500 (plus); Surf
Scoter, 500 (plus); Heron, 3; Coot, 28; Red-
backed Sandpiper, 200; Killdeer, 1; Pheasant
(Chinese), 16; Hawk (Goshawk ?), 1; Bald Eagle,
1; Duck Hawk, 2; Kingfisher, 4; Harris’ Wood-
pecker, 4; Flicker, 4; Crow, 191 (plus); Western
Meadowlark, 15; Brewer’s Blackbird, 60 (plus);

[VoL. XLI

English Sparrow, 6; Oregon Junco, 48; Rusty
Song Sparrow, 14; Fox Sparrow, 7; Towhee, 9;
Vigors Wren, 3; Winter Wren, 11; Chestnut-
backed Chickadee, 16; Golden-crowned Kinglet,
13; Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 1 (plus); Robin, 76;
Varied Thrush, 8. Total species, 45. Total
number, impossible to specify, in the case of the
different ducks shewn as 500, in all probability
there were double this number, the total number
of ducks on Comox Bay was estimated at at
least 4000.—THEED PEARSE, Courtenay, B.C.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS FROM LONDON, ON-
TARIO, 1926.—Christmas Day coming on Satur-
day this year necessitated taking the census
rather earlier than usual, earlier perhaps than we
should, but quite a few of our members wished to
spend the day with their families, so rather than
make a half job of it, we decided to go out on the
18th when a full corps of observers was available.
From the standpoint of weather this turned out
all that could be desired, clear and cold, bright
sky, practically no wind, the ground barely covered
with snow. The temperature at 8 a.m. was 2
above zero, rising to 22° at 2 p.m. and falling
again to 6° at 9 p.m., when the last party returned. —

As usual a number of parties went out, eight
all told, four in the morning and a like number
in the afternoon. The territory most thoroughly
combed was the Thames River valley westward
from the city through Springbank as far as Hyde
Park. One party in the morning touched the
river at a point some few miles west of Hyde
Park, and in the afternoon scoured the country to
the north looking for snowy owls. This latter
group went prepared to wind up the day with a
“winter picnic’. So when the sinking sun hushed
the smaller birds, the car was driven into a nearby
woods and soon the crackling of a camp fire
divided interest with two great-horned owls that
were calling to each other not far away. A grid,
a frying pan and the contents of a well-filled lunch
basket held the attention of the party for some
time, although from time to time one of the
group would wander away a short distance to
get the inspiration of the scene, the campers sil-
houetted against the glowing fire, the rising moon
flooding the woods with light, the shadows of the
trees, the tracks of squirrels and rabbits showing
as plainly as at noon day on the freshly fallen ©
snow of the night before—a perfect night, a
perfect picture. A screech owl gave its quavering
eall and a skunk came over to see what it was all
about as we could tell by the perfume on the air.
The moon rose higher and higher as did the pile
of logs on the fire, until the night, which had been
close to zero when we pitched camp, became so
warm that hats, coats and gloves were discarded
with abandon.

On totalling up the list we were delighted to
find that we had equalled our 1922 high record of
33 species (34 including the English sparrow).
All parties found birds numerous, the abundance
of bluejays, purple finches, goldfinches and wax-
wings being especially noteworthy, as was too,
perhaps, the comparative scarcity of tree spar-
rows, Juncos, song sparrows and cardinals. Two
species which had been seen recently but missed
census day were kingfisher and red-headed wood-
pecker. e

January, 1927]

The following is the list:—Herring Gull, 11;
American Merganser, 6; American Goldeneye, 11;
Great Blue Heron, 1; Ruffed Grouse (track of), 1;
- Pheasant, 2; Mourning Dove, 38; Red-tailed

Hawk, 2; Screech Owl, 3; Great-horned Owl, 3;
Snowy Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 5; Downy
Woodpecker, 16; Flicker, 4; Bluejay, 91; Crow,
879; Starling, 6; Bronzed Grackle, 1; Purple
Finch, 179; American Crossbill, 5; Goldfinch, 54;
Snow Bunting (flock flying over), 100; Tree
Sparrow, 8; Junco, 16; Song Sparrow, 1; Car-
dinal, 3; Cedar Waxwing, 125; Northern Shrike,
1; Brown Creeper, 3; White-breasted Nuthatch,
20; Chickadee, 51; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 14;
Robin, 1. Plus English Sparrows of 1000 or
more. Total: 34 species; 1627 individuals, plus
English Sparrows.

Observers: J. F. Calvert, Mr. and Mrs. E. M.S.
Dale, Vernon Franks, R. T. Hedley, J. C. Higgins,
Mr. and Mrs. E. H. McKone, J. R. McLeod, T.
D. Patterson, W. E. Saunders and C. G. Watson.
—McILWwRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB, E. M. 8.
DALE, Secretary.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS OF THE WINNIPEG
AREA, 1926.—WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, AND AD-
JOINING MUNICIPALITIES.—December 19; a mild
day after a spell of severely cold weather; temper-
ature at start 12° F., rising to 20° during day.
Deep snow; light south wind. Birds observed at
six feeding stations and a refuse dump totalled
79 (8 species); birds observed by three field parties
during 20 hours of observation and over a distance
of approximately 60 miles, totalled 245 (14 species).

Canvas-back, 1; Scaup Duck, 1; Goshawk,
2; Ruffed Grouse, 38; Sharp-tailed Grouse,
8; Snowy Owl, 1; Hawk Owl, 1; Hairy Wood-
pecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 6; Blue Jay, 42;
Canada Jay, 2; Evening Grosbeak, 11; Pine
Grosbeak, -28; Snowflake, 142; Slate-coloured
Junco, 1; Northern Shrike, 1; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 13; Black-capped Chickadee, 38.
Total, 18 species, 324 birds. Three Redpolls
were noted on the 18th, and 20 Bohemian Wax-
wings on the 20th, by other observers.—Mrs. C.
P. Anderson, C. L. Broley, B. W. Cartwright,G.
Champion, A. B. Gresham, C. Hutchinson, A. G.
Lawrence, N. Lowe, Dr. T. H. McCarthy, A. A.
McCoubrey, A. A. MecCoubrey, Jr., K. G. Mc-
Dougall, J. R. Morton, H. C. Pearce. (Natural
History Society of Manitoba).

Comment.—Redpolls, usually abundant, almost
completely absent. Bohemian Waxwings, com-
mon last winter, apparently/scarce. Hawk Owl,
rarely seen in winter; a large flight passed through
southern Manitoba this fall. Canada Jays have
re-appeared in the city after several years’ absence.
Evening Grosbeaks are apparently scarcer than
during last year. The two ducks are wintering on
the Red River near sewer outlets, where there is
open water. The Slate-coloured Junco is win-
tering at one of the feeding stations and appears
to be in good health in spite of the severe cold.

Birds unusually scarce; only 324 seen as against
680 during the last Christmas census. Winter
set in early, with unusually low temperatures and
much deep snow.—A. G. LAWRENCE.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS FROM McCrmary,
MANITOBA.—December 19; four-mile walk on the
Forest Reserve. Sharp-tailed Grouse, 6; Gos-

THE CANADIAN FIBLD-NATURALIST ial

hawk, 1; Pileated Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay, 10;
Canada Jay, 1; Evening Grosbeak, 8; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 1; Black-capped Chickadee,
6. Totals: 8 species, 34 birds—VERNON HARPER.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUSES FROM Hast Bay,
ManitoBa.—December 24; temperature 7° below
zero in the morning, rising to 7° above in the
afternoon; sky mostly overcast. Around the
farm yard in the morning were seen: Sharp-tailed
Grouse, 4; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Redpoll, 17;
Snowflake, a flock of approximately 100; Black-
capped Chickadee, 1. During a four-mile tramp
in the afternoon were noted: Goshawk, 3; Black-
capped Chickadee, 3. Totals: 6 species, 129
birds. A Magpie has been seen several times
since the beginning of the winter.—E. ROBINSON.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS FROM NINETTE,
ManitoBa,—December 18. At feeding station.
Ruffed Grouse, covey of 7; Hairy Woodpecker, 2;
Downy Woodpecker, 2; Blue Jay, 9 at once;
Bohemian Waxwings, flock of over 100; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 1; Black-capped Chickadee,
many. The Bohemian Waxwings are feeding on
Virginia creeper berries on the house; the Ruffed
Grouse also feed on these in addition to the wheat
we put out.—R. C. SCOTT.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS OF THE BRODIE
CLuB, AT TORONTO, ONTARIO, 1926.—Sunday,
December 26, was the day set aside by the club
for the purpose of holding its second annual
Christmas census of the birds of the Toronto
region. ‘Three parties set out, each with a defi-
nite area assigned to them, so that, in this way, as
much ground as possible could be covered and
consequently, as many birds as possible seen.

A first party, consisting of L. L. Snyder and
S. L. Thompson, worked the region along the
east-center lake front of the city, known as
Ashbridges Bay, commencing at the foot of
Carlaw Avenue and tramping west to the Eastern
Gap and return, about two square miles being
thoroughly covered. The character of this area,
mostly open waste-land, with a small extent of
woods, is such that mice abound, their tunnels
and runways, in some places, forming a network
through the grass. These mice afford food for
hawks, owls and shrikes and it was hoped that
these birds would be encountered there, if any-
where. Also, in the water of the cement-walled
turning basin and channels connecting the same
with Toronto Bay, certain species of ducks and
gulls were expected, and possibly some land species
in the wooded patches along the shore or in the
dry marshes. This party was afield from 7.45
a.m. to 1.30 p.m. 11 species, represented by
approximately 754 individuals, were seen. In the
rather small extent of open water in the turning
basin, ducks abounded, about 23 American Mer-
gansers, about 46 Old Squaws, a large mass of
about 230 Scaup Ducks and 9 American Golden-
eyes rewarding the observers, who could watch
these birds at close range from the edge of the
basin. One lone Northern Shrike (in the same
place as one was seen on last census and on other
Occasions) was the only other bird seen, worthy
of special mention. The entire absence of hawks
and owls proved a disappointment, although these
birds were sought for intently.

a2 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

A second party, R. V. Lindsay, confined its
attention to the region known as High Park, at
the west end of the city. In this wooded area
of about one square mile, with its open fields, dry
marshy areas, sheltered ravines and winding
streams, the bulk of the winter land birds were
expected and, along the adjoining shore of Lake
Beach, certain species of waterfowl were almost
sure to be found feeding not far off shore. The
party was observing from 8 a.m. to 12.45 p.m.,
and succeeded in compiling a list of 143 birds of
16 species, of which might be mentioned as of
interest, one Loon and one Northern Shrike.
Most of the commoner, or rather expected species
were met with, and the list of 16 species observed
attests to the keenness and alertness of the ob-
server and his companion, Arnott Patterson.

A third party, which consisted of P. Harrington
and J. L. Baillie, was assigned to the water-
front. A great proportion of the birds to be seen
about Toronto at his season, is made up of water-
fowl, due to the close proximity of Lake Ontario,
and this party, endeavouring to cover as much
of the lake shore as possible, commenced at
Toronto Bay, (foot of Yonge Street) and, by
motor, drove west following the shore to Port
Credit, a distance of about 13 miles. Frequent
stops were made to observe the ducks and gulls
off shore, and it is the belief of the party that a
fair estimate of the number of water-fowl present
along the shore, was obtained. From Port
Credit they drove north 214 miles to Cooksville
and east and north through Dixie, Islington and
Lambton Mills to Toronto, completing a wide
“circle”, the total distance covered being approxi-
mately 85 miles. Frequent stops were made, of
course, at spots where birds were most apt to be
found. This party, afield from 8.15 to 10.45 a.m.
noted but 7 species of birds, all but one of which
were seen along the 13 miles of lake shore tra-
versed. It was a pleasure to find ducks and gulls
so numerous (the lake being almost entirely open
water), about 95 American Golden-eyes, 17
American Mergansers, about 203 Old Squaws, no
less than 13 Great Black-backed Gulls, Herring
Gulls in abundance and at least 3 Ring-billed
Gulls being seen as a result. After leaving the
lake shore at Port Credit, the 22-mile drive
leading back to the city through farm-land, etc.,
revealed but one flock of 30 Starlings at Islington.
The scarcity, one might say, the almost entire
absence of birds on this long drive through the
country, intercepted as it was by frequent stops,
was appalling.

The weather was dull for the most part, but
bright intervals during which the sun shone were
of more or less frequent occurrence, and the air
was cool and very good for observing. About one
to two inches of snow covered the dry ground, a
light fall of same during the early morning being
of no consequence. What little wind there was
came from the north. The temperature at 7.45
a.m. was 18° and at noon 28°.

The total list of birds observed by the three
parties is as follows, including one species seen by
Wallace P. Young and one noted by J. H. Fleming
and omitting the omni-present Passer domesticus:
Loon, 1; Great Black-backed Gull, 19; Herring
Gull, 062 (approx.); Ring-billed Gull, 16 (approx.);
American Merganser, 45 (approx.); Scaup Duck,
230 (approx.); American Golden-eye, 104 (ap-

(Von. XLI-

prox.); Old Squaw, 249 (approx.); Screech Owl,
1 (J. H. Fleming); Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy
Woodpecker, 3; Blue Jay, 2; Starling, 30; Purple
Finch, 1; Goldfinch, 9; Snow Bunting, 3 (W. P.
Young); Tree Sparrow, 20; Song Sparrow, 1;

Northern Shrike, 2; Brown Creeper, 1; ite-
breasted Nuthatch, 6; Chickadee, 6. Total:
21 species, about 1311 individuals. 6 species

not noted on the above census, but which have
been seen at Toronto recently are: Snowy Owl,
Pine Siskin, Robin, Flicker, Arctic Three-toed
Woodpecker and Pine Grosbeak. PauL HaAR-
RINGTON, ROBERT V. LINDSAY, LESTER L. SNyY-
DER, STUART L. THOMPSON, JAMES L. BAILLIE,
JR. (Members of the Brodie Club), ARNoTT M.
PATTERSON and WM. G. BaILuiz.

A most surprising record for December was the
finding of a dead Savannah Sparrow on the beach
at Sunnyside on December 21, by R. V. Lindsay.
Stuart Thompson brought this bird in the flesh
to the Museum on December 28, and the writer
made a skin of it. Although it had been frozen
the feathers were perfectly dry and had certainly
never been soaked: also, the bird was not on the
ground but in the snow, which attests to its having
died since December 6, because prior to that date
the ground at Sunnyside Beach was perfectly dry.
The specimen was not slipping when skinned on
December 28, was in fine condition, fat, and with
full stomach, and showed no signs of having suf-
fered any injury. The writer, after much thought,
would be inclined to place the approximate date
of death at about December 10, certainly not
before. October 16, is the previous latest date
for the species at Toronto, that I can find. This
record, of course, has nothing to do with the
census, but is mentioned to you as being possibly
of interest.—Jas. L. BAILLIE, JR.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS AT CAMROSE, AL-
BERTA.—(To Battle River and return). Decem-
ber 20, ll a.m. to 4 p.m. Clear, 1 foot of snow,
no wind, temperature 10° above at start, 25°
above at return. 14 miles by auto, 3 miles on
foot, observers together.

Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Downy Woodpecker, 2;
Blue Jay, 6; Magpie, 7; Pine Grosbeak, 25;
Redpoll, 10; Snowflake, 25; Brown Creeper, 1;
Black-eapped Chickadee, 15; Hudsonian Chicka-
dee, 20. Total: 10 species; 112 individuals.
Four days previous to this it was 42° below zero,
and this no doubt had its effect on the birds.
It is significant that the Hudsonian Chickadees
outnumbered common Black-cap.—FRaNK L.
FaRLEY, ARTHUR TWOMEY, FRANK CROSSLEY.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS AT HAMILTON, ON-
TARIO, 1926.—December 26. Clear; 1 inch of
snow, calm to light west wind; temperature 24°
at start, 26° at return. Six parties on foot, 19
miles; one party 25 miles by auto, five miles on
foot. First party, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., second
party, 10.30 a.m. to 12 noon, third party 9 a.m.
to 1.15 p.m., along southeast, south and south-
west limits of city, among trees and in open,
parks, gardens, and waste land; fourth party,
10 a.m. to 1.39 p.m., west city limits, open fields,
woods and ravines; fifth party, 10 a.m. to 12
noon, and 1 p.m. to 3 p.m., south shore of Dundas
Marsh; sixth party, 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., east limits

January, 1927]

of town of Dundas; seventh party, 10.30 a.m. to
4.30 p.m., wooded ravines and open water of
Dundas Marsh, parts of north shore of Hamilton
Bay as far east as open water of Lake Ontario at
Burlington.

Herring Gull, 359; American Merganser, 7;
American Golden-eye, 66; Ruffed Grouse, 1:
English Pheasant, 1; Hawk, (sp. ?) 1; Hairy

Woodpecker, 3; Downy Woodpecker, 27; Red- -

headed Woodpecker, 2; Flicker, 2; Blue Jay, 8;
Crow, 4; European Starling, 264 in flocks of 2, 2,
60 and 200 (est. G.O.MceM.); Redpoll, 3; Gold-
finch, 38; Pine Siskin, 5; Tree Sparrow, 107;
Slate-coloured Junco, 12; Song Sparrow, 1;
Cedar Waxwing, 55; White-breasted Nuthatch,
18; Black-capped Chickadee, 26; Golden-crowned
Kinglet, 11; Robin, 3; Total: 24 species, 1019
individuals; plus uncounted English Sparrows, 25
species. Recently reported: Meadowlark, 1;
(Mrs. F. E. Mach. and Miss R. R. M.); Red-
breasted Merganser (G. O. McM.)—Dr. D. H
ARNoTT, Dr. H. G. ARNoTT, Miss G. BAUER,
C. D. Cook, Miss H. E. DowNEy, M. JOHNSTONE,
Mrs. F. E. MacLoGHuin, DR. and Mrs. G. O.
McMitian, Miss Ruspy R. Mitus. Miss E.
SMITH, Mr. and Mrs. B. F. TURNER (The Hamil-
ton Bird Protection Society, Inc.)

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS FROM ARNPRIOR,
ONTARIO, 1926.—December 25, 1926; 9.30 a.m.
to 4.30 p.m. Clear and fine; 9 inches of snow;
fresh north-west wind during the morning and
early afternoon, becoming calm towards evening;
temperature, 23° at start, 17° at return. Dis-
tance covered twenty miles, one observer, on
snowshoes, travelling south-east from Arnprior
through Nopiming Sanctuary to Marshall’s Bay
and return, the other, on foot, working north-
west from Arnprior along the shore of Lac des
Chats to the village of Braeside, returning about
a mile inland.

American Golden-eye, 3; Canada Ruffed Grouse,
8; Snowy Owl, 1; Northern Hairy Woodpecker,
7; Northern Downy Woodpecker, 4; American
Three-toed Woodpecker, 1; Northern Pileated
Woodpecker, 1; Blue Jay 4; European Starling,
32; Purple Finch, 3; Redpoll, 30 (est.); Snow
Bunting, 4; English Sparrow, 1+; Northern
Shrike, 1; Brown Creeper, 4; White-breasted
Nuthatch, 5; Black-capped Chickadee, 39.
Total: 17 species, 148-++ individuals.

The Snowy Owl included in the above list was
shot to-day by a farmer three miles east of Arn-
prior. The species was common during Novem-
ber but very few birds have been reported this
month. With the exception of four birds that
are wintering at the writer’s feeding station, no
Downy Woodpeckers were observed during the
day, which is unusual. Our records of the
American Three-toed Woodpecker are far from
numerous and it was with considerable pleasure
that a single female was found feeding on some
dead spruce boughs this morning. The bird was
observed at close range for fifteen minutes. The
Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker was observed on
three occasions, during the month of October, but
was not common.

While the Europrean Starling has been present
for a number of years, this is the first time we have
been able to include it in our census and as the
number observed indicates, the species has become
firmly established. The almost complete absence

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 13

of cones on all the coniferous trees no doubt
accounts for the fact that many of the Fringillidz
have avoided this district this winter. A flock
of birds heard at some distance to-day is thought
to have been made up of Evening Grosbeaks, but
as the species has not been observed previously
this autumn, we refrain from including it in our
list. The Pine Siskin is entirely absent and the
Pine Grosbeak was seen on only two occasions in
October. The complete absence of the Red-breast-
ed Nuthatch is also noteworthy.

Seen recently: December 16, American Gos-
hawk, 1.—CHARLES MACNaMARA, LIGUORI GORM-
LEY.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS FROM TRENT RIVER
REGION, ONTARIO, 1926—CAMPBELLFORD TO
STIRLING, ONTARIO.—December 23; 7.40 a.m. to
5 p.m.; clear a.m., overcast p.m.; 5 inches of
snow; wind east, moderate (none a.m.); temper-
ature 0° at start, 20° in afternoon. About 25
miles on foot. American Golden-eye, 9 (20);
Ruffed Grouse, 2 (also many tracks); Great
Horned Owl, 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 6; Downy
Woodpecker, 1; Blackbird (species not deter-
mined), 4; Blue Jay, 3; Pine Grosbeak, 3;
Purple Finch, 13; House Sparrow (no estimate
made): Goldfinch, 7; White-breasted Nuthatch,
8; Chickadee, 37; Golden-crowned Kinglet, 1.
Total: 14 species, 94 individuals (exclusive of
P. domesticus). Other species noted this winter:
Nov. 29, Lapland Longspur; Dec. 3, Snowy Owl;
Dec. 19, Accipiter sp.; Dec. 21, Snow Bunting;
Dec. 22, Northern Shrike; Dec. 27, Starling,
Tree Sparrow.—EK. W. CALVERT.

TORONTO FIELD-NATURALIST CLUB CHRISTMAS
BirD CENSUS, 1925.—Christmas Day at Toronto
was one of those cold still days, when the sun
seems to be trying hard to shine. The month of
December had been a changeable one throughout.
Blizzards, hard frosts and long thaws came in
turn. Long continued mild weather means open
water here, and consequently more promising for
both duck and gull observations. Two parties
went out, one west from Sunnyside along the lake
shore and northward through High Park, the
other devoted its attention to Don Valley at the
northern end of the city.

The lake shore party succeeded in noting such
water-birds as might be expected. But, of
course, there is always that chance that a rare -
straggler might have been tempted inland from
the coast. The birds observed here were Black-
backed Gull, Herring Gull, Ring-billed Gull,
American Merganser, Golden-eye, and Long-tailed
Ducks. These six species are always to be found
here in winter. Among the shrubbery of the
rough beach was seen a solitary Northern Shrike
which had evidently been in the vicinity for some
time previously judging from the mangled remains
of Meadow Voles found. Lying half-buried in
the sand, we found a dead Savannah Sparrow.
The plumage was clean and dry, having none of
the bedraggled appearance of a bird which had
been wet. Recalling the weather of the past
month, it seems safe to say that the bird had
survived the various changes up till the recent
thaw or later. On subsequent examination 1t
was found to be in good condition and stomach
full of such seeds as could easily be found on the
weedy beach.

14 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

For some time the woods of High Park proved
quite deserted of bird life. Then suddenly the
party came upon several Tree Sparrows, a flock
of Goldfinches, a pair of Chickadees and one
White-breasted Nuthatch in the space of a few
minutes. After this ensued another long period
of inactivity in observations, followed by a
second burst of life. Down a sheltered ravine,
we came upon two Blue Jays, several more
Chickadees and Goldfinches, and a small flock
of Purple Finches of both rosy males and dull
striped females. Then finally, the party had a
splendid view of a solitary male White-breasted
Nuthatch, which was foraging for peanuts on the
ground, evidently scattered for the numerous
black squirrels here. Every nut found was
transported to the nearby red oak tree where it
was wedged in the rough bark to be picked to
pieces.

This made a total of 13 species noted by the
lake shore party—not including the dead Savannah
Sparrow. The Don Valley party, although
denied the advantage of the water front, noted
almost as many as this and three additional
species, namely, Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers
and Pine Siskins. A summary of the day’s
observations appear as follows:—

Date: December 25, 1926. Locality: Toronto.
Northern Section, Wooded valley; Western Sec-
tion, Lake Shore, Wooded valley and frozen
marshes. Weather: Temperature 10° of frost.
Light west wind, slightly clouded.

Lake shore and High Park observations: Great
Black-backed Gull, 3; Herring Gull, 25; Ring-
billed Guli, 5; American Merganser, 10; American
Golden-eye, 20; Long-tailed Duck, 100; Blue Jay,
3; Purple Finch, 15-20; American Goldfinch,
15; Tree Sparrow, 6; Northern Shrike, 1; White-
breasted Nuthatch, 2; Chickadee, 6. Observed
by the Don Valley party: Hairy Woodpecker, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 1; Pine Siskin, 50-100;
(Savannah Sparrow).—StTuartT L. THOMPSON.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS FROM GUELPH, ON-
“TARIO, 1926.—December 26th, 1926 18° above
zero at 9.25 a.m., when two observers started on
foot, returning at 2 p.m. when 24° above zero.
Brilliant sunshine with light westerly wind,
shifting at times to northwesterly. Route through
Guelph Township via Wellington Place to Era-
mosa Road by road and thence across fields and
skirting two woods to York Road and Ontario
Reformatory grounds, through latter and across
River Speed and returning to Guelph City by
Victoria Bridge. About ten miles, observers
together and route mostly through open fields.
Hard crusted snow on ground varving from eight
inches to over a foot in depth.

Identified: Ruffed Grouse, 3: Northern Downy
Woodpecker, 1: Blue Jay, 2: Starlings, 8: Cedar
Waxwings, 14; Black-capped Chickadee, 5.
Total: 6 species, 33 individuals.—R. E. BARBER
pie Howltt, for Wellington Field-Naturalists’

ub.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS AT PAKENHAM,
ONTARIO, 1926.—December 23, 8.30 a.m. to 12
noon, andl p.m.to4p.m. Fair, bright sunshine,
keen frosty air, no wind; 12 inches of snow;
temperature 3° below zero at start, 17° above
zero at return. Observers drove together 6 miles

[VoLt. XLI

with horse and cutter; observers walked 10 miles
on snowshoes.

Ruffed Grouse, 4; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Dow-
ny Woodpecker, 1; Pileated Woodpecker (heard);
Blue Jay, 5; Starling, 8; Pine Grosbeak, 5; Red-
poll, 5; English Sparrow, 8; Black-capped Chick-
adee, 16. Total: 10 species, 53 individuals.

Our count on Pine Grosbeaks was much smaller
than that recorded last year. Larger flocks of
Redpolls were seen during the week, but only five
could be found on Census Day. Flocks of forty
or more Snow Buntings have been about almost
daily. Four Evening Grosbeaks were seen Dec.
21, and a Screech Owl Dec. 24 and Dec. 27.
Starlings were fairly common this summer, as
many as eleven birds were seen on different occa-
sions. During the fall they have fed at the feed
store and at garbage about the village. The
eight birds recorded in this census were perched
on telegraph wires behind the feed store. Two
Snowy Owls were captured within this census
district during December. Nuthatches were
conspicuous by their absence. No White-breasted
Nuthatches have been at our feeding station this
year and no Red-breasted Nuthatches have
appeared in our records since October, 1925.—
Epna G. Ross, VERNA M. Ross.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS FROM EASTEND, SAS-
KATCHEWAN, 1926.—December 26, 9.15 a.m. to
5 p.m. Walked along valley of the Frenchman
River and climbed 600 feet to the open prairie
on the south side. Visited a farm where I had
been informed a flock of some 100 Rosy Finches |
had been seen about Dec. 1st; but saw nothing
of these birds. Had expected to find the Hun-
garian Partridge, which was there in large numbers
during the fall; but they also disappointed me,
nor did I see any elsewhere that day. Snow in
drifts and hard crusted, exposed spots blown bare.
About 11 miles on foot. Wind at start N.E.,
overcast; wind changed 11 a.m. to S.W., with
driving fog; cleared at 3 p.m. and fine at sunset.
Temperature at start 12°, at return 6°.

Sharp-tailed Grouse, 40; Golden Eagle, 1;
Horned Owl, 2; Downy Woodpecker, 1; Horned
Lark, 1; Magpie, 25; Redpoll, 16; Snow Bunting,
32; Bohemian Waxwing, 50 (estimated, in one
flock}; Chickadee, 1. Total: 10 species, about
170 individuals., December 14: Sage Grouse, 1.
Three or four Sage Grouse are wintering nearby,
seen by other observers from time to time. Dec.
21, American Rough-legged Hawk, 1. Dec. 24,
Golden Eagle, 8. The latter were seen circling
just above the house, close together, a most un-
usual and interesting sight.—LAURENCE B.
POTTER.

CHRISTMAS BiRD CENSUS FROM BRANTFORD,
ONTARIO, 1926.—Mr. Buchanan of the local
Y.M.C.A. staff and I took a number of the boys
of our Junior Nature Club out on Jan. 8rd, to
make a survey for this district. The day proved
rather notorious for the absence of birds. The
following is from my field notes: Weather, dull
and cloudy, the average temperature of the day
being around 22°F. We left the Y.M.C.A. at 9
a.m., going up Darling St. to West St., up West to
Brant Ave., up Brant Ave. to the city limits and
out the Ava Road to the Old Tollgate, then we
turned in a north-easterly direction and struck
out, up hill and down dale, to the St. George

January, 1927]

Road when we swung east and after going half a
_ mile we came to a sheltered ravine with a fine
spring creek running through it. where we stopped
for lunch. After lunch we continued on swinging
now a little to the south and eventually came out
on the London Road, about half a mile above the
White Schooithouse. We then struck due south
until we came to the Hamilton Highway and
approached the city from almost the opposite
direction from which we had started, arriving at
the Y. at 6.10 p.m. We covered in all about 20
miles within a radius of 5 miles. Eleven species
of birds in all were observed. ‘Tree Sparrow, 10;
Black-capped Chickadee, 30+; American Crow,
100+; English Sparrow, 150+; Blue Jay, 10;
White-breasted Nuthatches, 15; Snowy Owl, 1;
Downy Woodpecker, 2; Goldfinch, 25+; Star-
ling, 5; Screech Owl, 3.—W. G. NEFF, Brantford.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS AT VINELAND, ON-
TARIO, 1926.—December 24. Three observers set
out at 9.30 a.m. to see what birds could be found.
We motored about 21 miles in all—getting out to
look about in likely spots and covering about 2144
miles on foot—mostly through wood lots and in
the afternoon visited a swamp beside the twenty
mile creek near Jordan. The day was overcast
with the temperature about 40°, a drizzling rain
falling, and very little snow on the ground. Our
list is as follows:

Herring Gull, 38; Ring-necked Pheasant, 2
Hawk (sp. ?), 1; Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Blue
Jay, 2; Crow, 2; Purple Finch, 3; House Sparrow,
50 (approx.); Goldfinches or Siskins, 10 (approx.);
Tree Sparrow, 12 (approx.); Slate-coloured
Juneo, 4; Waxwing, 1; Long-billed Marsh Wren,
1; White-breasted Nuthatch, 3; Biack-capped
Chickadee, 8.

In regard to the Long-billed Marsh Wren seen
on our Christmas Bird Census, the bird was seen
in a clump of willows situated in a reedy marsh
along the banks of twenty mile creek near Jordan,
but we were attracted by its chatter and approach-
ed within 6 feet of it. I thought it a winter wren,
but Mr. Dickson identified it as a Marsh Wren.
I have seen neither species for several years, but
hehas. It had a dark line over the eyes and dark-
ish markings on the back. Anyhow it was not a

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST e 15

House Wren. I think the Long-billed Marsh
Wren the correct species.

Our Waxwing, I believe, was a Bohemian, as it
was larger than any I have seen before. We were
watching some Purple Finches in a Red Cedar
tree when this Waxwing came flying up. After a
good look at us, it ieft quickly. Who could
blame it?

This makes a total of 15 species and approxi-
mately 103 individuals seen in four and a half
hours’ observation.—G. H. Dickson, W. E.
HURLBURT, EK. F. PALMER.

CHRISTMAS BIRD CENSUS AT OKANAGAN LAND-
ING, B.C., 1926—Okanagan Landing District,
British Columbia, December 27th, 1926. 10 a.m.
to 1.00 p.m.; 2.00 p.m. to 4.00 p.m.

District covered: Brushy lake shore and tim-
bered hillside on east side of Okanagan Lake,
beach at north end of Okanagan Lake; bottom
land along Long Lake Creek. Five miles by
automobile, eight miles on foot. Temperature
34° at 1.00 p.m.; three inches of dry snow on the
level; sky overcast—a line of blue along the
northern horizon and sunlight on the mountains
on west side of lake.

Horned Grebe, 4; Herring Gull, 6; Green-
winged Teal, 2; Redhead, 2; Golden-eye, 4;
Buffle-head, 1; Coot, 2800; Ring-necked Phea-
sant, 31;. European Grey Partridge, 33; Pigmy
Owl, 1; Red-shafted Flicker, 2; Rocky Mountain
Hairy Woodpecker, 1; Crossbill, 10; Cassin’s
Purple Finch, 8; Magpie, 10; Rusty Song Spar-
row, 4; Shufeldt’s Junco, 43; Bohemian Wax-
wing, 50; Western Winter Wren, 1; Western
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 4; Rocky Mountain
Creeper, 1; Red-breasted Nuthatch, 14; Slender-
billed Nuthatch, 5; Long-tailed Chickadee, 12;
Mountain Chickadee, 40; Townsend’s Solitaire,
1. Total: 26 species, 3090 individulas.

Additional species seen during Christmas week:
Holboell’s Grebe, Loon, Merganser, Red-breasted
Merganser, Balpdate, Canvas-back, Grey Ruffed
Grouse, Pileated Woodpecker, Pale Goldfinch,
Western Evening Grosbeak, Slate-coloured Junco,
and Western Robin. A Pileated Woodpecker has
been in the neighborhood for the past month
feeding on Virginia Creeper berries.—J. A. MUNRO.

REPORT OF COUNCIL, 1926, OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB

HE ACTIVITIES of Council of the past
year were many and varied. The meet-
ings, though not as well attended as we
would like, were pleasant, and those
present showed great enthusiasm in the work,

which is the keynote of the success of the various
activities of the Club.

Early in the year the original charter of the
Club, dated 1884, came again into the possession
of the Council. This is a handwritten document
of considerable historical interest. The legal
status of the Club in respect to recent legislation
relating to incorporated companies was investi-
gated and it was found that certain returns,
regarding the organization of the corporation,

have to be furnished the Provincial Secretary,
Toronto, each February. These returns have
been furnished for the past years as required.
With the original charter, a large scrap book was
also returned, and this latter document covers
the activities of the Club between 1879 and 1887.
This scrap book is at present of great historical
value and Council invites the cooperation of all
Members of the Club in an effort to bring our
records to date.

During the second week of last October the
44th stated Annual Meeting of the American
Ornithologists’ Union was held in Ottawa under
the joint invitation of the Ottawa Field-Natur-
alists’ Club and the Minister of the Interior

1G THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

An important social function of these meetings
was the conversazione held in the Victoria Me-
morial Museum under the auspices of this Club.
This is the first Annual Meeting of the A.O.U.
held outside the United States, and it is pleasing
to know that the meeting was a marked success
and that the strangers enjoyed their visit to
Ottawa and to Canada. The Committee of
Council cooperating with the local A.O.U. Com-
mittee did considerable hard work in arranging
the details of these meetings, and is to be congra-
tulated on the success of their endeavours.

A future event of great interest to all Members
of the Club is the celebration of our 50th Anni-
versary in 1928. Council in the past year has

~[Von. ar

discussed a few features that might be a suitable
memorial of this anniversary, and undoubtedly
this coming year definite plans will be formulated.

Volume XL of The Canadian Field-Naturalist,
the official publication of the Ottawa Field-
Naturalists’ Club, is an interesting and valuable
contribution to Canadian Natural History. Lack
of funds this year, as in the past, handicapped the
work of the Editors and Publication Committee.
Council feels, however, that the contributions
published are of great interest to all Naturalists,
and, therefore, has no hesitation in appealing to
Members for continued and greater support of
The Canadian Field-Naturalist for this coming
year.—J. F. WRiGuHT, Secretary.

REPORT OF ANNUAL MEETING

HE 48th Annual Meeting of the Ottawa
Field-Naturalists’ Club was held in the
Gay Lecture Hall of the Victoria Memorial
Museum, Tuesday evening, December
14th, 1926, at 8.15 PM. President Norman
Criddle occupied the chair. The minutes of the
previous Annual Meeting were read and approved.
The Secretary presented the report of Council for
the year 1926 and the Treasurer gave the financial
statement of the Club. The motion to amend
the Constitution of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists
Club, notice of which was given at the last Annual
Meeting and published in the November, 1925,
Canadian Field-Naturalist, was passed unani-
mously. This motion is as follows:
“Be it resolved that the words ‘one
“dollar and fifty cents’ be deleted from
“Article IV of the Constitution, and the
‘words ‘two dollars’ be substituted there-
edhlonse
The question of the advisability of removing
the Club’s oil painting of the late Dr. James
Fletcher from the Carnegie Public Library to
the Victoria Memorial Museum was considered
and a Committee was appointed to investigate
this matter and report to Council.
The following officers and additional Members
of Council were elected for the year 1927:
President, Norman Criddle; 1st Vice-Presi-

dent, Dr. E. M. Kindle; 2nd Vice-President, C. L
Patch; Secretary, Dr. J. F. Wright; Treasurer,
B. A. Fauvel; Councillors, Dr. H. M. Ami, Dr.
R. M. Anderson, Miss M. E. Cowan, Dr. R. E.
DeLury, Miss Faith Fyles, Arthur Gibson,
Herbert Groh, C. B. Hutchings, Andrew Halkett,
D. Jenness, C. E. Johnson, Frits Johansen, A. G.
Kingston, Hoyes Lloyd, H. F. Lewis, Norman J.
Leach, Dr. M. O. Malte, G. A. Miller, W. T.
Macoun, Rev. G. A. MacDonald, Dr. M. G.
McElhinney, Prof. E. E. Prince, H. I. Smith,
C. M. Sternberg, P. A. Taverner, E. G. White,
G. W. White, W. J. Wintemberg, and the Presi-
dents of the Affiliated Societies.

Following the business session, Dr. R. E.
DeLury gave a very interesting and educational
address on Bird Banding. Over 50 lantern slides
of excellent photographs depicting the various
habits of birds were shown. During the past
four years, Dr. DeLury has personally banded
1,600 birds. These birds were captured in his
garden or on the grounds of the Central Experi-
mental Farm and many of the banded birds have
returned three and four years in succession. The

photography of birds and a study of their habits
and migration are hobbies of Dr. DeLury, and
many personal observations and experiences were
told in an interesting manner.—J. F. WRIGHT,
: Secretary.

¢

January, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 17

STATEMENT OF THE FINANCIAL STANDING OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-
NATURALISTS’ CLUB AT THE CLOSE OF THE YEAR 1925-26.

ASSETS. LIABILITIES.
@ashvin Bank: <2 .-.. 2... 5. exits eo $22 .54 The Graphic Publishers (printers)... . $403 .61
Cashion hands> 2.2. Se 3.57 ICOM een eee Se ne see 50.00
Unpaid membership dues for 1925... 9.00
Unpaid membership dues for 1926... 123 .00
Bills receivable.................... 84.59
WDE Chimeree eee NS OS 210.91
$453 .61 $453 .61
RECEIPTS. tt DISBURSEMENTS.
By Balance on hand............... $31.93 Graphic Publishers (printers)........ $1,047 .15
MEMBERSHIP DUES:— Graphic Publishers—Reprints and
CGurrentae an ee ee 825.83 DMWstravionsi. sere ee en 99.85
PATECATS pee is CON ee es 25 .50 POstagey tie cu eee a oun AN 15.66
INGWANCES eye hic oe ek 17.00 ESxchia ce ey ee Soe ne 22.05
Affiliated Societies............ 45.10 Suid riesiysqersa see os ate 25
Advertisements............... ee 82.00 BLGTEOT Rac te eet are eee a eee ent) 22 .20
Back numbers and Separates....... 83 .29 al anicelnebs a hikes eee ee ie ree 22.54
Reprints and Illustrations.......... UDsU ‘Balanceron Hand! eee as ate 3.57
ONAL ONS Wikis, shoes we 60.15
Interest on Bond.................. 27 .50
$1,250 .27 $1,250 .27
STATEMENT RESERVE FUND COMMITTEE
RECEIPTS. DISBURSEMENTS.
Cash on hand, Jam. 1, 1926......... $174 .41 Interest Payment to General Club
Received from the R. B. Whyte Png G25220 Ge oe een $27 .50
HIStALCreee tea at ose 100.00 Cash} Balaniceto oe nen a ee 281.66
Interest from Bank.............. 7.25
Interest on Bond.................. 27.50
$309 .16 $309 .16
ASSETS.
SIMS L ICO ee a a SG Se ry area a a ei ae a $281 .66
Wiel Oma DONG NOSAn ea 85 eer sks cepa Simei epee 520.00
AUDITED AND FOUND CORRECT: 1 66

(Signed) A. E. BATEMAN, Auditor.
January 7th, 1927.

$801 .66

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

“FREAK” Ivory GULL (Pagophila alba).—On
December 24th, 1926, I received trom Mr. T. H.
P. Lamb, of Moose Lake, Man., a bird in the
flesh, together with the following data: Date,
Shot: Dec. 11, 1926; Place, Egg Lake, north of
Moose Lake; Specimen: apparently Freak Gull;
‘Name of Sender, Wm. McKenzie per T. H. P.
Lamb. —

The “Freak” was a beautiful adult female
Ivory Gull (Pagophila alba) and constitutes the
second record of the species in Manitoba. There
was nothing in the stomach and the bird appeared
to be somewhat emaciated. Measurements as
follows: Length, 17.00; spread, 40.00; Folded
wing, 12.50; tail, 5.10; bill, 1.25; tarsus, 1.375.

The first record, now a mounted specimen in
the collection of the late E. W. Darbey, is a

juvenile in the mottled gray and white plumage
and bears the following date on the base of the
mount: “December 27th, 1915, Woodlands,
Man.”—B. W. CARTWRIGHT.

BIRD BANDING IN 1798.—In a book by Lt. Col.
P. Hawker, edited by Eric Parker, entitled
Instructions to Young Sportsmen in all That
Relates to Guns and Shooting (published by J. B.
Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1922) the
following reference to an early bird banding
record is noted in a chapter devoted to woodcock
hunting:

“.... To prove that woodcocks, on having
migrated into the country (England) will repair
to the same haunts for a succession of winters, I
shall mention a circumstance, not as having

18 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

pilfered it from Mr. Bewick or Mr. Daniel, but
- because it was related to me by the late Mr.
Pleydell himself, when I was at Whatcombe
House, where the bird is now preserved.

“In Clenston Wood (a covert belonging to the
above place, in Dorsetshire) a woodcock was
taken alive in one of the rabbit nets, in the month
of February, 1798. Mr. Pleydell, after having a
piece of brass marked, and put around its left leg
allowed the bird to be set at liberty; and in the
month of December jollowing, he shot this wood-
cock, in the very same coppice where it had been
first caught by his gamekeeper... .’—R. W.
TUFTS.

[VoL. XLI

A CORRECTION.—In the review of Taverner’s
Birds of Western Canada in the November Cana-
dian Field-Naturalist, the outline drawings in the
key (pages 238-34) are referred to as the work of
the author. This is an error as most of them first
appeared in Taverner’s Birds of Eastern Canada,
and are duly credited to Mr. Claude E. Johnson
in the introduction to that work. Those scatter-
ed through the text are by the author. The
Swainson’s Hawk plate is also by Mr. Johnson.—
da Bus IM ie:

BOOK REVIEW

New PuHysicAL GEOGRAPHY. By Ralph S. Tarr
and O. D. Von Engeln. Revised Edition; The
MacMillan Company, 1926.

A geographical guide book written many years
ago by the genial Bill Nye and James Whitcombe
Riley commended itself to the reader with the
statement that it was not ‘Cursed by a plethora
of facts or poisoned with information”. If mea-
sured by the standards of the famous humorist
and the Hoosier poet, the 689 pages of the New
Physical Geography by Professors Tarr and Von
Engeln contain enough geographical data to merit
utter condemnation.

The comprehensive view which this admirable
volume gives of the development of the physical
features of the earth depends in no small degree
upon the large number of significant diagrams,
maps, and photographs which are so lavishly dis-
tributed throughout the text. The late Prof.
Tarr, author of the original edition, was a great
teacher and a geographer of wide experience.
He was deeply interested in problems of glacial
geography and the volume is especially strong on
this side of the subject.
style gave the original edition wide popularity.
Prof. Von Engeln has revised and brought the old
edition up|to date without losing any of the features
which made the first edition popular both with
students and their parents. The publishers have
given this volume a handsome cover adorned
with an embossed figure of one of the great natural
bridges of Utah. The student is introduced first
to the earth in its relations to the solar system,
then in succession to the major physical features
—rivers, mountains, plateaus, the ocean, etc.
The distribution of plants and animals is dealt
with in two chapters.

The final chapter in the volume, which deals
with Man and Nature is followed by a sixty-page
appendix This includes the discussion of a variety
of subjects, among which are the International

Tarr’s direct and clear ~

date line, meteorological instruments, the use of a
watch for determining directions and a method of
establishing a true north and south line without
the use of a compass. :

Our recent entrance into the automobile era of
universal travel should result in a new and greatly
increased demand for such a book as this. No
auto tourist can properly cr adequately enjoy his
excursions without knowing the physical history
which lies behind the scenery of the landscape.—

FRERE MARIE-VICTORIN—Les Lycopodinées du
Quebec et leur formes mineures. (Contribu-
tions du Laboratoire de Botanique de VUni-
versite de Montreal. No. 3, Montreal, 1925.)

This interesting contribution—117 pages with

11 figures—which deals with the families of Lyco-

pociacee, Isoetacex, and Selaginellacez, as repre-

sented in the Province of Quebec, is divided into
two parts.

In the first part the author discourses critically
and in fascinating detail the various species,
varieties and forms from historical, geographical,
taxonomical, and phylogenetical points of view.

In the case of those sections of Lycopodium in
which the largest amount of variation is found
i.e., Clavata and Complanata, the relationship of
the species, varieties, and forms is illustrated by
diagrams portraying the author’s conception of
their probable ancestral development. No less
than twenty new varieties, forms and combina-
tions are proposed, as follows:—

L. clavatum L., var. subremotum Vict.

L. clavatum L., var. megastachyon Fern. &
Bissell, forma furcatum (Luerss.) Vict.

L. clavatum L., var. laurentianum Vict., forma
furcatum (Luerss.) Vict. a
L. clavatum L., var. subremotum Vict., forma
frondosum Vict.

3)

‘January, 1927]

L. clavatum L., var. subremotum Vict., forma

-furcatum (Luerss.) Vict.

iL. clavatum L., var. subremotum Vict., forma
frondescens (Luerss.) Vict.

L. obscurum L., var. dendroideum Mich) IDE GC,
Eaton, forma alee Vict.

L. obscurum L., var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C.
Eaton, forma ans Vict.

L. obscurum L., var. dendroideum (Michx.) D.C.

‘Eaton, forma exsertum-furcatum Vict.

L. obscurum L., var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C.
Eaton, forma monostachyon Vict.
L. sabinefolium Willd., var. patens Vict.

iL. sabinefolium Willd., var. swperfertile Vict.
L. tristachyum Pursh, var. laurentianum Vict.
L. tristachyum Pursh, var. Haberert (House)

Vict.

L flabelliforme(Fern.) Blanchard, var. ambiguum

‘Vict.

L. flabelliforme (Kern.) Blanchard, forma pro-
liferum Vict.

L. complanatum L., var. canadense Vict.

L. complanatum L., var. elongatum Vict.
_L. complanatum L., var. elongatum Vict., forma

“simplex Vict.

The second part deals with the Lycopodinex
systematically. It contains; besides descriptions
of the species, varieties, and forms, detail informa-
tion regarding their geographical distribution, as
well as notes pertaining to morphology and onto-

-geny. Analytical keys to the species, varieties
and forms are also provided.—M.0.M:

FRERE MARIE-VICTORIN—Sur quelques Composées
nougelles rares ow critiques dueQuébec oriental
(Memoires de la Société Royale du Canada,
Sér. III, Tome XIX, Section I, pp. 79-96,
1925). -With four plates and three figures in
the text.

The results of recent years’ botanical explora-
tions in the region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence
have brought to light many facts which make
this are a one of the most interesting ones in
eastern North America. Instead of being, from
a floristic point of view, rather uniform and
homogenous, as the region up to quite recently
has generally been supposed to be, it has been
found to be an important centre for endemic
plants, a museum for antiques sheltering relicts
of old floras which have either disappeared or
are now found in far distant regions.

Among the elements of this relict and endemic
flora the Composite play an important part, and
several species are particularly interesting on
account of the phytogeographical problems which
they present.

Cirsium minganense Vict., a new species dis-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 19

covered by Bros. Victorin and Rolland-Germain
on ile Quin in the Mingan archipelago, is a beau-
tiful example of the strange types which are found
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence region. It has no
near affinities in eastern North America, its closest
relative being C. foliosum (Hook). DC., a western
species ranging from Saskatchewan and British
Columbia to Colorado.

Other species with a peculiar geographical
distribution discussed by Brother Victorin are:—

Senecio resedifolius Less., originally described
from the Altai mountains, recorded from various
points in Siberia, Alaska and Yukon, and discov-
ered by Fernald in Newfoundland and in the
Gaspé peninsula in the Province of Quebec.

Senecio pauciflorus Pursh, ranging from Yukon
to Wyoming and California, and in eastern North
America from Labrador and Newfoundland to the
Gaspé peninsula.

Senecio indecorus Greene, distributed from
British Columbia to Idaho and California, and in
eastern North America from the Gaspé peninsula
to Lake Superior.

Erigeron compositus Pursh. var. muliifidus
(Rydb.) McBride & Payson, recorded from
Greenland, Grinnel land, Ellesmere land, Mel-
ville island, Banks island, Wollaston land, the
arctic coast from Bernard Harbour to the Mac-
kenzie River delta, and in the high mountains
from Alaska to California. Its discovery in the
Gaspé peninsula, by Bro. Victorin and associated
botanists, is obviously of great botanical interest.

Reference is also made to a statement by Sir
William Hooker saying that Hrigeron wnifiorus
has been collected by Goldie on a river bank near
Quebec, a statement which the author is inclined
to believe as correct.

In explanation of the peculiar distribution of
the above plants and particularly of their occur-
rence in the Province of Quebec, the author con-
tends that certain sections of Labrador and New-
foundland, the higher parts of the Gaspé penin-
sula, and even certain low-lying land along the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, unlike the rest of eastern
Canada, escaped glaciation. In these sections,
veritable Noah’s Arks, as the author expresses it,
the Cordilleran and endemic plants have pre-
sisted, and have sometimes spread slightly into
surrounding territory.

Other species and varieties discussed by the
author are Senecio pseudo—Arnica Less, of which
a new variety, Rollandii Vict., from the Mingan
archipelago, is described; Solidago puberula Nutt.,
with two new varieties, ewpansa Vict., and borealis
Vict., twelve species of Antennaria, and seven of
Arnica. —M.0O.M.

20. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURLAIST

FRERE MARIE-VICTORIN—Htudes floristiques sur
la region de la Saint-John (Contributions du
Laboratoire de Botanique de V Université de
Montréal, No. 4, Montréal, 1925), 174 pages
with 28 figures in the text.

This memoir embodies the botanical results
from two journeys to Lake St. John, Que., one in
1921, and the other in 1922. After a brief but
comprehensive summary of the geological, physio-
graphical, and metereological factors which par-
ticularly influence the character of the vegetation,
the author devotes a chapter to previous botanical
explorations in the Lake St. John district. He
recalls that Michaux, who passed through in 1792,
was the first botanist to visit the region, and gives
rather extensive and interesting extracts from the
Journal of this distinguished explorer. He fur-
ther relates how about three-quarters of a century
lapsed before the Lake St. John district was again
botanically investigated, and that since then only
about half a dozen botanists have visited the
region. No wonder, then, that the Lake St.
John region, being so far almost entirely neglected,
attracted the interest of Brother Victorin and
botanists associated with him, viz.: Bro. Leopold
and Mr. Jules B. Brunel who accompanied him
on the first journey, and Bro. Rolland-Germain
and Mr. Edouard Laruin who joined him on the
second.

In Chapter IV the author gives an exceedingly
interesting account of the plant associations found
in various localities and of the more outstanding
botanical discoveries. It would require too much
space to refer to all of them; a few, however, may
be briefly mentioned.

Thus, Empetrum atropurpureum, previously
known only from Maine, Vermont, New Hamp-
shire, Prince Edward Island, and Magdalene
Islands, was discovered near Chicoutimi. Ulmus
americana, erroneously determined U. fulva by
Saint-Cyr, reaches its northern limit at Lake
St. John which also forms part of the northern
border line of Pteretis nodulosa, Juncus subtilis,
and Juncus Vaseyi. Rosa Johannensis, previously
known only from the St. John river basin in

Maine and New Brunswick, but later found in ©

the vicinity of Quebec city and Ottawa, also reaches
its northern limit at Lake St. John. It is also
interesting to note that homogenous colonies of
distinct forms of Sagittaria latifolia were found
growing side by side under absolutely identical
conditions, a fact that strongly indicates that the
_ different variations of this polymorphous species,
generally considered as modifications due to
varying conditions of the habitat, may in reality
represent varieties of a hereditary nature. The
most important discovery, however, was that of
halophytic asscoiations, including Lathyrus mari-

[VOL. XLI )

timus, Triglochin maritima, and Juncus balticus
var. littoralis which, in the author’s opinion, are
relicts of an old maritime, littoral flora probably
dating back to the Champlain period.

In Chapter V the author gives an annotated
list of the species and varities actually collected,
omitting those that were merely observed. This
list includes 6 Hepatics, 39 Mosses, 34 Pteri-
dophytes, and 266 Phanerogams.

Finally, in Chapter VI the author discusses a
number of special questions, mostly pertaining to
different noteworthy plant associations —M.O.M

REPORT OF THE GAME COMMISSIONER FOR THE
YEAR ENDING APRIL 380TH, 1926. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Regina, Sask.

The task of preserving our wild life becomes
increasingly difficult as the years roll on. Culti-
vation of the land, rapid transit of hunters by
motor cars, more efficient fire arms and a greater
demand for furs, have all added immeasurably to
the difficulty. Indeed it now requires all the
ingenuity of our conservationists and the hearty
cooperation of the community at large to prevent
many of our most important game and fur-bearing
animals from being exterminated. Realizing this,
it is interesting to turn to the report before us and
note what the Saskatchewan authorities are doing
towards this end.

The report begins with a resume of the staff
which, we note, consists of 10 permanent and 413
voluntary game guardians. Under the heading
of ‘Convictions’? the Commissioner remarks
“Game laws are made for the guidance of sports-
men and for the restraint, or if they will not be
restrained, for the punishment of hunters who are
not true sportsmen, and who will not play the
game fairly.” A general statement follows show-
ing the prevalence of various game birds, big
game and fur bearing animals. It is interesting
to note here that the Whooping Crane, which has
for a number of years been on the verge of extinc-
tion, was reported by a number of observers, and
that it may, with care, still be permanently pre-
served.

Under the heading of: ‘‘Statement Showing
Estimated Number and Kind of Game Birds
Killed’, we find the following interesting table:

1925 1924
Dicks Bran are crake ie: ae 536,000 618,000
Geese eee an ae eee 14,400 22,000
Prairie Chicken (mostly Sharp-
tails)s pieces Ree eens 112,000 180,000

Ruftied-Grouses stance: 28,000 54,000

An equally important table is furnished under:
“Statement Showing the Number and Kind of
Big Game Animals Killed.” This covers a period
of° 10 years and it indicates that the animals

January, 1927]

involved have apparently maintained their ori-
ginal numbers despite a yearly toll of approxi-
_ mately 1320 individuals.

To the reviewer one of the most interesting
items in the report is that dealing with coyotes.
It is evident from this that there are a number of
farmers and trappers who look upon the animal
as an asset. Strong condemnation is voiced by
correspondents for the use of snares as being
wasteful because of the number of coyotes that
escape, and dangerous to domestic animals.
Several writers also ask to have the coyote pro-
tected in order that it may assist to cope with the
plague of jack rabbits now doing considerable
damage to crops in certain parts of the province.
Following the discussion on coyotes we reach a
table giving the estimated value of furs bought
from Saskatchewan trappers which are said to
total more than $1,880,000. Of this amount
coyote skins brought in approximately $310,090
and weasels $87,816. In other words, more than
31,000 coyotes and 87,800 weasels were killed
during the year. Of the other fur animals taken,
muskrats easily head the list with 856,829 pelts,
providing an estimated value of $899,670.

The report for 1925 makes equally interesting
reading and we feel that Mr. Bradshaw, the
Game Commissioner, is to be heartily congratu-
lated on the splendid work his department is
doing to perpetuate the wild life of Saskatchewan.
—N.C.

THE ROMANCE OF FossIL HUNTING. Natural
History, The Journal of the American Museum
Volume XXVI, No. 5, September-October,
1926.

The title of the September-October number of
the American Museum Journal affords an index
to its character which needs but little elaboration
by the reviewer. Contributions from 17 Palzeon-
tologists make this a notable number. It presents
a large variety of judiciously chosen information
about the methods, results and adventures of
those engaged in disclosing the history of ancient
life which should appeal to every kind of palzon-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 21

tologist from the youngest amateur to the hardest-
boiled specialist, and to the general public as well.
Probably no other magazine has ever marshalled
in a single number contributions from so many
distinguished paleontologists. The field covered
ranges in latitude from Canada to Patagonia and
in longitude from New York to Mongolia.

The historical perspective reaches back to the
heroic days of fossil collecting in the Western
States when pick and hammer must be supple-
mented by the rifle and a good eye for hostile
Indians. Western conditions of life in the
seventies are brought vividly before the reader by
photographs of Marsh’s early expeditions. Pro-
fessor Lull drops into his account of western
collecting a bit of novel synonomy indicating that
the Indians ‘Big horse struck by lightning” is
Marsh’s Brontotheriwm or thunder beast. The
beginner in geology who thinks Paleontology a
dull class-room subject will doubtless be surprised
to learn from these articles that the collector’s
life in the field still has plenty of spice and novelty
although the red man has ceased to be a factor in
it. We are informed that in Arkansas the collec-
tor is sometimes considered to be a person of un-
sound mind, while in Oklahoma he may be taken
for a horse thief. What is thought of him in the
fundamentalist districts of Tennessee we are not
advised. _

This fascinating symposium on fossil hunting is
likely to make the geologist whois still in the plastic
stage feel the lure of the unfathomed history of
life with a force that may last a life time. Riggs
tells us in it how the sage brush plains of Wyoming
and the inspiration of a great teacher lead him to
spend a series of years in Patagonia. In another
part of the symposium, Professor Berry in re-
counting his experiences in the Andes records the
nearest reported approach of a palzontologist to
heaven. Such a mosaic picture of the fossil
hunter’s life afield should go far towards capturing
the fancy of the young geologist before he has
fallen for the gold of the oil kings and in keeping
him in the straight and hungry path of paleon-
tology where the harvest isso large and the workers
so few. The editor, Dr. Chester Reeds, is to be
congratulated on its assemblage as well as for his*
own contribution to it—E.M.K,

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FOR SALE

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tant libraries are taking pains to
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Members having the following numbers for sale
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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF
} MANITOBA
ei 1925-26 Bes
Hon. President: NORMAN CRIDDLE; Past Presideni: J. J-
_ GOLDEN; President: CHas. W. LOWE; Vice-Presidenis: DR.
H. M. Sprecuiy, Dr. A. M. Davipson, A. G. LAWRENCE,
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_ (Incorporated)

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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH
- COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C.

The officers for the above Society for the year ending
March 81st, 1925, are as follows:—
President: Rev. R. CONNELL, M.A.;. 1st Vice-President:
W. N. KeLiy; 2nd Vice-President: Mrs. HUGH MACKENZIE;
Hon. Secretary: HAROLD T. NaTION; Hon. Treasurer: MIss
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_ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Hon. President: Mr. J. J. GAETZ, Red Deer, Alta.; Hon. Vice-
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Mr. C. H. SNELL, Red Deer, Alta.; ist Vice-President: Mrs.
W. A. CASSELS, Red Deer, Alta.; 2nd Vice-President: Mr. 8S.
PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.; Directors: Mrs. G .F. Root, Wetas
skiwin, Alta.; Mrs. J. MCMILLAN, Red Deer, Alta.; Miss BE.
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STONE; Corresponding Secretary: W. S. Hart; Treasurer:
HENRY MOuSLEY. Hzecutive Committee: Miss E. BENNETT,
G. R. BouLTEr, Mrs. C. F. DALE, H. A. C. Jackson, A. Mac-
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Mourpuy, A. P. Murray, W. A. OSWALD, Miss M. S. NicoL-
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SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE
NATURELLE DU CANADA
Bureau de direction pour 1923

Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence le général, le tres honorable
Lord Byng de Vimy, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., M
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VOL. XLI, No. 2 FEBRUARY, 1927

al DNA

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ae ALISTS’ CLUB

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4 IWATURA
ISSUED MARCH 10, 1927

Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as second-class matter

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB

Patrons:
THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND VISCOUNTESS WILLINGDON
| he. cael
OUIDO AA it President: NorMAN CRIDDLE
1st Vice-President: |. Mi. Kinpue 2nd Vice-President: CLYDE L. PATCH.

Secretary: Hon. Treasurer:
J. F. WRIGHT, B. A. FAUVEL,
Victoria Memorial Museum 321 McLeod St.,
Ottawa, Ont. . Ottawa, Ont.

Additional Members of Council: W. T. MAcoun; Miss M. E. Cowan; C. M.STERNBERG; H. I. SMITH.
P. A. TAVERNER: W. J. WINTEMBERG: R. E. DELURY: ARTHUR GIBSON; M. O. MALTE;
H. Grou; Miss F. Fytes; C. B. HutcHines; CiypE L. PatcH; H.M. Ami; D. JENNESS;
H. F. Lewis; Hoves Luoyp; Frits JOHANSEN; ANDREW HALKETT; C. E. JOHNSON; E. E. PRINCE;
G.R. Waite; E.G. WuHIteE; G. A. MaAcDoNALD; A. G. Kincston; G. A. MILLER; MARK G.
McELHINNEY; V. W. JACKSON; R. O. MERRIMAN; W. N. KeLiy; C. H. SNELL; J. R. McLeEop;
JOHN Davipson; L. McI. TERRILL; R. MEREDITH; FRANCIS KERMODE; R.B. THOMSON.

= Editor:

G. A. MILLER, _
Normal School, Ottawa.

Associate Editors:

D. JENNESS...... Pe ok Anthropology A. G. HuNTSMAN Bee Marine Biology
NTE ©. MEATTE cote isco Soa Sanat ones Botany 1 ASA VEIRNEIR a i ae Ornithology
E. Re GATCHRORD oes ee ok Conchology Cys RTI Scars Pn sa Palaeontology
ed ALCOCK ee aCe URE Nae ane Geology Re MEVANDERSON (2 25 eas je! Mammalogy.
ARTHUR: GIBSON: aac) cota Entomology “OEY DEN lu: ATO es Soeur ene Herpetology
CONTENTS
; PAGE
Two New Species of Oenothera. By Prof. R. Ruggles Gates............ OL Ca aneie tee 23
The Genus Amesia in North America. By Henry Mousley (Concluded)......................... 28.
* Production of Eider-Down in Canada. By Harrison F. Lewis............... Raise ts iI Ca aN) 31
The Earliest Recorded Observations on American Birds. By T. L. Thacker.................... 38
Habits of the Mountain Bluebird in Manitoba. By: Norman, Criddleciy Gann Gus cits ahem 40

The official publications of THE OTTAWA FIBLD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB have been issued

since 1879. The first was The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalisis’ Club, 1879-1886,

two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these

= have been continued by The Canadian-Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist

# isissued monthly, except for the months of June, July, and August. Its scope is the publication
of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History.

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MAR 19 1997

= The Canadian Field-Naturalist

OTTAWA, ONTARIO, FEBRUARY, 1927 No. 2

TWO NEW SPECIES OF OENOTHERA

By PROF. R. RUGGLES GATES
King’s College, University of London

are being used in genetical and cytolo-
gical studies which will be published later. One
or these was introduced into Tasmania from an
unknown source. The other was collected wild

Tasmania. Its long, straggling stems and small
leaves were characteristic. I have no means of
knowing whence or when it was introduced into
Tasmania. The seeds were sown in sterilized
soil in the greenhouses of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Regents Park, and germinated abun-
dantly. producing about 200 plants which were

Fig. 1—ROSETTE OF Oenothera Agari.

on the northern shore of Lake Erie. The history
and descriptions of these species are as follows:—

In January, 1924, Professor W. E. Agar of
the University or Melbourne, collected and sent
to me seeds of an Oe¢enothera which he found
growing within a few yards of the shore at Burnie,

very uniform in all their characters. Fig. 1
shows a rosette of one of these plants. The
following year two cultures (Nos. 18 and 19)
were grown, each from selfing a different plant of
the previous generation. They numbered res-
pectively 228 and 87 plants, and were again

24 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

strikingly uniform except for one mutant (Fig.
4) with much narrower linear leaves which
appeared in culture No. 19. In 1926 a small
culture of 11 plants was grown from one selfed
flower of culture No. 18. They were again very
uniform and were chiefly used in making up the
description below. Figure 2 represents one of
these plants in the flowering stage, and Fig. 3 a
flowering shoot showing the bracts, a wilting
flower and the “‘sprung”’ sepal tips.

Extensive measurements of petal-length were
made in a study of fluctuation in the flower-size
of pure races, and
its relation to clima-
tie conditions. In
1924 100 petal mea-
surements made on
five plants gave a
modal length of 33
mm., while in 1925
the modal length
from 3529 measure-
ments on 26 plants
was 27 mm., with a
range of fluctuation
from 21-33 mm., only
three petals reaching
the length of 33mm.
This decrease in
petal-size in the
second generation
might be due to a
seasonal difference
in the climatic con-
ditions, but itis more
probably due to a
genetic difference in
the flower-size of the
parent plant. These
observations are a
part of an extensive
study which is being
made of size-inheri-
tance, and they are
only referred to here to show how widely the flower
size of an otherwise relatively constant species
may vary. Type specimens are preserved in the
Herbarium of the Botanical Department, King’s
College, London.

Description. Oe. Agari n. sp.

Leaves of mature rosette: Length 12-18 cms.
width 10-18 mm. (mostly 13-16 mm.), nearly
linear, slightly lanceolate, acute, glabrous, nar-
rowing very gradually to a slightly winged plano-
convex petiole, midrib whitish above and below,
margin distantly and evenly repand-denticulate.
From this rosette of narrow leaves a central

Fig. 2—Oe. Agari IN FLOWER.

(Vou. XLI

stem and a ring of 6-8 basal branches or side
shoots arise simultaneously, which are as tall or
taller than the central stem, 60-80 ecm. high.
The stems are slender and wiry, at first upright,
the basal branches later becoming long and
straggling. Stems diffuse pale red, fine pubescent,
terete, redder towards the top.

Basal stem leaves sessile, resembling the rosette
leaves, 13 cm. long, sessile, widest at base, linear,
width 10-13 mm., finely pubescent only on
margin, apex acute. Bracts pubescent below
when young and slightly pubescent above, mid-
i ribs and lateral veins —

red below green
above, resembling in
shape the cauline
leaves, lowermost
bracts 5-6 cm. long.
Flowers: The.
flowers are scented
and fade quickly in
hot sun. The in-
florescence is lax and
elongated after flow-
ering. Petals mostly
24-32 mm. long, 27-
35 mm. wide, deeply
obcordate, some-
what reduplicateand
concave, deep yellow
with a _ brownish
orange spot at base,
petals turning or-
ange when faded and
deep orange-red
when dying. Stigma
surrounded by the
anthers, style 40-42
mm., stigma lobes 9
mm., opening out
flat. Ovary terete,
16-18 mm. by 2-2.5
mm., slightly quad-
rangular, hypanthi-
um 28-30 mm. long, 1 mm. in diameter at base,
broadening out above to 5-6 mm. Bud cone 20
mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad at base, slightly quad-
rangular and conical. Sepals, hypanthium and
ovary reddish, especially along the veins, with
long and short patent hairs intermixed with red
papille bearing long hairs. Sepal tips subterminal
with small red glandular apex and red inner face.
Capsules: Reaching 30 mm. in length, about 5 mm.
diameter, and gradually tapering to the base,
green, glabrous but with scattered patches of
long hairs arising from light green papilla. Seeds

7
yy

February, 1927] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 25

smaller, paler brown and less angular than
in the Lamarckiana-biennis group.

The species stands apart from the Lamar-
ckiana-biennis group of species in a number
of features, notably the sub-terminal sepal
tips, the wilting and colour-changes of the
petals, and the habit with numerous wiry
lateral shoots equalling in length the cen-
tral stem. Many attempts have been made
to cross it with species of the Lamarckiana
group, but without success. Within this
group, as is well known, the species can be
readily intercrossed, although in nature
many otf the species are self-pollinated.

The most distinctive features of this
species are (1) the long and narrow rosette
leaves gradually passing into cauline leaves
and bracts of similar form; (2) the habit,
with a ring of basal wiry reddish branches
as long as the slender central stem; (8)
the petals of medium size, deep yellow with
a basal brownish orange spot, fading quickly

~to orange-red, (4) the sub-terminal sepal
tips separated at base, arcuate and red-
dish on the inner face.

Oe. Agari resembles Oe. argillicola in cer-
tain respects, such as the nearly linear

Fig. 3—A Flowering Shoot of Oe. Agari.

leaves and the more or less suppressed
central stem and the somewhat decumbent
branches. But the latter species has much
larger leaves and flowers, while the buds
differ conspicuously in being rounded (like
Oe. grandiflora) and in having the usual
terminal sepal tips.

Diagnosis: Herba biennis. Folia radicalia
12-18 cm. longa, 10-18 mm. lata, pzne
linearia, acuta, glabra, costa utrinque albula,
margine sparse et pariter repando-denticu-
lato. Caulis medius gracilis cinctus annulo
ramorum pari altitudine ex imo caule sur-
gentium, 60-80 em. alta, aliquantum ad
summum rubro et caule et ramis. Folia cau-
lina gradatim breviora. Spica laxa, petala
cirea 25 mm. X 28 mm., maxime crocea,
(*) cum flavo-lutea (4) macula ad imum
maturius in rubescentem colorem marces-
centia. Antheres stigma attingentes. Ala-
bastre subrufze, obsolete quadrangulares,
longis et brevibus patentibus capillis pu-
bescentes cum rubris papillis que longos
capillos ferunt, apices sepalorum precipue

(1) The colours can only be approximated in Latin.

Fig. 4—Narrow-leaved Mutant from Oe. Agari

26 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Fig. 5—-SEEDLING ROSETTES OF Oe. eriensis.

subterminales, arcuata, interiore facie rufa.

Oenothera eriensis n. sp.

The seeds of this species were collected by me
on August 24th, 1924, from one or two plants
growing at a place called Colchester, on the north-
ern shore of Lake Erie, Ontario. The plants
had strikingly small flowers and very narrow
leaves, and onlyafew plants were seen growing
along the shore of the Lake. I have no means
of knowing how wide its distribution may be, but
such a distinct form obviously requires descrip-
tion. This form is very different from such small-
flowered species as Oe. muricata or Oe. parviflora,
and as cytological and genetical studies are now
being made with it, the species must be described.
The great variety of undescribed Oenothera
species is not yet appreciated. Although this
species, for instance, is very narrow-leaved, yet
it is totally different in every character from such
a narrow-leaved small-flowered species as Oe.
angustissima, which I described (*) from Ithaca,
New York.

The seeds of Oe. eriensis were sown in 1925;
123 plants germinated and were pricked out into
flats. Fig. 5 shows the seedling rosettes. They
were quite uniform and only 29 plants were grown
on to maturity. One of these plants self-pollinat-
ed, yielded in 1926 a large number of seedlings,
of which 46 were planted out and grown to ma-
turity. Fig. 6 represents one of these in flower
and fig. 7 a flowering shoot on a larger scale to
show the stem, bract, bud and flower characters.

(1) Rhodora. 15:45, pls.2. 1918.

' Main stem 8-10 em. high, no rosette,

-bent at the tips.

[VoL. XLI

Aan
a ae 4

+ Herbarium’ specimens
of the small and evanes-
cent rosette stage as well

collected from the cul-
ture in 1925 and are
preserved as type speci-
mens in the herbarium of

the Botanical Depart-
ment, King’s College,
London. The following

description, with the ex-
ception of the rosette
stage, is made chiefly
from the living plants:
Leaves of mature ros-
ette: Length 6-8 cm.,
greatest width 5-8 mm.,
very narrow oblanceolate
tapering to a margined
petiole, blade distinctly
denticulate, both surfaces
bearing fine pubescence.
The evanescent rosette
contains less than a dozen small leaves before
elongation o: the stem begins. Mature plant:
stem
rather slender, terete except where a low
ridge runs up to each leaf, green with a few
patches of diffuse red near the base. The brown-
ish bark exfoliates in strips near the base, but
higher up the green stem has a harsh fine appressed
pubescence. The upper part of the stem is bent
over nearly horizontal.
response to light and to be intermittent, resulting
in a stem which is erect below but with various
irregular bends inits upper part. Lateral branches
arise some distance above the base and are also
They have no basal collar.
The upper 15 em. of stem and branch tips bears
scattered hairs arising from red papille.

Stem leaves sessile, or with short, winged,
plano-convex petiole, lanceolate, 9-13 cm. long,
about 12 mm. wide, dark green above, paler
below, without any red, margin distantly and
irregulariy repand-denticulate, scattered fine ap-
pressed pubescence on both surfaces, more closely
grouped on midrib below, midrib whitish. Lower
bracts 12 em. long, 20 mm. broad, lanceolate,
acuminate, narrower at the base, sessile, with
distinctly glandular callosities at the margin, and
short thin appressed pubescence on the surface.

Flowers: In the English climate at least, the
early axillary buds (July) turn yellow and abort
when very small. Inflorescence dense, elongating
in fruit.

Petals: 9-15 mm. long, 8-12 mm. broad, obovate

as the mature plant were —

This appears to be a

ae. eee

|

Te EES SS ee eS OTE ay te eee et ee ee

February, 1927]

_cuneate with a wide shallow sinus, yellow,
fading not rapidly to a pale orange. Style
short, stigma lobes spreading only to 45°,
style 26-30 mm. long, stigma lobes 4-4.5
mm. long. Ovary with four grooves, some-
what quadrangular, about 15 mm. long,
3-3.5 mm. in diameter at the base and
2.5-38 mm. at the top. Hypanthium 24-27
mm. long, 2-2.5 mm broad, slightly swollen
at the base, quadrangular, broadening
out to 5 mm. diameter above. Bud
cone 10-22 mm. long, distinctly pyramid-
al, 5 mm. diameter at base. Sepal tips
4-4.5 mm. long, slightly subterminal, par-
allel, green except the apex which is red
and glandular. Apex of sepals warted,
yellowish. Ovary, hypanthium and sepals
green, with fine appressed pubescence, the
long hairs of the ovary arising from red
papille. Capsules reaching nearly 40 mm.
in length, 8 mm. in diameter, consider-
ably broader at base, tapering to the tip,
green, nearly glabrous but with a few
short scattered hairs arising from green
papille.

The evanescent rosette of small narrow

_leaves, the irregularly nutated stems and

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 27

Fig. 6-—Oe. Eriensis in Flower.

branches, the latter arising high above
ground, the small flowers and nearly glab-
rous capsules are characteristic features of
this species.

Diagnosis: Folia radicalia parva evan-
escentia, angustissime oblanceolata, circa
7 em. longa, 6 mm. lata, utrinque subtiliter
pubescentia. Caulis teres sed non qua
jugulum ad folium tendet, viridis, cortex
leviter nigrescens, prope ad imum caulem
exfoliatus, superiore parte asper tenuis
appressa pubescens, apex non _ regularis
horizontalis nutatus, supra basi ramis cum
apicibus etiam nutatis instructus. Folia
caulina sessilia lanceolata, circa 10 cm.
longa, 22 mm. lata, sparse repando-dentic-
ulata, utrinque sparse tenuibus_ capillis
appressis pubescentia, et densius sub infer-
iore parte costi. Spica densa; alabastre
virides, tenues appresse pubescentes; petala
flava, 9-15 mm. longa, 8-12 mm. lata. Stylus
brevis, stigma inferius antheribus. Capsules
circa 40 mm. longer, 8 mm. lat, virides,
pene glabre.

Fig. 7—A Flowering Shoot of Oe. Hriensis.

28 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

THE Genus Amesia IN NORTH AMERICA
By HENRY MOUSLEY

OT only is the range of colour in the flow-
ers very great, but the shape of the lip-
bosses varies enormously, and in a lesser

degree that of the raised moulding and
hypochiles also, as can be seen in Figure No. 2,

Plate No. 2. In every case there are two
lip-bosses, and in many three. Some of
these are very rugose, others comparatively

smooth, and little raised- above the surface
of the lip, in fact if it was not for the central
moulding, some lips might possibly be called
smooth. Such a case can be seen in Figure No.
10, in which the central-boss is wanting, the two
side ones being very insignificant, and the central
moulding not perceptible.

Figure No. 2 is an example in which the side-
bosses are fairly well apart, the central boss
appearing between them as a mere dot.

Figure No. 9 represents an almost rotund
epichile, with the two side-bosses somewhat apart.
As will be noticed, many of the lips curl under as
in Figures Nos. 4 and 8, in extreme cases, the tip
reaching to the centre of the hypochile, or even
beyond.

In Figure No. 4, the greater part of the lip
consists of a much raised triangular moulding
with no distinct rugose or separate bosses. In
some cases, this moulding has a very distinct
central ridge, thus giving the central-boss—when
there is one—the effect of extending right down
to the extremity of the lip, as in Figure No. 7.

In other cases, the central-boss is very larges
and when confluent with the side ones, a very dis-
tinctive lip is produced, such as that in Figure No.
12. In an extreme case I once came across the
side-bosses were very large and prominent, extend-
ing right down to the tip of the lip, where they
became confluent. The hollow space in between
was devoid of any central-boss, thereby giving the
side ones a very elongated appearance.

Another extreme case consisted of two fairly
well raised side-bosses, somewhat long and pointed
and wide apart, with a very long thin central-boss
in between, extending almost to the tip of the lip,
the open spaces between giving them the appear-
ance of three long pendants. Possibly, enough
has been said to give the reader an idea of the
futility of trying to describe every kind of combina-
tion that one is likely to find in these lips, which,
I may observe, were photographed natural size
and then enlarged to about double, to give a
better idea of the small details, and this same re-

mark applies to Figure No. 3, Plate No. 8, showing
the reproductive organs of the two species latifolia
and rubiginosa. These are well portrayed in
the central bloom (A. latifolia), which shows
the large, round, and prominent rostellum directly
in the centre of the upper edge of the stigma.
Immediately to the right and left of the rostellum
are the two staminodes, forming the shoulders of
the stigma. Above them, and directly over the
rostellum, are the two bundles of pollinia, and
above these again comes the anther cap, which in
this case is slightly raised above the pollinia but
in the bloom above it is fitting tight down on the
latter. The slightest touch of the rostellum,
with an outward pull, is sufficient to detach the
pollinia, and along with the latter comes the ros-
tellum as well. At each end of the lower edge or
lip of the stigmatic cavity, and corresponding to
the staminodes or auricles on the upper edge
appear two other auricles, or as I prefer to call
them, papille, for they really look more like little
nipples, whereas the staminodes above more
nearly resemble auricles or ears. These two
papille are typical of what one usuallly finds,
and are clearly visible in Figure No. 3, but on
July 26, 1925, out of 112 plants examined, two
blooms had a third papilla, exactly halfway
between the other two, thus bringing it directly
below the rostellum. This matter puzzled me at
first, until one day I happened to be reading the
chapter on the homologies of the flowers of orchids
in Darwin’s book, “The various contrivances by
which orchids are fertilized by Insects,” 2nd
Ed., 1888, pp. 232-246, and looking at the diagram
on page 236, it suddenly struck me that probably
this third papilla corresponded to the a3—of the
diagram, i.e., the third rudimentary anther of
the inner whorl, for later on (page 242) we find
the following, viz.: “Finally, then, with
respect to the six stamens which ought to be rep-
resented in every Orchid: the three belonging to
the outer whorl are always present, the upper
one being fertile (except in Cypripedium), and
the two lower ones invariably petaloid and
forming part of the labellum. The three stamens
of the inner whorl are less plainly developed,
especially the lower one, a3, which, when it can
be detected, serves only to strengthen the column,
running up the centre to the lower edge, or lip of
the stigmatic cavity, and in some rare cases,
according to Brown, forms a separate projection or
filament; the two upper anthers of this inner

> eye aeoee.

ee

che oF

February, 1927]

whorl are fertile in Cypripedium, and in other
cases are generally represented either by mem-
branous expansions, or by minute auricles without
spiral vessels. These auricles, however, are some-
times quite absent as in some species of Ophrys.”’
I regret now that I did not collect these two
blooms, although I was fortunate enough in find-

_ ing another on July 28, 1926, which is seen in Figure

No. 2, Plate No. 8, the central nipple or auricle
(right-hand bloom) being very distinct, while
the two side ones are not nearly as pronounced as
those in Figure No. 3. Another curious aberra-

tion consisted in a bloom having two perfect
anthers with pollinia, as can be seen in the two
views, Figures Nos. 4 and 4A, Plate No. 3. The

AMESIA (EPIPACTIS) LATIFOLIA.
Montreal, Que. :
July-September, 1925.

Fig. No. 1—Fusion of bract leaves. Sept. 2, 1925
»» », 2—Central nipple on base of stigma.
ec pollen masses. July 20, 1925.
”? ”
2? 9

5—Forking stem. Sept. 2, 1925.

‘second anther, although quite perfect, was very

much smaller than the normal one, which latter,
however, was a trifle on the skew, and not dead
true over the rostellum. No other example of
the kind has since been met with, the one in
question being found on July 20, 1925. The
year following, however, saw still one other
curious aberration, in the shape of a plant the
stem of which forked some few inches above the
ground, both forks bearing a raceme of flowers
which were in full bloom at the time of discovery,
August 12, 1926.

4 and 4a—Two views of bloom with two perfect anthers with

3—Blooms showing large round rostellum, anthers and pollina.
Aug. 18, 1925.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 29

The gathering of large bunches of the flowers
—for purposes presently to be related—first drew
my attention to the pleasant perfume they give
off, which in the case of A. rubiginosa has been
likened to vanilla by Correvon in his “‘Album des
Orchidées d’Europe’. As a contrast to this, the
roots give off a most disagreeable odour. On one
of the stations for these plants there is a large.
Apiary, consisting of some two hundred hives,
and my reason for gathering bunches of the flowers
was for the purpose of determining whether honey
bees had anything to do with the cross-fertilizing
of these orchids, in view of the diverse experiences
of several authors: in the matter. Darwin dis-
tinctly states that he never saw a bee of any kind
frequent the flowers, but that,wasps
were the great agents in removing the
pollinia. Mr. A. D. Webster, in his
“British Orchids’, 1898, pp. 110-115,
speaks of #H. latifolia as being very
imperfectly fertilized, that although
visited by insects, cross-fertilization sel-
dom takes place, and that self-fertiliza-
tion by the pollen falling spontaneously
on the stigma is not uncommon, three
statements, two of which are quite at
variance with my experiences in this
country where of all the forty or fifty
native orchids I am familiar with, it
would be hard to find one that sets more
capsules than latifolia. It is rarely self-
fertilized, owing to the position of the
stigma and the large rostellum, which
prevents this, and moreover, almost as
soon as the flowers open, they appear
to be visited, and the rostellums to-
gether with the pollinia carried away. In
many cases, I have found three and
even four sets of pollinia on one stigma,
and often one on the dorsal sepal as
well, as described by Mr. Webster. I
certainly have seen cases of self-fertiliza-
tion where, owing to the lifting of the
anther, the pollinia has twisted round
from some cause or another, and has
fallen over the top edge of the stigma, and on
to the latter, thus causing self-fertilization to
take place. It sometimes happens also, that
the flowers fail to be visited by insects, in which
case the pollinia often becomes swollen and friable,
the anther cap lifts, and little pieces break away,
and as in the other case get pushed over the edge
of the stigma, and cause self-fertilization to take
place, as before. These cases, however, I have
found, are not of very frequent occurrence.
Undoubtedly, the chief agents of cross-fertiliza-
tion in this country are two species of wasp, the

30 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

-

Yellow Jacket (Vespa germanica) and the Black
Wasp (Vespa maculaia), both of which have
visited the flowers in numbers—more especially
the former—as I held a bunch of them in my
hand, whilst sitting quietly in the sun. Owing
to their short proboscis, they were obliged to
push well into the flower to obtain the nectar,
and it was seldom they went away without pollinia
attached to their heads. Honey Bees—Italian
strain— also visited the flowers freely, but in their
case, owing to their longer proboscis, they were
able to obtain the nectar without having to push
so deeply into the flowers, and more often than
not, in my case, went away without any pollinia.
Still, they do a certain amount of cross-fertiliza-
tion, for a friend of mine obtained better results
than‘ I7did, during an hour’s careful watching,
when ‘he saw a number of bees go off with the
yellow pollinia attached to their heads. The
larvee of the Yellow Bear moth (Spilosoma vir-
ginica) feed freely on the leaves of latifolia, and
no doubt on rubiginosa also, and I once found a
larva of the Tiger moth (Isia Isabella) on one of
the plants, but this was no doubt a mere coin-
cidence, as this larva will eat anything that comes
in its way.

As previously mentioned, I have come across
three interesting forms of A. latifolia as follows,
viz.:

Amesia latifolia (All.) Nels. and McBride
forma monotropoides Mousley, f. nov.

Found growing at Monkland, Montreal, on
August 19, 1925. Characterized by a total
absence of chlorophyll, thus giving the plants the
white appearance of the Indian Pipe (Monotropa
uniflora). “My first discovery of this form—for
which I propose the varietal name monotropoides—
consisted of four young plants growing under a
thick hedge at Monkland, on July 29, 1925,
none of which, however, flowered. Later on,
also under a thick hedge, bordering a large wood
about two miles from the first site, I again came
upon two immature examples, but it was not
until August the 19th, that I found my first
flowering example, under the same hedge that
had harboured the previous four small ones.
This plant was 36 cm. in height, and with its
ghost-like appearance under the shade of this
thick hedge, gave one quite a thrill. The only
colouring in the whole plant consisted of a very
pale rose-mauve suffusion to the lower part of
the stem, this same suffusion being found also
in the petals and sepals of the eight blooms, the
inside of the hypochiles being of a darker shade.
The two side-bosses were somewhat prominent,
pale rose-mauve in colour, and confluent with the
smaller central-boss, corresponding exactly to

[VoL. XLI

lip No. 3, of Plate No. 3. I never saw the slight-
est sign of this form on Mt. Royal, in fact the
district of Monkland—which is only five minutes’

walk from my house—with its small woods and —

long fields, bordered by thick hedges, has yielded
me most of the interesting forms described in this
paper, but alas! owing to building operations, it
will not be many years before all of them will be
things of the past, so far as the district of Monk-
land is concerned. However, I am pleased to
learn from Bro. Victorin that Mr. L. Fortier has
a sterile specimen of low size, which he took at
St. Francois de Sales, Laval Co., some fourteen
miles to the north of Monkland.
writes me that he has never seen anything of the
sort in Epipactis (Amesia), either in England, or
on the continent of Europe, but that he found
both Serapias longipetala (=Serapias laxiflora,
Helleborine longipetala) and S. lingua (=Orchis
lingua, Serapias hirsuta), with the whole plant a
yellowish cream colour. .

For easy reference, we may briefly sum up the
foregoing as follows, viz.)—

Amesia latifolia (All.) Nels. and McBride forma
monotropoides Mousley, f. nov.—Plants solitary,
growing in deep shade, snow-white, pale rose-
mauve suffusion to petals, sepals and lower part
of stem only. Quebec: Monkland nr. Montreal,
Aug. 19, 1925, Mousley (Type in National Her-
barium, Ottawa, No. 116,715); St. Francois de
Sales, Laval Co., Herbarium of L. Fortier;
Monkland, Herbarium of Bro. Victorin, No. 22,018.

Amesia latifolia (All.) Nels. and McBride
forma alba (Webster) Mousley comb. nov. Epi-
pactis latifolia All. f. alba Webster Brit. Orchids,
p. 21 (1898).

Found growing at Monkland, Montreal, on
July 27, 1925. Characterized by its white flowers.

‘This is a very beautiful and distinct form—

sometimes attaining a height of 79 cm., which
is my record so far—in which the petals and
lips in some cases are pure white, whilst in others
there is a faint suspicion of lilac or pale yellowish
green in ‘all cases. The bosses and raised portion
of the epichiles are either very pale green or
pale lilac. I have never found the form anywhere
except at Monkland, and there the area is a
very limited one, and the plants scarce. Mr. A.
D. Webster, in his “British Orchids’, 1898, p.

Col. Godfery ~

DIG TEP Te ae DO nL eT Oe Se ee, eee

21, speaks of having found a very beautiful white _

form of the species growing on the railway em-
bankment near Bangor, in North Wales, to which
he gave the name alba, the white-flowered Helle-
borine, whilst the Drs. Stephenson speak of
having found flowers of the same species which

February, 1927

apparently had white lips only. Briefly for easy
reference, we may sum up as follows, viz.:—

Amesia latifolia (All.) Nels. and McBride f.
alba (Webster) Mousley, comb. nov.—Plants
solitary, growing in the open, flowers white.
Quebec: Monkland, July 27, 1925, Mousley
(specimen in National Herbarium, Ottawa, No.
116,716), also Herbarium of Bro. Victorin, No.
Donon:

Amesia latifolia (All.) Nels. and McBride
forma variegata (Webster) Mousley, comb. nov.
Epipactis latifolia All. f. variegata Webster, Brit.
~ Orchids, p. 22 (1898).

Found growing at Monkland, Montreal, on June
27, 1925. Characterized by long streaks or
patches of yellow in the leaves, their shape being
governed by the venation, thus giving the leaf a
variegated appearance. So far, I have only met
with three plants, two sterile and one fertile,
but the Drs. Stephenson seem to have come
across similar ones in England, see “The Journal
of Botany” for February, 1925, p. 35, whilst Mr.
A. D. Webster, on page 22 of his work “British
Orchids’, speaks of a variety of which the leaves
were conspicuously marked with creamy yellow
bands, and which he named variegaia, remarking
also that it was perfectly constant under culti-
vation. Briefly, for easy reference, we may sum
up as follows, viz.:—

Amesia latifolia (All.) Nels. and McBride f.
variegaia (Webster) Mousley, comb. nov.—Plants
solitary, leaves variegated by yéllow streaks or
patches governed by the venation. Quebec

~ Monkland, nr. Montreal, June 27, 1925, Mousley
(specimen in National Herbarium, Ottawa, No.
116,717), also Herbarium of Bro. Victroin, No.
22,030.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 81

.

Before concluding, it may be interesting to
mention some of the principal plants I have
found associated with A. latifolia and A. rubig-
inosa, which are as follows, viz.:—Staghorn Su
mach (Rhus typhina), Choke Cherry (Prunus
virginiana), Poison Ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron)
Climbing Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), Red
Osier (Cornus stolonifera), Fox Grape (Vitis
riparia ?), Hawthorn (Crategus punctata and
others), Viburnum (Viburnum Lentago), Tall
Anemone (Anemone virginiana), Wild Columbine
(Aquilegia canadensis), Bloodroot (Sanguinaria
canadensis), Bracken Fern (Pieridium latius-
culum), Tall Meadow Rue (Thalictrum polyga-
mum), Purple Flowering Raspberry (Rubus
odoratus), Hog Peanut (Amphicarpa monoica),
Spanish Buttons (Centaurea nigra), Chicory
(Cichorium Intybus), Large Coral Root (Coral
lorrhiza maculata), Showy Orchis (Orchis specta-
bilis), Wood Betony (Pedicularis canadensis),
Yarrow (Achillea Millefolium), Self-heal (Prunella
vulgaris), and several speciesof Asters and Golden-
rods.

In conclusion, I wish to extend my very best
thanks to all those kind friends who have in any
way helped me in the preparation of this paper.
Especially am I indebted to the Drs. T. and
T. A. Stephenson, Col. M. J. Godfery, Bro.
Marie-Victorin, and Dr. M. O. Malte, the latter
of whom, as on previous occasions, has made it
possible for me to obtain the excellent photo-
graphs from which the plates have been made,
these photographs having been taken by the
Geological Survey, Ottawa, from plants supplied
by myself, all of which, together with the rest of
the material described in this paper, have been
presented to the National Herbarium at Ottawa.

~ PRODUCTION OF EIDER-DOWN IN CANADA
By HARRISON F. LEWIS

THE EIDER-DOWN TRADE

IDER-DOWN is the natural downy
growth found among and beneath the
feathers of the underparts of the female
Hider Duck. Its stem or quill is not stiff.
It possesses in a very high degree the qualities of
softness, lightness, elasticity, and cohesiveness,
and is a very poor conductor of heat. It is thus
an ideal material for the filling of quilts, com-
forters and similar articles of bedding, and is
used in small amounts in the lining of the backs of
coats. From one and one-half to two pounds of
cleaned eider-down is sufficient to make a large
comforter.

The excellence and usefulness of eider-down for
the manufacture of such articles has long been
realized and a considerable quantity of it has been
marketed annually, principally by the Scandi-
navian countries. Iceland’s export of cleaned
eider-down in 1902 was 5896 pounds; in 1919 it
was 6,310 pounds. In 1920 the total amount
produced in Iceland was 7,467 pounds, of which
5,610 pounds were exported. From Greenland
984 pounds were exported in 1890 and 1980 pounds,
including some skins, in 1920. In Norway, also,
there is a large trade in this commodity. While
large numbers of Hiders are found in Canada the
production of eider-down in this country has not

32 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

been efficiently carried on and has always been on
a comparatively small scale.

Pearson and Bidwell* estimate the value of
one pound of cleaned eider-down at 15s. 7d. to
16s. 8d., or $3.81 to $4.07. Quotations obtained
by the Canadian National Parks Service in 1924
vary a good deal, but in general are from $3.00 to
$5.00 per pound. Millaisf states that the Ice-
landic companies in the eider-down business
generally make a profit of 100 per cent from it.

At present the demand for eider-down in Canada
and the United States is small, but this is undoubt-
edly due to the fact that in these countries the
demand for this article has not been stimulated
by advertising, and the average consumer has no
knowledge whatever of true eider-down. In the
past the annual world production of eider-down
has been marketed almost altogether in Europe
and has been absorbed by the European demand.
There is no doubt that judicious publicity given
to a product which combines so many desirable
and inimitable qualities would soon create a
considerable demand for it on this continent, and,
since a regular production of Canadian eider-down
can be assured by proper and inexpensive methods,
a valuable trade in this commodity is capable of
being developed in this country in a few years’
time.

CANADIAN EIDER DUCKS

Four different kinds of Eider Ducks nest in
numbers in Canada.

THE PAcIFIC EHIpDER (Somateria v-nigra) breeds
in the western part of Arctic Canada, as far east
as the Coppermine River. It is common in many
parts of this breeding range. It winters in
Bering Sea and about the Aleutian Islands. Its
down is similar to that of the American Eider,
described below, but is lighter in colour.

THE KING EIDER (Somateria spectabilis) is a
bird of far northern breeding range. In Canada
it is found nesting on the Arctic coast and among
the Arctic islands, as well as southward as far
as northwestern Hudson Bay and northern
Ungava. In winter it occurs as far south as the
Aleutian Islands and Kadiak Island, Alaska;
the Great Lakes; and Long Island, New York.
Its down is darker than that of the American
Hider, described below.

THE NORTHERN EIDER (Somateria mollissima
borealis) is also a bird of the Arctic regions. In
Canada it breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands
from Hllesemere Land south to northwestern
Hudson Bay and the Atlantic coast of Labrador
north of Hamilton Inlet. In winter it is found
from southern Greenland southward, rarely as

*Tbis, 1894, p. 233.
TBritish Diving Ducks, Vol. 11, London, 1913, p. 28.

Its down is similar in

far as Massachusetts.
colour to that of the American Hider.

THE AMERICAN EIDER (Somateria mollissima
dressert) is closely related to the Northern Eider,
being another race of the same species. Its
breeding range lies south of that,of the Northern
Eider. It nests in the southern half of Hudson
Bay and from the vicinity of Hamilton Inlet on
the Labrador coast south to southeastern Maine
and southern Nova Scotia. It is especially
abundant as a nesting bird on the north shore of
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is found nesting
on islands in the St. Lawrence River at least as
far westward as the Pilgrim Islands and possibly
as far as the Kamouraska Islands. In winter it
still occurs on open water in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and about Newfoundland and is found
from there southward regularly to the coast of
Massachusetts. Its down is brownish-gray or
mouse colour, but with a whitish area about the
root of each separate piece, so that a mass of down
appears brownish-gray with numerous flecks of
lighter colour.

There are two other kinds of Hider Ducks,
namely, Steller’s Eider (Polysticta stelleri) and the
Spectacled Eider (Arctonetia fischeri), that are
found in North America in the vicinity of Bering
Sea, but they are not known to nest in Canada.

Hiders have a variety of common names in
various parts of their range. Some of the more
common of these are: Sea Duck, Moyac, Moynak,
Ducks and Drakes, Laying Duck, Shoreyer,
Eskimo Duck, and Metic. On the north shore
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence the Northern Eiders
and King Eiders migrating along the coast are
generally known as “Passing Birds’. The King
Hider is sometimes called “King Bird” or ‘King
Duck’.

Our Eiders are large Ducks, about 23 inches in
length. During the greater part of the year the
drakes are very conspicuously dressed in white and
black, tinged about the head with greenish and,
in the King Eider, with bluish gray. Shortly
after the mating season they molt into a dark
plumage, which they wear for three or four months.
The female Eiders are grayish-brown and buffy,

with fine markings of black and withtwonarrow _

lines of white across each wing, but without
conspicuous coloured areas. Eiders bear little
resemblanze to other Ducks and are recognized
immediately by residents of those regions where
they commonly occur.

The sea s the natural home of the Eiders. They
often remain at sea in large flocks if food is avail-
able there, especially in winter, when inshore
waters are frequently ice-covered. They are
expert swimmers and even the downy young
have no fear of rough and breaking water. In

[Vou. XLI

ee ae ee ee ee

Sg ee ee ee ae ae aE a ne ae ee ee a

pl SAE a

February, 1927]

the nesting season they are obliged to seek the
vicinity of land, and then they may often be seen
resting in groups on rocks or beaches. Favourite
sandy beaches may become completely covered
with their broad tracks. Though alert, they are
not excessively wary and one may approach

- within gun-shot of them without great difficulty.

When they are incubating, the females are occa-
sionally so tame that they may be caught by
hand on the nest.

The flight of Eiders is low and steady and is
usually over the surface of the sea. On the spring
migration they fly in flocks containing generally
from fifty to three hundred birds of both sexes,
indiscriminately intermingled. These move for-
ward in long irregular lines which are extended at
right angles to the direction of progress and are
only a few feet above the surface of the water.
When passing projectinz points of land while on
migration or while flying around the islands on
which they intend to nest, Hiders often cut cor-
ners and pass over the land, and they are frequent-
ly shot from blinds at such times. In flying to
and from their nesting sites or to and from ponds
and lakes Eiders must also pass over the land.

Hiders feed chiefly upon mussels, sea-cucumbers,
star-fish, and similar food, although small fish are
sometimes eaten. They customarily obtain their
food by diving for it to the sea-bottom. It has
been proved that they reach at least a depth of
thirty-five feet and it appears probable that they
sometimes g0 even deeper than that.

Mating of the American Eiders usually takes
place in May and June. During the mating sea-
son various courtship antics are indulged in,
especially by the drakes. These have been well
described by Dr. C. W. Townsend.* At such
times is heard the wooing note of the drake, a
gentle, dovelike ah-oo0, ah-ooo0, many times re-
peated. A lower, softer note, which may be
written k-dooo, k-dooo, is also used at times. The
note of the female is guite different, a low, guttural
wawk-wawk-wawk-wawk-wawk, uttered rather ra-
pidly. Those species of Eider which nest in colder
regions naturally tend to mate somewhat later
than the comparatively southern American Eider.

The nesting date is chiefly determined by the
time when open salt water appears near the
nesting site, thus permitting food to be obtained
readily, and by the time when suitable nesting
sites become bare of snow. In 1923 the first
nests which I saw among the Mingan Islands,
Saguenay Co., Quebec, were three found on May
29, on which date two of them already contained
four eggs each. In 1924 spring was very early
on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence,

*A Labrador Spring, Boston, 1910, pp. 86-89.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 33

and the Eiders nested correspondingly early in

that region, so that on June 19 Mr. S. Oliver

found 238 downy young in Aylmer Sound, near
Harrington, and it was even reported to me that
a brood of young had been seen near Wolf Bay
about May 29. Farther north the Hiders of various
species nest somewhat later, as would be expected

The nest of the American Eider is generally
placed on the ground on some small island in the
salt water. Some of this species, however, nest
on large islands in salt water, some on small islands
in rivers, lakes, and ponds near the sea, and some
on the mainland itself. Where the American
Hider nests on islands which are wooded in the
ordinary sense the nest is generally placed in the
shelter of low branches of some spruce or fir
tree near the shore. Occasionally the place
selected is far from the water and in the heart of
thick woods, where the duck cannot fly, but must
walk long distances in passing to and from the nest.
On islands where there are no trees, or none more
than two or three feet high, the Hiders’ nests are
apt to be scattered about wherever local condi-

-tions happen to please the nesting birds. On

islands of sufficient size nests may be a mile or
more from the sea and are then often near fresh
water ponds where the ducks wash and take
exercise. A favourite nesting site is under the
shelter of low horizontal branches of stunted fir
trees, about two feet high, which fill the shallow
ravines and gullies on many islands. In other
cases, the nest is placed close beside a rock, a
small cliff, or a log of driftwood, from which it
receives some shelter, but a few nests may always
be found quite shelterless, either on the mossy
hillsides or among the pebbles and low herbage of
the beach. Nests sometimes are found in fairly
dense groups, but this appears to be due not so
much to a sociable nature, as to the attraction of
especially favourable conditions in a small area.
The nest itself is a slight hollow in the surface of
the ground, lined with down and feathers from
the duck’s own body, more or less mingled with
whatever foreign materials occur at the nest site

The nesting of the Northern, Pacific, and King,
Eiders resembles that of the American Eider,
except that the shelter of vegetable growth is
seldom available for Eiders nesting near the
sea in the Arctic regions, with the result that the
nests are more exposed, and except, also, that the
King Hider, as I am informed by Dr. R. M.
Anderson, prefers to nest about ponds at some
distance from the sea, on large bodies of land, and
is seldom found nesting in groups.

The lining of down and feathers usually appears
at about the time the eggs are laid, but I have never
been able to observe that there is any exact regu-
larity as to the time when it is placed. Sometimes

34 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURLAIST

the nest is well lined when it contains only the
first egg of the set, and sometimes a complete set
will be incubated in a nest containing very little
down.

Incubating Eider Ducks often permit the close
approach of an unconcealed human being, and
occasionally a duck may be lifted from the eggs
and banded. In June, 1924, Mr. S. Oliver and
Mr. F. W. Osborne found one incubating Ameri-
can Hider on St. Mary’s Islands, Saguenay Co.,
Quebec, that was so tame that she continued quiet-
ly to incubate after they had lifted her from the
nest, examined her eggs, and replaced her on the
nest. In most cases, however, the sitting Hider
will fly from the nest, or from as near the nest as
conditions will permit, when a human being or a
dog appraoches her, and as she flies she usually
discharges copious greenish, oily, evil-odoured
excrements, very different from the ordinary
excrements of the Hider. This discharge usually
falls on the nest and eggs, although, in the bird’s
excitement, it sometimes fails to do so. It is
supposed to be discharged for a protective pur-
pose, as it is said that a dog or a fox will not take
an egg which has been fouled by it. This habit
is important in relation to the production of eider-
down, as down which has been soiled in this way
cannot be cleaned and must be rejected. Evi-
dently, therefore, it is desirable that Eiders on
nests from which the down is to be gathered should
be disturbed as little as possible.

In most cases, at least, incubating American
Hiders leave the nest occasionally, though prob-
ably not normally oftener than once a day, and
spend an hour or two in feeding and washing
before returning to the nest. During such periods
of absence on the part of the duck, the down around
the edge of the nest is usually turned inward, and,
when sufficiently abundant, covers the eggs com-
pletely, thus keeping them warm and hiding them
from enemies. If the down is taken away and
the eggs are left in the nest, the owner of the nest
will soon return to the duties of incubation and
will furnish a new lining of down as far as her sup-
ply of that substance will permit.

The drake generally abandons the duck at
about the time when the last egg of the setis laid.
The drakes then gather together on good feeding
grounds among the outer reefs and have no further
care for their mates or their offspring. Some-
times they migrate to distant regions. On June
22, 1924, however, I saw, near Yankee Harbor,
Saguenay Co., Quebec, a drake American Eider
accompanying a duck and her brood. On no
other occasion have I seen a drake with the
downy young.

_ Eiders’ eggs are usually of a pale greenish olive
colour. Those of the American, Northern, and

[VoL. XLI

Pacific Hiders are about 3.00 in. by 2.00 in.
Those of the King Hider are usually smaller,
being about 2.75 in. by 1.95 in. The most com-
mon numbers of eggs in a set of any of these species
are four and five, but sets of three, six, seven and
eight eggs are sometimes found. Nests with
more than eight eggs are sometimes reported, but.
it is believed that in these cases two or more
ducks have laid in one nest.

Incubation lasts about twenty-eight days.
The young dry rapidly after hatching, and leave
the nest very soon after they are dry. They are
then clad in various shades of brown and are very
attractive little creatures. As soon as possible

- they take to the water, where they swim and dive

with ease. They are cared for by their mother
until they are nearly as large as she is. Often
several mother Eiders will join forces and group
their young. Thus the ducklings can be protected
better against Great Black-backed Gulls and other
enemies. Many of the young do not gain ability
to fly until September or even later.

Young Eiders do not attain fully adult plumage
until they reach an age of 26 to 29 months. In
most instances, at least, they probably do not
breed until the spring following the attainment
of full plumage, or when they are nearly three
years old. Young birds which have not reached
breeding age generally keep by themselves, at
least during the breeding season.

TREATMENT OF THE EIDERS IN NORTH AMERICA

Before the ratification of the Migratory Birds
Convention between Canada and the United
States, which took place in 1916, Hider Ducks
received very harsh treatment in North America.

The American Eiders, nesting nearest to the
settlements of the white man and the Indian, were
especially persecuted. They were shot extensive-
ly along the New England coast and the number
nesting in Maine was reduced until Knight*
estimated in 1908 that not more than twenty pairs
then nested within that state. E. H. Forbush
stated in 1916 that reports from Maine and
Nova Scotia placed their decrease at fifty per
cent within the memory of the observers, and that
the few pairs still breeding in Maine were pro-
tected from extinction during the breeding season
by the wardens of the National Association of
Audubon Societies. The number of Eiders which
still nest about Grand Manan, New Brunswick,
and on islands along the Nova Scotia coast is
pitifully small.

Many writers have testified to the severe way
in which American Hiders were long harassed on

*The Birds of Maine, Bangor, 1908, p. 108.
.Game Birds, Wild-Fowl and Shore Birds, 2nd ed., Boston,
1916, p. 149.

- and eaten.

affected in total numbers.

February, 1927]

the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
on the eastern Labrador coast south of Hamilton
Inlet. Both white residents and Indians sought
the nests and nesting birds, often with the aid of
dogs. The eggs were collected in large quantities,
in pails or baskets, and many of the sitting birds
were killed with guns or poles. At all seasons
when they could be reached the adults of both
sexes were shot without stint and even young
birds in the down were killed, skinned, cooked
In Newfoundland, also, many Eiders
and their eggs were destroyed. When such
treament was meted out to them, it was no won-
der that the American Eiders decreased greatly in
number; indeed, the wonder is that they main-
tained their numbers as well as they did.

In the Arctic regions and in Hudson Bay and
on the Labrador coast north of Hamilton Inlet
the various species of Eiders have always been
very important, if not essential, to the natives,
providing them with with food and raiment.
While the natives in those areas took freely of the
Hiders, yet the number of human beings resident
in the vast territory concerned was relatively so
small that the Eiders in general were not severely
With an increase in
settlement and in the supply of other foods in
those regions different conditions may obtain,
and by the prompt application of adequate mea-
sures of conservation Canada’s largest eider-down
industry may eventually be built up there, to the
great benefit of the human population.

Hider eggs are undoubtedly good human food,
but to attack so valuable aspecies at the period of
reproduction is to kill the goose that lays the golden
egg and should be prohibited wherever possible.
The flesh of Hiders is generally not desirable as
food, when better meat is to be had, for it is apt
to be tough, oily, and fishy, although Audubon*
states that certain sterile females obtained in
Labrador by his party in 1833 tasted as well as
the Mallard. In many cases the desire to eat
Hiders and Eider eggs is due to life-long habit
rather than to any pressure of necessity. The
great value of the Hider Ducks is their down and
a large production of down is inconsistent with
hunting the Eiders themselves. The revenue
which residents of regions preferred by the Hiders
for nesting purposes can derive from a thriving
eider-down industry will be far more valuable to
them in most cases than the quantity of flesh and
eggs of these birds which they might secure.

Since the ratification of the Migratory Birds
Convention and the passage of the Migratory
Birds Convention Act, Eiders have enjoyed
several years of complete protection in Canada

*The Birds of America, Vol. VII, New York, 1839, p. 65.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 35

and the United States. This protection still
continues over large areas, although an annual
hunting season for these birds, extending from
September Ist to December 14th in the North-
West Territories and Yukon Territory and from
September Ist to December 15th in that part of
the Province of Ontario lying north of the Quebec-
Cochrane-Winnipeg line of the Canadian National
Railways, is now authorized.* As a result of the
protection given them in accordance with the
Migratory Birds Convention, quite apart from
the proposed development of eider-down produc-
tion, the Hiders have increased in numbers,
especially, perhaps, about the Gulf of St. Law-
rence and Nova Scotia. -

The following data serve to give some idea of
the present degree of abundance of the American
Hider on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, as well as to indicate the increase in num-
bers that has taken place there in recent years.
In that region in the spring and summer of 1923
I saw, altogether, 4,624 American Eiders during
the 77 days on which this species was observed
the average number seen in one day being 60.
In the same region in 1926, three years later, I
saw, altogether, 5857 of these birds during the 53
days on which the species was observed, the
average number seen in one day being 111. The
average number seen in one day has, therefore,
increased by 85% in three years. The number
of days on which Hiders were seen is larger in 1923
than in 1926 because I made a longer visit to the
north shore of the Gulf in the former year. Of
course, the total number actually seen by me in
either year is only a fraction (probably not more
than one-fifth and not less than one-tenth) of the
total number of American Eiders nesting on the
thousands of islands of this long and intricate
coast-line.

The recent establishment of ten bird sanctuaries
at favourable points on this coast by the Canadian
Government will undoubtedly assist Hiders to
become still more abundant there.

TREATMENT OF THE EIDERS IN ICELAND

In Iceland, where the eider-down industry has
long been well-established, the treatment accorded
the Eiders is very different from that which they
have received in North America.

The Icelanders, because of the value to them
of the harvest of eider-down, look upon it as an
act of sacrilege to interfere with the Hiders in the
breeding season. They rigidly protect them and
severe penalties are provided for killing them or
even for discharging a gun in their vicinity. The

*November, 1926. The Regulations may change from
time to time, but the most recent information concerning them
will be furnished gladly by the Canadian National Parks
Service, upon request.

36 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

birds are also offered every encouragement, as
each land-owner wishes to induce as many Hiders
as possible to nest on his premises and thus
increase his crop of eider-down. To this end
various devices are practised. Alternate stones
are left out of the bottom courses of stones in a
stone wall, thus providing snug compartments in
which the Ducks nest. The turf is cut into
squares like great checkerboards and rocks are
carefully arranged to form as many sheltered
hollows, suitable for nesting, as possible. Leafy
branches are stuck into the ground and are said
to attract more birds than those which they actu-
ally shelter.

As a result of years of such treatment the
Hiders in Iceland are very abundant and very
tame. On some islands it is difficult to avoid
treading on their nests. Ducks make their nests
on the roofs of the houses and on the window-sills.
The sitting Eiders are little disturbed as their
special guardian, the farmer or fisherman who
owns the land, moves quietly among them on
regular daily rounds of inspection and collects
the precious down. Indeed, they are almost like
domestic ducks, except that the person who
controls them and profits by them has no need to
feed or shelter them. All conditions affecting the
Hiders and their nests are noted with care and
everything possible is done to increase the num-
bers and the safety of the birds and to obtain the
largest possible crop of down. When an excep-
tional number of eggs is found in a nest, those
considered surplus are removed and in some cases
are eaten, but the truly thrifty Eider-farmer does
not eat such eggs, but places them in other nests
where the original sets are smaller than normal.
If the downy young have difficulty in travelling
to the water over rough ground, their troubles
are soon observed and human assistance is given
them.

Under years of such fostering care, Eiders have
become so abundant that the single island of Vigr
is reported to produce nearly a hundred pounds
of eider-down annually.*

METHOD OF GATHERING AND CLEANING EIDER-

DOWN

The following is a description of methods of
gathering and cleaning eider-down which have
been developed in Iceland through many years of
practical experience, together with some remarks
on their application to Canadian conditions.

Most of the eider-down is collected from the
nest before incubation has ended, but some is left
directly beneath the eggs and is collected immedi-

_. *C. W. Townsend, A Plea for the Conservation of the
Hider, The Auk, Vol. XXXI, No. 1, January, 1914, p. io.

= age.

“et

[VoL. XLI

ately after the young leave the nest. The aver-
age yield of down per nest is about one ounce.
It is best to collect the down on bright, sunny
days, when it is dry and warm. Care exercised

by the collector to ensure that no unnecessary —

dirt is gathered will simplify greatly the process
of cleaning the down. The foreign substances
most difficult to remove from down gathered on
the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence are
small twigs of fir, willow, dwarf birch and the
like, which are quite common in down from that
region because so many of the Hiders there nest
among stunted trees or bushes. The collector

should therefore take special care to collect as

few as possible of these twigs with the down.
Possibly it might be worth while to remove all
stunted trees and shrubs from the islands on which
it was intended to collect down and te provide
some other type of shelter there for the nesting
birds. In the Arctic regions there will probably
be little trouble with twigs on account of the
scarcity or absence of shrubbery of any kind in
the areas where the Eiders chiefly nest. As
stated previously, down which has been at all
soiled by the excrements of the Eider must be
rejected. In most places the gathering of the
down can be completed before the summer fishing
begins.

If the down is not gathered soon after the
young leave the nest, it is in danger of being
drenched by rain, which spoils it entirely. In any
case, after a nest has been abandoned, the down
usually disappears within a few days. In some
cases it is doubtless blown away, but there are
many cases where it must be removed by some
other agency, probably by birds or small mam-
mals.

According to Townsend*, down plucked from
the breasts of Eiders which have been killed, soon
loses its elasticity and is of little value.

After the down is gathered it may be cleaned
immediately or may be stored in a dry place, out
of reach of rodents, until such time as may be
most convenient for the collector and his family
to clean it. There is no danger of bird parasites
developing in it. A good place in which to store
the down in the usual fisherman’s home is behind
the kitchen stove, where it will dry a great deal,
especially if it is spread out more or less.

When the time selected for cleaning the down
draws near, it is best to dry the down as much as
possible by exposing it for a day or two to the
direct action of the sun’s rays, in some place out-
of-doors. If the down can be placed on a bright
metal surface when it is exposed to the sun, that

*A Plea for the Conservation of the Hider, The Auk, Vol.
XX XI, No. 1, January, 1914, p. 20. ;

ie eh

February, 1927]

will assist in drying it. It should not be allowed
to become wet or damp.

Whether or not the down has been dried by the
sun, it is necessary to complete the drying by
artificial heat immediately prior to cleaning it.
In Iceland artificial heat is applied for this pur-

-pose by placing the down on a large, flat tray of
-east-iron, about half an inch thick, which is in

turn placed on a stove or range containing a fire.
In experimental work at Ottawa an electrical
heater has been used for the same purpose with
fair success. The down, while being heated,
should be turned and stirred constantly by one
person, to keep it from scorching. As long as a
man can keep his bare hands in the down it is not
scorching. One person usually heats down for
four or five cleaners, and thus several members
of one family work efficiently together to clean the
down which the family possesses. The cleaning is
best done in a building with a doorway or other
opening on each side, so that dirt and dust will be
continuously removed by the draft of air passing
through. With one person heating the down and
four or five persons cleaning it, the rate of cleaning
is sometimes as high as five pounds per person
per. day.

_ Heating and drying the down will cause it to
become very elastic and expansive, while at the
same time the moss, straw, leaves and similar
“dirt’”’ in the down become brittle and crumbly.

The person attending to the heating keeps each
cleaner supplied with a ball of heated down,
about a foot in diameter. This is worked by the
cleaner upon a cleaning frame.

The cleaning frame is a stout wooden frame,
made of 2”x 3” material, with mortised joints. It
measures about 3 feet in length and 21% feet in
width. Back and forth across it is stretched
very tightly a cord about 14” in diameter, in such
a way that the parallel lines of the cord across
the frame are about 1” apart. The cord passes
back and forth through small holes bored through
the side-pieces of the frame. In order to prevent
it from becoming slack through cutting into the
wood it is made to pass over a bent nail, or other
metal, fastened in the outside of the sidepiece,
between every alternate pair of adjacent holes.
The cord may be a piece of cod-line, but a strip
of sealskin is the best material for it. The frame
is secured solidly in position about 21% to 3 feet
from the floor, nearly horizontal, but inclining
slightly towards the operator, who may sit or
stand. The lines of the cord are parallel to a
line from side to side of the operator.

The operator places a ball of hot down on the
part of the frame farthest from him and then
strokes it rapidly and repeatedly toward him

“pressing down upon it with considerable force

x

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 37

during the strokes. The down is thus pressed
upon the taut cords and at the same time drawn
across them. As often as necessary the ball of
down is lifted and replaced at the far end of the .

frame, in position for further stroking, which is

at once administered. There is no need to
handle the down gently; in fact, it is treated quite
roughly. The ball of down holds together, but
dirt and feathers fall in quantities between the
cords. The down soon cools, and when it has
cooled it must be re-heated and reworked, and
this alternation of processes is continued until the
down is clean of everything except a few small
feathers.

The stroking is often done with the tips of the
fingers, the two hands being held side by side and
fully extended, but, if preferred, it may be done
with a wide “knife” or ‘“‘spade’’ of wood, with a
very dull edge. A piece of inch board, about four
inches wide and a foot long, with one long edge
well rounded, will do for this purpose. In using
wooden implements, care must be exercised not
to exert so much force as to break up the down.

Most of the small breast-feathers which are
mixed with the down will be removed, together
with the foreign material, by the process described
above, but some of the feathers will remain in the
down, until extracted by hand. The ball of down
should not be pulled to pieces to find them, but
should be worked with the fingers for this purpose.
The feathers, even when hidden in the heart of
the ball, can be felt readily because of the compara-
tive stiffness of their shafts. When a feather is
found, it should be worked to the exterior of the
ball of down and then pulled out. This can be
done quite rapidly. When all the feathers have
been removed, the down is clean and ready for
use or for sale.

The fishermen and farmers who gather and
clean the down usually dispose of it to local mer-
chants or trading companies through whom it
reaches the large markets. It may be packed
conveniently in cloth bales for shipment.

CONCLUSION

It will be seen that a very important feature
of the successful exploitation of the Hider in
Iceland for the sake of its down is the fact of
private control over islands or other limited areas
where the Ducks nest. This leads each private
owner of Hider nesting-grounds to try to attract
as many Eiders as possible to nest on his property,
in order to increase his income from eider-down.
The most important attraction offered is absolute
safety and freedom from harmful molestation.
All owners of land on which Hiders nest have very
strong reasons to be ever zealous in protecting the
birds. This ensures enforcement of the protec-

38 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

tion afforded the Eiders by legal enactment and
the result is an astonishing abundance of these
Ducks and a thriving and profitable industry.
The establishment of a flourishing Canadian
eider-down industry, similar to that in Icleand,
is within measurable distance of realization.
Since Eider Ducks and their plumage are pro-
tected in Canada by Dominion law, as well as by
the game laws of various provinces, the industry

et bd
ee ro

+
eee ee ee |) ae

will be under government control, and those

engaging in it will require government permits.
Such an industry would furnish additional in-
come to many Canadians, would give real value
to much bare and rocky land that is now econo-
mically worthless, and would help to bring about
in this country an increase to the point of abun-
dance of the numbers of those valuable, interesting
and beautiful wild Ducks, the Hiders.

THE EARLIEST RECORDED OBSERVATIONS ON AMERICAN BIRDS
(Extracted from “‘The Library of Original Sources’’)

By T. L. THACKER, Little Mountain, Hope, B.C.

KNOWLEDGE of birds and their habits
has been of use to mankind from the
earliest times. All are familiar with the
experiences of the first navigator, Noah,
in the Biblical record and the value of some
species to him; but it will come as a surprise to
many readers that the discovery of America by
Columbus was partly due to his ornithological
knowledge.

According to the journal of his first voyage, as
given in The Library of Original Sources, Admiral
Don Cristobal Colon set sail from Palos, a seaport
on the south-east of the Spanish Peninsula, on 3rd
August, 1492, with three small ships, intending
to cross the “‘Ocean Sea’ to the Indies by way of
the Canary Islands and thence westwards.

After some trouble with the rudder of one of
his caravels, the sails of which he had also to change
from a lateen to a square rig, he started across the
ocean on 6th September from Gomera in the
Canaries, ever sailing westward.

Very shortly some of his sailors appear to have
become disheartened, and the admiral was forced
to complain of their bad steering, for they often
changed the course of the ship to the North-east,
thereby delaying the voyage greatly.

That his men might not realise how far away
from land they were getting, Columbus deliberate-
ly understated the distance sailed; so that if the
voyage proved to be of long duration, they “‘would
not be so terrified and disheartened.’’ This plan
was put into execution for the first time on the
9th of September; and it is probable that the
grumblings of some of his men had reached the
admiral’s ears at that time.

It was not till 14th September, however, after
the ships had been away from Spain for six weeks
that the first bird record appears in the log, sum-
marised as follows:—

“That day they navigated, on their westerly
course, day and night, 20 leagues, counting a little
less. Here those of the caravel Nina reported

that they had seen a tern and a boatswain bird*,
and these birds never go more than 25 legaues
from the land.”

Here it is interesting to note that the daily
record of the voyage appears to include, whenever
possible, an ornithological feature, but the
scientific accuracy of some of the deductions made
from these observations, regarding the proximity
of land, seems open to question. With dissatis-
faction growing among his men, Columbus fore-
saw that his condition might become desperate.
It was a case of grasping at straws; and the
intense belief of Columbus in the correctness of his
theory sufficiently excuses whatever exaggeration
he may have been guilty of.

Many tufts of very green grass were seen a day
or two later, and the sailors judged they were
near some island, but not the main land, according
to the admiral, ‘“‘because,’’ as he said, “‘I make the
main-land to be more distant.”

On the 17th.

““At dawn, they saw much more weed appearing
like herbs from rivers, in which they found a live
erab, which the Admiral kept. He says that these
crabs are certain signs of land. . . . A white bird
was seen, of a kind which was not in the habit of
sleeping on the sea, called ‘rabo de junco’ (boat-
swain bird).” .

The next day one of the other ships, a swift
sailer, went ahead of the admiral; her captain,
who had seen “a great multitude of birds flying
westward,” expecting to see land before night.

On the 19th.

“at ten o’clock, a boobyt came to the ship,
and in the afternoon another arrived, these birds

*”’Boatswain-bird.’’ A name given in earlier times to
skuas, but later applied to the Linnean genus Phethon, the
Tropic-bird. The species referred to may have been P
americanus, the Yellow-billed Tropic-bird.

*"Booby.’’ Prof. Newton quotes Prof. Skeat as deriving
this name from Spanish or Portuguese. ’’Bobo,’’ a fool—Latin
”Balbus.’’ These birds, closely allied to the Gannets, differ
in being chiefly inhabitants of warmer climates, and breed
generally in high trees rather than on rocky ledges. The bird
seen by Columbus may have been Sula cyanops, the Blue-
face Booby.

[VoL. XLI -

ee a a a a

- February, 1927] —

not generally going more than 20 leagues from
the land.”

The admiral was convinced there were islands
near by, but did not delay by changing his course
to find them. In this opinion he was later proved
to be correct.

The following day they sailed but a short dis-
tance owing to calms. Three more boobies were
seen—two at one time came to the ship, and anoth-
er later, which was again said to be

“a sign of the proximity of land. ... They
caught a bird with the hand, which was like a
tern. But it was a river-bird, not a sea-bird,
the feet being like those of a gull. At dawn two
or three land-birds came singing to the ship, and
they disappeared before sunset. Afterwards a
booby came from W.N.W., and fiew to the S.W.,
which was a sign that it left land in the W.N.W:.;
for these birds sleep on shore, and go to sea in the
mornings in search of food, not extending their
flight more than 20 leagues from the land.”

Friday, 21st of September. ‘“‘At dawn they
saw so much weed that the sea appeared to be
covered with it, and it came from the west. A
booby was seen. The sea was very smooth, like
a river, and the air the best in the world. They
saw a whale, which is a sign that they were near
land, because they always keep near the shore.”

Saturday, 22nd of September. “They shaped
a course W.N.W. more or less, her head turning
from one to the other point, and made 30 leagues.
Scarcely any weed was seen. They saw some
sandpipers and another bird. Here the Admiral
says: “This contrary wind was very necessary for
me, because my people were much excited at the
thought that in these seas no wind ever blew in
the direction of Spain.’”’

Sunday, 23rd of September. ‘‘They saw a
dove and a booby, another river-bird, and some
white birds. There was a great deal of weed, and
they found crabsinit. The sea being smooth and
calm, the crew began to murmur, .. .”

Monday, 24th of September. ‘‘A booby came
to the ship, and many sandpipers.”’

In the excitement caused on the two following
days by the belief that land was visible to the
S.W., which “land” turned out to be only clouds,
no bird records appear in this summary; but the
next day, the 27th, an entry was made. “A boat-
swain bird came.” Plainly it was again necessary
to keep up the spirits of the sailors. Again two
days later a new species is recorded.

“They saw a bird called rabiforcado (man-o’-
war bird)*, which makes the boobies vomit what

_*’Man-o’-war bird.”” Frigate-bird, Fregata aquila. (Span.
rabihoreado.) This species has a wide range all round the
world within the tropics, and at times passes their limits.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 39

they have swallowed, and eats it, maintaining
itself on nothing else. It is asea-bird, but does
not sleep on the sea and does not go more than 20
leagues from the land. There are many of them
at the Cape Verde Islands. Afterwards they saw
two boobies. The air was very mild and agree-
able, and the Admiral says that nothing was want-
ing but to hear the nightingale. The sea smooth
as a river. Later, three boobies, and a man-o’-
war bird were seen three times. There was much
weed.”

Sunday, 30th of September. ‘‘Four boatswain-
birds came to the ship, which is a great sign of
land, for so many birds of this kind together is a
sign that they are not straying or lost. They
also twice saw four boobies.” :

Tuesday, 2nd of October. ‘“‘Many fish were
seen, and one was killed. A white bird was also
seen that appeared to be a gull.”

Wednesday, 8rd of October. ‘Sandpipers ap-
peared, and much weed, some of it very old and
some quite fresh and having fruit. They saw no
birds. The Admiral, therefore, thought that
they had left the islands behind them which were
depicted on the charts.”’

Thursday, 4th of October. ‘‘More than forty
sandpipers came to the ship in a flock, and two
boobies, and a ship’s boy hit one with a stone.
There also came a man-o’-war bird and a white
bird like a gull.”

Friday, 5th. of October. ‘“‘To God,” said the
Admiral, “be many thanks given, the air being
pleasant and temperate, with no weed, many
sandpipers, and flying-fish coming on the deck in
numbers.”

The next bird entry is of special interest:—

“No land was seen during the afternoon, as
reported by the caravel Nina, and they passed a
great number of birds flying from N. to S.W.
This gave rise to belief that the birds were either
going to sleep on land, or were flying from the
winter which might be supposed to be near in
the land whence they were coming. The Admiral
was aware that most of the islands held by the
Portuguese were discovered by the flight of birds.
For this reason he resolved to give up the west
course, and to shape a course W.S.W. for the two
following days.”

' Here we have the first actual bird-migration
record of the New World—made in fact on Sun-
day, 7th October, .1492, four days before the
Western Hemisphere was dicovered.

On the 8th. “There were many land-birds, and
they took one that was flying to the S.W. Terns,
ducks, and a booby were also seen.”

The record of the 9th contains the words
“Throughout the night birds were heard passing.”’

40 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Complaints of the length of the voyage were
again heard the next day, but on the 11th, ‘“‘They
saw sandpipers”’, and many signs of their imme-
diate nearness to land; and “‘Everyone breathed
afresh and rejoiced at these signs.” “At two
hours after midnight the land was sighted at a
distance of two leagues.”’

Later on the natives brought various articles
out to the boats; in the words of the Admiral
they were “swimming and bringing us parrots
cotton threads in skeins, darts, and many other
things.”

In conclusion it may be suggested that had
Columbus not proved himself capable of reading

[VoL. XLI

aright the message of the birds—had he in short
been ignorant of ornithology, it is quite probable
that his crews would have mutinied, perhaps
dealing out to him a fate similar to that of Hudson,
and would have returned to Spain long before they
had sighted land.

The epoch-making discovery might thus have
been indefinitely postponed.

From these records of his, made near the island
which he named ‘San Salvador,’ Columbus
perhaps may be justly termed the earliest orni-.
thologist of America.

HABITS OF THE MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD IN MANITOBA
By NORMAN CRIDDLE, Treesbank, Manitoba

HE BLUEBIRD of the East is beloved
by all who know it and its praise has been
sung in verse and proclaimed in prose.
The Mountain Bluebird is equally beau-

tiful and in habits it seems fully as worthy of
regard. It should, indeed, become to the West
what the common Bluebird is to the East. Both
occur in Manitoba but we are on the border line
between the two species and to the westward the
eastern bird is: almost entirely replaced by its
western relative.

More than thirty years have elapsed since my
brothers and I originally found the Mountain
Bluebird breeding in what is now known as the
Spruce Woods Timber Reserve. Its haunts at
that time were not among the heavier timbers
but on the outskirts of it where scrub oak and
stunted poplar grew sparingly and the sandy,
undulating land provided a higher percentage of
grasshoppers than could be found on the richer soil
elsewhere. The trees, too, were frequently
hollow or they had been excavated by wood-
peckers; hence nesting sites and food were there
in combination making the locality an ideal one
for the birds.

The Mountain Bluebird was slow in making its
way into the settlements, perhaps due to the
absence of nesting places, but two factors even-
tually altered these conditions; some of us erected
nesting boxes, and that inveterate hole-driller, the
Flicker, made accommodating holes in telephone
poles and fence posts. The bluebird, therefore,
has been able to spread out from its original
haunts and it may now be found nesting in
various places where previously it was unknown.

One pair of Mountain Bluebirds came to us
about the year 1912 when they successfully fought
for possession of a box with a pair of eastern Blue
birds. The two species continued as neighbours,

however, for several years but as the western
birds increased the eastern ones diminished in
numbers, until in 1925 our boxes were occupied
by Mountain Bluebirds alone. Three pairs were
in residence during that year, two within close
view of the Entomological Laboratory and the
third in a box on the garden fence. It is these
birds that have furnished most of the informaton
upon which this paper is based.

The Mountain Bluebird moves northward but
a short distance behind the melting snow and it
leaves us when the shortened days, and approach-
ing cold, threaten to cut off the food supply.
Our earliest record from the south, is March 17,
1921, and the average first, for 12 years, is April
14. A closer association with the birds during the
last seven years indicates a still earlier average,
namely, March 29. The birds begin to move
southward in late September, our average for the
last observed being October 8, the latest October
16, 1926.

The male bluebirds always arrive a few days in
advance of the females, but it is not long before the
latter appear upon the scene and in an astonish-
ingly short time pairs have taken possession of a
nesting site and the females are taking nesting
material into boxes. This haste in constructing a
nest is difficult to appreciate because the birds do
not, as a rule, actually start domestic duties for
some time afterwards. For instance, our closest
pair in 1925, began nest building on April 9 but
soon afterwards moved to another box, returning
on May 1 to the first one. It was the middle of
the month before they finally became established.
The second couple were equally undecided and
they oscillated, for a long time, between three
boxes, first building in one and then in another.
Each of the three pairs began brooding at about
the same time but the females were so frequently

a February, 1927]

at

gr fee :

off the nest that it was difficult to ascertain
exactly when this was. Judging from the fact
that the males commenced to feed their mates on
May 22, I believe it was on this date that incu-
bation actually began.

In 1926 one pair started nest construction on
April 6 but had not proceeded far in the work
before they became dissatisfied and sought another
residence. On May 14 they took possession of a
box close to the laboratory where nest making
was almost completed before these birds again
moved; this time to a box on the opposite side of
the building where, on May 25, they finally settled
down to domestic duties. The young birds left
this nest on July 1, but three days previous to

- their departure, the female was busy, some 20 feet

away, building in another box and from that time
forward she left her mate to attend to the young
unaided. This he continued to do until his

_ charges were able to provide for themselves, when

he returned to the female.
left their nest on August 8.

Hunting a nesting place is no small matter in
the life of the bluebirds and it reminds one of
the search for a house by a soon-to-be-wedded
couple in which innumerable places are inspected
before one is finally chosen. The male bird is an
extreme optimist and nearly any hole meets with
his approval, but his mate is not so easily satis-
fied and many of his selections are discarded as
worthless. It is interesting to watch this home
seeking, to see.the male put his head into a hole
followed by the female; should she enter it, he

The second brood

- flutters his wings in the height of enthusiasm, but

should she turn away unsatisfied, as she does
nine times out of ten, then he appears dejected
for a few moments, but speedily recovering,
endeavours to entice her into other holes the
whereabouts of which he appears to have discov>
ered before hand.

Both birds are much quieter than their eastern
relatives and in singing the male so confines his
efforts to the early morning that his song is apt
to be quite overlooked by late risers. It is com-
menced soon after the first suffusion of light
indicates returning day and it is at its height as
the rising sun appears over the eastern landscape.
The song consists of a repetition of the usual call

~ notes to which are added double syllable notes in

a somewhat higher key. It may be brought to
mind as follows:—Chow, chow, chow, poly-chow,
poly-chow; or: Dear cher, poly-cher, or again:
Per, per poly-per poly-per, etc. The notes are
uttered quickly and there is a ring of exultation
about them as if the singer gloried in his supremacy
and challenged all rivals to dispute it. There is
considerable variation in the number of notes
uttered and the song often continues for several

_in battle but not, I suspect, otherwise.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST — Al

minutes without intermission. Singing is also
indulged in towards evening but with less enthu-
siasm and for a shorter time than in the morning.
The much quieter call notes of this species at once
distinguish it from the eastern bird. They souud
like che-r as compared with the louder Chee-re of
sialis.

There is some doubt as to whether the same
pair of bluebirds return each spring to the breed-
ing grounds of the previous year, a question that
can only be definitely settled by banding; the
evidence, however, indicates that they do so.
If we accept this, the next question that arises is
do the birds mate for life or is pairing only seasonal?
I believe that all the survivors from the previous
year return to the vicinity of their old homes
and from there scatter out in search of new breed-
ing places. Old pairs probably remain united
providing the male is able to overcome his rivals
The males
have been observed to fight vigorously and these
combats have continued intermittently for weeks
before one bird finally admitted defeat. The
female is always a witness to these encounters,
in fact she often follows the fighters from place
to place, but I have not been able to discover

that she takes any part in them and she apparently

accepts the victor as a matter of course. It is
hard to reconcile the idea that efficiency in fighting
alone guides the female in her choice of a mate
and that beauty in plumage does not play a part
in it, but the evidence is all in favour of the victor
in battle.

Having thus become united in a matter of fact
way, the pair now set to work to definitely locate
a nesting place. If there is but one box available
they usually take possession of it without further
delay, but if there are several it may be a con-
siderable time before they finally choose one of
them.

Nest building may be a task of leisure or one of
haste, depending on whether the birds have been
in possession of a hole for a long or short time.
Building is done by the female alone, though the
male is nearly always in attendance and he quite ;
frequently follows his mate to the nest, perhaps
looking in while she arranges the material. He
also drives away intruders. Bark, grass and
feathers are used in nest construction. The bark
consisting of the stringy inner layer of dead aspen
poplars which is frequently stripped from fence rails.
Feathers are used when available. Most of those
gathered near the Laboratory had previously
belonged to a House Sparrow which a wren
scattered about when house cleaning.

The eggs are pale blue, resembling closely those
of the eastern Bluebird, though a trifle larger.

42 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

They vary in number from four to eight, six being
an average clutch.

It is when the female begins to brood that the
male shows his true worth and from then forward
he not only guards the nest but also, to a large
extent, feeds his mate.

Brooding is not the arduous task one might
expect and it is astonishing how frequently the
eggs are left to take care of themselves. This,
however, is more during the heat of the day when
the nesting box, with the sun’s rays beating directly
upon it, becomes very warm. The female’s
repeated absence from the nest prevented me from
definitely ascertaining the length of the incubation
period, though I judged it to be about 14 days.

The young, when first born, are of the usual
helpless type and it is a considerable time before
their eyes are open and they learn to distinguish
between a stranger and their parents. With
sight, however, they become more wary and
‘immediately crouch from view when a stranger
approaches. The parents are both active in
feeding and otherwise attending to their offspring.
Food is collected either from the ground or in the
air, a favourite method of hunting being for the
birds to hover like a Sparrow Hawk, from which
elevated point of vantage they are able to dis-
tinguish an insect at an astonishingly long dis-
tance. ‘They are also experts at catching insects
on the wing and have been known to rise more
than a hundred feet to capture a desired specimen.
Indeed, their hunting methods are extremely
interesting and their actions while thus engaged,
are very beautiful. Insects are the chief article
in the juvenile diet and of these grasshoppers
form the largest item, the balance being made up
of cutworms, various caterpillars, beetles, bugs
and other soft-bodied creatures. A few Saska-
toon berries (Amelanchier) were fed to the second
brood just before they left the nest, but it was
cold at the time and insects were difficult to find.

The following records will give an idea of the
activities of the parents in feeding their young:—

June 3, 8.30 to 9.30 A.mM.—Male brought food
to young 13 times, female 10 times. 11.30 to 12
noon. Both brought food 5 times. 4.30 to 5
P.M. Hach brought food 4 times, but during this
period the birds were interrupted by the presence
of a crow.

June 4, 7.10 to 7.40 A.M.—Male arrived with
food 7 times, female 6 times. 3.35 to 4.05 P.M.
Male came in twice, female three times. The
weather was cloudy and cool.

June 7, 4.30 to 5.380 p.M.—Rain falling steadily,
accompanied by a cold north-east wind, the dull-
ness was very marked as the time ended. Male
brought food 5 times, the female 4 times.

[VoL. XLI

June 28.—Bright, warm. 5.30 to 6 P.M.
The male, which was attending to the young
unaided, brought food 9 times.

July 18.—Bright, warm. 7.30 to 8 A.M. Male
returned with food 9 times, the female 3 times.
The latter did considerable brooding during this
period.

The search for food is much prolonged on cold,
rainy days and the number of times it is brought
to the young is then greatly reduced. A pro-
longed period of unfavourable weather is, there-
fore, a very serious one to the young and it un-
doubtedly results in a high rate of mortality
among them. The task of taking in food to the
young is combined with that of removing dirt
from the nest, in which latter occupation an equal
share is borne by both parents and the matter .
thus taken out is usually carried some distance
away. k

Great solicitation is shown for the safety of the
young when they first leave the nest and the
adults, at this time, keep up an almost perpetual
ery of warning. They soon lead their charges
away amid the neighbouring trees, though gener-
ally remaining in the vicinity until the juveniles
are able to take care of themselves. Our nearest
pair in 1925, after disappearing for more than a
week, were followed back to the nest by their
offspring, and for a time the male took turns in
feeding his mate and the now almost fully-grown
young. New duties, however, soon engrossed all
his attention and the juveniles were then obliged ©
to seek food for themselves. They soon after-
wards left the district and we saw them no more
until they ultimately united with the second brood
and came back to visit their old home before
finally departing for the south.

a ee,

Mountain Bluebirds, under normal conditions,
rear two broods during the year, egg laying for
the first beginning in May. Our nearest nest
contained young by June 1 and these had taken
wing twelve days later. Re-nesting was under
way on June 21 and the female had apparently
begun to brood by June 30. Two pairs had
young by July 12, all of which were safely reared
and left their nests during my absence.

As soon as the breeding season is over the blue-
bird families wander off in various directions, at
times gathering into small flocks as they meet
with other families, and it is not an uncommon
event, as the time for departure draws near, to
meet twenty or more in a single band. It would
seem that there is always a tendency for the
families to return to their nesting grounds. Thus
one may find a large gathering of them some fine
day having a regular gambol around the old home
or, perhaps, taking a bath at the drinking place

oT ako a

February, 1927]

during which they seem to vie with each other in
seeing how much they can splash the water about.

As the season advances, insect food becomes
searce and fruit is collected to make up the defi-
ciency. This consists of the wild berries met with
round about or such others as have been developed
in the cultivated shrubberies. There is no doubt,
however, that insects are much preferred, and on
one occasion I witnessed a male bluebird having
quite a feast by catching and eating the water
beetles that were flying in and out of a small

Bpond...°
-Male Mountain Bluebirds are able to defend |

their nests against all intruders of their own size,
this includes the House Sparrow which has some-
what of a reputation for ousting other species.
The sparrow, however, is no match for the blue-
bird in open fight and despite its persistency, it
has never been observed to get possession of a
nesting box occupied by the latter.

In protecting their eggs or young, both male and
female cooperate, though the former is much more
active in the task. I have, on several occasions,
seen these birds drive away Kingbirds, though the
tables were reversed when a bluebird ventured
too near a Kingbird’s nest. Crows are only
attacked when they actually threaten the inmates
of the nest and even then with fear. At such time
both defenders utter a loud “chuck”, a note
always associated with alarm or actual danger.

On one occasion we witnessed a pair of Moun-
tain Bluebirds attempting to drive away a Flicker
which was inspecting their nesting box. Both
repeatedly darted at their enemy, but without
avail; the Flicker defended himself with both
beak and wings, either being dangerous weapons
which the bluebirds did well to avoid. I even-
tually went to the rescue. On _ another
occasion a squirrel got alarmingly near the nest,
my attention being drawn to it by the usual notes
of warning. The birds attacked it with their
usual energy, though avoiding actual contact, but
the rodent was not to be discouraged from inves-
tigating until I finally drove it away.

The enemies of bluebirds are many, among the
most notorious of them being the Cooper and
Sharp-shinned hawks. When these hunters ap-
pear the bluebirds vanish amid the under-brush
and they do not re-appear until all danger is past:
I have related elsewhere* how a Cooper Hawk
took the male of a pair of Mountain Bluebirds
nesting in our garden and how the female brought
up the nestling unaided. Such tragedies are not
uncommon and the male birds are equally devout

~when necessity arises.

*Birds of a Manitoba Garden.

Parks Branch Circular,
Ottawa.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 43

Weasels are occasional destroyers of bluebird
families, though we have had the two living close
together without witnessing any ill effect. It is
probable that they are not as destructive, in this
respect, as squirrels owing to the latter’s greater
climbing ability.

Flickers are quite important factors in the
survival of young bluebirds, even though they
often provide the adults with nesting holes. Two
instances came to my attention of the parents
being driven from their nests by Flickers, in both
cases resulting in the death of the young by starva-
tion. Much of the trouble is due to the fact that
the Flickers are seeking nesting places at the same
time as the bluebirds are rearing their first
families. Moreover the male is as much an
optimist as the bluebird is and he spends most of
his time in attempting to.attract others by either
drumming or uttering his shrill cries, quite in-
different as to whether he has taken his stand on
a box already inhabited or not. Another pastime
of his is to drill holes into any available object, or
to enlarge those already prepared and for this
work he is just as likely to choose a bluebird box
as any other. Meanwhile the eggs or young may
be perishing within.

The hue and cry against the House Wren, so
popular at present, has led to a close scrutiny of
this bird’s habits. Are they—I will not say
immoral, as some writers have proclaimed—but
do they insidiously creep in and destroy their
neighbours’ eggs, or is this habit one of individuals
only? Perhaps I shall have more to say on this
subject at another time. Meanwhile it is enough
to state what actually occurred. The area upon
which the Entomological Laboratory is built
approximates 80 by 82 feet. On the south-east
corner of the fence one pair of bluebirds reared
two families, while a pair of wrens, 47 feet away,
also brought up a second brood. It is true
the the first bluebird youngsters were too tar
advanced when the wrens arrived to be in danger
but the second lot of eggs were laid after the
wrens took up their residence and there were in- ©
numerable chances to destroy these had the wrens
desired to do so. On-the opposite side of the
fence was another wren’s nest, and beyond that
again, some 70 feet away, another pair of Moun-
tain Bluebirds reared their young. In a box
bordering a garden was a third pair of bluebirds
with a wren{family house-keeping 32 feet distant.
I could cite numerous other examples from
experience in previous years but the wren was not
under such direct suspicion then, and it may have
done more harm that it was credited with. In
answer to the question are wrens and bluebirds
neighbourly? I have no hesitation in answering
no. But what birds can be when Mountain

44 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Bluebirds are concerned? It was a common sight
to see the male bluebird sitting on the wrens’
box and to observe him persistently chase the
owner away, but if the wren was driven from its
house it settled upon a fence rail and if chased
from there flew to a nearby wood pile and so
back to the nest again, always defying the blue-
bird with its bubbling song. Most birds, under
the circumstances, would have sought more
congenial surroundings, but the wrens were in-
domitable. Perhaps, had there been but one
nesting box, a keener competition might have
arisen, indeed I can visualize a battle in which the
wren’s persistency eventually conquered, but we
had provided homes for all and in consequence
no unpleasant incidents occurred.

Weather is one of the most important factors in
bluebird survival during the period when young
are being reared. Adults also frequently suffer
severely in spring and autumn by being over-
taken by snowstorms and cold. Of our three
bluebird couples in 1925, two lost their original
brood through cold and rain. In the first instance
a leaky box was responsible. There had been a
heavy rain storm, and the next day I noticed

[VoL. XLI

i)

that the parents were not taking in food, though
they frequently inspected thenest. An examina-
tion revealed four dead young about a week old
and a bad egg. Two days afterwards the old
birds were at work renovating the nest prepara-
tory to rearing a fresh brood.

The second disaster occurred immediately after
the young left the nest, a time that is always a
critical one. They were met by a cold rain
which, in combination with lack of food, soon
put an end to their existence. The parents
within a few days, were busy re-nesting, showing

how quickly the sorrows of yesterday are forgotten -

in the task of preparing for the morrow.

Such, in brief, are the habits of the Mountain
Bluebird in Manitoba. From this account it
will be seen that the species is attractive in many
ways, apart from the beauty of its plumage.
already spreading out from its original breeding

grounds and there seems no reason why it should

not do so to a much greater extent, providing
suitable structures are erected for its accommoda-
tion. These include nesting boxes with a moder-

ately large opening, and a watering place for the
birds to drink and wash at; surely a small under-
taking when the results are so alluring.

Itis .

———
Copley Cao.

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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF

MANITOBA
1925-26

NorMaN CRIDDLE;

Sp wre President: Past President: J. J-
he EN; President: CHas. W. Lowe; Vice-Presidents:

iH. M. SPEECHLY, ey A. M. Davipson, A. G.. LAWRENCE,

J. B. WALLIS, B. W. CARTWRIGHT, L. E. MCCALL; General
Secretary: A. A. McCousrey, Room 307, C.P.R. Depot,
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Hit SECTION—Chairman: C. L. Brotey; Secretary: A. B.
_ GRESHAM. BOTANICAL SECTION—Chairman: Dr.
_ Bissy; Secretary: Miss GRACE CAMERON, B.A. ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SECTION—Chairman: G. SHIRLEY BROOKS;
Secretary: FERRIS NEAVE. GEOLOGICAL SECTION—
Chairman: FRANK M. OLIVER; Secretary: H. CHas. PEARCE.

‘THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION

SOCIETY
(Incorporated)
_ Hon. President: W. E. SAUNDERS, London, Ont.; President:
R. O. MERRIMAN, Hamilton, Ont.; ist Vice-President: Mr.

C. D. Cook, Hamilton; 2nd Vice-President: Mr. H. C. NUNN,
Hamilton; Secretary and Treasurer: Muss uae R. MILts,

- 36 Robinson St., Hamilton; Directors: Dr. C. ARNOTT,
_ €. D. Coox, M. "JOHNSTONE, Mrs. os REV.
UNN.

Ac, McQusstTion, F. C. Mints and H.C

| yg NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH
ae COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C.

_ The officers for the above Society for the year ending
‘March 31st, nee are as follows:—
_ President: ‘CONNELL, M.A.; ist Vice-President:
W.N. ries Maa Vice-President: Mrs. HucH MACKENZIE;
Hon. Secretary: ‘HAROLD T. NATION; Hon. Treasurer: MIss
_ $§.M.THORNTON; Committee: G.A. Harpy, C. C. PEMBERTON,
IRA CORNWALL, F.G.S., A. R. SHERWOOD, H. Boyce; Audi-
tore: Miss. Mockripcs, se Sc., WILLIAM DOWNES.

. ALBERTA. ‘NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

_ Hon. President: Mr. J. J. Gantz, Red Deer, Alta.; Hon: Vice-
_ President: Dr. Hy. GEORGE, Victoria, B.C.; President:
Mr. C. H. SNELL, Red Deer, Alta.; 1st Vice-President: Mrs,
W. A. CASSELS, Red Deer, Alta.; 2nd Vice-President: Mr. S.
-PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.; Directors: Mrs. G .F. Root, Weta-
_ skiwin, Alta.; Mrs. J. McMiian, Hed Deer, Alta.; Miss E.
C. Irvine, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. L. FARLEY, Camrose,
Alta.; Mr. W. A. CASSELS, Red Dee ‘Alta.; Mr. B. Lawton,
Ky _ Edmonton, Alta.; Mr. K. BowMAN, Edmonton, Alta.; PRoF.

Ww. Rowan, Univ. of Alta., Edmonton, Alta.; Mr. W. F.
_ Harris, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. T. E. RANDALL, Castor, Alta.:
Mr. A. C. Bretuour, Calgary, Alta.; Hon. Sec.-Treas.:
“Mrs. S. PaMELY, Red Deer, Alta.

~- The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the
_ last Friday of each month except during July and August and
_ perhaps September. The annual meeting is hela in Red Deer

on the last Friday in November.

: McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB,
es. LONDON, ONT.

_ President: J. C. Hicctns, 324 Wolfe Street; Recording
_ Secretary: Mrs. £. H. McKonsu, Worthey Road; Correspond-
4 ing Secretary and Treasurer: E. M.S. Dae 297 Hyman St.;

Recetas qualified to answer questions: W. E. SAUNDERS, 240

a _ Central Ave.; C. G. WATSON, ape Ridout St. South; J. R.

eon: 355 Worthey Road; J. F. Catvnrt, 461 Tecumseh
“Ghee E. M. 8. DALz, 297 Hyman St.

_ VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

: Hon. President: L. S. KiINcK, L.L.D., Pres. Valse rats B.C.;
President: JoHN DAVIDSON, F.L.S., University of B.C.; Vice
President: Freep Perry; Hon. Secretary: C. F. CONNOR, M.A.,
_ +8529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: A. H.

_ BAIN, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B.C.
_ Fortnightly meetings in the University Buildings from
ber to April (inclusive). Semi-monthly excursions from
onted to August (inclusive).

DR.

“

Affiliated Societies

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE
PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Hon. President: I. GAMMEL; Hon. Vice-President: L. M.
TERRILL; President: NAPIER SMITH; Vice-Presidenis: E.
ARNOLD, "CO. F. DALE, L. M. SPRACKMAN; Vice-President and
Curator: Miss E. G. LuKE; Seon ‘Seoretary: Miss H.
STONE; Corresponding Secretary: W. Hart; Treasurer:
HENRY Moustey. Executive ee Miss E. BENNETT,
G. R. Bouter, Mrs. C. F. Daun, H. A. C. Jackson, A. Mac-
SWEEN, G. S. Moonry, Miss EpITH Morrow, Miss Louisa
Murpuy, A. P. Murray, W. A. OSWALD, Miss M. S. NicoL-
SON, Mrs. W. W.- WALKER, Miss H. WALTER, DR. ARTHUR
WILLEY. Members qualified to answer questions: L. Mct.
TERRILL, 44 Stanley Ave., St. Lambert, P.Q.; NAPIER SMITH,
Bank of Montreal, Verdun, Que., E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St.,
Montreal; W. A. OSWALD, 301 Wilson Ave., N.D.G., Montreal;
C. N. ROBERTSON, c-o Ross Realty Co., Room 805, Lewis
Bidg., St. John St., Montreal, Que.; Dr. ARTHUR WILLEY,
McGill University, Montreal; Henry Mous.py. 469 Harvard
Ave., N.D.G., Montreal, P.Q.; Miss EpITH Morrow AND
Miss Emity LUKE, c-o Secretary.

SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE
NATURELLE DU CANADA
Bureau de direction pour 1923

Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence le général, le tres honorable
Lord Byng de Vimy, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., M.V.O., Gouverneur-
Général de la Puissance du Canada; Vice-Pairon Honoraire:
Honorable M. Narcisee Perodeau, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de
la Province de Québec; BUREAU DE DIRECTION POUR 1926:
Président: Docteur A. Dery; ler Vice-président: Geo. M.
Mitchell; 2éme vice-président: Docteur S. Gaudreau; Secré-
taire-trésorier: Louis-B. Lavoie; Chef de la section scientifique:
. R. M. Boulton; Chef de la section de propagande éducation-
nelle: G. C. Piche; Chef de la section de protection: Emile
Altherr; Chef dela section d'information scientifique et pratique:
Docteur J.-E. Bernier; Directeurs: G. S. Ahern, Capt. Jos.
Matte, Adrien Falardeau.

THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO-
: ~GISTS’ UNION
Officers for 1923

Hon. President: Hon. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria;
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria;
Vice-President: T. L. THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurer:
J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNRO, Okana-
gan Landing; Dr. Keiso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING,
Agassiz; K. RaAcEYy, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay
W.N. ean Victoria.

THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’
CLUB

Hon. President: Dr. A. P. COLEMAN; President: Pror. E. M.
WALKER; Vice-Presidents: Dr. N. ‘A. POWELL, RUSSELL G,
DINGMAN, Dr. A. CosENS, J. H. FLEMING; Secretary: W. F.
GREGORY, 183 Lowther Ave., Toronto, Ont.; Treasurer: F. H.
BRIGDEN; Hon. Librarian: C. W. NASH: Librarian: Dr.
L. B. JACKES. BIRD GROUP: Chairman: StuarT L.
THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIE. FLOWER GROUP:
Chairman: Dr. H. B. SirTon; Secretary: Miss J. G. WRIGHT,
PH.D. INSECT GROUP: Chairman: Pror. EF. M. WALKER;
Secretary: Miss NORMA ForD, PH.D. ete ear GROUP:
Chairman: J. R. DyMOND; Secretary: L. L. SNYDER. REP-
TILE, FISH AND Eee GROUP: Chairman:
SHELLEY LoaierR; Secretary: T. B. Kurata. WILD ee
PRESERVATION COMMITTEE: Chairman: Dr. N.
McKIntEy; Secretary: J. A. PARTRIDGE. GEOLOGICAL
GROUP: Chairman: PRor. ALEX. MACLEAN.

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particularly the Secretaries, of all the
Affiliated Societies to assist us in our
task of building up the circulation of
this magazine. By securing every
member as a subscriber we can truly
make this magazine into one of the
leading Natural History publications
of America.

a ae

Dr eroes TIONS
in Western Canada Western Canada

The Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ The Ottawa Fide Nutuclists’ Chub
has just published an interesting vol-
ume of over 300 pages, entitled:

Autobiography | of
John Macoun, M.A.

Canadian Explorer and Naturalist, Assistant
Director and Naturalist to the Geological Survey

of Canada—1831-1920.

This volume is an account of the life of this veteren
naturalist. Agriculturists generally, in fact
interested in the development of Canada, will find
this book of much interest and value.

The edition is limited. The price is $3.00 with
15c added for bank exchange, if remittance is forwarded
by personal cheque.

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Dr. J. F. Wright

Victoria Memorial Museum

foe he - = Canada

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Lee f :

‘ - ‘VOL. XLI, No. (4) a MARCH, 1927
ee gee eS sa ee oa ? ag:
Bees | Ecez

Be | : WI r Ary ry ;
‘ N \ ALU
fl ES

iat

me | - ISSUED APRIL 7, 1927

as me i Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as second-class matter

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB

AL
ces

| Patrons: ea . a.
oe ee THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND VISCOUNTESS WILLINGDON ‘a

TES I President “Norman Cempue 4
Ist Vice-President: BLM Hedisua Let ma COU bi ok Bie 2nd Vice-President: Ciye L. Parcu. 4
Secretary: / | tai Uh has val oe Hon. Treasurer: a
~ JF. WRIGHT, — pe ott B.A. FAUVEL,
Victoria Memorial Museum | ge RO So ag se Se ee ' 821 McLeod St.,
“ Ue Ont. Sle Ottawa, Ont.

Additional Members of Council: W. T. MicouE Miss M. EB. Cowan; C. M. Ae H.I.Smita. —
P. A. TAVERNER:: W..J..WINTEMBERG:~R. E.. DELURY:-:ARTHUR GIBSON;- M. O..MALTE;

H. Grou; Miss F. Fytes; C. B. Hurcaines; Ciype L. Parca; H. M. Ami; _D. JENNESS; ae.

“gle Pal ie LEWIS: HoyeEs LLOYD; FRITS JOHANSEN; ANDREW HALKETT; C. E.J OHNSON; E. E. PRINCE;
G.R. WHITE; E.G. WHITE; G. A. MAcDonALD; A. G. KinGsTon; G,. A. MILLERS, Mark G. :
McELHINNEY; V. W. JACKSON; R. O. MERRIMAN; W. N. KELLY; C. H. SNELL; J.B ; ae a
JOHN DEON, L. Mer ‘TERRILL; R. MEREDITH; FRANCIS KERMODE; R. B. «THOMSON, , ie

oo.

2 Editor: ae — . 7 = ee
NS G. A. MILLER, _ ss ee
~ Normal School, Ottawa. 4,
: | _ Associate Editors:
DEAENNESS ei nein se) eee sae Adiieonoleed oe <A. G. Hewiuae ee : Ma arene Biology
REZ OO MEAUTE Cyc ono. cages oe Botany a PeA TAVERNER 20 ee .,...Ornithology
Be Ra WATCHEPORD® 20: . oe ere eee Conchology SSH ME KD LE ee . Palaeontology
Te ALCOCK Ie os Gee. Gui oeeen ye ee Geology RLM. "ANDERSON Bene gant .....-Mammalogy.
ARTHUR GIBSON............ setae “Eqsemalog re CiyDE LePATCGH: 3). ee site hick oF ak
; CONTENTS a ee
= SE. z ote meee a ; a PAGE "
ON Fossil Bison Skull from Yukon Prony. By Ty: H. Clark. i Puen GEAR Ma 6 aS ere ae
A Calendar of Flowers. By Norman Criddle........0........ 50%. SRE iets wi 2k poo ake 48
Destruction of Birds by Lighthouses in the Provinces of Ontarie and. Ole “By Harrison = Lewis 5))
Molluscs from the Lake Brereton District, Manitoba. By Alan Mozley......... Bol bret Lgl Least 59
Gull Colonies on Lake Newell, Alberta ‘By, JA. Munrocs 600s eis ee eae i ee
Some Rare Birds at Strathroy, Ontario. By Ac Al Wooden oa ee eR Pere eo iN 62
Do Birds Practice their Songs? By Anna HE. Dee AS. eee sel es wae vast Bg ea aes 63.
Notes and Observations:— -< : “hat ees
The Kildeerin Winter. .By W:E. Saunders © 0a ee ae 64°94
The Clay-coloured Sparrow at London, Ontario. By E. M. s. Dalen sone i OREO e «64
Turkey Vultures in Nova Scotia. By R. We Dultis( ike Sane a eee Reps eas Ao 65
A Wrangel Island Fish: By J. R. Dymond...... 2... 6203.0 ..2: SRT yt ay OK at: bee
Unusual Nesting of the Western Kingbird. By J. A. Munro soo 0.08 Boke Wee as 65
Receipts for Canadian Field-Naturalist Publication fuel Pion gid tase wn ae wefan sg Niel ott phe 65°
Official Canadian Record of Bird-Banding Returns. . PE gel tee NR eae as F Ay ae pike ee oe 66 a

The official publications of THE OTTAWA Pa Goh GS CLUB have been teuede i
since 1879. The first was The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, 1879-1886,
two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes: ‘and these fg
have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist HH

ig is issued monthly, except for the months of June, July, and August. Itsscopeisthe publication %
. of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. VAG i oe
Sesser amano Ssssscssrcsesess BE EHH asst sua HERE ERREREREE sl

PR 20 1 ]

= — Canatinan Field-Naturalist

IOSSIL BISON remains are among the
rarest of North American fossils. So
rare are they in fact that it behooves
every collector of them to publish descrip-
tions of new specimens, or if that is not possible to
- submit the specimens to recognized authorities
for expert examination. Those who have given
the subject of the classification of our North
American extinct bison the closest study are
tolerably well convinced that a sound basis for
subdivision into several species exists, but the
material as yet available is not extensive enough
for the average non-specialist to appreciate the
generalizations. This is due partly to the incon-
veniences attendant upon the erection of species
from scanty material, namely, the necessarily in-
complete definition of a species resulting from too
few specimens to generalize from, and also the
Inevitable later discovery of variants not con-
forming exactly to the already established defini-
tions. Both these conditions have operated in
the past to retard the clarification of our views
concerning not only the subdivision of the
fossil bison into species but also the interrelation-
ships of those species. It is a tribute to the pioneers
- in this field that so much has been accomplished
_ when one considers that the specimens of fossil
bison known from the whole continent are to be
reckoned at the most as a few dozen. A second
reason for the publication of all material is the
curious fact that the bison skulls, although large
and robust, are exceedingly rarely preserved in
- complete or even nearly complete .condition, and
_ other portions of the skeleton are actually of
extreme rarity.
Ee / The purpose of this paper is to publish the
- deseription of a fossil bison skull recently acquired
_ by the Peter Redpath Museum of McGill Uni-
_» versity. For the benefit of those who have not had
the opportunity to consult the literature on the
subject it does not seem amiss to bring together
some of the information regarding the bison as a
fossil and a living animal. The genus Bison
belongs to a sub-family of even-toed ungulate
mammals called the Bovine to which also belong
_ the buffalo, zebu, yak, and domestic cattle.
_ These are all Asiatic in origin, but are now found
widely distributed over Asia, Europe and Africa.

‘ VOL. XLI OTTAWA, ONTARIO, MARCH, 1927 No. 3
F | :

Oe
—A FOSSIL BISON SKULL FROM YUKON TERRITORY
By T. H. CLARK

The bison is the only member of this sub-family
(sometimes called the “oxen’’) to have reached
North America. It differs from true oxen in
being short-headed, whereas the domestic cattle
are relatively long-headed, and in being much
more slender and agile, though here too these terms
must be understood in a relative sense. More-
over there are important anatomical differences
in the skull and in the shoulder hump, and the
growth of long shaggy hair on the head and neck
are quite characteristic.

In time, the earliest bison recorded in the fossil
state is Bison sivalensis from Pliocene strata of
Northern India. Throughout the next geological
epoch, the Pleistocene, or Glacial Period, the
descendants of this bison spread both east and
west over Asia and Europe, one branch of the
tribe being successful:in crossing over to Alaska
at a time of lowered sea level when the Behring
Sea was dry and in populating North America.
The spread of the bison in both Old and New
Worlds was by no means a simple one for they
found the lands well occupied by grazers (bison
being preéminently meadow and open country
dwellers, although their ability to live in wood-
lands is attested by a variety in North America
which has gained the varietal name of Wood
Buffalo), and they were forced to compete with
horses, the progenitors of the modern domestic
cattle (the uwrus or aurochs of antiquity), and
hosts of others. Not only that, but they had
chosen a very unseasonable time for their wander-
ing, since during the Pleistocene both Europe and
North America suffered, at least four times, the
advance of continental glaciers, whose presence
was inimical to the continued residence of warm-
blooded mammals, except for such types as the
caribou which are especially adapted to withstand
cold. These numerous changes of climate, the
four glacial phases and their warm interglacial
episodes made continent-wide migrations of
animals essential to their survival. Many types
were unable to withstand more than one such
radical change in their environment, but from
all these vicissitudes the bison emerged trium-
phantly, perhaps because of its original vigor and
stamina. Contemporaneous with the bison in
North America during these fluctuations of climate

46. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

( x 5)

(Vol. Xia ee

FIGURE 1

were such large mammals as the mammoth,
mastodon, sabre-tooth tiger, giant sloth, and horse,
all of which succumbed sooner or later to the
inconstant conditions. The countless number of
bison encountered by the early white pioneers
may have been due to the fact that, on account
of the extinction of these other grazers and brow-
sers, a vast untenanted field lay before any group
of mammals which could take advantage of it.
The bison had survived the glacial period and
took immediate advantage of the open fields
spread before them. With no competition in
feeding and a lack of carnivorous enemies it is not
to be wondered at that they increased beyond all
counting.

In Europe the bison was one of the large mam-
mals encountered by Paleolithic man. That
primitive man hunted and slew the bison is
beyond question. The hunting grounds of the
Neanderthal man doubtless contained vast herds
of bison, as did the North American plains before
the advent of the whites. The later, more highly
cultivated, Paleolithic man delighted in making
polychrome drawings of the bison on his cave
walls, some examples of which for force and
delicacy of toning could scarcely be bettered to-
day, Statuettes and bas-reliefs of bison attest
the importance of that animal in the economic
life of early European man. The later increase
in human population, as well as less risky and less
fallible means at man’s disposal for killing them
contributed to the bison’s near extinction. Though
mentioned as abundant by Julius Cesar, there
has remained for the past few centuries but a
pitiful remnant, which has been kept from
total extinction only by the most stringent pro-
tection. Similarly on the North American con-
tinent, where, at the close of the glacial period,
bison roamed the plains and prairies in untold
millions, they became virtually extinguished in a
few decades through the ruthless slaughter by
white pioneers.

Fossil bison remains from North America are

scattered over the continent south of latitude
43° N. from coast to coast, and also in Alaska and

adjacent parts of Yukon Territory, although

specimens from Canada are very few in number.
They are divisible into seven species. ‘These were
not all contemporaneous, but occurred in irregular
succession, the last to be evolved and to survive
being known as Bison bison, the “‘American Buf-
falo”’ of recent times. The earliest species so far
discovered was a gigantic one, Bison latifrons,
which had a spread of horns from tip to tip of more
than six feet, and roamed over the southern part
of the United States. It was without doubt the
largest of all the American bison. Osborn sum-
marizes the remaining species of bison as follows:—
“Remains of another ancient form, Bison antiquus,
have been found in Kentucky and California
associated with remains of elephants, mastodons,
horses and camels. . . . It is considerably larger
than B. bison, and is readily distinguished by the
position of the horns, which are placed almost at
right angles to the long axis of the skull. The
horns of another species (B. ferox), resembling
those of B. latifrons, have been found in the
Pleistocene of Nebraska. The Pleistocene of
Idaho and Kansas has yielded the horn cores of a
fifth species (B. alleni). The giant northwestern
bison found in Alaska, which may have existed
also in eastern Siberia, is B. crassicornis. There
also lived in Alaska, probably in late Pleistocene
times, and ranged down into Kansas, the species
B. occidentalis. This animal most closely resembles
the living bison, with which it was probably con-
temporaneous for a time.” (The Age of Mam-
mals, 1910, p. 482.)

The specimen that has recently come into the
collections of the Peter Redpath Museum is a
skull of Bison crassicornis Richardson. Of this
species no complete skull is known; our specimen
consists of the posterior part of the skull with the
horn cores, although neither of these is complete. —
Views of the upper and rear aspects of the skull
are shown in the accompanying figures. Our speci-

March, 1927]

men represents the average state of preservation

of skulls of this species. Such measurements as
could be made are as follows:—

mm,
Width between bases of horn-cores......... 300°
Width at the rear of the temporal fosse..... 215
WadGheacross Mastoids. 5.02.0... eae 301
Warothvat rear of orbits.) 20005 bn wee ee 307
Height of occipital crest above lower lip of
foramen magnum..................... 163
Height of occipital crest above upper lip of
foramen magnum................ rae, 111
Circumference of zone-core................ 354
Greatest diameter (horizontal) of horn-core.. 118
- Least diameter (vertical) of horn-core....... 101

One remarkable feature about this individual
is the great size of the horn-cores, their diameters
being proportionally greater than those of other
specimens, in spite of the fact that this specimen
is by no means a large individual of this species.
The characteristic forward curve of the horns is
well indicated by the remaining bases of the horn-
cores.

Our specimen was recovered some sixty feet
below the surface in gold-bearing gravel near

s Dawson, Yukon Territory, several years ago by

ay?

Mr. J. Dudley Bell, who presented it to the
Medical Faculty of McGill, whence it has recently
come to this museum. Two other specimens of
this species from the same region are preserved
in the National Museum at Ottawa. It is at
present very difficult to indicate to which part of
the Pleistocene epoch such deposits belong, as
Alaska and Yukon were free from glaciers, except
in the high mountains. This is unfortunate,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST AT

because parts of that region abound in fossil
bearing deposits. These are chiefly the black
muck of stream valleys, beds of clay, and also
river gravel deposits. The chief mammals pre-
served as fossils are the mammoth, bison, horse
and caribou, in their order of abundance.

Further and detailed information regarding the
distribution of fossil bison, their identification
etc., can be obtained from the works of Allen!,
Lucas?, and Hay’, where there are presented
illustrations and measurements of practically every
important known specimen of fossil bison. A
more general account of the habits and habitat of
extinct bison may be culled from the comprehen-
sive treatises upon the subject of former mam-
malian life by Scott* and Osborn®, which retain
their readability in spite of the wealth of tech-
nical and scientific detail they present.

A short four page pamphlet entitled ‘“Bringing
Back the Buffalo’, published by the Canadian
National Parks Branch, Department of the In-
terior, Ottawa, 1926, gives an interesting account
of the successful re-establishment of the buffalo
in the Canadian National Parks.

1Allan, J. A., The American Bisons, Living and Extinct,
Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass., vol. 4, No. 10,
1876. 246 pp.

2Lucas, F. A., The Fossil Bison of North America, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 21, pp 755-771, 1899.

3sHay, O. P., The Extinct Bisons of North America.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 46, pp. 161-200, 1914.
in 1918.)

4Scott, W. B., A History of the Land Mammals in the
Western Hemisphere. 693 pp., MacMillan Co., 1918.

635 pp., MacMil-

Proc.
(Paper published

5Osborn, H. F., Tke Age of Mammals.
lan Co., 1910.

FIGURE 2

Figures 1 and 2. Bison crassicornis.

Upper and rear views of a skull from Dawson City,

now in the Redpath Museum, McGill University. x 4.

48

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

_ A CALENDAR OF FLOWERS
By NORMAN CRIDDLE, Treesbank, Manitoba

OME twenty odd years ago, being en-
_ couraged by the late Dr. James Fletcher,
I began to take notes of the time of
flowering and seeding of local plants. The
work was continued somewhat enthusiastically
while I was in the employ of the Dominion Seed
Branch but it had eventually to give way to
entomological problems, though observations were
still made when opportunity offered. The re-
cords thus accumulated are admittedly incom-
plete, but as there is now little chance to make
them less so it has been decided to publish them
as they are.

Not being a systematic botanist I have been
obliged to rely very largely upon the kindness
of others for the identification of my specimens
and in this respect I owe a lasting debt of grati-
tude to the late Dr. Fletcher, Prof. John and
J. M. Macoun. I am also under great obligation
to Dr. M. O. Malte who has not only determined
many specimens for me but he has also kindly
looked over the manuscript and corrected num-
erous errors.

The classification followed is that of the Inter-
national Code as presented in Gray’s New Manual
of Botany, 1908. I have followed this chiefly
because it is used in the Canadian National Her-
barium and because a majority of my specimens
have been identified by the authorities connected
with that museum.

The plants listed in this calendar have all been

observed within ten miles of my home at Aweme,
which is approximately six miles north of Trees-
bank, Manitoba.
complete one because it was next to impossible,
with the time at my disposal, to discover the
date of flowering of every species within the area
chosen.

With reference to the column giving the aver-

age time required for ripening seed, it must be ©
pointed out that this represents an approximate.

period between the first flower and the first ripe
seed found. In many plants, such as violets for
instance, the first flowers frequently fail to pro-
duce seeds; while in others, of which the Com-
positz are examples, there is seldom a failure to
do so. In a few instances flowers were actually
marked so that the time taken to ripen seed is
exact; these are preceded by an asterisk.

It frequently happens that plants produce
adventitious flowers, that is to say abnormally
early or late ones.
calendar because to include them would be mis-
leading.

Finally it should be borne in mind that seasons
vary enormously and that the influences of an
early or late spring are frequently felt throughout
the entire flowering period of the year.

Earliest

. No. of Average Latest No. of
NAME OF PLANT Years First First First | Days to
'|Observed| Flowering Flowering Flowering Ripen
Seed
Anemone patens Wolfgangiana...................-+++.-- 21 April 13 -|Mar. 28,1910/April 28, 1923 45
Salix<discolor eis. j oso eovan Seen oe eee 20 April 19 Mar. 28,1910}/April 30,1907 35
Populustremuloides... sn ckie ee ee as eS e 21 April 19 Mar. 28,1910|May 15,1907 40
Corylus;amMeri Canaressen a cme he nee tea poe ea ean = ta: April 20 April 3, 1210|May 5,1909| 126
Ranunculusirhomboldeuswaq-eae eee bao ane 19 April 20 April 8,191C|May 14,1907 53
Wraba Mem OLosaers cscs seeenn tee vse eens Race aah ae cea eee 20 April 20 April 138,1910|May 14,1909 33
JUMmiperusihorizontalissareu. see aoe ee es ee ee eee 13 April 24 April 9,1918|May 24,1907) 131
Drabacarolinianacy cece eeicrcei ae es haa eae 19 Apri) 24 April 14,191C;/May 21,1907 40
ueAndrosace occidentaliss ees ee a eee ae 16 April 24 April 15,1910;/May 16,1907 38
PAIS INCA NA Se Cs eae us esa ARE On a aR 12 April 26 April 7,1910)/May 20,1907} 122
Momatiumrorientaless tc. cw voces eek a eae ee eG 2 April 26 April 22,1914]/April 29,1910 40
Salix petlolarisi¢ace ti ct coe eo aa Pe ee eae 11 April 27 April 13,1910)May 11,1917 33
Croylusmostra ta lt iacirteuir kon eter Seat avs oe a nee 8 - |April 28 April 3,1910)May 21,1907} 181
LIMUSiaAM CLICANA ns Kets sia eee le Ta eee ee ae aR era 14 April 28 April 7,1910|May 15,1909 35
Salix: cord atalino asec te coke a eee rare er eee ee 12 April 29 April 18,1915|]May 11,1917 39
Populusthalsamiferaracs vice iota clare rae Otariee dete 8 April 29 _jApril .13,1910)/May 12,1917 44
Shepherdiavcanadensistemimawen ie: ances arie en ease ee 16 April 29 April 16,1918)May 26,1907 58
Cy mopterus/acaulisin-norprcrr ric ace ia meee tC TeIe te 4 April 30-~ April 24,1913}May 21,1924
Salix Ui VASUrsi eh aici sack oh oon Ma Melee op rae me ee 2 May 1 April 21,1913}May 11,1914
Potentillaieconcinna 2 Sis oe ee ee ees 13 May 1 April 21,1910|May 24,1907 38

‘Von. XLI

The list is obviously an in-

These are not listed in the

:

nes

:) or

NAME Of PLANT

veer Nerundo. =o 0.2.2 ie sees = pe ee aay Sate Rao
Taraxacum erythrospermum...............-.-0--+-+++5-
Capsella Bursa-pastoris
TELE hore TEI OOTY SS RE ee Stehe B catssrele rere Cae eR
CPIBRARG ETA RUT Pas et eee ae RN oan pe | Sie tees ee oper
MHL ASAT RON LCA ecm. cis ees neces oe ee hee 0 Soke, oe shee

SETIFIS Tas RST IS a Seep Pa

Populus tremuloides (leafing)...................22-.005-
WrolacOnspersasaass cco. ch tee Mas eee ti rae te ee
MOE RET AB ID RIS GEIS wan creer atone cath Seog mata wathvabaheve aeons
Mecdneroll aarenOSar i =,ce sais fo ee otek are eee le orale
Petasites sagittatus........... 76. ANY EEO EE oe Crd Cae
“CDNAS UTE SS ae Sain ae RENE A
resume nel cae ETA een set sett eee Peas. 3p ad ee snee nes Onis
Habenaria hyperborea.... 1.2... 6 ee eee
Arctostaphylos UVa-ULSi..% 6228. ee ee ee ne ee
PEW SON Gay OXSCA PA cyaiese5 scr ones feo pun eee vote pw cceus wits

_ Populus deltoides................. GS IRS et eee trae at ee ema

Merashliiiiy AnVeNSerKs pods. fino RSE oe ds oo wie le ons oe
Se tentang Marl O Sea acy esceciees Sole eecke Lasvace.t Mays Fhe wjettvels rasan
LD Paylin el a (Oe ore gree PGi nee Canis onc: Bien peace noo
eile a py Claes. s. =aics Fae ss sek nae e. Seegetapers ee SS Mae ah wees
ADE SISCLOSHIMG ame nei: Be oes eae ee nS et epee
Waolameplirophyllain. ot. 9htscis . 2. on epee eo ere ee
AMLenNAnAlCaAMIPeStLiSs. 045i. 0s sa sans pes es ee ee he
Ar AaprenelolpOcliiiaien, ceaciok joe oa ae oe oes

SURO CPERETITEO Itsy vetie sites een artic 2s Sse edt aes yee ec Gres =

PER Ari vay ALOU AMA se scious ao saen = ost 5 ac cue eee Seems teeta

PSAP AUS Cary OCATDUSs.: oa sieve bie cise eke eens oe ee ee ene
LETIDGS: THEE Yaa ig Sone a Broke by ntieT Sc ean IE Cree see REDE
Peg axyACANtNOIGES is) ou esi aiae hls es oa ie hee eller
AOTC LANGCHICTASPICALA tee sp ta sink hele see eee tetts eect | Die ae wh eve
ESTER TI SEIAT Otitis rN ee meso ese ge aT oer anal we ot Te a Be
Primula mistassinica...............-.. gogoocbanemannes
[PCVLIECERS eT ia tn ETS. Ue He Sasa Pe lec ee eine = eres an eee
ers ypPeENMsylVANICA screiee t | 42 eis as an Soehns ete Sealey ev
Thlaspi arvense (main crop)
Sax IGA S SS Ee a pee cee ie oie cc eee cars fal eer

PRED GIOUACHY CAL Ay ect wth secs ine eee ne ce aes
We pidmrmaapealumMi crac wee fete cic sofeedncic Bete «Oto © o cune ee ole
BOL ON Gita M ras, apapayt cioaeon tees, halen Ree saws wee Da See ele
ATMOS pPELIMUMCANESCENS: 2... . als w/eis okey ee ee ee ys
annnculus delphinifolius..).. 5224... scccs 4. 0ess seas eeee
YOR, SRW ORRTES ih ik Bre AIS ERE eo fo
JE RSIDTAAISOE ONCE ee aa Oe
RAR CHIN OMICIA Ale). 7. Keates bajo aah sco alts. vf x vas Seca
SUPRISES SUPE Ae ps cnc fee OES Es Poe het ty ans be
BEM e SUAS OMAN UMN, cay? eee op evie esos ste ees ea
MU TED LE TIN Ain evs APL sLt tN eas aks NL toe

SPIO CHICA ACCHSIS «35 2 cratic seed a eenieie ye ee ds levave tues Qa

mattaraluaihypoglottisyd : = ij.) eke. aeladsoa nse endless 5
BRPIAEDPd alias er ons ota ls
Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata:.................00-.
Biomater icolian vise ho td. kt So sae ede so sk cucicue sisploy

Besrlistaniye daloides.\- shi: > Jathi- ts. ameislucavsechivteen

Chenopodium capitatum...................0c ce veecaeee
MOLTO BANU AU CILONIa. fished erica > ja0 PR Poa hoa ctaen alan

meromandrakaichardsianay:.....0: sss sss sss seed es sed

No. of
Years
Observed

20

H a e bo i ee
FP ODFPORPAWNHOrRFBRFWOWONTCWW OND OD OW

a

—

Average
First
Flowering

is¥}
a
CHWOONIRHHOARRWONDH

s
ps}

ray
(=)

Earliest Latest
First First
Flowering Flowering
April 13,1910)May 27,1907
April 29,1910)May 25,1907
April 20,1911)May 11,1917
April 25, 1915|May 7, 1914
April 15,1918)May 24,1907
April 5,1910|May 24,1908
April 26,1915|May 16,1912
April 20,1910)/May 31,1907
April 20,1910)May 28,1924
Apri! 18,1915|/May 20, 1907

May 7

May 7

April 30,1910}June 7, 1908
April i7,1910)June 2, 1907
April 29,1910)May 29,1907
April 27,1915|May 26,1907
April 29,1910)/May 18,1915
April 29;1910|}May 31,1907
April 80,1910)May 26,1924
April 27,1910)May 29,1924
April 24,1911|June 4,1907
May 5,1922|May 19,1916
May 6,1910|May 18,1916
April 29,1910)May 28,1924
April 29,1910|May 26,1909
April 26,1906|/May 31,1907
May 11,1926

May 5, 1911)June 2, 1924
May 14,1916|May 18,1919
April 28,1911)/May 21,1923
‘May 4,1918|June 9, 1907
May 5, 1910})June 7,1907
May 14,1926/June 8, 1924
April 28,1910}June 4,1907
May 4,1910}June 7,1907
May 12,1914

May 8.1915|)May 19,1913
May 5, 1910} June 2,1924
May 8,1915|May 23,1916
May 10,1912

May 6,1910)June 6, 1907
May 18,1926

May 17,1911)/May 19,1918
[May 4,1910|June —_3, 1907
May 11,1916)May 28,1915
May 6, 1910]June 6, 1907
May 12,1918)May 25,1912
May 11,1910|/June 17,1907
May 16,1913}/May 27,1909
May 11,1926)/May 24,1912
May 7,1910|June 13,1907
May 7, 1910|June 6, 1907
May 11,1826|June 4, 1906
May 11,1926/June 7,1907
May 17,1911)/May 27,1912
May 15,19138)May 27,1910
May 19,1915|May 27,1909
May 10,1911\June 6, 1917
May 138,1910)June 18,1924
May 15, 1911|June 9, 1907

122

124

*32

108

133

oii

90
60
22
105
65
33
27

55
27
68

NAME OF PLANT

Ribes floridum
Lithospermum angustifolium
Smilacina stellata
Corallorrhiza trifida
Rumex venosus
Vicia sparsifolia
Quercus macrocarpa
Arenaria lateriflora
Camelina microcarpa
Rubus arcticus
Rubus triflorus
Salix longifolia
Crataegus coccinea
Prunus virginiana
Viola blanda
Allium reticulatum
Aralia nudicaulis
Zizia cordata
Stellaria longipes
Physatis grandiflora
Veronica americana
Viola pubescens
Trillium cernuum
Disporum lanuginosum
Thaspium aureum
Menyanthes trifoliata
Cerastium nutans
Anemone multifida
Thalictrum dioicum
Cardamine pratensis
Potentilla Anserina
Lathyrus ochroleucus
Euphorbia virgata
Rhamnus alnifolia
Elaeagnus argentea
Castilleja sessiliflora
Senecio vulgaris
Arabis hirsuta
Camelina dentata
Sisymbrium incisum
Actaea rubra
Hrigeron asper
Senecio integerrimus
Habenaria bracteata

an
oodwr

bt ee

O00: 0, Dio LOIS LG, way prdsceccOl ol ove dics Oro cut) oor ceo Giato: AsouG

i

=

a

—

FPRFONNNaAHKBROONWBPRAPODDEFPArPKFPOWOHKFAArRFAAMAMNWNWONnNAN

=

i

Erysimum asperum
Mitella nuda
Ellisia Nyctelea
Castilleja coccinea
Cornus stolonifera

—

e

Astragalus bisulcatus
Vicia americana
Ledum groenlandicum
Dodecatheon Meadia

—

FPR PPP PR PPR WOWWWHWWWNNNNNNKP RP YP KR KP RPP Pee ee

oO

Or

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Earliest Latest
First First
Flowering Flowering
May 13,1915|June 17,1924
May 19,1923|June 9, 1907
May 18,1911|June 8, 1916
May 23,1906)June 8, 1908
May 20,1926|June 4,1907
May 20,1915|June 9, 1924
May 19,1911\/June 10,1907
May 14,1¢15|June 4,1907
May 16,1922|June 6, 1911
May 27,1912|/May 27,1911
May 16,1910|June 2,1911
May 22,1911|June 3, LONG
May 12,1911|June 2, 1907
May 16,1926)June 10,1924
May 19,1915|June 11,1907
May 20,1911)June 13,1907
May 21,1915)June 20,1907
May 24,1906|June 8, 1924
May 24,1919|June 10,1913
May 29,1918|June 1, 1907
May 16,1926|June - 3,1913
May 22,1911|June 20,1907
May 28,1910|June 4,1907
May 22,1911)June 15,1907
May 23,1922\June 22,1924
May 25,1906)June 8, 1916
May 29,1911|June 10,1908
May 23,1919/June 13,1924
May 21,191i)June 20,1907
May 21,1911\June 13,1924
May 23,1914/June 8, 1912
May 27,1911|June 12,1916
May 22,1911|June 14,1907
May 26,1926|June 7,1918
May 28,1911}/June 4), eS
May 21,1911|June 7,1917
May 22,1911)June 16,1907
May 26,1910|June 6, 1909
May 26,1911\June 17,1907
May 24,1913|June 18,1907
May 17,1915)June 17,1907
May 25,1915|June 14,1923
May 19,1915)June 7,1910
May 23,1911|June 8,1915
May 22,1910\/June 17,1907
May 30,1904|June 9, 1907
June 2, 1914) June 7,1918

June 3, 1926

May 27,1911|June 16,1907
May 26,1911|June 17,1924
May 20,1911;/June 15,1907
May 28,1919)June 9, 1916
May 30,191S|June 11,1909
May 30,1915)June 12,1907
May 30,1912)June 17,1907
June 3, 1908|June 9, 1912

SA Re eR a ears

March, 1927]

NAME OF PLANT

@yoripediumeparvillorums~ ees: o sacl: | joss sae eee
CIN CRIAKeATIACCHSISSs hate elas ae vals ene se es anes
VMN alysy Gyan DAlaria sey = coctes Se niclel=s+i01s)s ise Deaferste ees
Cypripediampubescens.- a. sc. soe eos ies eee gcc es
Hapenariaclavellatayc0 6 ime sien ae cide ae tore ier e =
Corallorrhizastriatas. + :ss wes lone ese hee es ET Be
Conmmncinionentalis)oc5' sede seh ees hos se nee ee eee
PAST CASA VENSISt ict astaigsts Ceo eee ices cit elage shee oe hee
Oxalisistrietacs sacks ee ee She les ee ta ey
PEC OSAMA CICIIIATIS 0 ene nee nM rere ne ahs bes cane amit ee
Orxminopissuambertic nse eels velts fev tet wielatee etncee ac
Malvast rim COccineumecn tia fas eee eit ae ale aes
Trey Esieyervovn Srl Oats kishore eae pea coeelaeeh es Nat a pt at
BEY SIMA AVAL OLUEN <a isai Scatter oe hs ie) svete seaSiales Site 2
EFOUCH EL AVM ISDIGA:Svepeis are ie ie ee elec ee elas esis puss wees
RerrarMplEG WISI eer he Ew Sie oleae aint eee on oh ene es ee
Anemone canadensis. ......-.-.--/-----------4-2-+---
Woman ragliy Gae testes Fn a eenieee ee es elles eatelle ey Saabs
@hamacrhodosHerectacecs. (wes Sac ees seve onder ee
Viburnum Opulus americanum.......................-.
Wilaunninmbontacosccice: ose eos jews catomG syaietaetn eee
chica Minlefoliirm tsi nays aso hcthss Sees Sie gure oreo ected aleve
TeV CHNISDTUMIMONG hacks ose sles es ud Ode Rees be ee oe
IAS ETAM AISNE PLOC CUS =) safes Sine Setenie cs cacte tb iaisheie © weoyrelsies ee
AGtravaliswlERUOSUS Ss cc re eso > sinc slitjsietereneelere esas aie ews ee
Gran AtCOCCINGA Sy ee aera gee ee ee eR
Pamcersaablonawolia sets sce: se ais catinke Scio) meres sae este ee me
FAOSORISIS AI Ca eyed ciate Sala ic ais sieve slate Bites, Sine ae ee Bal
Hriperonsphiladelphicus <.)-i- 2222. = oh) usd ae ss alee oe
Corallorthizaymaculatare sees ne see nies ook Re Sete
EUROS AR I oe aoe ope GO DIA OETA Ea AG Cane ORE erence
Rubus idaeus aculeatissimus.................5--eee eee
PER OGMOPSisiGHOMpLlOde rere ke Steric ie) wleisicle cess eines
Geraniumubicknel lic: ascites once ee elle ee
OsmMoOLhiza lon eis ydsnses se, een ers hone Bieske whieh ese
leracleumilanatumrs tr ih 6 es See oe Nie ae eee ete
PETA ArinOSa nese ee tn Yeo es
RWierbenasnastatcay merase Seta gee ccna ce iw Se SR
Dracocephalum parviflorum....................2-+0005
Callarpaluntnisner ce cee ee he cs Sens eee
Smilax herbacea..........-..--- ING A ock en Seem eee carne aa
Wxrchigiotinaitoliarcewciscia ee kee Tie dia: cine ates
MonolepisiNuttallianacie <tc feel oes ts. te eg oles
Nesliainaniculatanyanieat a kite stetee cotta eoncsissde eee ees
Roly paruseneraearlccceerisleatshis sta sitelciae Secs ave me se
SWounusicanadensisi. servo ies cuhe ke eee sh oe ote oe
CvpripeduimrcanGiduyi wt lectern ty cies, oh eee eo
PATCIMONCICYIINGLECAS orate ono eia oiccs ene ald aod bielneve heb disee
CardaminerpennsylvaniCal. a s/n eset estes. als oe che cur ere
ESTA SSI CHILE Arey swine rae itch oloede el sielst iets aie ayaa’ ole nraees ola ua ts
ROSA LATI Ca asines rere lads eiecetetse-berc ied oie rateu ete che: ceo DPe te tenia wettens
NEAPDU AIS CHAM ALA cl fereterere ead iP ois sie aee sid ola ators ont
Grin Tense Oye aGndiain boise Sonne, Jac one aninn tar
PROISCNISICUS PIG Sica ere tetneteyate ais Cra ieiateyssde este: ciqie tlacaiate dua capstone
MTA TO DOLOMDLALCMSIS sc iehslctsieieiie ve aisle oe aitisieie i ob eee ies ne 2
ATLONN ASIA MICLOPH YU Ar siere oo cect cc clsse cis ea se soles alee wets
PErIPLOCHINPALUSELE se systeishc ole cyscevecccs.ocha cers! «oa 2d sub.e usbe shes
Acerates viridiflora lanceolata...............-..0-00 eee
By OLVIES SPICHAIMACUBs 05 bei vier sic otis die oielelsge bis eee ¢
Gr OlanChe LASCICILALAy crsinic aje ler eivic oho ciete tue Gidld wie eet elet
NSIT ACAI OLCALIG wie ete Ne wd ereteh a ciate ae aloe, boo wee epee
EVANTMMICHMIS VLA COUN chore) a oo8,c.s5e (ey 0.0: o facet arts svn oreiaje atte etenaaly
Chrysopsis villosa..... Bee A atv atera acniclet yt oo, bia.2 oct: evotab oy ellen

a

_

=

_

|

_

_
WONWNFRFERFR HOF PRON NMRFPRFPONWANFYHNDOWORrRrRrFWONFR FOE N OH - Oe OO

=

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Average
First
Flowering

June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 11
June 12
June 12
June 12
June 12
June 12
June 12
June 12
June 13
June 13
June 13
June 13
June 13
June 13
June 13
June 13
June 13
June 13
June 14
June 14
June 14
June 14
June 14
June 15
June 15

SCHODDHDOMAMANANAIARARAGAAaNaAH

Earliest Latest
First First
Flowering Flowering
May 27,1911)June 15,1907
May 22,1911/June 18,1907
May 23,1910)June 10,1907
May 31,1911/June 16,1907
May 26,1911)June 27,1908
June 2,1914/June 11,1913
June 2, 1914|June 9,1917
May 27,1915)June 13,1909
May 27,1915|June 18,1924
May 27,1915|June 18,1909
May 28,1910/June 14,1912
May 28,1919/June 19,1907
May 24,1911|June 24,1924
June 1,1915|)June 21,1924
June 1,1922|June 19,1907
May 30,1922|)June 26,1924
May 30,1910|)June 22,1909
May 27,1926|)June 22,1907
May 27,1926)June 22,1907
June 4,1915|June 19,1907
June 4,1911/June 18,1910
May 24,1911|June 16,1915
June 1,1911)June 20,1906
June 5,1914)June 14,1910
May 25,1910)June 11,1907
June 3,1912|June 18,1907
June 3,1926|June 15,1910
June 5,1911/June 23,1907
May 28,1910|June 17,1915
June 3, 191J}une 20, 1907
June 2,1911|/June 28,1907
May 30,1915)June 18,1907
May 31,1913|)June 25,1924
May 31,1911)/June 17,1907

June 11,1926

June 12,1916)June 13,1915
June 3,1911|June 29,1907
June 4,1911/June 19,1913
June 8,1906|/June 18,1907
June 5,1908)June 25,1907
June 3,1921|June 28,1924
May 30,1915|June 20,1907
June 6,1915|June 26,1924
June 11,1909}/June 18,1910
June 8,1918]June 29,1908
June 11,1913)June 17,1911
June 13,1912)June 15,1913
June 9,1910)June 20,1909
June 9,1911|June 27,1907

No. of
Days to
Ripen
Seed

89
36

91

28

*152

35

75
50
36
52
60
32
33
53

33
719
91
37
22

32
36
35
27
25

38
33

80
38

38
70
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23

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Ce

52 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

No. of Average Earliest Latest No. of*
NAME OF PLANT Years First First First Days to
Observed| Flowering Flowering Flowering Ripen
Seed
Gaillardia anistatahecn.ccr tae cat le ae EE en eee 11 June 15 May 30,1910/June 30,1924 31
Mathy TUSsVeNOSuSh sage ceva xee wives eee conuee eterna ihe Se ons 13 June 16 June 5,1909/June 30,1924 48
PERTVALINS UW CA GU Np gs. Se Re A te RHC loc ee Dt ce ee 1 June 16
Rhusloxicodendron:radicansne ce. «oie ie ee ee 8 June 16 June 3,1902|June 21,1907 17
Nselepias OVialfolia se caste scien ee ohn ee ees 11 June 16 June 8,1926|June 27,1915 68
Phy salisilanceolatass\-.nci aoa Mee eee Pa ne eee es 12 June 16 June 10,1911}June 26,1907 60
Utricularia vulgaris americana................-.-...+-5: 2 June 16 June 12,1911|June 20,1910
Mimuluselaonatusaccsa lacoste eae ee ene 2 June 16 June 13,1926
Brig cronipumtluse pat ees ean See eee eer eaten 2 June 16 “~ |June 12,1915/June 20, 1912 Z
Potentillaiiruticosas = sect eh a ee es seen 10 June 17 June 11,1913/June 28,1908 51 7
Rentstenronyeracilise. = ns.cascm com seed tice ie a cea re 10 June 17 June 6, 1911] July 1, 1924 5A
Saniculaymanilandica scr secs eerie eae eene cee aera 8 June 17 June 10,1910)June 22,1912 50
Prunellasvial eapise ss ss sis No a ee Or AT a 1 June 17 28
Motieldiarlutinosak sey. ats sees ase rs ia hea ee eee 1 June 18
Oxybaphusmyvctapineusie sen cme een ee io aes ern 5 June 18 June 10,1911)June 24,1912) *12
Potentilavanrutact ic ee ee ay ee in ae ee Bae 8 June 18 ‘June 8,1911]June 30,1924 33
Potentillaistrivosam acs See ean ace bie era Spee 10 |June 18 June 8, 1910|July 4,1907| 33 y
Botentilla monspeliensisy e259. eee ee 6 |June18 June 15,1911/June 23,1915] 30
Mathy rusipalsutrisey.cs ween eee 5 tery erat een Teens 5 June 18 |June 5, 1909) July 5, 1908 47
AStracalistadsurgensei ie cists ciara reece ene datene ne eee ens 13 June 18 ‘June 14, 1926|July 2, 1924 41
Oxy tropis'dehexuss oes eae cea ot ty ae enna se eee aes 1 June 18 |
Pyrolayincarma tary scl tpi ee ele oe ae tastes 10 June 18 |June 11,1911/June 28,1907 68
Nceratesdanuginosansicn init oe ne Se eres 3 June 18 June 15,1914|/June 24,1912 69
CTEpis DlENNIS ears Se eu eel i ho Lee eee eae 2 June 18 June 7, 1926 20
osappratincolawss. site wast ao neat morn rent aoe Sete ie gags 13 June 19 June 13,1911|July 9,190 76
Rotentilla;pulehercimare sate soe san ee oc eee eas 2 June 19 June 16,1912)June 22,1915 34
Potentilla; palusterise sips ss secs eee Sees ceed pees ey 1 June 19
IPsoralearesculentaesaniie i rene ei eye ee eee 10 June 19 June 4,1926|June 20,1909 Al
Ey sima chiasbhytsilorans se wraciat a eae caa Se aac 5 June 19 June 12,1911|June 28, 1907 35
Heliopsis scabra................... EA teatied ABI ate creer 10 June 19 June 17,1911|July 8, 1924 44
Polyzonatumicommutatume/.. 21-6 as thers eee 11 June 20 June 9,1909|June 26,1915 81 i
Iris'versicolor (introduced)! :. 2.22.4... -6..0- 2) eoaaee it June 20 4 :
HarraceniapuLpureaacn cic same eo ener: 6 June 20 June 14,1910)June 27,1924 67
Asclepiasiverticillatatay 2 serene artis Gee ho eee ee ae ous 1 June 20 7
Campanularotundifolianecmc sae ace eee te ee ee 13 June 20 June 14,1911/June 28,1907 36 .
Galzamitrifidumsis i he eres ee ee ee Eee 1 June 20 3
RUIN EXE CHAS PUS)= eee yal ena eS as 2 June 21 June 18,1911|/June 24,1909 Al é
Ranunculus acriss smears ee ioe eae mnie ane 1 June 21 i |
Stleneiantirrbina sec rays Aitken easton ES Es a ost alee 10 June 21 June 11, 1912|/July 2, 1923 19
Symphoricarpus racemosus...................---.-+--+: 8 |June 21 - June 9, 1911| July 7,1924| 46
@repisirun cin ata: sath skiers mee RR ee ee ae 7 June 21 June 14,1910/June 28,1908 18 ;
Lilium philadelphicum andinum....................-.+- 11 June 22 June 15,1911|July 1, 1907 73
Amrorphapmacrophiyll asec) sess ape eee ae Ge 6 |June 22 June 16,1924|June 30,1908 60
Apocynum androsaemifolium......................-0+-- 9 June 22 June 7, 1911| July 6, 180 74 )
Onosmodium hispidissimum ...................-.-+++: 7 |June 22 June -9, 1911 July 5,1907| 46 ;
Galium triflorime rc ee eer ae ee eee 2 |June 22 June 19,1909|June 24,1911 :
BITIZELONLAMOSUS er yee Seo ak eee 6 June 22 June 20,19138/June 25,1915 17
Mhalieirumepoly cami. eee ere ne aera 4 |June 23 June 22,1910|June 24,1911} 51
Menotheraiserrulataceriy co he aes es ater pera eye 12 |June 23 June 18, 1211|July 6,1216} 46
Planta goymay ore cee eter ie arte ee ect nal feai ae ane. Gene ne 4 |June 23 June 18,1926/June 27,1908] 38 ‘
Cirsium rum mond ieee eee eee Pa ree ee 9 {June 23 June 20,1911|July 13,1908} 19 }
SaponariagVia CCania car pe HE en ee ES Se ee oe ew wee 6 June 24 June 17,1911|July 2, 1909 42
Silenemoctitlora Sak evi7eh er Gta na ee 4 |June 24 June 22,1907|June 26,1914] 24 4
appulaideflexavamericanase = eee tee ae 5 June 24 June 20,1910)June 28,1913 33
Byrolasecunda nots cinco Wem are weer tae an Urea Wine apa 8 |June 24 June 17,1911|July 5,1907} 61 i
Wirticay era cilispicam Resa eee cert th ete ye) Meni goon a eee Ae 2 June 25 June 238,1912|/June 27,1911 1
Nivimphacavadwvenan.c cc teu: igi tee hee cat i epesr ie amu ik 1 June 25
SISVMbrUMPLLATEW.ep Tan time see ee De nce nn ie 2 June 25 June 25,1913)June 26,1912 57 ;
Geamsmacrophyllumse ee eee, See 9 |June 25 June 15, 1911}July 6,1907} 51 3
Apocyniimycannabinumey-eee re see eee eee ee 3 June 25 June 24,1914|June 26,1912 79 ;
Solanum strifl omy sce espa eae eae eae tan ape een 2 June 25 June 24,1911/June 26,1909 Bi, 3
Symphoricarpus occidentalis........................... 10 June 25 June 15,1906|July 8, 1924 71 ‘
Oxy tropis}eracilisi 2, vow lp, pam ce cannrcw girs om sec a ee O 2 June 26 June 24,1911|June 29,1910 i

i
ee ee ee

E March, 1927] ‘THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 53
=
gs No. of Average Earliest Latest No. of
72 NAME OF PLANT Years” First First First Days to
“3 - : Observed} Flowering Flowering Flowering Ripen
4 Seed
ae =
Mum Oncnta maculata.<> 2s. 2.2.25... os wee ee ca Oo ee de ogo 2 |June 26 June 19,1911|July 4,1908] 70
aber MOD LUISALARS 95 cece ss Soe oe oe ec oes ee ees 2 June 27 June 20,1926
Ory MEME dium NFESULUTMNE Ls coeis sos 2 ccesel oo ars Specs. oe tele Beereld sche 10 June 27 June 21,1926)July 5, 1908 12
SESMONCHIAECITAGUEN csr ote ee oe vs ba ee ote eieiel 9 June 27 June 22,1910)July 7,1917 66
‘Giles IhngsisRos so adniee aie suc oe op eo ae bea eo mee dink 1 June 27 15
PcaLellarinralerculatarc)s csr. sds oes 2 ts Lae Soon 6 June 27 June 19,1911|July 10,1907 27
Bolysonum Convolvaluss.s20)22s en cs bos on ye neo 1 |June 28 *33
3 Splracawalicwollais: seeks ae Po bw dln E hate a wel Shel 10 June 28 June 19,1911)July 9, 1907 68
_ Agastache Foeniculum.................... Fees er Entlte 10 June 28 June 21,1911|July 14,1907 35
4 VEG lakchioranthattc ico Scscsiei Gis es See hb eee beens 5 June 28 June 26, 1911|July 5, 1907 65
;. Rudbeckia hirta........ Pee ee tet oe one ee Gages eet 9 June 28 June 18, 1911)July 8,1097| 46
% EARP ASSIAGOAIUSETIS Gis ieee eet uae aly owe ete eee iets 8 |June 29 June 24,1910|July 12,1907) 434
a Petalostemum candidums °2.06c.2- hese Ge ed ae le es 9 June 29 June 23,1913})July 10,1915 50
Wonvolwvetus sepmlmes > ssa os eo ee eee 8 June 29 June 24,1912|July 9, 1907 44
DLACHYSIDALUISERIS ER Poa hoes hae eo ea ae eS Lae 8 June 29 June 22, 1911)July 9, 1907 26
Mismaplantaco-2quatiGayn choke fr tie Ses AO ee: 1 June 30 :
= Oxy baphussmirsulus=.cs si ose ie a es sen Me ete ee 2 June 30 June 23, 1911|July 8,1914) *14
a PRELOSLCIIINIA Crt LN AM OFS) Soke tanner en bas aS 3 June 30 June 22,1913|July 19,1914} *41
=: Givevcrhizaslepid otal. ti-ican- os see tens Sato es 10 June 30 June 24,1911|/July 11,1907 58
3 = Hipilobium angusticolium...-... 2... 2.2... e twits 11 June 30 June 24,1911\July 10,1907 42
. Oenothera biennis........... Foy PD 5 tee aD oe IS EG 9 June 30 June 18,1911|July 12,1907 58
“3 HeY.COPUSIAMETICANUS (622 iat fens Core oe oe bs OG SSS 1 June 30 - :
Va URNA UDESCENS!: Gy cts oh -cckcaie eis, tps dceeeet eae ome eee eiel i June 30
Astragalus canadensis; 2:03 2.4.5.0... .22 0 eh ose dees bees 7 July 1 June 24,1913)July 9, 1907 48
aa Steironema quadriflorum: .:. S063... 6. 6fs ee ee ee 1 July 1
= esoralermarcophy Nanni ean capone teat lsat se yale 7 July 2 June 29, 1910}July 8, 1909 53
= MrISeroniCanWadensisssccet= sie. Gee eee Ree co Biaeie le hee 5 July 2 July 27,1913)July 6, 1912 24
Bees Sonchilsiaryensiseses foe) noes oh oe ee 3 |July 2 June 24,1926 *18
: ePachySicOlmMNAaris-sie ike hon faye. ee ene es 9 July 2 June 25, 1926|July 8, 1909 A438
ie Zygadenus chloranthus...............-2--2.0-005- Dace teens 9 July 3 June 23,1911|July 14,1907 62
creeping cee Se ea as, 1 |July 3 ; .
fa ccc amultaccabey pues me ae ee rege ee DLS A eves 3 |July 3 June 30,1911|July 7,1914| 66
ae Hedysacumpporediowe ts. kee nae i cron cess tes 1 July 3
oa Monarda mollis.................... Scuets mea tiue Hate ciwlat« 9 July 3 June 24,1910|July 13,1907 46
3 Meats SENS pepe eae le ene iM e ae eobaded = 3 July 3 June 30,1911|July 10,1908 63
= MG ACI CHICA DUS ELISE, sot xan eel wk ee eee niS al STR 1 July 3
3 _ Solidago missouriensis............... en Re eS 5 July 3 June 28, 1926)July 9, 1914 62
Sememelrenira ric dumes scent cree ot Doe Se ee ee: 1 |July 4
= Wenatheraypallidatc-immdee ca sao eee eae ee Se bods seg 8 July 4 June 15, 1911|July 7,1914 60 -
= Erolarellnp tl casi iacssitss tise as aie ecedere a Bo hi aleNs 6 July 4 June 25,1911|July 12,1907 61
3 Bilectacagpulcholiart sakes. pie sein Das etree 7 July 4 June 22,1910)July 12,1907 20
__ Petalostemum purpureum..............0....0 0 eee eeeee 8 July 5 June 30,1910|\July 9, 1906 55
x Oxviropisisplendenss.ns seekers fe lege CEE 1 July 5
m= Brauneria angustifolia..........-2-700cc0e0 eee e eect eee 10. |July 5 June 26,1911|July 21,1907] 48
a SIESTA aR Camere Ae Cid 6 cio Ons cane eee eee ae ere 1 July 5 26
a Mauntexicanadensisiiveadsniadiot sels chee settee See lela ore tebe 1 July 6
i EGlanisiaserayveOlens; mcjics eo ciaccn sural vets sw ete ee 2 July 6 July 2, 1909) July hy als nls
Se Serophularia-marilandica:...... 5 0. ee 1 July 6
e MICS CAT BUSIIICCIS Tee unser emi er eae sicily niece otal 10 |July 7 July 3,1911/July 15,1909] 34
M BOMInO CY Bhs! ODAba ceisite aa eo kl titer bese a aie sles cie nc asape ay sailed 3 July 7 June 23,1916|July 18,1913 44
= CHCA CANA CHSIS x cioy io Mai cee he ane eA ent Teh wn akeoias unalone 5 July 7 July 4,1911)July 9,1910 15
Mee Wtentha canadensis. sca -..c0 2 een deen tgs reese ccteees 2 July 8 July 6,1911)July 11,1910) 44
DeVries boc, cae eli. deta ede benae ch 5 |July 8 June 30,1911|July 14,1912] 38
or BU HIEMIAN SISA CALA: (arch oine sunt eniver aici cis iene jayalonele) of+ \a onal fogagsege« 4 July 8 July 6,1911|July 12,1909 29
ri MPG MESIN Aes IT COA wise) -bijsresle steve esi o's aisle pr tiers suehere «) sayelele 4 July 8 June 30,1911|July 19,1906 18
: : Polygonum Muhlenbergii............... SRST er cseest seh’ 2 July 9 July 8,1913|July 11,1909 59
- Helianthemum canadense............2.2-0000ee0eeee eee 4 July 9 June 27,1911)July 24,1907 35
A, Scutellaria lateriflora. 122)... 0. ee ee ee ee oe ee ree 1 |July 9
1 Aster angustus..... iG hte MESES © Cee eRe tea CE 1 July 9
MR NIPEEDI O21 LATIN LOS). .1o: 2c) csele [are (overs elie: onvysvtieid eves) sles, cleus ow lalione 4 July 9 July 2,1913|July 12,1908 51
3 Chumauhilattimbellatay cic a2. lec susieted divin se ofl s oparnete 2 July 10 July 6,1911|July 13,1909 51
- UIVRUE TIRANA It) ALLEN series be taeeae bi sorseer sues ed cre le ouate. +o’ an sueaehe "f July 10 June 10,1913)July 12,1907 30
- Bornobiim Adenocaulow..iic6 sl. coh ee ee lee ne he tne viele 3 July 11 July 8,1909|July 16,1908 87
a

54 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [VoL. XLI
No. of Average Earliest Latest No. of
NAME OF PLANT Years First First First Days to
Observed] Flowering Flowering Flowering Ripen
Seed
Erigeron glabellus............ PAE il opts Seance ato aS lal 12 |July 11 July 5,1909|July 15,1907] 38
Opuntia polyacanthav. lak ce Ce ee eons ckeaciet 3 July 12 June 18,1911|July 14,1912
ASclepiasispeciosa. cecten ae ie ee en ee eel 2 {July 12 July 11,1911|/July 12,1909] 52
Werbenaibracteosay< Hai) disce ais cea elise Mere sere eine hn MRR cate 1 July 12
Orobancheiludovicianay ieee eee aoe eee 1 July 12
Helianthus, Maximilanit-n: 9... sce eac cee se one ee ee 8 |July 12 July 2,1911)Aug. 1,1907) 46
Epipactis repens ophioides............--000ee eee seers 2 July 13 July 4,1926
(Nsterptarmi coidess sneer) ks ee ea ek eee ; 10 July 13 July 1,1926|July 21,1907} 57
iliagamericanar sens scree ree eraoaniel Sadar ae latter 1 July 13
Petalostemum villosum..............0- 0c cues eee eeee 4 July 13 July 10,1910)July 18, 1906
@ireaenal pina sjis coe co ee a le i aE IE 1 July 13
Rudbeckia laciniata............0...0 000 cece neces 6 |July 13 July 7,1911|July 18,1910) 45
Sacittariavatilolas. eis cea eth tot ete eae 4 July 14 July 8,1910)July 15,1913 70
Spiranthes Romanzoffiana...............0--00eeeeeeeee 1 |July 14 %
Drosera rotundifolia ai sen ce en eta ei sae cae ate eee 1 July 14 2
Helenia’ deflexay fits week ers aia Soe ea eee EO OE 2 July 14 July 10,1907)July 18,1906
Ehumulussupulusi eae ss ceyos he as ead eg EN de 1 July 15
Solidago decumbens........... Aiea rh eOr stats CaN oN ater og ant 4 July 15 July 14,1911)July 17,1908 46
Helianthus scaberrimus ............. DA Ate aries pn 10 July 15 July 8,1910|July 20,1907 44
Habenaria dilatata:: sn. s ots ie ew cit oan eerste 1 July 16 y
‘Leviecriumioccidentales.. ion. okies ee ee ae 1 July 16
Campanula aparinoides................2c0 cece eee ee eeee 1 July 16
Cuscuta Gronovii sens ane hess oe ene ea 2 |July 17 July 15,1907|July 19,1909) 26
Solidago canadensis.........0...0.00. ccc e cence eee eens 11 July 17 July 138,1914)July 24,1910 39
Allium stella tums) he cee ee ee Ie ne 12 July 18 July 11,1910)Aug. 4, 1907 48
Helianthus petiolarisn 2 240 ec ong. omcn wien eee eee & 5 July 18 July 11,1911|July 28,1914 41
Impatiens! pallida cake eats eee els eens ete 1 July 19
Physostegia virginiana...............0 00 ee eee eee eee 3 July 19 July 15,1912)July 22,1908 42
Solidago graminifolia.................-2-2.0005- Nan ite 9 July 19 July 10,1913)July 31,1907 42,
Helenium autumnale................. 000-00 eee eens 5 July 19 July 8, 1906] Aug. 9, 1907
Rumex persicarioides.............0.000 eect eee eee eee 1 July 20 ;
Parnassiacaroliniana. «iiss it bn Mine eae Coe 1 July 20
Solidagorigidarus. 255 os itis NS te een Pe OE 13 July 20 July 17,1911}Aug. 1, 1907 45
Pedicularis lanceolata... ........2. 0000 e cece eect eee ees 4 July 21 July 12,1911)Aug. 2, 1912 53
Bidens frondosa\. 6.28 ae ae ee ee 4 July 21 July 19,1909|July 26,1911) 33
Genitana affinisy?)32c5055 ooh as OR ay Ore 1 July 22 40
Aplopappus spinulosus.............. 0.0000 eee eee eee ee 2 July 22 July 16,1911|July 29,1910 52
IASter laevis eis. ae ae ol hie anieiicanaia yd 8 Begone a ers Se ue ne 12 July 22 July 10,1926}Aug. 4, 1907 33
WirsiumMidiscolor sis ae ee a EO ETE 2 July 22 July 19,1912|July 24,1910 34
Hiatris punctata Gliese noe eh Ae aE ne ep ae 12 July 23 July 20,1911])Aug. 4,1907 46
Cycloloma atriplicifolium................-.--+.++-+0-0 1 July 24
Monotropa iimiflonascr airy ei i eee eee ene ee rete 5 July 24 July 17,19138}Aug. 5, 1910 39
MNATTISISCATIOSA re) oe eT PS Re IE 10 July 24 July 15,1911|Aug. 7, 1907 39
Helianthus) ciranteusms, © ase n e as Aue soe tee 4 July 24 July 15,1911)Aug. 8, 1912 47
Grindeliajsquarrosa’s is oe cits ae ee ee 8 July 25 July 17,1914)Aug. 9, 1907
Eupatorium purpureum...............-.-+-e-s erences 6 July 25 July 18, 1913}Aug. 8, 1911 38
AStErAGINGIeVANUS space. Wee soe eee eee lee eewrore iE 8 July 25 July 14,1911}/Aug. 5, 1912 44
Solidago memoralis..... EOD RS Ui Un ge cr CMR 6 |July 26 July 17,1909/Aug. 77,1912] 41
Hieracium’ canadense-sa..) nici hes ee ae oe eee 11 July 27 July 19,1910]/Aug. 8, 1907 27
ASterspaniculatuss iss cek. ic cites eae abate aucuans cee oteeonetons 4 July 28 July 18, 1911)Aug. 2, 1913 45
Solidapo rugosa: GF aie. o aceasta coe Oe Eee eta 2 July 30 July 29, 1910)Aug. 1, 1913 32
Astertumbellatus.:: 2.200 2s hs eco cna oo an ee oes 7 July 30 July 24,1911)Aug. 5, 1908 AT
ASter, COMmMULALUS). 20 Mocs ell Ue ea ores eas deen tale 9 July 31 July 18,1911]/Aug. 10,1907 45
Gentiana/Amarella acuta.) cee es ae ee ee 6 Aug. 1 July 24, 1906)Aug. 9, 1907 25
Preven these avs sree cto eae tae areata kr See a res OA 9 Aug. 1 July 25,1912]Aug. 9, 1907 34
Helianthusspumilusir.... see ce ere er eee eae e 2 Aug. 1 July 28,1911)/Aug. 4,1912
actuca spicata. caer bee eerie eee aeons a eae 1 Aug. 2
Boltonia asteroidesecas ns tena ee. oe Ne I aoe amen 3 Aug. 2 July 24,1911)/Aug. 9, 1912
Gentiana procera ee an eee eee ae ee Mk Se oye RE 7 Aug. 3 July 24, 19138)Aug. 9, 1907 28
iPrenanthes racemosa nase ee ae ieee cei siekas ieTe 8 Aug. 3 July 28,1906)Aug. 12,1913 26
Amarantpus TetrOne xs nitewie sii senees ea tel ieee ai aiels a) enieyeuel 1 Aug. 4
AS EOTSDUNICCUS acres sia oie che one tee eae aE 6 Aug. 4 Aug. 2, 1912] Aug. 7, 1907 38 -
PeATLeMmisi® cauidata i c50Gk fleee cc Ae Soe en ee Re Sees 3 Aug. 4 Aug. 1, 1913}Aug. 8,1912} 40

March, 1927] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 55
No. of Average Earliest Latest No. of
NAME OF PLANT Years First First First Days to
Observed] Flowering Flowering Flowering Ripen
Seed
ESTO ISECORMU REG ee ects mies ett te ee aa re, cc Ca te ies, 5 Aug. 6 July 31,1908}Aug. 15,1909 Al
Artemisa ludoviciana................-20-ee eevee Pattee 3 Aug. 7 Aug. 1,1911;Aug. 19,1912 45
Artemisia dracunculoides..................000 eee eeee 1 Aug. 7 42
AStermOvae-aNngliaes 2). fossa hee Salen ee bobs Vee ides 9 Aug. 8 Aug. 1,1914)/Aug. 16,1909 36
Artemisia anaphalodes.:. i(.). 15 Se be. hie Se is Be eine the 1 Aug. 8
EONS UL CROUS sf ereqereke: so oe rie an tare ese Se eae Dies aso abo dns NSoene age 1 Aug. 10
Gentiana Andrewsils 2 0205 a se es 2 Aug. 11 Aug. 4,1909)Aug. 19,1912
J SSAVSSEC TESTER Trg (9 (0 gp ear rs aa 4 Aug. 11 Aug. 10,1910j)Aug. 12,1911
Gentianacrinita... 5.5 jae se hee ese spite nin em aes 1 Aug. 12
Bolyalanverticillata ocean cts tre aces eis wtaiie a laetatioacie wisum eunte 1 Aug. 14
Gentiana puberula: eso ssc28 set eet See eee 1 Aug. 17
ArtemisiasDiennis, 2 2 ccone% lose eda ae bok les ues peti cation: 1 Aug. 19 37

DESTRUCTION OF BIRDS BY LIGHTHOUSES IN THE PROVINCES OF
ONTARIO AND QUEBEC

By HARRISON F. LEWIS

NDER instructions received from the
Commissioner of Canadian National
Parks, an investigation of the destruc-
tion of birds by lighthouses in the pro-
vinces of Ontario and Quebec was begun in the

: autumn of 1924.

Questionnaires on the subject were sent through
the Agents of the Department of Marine and

Fisheries to 185 lightkeepers in these two pro-

vinees. Replies were received from 68 of these.
In tabulating and considering some of the in-

formation received, it has appeared desirable to
separate the lights into two classes, namely, (1)
the red lights and the fixed white lights, and (2)
the flashing, revolving, and occulting white lights.
There are 28 reports from keepers of lights of
class (1), and 40 reports from keepers of lights of
class (2). Tabulations showing the number, name,
height, and type of each light, and the amount of
destruction of bird life and the conditions of
weather under which it chiefly occurs are as fol-
lows:

RED LIGHTS AND FIXED WHITE LIGHTS

No. Height of
of Name of light light above Amount of destruction
Light water
874 Oak Point............. 45’ None.
963.7 |Carleton Wharf........ 20’ Very slight.
969 Port Daniel West....... 100’ None.
1045 West Point, Anticosti... 106’ Small numbers.
1050 Little Natashkwan Harb. 33’ 12 birds in 14 years.
1051.9 |Ileau Marteau......... 45’ 10 per year.
1147 Brandy Pots........... 71’ 2 birds in 4 years.
1150 Long Pilgrim........... 136’ About 100 in 27 years.
1264 Barre a Boulard........ 40’ None.
1328 Pointe du Lac, back.... 137’ 6 or 7 per year.
1428 Ile Ste. Therese........ 22’ None.
1544 (01) {oa a ea ees 144’ Slight.
1627 Lancaster............. BRI From 0 to 5 per year.
1754 False Ducks........... 68’ 500 birds in a length
of time not stated.
1760 Point Pleasant......... 52/ None.

Weather Conditions Remarks.

No railing. Fixed white.
Fixed red.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.
Fixed white.

Snowstorm.

Foggy nights.

Dark, calm nights in Aug.
Fog or snow.

Foggy, & especially smoky.

Foggy nights,

Fog & high wind in Aug.

Stor my and foggy nights.

of Thick, foggy nights at
migration time. Fixed white.

Fixed white.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [VoL. XLI
RED LIGHTS AND FIXED WHITE LIGHTS—Continued a
No. Height of
of __ Name of light light above] Amount of destruction “Weather Conditions Remarks.

Light water

1760 Point Pleasant ........ 52r None.
1813 Toronto, East Entrance. 43’ None. Occulting red.
1827 Burlington Bay........ 40’ None. Fixed red.
1831 Port Dalhousie......... 42! None. Fixed red.
2046 Gereaux Island......... 49’ 3 birds in 1924. May night with S. wind. |Fixed white.
2051 Bustard Rocks......... 30’ 50 in a length of time not|Calm, foggy nights. Fixed white.
3 stated.
2070 Strawberry Island...... 40’ None. Fixed white.
2086 GoresBay-s. shee ae 43’ 6 or 7 in 11 years. Foggy nights late in fall. |Fixed white.
2089 Cape Robert...:....... 46’ None. Fixed white.
2166 Gargantula.>. 2.2.00... 85/ 2 in 12 years. Fixed white.
2169 Michipicoten Harbor.... 70’ 2 in 3 years. Fixed white.
2187 Porphyry Point........ 56’ Up to 40 per year?. Storm or fog in fall or|Fixed ee
; rf pts : - spring. : 3
2199 PonteArthure sac 43! None. : Occulting red.
2204 Victoria Island......... 45/ 15 in 1924. Windy weather in fall, also|Fixed white.
on foggy nights.
FLASHING, REVOLVING AND OCCULTING WHITE LIGHTS “ win, Sears
No. Height of
of Name of light light above; Amount of destruction Weather Conditions Remarks.
Taehe water

972 ~|Maquereau Point.,..... 62’ 20 in 1923; 12 in 1924. Fog or rain with high wind|3 flashes every 15 seconds

at night.

977 Cap d’Espoir........... 90’ None. 4 flashes every 25 seconds

(15,000 e.p.).
979 ROLCGavevenccr coer 154’ 50 in a length of time not| Dark, foggy nightsinspring|2 flashes every 20 seconds
stated. and fall. (25,000 c.p.)-

981 Point Peter... 23. -2..:- al None. 1 flash every 7 seconds.
1030 Brion Islands.c1ee ores 126’ 200 per year. Foggy nights in October. [4 flashesevery 30 seconds
1032 Etang du Nord 93/ 400 in a length of time not/Fine, dark nights in fall. ‘12 flashes every 20 seconds

stated.
1036 Entry Island........... 303’ None. Occulting, visible 6 secs.
out of every 10.
1046 latislande: sneer ee “72! 20 a month. Foggy nights in summer. [3 flashesevery 15 seconds
1047 St. Mary Island........ 114’ 75 to 150 per year. Rainy or foggy nights,/2 flashes every 15 seconds
June to November.
1054.2 |Charleton Point....... 126’ None. 4 flashes every 32 seconds
(30,000 e.p.).
1054.4 |Cap de Rabast......... 78’ Slight. At night. 3 flashes every 24 seconds
(40,000 c.p.).
1055 Perroquet Island....... 87’ Up to 10 per night; on one|Cloudy nights, foggy or|2 flashesevery 24 seconds
occasion, 32 in one night.| rainy in fall. (50,000 e.p.).
1061 Harnre Ont aee eae 190’ 3 or 4 per year Rainy nights in November/2 flashes every 10 seconds
1063 Cape Magdalen........ 146’ 3 or 4 in 1924. Summer nights with S./3 flashes every 30 seconds
wind.
1065 Riviere a la Martre..... 130’ Hundreds are killed. Foggy nights in May and/|4 flashes every 30 seconds
June.
1071 CapiChati rr vassreee 120’ None killed in 22 years. 1 flash every 3 seconds.
1074 Bg esislande sy jccreec mie 74’ 20 or 25 in a length of time] At night in fall, in fog or in|2 flashes every 24 seconds
; not stated. storms of rain or snow. (50,000 c.p. DE
1108 Redtislet isin sree ee 65’ 5-6-7-8-10 per night. Fall and spring nights,|4 flashes every 24 seconds
with fog or high wind. (15,000 e.p.).
i jUsat Cape Dogs............. 207’ 10 per year. Foggy, & especially smoky}2 flashes every 5 seconds.

nights in summer.

es

Mea) at
pre A aie

x

Peer ey

ey

& March, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

57
FLASHING, REVOLVING AND OCCULTING WHITE LIGHTS—Continued
No. Height of
of = Name of light light above} Amount of destruction Weather Conditions Remarks.
Light water
Cape Salmon........... 82’ Some, amount uncertain. |Smoky or foggy nights 3 flashes every 20 secs.
either calm or windy. (20,000 e.p.).
Grande Ile, Kamouraska 105’ None. 1 flash every 7 seconds.
Upper Traverse........ 47’ Many killed. Dark fall nights, with]|1 flash every 5 seconds.
storm or fog. : ;
Stone Pillar............ 83’ _|5 killed in a length of time|Dark nights in spring. 1 flash every 7 seconds.
not stated.
Main Duck Island...... 74 In 1923 several hundred, | Foggy nights in spring. |1 flash every 6 seconds.
in 1924 a few.
Pomtsbebteres osc see: 62’ 10 to 12 in a length of time] Stormy and foggy nights |Revolving, every 35 se-
: : not stated. in fall. conds.
Point Abino..... Seen 87’ Very few birds killed. Any spring night. 3 flashes every 12 seconds
Mong Point. 5ss.2 8 2: Tf 519 birds in 1925. Foggy nights in spring 1 flash every 8 seconds
and fall; a few in (100,000 c.p.).
snow-storms.
Pelee Passage.......... Ca From 10 to 100 in length |On foggy and rainy 2 flashes every 7 $ se-
of time not stated. nights, or any dark night,} conds.
in spring and fall.
Isyal island <0 an ses 51’ None. 2 flashes every 20 seconds
(25,000 e.p.).
Covecdisland e538. 5: 90’ 200 per year. Rainy and foggy spring|1 flash every 15 seconds.
nights.
Hope Island........... 54’ 7 in 7 years. Dark rainy spring night|The 7 birds all killed in
with S. wind. one night. 3 flashes
every 24 seconds (20,-
000 e.p.).
Giants Tomb.......... 40’ 8 in length of time not|Rainy spring evenings. 2 flashes every 15 seconds
stated. (25,000 e.p.).
Western Island......... 74’ Large numbers. Calm, foggy spring nights. }1 flash every 15 seconds.
Reveltockeis gins: hac. 60’ About 25 on an average|Foggy nights in spring and|Occulting; visible 8 se-
: foggy night. fall. conds in every 12.
Tle Parisienne.......... 54’ None. Occulting; visible 4 se-
conds out of every 6.
Caribou Island......... 99 160 per year. Dark, foggy nights in8} flashes every 10 seconds
spring and fall.
Otter Island); 22. ./e-<: 97’ None. 1 flash every 8 seconds.
Peninsula Harbour...... 105’ None. 4 flashes every 25 seconds
(15,000 e.p.).
2181 Slate Islands........... 224’ 300 birds in 1924. Spring and fall nights with-|2 flashes every 15 seconds
out regard to weather.
— 2182 Battle Island...2.. . =: 2.2: 118’ Very few killed. Hot nights, smoky or hazy,|3 flashes every 24 seconds

The following generalizations may be obtained
from the foregoing tabulations.

1. Serious destruction of bird life by lights is
usually associated with poor atmospheric visib-
ility, caused by fog, smoke, rain or snow espec-
ially when such poor visibility occurs at a season
of heavy migration. More destruction appears
to be due to fog than to any other one cause,
although the worst individual nights are some of

_ the very smoky ones.

2. Very little destruction is caused by fixed

«lights or red lights. The only fixed light reporting

destruction of any moment is No. 1754, the False
Ducks, at the lower end of Lake Ontario.

July 1st to Aug. 15th. (20,000 c.p.).

3. There is extreme variation in the amount of
destruction caused by flashing white lights, rang-
ing from none at all to several hundred birds each
season. This variation does not appear to be
correlated with the height of the light the strength
of its light-beams or the time-formula of its flashes.

4. Only 12 flashing lights, or 80% of the
flashing lights heard from, report serious destruc-
tion of bird life.

Possible causes of the variation in amount of
destruction having been restricted in number by
the above findings, the probability that the situa-
tion of the individual light is the chief determining
factor is thereby strengthened. ‘“‘Situation’’, as

‘

58

here used, includes (a) the relation of the position
of the light to the position of major bodies of
land and water in northeastern North America
and, hence, to chief routes of bird-migration, and
(6) the relation of the position of the light to local
topographical features in its immediate neigh-
bourhood. Until more detailed and certain infor-
mation concerning important routes of bird-mi-

gration in this area is available, it is idle to specu- -

late on the relative influence of the general and
the local situation of a light.

Attention may be called, however, to the in-
teresting condition presented by three neighbour-
ing lights, namely, No. 1068, Cape Magdalen;
No. 1065, Riviere a la Martre; and No. 1071,
Cap Chat. These are three similar flashing white
lights on the north shore of the Gaspe Peninsula;
Cape Magdalen is the most easterly and Cap Chat
the most westerly of the three, but even Cap Chat
is well to the eastward of the longitude of Point
des Monts, at which point the opposite (north)
shore of the St. Lawrence turns sharply north-
eastward. Destruction of bird life is reported
to be very light at Cape Magdalen, very heavy
at Riviere a la Martre, and entirely non-existent
at Cap Chat. Possibly Riviere a la Martre light
lies on an important migration-route, which
passes between the lights of Cape Magdalen and
Cap Chat, on either hand, but it is difficult to see
from an examination of the map why this should
be so. The a priori expectation would naturally
be that the chief migration-route in this region
would cross the north shore of the Gaspe Penin-
sula at a point about opposite Point des Monts,
which would be some distance west of all three of
these lights. It is possible that the differences
in the amount of destruction caused by these
three lights are. due entirely to the local topo-
graphy surrounding each of them.

Many lightkeepers report that there are cats
or dogs at liberty about their stations, but it is
believed that their presence would not prevent
the lightkeepers from knowing if serious destruc-
tion of birds took place at their lights, because,
where destruction does take place, it is usually
observed by the lightkeepers while it is actually

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

in progress, owing to the fact that these officers
must frequently visit the lanterns of their lights
during the night. Other animals that are re-
ported by various lightkeepers as consuming
some of the- dead birds after destruction had
taken place are: minks, weasels, skunks, mice,
raccoons, woodchucks, and Gulls.

Thirty-two lightkeepers report that the death
of the birds is due only to their striking against
some part of the lantern or the lighthouse, three
report such death to be due only to exhaustion
which the birds cause by flying around and around

in the rays of light, and ten report death of the

birds to be due to both of these causes (exhaustion
and striking).

In most cases the dead birds are evenly distri-
buted about the light, unless disturbed by the wind,
but in some cases it is reported that the number
of dead birds is greater on one side than on
another. In cases of the latter type, the side on
which the accumulation of dead birds is greatest
varies, and is probably determined in each such
ease by the situation of the light.

The following injuries are reported to have
been observed on birds killed by striking some
part of the lighthouse or the lantern:

Crushed head—1 report;

Skin torn from head—1 report;

Bruised head—1 report;

Broken bill—3 reports;

Blood oozing from mouth—8 reports;
Bleeding from nostrils—1 report;

Broken neck—7 reports;

Breast bruised—2 reports;

Breast broken—2 reports;

Chest split open (on large birds)—1 report;
Broken wings—5 reports;
Broken legs—1 report;

Broken to pieces—1 report.

It is only an exceptional light, such as range
lights of some types, which lacks a railing around
the lantern, as it is the general practice to provide
such a railing, below the level of the rays of light,
for the safety of persons walking on the platform
about the lantern.

(Concluded in April Issue.)

[VoL. XLI |

March, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 59

MOLLUSCS FROM THE LAKE BRERETON DISTRICT, MANITOBA
By ALAN MOZLEY, University of Manitoba

URING the latter part of May, 1926,
several days were spent in collecting
molluscs in the vicinity of Brereton,

= Manitoba, which is situated on the main
line of the Canadian National Railways 70 miles
east of Winnipeg. This district is situated within
the Canadian Zone, and near the western boun-
dary of the area of Archean rock outcrops, known
to geologists as the Laurentian Shield, and some
of which salient features of this region have been

mentioned in a previous paper.* Lake Brereton,

in which most of the collecting was done is a small
shallow lake, about three miles long and one and
a half miles wide. The greatest depth observed
in the course of this examination was fourteen
feet, but greater depths are reported. In common
with many small lakes in this region the water
shows a distinct brown tint; the hydrogen ion
concentration at the time of examination was 7.7.
The bottom is mostly of fine, oozy mud, and there

are many sandy and rocky habitats near the

shores. The shore development, when the
meaning of this term is extended to include the
shores of islands, is probably rather low in com-
parison with that of some lakes and bays of western
Ontario, but high as compared with that of the
prairie lakes, which usually have gently curving
shores. This factor of shore development is an
important one, directly and indirectly, in deter-
mining the productivity of a lake in regard to
aquatic organisms. The shores of Lake Brereton
are, in the main, somewhat exposed to wave ac-
tion. The lake is well known for its fish; Pike,
Pickerel, Perch and Suckers being numerous and

of large size. A smaller species Notropis sp. was

also found to be common. Aquatic and semi-
aquatic plants found in the lake include: Utri-
cularia macrorhiza LeC., Zizania aquatica L.,
Elodea canadensis Michx., three species of Pota-
mogeton, Typha latifolia and Scirpus sp. Water-
lilies are also found. The Rennie River, a small
slow-flowing stream which drains a considerable
area of muskeg and tamarack swamp, flows into
the lake on the southern shore. There is an
outlet stream at the northern end also known as
the Rennie River, the waters of which eventually
reach the Winnipeg River. The seventeen species
of aquatic molluscs here recorded from Lake
Brereton doubtless do not constitute the entire
mollusc fauna of the lake, but from the information

*Mozley, Alan, Molluses from the Manitoba-Ontario
Boundary, Nautilus, KXXXIX, p. 121-125, 1926.

so far collected it seems that about one-third of
these are species which in Western Canada at
least, may be considered characteristic of the
“Canadian Zone’’. I desire to express my thanks
to my hosts at Brereton, the members of the
Winnipeg Angling Club particularly Mr. H. C.
Pearce and to Dr. Victor Sterki for the identi-
fication of the Spheriide. Dr. Bryant Walker
also very kindly examined several shells about
the names of which I was in doubt.

- LIST OF SPECIES
GASTROPODA
Family PUPILLIDAE
Strobilops affinis Pilsbry.

This was one of the most abundant of the
terrestrial species and was the dominant mollusc
in the mixed coniferous-deciduous forest.

Family COCHLIOPIDAE
Cochliopa lubrica (Muller).

This and the terrestrial species listed below
were found near the shores of the lake and on the
large island at the southern end of the lake.

Family zONITIDAE
Polita hammonis (Strom)
Euconulus chersinus polygyratus Pilsbry.
Zonitoides arborea (Say).
Family ENDODONTIDAE
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry).
Family SUCCINEIDAE
Succinea ovalis Say.
Family LYMNAEIDAE
Lymnea stagnalis appressa (Say).

This variety of stagnalis was not collected in
lake Brereton, but only in Mud Turtle Lake
which is situated about one mile west of the
former. In this lake a single very large individual
was found on an exposed rocky shore, a station
very similar to that occupied by sanctemariz in
Lake Brereton. It is probable that this indivi-
dual had been carried from some other habitat.
Lymnza stagnalis sanctemarix (Walker).

This variety was common in Lake Brereton, on
exposed rocky shores, both on the rock faces and
in the rock pools. In most cases the shells were
very much worn, where they came in contact
with the rock, on the body whorl just above the
parietal wall of the aperture. Some were per-
forated at this point. As the proportions of the
Lake Brereton shells differ slightly from those

60 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

described by Baker*, a series of measurements is
given below.

Greater Lesser Aperture Aperture !

Length Diameter Diameter Length Width gq
33.7mm. 22.2mm. 17.0 mm. 23.5m.m 15.3 mm.
34.2 23.0 16.9 24.4 16.194 {
34.2 23.0 16.9 24.4 16.1 = 4
35.9 23.3 16.6 25.5 5 Oneaae
36.3 22.8 17.8 PAIRS) 15.5) 12a
37.6 24.0 16.5 25:7 17.0
39.5 5. 17.4

25.1 18.3 27.3
The largest individual collected, aperture broken.
Lymnzxa megasoma (Say).

This species was found to be common in Lake
Brereton. It inhabits the Typha marsh, and is
also found among Scirpus in sheltered bays.
The shells are rather smaller than those described
by Baker*, but the porportions are very similar
Lymnzxa lanceata (Gould).

Common in the Typha marsh in Brereton Lake.
Previously reported from mile 95, G.W.W.D.
Ry. Measurements of more or less typical shells
from these localities are as follows:

Greater Lesser Aperture Aperture

Length Dia. Dia. Length Width Locality
19.4 mm. 6.9 mm. 6.2 mm. 10.2 mm.4.8. samt Male 95, G.W.

-D. Ry.
18.5 6.7 2 0 a ; 4.3 Lake Brereton.

19.0 eoe 6.1 4.9 Lake Brereton
The largest shell from the G. Ww. W.D. Ry measured 21.7 mm.
in length

Lymnxa columella casta (Lea).

On exposed shores in Lake Brereton, those pro-
tected to some extent by a narrow belt scirpus.
This variety has not been previously reported
from the Hudson Bay drainage. Dr. Bryant
Walker very kindly confirmed my determination
of these shells.

Family PLANORBIDAE

Planorbis parvus Say. Typha marsh, Lake Brere-
ton.

Planorbis exacuous Say. Lake Brereton, Typha
marsh; exposed sandy shore, among Scirpus,
1-3 feet; also on water lily leaves.
Planorbis antrosus striatus Baker.

Typha habitat, Lake Brereton; exposed rocky
shore, Mud Turtle Lake. This species was also
found in a small boggy lake, rather less than a
quarter of a mile in diameter, at mile 553 C.N.R.
(from Redditt, Ont.) which is between Brereton
and Decimal, Man. This lake was surrounded
by Tamarack and Black Spruce, which were
growing in a luxuriant bed of Spaghnum. The
Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea L.), a charac-
teristic bog plant was also found among the
Sphagnum within a few feet of the edge of the
lake. The hydrogen ion concentration of the
water in this lake was 6.6. Measurements of
shells from this lake are, height, 4.9 mm.; greater
diameter 9.1 mm.; lesser diameter 7.4 mm.;

[VoL. XLI

aperture height 5.1 mm.; aperture width 5.1 mm.
The carina is less developed in these shells than
in those from Lake Brereton.

Planorbis hirsutus Gould. Typha-Zizania hab.tat
on south-esatern shore of Lake Brereton and
on water lily leaves.

Planorbis campanulatus variety. Brereton and
Mud Turtle Lakes on exposed shores. To
be reported on in a later paper.

Planorbis umbilicatellus Cockerell.

This species was found in a small pond, sur-
rounded by willows and alders, on the shores of
Mud Turtle Lake, from which it was separated by
a small sand bar. Accompanying this snail was
a species of Hubranchipus.

Segmentina crassilabris Walker.

Abundant in a sheltered bay in Lake Brereton,
among Scirpus, ete.

Family PHYSIDAE
Physa gyrina Say.
Common on exposed shores in Brereton and
Mud Turtle Lakes.
Aplexa hypnorum Linne.

Small pond on the mainland between Brereton
and Mud Turtle Lakes. These shells do not
appear to belong to the variety tryont Currier.

Family ANCYLIDAE

Ferrissia parallela Hald.
Rennie River, on water lily leaves.

Family AMNICOLIDAE

Amnicola limosa? Say
Abundant on sand bottom and on plants at
the southern end of the lake, in water 2-6 feet deep.

PELECYPODA

Family UNIONIDAE
Anodonta grandis footiana Lea.

This was the only mussel collected during my
short stay. Small individuals are quite common.

Family SPHAERIIDAE

Musculium securis Prime. Typha habitat, Lake

Brereton.

Pisidium roperi Sterki. Pond near Mud Turtle

Lake with Planorbis umbilicatellus as above.

Pisidium adamsi Prime.

Notes ON THE MOLLUSCAN HABITATS.

It may be worth while to summarize the habitat
preferences of the various species by listing those
found in a number of the collecting stations.
Due to the short time spent in collecting in the
lake these records are undoubtedly incomplete.

a iN a i ee

Species Inhabiting Exposed Rocky Shores:
Lymnza stagnalis appressa, Lymnzxa_ -tagnalis
sanctemariz, Planorbis antrosus striatus, Baker
Planorbis campanulatus variety.

Species Living in Typha Marsh at Mouth of the
Rennie River: Lymnza lanceata, Lymnza mega-

- soma, Planorbis parvus, Planorbis exacuous, Plan-
orbis antrosus straiatus, Planorbis hirsutus, Physa

gyrina, Ferrissia parallela, Musculium Securis.

Species Living in Scirpus Habitats. On some-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

61

what exposed shores: Lymnza columella casta,
Planorbis exacuous, Amnicola limosa.*

In protected situations: Lynmexa megasoma,
Segmentina crassilabris.

Species Living on Water Lily Leaves: Plan-
orbis exacuous, Planorbis hirsutus, Ferrissia
parallela.

Species Living in Small Ponds: Planorbis um-
bilicatellus, Apelxa hypnorum, Pisidium ropert.

*Baker, F. C., The Lymnzide of North and Middle
America, Recent and Fossil, Chic. Acad. Se., Spee. Pub. No.
3,1911.

GULL COLONIES ON LAKE NEWELL, ALBERTA
By J. A. MUNRO

N JULY 6th, 1926, accompanied by Mr.

W. F. Grafton of the Canadian Pacific
¥ vA Land Department, I visited the islands
on Lake Newell, Alberta, for the
purpose of obtaining information regarding
their bird-life. It was found that two of the
larger islands were colonised by Gulls and a
description of nesting conditions is presented in
the following notes.

Goose Island, so called because Canada Geese

3 usually nest there, is a low flat island of about

two acres with a recently exposed fore-shore of
sand and pebbles; the main or older portion
being thickly covered with Canada Thistle and
other weeds. Approaching the island we were
met by a clamorous flock of Ring-billed Gulls
that, circling over the boat, followed its course
inshore, later to gather in a compact flock on the
water a hundred yards from shore. These
proved to be the only species of gull breeding on
the island. The colony, consisting of approxi-
mately one hundred pairs had nested on a dry
grassy flat that occupied most of the south end
of the island; at this time, however, the nests,
long unoccupied, had practically disappeared—
blown by the wind or trampled into the soil and
dry vegetation. The whole area, worn smooth
by the trampling of many birds, was littered with
a debris of feathers, droppings, dry grasses from
old nests, and gopher remains carried from the
mainland. Only one nest was found intact and
this contained three eggs.

Young gulls were in various stages of growth,
from an estimated age of two weeks to those
capable of flight. Younger birds still in the downy
stage were found hidden in holes in the bank,

huddled against stones or under weeds where,
flattened out and inanimate, they showed no sign
of life save in the bright, watchful eye.

Nests of Gadwall, Lesser Scaup and White-
winged Scoter, all containing eggs, were found on
this island. One of the latter species was built
under a huge weather-bleached, tumble-weed
that, overturned and anchored securely along the
edges with drifted earth and weeds, looked for all
the world like a wicker cage or a lobster-pot.

After this island was throughly explored we
headed for a smaller island about one mile due
south which was colonised by an estimated 150
pairs of California Gulls. Unlike the last, this
island of one acre or less, had steep, eroded cut-
banks on three sides, and a rounded top sloping
from the bank’s edge to a stony beach, which, at
this time of low water, surrounded the entire
island for a depth of ten feet. Ordinarily the
water comes to the foot of the cut banks.

As compared with the Ring-billed Gulls a greater
percentage of young birds were in an advanced
stage of growth and the majority of these swam
out on the lake as we landed. As was the case in
the Ring-billed Gull colony few vestiges of nests
remained.

No ducks nested on this island but a large colony
of Rough-winged Swallows had taken possession
of the cut banks.

On both islands a number of dead and dying
gulls, both young and adults, were found. Some
of these were in a wasted condition and showed a
similar diarrhoeic condition to that symptomatic
of the so-called ‘‘duck diseasé’’, but, as the lake
this year showed a clean sheet in respect to disease
amongst the more plentiful ducks, it was considered
that some other trouble was affecting the gulls.

62 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

SOME RARE BIRDS AT STRATHROY, ONTARIO
By A. A. WOOD

HE FIRST snow storms of late fall are
always closely watched for rare birds
which may be driven to cover or to the
fields for.food, in their southward move-

The night of November 10, 1926, a heavy

ment.
fall of snow came, continuing throughout the
night, in the morning becoming a blinding storm,
making it difficult to see clearly across a twenty-

acre field. In this morning’s (November 11)
trip, the first bird observed was a Marsh Hawk,
which on closer approach was seen to be hovering
over a flock of Snow Buntings. These flocks are
always given close scrutiny, when encountered,
for Lapland Longspurs; but before reaching
these a flock of about thirty horned larks was
found feeding on a little knoll near the edge of
the field. The first shot secured two Eastern Horn-
ed Larks (Olfocoris alpestris alpestris), two Hoyt’s
Horned Larks (O. a. hoyti) and one Lapland
Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus), three birds I
had never, in all my field work, seen alive before.

The flock, on being carefully looked over
appeared to contain about 200 Snow Buntings, 30
Horned Larks, 5 Lapland Longspurs and 2 Vesper
Sparrows, with the Marsh Hawk hovering about.
After being disturbed the Horned Larks and
Longspurs left the Snow Buntings, the Longspurs
being most restless of all, circling the field four or
five times before alighting, although many false
landings were made by coming down to a few
inches from the snow and rising again.

The Longspurs on the ground could never be
seen feeding, even at twenty-five yards; the snow
was very light and loose, about eight inches deep,
and the birds seemed to be feeding at the base
of the weeds under the snow; their location could
be told by the movements of the weed tops.
The notes had ‘similar qualities to some of the
Bunting flock notes, but were quite distinctive,
uttered only while on the wing. This morning
2 male hoyti, 3 male alpestris, and a male and
female lapponicus (in immature plumage) were

taken. The next morning a few larks were
located picking sand from a wind-blown knoll;
4 male praticola and one male alpesiris were
collected; the flock contained one longspur.
Close watch was kept in the locality, but no more
larks appeared until the 23rd, when two males
and one female alpestris were secured.
Immediately after getting the large larks on
November 11, I wrote Roger T. Hedley, Duncrief
(fifteen miles north of here) who is always untiring
in his efforts to record new local birds, to be on
the lookout for Horned Larks. On November
23 he fired one shot into a flock, securing 2 male
hoyti and 2 male alpestris. These he gave to Mr.
W. E. Saunders, London, who sent them, together

_ with some of my skins, to Dr. H. C. Oberholser,

Washington, D.C., for positive identification.

In view of the extreme difficulty of finding the
large larks in Southwestern Ontario a few short
notes on the locality of these captures may be of
interest. Strathroy, near the west side of Middle-
sex County, is midway between Lakes Huron and
Krie, nearly straight south of the eastern shore of
Lake Huron, a distinct migratory route parti-
cularly in the fall.
are the fields where the larks were found. The
locality is very clear and open, the woodlots being
small and widely separated. The soil being all
blow sand, most of the plowing is left until spring,
with the result that rank weeds are left in pro-
fusion—ideal feeding grounds for winter seed-
eating birds. Besides the weeds there is always
an abundance of sweet clover and alfalfa left in
the fields. The favourite foods of the larks
appear to be (in order of preference): Ragweed
(Ambrosia artemisizfolia), Pigweed (Amarantus
relroflecus), Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis), and
Lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album). The

suitability of this particluar group of fields to
larks is shown by the abundance of praticola here
every spring, particularly during Frbruary and
March.

One mile east of the town

his ee, gr A A go em te

og ee eee oy ee

—

a ee eee:

rath, OL

aii >

Searle

‘aa yl

March, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

63

DO BIRDS PRACTICE THEIR SONGS ?
By ANNA E. MacLOGHLIN

Leisurely and Flute-like.

8 ve - - -

HILE going through the woods in Northern Muskoka on June 30,
Hermit Thrush apparently practising his song.
arpeggios from four p.m. until almost dark:

1925, I heard a
He kept continually repeating these two

Occasionally he would sing these other phrases:—

Ex. IIT.

but after each variation, he returned to his original two phrases.

Sometimes he would commence with this beautiful strain:

8 ve =

then resume the one commencing on A, and end
with the one commencing on B flat. Ex 1 and 2
No singer trying to perfect a difficult passage
could have shown more perseverance. I have
noticed frequently that each individual Hermit
Thrush seems to have a pet phrase, which he
sings more often than any other, but this bird
had two, which were consecutive. Most often
he commenced with the arpeggio beginning on the
leading note Ex 1 resolving, according to the
rules of Harmony, into the Tonic chord (chord of

ig oe

B flat). Ex 2 the high notes in example III
and IV were almost like an echo. Owing to some
peculiar’ quality in the bird’s voice, he seems to
sustain the sound of the first note throughout
the bar. Hence the half-note at the beginning
of each phrase.

I might add that out of a great many other
records of this Thrush’s songs, these given here
are the most unusual, and the only ones that J
have heard him practise continuously.

64 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

(VoL. XL

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

THE KILDEER IN WINTER.—The present winter
has been an exceedingly poor one for London
ornithologists. The ordinary slab feeding birds of
winter have been almost entirely absent, not a
single native bird having been observed at the
writer’s food shelves. No Siskins, Redpolls or
Grosbeaks have been noted and only one occur-
rence of the Crossbill. One Chewink has been
found and a few Robins and Song Sparrows, as
usual, but our observers have once more failed to

sight the Swamp Sparrow which has been several

times recorded from Toronto.

When I visited Jack Miner in January he told
me that he saw a Kildeer at very close range—
twenty-five feet— at his back pond on the 13th
of January, when the country was well covered
with snow and there was no water in the back
pond. This is perhaps the first winter record of
this bird in Ontario, as we never succeeded in
finding it at Point Pelee during the winter months.
On the night of the 18th of February, when the
weather was cold, but following a mild spell, Mr.
Edward Daly heard a Kildeer flying over London,
but as he heard it through an open window he
could not tell which way the bird was travelling
although it must surely have been towards the
South. Two winter records of the Kildeer are
certainly extraordinary, considering that none
were recorded previously.—W. E. SAUNDERS.

THE CLAY-COLOURED SPARROW AT LONDON,
ONTARIO.—Bird study in any given locality over
a period of many years, is almost certain to pro-
duce a number of interesting records. Some
perhaps might be classed as purely accidental,
while others can hardly be called accidental and
yet are very difficult to explain. One such record

‘from the London district is. the Clay-coloured
Sparrow, Spizella pallida.

_ This is a species of the western plains, Chap-
man’s “‘Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North
America” giving the eastern limit of its range as
Isle Royal, Mich., and north-western Illinois:
“Michigan Bird Life’ (Barrows, 1912) reports
two specimens from that state, one taken by
P. A. Taverner at Port Huron, May 2nd, 1901,
and one taken at Isle Royale by W. A. McLean,
August 25th, 1904. Another was seen at Isle
Royal on August 26th and one each on August
28th and 31st of the same year.* Possibly these
records gave rise to the inclusion of this locality
in the range as above noted. What Michigan
records there may be since the publication of
Barrow’s book we do not know. It is evident,

however, that the bird is at least not common in
the territory immediately to the west of us, the
nearest point in the breeding range being some
450 or 500 miles away.

The first specimen taken near here might,
therefore, be very well termed accidental. This

bird was shot by W. E. Saunders on May 8th, ©

1894. Macoun’s “Catalogue of Canadian Birds”
gives the following account of this incident:—
“While hunting in a field of small shrubs about
15 miles west of London, I saw a small sparrow
sitting on the top twig of a shrub after the manner
of the field sparrow and heard him give the note
whose author I was looking for. It proved to be
Spizella pallida, the first record, I believe, in our
Province, though they may yet be found inhabit-
ing the north-western extremity next to Mani-
toba’”’. (Saunders.)

The Clay-colour was not again heard from for
28 years but in May, 1922, it once more paid a
visit to London and the most interesting chapter
in its history began to be written.

On the afternoon of May 28th of that year,
W. E. Saunders and the writer were driving about

two miles east of the place where the specimen -

was taken in 1894 when a song by the roadside
rivetted our attention. Heads were thrust out of
each side of the car, the brakes applied, and as
soon as the car stopped, with field glasses in hand,
we began to search for the singer. It was not
difficult to find, as sitting on the top twig of a
little bush, it sang repeatedly a three, or occa-
sionally a four note song, bzzz, bzzz, bazz. Mr.
Saunders had named it a Clay-colour when the
song was first heard, and such, of course, it proved
to be. The bird remained for at least a day or
two until other members of the club had visited
the locality, and then, taking it to be simply a
stray migrant, nothing more was thought of the
matter.

Early on the morning of May 30th of the
following year (1923) a party from the bird club
were out in the same direction. As they were
passing the field one started to remark that this
was the spot sacred of the memory of the Clay-
colour, but the sentence hardly more than begun
was finished by the now familiar song of the bird
itself. Again we thought it to be but a migrant,
the same bird no doubt, though we wondered
greatly at the strange route it followed to its
supposed breeding grounds in the far west.

In 1924 we were on the look-out for it and on
May 28th found it once more in the same field.
This year we determined, if possible, to learn

visited the spot every week or ten days.

March, 1927]

something more about the bird, and to that end
We
found that it remained and kept singing well on
into July, at least, though diligent search failed
to disclose either mate or nest.

In 1925 as the end of May approached we had

ey feeling that we would see our little friend once

more, and although we went to its accustomed

haunt several times during late May and early

June, our efforts to again find it were fruitless.
The field it favoured for three summers was

‘poor sandy soil grown up to hazel bushes and young _

scrubby oaks, where numerous field sparrows

“sang away the summer days and raised their

broods in peace.

As we now think over the matter a number of
questions come to mind. as it the same bird
each year? Did it stay all summer in 1922 and
1923 as it did in 1924? Did it have a mate during
any of these seasons, or was it perchance a jilted
lover or may be the woman-hater of the tribe that
it wished to spend the summer so far from any of
its kindred? Did it have a similarly solitary
existence in its winter home, or where did it spend
the winter anyway? But while we may guess
the answer to some of these questions perhaps
quite accurately, the others will, we fear, have to
go for all time unknown.—E. M. S. DALE.

TURKEY VULTURES IN Nova ScoTiA.—On

x January Ist, 1926, a Turkey Vulture (Caihartes

» 4

a

PoP EOP ONAN

ed)

‘ \

eats a —e
a ‘ . <
aia hoe te

4

aura septentrionalis) was shot near Upper Canard,
Kings County, by Mr. Gordon Pineo of that place.
The bird, an immature female, constitutes the
fourth record of the species for the Province.
The specimen was preserved and placed in the
Natural History Museum of Acadia University at

- Wolfville, N.S.

Concerning the other three records I am able

to submit the following information which has

been furnished me by Mr. Harry Piers, Curator
of the Provincial Museum at Halifax:

One specimen, adult plumage, taken at
Clark’s Harbor, Shelburne County, during
the fall of 1892. The name of the collector
and the exact date not recorded. (Museum
Acc. No. 2196.)

Adult bird taken at Middleboro near
Pugwash, Cumberland County, about 1899,
following a heavy gale. No further parti-
culars ‘available.

On November 8th, 1913, Mr. Joseph N.

McPhee shot an immature specimen at Mea-

dow’s Road about ten miles from Sydney,

Cape Breton County, but the disposition of
- this one is not stated.—R. W. Turts.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 65

Ce
of the late Allan Crawford found on Wrangel
Island were a number of zoological specimens of
considerable interest. Snyder has already re-
ported on the birds (Univ. of Toronto Studies,
Biol. Series No. 28, 1926) and Curran and Alex-
ander on the Diptera (Canadian Entomologist,
58: 289-293. 1926). The collection contained a
small fish which Prof. C. L. Hubbs has identified
as a young Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida [Lepechin]
This record extends the range of the species
some hundreds of miles beyond any prev-
iously known.—J. R. DYMOND.

UNUSUAL NESTING OF THE WESTERN KING-
BIRD.—In early May of last year a pair of Robins
built their nest on one of the main crotches of an
apple tree which stands beside my house at
Okanagan Landing. To one sitting close to the
veranda rail the nest would be in plain view,
distant an approximate six feet and at a height
which permitted visual examination of the
interior. Four eggs were laid and shortly after-
wards some enemy unknown removed them;
whereupon the robins moved elsewhere. Ten
days later a pair of Western Kingbirds took
possession of the nest, lined it with feathers and
other material, and, in due course the female
laid four eggs therein. Some time before, the
male had pre-empted a lookout perch on a tele-
phone wire close to where it is attached to the
house, and, by this sign it was known that the
birds were nesting in the vicinity. No one thought,
however, of the robins’ nest in this connection,
so, only by accident was the site discovered after
the full complement of eggs had been laid.

This seemed an oological treasure that de-
manded preservation, but, not being a hardened
oologist, I refrained—to my subsequent disgust—
for, just after incubation started, these eggs also
were removed. As to the enemy responsible, by
a process of elimination the white-footed mouse
is suggested, and yet, one can hardly imagine this
small rodent worsting a pair of Western King-
birds which are, above all things, courageous.—
J. A. Munro.

CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST PUBLICATION FUND

. STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS
Previously acknowledged.............. $402.20
Chas. H. O’Donoghue, Winnipeg....... 1.00

$403.20

A WRANGEL ISLAND FisH.—Among the effects

66 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURLAIST

[Von. XU

OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS*

In the following recurns upon banded birds tt will be noted
that some returns may be thought to indicate, from the date of
capture, violations of the Migratory Bird Act of Canada or the
United States. The great majority of returns, which seem to
indicate violations, are from birds accidentally caught in traps
set for fur-bearing mammals, from birds caught in fish nets,
- killed by oil, or from birds found dead from unknown causes.
Appropriate action has been taken in connection with the few
returns which indicate illegal shooting.

Returns upon Birds Banded in 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 321,826, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 4,
1924, was killed at Terry, Mississippi, on Novem-
ber 25, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 321,828, banded by H. S-
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 4)
1924, was killed in the same locality, during the
same fall before November 26, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 321,835, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 4,
1924, was killed in Crawford County, Kansas, on
November 20, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 321,841, banded by H. S:
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 4,
1924, was killed in Hardin County, Tennessee, on
December 31, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 321,846, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 5,
1924, was shot on the Tennessee River. at Muscle
Shoals, Alabama, on December 9, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 321,850, banded by H. S-
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 5;
1924, was killed on the Catawba River, one and
one-half miles from Van Wyck, South Carolina,
on November 24, 1924. :

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,602, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Seugog, Ontario, on November 5,
1924, was killed at the Aberdeen Proving Ground
Military Reservation, mouth of Chesapeake Bay,
Maryland, on December 81, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,603, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 5,
1924, was killed at a place near Huntsville, Ala-
bama, on November 18, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,615, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 6,
1924, was caught in a wire trap on the Patuxent
River, about three miles from Aquasco Post Office,
Maryland, on February 24, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,619, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 7,
1924, was shot at the Dardenne Shooting Club,
Peruque, Missouri, on November 29, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 823,634, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 12,
1924, was killed on the Holston River, Hamblin
County, near Russellville, Tennessee, on Decem-
ber 4, 1924.

GREEN-WINGED TEAL, No. 801,713, banded
by S. M. Batterson, at Mohler, Oregon, on No-
vember 24, 1924, was caught in a muskrat trap at
Big Meadow Ranch, fifteen miles south of Grande
Prairie, Alberta, about April 15, 1925.

PINTAIL, No. 323,511, banded by H. S. Osler,
at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 17, 1924,
was shot in the same locality—no date given, but
reported on October 27, 1924.

SCAUP DUCK, No. 823,637, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 16,
1924, was killed on the Patapsco River, Maryland,
near Bodkin Point, on January 5, 1925.

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. 823,593, banded
by H. 8S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
October 25, 1924, was killed in the same locality,
during the same fall before November 26, 1924.

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. 321,779, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on No-,
vember 1, 1924, was killed in the same locality,
during the same fall before November 26, 1924.

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. 821,788, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
November 2, 1924, was killed at a place one-half
mile north of Chessahowitzka River, on the west
coast of Florida, on November 30, 1924.

COOT (?) No. 323,525, banded by H.S. Osler, at
Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 19, 1924, was
shot in the same locality, on October 23, 1924. .

WILSON’S SNIPE, No. 241,722, banded by
J. A. Munro, at Colquitz, Vancouver Island, Bri-
tish Columbia, on December 23, 1924, repeated on
December 24, 1924, and was killed in the net by a
dog when it was again repeating, on December
Zi AO:

STELLER’S JAY, No. 108,858, banded by J.
A. Munro, at Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, Bri-
tish Columbia, on December 9, 1924, was shot at
a place one mile from where it was banded, on or
about January 28, 1925. Se

FOX SPARROW, No. 241,741, banded by J. A.
Munro, at Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, on December 9, 1924, was killed in the
trap by a Screech Owl, when it was repeating on
December 23, 1924.

FOX SPARROW, No. 108,057, banded by J. A.
Munro, at Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island,British
Columbia, on December 18, 1924, repeated on De-
cember 23, 1924, and was found dead in the trap,
having been killed by an Owl when it was repeat-
ing, on February 5, 1925.

FOX SPARROW, No. 241,750, banded by J. A.
Munro, at Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, on December 18, 1924, repeated on
December 20, 1924, and was killed in the trap by a
Screech Owl, when it was again repeating, on
December 23, 1924.

OREGON TOWHEE, No. 103,054, banded by .
J. A. Munro, at Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, on December 18, 1924, was
killed in the trap by a Screech Owl, when it was
repeating, on December 20, 1924. x

VARIED THRUSH, No. 241,745, banded by
J. A. Munro, at Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, on December 17, 1924, was
found dead in a trap in the same locality, on
December 18, 1924. The bird had had its head
damaged and its body was frozen.

*Published by authority of the Canadian National Parks
Branch, Department of the Interior, Canada.

as
Copley Co.

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Director and Naturalist to the Geological Survey
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This volume is an account of the life of this veteran
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The edition is limited. The price is $3.00 with
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MANITOBA
1925-26

NoRMAN CRIDDLE;. Past President: J. J.

D - : CHAS. W. Lows; Vice-Presidents: DR.
ay, ee A. M. Davipson, A. G. LAWRENCE,
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D. Cook, M. "JOHNSTONE, Mrs. F. E. MacLoGHuLin, Ree
les F. C. Mitts and H. C. NuNN. ;

<

TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH
_ COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C.

The officers for the above Society for the year ending
arch 31st, 1925, are as follows:—

"Rav. R. CONNELL, M.A.; 1st Vice-President:

2nd Vice-President: Mrs. HUGH MACKENZIB;

“HAROLD ‘'T. Nation; Hon=Treasurer: -MIs8

, ra Ae se Cc. ca eaae ee

te

‘on. President: Mr 3. oe GAETZ, Red Deck Alta.: Pane Vice-
esident: -DR.- Hy. GEORGE, Victoria, B. C3 President:
. H. SNELL, Red Deer, Alta.; 1st Vice-President: Mrs.

, CASSELS, Red Deer, Alta.; 2nd Vice-President: Mr. S.

LY, Red Deer, Alta.; Directors: Mrs. G .F. Root, Weta-

in, Alta.; Mus. J. McMILLAN, Red Deer, Alta.; Miss E.
RVING, Red Deer, Alta.;
.; Mr. W.A. Cees Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. B. LAWTON,
Edmonton, Alta.; Mr. K - BowMAN, Edmonton, Alta.; PROF.
\ OWAN, Univ. of Alta., Edmonton, Alta.:. MR. W. F.
ARRIS, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. T. E. RANDALL, Castor, Alta.
Mi 2 C. BRETHOUR, Calgary, Alta.; Hon. Sec. -Treas.:
. S. PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.

he meetings of this Society are held in. Red Deer on the
t Friday of each month except during July. and August and
rhaps September. The annual. ragenne is Held in Red Deer
the last Friday in eloxenbers

cILWRAITH - ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB,
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VOL. XLI, No. 4

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LDNaAroRALISTS’ CLUB
SSUED MAY 18, 1927

Entered at the Ottawa Post Office ie Nascondeclaes matter

7

—

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB

Patrons: s
THEIR EXCELLENG! Ss ee GOVE Ne Se AND VISCOUNTESS WILLINGDON _
Ui 4, 3 a ‘ S Sela ae
JUUSU0S Cf) (6 President: Norman CRippLe i ae 7
1st Vice-President: Ki. M. FNL ae 2nd Vice-President: CLYDE L. PATCH.
Sedretoryn BUD i Ai Hon. Treasurer: ‘a

J. F. WRIGHT, B. A. FAUVEL,

Victoria Memorial Museum 321 McLeod St.,
Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa, Ont.

Additional Members of Council: W. T. Macoun; Miss M. E. Cowan; C.M.SternsBerc; H.1.SmMitH. —
P. A. TAVERNER: W. J. WINTEMBERG: R. E. DELURY: ARTHUR GIBSON; M. O. MALTE; ©
H. Grow; Miss F. Fytes; C. B. Hutcuines; Cuype L. Patca; H. M. Ami; D. JENNESS; ~
H. F. Lewis; Hoves Luoyp; Frits JOHANSEN; ANDREW HALKETT; C. FE. JOHNSON; E. E. PRINCE;
G.R. Wuite; E.G. Waite; G.A. MACDONALD; A. G. KiNcGsToN; G. A. MILLER; MARK G. ©
McELHINNEY; V. W. JACKSON; R. O. MERRIMAN; W. N. Ketiy; C. H. SNELL: J.R. MCLEOD;
JoHN Davipson; L. McI. TERRILL; R. MEREDITH; FRANCIS KERMODE; R.B.'THOMSON. ee

Editor:

G. A. MILLER,
Normal School, Ottawa..

Associaie Editors: ae
DS ENNESS © 8 Sn Ge Anthropology A. G. HUNTSMAN......... ...Marine Biology

ND OL SVLALTE Soy Ce ahaa amt els Botany P. Ay TAVERNER c. sue case ...-Ornithology
BR. LATGHRORD® 2.20 ....Conchology BL ME KINDS oo ae Palaeontology
Bes ALCOCK. 288, 3 ai te aie ueistanens elias Geology R.M. ANDERSON........... ,.-Mammalogy. —

ARTHUR GIBSON.......2--+--0-> Entomology . Onypula. “PATCH i): was cree ...Herpetology — g

CONTENTS 1 BAGH am
Horned Dinosaur Group in the National Museum of Canada. By Charles M. Sternberg ........ 67-9
Some Random Notes on Our Club and its Publications. By Hoyes Lloyd...................... 13
Destruction of Birds by Lighthouses in the Provinces of Ontaric and Quebec. (Concluded). By
Harrisons. Gewis. 02.25. 5s 8 PEN ISU EAE Sr a veonea GBs Fees oN sare eat ene : 5
The Waterfowl Sickness at Lake Newell, Alberta, 1925-1926. By J. A. Munro................ a a
Some Plancton Organisms from Lake Brereton, Manitoba. By Alexander Bajkov and Alan Mozley 84°
The’History of Our Humming Bird. By Its Young Mistress........ Seer 55 4 | 85
Notes and Observations:— j ee
Crow Trapping with Jack Miner.) By W. E.Saunders.u0.. 2 225 2 24 eo ee 86
A Word for the European Grey Partridge. By’T. E. Randall........................... 86
The Long-billed Marsh Wren in Winter. By W. E. Saunders........................24. 87
Recent Finds of Arctic Spiders. “By Ji Hie Hmerton.o. 2 3 aes eee eee eee 88
Occurrence of Grasshopper Sparrow at Toronto, Ontario. By Stuart L. Thompson........ 88
Point Pelee Should Have a Bird Banding Station. By Hoyes Wloyd..................... 89
Recent Introduction of European Grey Partridge in New Brunswick. By R. W. Tufts..... 90
The Prairie Chicken in Western Ontario. By W.-E. Saunders....................--055- 908
The King Hider at Little Lake, Barrie, Ontario. By L. L. Snyder...... OG aN a ae ea 90 =
* Recent Introduction of European Grey Partridge in Nova Scotia. By R. W. Tufts..... ee 90°
A Chickadee’s Memory. By Mina P. Cole...... BE Test Sed vac ie ai Ne rec ey cee. 90
The Horned Larks. By W. E. Saunders............ ay 91

The official publications of THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB have been issued
since 1879. The first was The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, 1879-1886,
two volumes; the next, The Oitawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these
have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist
is issued monthly, except for the months of June, July, and August. Itsscope is the publication
of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History.

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2 The Canadian Field-Naturalist

VOL. XLI

OTTAWA, ONTARIO, APRIL, 1927

No. 4

HORNED DINOSAUR GROUP IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF CANADA!
By CHARLES M. STERNBERG

INTRODUCTION.

HE FIRST specimen of horned dinosaur
to be reported was a tooth, collected by
Dr. F. V. Haden from the Judith River
beds of Montana in 1855. Dr. Leidy
associated this specimen with the type of Trach-
odon mirabilis in his description of that species
the next year. During the succeeding thirty
years a great many specimens of horned dinosaurs
were discovered both in Canada and the United
States. Many of these were fragmentary and
their true relationship remained unknown till a

later period.
: In 1887 Prof. Marsh described two horn cores’

of a large horned dinosaur under the name of
Bison alticornis2 The next year he secured,
from the Judith River formation of Montana,
portions of the skull of a horned dinosaur on
which he based the genus and species Ceratops
montanus and at the same time proposed the family
name Ceratopside to include this and other re-
lated genera. This later discovery and others,
made in Wyoming, convinced Marsh that he had

_ made a mistake in referring the previously des-

cribed horn cores to the genus Bison and that

they belonged to a reptile and should be placed

in the newly established family Ceratopside.
Since that time the horned dinosaurs have

ranked among the most interesting of fossils to

students of vertebrate paleontology and _ to-
day a great many different forms are known.
They have become fairly well known to the public
since most of the large museums of the world
have at least a skull of some member of the
family. Skeletons on the other hand, are rare,
and very few museums have attempted to make
a skeleton mount of a horned dinosaur. The
great disproportion in the number of skulls, as

~ compared with the number of skeletons known, is

probably due to the fact that the skulls were usually
firmly co-ossified and so solidly constructed as to
withstand a great deal of weathering and water

1Published with permission of the Director of the Geolog-
cal Survey.

2Marsh, O. C., Amer. Jour. of Sci., Bol. XXXIV, Oct.,
pp. 323-4, 1887.

mer

transportation while the skeleton was less durable

During the past summer a group of two skele-
tons of. Chasmosaurus belli, Lambe, were placed
on exhibition in the National Museum of Canada
at Ottawa. This, I believe, is the first attempt
to make a group mount of horned dinosaurs.

The skeletons are approximately the same
length but the bones of one (Cat. No. 2245, Geol.
Surv. of Can.) are much lighter in construction
than those of the other (Cat. No. 2280) and it is
thought that they represent male and female as
it is common, among reptiles, for the female to
be larger than the male.

Both skeletons were collected by C. H. Stern-
berg from the pale beds of the Belly River series,
below the mouth of Berry Creek, Red Deer river,
Alta. The lighter skeleton (Cat. No. 2245) was
discovered by its collector in 1913 and the other
was discovered by G. F. Sternberg in 1914.

PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS

The 1913 specimen was preserved in a sandy
clay in the N.E., 1 of Sec. 16 T. 21, R. 12, W. of
the 4 th. principal meridian, about 3% miles
south of Steveville, Alberta. The nose was
exposed when discovered and erosion had destroy-
ed part of the face. A sink hole or underground
wash had destroyed part of the caudal vertebrae
and limb and foot bones. The skull and column
back to the tail were articulated as were also the -
pelvic arch and part of the ribs.

This specimen consists of skull and jaws
except left side of face, anterior half of maxillae,
nasals, premaxillae, rostrum and_ predentary,
complete series of presacral vertebrae, sacrum,
twenty-four caudal vertebrae, complete series of
ribs, except six cervicals, three dorsals and por-
tions of some others; pectoral arch except Rt.
coracoid and distal end of Rt. scapula, sternal
bones, pelvic arch, both humeri, left ulna, both
femora, Rt. tibia and fibula, six metatarsals,
thirteen phalanges and five chevrons, The skull
was somewhat crushed making the crest fairly
flat instead of sloping down on either side of the
neck and rising posteriorly as it did in life. Many

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

68°

epeuey jo wnesnyy [PUOIIeN 8Y} Ul (equIeT ‘27]0q sninvs OWsDYD)

T ST

- of the ribs are uncrushed and splendidly pre-

served. ;

The second specimen (Cat. No. 2280) was

_ preserved in a siliceous sandstone two and one

half miles southeast of the mouth of Little. Sand
Hill creek about 160 ft. above the river level.

_ Though there is some crushing to the right side
of the skull and some of the vertebrae and ribs,
the bone as a whole, is in a splendid state of
preservation. This skeleton consists of skull and
jaws complete, column complete and articulated

to the fourth sacral, complete series of ribs except
five cervicals and two dorsals and parts of some

- others, both scapulae, Rt. coracoid, both sternal

bones, anterior portion of Rt. illium, anterior two-

thirds of left illium, both pubes, both humeri

_ and the proximal portion of the left femur.

x There have been no bones of other individuals
used in the mounts but the missing parts have
been restored in plaster which has been left
sufficiently lighter in colour than the bone that

a careful observer can easily distinguish the

- original from the restored. The mounts were

executed by the writer and Mr. J. Skillen

DISCUSSION

Before the task of posing the skeletons .had
gone far it was found necessary to depart from the
pose of earlier mounts if the evidence furnished
by our specimens was to be followed. One
puzzling feature was the presence of the head of
the humerus on the external side of the proximal
end of the bone instead of on the end as is the
- case with most dinosaurs. Consequently the
only way the limb could be posed, so the head
of the humerus fitted into the glenoid cavity was
to place the humerus at almost right angles to
the perpendicular. This made the animal very
low in front and extremely bow-legged. The
humerus placed in this position made a very
much better articulation with the ulna and
radius than could be gained otherwise.*? The
uncrushed ribs indicated a much broader backed
animal than had previously been pictured. On
__ the second to last rib in each skeleton was a well
pronounced rugosity which showed evidence of
articulation with some other bone; since it was
too far down to articulate with the anterior end

of the ilium, around which it arched with a

_ pronounced curve, this articulating surface re-
_ mained a puzzle until my friends in the palzon-
tological division of the American Museum
pointed out that this was for articulation with
the anterior end of the pubis. Thus the work

’The American Museum of Nat. Hist., New York, had
mounted a skeleton of Triceratops in this pose but it was not
known to the writer at the time work was begun on the Chas-
mosaurus group.

s
}.
me ,

- April, 1927} THE CANADIAN FIBELD-NATURALIST 69

progressed and after gathering all the information
possible from the mounted skeletons of horned
dinosaurs in the American Museum and U-S.
National Museum as well as from the published
descriptions and the various specimens of horned
dinosaurs in the collections of the Geological
Survey of Canada, the present pose was chosen.
(Plates 1 and 2.)

The skeletons, as mounted, show an animal
with a low-set body and a very broad back, and
are more reptilian in appearance than any other
upper Cretaceous horned dinosaur mount known
to the writer. It is possible that the pelvic
region should be lower and the posterior part of
the body still broader. ‘Such a pose does not
suggest speed but rather an animal which waddled
along with a swaying motion. Though Chas-
mosaurus was very low-set and the under portion
of the body quite close to the ground no doubt the
body was always carried free. The tail curves
gently down from the posterior end of the sacrum
and the tip drags on the ground, thus giving the
tail a graceful and natural appearance. In the
restoration of the tip of the tail the specimen
figured and described ,by Brown, as Monoclonius
nasicornus was followed.

In one specimen (No. 2280) the nose is slightly
lowered and the crest accordingly raised as if the
animal was preparing to charge. In the other
skeleton the head is held well up and turned slight-
ly toward the side from which the enemy is sup-
posed to be approaching. -

Chasmosaurus, as well as other upper Cretaceous
Ceratopsia, probably spent the greater part of its
time in low swampy regions and there is evidence
to show that they were gregarious for the
writer has observed, in the Belly River formation
of Alberta, a number of “bone beds” in which
nothing but ceratopsian remains are preserved.
Usually, only one species appear to be repre-
sented in a given locality and this would suggest
that members of one species congregated in
certain swampy areas from which other animals
were excluded. Other “bone beds”, in which
numerous forms are represented, are common in
the same region but in these the bones appear to
have been washed up on a beach or mud flat by
flood or wave action.

In the monograph on the Ceratopsia Hatcher
refers Chasmosaurus (Monoclonius) belli to the
genus Ceratops of Marsh. He was very firm in
his conviction that Hoceratops (Monoclonius)
canadensis should also be referred to Ceratops.
Some later writers have considered Chasmosaurus
and Ceratops as synonyms; but since Chasmo-
saurus and Eoceratops are apparently quite
distinct and as the occipital condyle and pair of

70 _ ‘THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

brow horns in the type of Ceratops are quite
unlike the same elements of the specimens here
discussed, it would seem unwise to refer the
present species to any other genus than that
to which Lambe referred it in his later descrip-
tions of the species, e.2. Chasmosaurus. In dis-
cussing the type of the genus and species Ceratops
montanust Lull says: “The supraorbital horn
cores were of moderate length, subtriangular in
section at the base, but nearly circular in the
upper half. They are not compressed but curve
strongly outward and slightly forward”. In the
better of our two specimens (No. 2280) the right
supraorbital horn core apparently was injured
during life, but the other one is well developed
and well preserved. It is much smaller than in

the type of Ceratops montanus, is oval in cross.

section at the base, and curves backward and
inward. In the other specimen (No. 2245) the
brow horns are not so well preserved but they
are much smaller than in the above-mentioned
specimen and stand virtually erect.

The genus Torosaurus from the Lance formation
is usually considered as the descendant of Chas-
mosaurus but Anchiceratops from the intermediate
Edmonton formation has been referred to another
group. A good skull of Anchiceratops sp. collected
from the Edmonton formation of Alberta, by the
writer, shows that Anchiceratops should be
placed in the Chasmosaurus-Torosaurus group.
Though Anchiceratops shows greater advance in
the closing of the fontanelles in the crest, than
does Torosaurus there seems little doubt but that
it is a descendant of Chasmosaurus, for as in that
genus the squamosals are very long and narrow
and carry epoccipitals, the intermediate bone
(fused parietals®) is broad and somewhat flattened
behind making the crest rectangular in shape.
The face is low and long particularly in front of
the nasal horn core which is small. In members
of this group the crest is greatly extended back-
ward and appears out of all proportion to the
slender face. While the total length of the skull
of Chasmosaurus belli is about equal to that of
an average sized Centrosaurus apertus or a small
Triceratops skull, the facial portion is lower and
of much lighter construction. This is equally
true of Anchiceratops.

DESCRIPTION

In 1914 Lambe figured and described the skull
and integument of the 1913 specimen® and the

ae eeeue Ceratopsia U.S.G.S. Monograph No. XLIX p. 172—

5Gilmore has shown in Brachyceratops, U.S.G.S. Prof.
paper 103, that this element is not parietal but Gregory
and Mook in a later study of Protoceratops A.M.N.H. Novi-
tates 156 conclude that it is.

SLambe, L. M., Ottawa Field-Naturalist, Jan., 1914, and
Feb., 1914.

{[VoL. XLI

writer more fully described and figured the
integument of the same specimen at a later date.7
The skull of the other specimen was also figured
by Lambe in 1915.8 :

When viewed from the front the skull is wedge-
shaped and was provided with a large parrot-like
beak, three horns, and a great crest or shield
which covered the neck, shoulders, and part of
the back. There is a marked increase in the
height of the neural spines beyond the extremity
of the crest, e.g., that of the tenth presacral
vertebra. The spines in front of this one (those
under the crest) are inclined backward thus
indicating considerable freedom of movement for
the crest.

The nasal horn core is rather massive but of
moderate length. It is laterally compressed and
curves slightly backwards. The brow horns vary
in length and it is questionable whether their
size or length has any generic or specific signifi-
cance. The horn itself was probably much longer
than the bony core.

The fontanelles in the crest are very large with
their greatest diameter fore and aft. There is
probably no other member of the Ceraiopsia in
which the crest is so open. It was very surprising
to find that in the primitive Ceratopsia (Proto-
ceratops) the frill was not so open as in Chas-
mosaurus. This may be explained by the fact
that Protoceratops probably was not the direct
ancestor of Chasmosaurus. It is believed that
there was considerable freedom of motion in the
crest and that when attacked the animal could
put the nose down to the ground and thus raise
the crest, at the back, to form a great shield
which would almost completely hide the body
from the front view. When the head was held in
this position the horns would point forward and
the animal was probably comparatively safe if
he could prevent a flank attack. It is evident,
however, that his sole protection lay in the crest,
horns and beak for an examination of the im-
pressions of the integument, which was quite
thin and lacked bony scutes, shows that it could
not have withstood the attack of any of the
numerous carnivorous enemies and the animal
certainly could not depend on speed for protection.

As in the other upper Cretaceous Ceratopsia —

there are twenty-one presacral vertebrae all of
which were preserved and articulated in both
specimens. Of these seven are regarded as
cervicals and fourteen as dorsals. All the pre-
sacral vertebrae bear double-headed ribs except
the atlas which carries no rib and shows no sign

7Sternberg, C. M., Can. Field-Naturalisit, May, 1925,
pp. 108-110.

8Lambe., L. M., Museum Bulletin No. 12, Geol. Survey
of Canada.

abet’ att

71

"puno1sa10} ul 0822 ON ensojeie9 ;
‘MOIA OPIS “epeueD jo Wnesnj{ [2UOTeN 9} Ul dnois inesoulp peuloyy

6 Ol

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

. April, 1927]

72 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

of facet for rib attachment. The first three
cervical vertebrae are firmly coalesced as in all
the more advanced members of the family. As

- the vertebrae of Chasmosaurus differ little from

those elements of other members of upper Cre-
taceous Ceratopsia ,which have been well described
and figured, it seems unnecessary to describe
them fully here. There are, however, a few
details, not previously described, in certain of the
ribs which are worthy of note.

As Gilmore has shown in Brachiceratops the

shafts of the anterior dorsal ribs are quite straight -

and the tuberculum is elevated well above the
capitular process which is given off at nearly right
angles to the shaft. The posterior ribs are of
very different shape. They are slender, well
arched, and the capitular process does not form
a sharp angle with the shaft, as is the case in the
anterior ribs, but is a continuation of the gentle,
rounded, curve of the upper part of the rib, This
throws the ribs, when articulated with the very
high lateral processes, well up and gives a flat
back and a broad body cavity. Thus we see
that Chasmosaurus had a narrow, flattened chest
but was very broad in the abdominal region.

The last dorsal rib is quite slender and of mod-
erate length. It curves outward and downward,
but extends beneath the anterior end of the ilium
instead of curving forward and outward and
passing in front of that bone as described by
Brown in Monoclonius nacicornus?. The rib next
in advance of the last dorsal is much longer and
heavier than the last and curves forward and out-
ward, to clear the anterior end of the ilium, and
then downward, backward and slightly inward.
At about midlength this rib thickens considerably
and earries a posteriorly flattened rugosity for
attachment with the anterior end of the pubis.
The pubis points strongly outward instead of
almost straight forward or forward and downward
as in most dinosaurs. The anterior extremities
of the pubes are 640 mm. apart while at the
pubis-ilium contact they are but 360 mm. apart

As the skeletons are mounted the sternal
bones are some distance apart and the anterior
points of the scapulae are separated by 290 mm.
Other specimens, of nearly related forms, in the
collections of the Geological Survey, which were
preserved naturally articulated, make it quite
certain that these bones are too far apart in the
mounted skeletons but, because of crushing, it
was not possible to place them in what is con-
sidered the correct position. It is evident that
the sternal bones should almost touch in the mid-
line and that the anterior ends of the coracoids

*Brown, Barnum, Bull. American Museum of Nat. Hist.,
Vol. XX XVII, p. 294. y

[VoL. XLI.

should not be far apart. Proceeding backward,
the scapulae flare out at a wide angle due to the
broadening of the body posteriorly.

The humerus, radius and ulna are of moderate
length but very massive. Great strength was
needed in the fore limbs to carry the weight of the
very large head. In neither specimen was a
complete fore or hind foot preserved but from what
bones are present there seems to have been little
difference between those elements in Chasmosaurus
and Centrosaurus (Monoclonius). The fore feet
are composed of five functional digits of which
the three inner ones bear hoofs. Both the meta-
carpals and phalanges of the fore foot are shorter
and smaller than the metatarsals and phalanges
of the hind foot. Gregory and Mook” draw
attention to the great difference in length in the
digits in the fore and hind feet of Protoceratops
and state that in typical Certopsians the middle
digit of the manus is as large or larger than the
same element of the pes. In no Ceratopsian,
known to the writer is the middle digit of the
manus as large as the same element of the pes,
though in none of the later forms does the differ-
ence appear to be as great as it is in Protoceratops.

The femur, tibia and fibula are not propor-
tionately as massive as the bones of the fore limbs’
but the four functional metatarsals are consid-
erably larger than the metacarpals.

Following are some of the more important
measurements of the skeletons as they are mount-
ed:

No. No.
2245 2280

Total length of skeleton........... 16/-2"167--3"
Greatest length of skull........... 56! coe
Length, occipital condyle to back of

CLES Gey eS 5 OR rey aa PE BY ae
Greatest breadth of crest.......... O Oheero mon
Greatest length of fontanelles...... 16 ese
Greatest breadth of fontanelles (at

Centre) Peer es eee asa 112” 1/12"
From anterior end of rostrum to

centre of skull between orbits.... 2’ 1” 2’ 3”
Depth of skull taken just back of

nasal horn core (including den-

GAB) ete he ea ee ee 1s es AY
Length of mandible including pre-

dentary. ices eee eae Vb byes
From base of orbit to distal end of

quadrate.s sae eee 10”, > 103"
Length of brow horn from upper

rimb<of Orbit. 7 See 5”
Length of nasal horn from upper

edge of nasal vacuity........... 6x
Length of column measured along

topsiolispintes stent ae ies ee LOG! eS aon
Length of presacral vertebrae mea-

sured along centre of centra..... 5/ 57 13"
Heng th of sacrum! seas ccs nee aaa

iG 10Amer. Museum of Nat. Hist. Novitates, 156, p. 2
25.

2
2

i

4

f

Died Adil ced eA a oe a hak " a a Se a or a a A i al al de ius oe

TY = Ye S

See ee

"sh ee

“April, 1927] -

EO Se ae ae AE Cpe Pa non See RE PORTO Ey Ae eR

Length of tail measured along

CEL e Wao ee ae Eee eee 5ebe
melgonoth of ribsNo:LO>--2. 2... S siete 3/13"
eneth of rib No. 20.02. 5.0.0.5... Pe AOS
Height of skeleton at pelvis........ AU leks SAGO f
Height of skeleton at first dorasl... 3/11” 4’
Greatest breadth of body, at 16th.

PARPSReRAl os noe te Docgitioe 3 2'10”
remeatn of Wms ose es Sp ieee Sue oe
Length of pubis not including post-

PANG e res i, oe ee es 1 oe eS Bie
Greatest breadth of blade of pubis.. on”
Length of ischium................ Doms
meneth of femur. i ie Se 2! 5s”
Menchieomtlolas A") se te Oe
Menetncor fibwla 1. oF Soe Pe ERG?

Length of central digit of hind foot. 1’ 33”

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 73

Lenethsof seapulanau a se oats: DD os Oe he
Greatest length of coracoid........ Aecdy!
Breadth of blade of scapula at

EONUReM aes eens Kore Ae ee ere ears 4h" g”
Greatest breadth of scapula........ gz” gs”
Breadth of coracoid at junction with

Sap ula Moy eee le De aed ts Bee 5a"
Renethvot stermumpr ses ye yer ne 1 EON,
Breadth of sternum at centre...... i” 5i”
Height of sternum above floor of

IDASGALE NPS eT See NRE eRe. AIS We A te BY
Height of glenoid cavity above floor

OL, base Sas3 2 ies Ver Boy See Does OY ARE
lieneth of humerus, = -.....5.2.. Sale a
Jbermetela OM. WN 5 5 Hoes OG e560 cmws = be
Length ef radius = sesso 218 2h. Lees
Length of central digit of front foot 9+”
Greatest breadth of humerus....... ge

SOME RANDOM NOTES ON OUR CLUB AND ITS PUBLICATIONS
By HOYES LLOYD

UR COUNCIL once asked me to prepare
a list of the officers of the Club and the
dates of the Annual Meetings. I have
a secret idea that this was a short cut

on the part of the Secretary, so that he might

always know the number of any one Annual

Meeting, and announce it correctly in consequence

After a few Annual Meetings of any organization

have been held, the officers are very apt to become
confused as to the proper designation for the next

meeting. Our friends of the American Ornitho-
logists’ Union dodge this difficulty by numbering
their organization meeting as “1”, and calling
all subsequent meetings “stated meetings”,
prefixed with the appropriate number. The
practice in our Club has always been to use the
term Annual Meeting, and when this term is
used the organization meeting does not receive

a number, and the first Annual Meeting was the
one which was held when the Club attained the
age of one year.

Librarians who have been busy lately in com-
pleting their files of our publications have been
confused, I am sure, by the fact that our publica-
tions have been issued under three different titles.
The table, which I have prepared to show the

AURA

ca

eet a
Press

. chief officers of the Club during its history can

be used as a guide by librarians in completing
their sets of the paper. For example, in the
first eight years of the Club’s existence seven
numbers, approximately one per year, of the
Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’
Club were published. These comprise two
volumes which were followed by thirty-two
volumes of The Ottawa Naturalist, beginning in
the year 1887, and ending in the year 1919, as
shown in the table. The time of the change to
the title Canadian Field-Naturalist is shown in
the table as well, and the time of the change of

the Club year so that it coincided with the calendar
year. This information has necessarily been con-
densed very much, but practically all that will be
required is there. It is hoped that its publication
will be of value to many of our members.

A former Secretary of the Club once said that
it was a very difficult task to select from our files
back numbers of The Naturalist to fill the orders
of our members, his reason being that after he
had taken two or three numbers from the files
for the order he was filling, he found some article
that was so interesting that he had to sit down and
read it. This was exactly my experience in gath-
ing data for the table I have prepared from my
own forty-inch shelf of our publications. In-
cidentally, I am rather proud of that set, because
I have bound it myself, and because I think it is
perfect from the bibliophile’s standpoint, each
number having its original cover bound in place.
In searching for facts, relating to officers and
Annual Meetings, many items scattered through
our publications happened to come to my atten-
tion.

Here is one that tells of an address on museum
education by Mr. H. Beaumont Small, dated
January 16, 1880. He credited Dr. Grant for
his unremitting exertions to have the Geological
museum move to Ottawa, and strongly expressed
a wish for the establishment of a National
Museum, which, as an adjunct to Government, he |
said, might be eventually anticipated. This
suggestion, made at one of the Club’s meetings
of forty-seven years ago, ultimately bore fruit this
year when a National Museum of Canada was
formally created by Order-in-Council. On March
31, 1881, Professor Macoun delivered his great
address on ‘‘The Capacities of the Prairie Lands
of the Great North-West’’.

74 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

All through our lengthening history we find a
continued urge for more scientific works and re-
cords. There has recently been a good deal of
publicity given to the question of wild flower
preservation. This subject was discussed by our
Botanical Division of the year 1887.

The coming of our fiftieth anniversary arouses
attention for the account of the celebration of
the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Club which
was held on December 15th, 1903. At the
twenty-fifth anniversary, the first President of
the Club spoke, and five members of the original
Council were in attendance.

In scanning the pages, I noticed a long series
of lectures on the teaching of nature study which
should be available and useful for very many
people who have to deal with this subject.

When the table of officers had been finished, I
counted a few totals, and found that the Club
had been served by twenty-seven Presidents,
fourteen Secretaries, sixteen Treasurers, and two
Secretary-Treasurers. The outstanding officer
in length of service was Arthur Gibson, and the
Club of to-day owes him a debt of gratitude for
his work for twelve years as Editor. The next
longest term of service as Editor was that of
James M. Macoun, who acted in this capacity for
nine years. Of course this table names only a
few of the officers who have laboured for the Club
because they loved this service to natural history

[VoL. XLI

in Canada. Devoted service of naturalists in the
past as in the present makes our paper possible.

In case any naturalist or any librarian may
have followed me this far, I should like to ask
that any one knowing of the existence of a com-
plete set of the publications of the Club, send me
the following information for record purposes:—

1. The owner of the set;
2. Is it bound or unbound?

NotTEe.—Please check the set in question with
the table published herewith, so that you may be
sure that it is really complete.

The Club will not be able to sell many more
complete sets, and our ability to make them up
will be dependent upon the receipt of old runs
from members. Probably the Club can fill gaps
in sets which are nearly complete, and for many
periods of its existence it can furnish long and
perfect runs. Our officers are always pleased to
give information in this connection. When we
have compiled a list of the complete sets of our
papers, it is proposed to publish it.

While dealing with the general question of our
ancient history, attention might be called to the
fact that some of the early minutes of the Club
are missing. If any minute books, or other
records of our Club, should be in the possession
of any one who may read these lines, the Club
would appreciate having these records returned.

OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB
FOUNDED MARCH 149, 1879

Year Volume President Secretary Treasurer Editor No. and date of annual
meeting
1879-80 |— Trans. No.1.......... ene. Wm. RESB Sew by bevy] renee ee 1. March 23, 1880
ite
1880-81 |— Trans. No.2.......... James Fletcher. Wi Hie pefemnin oo | ter ei eles ee 2. March 15, 1881.
ton
1881-82 |— Trans. No.3.......... James Fletcher. Wi vivarnin ga |p ee iciers 3. March 21, 1882.
ton
1882-83 |— Trans. No. 4.......... James Fletcher.|W. H. Harring-|W. P. Anderson|.............. 4. March 20, 1883.
ton.
1883-84 |— Trans. No. 5.......... me Beaumont W. 4H. Harring-|W. P. Anderson|.............. 5. March 18, 1884.
ma ton.
1884-85 |— Trans. No. 6.......... H. jg Beaumont W. H. Harring-|W. P. Anderson|.............. 6. March 20, 1885.
—_— ma ton
1885-86 |— Trans. No.7.......... W. H. Harring- James Fletcher.|T. J. Mac- |........+..... 7. March 16, 1886.
_— ton. Laughlin.
1886-87 |— John Macoun. ae oe Harring-|T. age Mo: Tessg itr halal ens 8. March 15, 1887.
— aughlin.
1887-88 |“‘Ottawa Naturalist’, Vol. 1.|R. B. Whyte. . lw: ‘E. Harring-| James Fletcher.|W. H. Harring-| 9. March 20, 1888.
ton ton.
1888-89 Vol. II.|R. B. Whyte...|J .T. Mac. James Fletcher.]W. H. Harring-|10. March 19, 1889.
Laughlin. ton.
1889-90 Vol. III.|R. W. Ells..... tae Mae James Fletcher.|James Fletcher.}11. March 18, 1890.
aughlin.
1890-91 Vol. IV.|R. W. EHlls..... Is do Meee James Fletcher.|James Fletecher.}12. March 17, 1891.
Laughlin.
1891-92 Vol. V.|R. W. Ells... .. W. H. Harring-)/A. G. Kingston|James Fletcher.}13. March, 1892.
ton
1892-93 Vol. VI.|George M. Henry M. Ami./A. G. Kingston|James Fletcher.}14. March 21, 1893.
Dawson.
1893-94 Vol. VII. George M. Henry M. Ami.|A. G. Kingston. M He Harring-}15. March 20, 1894.
awson.
1894-95 Vol. VIII.|George M. Henry M. Ami.|A. G. Kingston. w. i Harring-|16. March 12, 1895.
Dawson.
1895-96 Vol. IX.|F. T. Shutt....|Andrew Halkett] D. B. Dowling. Hoy M. Ami./17. March 17, 1896.
1896-97 Vol. X.|/F. T. Shutt. ...|Andrew Halkett|D. B. Dowling .}Henry M. Ami.]18. March 18, 1897.
1897-98 Vol. XI.|Edward E. Andrew Halkett|John Craig... .|Henry M. Ami.|19. March 10, 1898.

Prince.

~ ©,

en i MT ee Pao ew Lee ee

bas ne

April, 1927]

OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB
FOUNDED MARCH 19, 1879

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

75

Year Volume President Secretary Treasurer Editor No. and date of annual
meeting
1898-99 Vol. XII. Hcward E. W.J. Wilsofi.. .)James Fletcher.|Henry M.Ami.|20. March 14, 1899.
rince.
1899-00 Vol. XIII.|Henry M.Ami..)/W.J. Wilson. .|James Fletcher.|James M. Ma- |21. March 20, 1900.
coun.
~ 1900-01 Vol. XIV.|Henry M. Ami.]W. J. Wilson. . .|James Fletcher.) JamesFletcher.}22. March 19, 1901.
1901-02 Vol. XV.| Robert Bell....]W.J. Wilson. . ./James Fletcher.|James M. Ma- |23. March 18, 1902.
coun.
1902-03 Vol. XVI1.| Robert Bell....|W. J. Wilson.. .|Arthur Gibson..|James M. Ma- |24. March 17, 1903.
3 coun.
1903-04 Vol. XVII.|W. T. Macoun.|W. J. Wilson...|]Arthur Gibson..|James M. Ma- |25. March 15, 1904.
coun.
1904-05 Vol. XVIII.|W. T. Macoun.|T. E. Clarke. . .| Arthur Gibson..|James M. Ma- |26. March 19, 1905.
. coun.
1905-06 Vol. X1IX./S. B. Sinclair...|T. E. Clarke. ..|Arthur Gibson..|James M. Ma- |27. March 20, 1906.
coun.
1906-07 Vol. XX.|W. J. Wilson.. .|T. E. Clarke. ..|Arthur Gibson..|/James M. Ma- |28. March 19, 1907.
coun.
1907-08 Vol. XX1.|W. J. Wilson.. .|T. E. Clarke. ..|Arthur Gibson..|James M. Ma- |29. March 17, 1908.
coun.
1908-09 Vol. XXII.|A. E. Attwood.|T. E. Clarke. ..|Arthur Gibson..|James M. Ma- |30. March 16, 1909.
coun.
1909-10 Vol. XXIII.)A. E. Attwood.|T. E. Clarke. ..)Arthur Gibson..|Arthur Gibson../31. March 15, 1910.
1910-11 Vol. X XIV.| Andrew Halkett|J. J. Carter. ...|Herbert Groh. .|Arthur Gibson..}32. March 21,1911.
1911-12 Vol. XXV.|Alex. MeNeill. .|E.H. Blackader| W. T. Macoun.|Arthur Gibson../33. March 19, 1912.
1912-13 Vol. XXVI.|L. H. Newman.|E. H. Blackader|W. T. Macoun.}Arthur Gibson..}34. March 18, 1913.
1913-14 Vol. XXVII.|L. H. Newman.|/E. D. Eddy... .|W. T. Macoun.|Arthur Gibson..}35. March 24, 1914.
1914-15 Vol. XXVIII.|Arthur Gibson..|E. D. Eddy... .|J. F. Watson...|Arthur Gibson../386. March 23, 1915.
1915-16 Vol. XXIX.|Arthur Gibson..|G. O. McMillan|G. LeLacheur. .|Arthur Gibson..|37. March 21, 1916.
1916-17 Vol. XX X.|Harlan I. Smith|L. D. Burling. .|G. LeLacheur. .|Arthur Gibson../38. March 20, 1917.
1917-18 Vol. XX XI.|Harlan I. Smith|L. D. Burling. .|J. R. Dymond. .|Arthur Gibson..]39. March 19, 1918.
1918-19 Vol. XXXII. CaGordon Clyde L. Patch|J.R.Dymond..|Arthur Gibson../40. March 18, 1919.
ewitt.
1919 Canadian Field-Naturalist
Vol. XX XIII.|M. Y. Williams|Clyde L. Patch|F. W. Waugh...|Arthur Gibson..|41.. December 2, 1919.
1920 Vol. XXXIV.|M. Y. Williams|Clyde L. Patch Mss E. B. Arthur Gibson..|42. December 7, 1920.
rampe.
1921 Vol. XX XV.|R. M. Anderson|Clyde L. Patech|C.B.Hutchings|D. Jenness..../43. December 20, 1921.
1922 Vol. XX XVI.|R. M. Anderson|Clyde L. Patch|C. B. Hutchings Herison 1D 44. December 5, 1922.
ewis.
1923 Vol. XXXVII.|Hoyes Lloyd...|Clyde L. Patch|C. B. Hutchings aeon F. 45. December 8, 1923.
ewis.
1924 Vol. XX XVIII.|Hoyes Lloyd.. .|J. F. Wright...|B. A. Fauvel... Harrison F. 46. December 2, 1924.
ewis.
1925 Vol. XX XIX.|Hoyes Lloyd to|J. F. Wright...|/B. A. Fauvel...|Harrison F. 47. December 1, 1925.
April 11th, G. Lewis to April
A. Miller. llth, G. A.
Miller. ;
1926 Vol. XL.|Norman Criddle|J. F. Wright...]B. A. Fauvel...|G. A. Miller. ..|48. December 14, 1926.
1927 Vol. XLI.|Norman Criddle|J. F. Wright...|/B. A. Fauvel...|G. A. Miller...

DESTRUCTION OF BIRDS BY LIGHTHOUSES IN THE PROVINCES OF
ONTARIO AND QUEBEC
By HARRISON F. LEWIS

(Concluded from March issue)

The kinds of birds which have been reported as
killed by the lights are listed below. The number
after each name indicates the number of reports
in which it has been found, and has no direct
relation to the number of individuals that have
been observed to be killed by the lights.

“Sea Birds’, 1; “Land Birds’, 31; Razor-
billed Auk, 1; Sea Gull, 1; Small Gull, 1; Petrels,
1; Duck, 4; Black Duck, 2; Wood Duck, 1;
Old Squaw, 3; Hider, 1; Brant, 1; Heron, 1;
Virginia Rail, 1; Snipe, 1; Yellow-legs, 1; Plover,
1; Grouse, 1; Black-billed Cuckoo, 1; Belted
Kingfisher, 1; Woodpeckers, 2; Flicker, 1;
Flycatchers, 1; Kingbird, 1; Phoebe, 1; Wood

Pewee, 2; Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 1; Acadian
Flycatcher, 1; Alder Flycatcher, 1; Least Fly-
catcher, 1; Larks, 1; Blue Jay, 1; Canada Jay, 1;
Blackbird, 1; Baltimore Oriole, 1; Finches, 2;
Sparrows, 4; Snow Bunting, 2; Vesper Sparrow,
1; Grasshopper Sparrow, 1; Chipping Sparrow,
2; Slate-coloured Junco, 1; Song Sparrow, 2;
Lincoln’s Sparrow, 1; Scarlet Tanager, 3; Swal-
lows, 3; Red-eyed Vireo, 2; Philadelphia Vireo, 1;
Blue-headed Vireo, 1; Warbler, 1; Tennessee
Warbler, 1; Cape May Warbler, 1; Yellow
Warbler, 3; Black-throated Blue Warbler, 1;
Magnolia Warbler, 2; Chestnut-sided Warbler, 1;
Bay-breasted Warbler, 1; Black-poll Warbler, 1;

76

Blackburnian Warbler, 2; Black-throated Green
Warbler, 1; Oven-bird, 1; Northern Water-
Thrush, 1; Connecticut Warbler, 1; Mourning
Warbler, 1; Maryland Yellow-throat, 2; Wilson’s
Warbler, 1; Canadian Warbler, 1; Redstart, 1;
Catbird, 1; Brown Thrasher, 1; Wren, 1; Chi-
ckadee, 2; Thrushes, 3; Veery, 1; Gray-cheeked
Thrush, 2; Olive-backed Thrush, 1; Hermit
Thrush, 1; Robin, 2.

Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, Ontario, has
kindly furnished a list of birds killed by Long
Point light, on the north shore of Lake Erie, which
were examined and identified by him in the spring
of 1925. They were said by the lightkeeper to
be the results of a single night’s disaster.
list has been included in the compilation of the
general list presented above, but it is so interest-
ing that it is shown separately below, with the
number of individuals of each species killed at
this light on the one night in question:

Wood Pewee, 7; Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 9;
Acadian Flycatcher, 2; Alder Flycatcher, 2;
Least Flycatcher, 5; Grasshopper Sparrow, 1;
Lincoln’s Sparrow, 2; Scarlet Tanager, 15;
Red-eyed Vireo, 32; Philadelphia Vireo, 7; Blue-
headed Vireo, 1; Warbler (sp. ?), 1; Tennessee
Warbler, 22; Cape May Warbler, 2; Black-
throated Blue Warbler, 5; Magnolia Warbler, 11;
Chestnut-sided Warbler, 1; Bay-breasted Warb-
ler, 27; Black-poll Warbler, 18; Blackburnian
Warbler, 10; Oven-bird, 16; Northern Water-
Thrush, 2; Connecticut Warbler, 1; Mourning
Warbler, 23; Maryland Yellow-throat, 4; Wilson’s
Warbler, 15; Canadian Warbler, 31; Redstart, 9;
Gray-cheeked Thrush, 13; Olive-backed Thrush,
83; Robin, 1.

The total number of species is 30.
number of individuals is 378.

Twenty-four lightkeepers report that, in their
opinion, the destruction of birds at their lights is
decreasing; twelve report that, in their opinion,
the destruction is stationary; and two report that
they consider that it is increasing.

Several passages of description and comment
which various lightkeepers have included in their
respective reports are thought to be of such
interest that they deserve to be quoted here.

“There are also the White-crowned Sparrows,
which come in great numbers two or three times
in the fall, in storms, and perch on the railings
around the lantern; none of them are killed.””—
Gustave Fournier, Keeper of Upper Traverse
Light, No. 1177. (Translated from the French
by H.F.L.) It will be observed that White-
crowned Sparrows are not included among the
birds reported killed at any station.

“When the moon is strong or full during the

The total

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

This-

{VoL. XLI

time when winds are favourable to migration, as
has been -the case this season, there is apparently
very little loss of life. Last season the southerly
winds prevailed at times when the moon was
practically dark and when fog was bad, resulting
in great loss of bird life during the spring.

“During the fall period the northerly winds
prevailed during the dark of the moon with the
same result as during the spring.

“T have picked up numbers and placed them in
a dark place to recover. Many did so, but the
greater number died.

_“. . I have often picked up birds at night,
partly stunned, brought them in the house for a
time, and, with the help of some water, started
them on their way again quite recovered by
daylight.

“‘As to the light, if it was covered with netting,
the birds would fly in a circle until exhausted.
Some perch on the railing for a time, but even-
tually join the others in their useless circling
through the beams of the light.”—J. W. Kennedy,
Keeper of Caribou Island Light, No. 2170.

“During the spring migration, and on a close,
murky, foggy night, with little or no wind, as
soon as it is dark, the spring birds fly around the
lantern of this Light Station in great numbers.
On such a night there are great numbers of gnats
and moths; whether it is in quest of the food
which certain of those moths supply or not, I am
not prepared to say, but those are the nights on

{
hp
/ fay
oi easeittiel Lue achi iaaaa

which the bird mortality is greatest, up to mid- _

night, when it is very much less from then until
daylight. I can sit in the dwelling, which is
immediately beneath the lantern, and on such a
night you can plainly hear the fairly steady
thump, thump, of the birds striking the heavy
plate glass. Those are the ones which are very
often only stunned or lightly wounded, and
many of those I have gathered up in a basket,
brought down into the dwelling, and, after fixing
them up as well as I can, and giving them a nice,
comfortable box to remain in until morning, I
would then liberate them and very many would
resume their flight. Of those that fall to the Rock
beneath, there are very few that escape death.
The fall is about 70 feet, and, even if stunned,
they are very quickly picked up by the large
Gulls, who swallow them wholesale on such a
night as I have mentioned, or rather on the
following morning. I have gathered up as many
as two large pailfuls, dead, not to mention those
which are able to hop around. Thank goodness
those are exceptional occasions, but, to get back
to the average loss, I would think that 25 would
perhaps be a fair estimate for a foggy night.
“This station is built of reinforced concrete,

ea

ST aR OME ER A REA TO PRU. ea! | eR RN en BIT ae el Oe ed Lem TE Fu Pe eee epee ar een er er
| , oe Sits

° SO ee Ne Te oo Rees

4

¥
4 ;
t

'

_ 48 inches; width of lantern 10 feet.

_ary survey of the situation was possible.

2

pril, 1927}

~

- elliptical in shape, about 32 feet in greatest width,
_with a 2-inch pipe railing around the top of the
_ building. In the centre of the top is the lantern,

polygonal in shape, 12 panes of glass, 30 inches by
Each pane
of glass has a ledge of about 4 inches at the foot.

_ Many of the birds sit on those ledges when stunned,

others sit at foot of lantern on the concrete, flat
top of building. The lantern is all steel, with sharp
corners and angles, and when the birds strike the
corners it is usually sure death. This station
appears to be situated in the direct line of flight

during spring and fall migations, but more par-

ticularly that of the spring flight, as that is the
time of our greatest mortality.

““ ,.. This is a question (the possibility of re-
ducing the mortality by any means) to which I
have given much thought and study for very
many years, and at this Station in particular I
cannot see how any means can be taken to reduce
the mortality, the main reason being that we
cannot erect anything which would be a means of
prevention without interfering with the brilliancy
of the light. This is a very important Light
Station as it is situated at the entrance of the
long channel which leads into Depot Harbour and
Parry Sound, and has to be kept at its greatest
degree of brilliancy throughout the night and
anything which might be erected in the way of

netting would necessarily have to be of sufficient

solidity to withstand the dashing of the water,
which in heavy winds is driven over top of the
station in vast quantities, and such an article

would interfere with the light, so that, as far as

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

77

this station is concerned, we simply can do
nothing.””—Adam Brown, Keeper of Red Rock
Light, No. 2024. —

SUMMARY

In Ontario and Quebec, it is very exceptional
for fixed white lights, or red lights of any type, to
kill more than a small number of birds in a year.
Many lights of these kinds kill no birds at all.

About 70% of the flashing, revolving, and
occulting white lights are not seriously destructive
to bird life, but the remaining 30% cause the
death of from 100 to more than 500 birds at each
light each year. The destructiveness of a given
flashing light does not appear to be correlated with
its height or its power or the time-formula of its
flashes. It may be chiefly dependent on its situ-
ation.

Serious destruction of bird life by any light
usally takes place only when visibility is poor,
on account of the presence of fog, smoke, rain, or
snow, and is especially heavy when this condition
occurs in the season of migration.

Many birds are killed by striking the lighthouse
or the lantern, sometimes repeatedly, and many
are killed by flying about in the rays of light until
they are overcome by exhaustion.

The birds killed are chiefly species which are
of economic value. The majority of them are
small, insectivorous song birds. The total
number killed annually by lighthouses in Ontario
and Quebec is actually large, and serious effort
to save them is fully justified.

Means of reducing the mortality are under
consideration.

THE WATERFOWL SICKNESS AT LAKE NEWELL, ALBERTA, 1925-1926
By J. A. MUNRO

UURING the summers of 1924 and 1925
considerable losses, apparently from
disease, occurred amongst the waterfowl
at Lake Newell, Alberta, both nesting
species and migrants being affected. This matter
being brought to the attention of the Commissioner
of Canadian National Parks, Ottawa, late in July,
1925, it was decided to conduct an investiga-
tion. Accordingly headquarters was made at the
village of Brooks, five miles from the north end of
the lake, where the writer remained from August
12th to August 20th. Owing to a press of other
duties it was not possible to devote more than a
week to this work and in this time only a prelimin-
Lake
Newell was visited at different points each day,
specimens of sick birds were collected for examina-
tion and investigations were made into all local
conditions which were thought might have any

bearing on the question. Specimens of blood of
affected birds were prepared as microscope slides
and these, together with the visceras, livers, hearts,
and kidneys from sick birds of various species
were preserved for laboratory examination.
Samples of Lake Newell water, of the soil on the
beaches, and faeces from sick birds were also
collected and examined later by experts.

During the course of this work every courtesy
was shown by the officials of the Canadian Pacific
Railway Land Department. Mr. W. F. Grafton
who acted as guide, assisted in every possible way.

Lake Newell is an artificial reservoir of fresh
water taken from the Bow river, forming part of
the Canadian Pacific Railway Company’s irriga-
tion project, and is surrounded by treeless, rolling
prairie of the desert type characteristic of parts of
Southern Alberta. Its area approximates 12,000
acres although this varies considerably with the

78

rise and fall of the lake. Definite information
regarding the depth of water is not at present
available, but it is reported that 60 feet has been
found in several places. Because of numerous
long arms and backwaters the shore line is exten-
sive for the size of the lake and probably exceeds
40 miles.

Being one of the few large bodies of fresh water
in a naturally semi-arid country and well stocked
with plant-food, fish, mollusca, crustacee and
insects, large numbers of water birds, both summer
visitants and migrants, are attracted; indeed lake
Newell is one of the most important breeding
grounds in southern Alberta. The aquatic bird-
life has previously been described.* Excellent
duck and goose shooting is to be had on the stubble
of the irrigated lands in the district, mallard and
geese using the lake chiefly as a resting place
during the autumn season.

Owing to the interest of residents in wildfowl

shooting, the duck sickness caused much alarm
and was reported to the Game Commissioner of
Alberta when first discovered early in August,
1924. That year it lasted well into the hunting
season which opened on September 15th, and
sportsmen told of seeing sick ducks drop, as if
winged, out of a passing flock. One infor-
mant mentioned that while hunting a grassy
slough near the lakes there was sometimes diffi-
culty in finding the ducks that had been shot
amongst the dozens of dead birds scattered about
the marsh. Various theories were advanced as to
the cause of the sickness, the one most in vogue
being picturesquely described as “bloodsuckers
on the brain”. As a matter of fact it was noted
in dissecting sick ducks that leeches were some-
times present in the mouth and in some cases
had worked their way some distance into the
upper mandible entering by way of the nostrils.
Needless to say the leeches had become attached
while the bird floated helpless on the water.

Since my last visit to Lake Newell in 1921 a
considerable change had taken place in the con-
dition of the water due to a phenomenal increase of
algae flora along the margin of the lake. At that
time the abundance of such water plants as the
Potamogetons was considered worthy of note as
being favourable to an increase of water-fowl.
These vigorous water plants absorb organic im-
purities in the water and help to keep it sweet—
this is well illustrated in the purifying action of
water weeds in aquaria—the seasonal growth
breaks off and drifts ashore where it is dried out
by sun and wind. On the other hand algae of
certain species, notably Blue-green Algae, disin-

*J. A. Munro,

fs The Canadian . Field-Naturalist,
XXXVI, p. 89.

Vol.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

tegrate and decompose during the hot weather and —
This has happened at lake
Decomposition —
produces a greenish, paint-like material which —
discolours the water, and, accumulating on the ©
shallows and sheltered portions of the lake gives —

foul the water.
Newell to an alarming degree.

forth a strong disagreeable smell. When washed

up on the beach and dried by the sun the colour —

intensifies to a deep bluish green the shade of
copper-sulphate.
shallows about the lake were polluted with this

material while deeper water and the canals were _

rela tively clean.

Besides patrolling the shores of lake Newell we _

visited Johnson’s slough, 4 miles north-east of
Brooks; a line of open alkaline sloughs three miles
east of Lake Newell; an artificial marshy slough

formed by irrigation water in-S.E. 26.16.13 W.4, |

and a long marshy slough of similar origin lying
five miles east of Lake Newell. In the last men-
tioned slough dead ducks were found in large
numbers during the hunting season of the previous
year, but we found none, and if any were present
they were effectually concealed by the thick
growth of aquatic vegetation in and about the
slough. In one of the open alkaline sloughs
referred to, which contained only a little water
and much sticky mud with an alkaline efflores-
cence near high water mark, were found 17 ducks
and 1 Eared Grebe all too far decomposec for
critical examination; indeed it was impossible to
reach them through the deep mud. The question
arises whether these birds became affected at this
slough or at Lake Newell but it is considered prob-
able that they alighted on the slough after con-
tracting the trouble at the lake. The fact of

finding several dead downy ducks at Lake Newell —

is sufficient evidence that the trouble is to be
looked for about the lake itself.

List OF BIRDS FOUND DEAD OR DYING.

Eared Grebe 71, California Gull 2, Ring-billed —

Gull 3, Franklin’s Gull 44, Black Tern 1, Mallard
35, Pintail 78, Baldpate 33, Gadwall 11, Shoveller
3, Blue-winged Teal 18, Green-winged Teal 21,
Lesser Scaup 2, Canada Goose 12, Avocet 7,
Marbled Godwit 32, Western Willet 2, Baird’s
Sandpiper 85, Stilt Sandpiper 2, Lesser Yellowlegs
4, Knot 1, Sanderling 1, Black-bellied Plover 2,
Killdeer 21, Ruddy Turnstone 2. Total 513.
Only a portion of the shore line was carefully
worked and none of the large islands were visited
so it is probable a much greater loss occurred than
is shown by these figures. The majority of the
birds were too much decomposed to permit
examination, the condition of some suggesting
that the disease had first made its appearance

During July and August all the ©

52a aa pia ight A tl ha a

ndiinttabs ibe a acca see bas aiabes

bp ge

April, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

_

Sick Avocet resting on tarsus

Baird’s Sandpiper in last stages of disease

1S

80° THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

early in July. Above high water mark were
found dried-up carcasses of many species of
birds which had died the previous year; in many
eases identification of these was impossible.
For the most part sick ducks were lying at
the edge of the water or floating amongst the
weeds on the lake itself, while waders were ob-
served some distance inland as wel! as on the
beaches—on several occasions Baird’s Sandpiper
were seen fluttering down to the ground a mile
or so inland from the lake.

Ninety per cent of the dead ducks were males in
eclipse and it was observed that the large bands of
ducks frequenting the shores and shallows were
composed entirely of drakes. Only three young
ducks were found and perhaps this may be ex-
plained by the fact that breeding ducks chiefly
frequent the vicinity of the islands well out in
the lake where they are safe from attack by
predatory animals—on no occasion was a brood
of young ducks sighted from the shore. Neither
were diving-ducks affected to any extent, only
two specimens (Lesser Scaups) being found,
although it is known that this species and White-
winged Scoters nest commonly on the islands.
The relative immunity of large Gulls and Common
Terns is also noteworthy when it is considered
that a large colony of Ring-billed Gulls and another
oi California Gulls nest on the islands as also does
one colony at least of Common Terns.

ACTIONS OF SICK BIRDS

The following sick birds were studied in the
field and afterwards captured and dissected, viz:
Mallard 2, Baldpate 1, Shoveller 1, Pintail 3,
Avocet 1, Knot 1, Baird’s Sandpiper 11, Least
Sandpiper 2, Marbled Godwit 1.

With one exception dying ducks were found at
the edge of the water as if they had paddled
ashore before the leg muscles became entirely
paralyzed. No doubt the greater number die
while on the water and are later washed ashore.
The two Mallard were lying outstretched with no
apparent sign of life except in the eyes from which
exuded a clear thick liquid. Other ducks were
found resting on the chest and belly with wings
slightly drooped and tarsi extended. Usually
the head moved from side to side or up and down,
and, in the case of the Shoveller, the mouth was
opened and shut at intervals of five seconds, as if
the bird was gasping for air. One Pintail spread
her wings and struggled to rise when approached
but could not move her body, and the wings re-
mained spread out on the mud. In a few cases
only was a discharge from the eye present and in
one instance this had entirely gummed the eye

[Vo.. XLI

lids together.
in every case.

Nearly half of the birds in the early stages
of the affection were Baird’s Sandpiper. These
were all birds of the year, there had probably
been a flight a few days earlier. Some could
still fly a short distance but were easily
captured; others could not rise in the air
and used their wings only to flutter along
the beach. In a later stage the wings were
incapable of being elevated while the leg muscles
remained unaffected; after this stage a condition
was reached where the wings drooped on the ground
and the legs barely served to support the body.
In the final stage preceding death the birds re-
mained motionless on the ground, usually close to
a stone or clod of earth and in several cases lying
in the hoof-print of a horse, with wings sometimes
folded and held in position by the overlapping
flank feathers but more often drooping or out-
spread. One bird was fluffed out in the usual
position assumed by a brooding female. Birds in
this stage were unable to rise, the only movement
being a turning of the head from side to side.
Later the neck muscles relaxed and the head
drooped, usually forward on the mud, but occa-
sionally on to the bird’s back in a sleeping pose.
The eyes were invariably bright with no indication
of a discharge, on being handled the birds voided
a greenish-white excreta, in advanced cases this
material was present in a hardened form on the
feathers about the anal region.

Least Sandpipers were in exactly the same con-
dition, and the Knot. a bird of the year, was lying
with neck outstretched apparently just about to
die.

Avocets were seldom seen, although this species
is a common breeder on the islands, and only one
affected bird was encountered. When first seen
this bird stood upright in the water but after
being handled and released again it relaxed on
the full length of the tarsus, with wings partially
spread on the surface of the water.

Marbled Godwits were found chiefly on
the west shore of the lake and on a small island,
roughly 350’ x 50’, which was reached by wading.
Here were found sixteen dead Marbled Godwits,
besides other waders and ducks. Four Godwits
which had flown from the mainland to the island
were unusually tame and upon walking towards
them it was seen that the apparent tameness
was due to sickness for the birds flew very slowly
and with apparent effort. One of these which
decoyed to a fifth bird in a more advanced stage
of the complaint was photographed. The latter
crouched in the water a few yards from shore
with wings outspread but made no struggle to
escape.

Greenish-white excreta was present

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Baldpate in last stages of disease—dead Pintail in background

Marbled Godwit in last stages of disease

81

82° THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

SUMMARY OF GENERAL SYMPTOMS

All living specimens on being handled void
excreta of a greenish-white, pale green, yellowish,
or white streaked with green. In some cases
this hardens to a limelike consistency, becomes
encrusted on the feathers of the anal region and
sometimes clogs the rectum. In ducks there is
frequently a colourless discharge from the eye
which eventually gums the eyelids together.
This was not noted in any of the waders exam-
ined. It would seem that the wing muscles are
first affected, then the leg muscles and _ finally the
condition extends to the whole muscular system.
Wetmore* states ‘The birds affected first lose
the power of flight and are unable to rise in the
air, though in some cases they can flutter across
the water, and in others can fly for a few rods
before dropping back. The legs next become
affected and the power of diving is lost. As the
birds grow weaker, they crawl out on the mud
bars, if able to do so, or hide in growths of grass
or rushes. In a later stage of the affection they
are unable to rise. Finally the neck relaxes and
the head lies prostrate. ... If in the water,
death comes by drowning, but on land birds may
live for two days or more in this condition.” This
description exactly fits the conditions observed at
lake Newell.

Dissection showed all specimens, with the ex-
ception of the Marbled Godwit and the Avocet to
be normally fat which is evidence that the disease
is acute and death occurs before there is time for
wastage of fatty tissues. The two exceptions
noted were without trace of fat and the muscles
were emaciated. Evidently in some cases the di-
sease may become chronic and perhaps such birds
_ might naturally recover. Some specimens emit a
strong disagreeable odour on being opened, this
being caused by an accumulation of liquid in the
gut as a result of the rectum being clogged.
Generally the stomach is empty but in that of a
Shoveller a few seeds of an unidentified water
plant were present. With the exception of a Bald-
pate and a Pintail, the lungs, heart, liver and
kidneys appeared normal. In the exceptions
noted the lungs appeared dark and _ slightly
shrunken and the gall bladder somewhat enlarged,
but not flooding as is usual in cases of lead-
poisoning.

POSSIBILITY OF AN ALKALINE POISON AS THE

CAUSE

These symptoms in every way coincide with
Wetmore’s description of the duck sickness in
Utah* which he discovered was caused by the

*Alexander Wetmore, ‘‘Mortality Among Waterfowl
Around Great Salt Lake Utah’. No. 217, United States
Department of Agriculture.

{[VoL. XLI

toxic action of certain soluble salts found in
alkali*.

The following quotation from his paper explains
the manner in which birds obtain these salts in
the region where his investigations were carried
out.

“The Salt Lake valley is well cultivated and
productive and owes its fertility almost entirely
to irrigation. In the last 35 years the amount
of arable land actually under water has greatly
increased, and the stream flow at the river
mouths has correspondingly decreased. In
midsummer of ordinary years little or no water
now passes the irrigation dams on Bear river.
The water found at that sesaon in the lower
channels comes from such small tributaries as
enter below the dams and from seepage from
water used in irrigation. Practically the
same condition holds in the other streams that
flow into Great Salt lake. Thus irrigation has
decreased the amount of water supplying the
marshes on the lake front, and the resulting
slow drainage induces stagnation over large
areas. After June 35, as the spring waters in
Bear river recede, great expanses of mud flat
are laid bare in the sunl Surface evaporation
and capillary atttraction rapidly draw the salts
held in solution in the mud to the surface and
there concentrate them. As the mud becomes
drier these concentrates are visible as a white
deposit or scale (efflorescence). This in many
cases is exposed only an inch or so above the
surrounding water level. In the large bays
strong winds bank up the water and blow it in
across these drying flats. As it advances it
takes rapidly into solution the soluble salts,
largely sodium chloride, but containing calcium
and magnesium chloride also. This inflow of
water carries with it quantities of seeds and
myriads of beetles, bugs, and spiders, washed
out of crevices and holes in the dried and
cracking soil. The ducks come in eagerly to
feed on this easily secured food and work
rapidly along at the front of the advancing
water, each bird hurrying to get. his fill. Many
individuals in this way secure a sufficient quan-
tity of these poisons to render them helpless.
As the water recedes again small pools are left
in shallow depressions, and other ducks and
shore-birds feeding in these are affected.”

At first the writer was inclined to assume that
Wetmore’s diagnosis of the Utah trouble would
be applicable to Lake Newell, but the causative
alkaline condition he describes was not discovered.
Lake Newell normally is not high in June
and its subsequent rising in July may, in some
of the backwaters, take into solution sufficient
salts to cause alkali poisoning in birds. However
it was impossible to identify any particular part
of the lake as being affected in this way, and it is
believed that the origin of the malady must be
sought in some other cause. More ducks were
found on the east side than on the west side, but
this was accounted for by the prevailing westerly

*Alexander Wetmore. The Duck Sickness in Utah.
Bulletin No. 672, United States Department of Agriculture.

~

~ April, 1927]

winds which would carry dead and sick ducks to
the east shore.

Samples of water from the lake were chemically
analysed by Dr. Allan C. Rankin, Director of the
Provincial Laboratory at the University of Alberta
and the results are as follows:

CHEMICAL Results expressed in parts per
million

No. 6 No. 357
Photalksolids=2<. = 22... 5. 274 320
Homition JOSS. 2 io. 154 184
Hardness: 20 a0 2 cuss 3 low low
SBNALES S25) 30 45
(Cnlonides = es 3 2.5
Malini yeas sos ot ees 136 137
Nitratess 2s. os o8 Not done Not done
ING It ESE meee eee er ot *
Free Ammonia........... 6.0
Albuminoid Ammonia..... 2.0

THE POSSIBILITY OF A PROTOZOAN INFECTION

A large number of waterfowl died at Lake
Johnstone, Saskatchewan, in the summers of
1920 and 1921, and the symptoms as described*
are identical with those observed in the Lake
Newell birds. It was suggested that the trouble
at Lake Johnstone was due to an _ intestinal
coccidiosis, this being the opinion expressed by
Dr. Charlton, Provincial Biologist, while Dr. R.
J. Walsh, of St. Boswells, refers to septicemia
(Pasteurellosis anserina) as the source of the
trouble. Mr. Bradshaw (Chief Game Guardian)
states (loc. cit.) “While our investigations were
more or less spasmodic we are of the opinion that
the sickness was due either to the alkaline water
which was more concentrated than usual, or to
the pollution of the water caused by the putrefac-
-tion of the vegetable food growing in the lake, or
a combination of both circumstances, brought
about by the abnormal evaporation caused by the
unusual and continued hot, dry weather that was
experienced in the southwest part of the province
last summer.”

Samples of excreta from several species of ducks
collected at Lake Newell were forwarded to Dr.
C. H. Weaver, Ottawa, who found “some indica-
tion of intestinal parasitism, but this alone could
not be taken as an indication of the cause of death
in these birds.’”’ On the other hand, Dr. A. E.
Bruce, Agassiz, B.C., examined the visceras and
organs of a number of specimens with negative
results insofar as bacteria or protozoa were con-
cerned.

It has been stated that Lake Newell contains an
excessive amount of alge which disintegrate and

*Reéeports of Chief Game Guardian, Department of

Agriculture, Saskatchewan, 1920-21.

Tue CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 83

decompose during the hot weather. It is under-
stood that coccidiea multiply enormously in such
decaying organic matter and it may be that the
feeding grounds along the shores of lake Newell
become infected with these parasites; or again,
the trouble may be due to the direct action of
toxic matter in the decomposed vegetation.

CONCLUSION.

It seems clear that the cause of the trouble,
whether of protozoan origin, or due to poisoning
by toxic matter in decayed alge lies along the
shores where the water is shallow. This is indi-
cated by the prevalence of the sickness amongst
the shore-loving species of birds and the relative
immunity of those species which frequent the
islands and the deeper portions of the lake. For
example, the shore-loving Franklin’s Gull suffered
severely while no cases were observed amongst the
less terrestial, but equally abundant, Common
Tern. Amongst the ducks, the chief sufferers

“were males of surface-feeding species which fre-

quent the shores of the lake while diving ducks
which keep well out on the lake were affected
hardly at all. The heavy loss amongst the Hared
Grebe perhaps does not fit this theory, but further
investigation may reveal an entirely different
cause for the mortality in this species for it is well
known that grebe of all species die in large numbers
each year on many western lakes from some
complaint which apparently awaits diagnosis.

1926

The “duck sickness’? did not develop in the
summer of 1926. Investigations conducted
during the early part of July and again in Sep-
tember were unproductive so far as the finding
of sick or dead birds was concerned. During a
patrol by boat on July 6th, particular attention
was paid to the areas where affected birds were
most abundant the previous year and here were
large mixed flocks of Pintails, Baldpate and
Green-winged Teal, with smaller gatherings of
White-winged Scoter, Lesser Scaup and Canvas-
back, all, apparently, in good condition.

Flocks of Pintail drakes in eclipse plumage, many
of them flightless, were disturbed from various
points on the lake; one of the main gatherings
being on a small stony island and the adjacent
shallows. As the boat approached, the entire
flock—estimated at 4,000 individuals—moved off;
some flying, others flapping over the water with
occasional dives below the surface. About one-
third of the flock appeared to be flightless. Here,
if anywhere, it was thought, sick birds might be
discovered, but, none were found during a careful
search over the island.

84 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

In the early spring the lake had been lowered
four feet, for the purpose of making possible
certain repairs to the irrigation canals, and this
level was maintained during the entire summer.
A searcity of alge was observed and the water
pollution due to the decomposition of this growth,
so apparent the previous year, had not developed.
It is not understood whether the scarcity of alge
was due to the lowering of the lake or to natural

the summer of 1925.

[VoL. XLI

causes. Possibly the development of alge may
follow a cycle and the peak had been reached in
At any rate the beaches
and shallows remained clean all summer and to
this condition, it is believed, can be atributed the
healthy condition of the water-fowl.

«ae a
‘. at 5
oi cco as lt at ie

Okanagan Landing, B.C., January 5, 1927.

SOME PLANCTON ORGANISMS FROM LAKE BRERETON, MANITOBA
By ALEXANDER BAJKOV AND ALAN MOZLEY, University of Manitoba

AKE BRERETON, which is some seventy
miles east of the city of Winnipeg is
situated at the edge of a vast unex-
plored region so the records of plancton
organisms given here may be of interest. The
present list is based upon two collections, one
made during the month of October, 1922, indicated
by the figure 1 in the list; and the other made on
May 24, 1926, at the northern end of the lake,
and indicated by the figure 2. The first collection
was examined by Mr. C. W. Lowe, and we are
indebted to the collector, Professor C. H. O’Don-
oghue for permission to include this in the present
paper.

The plancton of Lake Brereton is very rich.
The diatom flora is particularly so, these forms
comprising ninety per cent of the plancton. The
most abundant species is Asterionella formosa
which forms about seventy per cent of the total
plancton. The next most important species are
Melosira and Stephanodiscus, which together
comprise about ten per cent of the collection.
Other alge occurring in our material are, Cla-
throcysis aeruginosa, Nostoc commune, and Cro-
ococcus limnetreus which form only about five per
cent of plancton. The remaining ten per cent is
composed of zooplancton, only two species of
Cyclops and one of Diaptomus occurring in our
collections. Daphnia pulex and D. longispina also
occur in the plancton, and are probably the
dominant species during the autumn season.

That these plancton organisms are well suited

to the needs of young fish is shown by the stomach
contents given below.

Pickerel (Stizostedion vitrewmMitch) Length30 mm.
Stomach Contents. Cyclops bicolor, Asterion-
ella formosa, S:ephanodiscus niagarae.

Pickerel (Siizostedion viterum Mitch) Length35mm.
Stomach Contents. Diaptomus sp., Cyclops sp.,
Asterionella formosa.

Pickerel (Stizosiedion viireum Mitch) Length 30m.
Stomach Contents. Melosira sp., Stephanodis-
cus niagarae, Asterionella formosa.

Minnow (Noiropis sp.)
Stomach Contents.
Cyclops.
Minnow (Notropis sp.)
Stomach Contents.
learis.

Length 37 mm. -
Remains of Daphnia and

Length 30 mm.
Daphnia sp., Anurea codh-

LIST OF SPECIES.

PHYTOPLANCTON.
Diatomacee.
Asterionella formosa. 1, 2.
Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton. 2.
Tabellaria fenestrata Kutz. 1, 2.
Melosira varians Agardh. 2.
Milosira granulata (Ehrbg.). 1, 2.
Stephanodiscus niagaree Ehrbg. 1, 2.
Surirella elegans Ehrbg. 2.
Myxophycese
Coclosphaerium kulzingianum Nag. 1, 2.
Claihrocystis (Microcystis) aeruginosa Henfrey.
123
Clathrocysiis (Microcystis) ochraea (Brand) Forti.
iL:
Chroococcus limneticus Lemm.
Anabaena flos-aquae Brebisson.
Nostoc commune Vausher. 2.
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs. 2.
Flagellata
Dinobrion stipitatum Stein. 2.
Chlorophyceae
Botryococcus brauni Kutz. 1, 2.
Pediastrum boryanum Menegh. 2.
Staurastrum lepiocladum Nordst variety. 1.

12s
ihe

ZOOPLANCTON.
Rotatoria
Anuraea cochlearis Gosse var. ‘macrocantha
Lauterb. 2. ‘

Anuraea cochlearis Gosse. 1, 2.

Notholca longispina Kellic. 1, 2.

Polyarthra platyptera Ehrbg. 2.
Copepoda

Cyclops bicolor Sars. 2.

Cyclops viridis var. americanus Marsh. 2.

Diaptomus oregonensis Lilljeb, 2.

vt

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1

pi sie et Be Le ly

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>

April, 1927]

Phyllopoda
Daphnia pulex (de Geer). 2, with summer eggs.
Daphnia longispina var. hyalina form mendotz
2s

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 85

Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Muller). 2.

Protozoa.

Tintinopsis sp. 1, 2.

THE HISTORY OF OUR HUMMING BIRD
By ITS YOUNG MISTRESS

N the 27th of September a little exhausted
humming bird was picked up by my
brother Tyler on Wellington Street, Ot-
— tawa.

He put it in his pocket thinking it was dying.
Tyler reached the shop, gave it a drink and. laid
it on a piece of cotton in the sun; in a little while
it came to and directly flew up to the sun in the
window. At night time he took it home and
wondered what he would do with it.

A glass sealer was its bed for the first night.
On September 18th, Sunday, Tyler decided to
let it go, but mother thought that if it turned
cold the little thing would perish, so with great
joy we took it in, hoping that we would be able
to keep it. Daddy and mother fixed up our big
fish bowl with some heavy cloth in the bottom
and also put in a little twig for it to rest on, but
apparently it would not live in there and we soon
found out that it wanted the dining-room for its
play-room and the bow! for its bed only.

It was so famished that it would eat out of our
hands, but now Hummer would rather find its
food for itself. Dad made a trellis for one of
mother’s plants, not thinking that it would come
in for a wild bird’s resting-place, which it has.
Mother kept saying that Hummer would not
live because he was a wild bird. For the first
week we watched him with great care to note
everything he did. Of course we published it
among our friends. One day I came in looking
for him and he was squeaking very pitifully.
I found him between the curtains and the window,
very much frightened until I released him.

We started to give Pete flowers with honey in
them, but he was not satisfied after a week of
this, because he found that the honey was too
thick for him. Then we thinned it slightly with
water. One day my sister was eatin2 some can-
taloupe when Pete decided that he would also
like to have some, so he tasted it and liked it.
Then we did not have to worry about flowers,
because he would eat cantaloupe with sugar
mixed up in the juice.

When we had him about four weeks, he began
playing on the floor; that is Hummer would fly
around and chase particles of dust until they

formed a ball of fluff and then fan it with his
wings around the floor until he got tired.

One morning, just for fun, mother wondered if
he would be frightened if she put out her foot
as though to step on him. When mother tried
it he just stayed there as calm as though he owned .
the whole world and that he dared us to try and
step on him.

Another time when mother was watering some
of her flowers in the front window, Pete flew
right around her head and sat down on the pot
she was watering, and took a bath. Now, this is
an every-day occurrence. Since then, when
mother gets her pitcher to water the plants, Pete
flies around her and goes right up to the pot
waiting for his bath.

My elder sister looks after him first thing
every morning, and before taking him out of his
bowl mixes his food which is now condensed
sweetened milk, with a little water in it, and
after taking the muslin cover off the bowl, she
strokes him under the chin as well as his back.
When Annie does this he opens his bill as wide
as possible. Then he is lifted out and let fly to
his perch.

This is November 4th, and while I am writing
Hummer is sitting on my head governing the story.
Hummer is very fond of red, orange, bright yellow
and pink.

Hummer is very fond of our company, but if
any strange person comes in he makes strange
with them. Mother found out that Pete eats
sand and will not eat aphis; but let there be
little flies or gnats and he will fight until he gets
them.

The days began to get very dull and horrible
and we all noticed Pete failing in his liveliness.
He then became dumpy and sleepy. We put on
the electric lights for him, but this seemed to
confuse him and the poor little chap kept falling
every time he ventured to fly. There was no
sunshine for three days so we began losing hope
of having him any longer.

The 17th of November came and Pete wanted
to be cuddled by mother, that is, he would fly
to her and nestle on mother’s neck for the warmth.
He would not take his food unless we gave it to
him. When he was put to bed we all expected
to see him dead next morning.

The next day the sun was out and Hummer
tried to fly, but it was in vain. Annie fixed a

86 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

pad on the coils for him to get warm, but he just
fell around. When mother came down she saw
no hopes at all for him. At ten minutes to ten
a dark cloud passed over the sun and in my hands

[VoL. XLI

was Pete’s lifeless body. Our little pal left us

and went in to Birds’ Paradise.

(The above was written by M. Jean Brown, 9
Roslyn Atve., Ottawa Canada.)

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

Crow TRAPPING WITH JACK MINER.—As soon
as the winter starts, that is to say, as soon as the
ground gets a fair covering of snow, some dead
animals are cut up and placed in Jack’s crow-
trap and the crows begin to assemble. Last
winter a tremendous discussion took place over
the killing of so many crows and this year I got
Jack to acquiesce in the plan to do some banding.
The snow came about January 5th and the crows
quickly sought the food. The snow became
exceptionally deep for that district and crows
were there in hundreds and almost any day two
hundred might have been caught. Then came a
telegram on the 19th to say that the trap was to
be worked the next day and I had better come.
I took the next train, but when we went out on
Thursday morning we found that the bare ground
which had been exposed in many places by the
rain of the day before was a great counter attrac-
tion to the birds that had been eating horse meat
straight for a week, and the crows were off duty
in the trap and were hunting corn and what-not
all over the country and all we had around the
trap were about seventy-five, most of whom
stayed outside. We went up into Jack’s ‘“‘out-
lookatory’’ (good word, patent applied for) and
watched them, but they were very wary. A
group of ten or a dozen would stand on the south
side of the trap facing the wind and occasionally
one would walk in, but the number was usually
balanced by one or two that flew out. Sometimes
a crow would fly right in and light on the food,
but as a rule they lit outside and walked in.

The trap is seventy-three feet long and twenty

feet wide when the wings are down and we were.

looking down it the long way and some crows
that were behind the carcasses would, of course,
escape our observation. After waiting for twenty
or thirty minutes we decided it was no use to
expect a good catch and Jack climbed down the
ladder and pulled the trap while I watched for
results. At the first sound made by the wire,
the birds rose on the wing, but immediately the
two wings of the trap came down and not a single
bird escaped. A tremendous hubbub was imme-
diately set up by the free birds which circled over
the trap, but the captured ones said nothing—
but tried their best to find a hole through which
they could escape. When we reached the trap
the birds overhead had disappeared and we

entered with several potato sacks into which we
put the crows, which were quite easily caught;
the last one after having been chased up and down
once or twice lit on the open ground and allowed
Jack to pick it up. We then took the bags over
to the house and sat on the veranda where we
pulled one crow out at a time and banded their
legs, a Biological-Survey band on one leg, a
Jack-Miner band on the other, and then tossed
them into the air.

They resented being handled quite emphatically
and bit and clawed. They were not quite strong
enough to draw blood but their feelings evidently
inclined that way and they did their best—and
it was sometimes quite paintul to remove the
claws of a foot that gripped one’s hand.

After the banding was completed we went to
see the trap again and there were a few under it
already, but we were not near enough to tell if
any of the banded birds were among them, and
as it was nearly train time we could not drop the
trap again. This trap is on exactly the same
lines as the goose trap, only smaller. And as
I have never seen the goose trap worked I was
quite interested in getting all the details of
handling the crows.—W. E. SAUNDERS.

A WORD FOR THE EUROPEAN GREY PART-
RIDGE.—A great deal is being written and said
at the present time regarding the harmful effect
that the introduction of the European Grey Par-
tridge (Perdix perdix) into Western Canada is
having upon our native game-birds, more parti-
cularly the Sharp-tailed Grouse. Many writers
and sportsmen apparently are under the im-
pression that the native bird is being driven to the
point of extinction by the aggressive and pugna-
cious habits of the introduced species.

While most of the charges preferred against the
Partridge are made by men who are anything
but ornithological experts and whose opinions we
ean ignore as being of little value, there yet re-
main the spoken and written opinions of a few
men whose word is above suspicion. Even P. A.
Taverner, one of the foremost of our Canadian
ornithological experts. in his recently published
work Birds of Western Canada makes the following
remarks in the chapter on the European Grey
Partridge (page 361)) ‘‘Even so, there is one thing
to be borne in mind—that we cannot have foreign

"

April, 1927}

Tae fee ey eer y ca ak i a a ™ noe

.
.
:

with the European Partridge.

species except at the expense of competing native

ones. It is notable that wherever this (Partridge)

or other introduced species have increased to
any marked extent, the resident Grouse and
Prairie Chicken have decreased in a similar de-
gree.” :

But Mr. Taverner only speaks in general terms,
giving no specific instances of the Partridge inter-
fering with the Prairie Chicken, and I think it is
very regrettable that so eminent an authority
should make such a comprehensive charge against
a species of game-bird which is undoubtedly a
great acquisition to this or any other country, and
whose only fault appears to be that it is clever and
speedy enough to take good care of itself. Coming
from the pen of an expert on bird matters such a
charge will only increase the prejudice that many
bird hunters are already fostering against the new-
comer.

While it is, unfortunately, only too true that
the numbers of our native Grouse—and this in-
cludes all species—have sadly dwindled during
recent years, I think we must look, not to the
advent of the Partridge, but to altered conditions
under which bird game is now hunted in order
to divine the true cause of the steady decrease.

Let us compare shooting conditions as they
existed twenty-five years ago with present day
conditions. In the old days if three or four
shooting enthusiasts wished to enjoy a few days’
hunting it was necessary to choose a point fairly
close to the railway. Arriving at the selected
place the nimrods had perforce to tramp around
and literally hunt for game. Under such condi-
tions the Ruffed and Sharp-tailed Grouse had a
fair chance and the birds which did eventually
find their way into the game-bag had to be worked
for.

To-day all that is changed. A party of city
“sports” jump into a high-powered car and in a
very short time are well out in the country.
Watch is kept on the roadside and when a bunch
of Sharp-tails or a couple of Ruffed Grouse are
seen the car is stopped, the sportsmen(?) get out
and almost invariably a number of birds are ob-
tained—often the whole bunch falling beneath the
hail of shot from repeating shot-guns. Quite
often the shooting is done from the interior of the
car in spite of the act being illegal. This sort of

_ thing goes on all through the day over scores of

miles of roads and by hundreds of car-loads of
gunners. Unfortunately our native game-birds
have not yet learned to either hide or keep at a
safe distance. A flock of Sharp-tails will invar-

jiably stand erect in full view of anyone passing

by and it is rarely that the birds take to flight
before a car is within easy shooting range. Not so
In common with

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 87

most Old World birds, it has an inbred distrust
for mankind. At the slightest sound every bird
in the feeding covey flattens to the ground. Even
when the birds are stumbled upon, or a keen-
nosed dog scents them out, the suddenness of
their rising and the speed at which they get away
often baffles the shooter. The Ring-necked
Pheasant, another introduced species, is equally
cunning and as often successful in evading the
efforts of the gunner to add him to the bag.

Long before either the Partridge or Pheasant
were introduced, our native game-birds were on
the decrease, even in the days before cars were in
general use, and hunting was done in a more sports-
man-like manner. Certainly the introduced species
cannot be blamed for the decrease in the numbers
of native birds of Ontario, Manitoba and some
of the Northern States. >

Until our native birds have learned to distrust
men and automobiles, I am afraid that it will be
very necessary that we have years without an
open season, and only by the rigid enforcement of
the game laws shall we avoid adding many of our
beautiful and interesting native birds to the list
of extinct species that already includes the Great
Auk, Passenger Pigeon and Eskimo Curlew.
To the Grey Partridge all true sportsmen will
raise their hats. Fast on the wing, clever at
hiding, bold to the point of rashness in defence
of their young brood, hardy during the extreme
cold of our winter, he is, all-in-all, a most desirable
addition to the game list of our Western land.

Living in a district where both Partridge and
Sharp-tailed Grouse are plentiful, I have not yet
seen anything in the conduct of the Partridge that
can be construed in any way to be prejudicial to
the welfare of the native species. Long may we
have both birds in good numbers.—T. E. RANDALL.

THE LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN IN WINTER.—
In the Christmas Census on page 15 of the Janu-
ary number of The Canadian Field-Naturalist,
there was a very interesting reference to the
Long-billed Marsh Wren from Vineland, Ont.
This is, I believe, the first time this bird has been
recorded from Ontario in the winter. So I wrote
to Dr. Hurlburt, who took the responsibility for
the report and he gave me the full particulars.

“Mr. Dickson and I had been following a
flock of Tree Sparrows into the bulrushes along
the Twenty-Mile creek. We heard a chattering
in a clump of willow bushes near the edge of
the swamp and investigated. The Wren
jumped about in the willows but let us approach
within about ten feet. Mr. Dickson had his
field glasses on the bird and saw the dark mantle
on the upper back. I saw the mark over its

eye distinctly. There is no doubt it was a

Long-billed Marsh Wren. I visited the same

<

88

place after a lapse of a couple of weeks or so

but did not see it again.”

On quite a number of occasions in the last
twenty years, during our winter visits to Point
Pelee, Mr. Bert Gardner, who is a keen and
accurate observer, told us that he had seen Marsh
Wrens in the winter. These birds were seen out
in the bulrushes and quite a long distance from
shrubby cover, but we hesitated to take serious
notice of them as records because Bert did not
use glasses on them and in any event one doesn’t
like to establish a new record by sight only;

then one had always to remember that the

Carolina Wren lived on Point Pelee all winter
and that there are winter records in Ontario of
both the Winter Wren and Bewick’s Wren. But
now that it is established by Dr. Hurlburt and
his party that the Long-bill has been positively
identified in_winter, the sight records of Mr. Bert
Gardner may be published as supplementary.—
W. E. SAUNDERS.

RECENT FINDS OF ARCTIC SPIDERS.—During
the last year several explorers have brought back
specimens of rare northern species of spiders which
throw additional light on their distribution.
In June, 1925, Mr. W. B. Hoare made a small
collection near the mouth of the Coppermine
River which included the minute Micronela mari-
tima Em., described in the report of the Arctic
Expedition of 1913-16, and several specimens of
Lycosa pictilis Em. and Pardosa galcialis Thor.
common species of the Arctic Coast and New
England mountain tops. In July, 1926, Mr. J.
D. Soper, at Cape Dorset, Baffin’s Land, collected
several Lycosa asivak Em. which was found in
large numbers by the Expedition of 1913-16 along
the coast from Alaska to Coronation Gulf. On
the top of Mt. Washington, N.H., July 11, 1926,

_/Mr. Nathan Banks found several specimens of

both sexes of Tmeticus alatus Em., first found on
the Arctic Coast by Mr. Frits Johansen of the
Expedition of 1913-16, and described in the
Report of the Expedition. In the summer of
1926, Mr. R. H. Woodworth, with a party of
Harvard University students exploring the waters
of Northern Labrador, found in the Torngat

‘ region Lycosa quinaria Em., first found by J. B.

Tyrrell in the Rocky Mountains in 1886 and
later in southern Labrador near the Straits of
Belle Isle, in western Newfoundland, and near
Bangor, Maine.—J. H. EMERTON.

OCCURRENCE OF GRASSHOPPER SPARROW AT
TORONTO, ONTARIO.—The Grasshopper or Yel-
low-winged Sparrow is one of the birds which
helps to make bird observation interesting at
Toronto. Not that the species is always here to

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

fVou. XLI-

observe—often it is absent. Nor can it be called
a particularly interesting bird, for of all the
finches, this sombre-coloured unobtrusive little
inhabitant of the fields is certainly the least likely
to attract attention. Its most interesting feature
is the unaccountable manner in which it may
appear, become tolerably common for a season
or so, then vanish for several succeeding years.
My personal observations of this bird at Toronto
are as follows:

One of the years this bird appeared in this
vicinity happened to be the first that I paid serious
attention to bird-study, consequently it became
one of my earliest acquaintances. It was in those
bygone school-boy days. We had followed the
year through from the first of January, duly
recording the few winter birds we had met. Then,
in turn we learned such spring arrivals as came to
our notice. The migration rose to its height,
taking us with it, so that by early summer we
considered ourselves well-launched in the study
of Ornithology. Then came the summer lull.

One July day we visited a large open field sur-
rounded by woods. It was very hot. In memory
I still see that field simmering with heat waves.
We were resting in the shade of the neighbouring
trees, our enthusiasm having waned with the
increasing heat. The bird notes too, had given
place to the drowsy hum of insects. Presently,
from some little distance out on the field, we
caught the faint insect-like notes of a strange
bird. Before long we saw the singer—a micros-
copic dot on the sweet clover stalks—buzzing out
a microscopic song. Thin and wheezy as the
song sounded it has, ever since, seemed to me to
be like that day—sizzling hot. ‘‘Pit-tuck-zee-e-e-
e” it might be written. It was well the bird
enunciated his notes so clearly. Thus was the
song described in our “bird book.” Certainly
the singer himself shows no distinguishing marks
as an aid to his identification.

This was in 1902. Four years went by before,
the Grasshopper Sparrow again came into our ken,
and then under very unexpected circumstances.
One of my ornithological friends, called one night
and suggested we walk down to Scarboro’ Bluff
in the moonlight, stay at his cottage, and return
the next day. We were given to such excursions
in those days. Often a midnight tramp brought ©
to light—if I may use such a phrase—incidents of
bird-lore we would otherwise have missed. This
night there happened to be a glorious full moon.
Our route led through various ravines, then out
along a long country road, through level farm
country. The same road is now a well-paved
street flanked by modern stores and travelled by
T.T.C. cars. As we passed one wide field, we
distinctly heard the Grasshopper Sparrow in song.

April, 1927]

_ There was no mistaking the insect-like notes.
_ Yet how strange they sounded coming from the
Silence of a moon-lit field! Our first experience
had taught us to associate them with fields sim-
mering in the blazing July sun. Naturally we
could not see the bird, but any doubt of its pre-
sence and identity was cleared away when a day
or so later I visited the very spot and collected
the specimen now in my collection. Once more
in 1906, the same year, and another locality, I
collected a second specimen now in The Normal

School collection of this city.

Again he vanished. We were constantly near
his haunts, but all through the following five years
I did not see, nor hear of a record of the Grass-
hopper Sparrow near Toronto. Then came another
meeting by merest chance. It was a warm June
afternoon. I had ridden out on my bicycle to
the same field where we first saw and heard this
bird in song. Perhaps I was thinking of the
- occasion, that I cannot recall now. Suddenly
from the field before me came the same song as
of yore and I could see the bird, as it sang at
leisure, a few rods away. This is my only record
_ for the year 1911.

_ Then followed a period of a few years in which
I was almost entirely absent from Toronto. Dur-
ing this time the Grasshopper Sparrow may have
come to his old haunts, but evidently did not
become established, for when I resumed obser-
_ vations in 1920, I saw nothing of the species—nor

- yet in 1921. But in 1922, again in June, while
crossing a large grassy area north of the city, to
my delight I came upon several pairs within a
few hundred yards. I was specially favoured on
this occasion to hear them in song of unusual
fullness. In all previous observations the song
could be written, as heretofore mentioned, “Pit
_ tuck zee-e-e-e”—a couple of halting notes pre-
ceding a long wheezy buzz, more like the rasp
of some orthopterous insect than the song of a
bird. It is well known that many birds elaborate
their usual songs at certain times, such as evening.
No doubt the Grasshopper Sparrows on this occa-
_ sion were so inspired. Not only did I hear the
-. usual song many times, but heard it continued
into a series of thin lisping notes oft repeated,
until the whole song was actually of ten seconds’

_ duration and audible some fifty yards! It might
be rendered “Pit tuck zee-e-e-e zeedle zee-e-e,
zee-zeedle-zee-e-e-e, zee-zeedle-zee-e-e-e.” A truly
remarkable performance!

_ To see several Grasshopper Sparrows in the
same locality aroused interest among observers
here, so that we were all on the lookout for the
bird of the season. Throughout that summer
so many were reported that the species could be
considered locally common. They might be ex-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 89

pected in any large field. The same proved to
be the case during the seasons of 1923-24 and
"25. In 1925 the birds seemed so well established
that one of our evening strolls was out into the
field, near our home, to watch and listen to several
singing birds, which soon learned to make use
of branches I stuck up in the open field, as sing-
ing-perches. We even had the pleasure of showing
the bird in song to our friend, R. Owen Merriman
of Hamilton, as though by appointment. Yet,
common as they were, our repeated searches
failed to locate any nests although we had every
reason to believe the birds to be breeding.

Such experiences would naturally lead one to
believe that the Grasshopper had become a
regular summer resident in the vicinity of Toronto.
The level farm country which always provides
grassy meadows is in every way suited to its
tastes. Referring to other observers, I find such
notes regarding its occurrence here as: “A
regular, but not common summer visitor to south-
western Ontario, which has on two occasions been
taken as far east as Toronto.” Nash—in check
list of Birds of Ontario. Both J. H. Fleming and
W. E. Saunders make references to the above
specimens giving the dates as 1879 and 1890.
It would seem that I myself had collected the
third and fourth at Toronto. Common in Ohio,
as I found during the summer of 1912, “regular
but not common in south-western Ontario”,
irregular and spasmodic at Toronto, all these
seem to indicate a petering out of its occurrence
as we trace it east. In other words, at Toronto
we are on the very fringes of the range of the
species. Such seasons as it became common
were the “spilling-over” or “‘boom”’ years. These
were, as above described, 1922-23-24-25.

Gratified though we all were to find the bird
become tolerably. common during these years in
spite of our eager search the year 1926 has gone
down in ornithological annals as “‘the year the
Grasshopper Sparrow disappeared again.” It
remains to be seen what future seasons shall bring
us regarding this irregular visitor—STUART L.
THOMPSON. :

PoINT PELEE SHOULD HAVE A BIRD BANDING
STATION.—Bird banders in Canada should not
lose sight of the remarkable opportunity for their
work that is afforded by Point Pelee National
Park. Point Pelee, spring and fall, is a highway
of bird migration and when a bird banding station
is established there and operated on a fairly ex-
tensive scale some very valuable data will be
obtained. Here is a chance for another H. §S.
Osler, or for a Canadian Prentiss Baldwin. I am
sure that the co-operation of the Canadian Na-
tional Parks service could be expected because it

90. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vous Xiise

is in this Branch of the Interior Department that west was St. Ann’s Island which was private pro- -

all Canadian banding records are kept.—HOYES
LLOYD.

RECENT INTRODUCTION OF HUROPEAN GRAY
PARTRIDGE IN NEW BRUNSWICK.—In March,
1926, Mr. J. M. Robinson, of Rothesay, New
Brunswick, released fourteen European Gray
Partridges, Perdix perdix, near his premises.
The snow was very deep at the time and low
temperatures prevailed, and for some time after-
wards the birds returned to his outbuildings daily
for food. They were exceedingly shy and refused
to come close when the caretaker was present.
It was not Mr. Robinson’s original intention to

give these birds their liberty until favourable —

conditions prevailed in April, but they very soon
discovered a small opening in the wire enclosure
and made for the nearest thicket.

In an interview with Mr. Robinson in St. John
on January 25th, 1927, I was informed that
individuals of his flock were seen from time to
time during the breeding season and at least two
broods of young had been observed. He further
stated that he had not been able to find any trace
of them since about the middle of October and
was apprehensive lest they had fallen victims to
their natural enemies which appear to be present
in greater numbers than usual. These birds are
commonly known as “‘Hungarian Partridges’’ and
itis Mr. Robinson’s intention to liberate additional
pairs in the same region, during the spring of
1927.—R. W. TUFTS.

THE PRAIRIE CHICKEN IN WESTERN ONTARIO.
—In November, 1925, I had a conversation with
Mr. John Crawford, Ailsa Craig, who spent his
early life near Mitchells’ Bay on Lake St. Clair
and about 1855 was very well acquainted with
the Prairie Chicken, which he often saw lined up
on the fence, a dozen in a row. He was very
familiar with their call which he imitated for me.
On the 16th of February following, I was told by
Mrs. Garnier, widow of the late Dr. John Garnier,
whom I met at Lucknow where she is still living,
that the doctor used to bring home Quail and
Prairie Chicken from Mitchells’ Bay to eat, and
she liked the Chicken best of all the game birds
that the doctor hunted—a clear indication that
Prairie Chicken was no unusual event. The
Doctor’s house boat was located just at the
mouth of the Snye Ecarté which is the eastern-
most channel of the St. Clair river where it empties
into Lake St. Clair, and his land hunting was
doubtless done on the mainland and the edges
of the marsh because the nearby ground on the

perty and hunters were excluded.
I once heard the booming call of the Prairie
Chicken Tympanuchus americanus over toward the

‘main land while paddling a canoe in the Snye in

the early eighties——W. E. SAUNDERS.

THE KING EIDER AT LITTLE LAKE, BARRIE,
ONTARIO.—On November 1, 1926, H. B. Haugh
collected a female King Eider (Somateria specta-
bilis) at Little Lake, the specimen being sent to
the Museum in the flesh. This locality is suffi-
ciently inland to be of interest and suggests that
some individuals of this species move south
through the interior—L. L. SNyDER, Royal
Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto.

RECENT INTRODUCTION OF EUROPEAN GRAY
PARTRIDGE IN Nova ScotTiA.—There has been a
recent attempt to acclimatize the European Gray
Partridge, Perdix perdix, in the Province of
Nova Scotia and whether this acclimatization
experiment ultimately succeeds or not it seems
desirable to place the facts of the experiment on
record.

These birds, which are commonly known in this
country as ‘“Hungarian Partridges’”’ were imported
from Czecho-Slovakia by Colonel R. B. Willis of
Halifax. From reports furnished the writer by
Col. Willis it is noted that in all he liberated one
hundred and forty individual partridges, one
hundred of which were released between the 7th
and the 20th of April, 1926, in the vicinity of
Hlderbank, Halifax County, and the remainder
on the 24th April were liberated at Nappan
Experimental Station, which is in Cumberland
County.

Several flocks of young were reported from
time to time during the summer months by in-
terested persons living in the districts where the
birds were released.

It will be interesting to learn whether these
birds succeed in passing their first Canadian
winter or not.—R. W. TUFTS.

A CHICKADEE’S MEmory.—An interesting in-
cident occurring last summer proved that even
such a small bird as friend Chickadee may have
an almost human memory.

For many years these birds have been regularly
fed almost every winter at my home on the edge
of a small wood. MDuring the hard winter of
1924-25, these birds were unusually numerous
and very eager for food. In some way they
developed a liking for pumpkin seeds which were
preferred to all other kinds of food, not even suet
excepted.

iy et

April, 1927]

FO eee OP TTA PR AN MOP eR eee
j

a Pee Wee en aS

ee ee a Oe so a

:
:

None of the birds seemed to fear us, but on
account of the bitter weather, it was not possible
to become very intimate with them till the latter

- part of March, when four or five were taught to

take food from our hands. One little bird had a
habit of dropping directly into my hand from
the tree; others would approach by degrees after
several feints, brave the danger and snatch some-
thing.

Spring coming suddenly at the beginning of
April, sent our little pensioners off to the woods
to attend to family affairs. During the summer
they frequented the adjacent woods, answering
or coming up close when ealled to, and returning as
usual in the autumn to the feeding places on the
lawn and among the trees. Until Christmas-time
they were regularly fed, but since I was not at
home to experiment, no attempt was made to
coax them to come to hands for food.

From Christmas till the end of April the house
was closed; the Chickadees left for other feeding
grounds—not returning for food till July of this
last summer when two old and two young ones
began to come regularly for crumbs which were
always spread on their feeding table. The old
ones did not appear unusually tame, though they
would stay quite near when food was being scat-
tered.

On the 20th of August, going out with a few
slippery pumpkin seeds taken fresh and wet from
a pumpkin, I held my hand over the feeding
table. Without an instant’s hesitation the mother
Chickie dropped into my hand and perching on
my thumb tried to capture a seed. Four seeds
slipped from her little bill before she succeeded
in carrying away one. After this she came
promptly on every occasion when I offered her
any seeds of pumpkin or sun-flower. The young
ones and the other old one overcoming their
shyness began, about two days later, to feed
from my hand, though they did not learn to come
with the perfect confidence displayed by the
mother.

Up to the 20th of August last summer was a
year and five months since I had offered a Chick-
adee food in my hand. I have then, either to
conclude that the Chickadee remembered me or
that she was willing to risk her life for a pumpkin
seed. I prefer to believe that she remembered.—
Mina P. CoLe, Camrose, Alta.

THE HoRNED LARKS.—This group of birds
puzzles everybody. Seldom can one separate the
varieties, by colour only, in the field, though there
are occasions when one may see the impressive
size of the large varieties, coupled with the clay-
coloured suffusion behind the head which marks
Hoyts, or the intense yellow suffusion charac-

~

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 91

teristic of the original species, Alpestris, but, as a
rule, even with specimens in hand, one is driven
to the manuals and the museums, and even after
all that, or when the specimens have been deter-
mined by an expert, there will remain some so
baffling, that one could not explain why they
should be assigned to one variety in preference
to another.

This preamble may stand as a sort of an excuse
for the long delay in recording a new bird for
Point Pelee in the person of a female Hoyts Lark,
collected by the late J. S. Wallace on December
21, 1912, and which has just been determined by
Dr. H. C. Oberholser, who is the court of last
resort on the genus Otocoris.

The first Hoyts Larks for the Western Ontario
peninsula were taken in December 9, 1899, by
Mr. J. E. Keays, about four miles west of London.
Mr. Keays got the only pair he saw that day, and
since then many a hunt has been made in De-
cember for Northern Larks, but, though these
birds go through Ontario both spring and fall
(and there can be no shadow of doubt about this
fact) they are always spasmodic and rare. Having
succeeded in getting Hoyts, which breeds on the
west side of Hudson Bay, the next effort was to
get the large eastern form ‘‘Alpestris’” and on
writing to my friend, the late John Burk of
Blenheim, he went to the lake shore and sent us
some larks which were true Alpestris. One of
these, number 1362, is at the Victoria Museum,
Ottawa, and I have 1361 and 1633, all of them
taken in January 12, 1900, a month later than the
Hoyts Larks by Mr. Keays at London. All
these are males, rather easier to distinguish
than the females.

There the local records of these large larks
rested, though October, 1925, I obtained speci-
mens of both varieties at Rossport and Crater,
north and east of Lake Superior; but on November
11, 1926, that indefatigable collector, Mr. A. A.
Wood, Coldstream, went out in a violent snow-
storm and was abundantly rewarded by taking
his first large larks on November 23. Mr. Roger
T. Hedley, Ilderton, Ontario, got four larks in
one shot, two of which are Hoyts and two are
Alpestris, both of which latter not only have the
yellow line above the eye, a yellow throat and
suffusion of the same colour farther down on the
sides of the neck, but they actually show a yellow
tinge below the black crescent on the head.

Both of these locations are in Middlesex county
within twenty miles of London, and these dates
prove conclusively that the time to find the largest
larks is in the last six or eight weeks of the year,
and probably the best place is along the edges of
the great lakes.

It remains to mention the experiences of my

92: THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

brother, Dr. F. A. Saunders, who collected on
the Experimental Farm in 1890 and 1891 when,
on September 27, he took a pair, male and female,
of Alpestris and thereafter found them daily,
and collected more than a dozen, until the 15th
of November; in the following spring they were
again present in flocks and he took a male and
female on May 16. :

Circumstances prevented him from repeating
these records in later years, and the Ottawa men
declare the birds do not now visit the region.

It will be noted that while everyone has failed
to find Alpestris in the south-western end of
Ontario, except during the winter months, they
reached Ottawa as early as September 27th in
1890, and were at Lake Superior on October 4th,
1925 .All the Northern Country produces large
larks every year, and all these larks migrate south
in the Autumn, returning north in the Spring, and
while they, like the Olive-sided Flycatcher,
doubtless pass over most of the territory without
stopping, yet it is likely that there are favoured
locations where they spend some little time.
lf the thirty birds which I saw on October 4 at
Lake Superior were due to appear in Middlesex
in December, they must have put in the inter-
vening time somewhere. On October 22, 1924, I
saw fifteen larks at the south-east corner of Lake
Huron in a location specially suited to their needs
and perhaps they were large northern varieties
Some day we shall know where these birds spend
November in Ontario.— W. E. SAUNDERS.

WHISTLING SWANS AT HAMILTON, ONTARIO.—
On March 11, 1927, the writer, with Mrs. J. G.
Farmer, Miss Ida Merriman and William Paterson,
had the good fortune to see a flock of about thirty
Whistling Swans (Olor columbianus) on Hamilton
Harbour. When first seen, eighteen were counted,
standing on the edge of the ice about a quarter
of a mile away from the observers, across open
water. These rose and flew about in slow spirals,
and were joined by another group of about the
same number, one or two birds calling while in
flight. The whole flock resettled on the ice at a

greater distance from the observers, who watched ,
them walk about on the ice, and finally fly out;

[VOL. XLI

of sight, in an irregular line which did not rise
far above the ice. Whistling Swans are now
reported here once or twice each spring, usually
towards the end of March; but this was the ~
first time any of this party had been fortunate

enough to see them here.—R. OWEN MERRIMAN.

GREATER REDPOLL (Acanthis linaria rostrata)
AT STRATHROY, ONTARIO.—During the erratic
visits of redpolls to this locality, much time has
been spent with them in the hope of finding
species other than linaria, yet in my field trips -
on various dates and in different localities all
specimens secured and studied were the common
one. The patience of ornithologists, however, is
usually rewarded eventually. Throughout the
winter of 1295-26 many fruitless early morning
excursions were made with winter visitors in mind;
on March 5, 1926, a flock of about forty redpolls
was found feeding in an alfalfa field two miles
east of the Town of Strathroy, Ontario. Some
of the birds appeared larger than others so a few
were collected, proving to be the Greater Redpoll
(Acanthis linaria rostrata). Another one of this
species was taken March 16 near the same locality;
it was in common with two Common Redpolls
(A. I. linaria), feeding on lLamb’s-quarters’
(Chenopodium album) seeds.

The five specimens of rostrata secured were
males, none having the rosy suffusion of the
breast. The general colouration was very simi-
lar to linaria, but the upper breast, sides of neck
and flanks were washed with light brown. These
birds were at once separated from the Common
Redpoll by their much larger size; the measure-
ments ran:

Catalogue Leth. Wing Tail Tar-
No. panse sus

DADO: ey crane oa 242 152 79 65 18
PLUSY (AG Naat ere ats at? 242 149 81 63 ils)
ALOS iS ee ee 238 149 77 61 19
DEO O Mi eeeri see 235 147 76 59 19
DAS Bes Aenea. 242 150 81 66 18

These skins, through the kindness of W. E.
Saunders, London, were sent to Washington

@D.C., and determined by H. C. Oberholser.—
IA, A. Woop.

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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF
i MANITOBA |
“1925-26

resident: NORMAN CRIDDLE; Past President: J. J-
HN; President: Cuas. W. LOWE; Vice-Presidents: DR.
- SPHECHLY, Dr. A. M. Davipson, A. G. LAWRENCE,
WAiLis, B. W. CARTWRIGHT, L. E. MCCALL; General
retary: A. A. McCouBrREy, Room 307, C.P.R. Depot,
e K. 1496; Treasurer: J. J. Mott, P.O. Box 1562; Hvze-
ESecretary: R. M. THOMAS. ORNITHOLOGICAL
'TION—Chairman: C. L. Broury; Secretary: A. B.
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r; Secretary: Miss GRACE CAMERON, B.A. ENTOMO-
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airman: FRANK M. OLIVER; Secretary: H. CHas. PEARCE.

THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION
BS SOCIETY |
(Incorporated)

n. President: W. E. SAUNDERS, London, Ont.; President:
.. O. MERRIMAN, Hamilton, Ont.; 1st Vice-President: MR.
D. Coox, Hamilton; 2nd Vice-President: Mr. H. C. NUNN,
milton; Secretary and Treasurer: Miss Ruspy R. MILLs,
Robinson St., Hamilton; Directors: Dr. H. C. ARNOTT,
C. D. Cook, M. JoHnstons, Mrs. F. E. MacLoGuHiin, REV.

McQugEsTION, F. C. MiLLs and H. C. NunNN.

TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH
_ COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C.

_ The officers for the above Society for the year ending
farch 31st, 1925, are ‘as follows:— _ 2
resident: ReEv. R. CONNELL, M.A.; 1st Vice-President:
W. N. KBLLy; 2nd Vice-President: Mrs. HUGH MACKENZIE;
don. Secretary: HAROLD T. NATION; Hon. Treasurer: Muss
. THORNTON; Committee: G. A. HARDY, C. C, PEMBERTON,
A CORNWALL, F.G.S., A. R. SHERWOOD, H: Boyca; Audi-
: Miss Mockripes#, M.Sc., WILLIAM DOWNES.

BERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

. President: Mr. J. J. GAnTZ, Red Deer, Alta.: Hon. Vice
sident: Dr. Hy. GrorGE, Victoria, B.C.; President:
. C. H. SNELL, Red Deer, Alta.; 1st Vice-President: Mrs.
A. CassELs, Red Deer, Alta.; 2nd Vice-President: Mr. S.
PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.; Directors: Mrs. G .F. Root, Wetae
_ skiwin, Alta.; Mrs. J. MCMILLAN, Red Deer, Alta.; Miss E.
IrnvInG, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. F. L. FARLEY, Camrose,
ta.; Mr. W. A. CASsELs, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. B. LAWTON,
Edmonton, Alta.; Mr. K. BowMAN, Edmonton, Alta.; PRoF.
_ W. Rowan, Univ. of Alta., Edmonton, Alta.; Mr. W. F.
ARRIS, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. T. E. RANDALL, Castor, Alta.s
rR. A. C. BretHour, Calgary, Alta.; Hon. Sec.-Treas.:
Rs. S. PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.
The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the
st Friday of each month except during July and August and
perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer
on the last Friday in November.

cILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB,
LONDON, ONT.

esideni: J. C. Hiccins, 3824 Wolfe Street: Recording
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) Secretary and Treasurer: BE. M.S. DALE, 297 Hyman St.;
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entral Ave.; C. G. WATSON, 201 Ridout St. South; J. R.
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VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

_ Hon. President: L. S. Kuinck, L.L.D., Pres. University of B. C.;
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President: Faep Parry; Hon. Secretary: C.F. CONNOR, M.A.,
_ $8529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; How. Treasurer: A. H.
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PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE
’ PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Hon. President: I. GamMMEL; Hon. Vice-President: L. M.
TERRILL; President: NAPIER SMITH; Vice-Presidenis: E.
ARNOLD, C. F. DALE, L. M. SPRACKMAN; Vice-President and
Curator: Miss E. G. Luke; Recording Secretary: Miss H.
STONE; Corresponding Secretary: W. S. Hart; Treasurer:
HmnRY Mousey. Hxecutive Committee: Miss E. BENNETT,
G. R. BoutTsr, Mrs. C. F. DALE, H. A. C. Jackson, A. Mac-
SWEBEN, G. S. Moonry, Miss EDITH Morrow, Miss LOuIsE
Murpuy, A, P. Murray, W. A. OSWALD, Miss M. S. Nicor-
SON, Mrs. W. W. WALKER, Miss H. WALTER, DR. ARTHUR
WILLEY. Members qualified to answer questions: L. Mct.
TERRILL, 44 Stanley Ave., St. Lambert, P.Q.; NAPIER SMITH,
Bank of Montreal, Verdun, Que., E. ARNOLD, 64 Durocher St.,
Montreal; W. A. OSWALD, 301 Wilson Ave., N.D.G., Montreal:
C. N. ROBERTSON, c-o Ross Realty Co., Room 805, Lewis
Bldg., St. John St., Montreal, Que.; Dr. ARTHUR WILLEY,
McGill University, Montreal; HENry Mousey, 469 Harvard
Ave., N.D.G., Montreal, P.Q.; Miss EDITH MORROW AND
Miss Emity LUKR, c-o Secretary.

SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE
NATURELLE DU CANADA
Bureau de direction pour 1923

Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence le général, le tres honorable
Lord Byng de Vimy, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., M.V.O., Gouverneur-
Général de la Puissance du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire:
Honorable M. Narcisee Perodeau, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de
la Province de Québec; BUREAU DE DIRECTION POUR 1926:
Président: Docteur A. Dery; ler Vice-présideni: Geo. M.
Mitchell; 2éme vice-président: Docteur S. Gaudreau; Secré-
taire-irésorier: Louis-B. Lavoie; Chef de la section scientifique:
A. R. M. Boulton; Chef de la section de propagande éducation-
nelle: G. C. Piche; Chef de la section de protection: Emile

Altherr; Chef dela section d’information scientifique et pratique:

Docteur J.-H. Bernier; Direciteurs: G. S. Ahern, Capt. Jos.
Matte, Adrien Falardeau.

_THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO-
GISTS’ UNION
Officers for 1923 —

Hon. President: HON. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria;
President: FRANCIS KERMODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria;
Vice-President: T. L. THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurer:
J. W. WINSON, Huntingdon; Direciors: J. A. MUNRO, Okana-
gan Landing; Dr. KELso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDENING,
Agassiz; K. Racry, Vancouver; T. Pmarsr, Courtenay
W.N. KBLLy, Vietoria.

THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS?’
eee CLUB

‘Hon. President: Dr. A. P. COLEMAN; President: Pror. E. M.

WALKER; Vice-Presidents: Dr. N. A. POWELL, RUSSELL G.
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GREGORY, 183 Lowther Ave., Toronto, Ont.; Treasurer: F. H.
BRIGDEN; Hon. Librarian: C. W. Nasu; Librarian: Dr.
L. B. Jacxes. BIRD GROUP: Chairman: Stuart L.
THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIE. FLOWER GROUP:
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PH.D. INSECT GROUP: Chairman: Pror. E. M. WALKER;
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McKINLEY; Secretary: J. A. PARTRIDGE. GHOLOGICAL

GROUP: Chairman: PRor. ALEX. MACLEAN.

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THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB

Patrons: |
THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND VISCOUNTESS WILLINGDON

| President: NORMAN CRIDDLE ae eam
1st Vice-President: E. M. KINDLE 2nd Vice-President: CiyDE L. PATCH

Secretary: Hon. Treasurer:
J. F. WRIGHT, B. A. FAUVEL,
Victoria Memorial Museum 321 McLeod St. oa
Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa, Ont.

Additional Members of Council: W.T. MaAcoun; Miss M. E. Cowan; C. M. STERNBERG; H.
P. A. TAVERNER: W. J. WINTEMBERG: R. E. DELURY; ARTHUR GIBSON; M. O.
j H. Grou; Miss F. Fytes; C. B. HutcuHincs; Cuiype L. Patcu; H. M. Amt; D. JENNESS;
H. F. Lewis; HoyEs LLOYD; FRITS JOHANSEN; ANDREW HALKETT; GC. EB. JOHNSON; EH. E. PRINCE;
G.R. WHITE; E.G. WHITE; G. A. MacDonatp; A. G. KINGSTON; G. A. MILLER; MARK G.
McELHINNEY; CHAS. W. LOWE; R. O. MERRIMAN: R. CONNEEE: roueian SNELL; J. C. HIGGINS;
JOHN DAVIDSON; NAPIER SMITH; A. DERY; FRANCIS KERMODE; E. M. WALKER.

Editor:

G. A. MILLER,
Normal School, Ottawa.

Associate Editors:

JENNESS...... RNR Re Anthropology HUNTSMAN............ MM arine Biology

D. A.G.

35) Ba @ gi 01h) OE eae a gery -Botany P. A. TAVERNER...... ie ae Ornithology

KER TLATCHVORD. ace on ne ee Conchology Bie Ve IGINDER cae 2 oe eee . Palaeontology —

he ATCOCK ho a ha ne cota Geology | R. M. ANDERSON ............. -Mammalogy. —

ARTHUR GIBSON........-....0- Entomology CLYDE L. Patcn.,......... ae - Herpetology 4
CONTENTS. ; | oe

Golden-crowned Kinglet—American Redstart. By W.J. Brown..................... Sees
Official Canadian Record of Bird Banding Returns..... Ne hee Beh ol AT ee ai) Sao Ne ae
Publications Received iss .3.c sec Geka oe aA ayo a RES oe RSL RR ean rt x
Details Gs the Release of the Hungarian Partridge ee perdix) i in Deas Alberta. ‘By William
CO Ws c UA deere Meda re e NUD ecu oe CM re les re UU TO AMR VE ORC UMN EMM Ne Ee ;
Luxury-symbiosis. By Henry Mousleyss. (00... 2 ee oe ee ee OE
Observations on the Doublecredtiea. Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Gans) on “Lake Manitoba. ‘
By Soc Wranro ees Fey ey SSI SRDS A ce Ll eee A eg Hehe.
Concerning August Bird Life in ‘the Gluacen Valley, British Columbia, 1926. By J.A.Munro.. 108
Notes and Observations:—

Two Locked Mule Deer Separated. By A. G. Smith................... Sos GER Na bee ereea bala
Identification of Flies Found Infesting Bluebirds. By Hoyes Lloyd................. eae aL
Viper Swallowing Young. By J. SHU eG Mai Vo arial MOR meee kits cl oe Sean ee Seep la iba
Introduction of Hungarian Partridge in Nova Scotia. By R. B. Willis................... 112

Canadian School of Prehistory in France. By H. M. Ami... >. ..........0........02 10.2. 112
The Fluctuation in the Abundance of Rabbits. By J. B. Harkin........................ ALLS
General Directions for Sending Pathological Specimens to Biological Laboratories........ einai UD is) ©
A’ Correction oi). Ses eens Ug SISA pce Sao eae fe a Ca 114
Comsan a Anna E. MacLoghlin’s “Song of the Peewee”’ which Appeared 1 in the eee

Iss dl
Note on Value ae Bird Banding Returns.. By Harrison WMewisis . 5.5) caus re ee oe ene 1143
Book Review—Our Mobile Earth. By FW. J. Alcock... 22.2... 2.022.202). COE Ta erearcgs 1159
Subscribers to the Canadian Field-Naturalist ................ MAS iis YAO lack SSN ee Ue 116 9

The official publications of THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB have been issued
# since 1879. The first was The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, 1879-1886,
Bl two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes: and these

have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-N: aturalist
is issued monthly, except for the months of June, July, and August. Itsscopeis the publication
f the results of original research in all departments of Natural History.

S VOL. XLI

OTTAWA, ONTARIO, MAY, 1927

i _ The Canadian Field-Naturalist

No. 5

URVEYING, at dusk ,a lonely and remote
part of a bog, I determined to investi-
gate the incessant whisperings of a family

of Golden-crowned Kinglets on the top
branches of a luxuriant spruce. I paused long

enough to gather that the old birds had not only
pested, but had cast their offspring loose and
were keeping in touch with them perchance they
might wander too far afield from the homesite.
The nest was now a flat and mis-shapen mass of
moss and feathers and was hanging eight feet
from the ground, near the end of a bough of the
evergreen. I thought that this brood of at least
eight young Kinglets when perched and waiting
for food on that very limited sphere of action,
would have made an imposing effect. As the
dusk deepened there were intervals of silence and
eventually not a sound came from the tree tops.
The knowledge was gradually stealing over me

GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET—AMERICAN REDSTART
By W. J. BROWN

that miles of rough country lay ahead before
reaching the farm and that I had to leave the Gulf
of St. Lawrence that night for home. — Passing
hurriedly through mixed growth, I discovered an
American Redstart sitting on a nest containing
four incubated eggs. While in the same neigh-
bourhood next season curiosity led me to the old
nest and I noted that the young had been suc-
cessfully launched and that the Redstarts were
well established on a new venture—a beautiful
nest, six feet up in a sapling, with three fresh
eggs—and only ten feet away from the nest tree
of the previous year. Knowing that the female
would not start to incubate until a fourth egg had
been laid, I took a photograph of the nest and then
departed for a distant swamp. The Redstart is
rare enough in these coniferous woods and bogs
to make them more interesting than they are
near my home.

Nest of American Redstart

94 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

(VoL. XL

OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD OF BIRD-BANIDNG RETURNS*

Published by Authority of the Canadian National Parks Branch, Department of the Interior,
Canada

In the following returns upon banded birds it will be noted
that some returns may be thought to indicate, from the date
of capture, violations of The Migratory Bird Act of Canada or
the United States. The great majority of returns, which seem
to indicate violations, are from birds accidentally caught in
traps set for fur-bearing mammals, from birds caught in fish
nets, killed by oil, or from birds found dead from unknown
causes. Appropriate action has been taken in connection
with the few returns which indicate illegal shooting.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1912

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No.
A.B.B.A. 5828, juvenile, banded by H. H. Cleaves,
at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 26, 1912,
was caught at Grosses Coques, Nova Scotia, on
October 30, 1915.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1913

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 18,672, juvenile, banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 15,
1918, was found dead at a place near Kennebunk-
port, Maine, about June 20, 1914.

HOUSE SPARROW, No. A.B.B.A. 6196,
adult, banded by E. C. Allen, at Yarmouth,
Nova Scotia, on June 15, 1913, was caught at
Digby, Nova Scotia, on December 7, 1913.

_ ROBIN, No. A.B.B.A. 214, juvenile, banded
by E. C. Allen, at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, on
June 24, 1918, was found wounded at Keswick,
Virginia, on February 20, 1917.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1914

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,561, juvenile, banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was shot at Deep Cove Island, Nova
Scotia, on January 5, 1915.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,565, juvenile, banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was shot at Cape Negro, Nova Scotia, on
December 1, 1914.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,566, juvenile, banded by Harrison F
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was shot at Shag Harbour, Nova Scotia, on
September 18, 1914.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,575, juvenile, banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was shot at Baccaro, Nova Scotia, about
September 15, 1914.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,577, juvenile, banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was picked up at Port Maitland, Nova
Scotia, on September 3, 1914.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,585, juvenile, banded by Harrison F
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was killed at Seal Island, Nova Scotia, on
October 12, 1914.

a

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,586, juvenile, banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was caught on a hook at Neil’s Harbor,
Nova Scotia, on January 1, 1916.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,589, juvenile, banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was caught by a wing in the ice, at Well-
fleet, Massachusetts, on February 1, 1916.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,602, juvenile, banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was shot at Sambro, Nova Scotia, on Sep-
tember 25, 1914.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. A.B.
B.A. 25,617, juvenile, banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, at Lake George, Nova Scotia, on July 6,
1914, was found dead at Seal Island, New Bruns-
wick, on November 15, 1914.

OSPREY, No. A.B.B.A. 26,571, juvenile,
banded by H. H. Cleaves, at Gardiner’s Island,
New York, on June 18, 1914, was killed in St.
Hugues Parish, Quebec, on August 18, 1914.

ROBIN, No. A.B.B.A. 19,421, juvenile, banded
by B. L. Hopkins, at Barrington, Nova Scotia,
on May 28, 1914, was caught by a cat at Atwood’s
Brook, Nova Scotia, on June 1, 1915.

ROBIN, No. A.B.B.A. 20,7438, juvenile, banded
by Francis Harper, at Chipewyan, Alberta, on
June 23, 1914, was shot at a place near Green-
wood, Louisiana, on January 24, 1916.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1915

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, No.
A.B.B.A. 25,141, juvenile, banded by J. C.
Phillips, at Wenham, Massachusetts, on June 3,
1915, was found dying at a place near Manson-
ville, Quebec, about October 15, 1915.

FLICKER, No. A.B.B.A. 19,536, female,
banded by E. C. Allen, at Yarmouth, Nova
Scotia, on May 29, 1915, was*shot at Aulander,
North Carolina, about January 29, 1917.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. A.B.B.A. 34,597,
juvenile, banded by W. A. Henry, at Zenith,
Alberta, on June 20, 1915, was shot at a place
near Osceola, Missouri, on November 8, 1915.

CHICKADEH, No. A.B.B.A. 28,699, juvenile,
banded by J. N. Gowanlock, at Winnipeg, Mani-
toba, on June 3, 1915, was caught in the same
city, on October 10, 1915.

ROBIN, No. A.B.B.A. 218, juvenile, banded
by E. C. Allen, at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, on
May 30, 1915, was found dead in the same locality
on July 5, 1915. -

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1916

LESSER SCAUP DUCK, No. A.B.B.A.
35,823, male, banded by E. A. Mellhenny, at
Avery Island, Louisiana, on February 4, 1916,
was shot at a place near Fort Smith, Northwest
Territories, on May 26, 1919.

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RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1917

MALLARD, No. A.B.B.A. 25,912, adult,
banded by J. C. Phillips, at Wenham, Massa-
chusetts, on May 25, 1917, was shot at Lake
Scugog, Ontario, on October 29, 1917.

MALLARD, No. A.B.B.A. 25,915, adult,
banded by J. C. Phillips, at Wenham, Massa-
chusetts, on May 25, 1917, was shot at Richdale,
Alberta, on October 13, 1919.

PINTAIL, No. A.B.B.A. 36,156, adult, banded
by E. A. Mcllhenny, at Avery Island, Louisiana,
on February 12, 1917, was shot at Moose Lake,
Manitoba, on May 21, 1918.

PINTAIL, No. A.B.B.A. 36,226, female,

banded by KE. A. Mellhenny, at Avery Island,
Louisiana, on February 12, 1917, was shot at a
place near Albany, Ontario, during the month of
October, 1918.

PINTAIL, No. A.B.B.A. 36,229, female,
banded by E. A. Mellhenny, at Avery. Island,
Louisiana, on February 12, 1917, was shot at
Hay Lakes, Alberta, about October 15, 1918.*

PINTAIL, No. A.B.B.A. 36,269, female,
banded by E. A. Mellhenny, at Avery Island,
Lousiana, on February 12, 1917, was shot at a
place four and one-half miles north-east of Hum-
boldt, Saskatchewan, on September 15, 1919.*

SCAUP DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,831, female,
banded by A. A. Allen, at South Danby, New
York, on April 17, 1917, was shot at a place near
Kingston, Ontario, on November 17, 1917.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1918

MALLARD, No. A.B.B.A. 36,837, female,
banded by A. A. Allen, at Ithaca, New York, on
March 18, 1918, was shot at Quill lake, Saskat-
chewan, on September 6, 1920.*
MALLARD, No. A.B.B.A. 36,855, male,
banded by A. A. Allen, at Ithaca, New York, on
March 18, 1918, was shot at Last Mountain Lake,
Saskatchewan, on October 25, 1918.

MALLARD, No. A.B.B.A. 36,858, female,
banded by A. A. Allen, at Ithaca, New York, on
March 18, 1918, was killed at Ferguson Flats,
Alberta, on September 25, 1920.* '

MALLARD, No. A.B.B.A. 36,910, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 8, 1918, was shot at McClellanville,
South Carolina, on January 1, 1919.

BLACK®'DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,903, im-
mature, banded by H. S Osler, at Lake Scugog,
Ontario, on August 31, 1918, was caught in a
muskrat trap at Curve Lake, Ontario, on March
31, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,986, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 10, 1918, was shot at Townsend,
Virginia, on December 22, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,911, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 30, 1918, was shot at a place near
the mouth of the Ohio River, Kentucky, on
November 14, 1918.

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,920, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Oc-
tober 15, 1918, was caught in a beaver snare at
Ellis Bay, Quebec, on April 26, 1920.*

*U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin, No. 1268,
October 16, 1924.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

95

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36, 922, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on October 15, 1918, was probably shot at Anti-
eet Island, Quebec, during the spring (?) of

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,925, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on October 16, 1918, was shot at Creswell, North
Carolina, during the month of January, 1920.

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,932, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on October 25, 1918, was caught in a muskrat
trap at a place near Marine City, Michigan, on
December 15, 1918.

-BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,936, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on October 25, 1918, was shot at a place near
Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 12, 1918.

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,939, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on November 1, 1918, was shot at Glencoe, Loui-
siana, on November 27, 1918.

PINTAIL, No. A.B.B.A. 35,786, female, banded
by A. A. Allen, at Ithaca, New York, on March
18, 1918, was shot near the Hudson’s Bay Post,
Eastmain River, Quebec, some time during the
year in which it was banded.

PINTAIL, No. A.B.B.A. 35,787, adult, banded
by A. A. Allen, at Ithaca, New York, on March
18, 1918, was shot at a place near Albany, On-
tario, during the month of October, 1918.

PINTAIL, No. A.B.B.A. 35,793, female, trapp-
ed by E. A. Mellhenny, at Avery Island, Louisi-
ana, during the month of February, 1918, shipped
to Ithaca, New York, and banded by A. A. Allen,
on March 18, 1918, was shot at Camrose, Alberta,
on September 22, 1920.*

PINTAIL, No. A.B.B.A. 36,164, female,
banded by E. A. Mellhenny, at Avery Island,
Louisiana, on April 9, 1918, was shot at a place
near Hodgeville, Saskatchewan, on October 31,
1918.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1919

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,968, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 5, 1919, was shot at Beaufort,
South Carolina, on January 2, 1920.

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,968, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 8, 1919, was shot at Ryan, Okla-
homa, on March 13, 1920.

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,974, adult,
banded by?H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 9, 1919, was shot at Peterborough,
Ontario, on September 15, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, ‘No. A.B.B.A. 36,975, adult,
banded by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 9, 1919, was shot at a place near
Portsmouth, Ohio, on November 11, 1919.

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,976, adult,
banded by H. S£Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 9, 1919, was shot at Caesarea,
Ontario, about October 1, 1919.

Gi *U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin, No. 1268,
October 16, 1924.

96 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,979, adult,
banded by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 10, 1919, was shot at a place twenty
me ‘north of Toledo, Ohio, on November 5,

919.

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,994, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 12, 1919, was shot at a place near
Bath, Illinois, on December 12, 1919.

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 36,995, adult,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on September 12, 1919, was shot at a place near
Port Rowan, Ontario, on October 16, 1919.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1920

RING-BILLED GULL, No. 5553, juvenile,
banded by Francis Harper and J. A. Loring, at a
place six miles north-west of Chipewyan, Lake
Athabaska, Alberta, on June 28, 1920, was killed
at Grouard, Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta, on Oc-
tober 2, 1920.*

MALLARD, No. 4616, banded by H. S. Osler,
at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27, 1920,
was killed in Quitman County, Mississippi, on
December 4, 1920.*

MALLARD, No. 4640, male, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 30,
1920, was killed at Wrightville Beach, North
Carolina, on November 27, 1920.*

MALLARD, No. 4697, banded by H. S. Osler,
at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 23, 1920,
was shot at Caesarea, Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
November 7, 1920.*

MALLARD, No. 4698, banded by H. S. Osler,
at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 23, 1920,
was killed at Caesarea, Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
November 18, 1920.*

MALLARD, No. 5101, banded by H. S. Osler,
at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 6, 1920,
was killed at Long Point Bay, Lake Erie, Ontario,
on December 6, 1920.*

MALLARD, No. 51038, banded by H. S. Osler,
at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 6, 1920,
we eet at St. Andrews, Florida, on January 15,

MALLARD, No. 5104, banded by H. S. Osler,
at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 6, 1920,
was killed at Port Rowan, Long Point Bay, On-
tario, on November 15, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4508, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 3,
1920, was killed at a place near Saxis, Virginia, on
January 2, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4505, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 3.
1920, was killed at a place two miles south of
Hudson, South Dakota, on October 21, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4506, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 3,
1920, was killed in the same locality, on the day
it was banded.* :

BLACK DUCK, No. 4508, banded by H. S.

Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 4,
1920, was killed at Peterboro, Ontario, on Novem-
ber 8, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4518, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontraio, on September 9,

*U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin, No. 1268,
October 16, 1924.

[VoL. XLI

1920, was killed at Port Clinton, Ohio, on Novem-
ber 16, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4519, banded by H. S..
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 9,
1920, was killed at Normandale, Ontario, on
November 16, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4524, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 14,
1920, was killed at Gueydon, Louisiana, on De-
cember 7, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4525, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 14,
mes was shot at Hay Bay, Ontario, on November
2 0.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4526, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 14,
1920, was killed at Sandbanks, Ontario (?), about
October 25, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4542, banded by H. 8S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 15,
1920, was caught in a muskrat trap at Lake
Temiscaming, Quebec, on April 20, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4548, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 15,
1920, was killed at Jamestown, Virginia, on
January 1, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4549, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 15,
1920, was killed at Owensboro, Kentucky, on
December 28, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4564, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 17,
1920, was killed in the same locality, during the
fall of 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4568, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 17,
1920, was killed at Bull’s Island, South Carolina,
on January 29, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4570, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 17,
1920, was killed at Georgetown, South Carolina,
on January 138, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4664, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 18,
1920, was killed at Rock Hall, Maryland, on
November 7, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4668, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 18,
1920, was killed at Lake St. Clair Flats, Ontario,
on November 12, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4670, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 18,
1920, was shot at Rice Lake, Ontario, on Novem-
ber 15, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4674, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 18,

1920, was killed at a place fifteen miles north of —

Peterborough, Ontario, on October 30, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4573, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1920, was killed at Long Point, Lake Erie, On-
tario, on November 9, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4581, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1920, was killed at Melton, Indiana, on November
19, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4587, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,

*U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin, No. 1268,
October 16, 1924.

et ee

“May, 1927}

Sates tied ) al ak al atts ie clea

4
:
Fa

Lege killed at Orillia, Ontario, on October 1,

BLACK DUCK, No. 4592, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25,
1920, was killed at the mouth of the Econfina
River, Florida, on November 29, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4596, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25,
1920, was killed at Oakley, South Carolina, on
December 17, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4597, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25,
1920, was killed at Palestine, Texas, on November
26, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4598, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25,
1920, was killed at Meltonsville, Alabama, on
February 5, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4602, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25,
1920, was killed at Cape Fear River, North
Carolina, on October 18, -1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4610, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 26,
1920, was shot at Caesarea, Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on November 4, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4611, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 26,
1920, was killed at Summerville, Tennessee, on
November 23, 1920.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4612, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 26,
1920, was killed at Henderson, Kentucky, on- No-
vember 19, 1920.* :

BLACK DUCK, No. 4629, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27,
1920, was killed at Tybee Island, South Carolina,
on November 16, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4630, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27,
1920, was killed at Walpole Island, at the mouth
of ane St. Clair River, Ontario, on November 20,

BLACK DUCK, No. 4637, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 29,
1920, was found dead at Barnwell, South Carolina,
about February 21, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4645, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 30,
1920, was killed at Albany, Ontario, during the
month of May, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4646, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 30,
1920, was killed at Rock Hall, Maryland, on
November 28, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4650, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1,
1920, was killed at Havre de Grace, Maryland, on
November 11, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4656, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1,
1920, was killed in the same locality, on October
23, 1920.*

-BLACK DUCK, No. 4687, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 4,
1920,-was killed at San Souci Island, Georgian
Bay, Ontario, on November 1, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4688, female, banded by
H. 8. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October

*U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin, No. 1268
October 16, 1924,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 97

4% 1920, was tkilled Fat¥Seyppel, Arkansas, on
November 238, 1920.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4576, banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 24, 1920, was killed in Caroni Swamp, near
Port of Spain, Island of Trinidad, British West
Indies, on December 9 ,1920.*

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. 4700, male,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on October 29, 1920, was killed at Back Bay,
Virginia, on November 23, 1920.*

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,304,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on October 29, 1920, was killed in Georgetown
County, South Carolina, on January 5, 1921.*

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1921

HERRING GULL, No. 100,633, young, banded
by Ernest Joy, at Little Wood Island, Grand Manan,
New Brunswick, on August 18, 1921, was found
on the ice unable to walk or fly at Jamaica Bay,
New York, on January 4, 1922. It died five days

ater.
HERRING GULL, No. 100,646, young, band-
ed by Ernest Joy, at Little Wood Island, Grand
Manan, New Brunswick, on August 18, 1921, was
found wounded after a stormy night on the shore
at Maceo Bay, Charlotte County, New Bruns-
wick, on October 18, 1921.*

HERRING GULL, No. 100,698, young, band-
ed by Ernest Joy, at Little Wood Island, Grand
Manan, New Brunswick, on August 18, 1921, was
found wounded at San Antonio Bay, Texas, on
April 9, 1922. Its band was removed and the
bird was released.*

MALLARD, No. 5158, banded by H. S. Osler,
at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sepetmber 12, 1921,
was shot at a place two and one-half miles east of
Toledo, Ohio, on November 11, 1922.*:

MALLARD, No. 5159, male, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 12,
1921, was killed in Durham County, Ontario, on
October 4, 1921.*

MALLARD X BLACK DUCK, No. 5118,
banded by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,
on August 26, 1921, was killed at Niagara-on-the-
Lake, Ontario, on October 20, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 5162, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 12,
1921, was killed at Fenelon Falls, Ontario, on
November 7, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 5169, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 14,
1921, was killed at Hay Bay, Lake Ontario, On-
tario, on November 2, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 5181, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 15,
1921, was killed at Cookstown, Ontario, on No-
vember 9, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 5195, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 16,
1921, was shot at Long Point, Lake Erie, Ontario,
on November 6, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 5196, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 16,
1921, was killed at a place twenty miles north-
CE of Alexandria, Louisiana, on December 4,
1921.*

*U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin, No. 1268.
October 16, 1924.

98 THE CANADIAN: FIELD-NATURALIST

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 5186, banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 15, 1921, was shot in the same locality, on
September 24, 1921.*

BLUE- WINGED TEAL, No. 4708, banded by
H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, ‘Ontario, on September
16, 1921, was killed at Glen Elder, Kansas, on
October 11, 1922.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4709, banded by
H. 8. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep-
ember 16, 1921, was shot at a place seventy-five
miles south-east of Lake Scugog,* Ontario, on
September 26, 1921.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4718, banded by
H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 16, 1921, was killed in the same locality, on
October 6, 1921.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4715, banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 16, 1921, was shot at Seagrave, Ontario, on
October 12, 1921.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4721, banded by
H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 16, 1921, was killed at Pigeon Lake, Ontario,
on October 14, 1921.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4726, banded by
H. 8. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 16, 1921, was shot on the Scugog River, On-
tario, on September 26, 1921.*

BLUE-WINGED THAL, No. 4729, banded by
H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 16, 1921, was killed in the same locality, during
the fall in which it was banded.*

[VoL. XLI

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4782, banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 16, 1921, was killed at Hast Islip, Long Island,
New York, on November L2G ES

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4733, banded by
H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem- |
ber 16, 1921, was killed in the same locality,
during ‘the fall in which it was banded.* :

FLORIDA GALLINULE, No. 5122,° banded
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August
30, 1921, was ‘killed in the same locality, on Sep-
tember 4, NO Dans

PHOEBE, No. 11,626, juvenile, banded by
Philip F. Foran, at the Royal Ottawa Golf Club,
Aylmer Road, Quebec, on July 11, 1921, was
picked up dead near the place where it was
banded, on August 4, 1921.*

CEDAR WAXWING, No. 11,632, juvenile,
banded by Philip F. Foran, at Ottawa, Ontario,
on July 20, 1921, was found dead near the place
where it was banded, on July 20, 1921.*

*U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin, No. 1268,
October 16, 1924.

CORRECTION

Attention is called to the fact that on page 162, -
Vol. 40, Californian Partridge No. 279,703 is
given as Californian Partridge No. 289, 703: on
page 163, Mallard No. 305,337 is given as Mallard
No. 350, 337; and on page 164, Black Duck No.
323 584, killed on January 15, 1925, is given as
killed on January 15, 1924.- This bird was not
banded until October 24, 1924.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

A Short Guide to Canadian Genera of Seed Plants. By
John Adams, M.A. Bulletin No. 78, Dominion of Canada
Department of Agriculture.

Bulletin of the Northeastern Bird-banding Association,
Boston, Mass.

Year Book of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee.

A Preliminary Report on the Progress and Encouragement
of Science Instruction in American Colleges and Universities,
1912-1922. By N. M. Grier.

American Bee Journal, Hamilton, Illinois.

Bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.

University of Oklahoma Bulletin.

DETAILS OF THE RELEASE OF THE HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE (Perdix
perdix) IN CENTRAL ALBERTA

By WILLIAM ROWAN

¥N ACCORDANCE with your wish to have
| such things put on record in the columns of
The Canadian Field-Naturalist, I herewith
= beg to present, on behalf of the Northern
Alberta Game and Fish Protective League, details
of the releases of the Hungarian Partridge (Perdix
perdix) made in the central sections of Alberta.

A total of 230 birds (procured from the Bendic
Brothers’ Game Farm at eLduc, Alta.) was turned
down by the Leaguein 1923 in the following localities
and in the numbers (individuals) indicated:

10 Kleskun Ranch, near Grande Prairie;
20 North of Fort Saskatchewan;

20 Morinville;

20 St. Albert;

20 Hastings Lake;

20 Cooking Lake;

20 Ardrossan;

10 Clover Bar;

40 Namao and vicinity north of Edmonton;
30 Govt. Farm, Halfway House (Edmonton);
20 University Farm, Edmonton.

In addition to these, about 100 birds were liber-
ated in the Edmonton district by and under the
supervision of the Game Branch of the Alberta
Department of Agriculture in 1923 and 1924.

uae ies

ae a aig al i i ae

PURELY ae Raye
, |

Vie ee ee
‘

a3

7 ae OE Ps cee ene, IE Sg OP yer neue Se

~ May, 1927]

_ stories as anything but most exceptional.

These birds were specially trapped at Cayley (near
High River), Alta. About a dozen birds, obtained
from the same source, were privately turned down
at Cherhill, Alta., in 1925.

In a recent issue of The Canadian Field-Natur-
alist (Oct., 1926, p. 157) Mr. L. B. Potter, writing
from Eastend, Sask., makes the following remark:
“T am now beginning to realise that the partridge,
like the house sparrow and the starling, is an unde-
sirable alien, that we should be better without.”

In his Birds of Western Canada (Ottawa, 1926),
Mr. P. A. Taverner makes the following comment
(p. 161): “. . . there is one thing to be borne in
mind—that we cannot have foreign species except
at the expense of competing native ones. It is
notable that wherever this (Hungarian partridge)
or other introduced species have increased to any
extent, the resident grouse and prairie chicken have
decreased in a similar degree. Sportsmen and game
departments of the various provinces should face
this fact squarely and decide whether they prefer
foreign or native game; they cannot well have both
in the same area.”

Mr. T. E. Randall has expressed an exactly
opposite opinion in the pages of The Canadian Field-
Naturalist (Dec., 1926, p. 192); his views being
based on personal experience during the last seven
or eight years (at Castor, Alberta. There is no

- indication of locality in Mr. Randall’s note as his

address has been omitted).

May I be permitted briefly to add something to
this discussion. Mr. Potter points out that the
present decrease of the chicken in his district coin-
cides with the advent of the partridge and he relates
episodes, as witnessed by a friend, that picture the
partridge as an aggressive and successful foe of the
chicken. If there was no error on the part of the
observer and these incidents are actually authentic,
they must be of such rare occurrence as to be neg-
ligible in bringing about the reputed situation.
No one who has seen the two species living and
breeding in peace together in large numbers as in
central Alberta in recent years, can accept such
More-
over, the prairie chicken has so frequently been
observed in farmyards trouncing domestic fowl
and even roosters that to imagine its being con-
tinually bullied by the diminutive partridge requires
a fair stretch of the imagination.

Mr. Taverner puts his case much more forcibly
and with seeming conviction, but it would have
materially added to the weight of his views if he had
adduced the evidence on which they are based.
It is only in British Columbia and Alberta that the
partridge is at present really well established within
the Dominion, although it will doubtless not be
long before it is equally at home in Saskatchewan.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

99

The various introductions into British Columbia

were made under circumstances that want very
careful analysis before a verdict can be formulated,
but in some districts at least the case is simple, for
the partridge was turned down after, and because,
the native birds had already disappeared. The
introduced species can certainly not be blamed for
pre-existing mischief.

The original Alberta introductions were made in
the Calgary district in 1908 and 1909 when some
200 pairs were turned out in the localities to the ©
east, south-east and south of the city, none of which
is chicken country. It is in the main “baldheaded
prairie’, such chicken as occur being confined to
the coulies and occasional bluffs. Some 16 pairs
were liberated also at Alix in April, 1909, but,
according to Horsbrugh (Ibis, Oct., 1915, p. 681),
these had disappeared by 1911. The main centre
of distribution, therefore, did not present any
problems. The bird was released in a natural
vacuum. The few birds liberated at Alix (good

_ chicken country) apparently failed to establish

themselves. Had they been the aggressive birds
they are so frequently represented to be, the story
might conceivably have been otherwise. Inciden-
tally, these, as well as the Calgary contingent, were
all imported direct from Hungary through a well-
known American firm of importers.

When the Game League turned out its contribu-
tions in central Alberta, the Hungarian had already
come in to stay. The liberations were chiefly made
with the idea of importing fresh blood. The rapid
spread of the species from the Calgary district to
the north and east is now a matter of history. I
am informed by Mr. Benjamin Lawton, Game
Commissioner of the Province, that the bird has
recently been reported from Wabiskaw, some 90
miles north-east of Lesser Slave Lake. Its north-
ward spread has truly been spectacular.

If, as Mr. Taverner states, the Hungarian is a
foreigner competing with native races, could it have.
maintained that remarkable rate of progress if
competition had actually been involved? Even
were it the successful fighter that it is reputed to
be and invariably able to vanquish a foe that
weighs more than twice as much as itself, the ine /it-
able drag of such competition would seem, to me to
preclude all possibility of so speedy a northward
march. But supposing that such competition was
purely imaginary and that the species wer? filling
a natural gap not already preoccupied by grouse
or any other species, it could spread without obstacle
other than its own limited rate of reproduction and
the toll taken by predators, mammalian and avian.
The gunner is net yet a menace in this part of
Alberta for he is only just learning to hit them!

100

It seems to me that the first question to decide
is whether or not there actually is competition
between the two species, and if there is, what is its
nature? There are two possibilities. Rivalry for
either food or nesting sites would prove fatal to the
weaker race. As far as food is concerned, both
species become largely insectivorous during the
breeding season, but while the chicken shows a
marked preference for Orthoptera (grasshoppers.
ete.) the partridge prefers Hymenoptera (particu-
larly ants). But both exhibit considerable latitude
in this respect. At other times of the year the par-
tridge is mainly grainivorous, while the chicken is
largely herbivorous. Their tastes overlap, it is
true, but at no time of the year is their diet identical
and their staples are different at ail times. That
food is a matter of competition, except perhaps
incidentally, is extremely unlikely.

The only other serious possibility is competition
for nesting sites. Both are ground nesters. Sites
are therefore virtually unlimited and competition
in this respect is inconceivable. In fact we are
inevitably led to the conclusion that the two species
should be able to live amicably side by side rather
than the one at the expense of the other. Moreover,
this conclusion fits the facts, and were it not for a
peculiar circumstance, there would probably be little
doubt about it in the popular mind.

Ten years ago, when the partidge was pushing its
way north from Calgary, it reached the excellent
chicken country of south central Alberta just at a
time when a chicken cycle was reaching its mini-
mum. Shooting of chicken was prohibited through-
out the Province in 1917. The scarcity moreover
affected the entire west. The sporting wise-acres
of central Alberta readily put such obvious two and
two together and concluded that the partridge had
exterminated the grouse. Three years ago, together
with Mr. F. L. Farley, I enjoyed a trip through this
country by car. I never saw so many chicken in
cultivated country in my life. Indeed I have never
seen them as abundant anywhere outside of the
sparsely settled districts around Lac La Bisch.
The entire countryside seemed to be full of chicken
—and partridge. The Sharptail had not only come
back, but had in fact come back with the partridge
now firmly established and in full possession of the
ground.

Once again we are witnessing the anticlimax of a
chicken cycle and once again there is to be no open
season on grouse (other than ptarmigan) within the
Provincial boundaries. The wave of mortality has
swept south and east. There still remain a few
districts in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan
where chicken are fairly numerous as well as a few
isolated patches in the north. Saskatchewan is to-
day experiencing exactly the same thing as did

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

central Alberta ten years ago. The partridge is
coming in; the chicken is going. But its going
is periodic and has been repeated at intervals since
the white man first knew the prairies and probably
long before. There is not the least cause on this
occasion to blame it on the partridge. There is no
reasonable doubt that in another few years Saskat-
chewan will enjoy its foreign and native game side
by side as Alberta has done for the last few years—
not foreign game alone at the expense of the native.

Comparison of the grey partridge with the house
sparrow is manifestly impossible. The latter all
too frequently comes into very keen competition
with numerous native species for limited nesting
sites of a certain kind. Being the superior fighter
it comes out top to the detriment of the natives
But the evidence of competition between partridge
and chicken, if it exists at all, is so unsatisfactory as
to be worthless. And if there is no competition
then obviously the partridge cannot be living at
the expense of the chicken.

As a matter of fact, the advent of the partridge
may, in one important respect, be an undiluted
blessing to the Sharptail. As population, settle-
ments and motor cars increase year by year, the
chances of the chicken regaining its former numbers
after the bursting of a cycle become more remote
each decade. On account of the ease with which it
is killed it can hardly be expected to hold its own in
any thickly-settled locality. In time, when the
Hungarian has achieved the popularity it deserves,
it will without doubt receive a great share of the

shooters’ attention that would, without it, have —

fallen undivided upon the chicken. So far from
wiping it off the map, the Hungarian may ultimately,
when Alberta has reached that state of settlement
that would mean the final obliteration of the grouse,
prove to be just the one factor needed to ensure its
permanent preservation. :

It is by no means a universal law that an im-

_ ported species must of necessity prove detrimental

to some native race, though it is very frequently
the case if rivalry of any sort is involved. Even
the predatory, and in many respects harmful, little
owl (Athene noctua mira) when introduced into
Britain proved complementary to native birds and
not competitive. It has ousted no native species.
The introduction of the red-legged partridge (Alec-
toris rufa rufa) into England proved a success in
spite of the presence of indigenous grouse and other
game birds, for it was complementary, not com-
petitive. The evidence, as it stands to-day, nearly-
20 years after the first importation of the grey par-
tridge into Alberta, is most distinctly in its favour.
A vastly superior table bird and a much more sporting
proposition than the chicken, it gives me particular
pleasure to come to its defence, for it is only five

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May, 1927]

years ago that I was opposing, on biased principle
the local liberations that I am herewith putting on
record. Subsequent and more critical examination
of the actual facts has convinced me that the par-
tridge is an acquisition to our avifauna that has, up
to date, done no harm to any native species and is
unlikely to do so in the future, except that, in the
perhaps rather unlikely event of its ultimately
reaching north to the Mackenzie, it may conceiv-
ably come into conflict with a rather unexpected
species—the sandhill crane. To the west of the
Slave River lies what is perhaps the greatest remain-
ing stronghold of this crane.* Its chosen habitat

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

101

will probably not attract the partridge but should
it be otherwise, the mutual love of ants at the
critical period of breeding might bring about a
situation that would almost inevitably go against
the crane. Me

*The identity of cranes from this region seems to be still
in doubt. Bent, in his Life Histories of North American Marsh
Birds (Washington, 1926) apparently considers all. cranes
north of southern Alberta to be little browns, while Taverner
(Loe. cit.), speaking of the two races, says ’’We do not know
just where the dividing line comes between their ranges,”
but infers that the sandhill probably goes north to Great
Slave Lake. Skins and measurements of cranes, at present
in my possession from west of the Athabasca north to Great
Slave Lake are all undoubtedly sandhills—Wm. Rowan.

LUXURY-SYMBIOSIS
By HENRY MOUSLEY

OOD GRACIOUS,” I hear some one ex-
G claim, what is luxury-symbiosis; I never

Ea heard of it before.
ca Well, I will try and explain. Luxury-

symbiosis is a term or phrase—call it which you
please—that serves to denote an intimate alliance
into which two bodies or organisms have entered to
their mutual benefit.

Most orchids, for instance, in their natural state,
are associated with a mycorrhizal fungus, which
inoculating or entering the embryo—and thereby
finding a resting place if nothing more—sets up a
symbiotic condition. In other words, the invasion
—from the humus outside—of the hyphz of the
fungus into the protocorm of the orchid, by means of

_ the hair-like structures emanating from the latter,

serves in some way or another to feed and nourish
the orchid, in return for which, the fungus—as
already mentioned—finds at least a resting place,
and is probably saved the necessity of reproduction
by spores, as it passes from one generation of seeds
to another. At all events, the alliance must be a

close one, as both organisms appear to thrive well ©

when in association, although the seeds of cultivated

_orchids—after being sterilized—have been germin-

ated under aseptic conditions in tubes and flasks,
in fact, ‘“bottle-fed” in their infancy—as it has been
said—on culture solutions—sugar—such as fruotose

_or glucose, preferably the former, I believe—which

of course are in the form of a jelly. Be this as it
may, in nature unadulterated, I have always found
the finest plants in situations where mycorrhiza
fungus predominates, notwithstanding the fact that
some consider this symbiotic association -harmful,
rather than beneficial to the orchid.

Another interesting case of luxury-symbiosis, far
removed from the one just mentioned, is that of the
Hermit Crab (Pagurus calidus), and one of the

Actiniae (Adamsia Rondeletii), a very beautiful sea-
anemone, which is found in large numbers off the
island of Capri, on the west coast of Italy. The
Hermit Crab makes its home in the shells of snails
—the legal owners of which are devoured—and thus
protected, crawls on the ocean-bed in search of its
prey. Attached to these shells, are always found
one or more of the little Actinize, which in their
turn, make use of the crab for carrying them about
in search of their prey, of which they take toll, as
well as that of the hermit-crab—no doubt. For a
long time it was not known what, if any, benefit,
accrued to the host in return, until one day, by
mistake, a large octopus (Octopus culgaris)—the
most dangerous enemy of the hermit-crab—was
put into a tank containing one of the latter. Im-
mediately the octopus attacked the crab, endeavour-
ing by means of its long tentacles to suck it out of
its shell. Thereupon, was the mystery solved, for
the sea-anemone, seeing the danger to its host,
threw out its numerous poison-lassoes—situated all
round it—on the soft and unprotected arms of the
octopus, who departed in great haste, with: every
sign of pain and terror. By means of experiments,
it has been proved that the hermit-crab is well
aware of the value of this symbiotic alliance, with
the little sea-anemones, or sea-roses, as they are
sometimes called.

In conclusion, yet one other very interesting case
of symbiosis comes to mind, in quite a different
order—that of the butterflies. For years the life
history of the larva of the Large Blue (Nomiades
arion)—at least the latter stages after hibernation
—was a puzzle to entomologists. The butterfly is
distributed more or less throughout Europe, being
very rare, however, in England, its last stronghold
in that country being Cornwall. It is to Capt.
Purefoy that we owe the final solution of the mystery

102

that had so long enshrouded the last. stages of the
larva or caterpillar, the earlier ones, up to the third
and last. moult, having been previously worked out
by Mr. W. F. Frohawk, in conjunction with Dr.
T. A. Chapman. It was not, however, until the
latter in 1915—on pulling up a root of Wild Thyme
(Thymus serphyllum)—the food plant of the larva—

' discovered a pupa in the centre of a nest of ants

(Myrmica scabrinodis), thereby strengthening the
already-formed supposition, that some kind of
symbiosis existed between the larvae and the ants,
from the fact that, wherever the former had been
found feeding, there, surely enough, would a nest
of ants be found at the foot of the food-plant also.
Working on this basis, Capt. Purefoy was at length
enabled to clear up the mystery surrounding the
final stages of the larva, which I will try and describe
as shortly and clearly as possible.

After the third, and last moult, which takes place
in August, when the young larva is about twenty
days old, and 3.18 mm. in length, it refuses to eat
any more of its food plant, and literally seems at a
loss to know exactly what it does want, as it lies
or crawls sluggishly about on the ground near its
food plant. At this juncture, it is probably found
by an ant, who at once begins to caressit, by waving
its antennae over and upon it, which proceeding
seems to have the effect of inducing the honey
gland—situated on the 10th segment—to exude a
sweet fluid. At once the ant proceeds to milk it,
i.e., by imbibing the beads of this liquid, and per-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

haps other ants appear, and do likewise, but it is
always left to the individual ant that first found it,
to carry out the duty of transporting the little larva
to their nest, where it at once commences to feed
on a new and strange pabulum, the very small
larvae of the ants, and continues doing so for a

time, when it hibernates in the nest for the winter. -

In the spring it commences to feed again on the
same pabulum, and continues doing so until early
June, when it becomes full fed, being them about
14.8 mm. in length, as compared with the 3.18 mm.,
the length when it was first brought into the nest
by its attendant ant.

Having arrived at this stage, it now proceeds to
pupate, usually right in the center of the nest and
emerges—by crawling through one of the ant
passages—as a perfect butterfly, some three weeks
later, or towards the end of June or early July.

In this case, it will be noticed, that the ants
derive pleasure and nourishment by feeding on the
sweet fluid excreted by the larvae, in return for
which, the latter are protected from such natural
enemies as ichneumon flies, and predaceous insects
by the attendant ants, truly a case of mutual

benefits conferred.

There are, of course, many other examples of
symbiotic alliances to be found, both in the animal
and vegetable kingdoms, but probably sufficient
has been said, to give my readers a fair idea of what
is meant by the term—luxury-symbiosis.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT
(PHALACROCORAX AURITUS) ON LAKE MANITOBA.

BY J. A. MUNRO

ITH the object of obtaining information

regarding the food habits of the Double-
crested Cormorant on Lake Manitoba
the writer made his headquarters at
Steep Rock settlement, near the north end of
Lake Manitoba, from July 7th to July 20th
1925. In this investigation valuable assistance
was given by Mr. John Lyndal, Fishery Overseer
for Lake Manitoba, Mr. A. Burton Cresham of
Winnipeg, and Dr. Wilbert A. Clemens, Director
of the Pacific Biological Station. The latter help-
ed materially by his work in the identification of
fishes.

GENERAL NOTES ON THE DISTRICT

Lake Manitoba is approximately 115 miles long
and 32 miles wide at its widest point. Cormorants
nest only in the northern half of the lake to which

the following notes have reference. Here the
average width is approximately 12 miles and the
northerly portion is bisected by a narrow wooded
peninsula extending south from the head of the
lake for a distance of 30 miles. This peninsula,
known as Peonan Point, is reserved as a Game
Refuge under the Manitoba Game Act. The
depth of the lake is said not to exceed 26 feet and
in general is much shallower. Mineral salts of
some sort held in solution impart to the water a
slightly saline taste and the soapy froth which is
churned up during storms and deposited in win-
drows on the beach is probably due to this.

Lake navigation is rendered hazardous by the
many sunken reefs, the scarcity of harbours and
the prevalence of sudden and’ violent storms
which in a short time raise heavy foam-crested

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May, 1927]

seas that spend themselves in a turmoil of yeasty

spindrift against the rocky islands and the boulder-

strewn shores of the mainland.

Along parts of the east shore near Steep Rock
occur a succession of white limestone clifis ten to
fifteen feet in height—above high-water mark
brightened by a growth of rusty-orange lichen—
where erosive wave-action, cutting into the soft
limestone has formed narrow, deep, bights and
prominent headlands of picturesque variety.
Elsewhere the shores are low with shelving beaches
of fiat limestone pebbles or fine white sand, in-
terrupted by long stretches piled high with boul-
ders of glacial origin where walking is a matter
of difficulty.

The surrounding country, of a general level
aspect, is covered with a forest of low poplar,

oak, elm and Manitoba maple broken here and.

there by open glades where flat limestone outcrop
is over-laid with a thin deposit of soil Close to
the lake are many wide marshy meadows of slough-
grass and scattered through the forest are oc-
casional swampy tracts and muskegs in some
of which are found a few isolated spruces.

- Being south of the coniferous forest belt the
bird-life of the region is that associated with the
Transitional Zone. The following species of land
birds, all apparently breeding, were recorded
Ruffed Grouse, Marsh Hawk, Red-tailed Hawk,
Broad-winged Hawk, Sparrow-Hawk, Great Horn-
ed Owl, Black-billed Cuckoo, Northern Hairy

' Woodpecker, Downy Woodpecker, Yellow- breast -

ed Sapsucker, Boreal Flicker, Nighthawk, Whip-
*poor-will, Kingbird, Crested Flycatcher, Least

_ Flycatcher, Crow, Cowbird, Thick-billed Red-

wing, Western Meadowlark, Baltimore Oriole,
Brewer’s Blackbird, Bronzed Grackle, Goldfinch,
Western Vesper Sparrow, Savannah Sparrow,
(subsp.?), Leconte’s Sparrow, Nelson’s Sparrow,
White-crowned Sparrow, Clay-coloured Sparrow,
Slate-coloured Junco, Dakota Song-Sparrow, Rose-
breasted Grosbeak, Purple Martin, Barn Swallow,
Tree Swallow, Cedar Waxwing, Red-eyed Vireo,
Yellow Warbler, Redstart, House Wren, Short-
billed Marsh Wren, Red-breasted Nuthatch,
Black-capped Chickadee, Willow Thrush and
Robin. Only two species were encountered of
northern breeding warblers which are considered
characteristic of the Canadian Zone, these being
the Tennessee Warbler and Bay-breasted Warbler.

FISHES OF LAKE MANITOBA

Before proceeding with a discussion of the
Cormorants’ food habits it is thought advisable
to present what was learned regarding the different
fishes found in Lake Manitoba. These are listed
importance

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

103

Specimens were. examined of the species listed
below with the exception of Tullibee and White-
fish; some were taken in nets and others from the
gullets of Cormorants collected for that purpose
but the majority were selected from the large
number regurgitated by Cormorants on the
nesting islands.

PICKEREL OR PIKE PERCH. Stizostedion vit-
reum (Mitchell).—This is the most important food
fish in the lake and except at the extreme north
end is found commonly everywhere. Spawning
takes place in the spring, directly after the ice
moves out, in the numerous shallow marshy bays
and in the sloughs and streams tributary to the
lake. North of the Narrows the average fish now
taken is slightly over a pound in weight, but in
the southern part of the lake the average is
slightly heavier.

PIKE. Hsox lucius (L.).—The abundance of
this species makes it of greater importance com-
mercially than the more valuable Whitefish.
Large specimens are taken but the average fish
marketed is less than five pounds in weight. The
spawning season is coincident with that of the
Pickerel.

TULLIBEE. Corigonus tullibee (Richardson).—
The spawning habits of the Tullibee are similar to
those of the Whitefish, the run taking place in
the late fall after the ice is formed. Spawn is
deposited in the shallows not far from shore. At
other times this species frequent the deeper
water. Tullibee average one-half pound in weight
when caught in a 334” mesh net and one pound
when caught in a 4” mesh net.

COMMON WHITEFISH. Coregonus clupeiformis
(Mitchill)—Being a deep water fish during the
summer months this species was not encountered.
The centre of their abundance is in the deeper and
wider portions of the lake south of the Narrows;
there are few Whitefish at the north end of the
lake. Early in October there is a migration to
the shallows along the shores of the mainland and
islands and over the many reefs. The spawning
season over, the fish again return to deep water.

No information was obtained rgearding the
movements of the fry in the spring but it is gen-
erally understood they seek deep water soon after
being hatched. Whitefish is not an abundant
species in Lake Manitoba and is apparently be-
coming less so each year.

PERCH. Perca flavescens (Mitchill)—Apparently
this species is local in its distribution and only a
limited number are taken. An average specimen
runs less than a half pound in weight. Thespawn-
ing season is in the late winter or early spring while
the lake is still ice-bound.

104

SAUGER. Stizostedion canadense (DeKay).—
This species resembling the Pickerel in appearance
and habits is of much less value commercially and
the demand is limited. It is apparently common
to all parts of the lake and the average specimen
taken is less than one pound in weight.

MULLET OR RED Horse. Mozxostoma aureolum
(Le Sueur). LONG NOSED OR NORTHERN SUCKER.
Catostomus catostomus (Forster).—Both these
species are known commercially as mullet. Vast
numbers are caught in the nets and a small
percentage are sold at a nominal figure. Both are
abundant in all parts of the lake. The spawning
season is in the spring.

Linc. Lota maculose (Le Sueur).—This species
known locally as ‘‘Maria” is found in all parts of
the lake, but more commonly north of the Nar-
rows. It is not considered an edible fish and
none is marketed.

_ BrooK STICKLEBACK. Eucalia inconstans (Kirt-
land).—This species was found commonly in
cormorant castings. No live specimens were
taken.

LAKE SHINER. Notropis atherinoides (Rafines-
que).—Shoals of unidentified minnows were
observed in the shallow water along the shores
of the mainland. Three specimens taken from a
cormorant casting have been identified provi-
sionally as of this species by Dr. Clemens.
GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DOUBLE-CRESTED

CORMORANT

Local fishermen stated that the “crow duck”
arrives on Lake Manitoba about the first week
of May, shortly after the ice breaks up. Lake
Manitoba being on the migration route of
those nesting farther north on Lake Winnipegosis
there is probably a concentration of birds during
migrations and this has led to an exaggerated idea
of the number actually inhabiting the lake area.
The resident population exclusive of young, was
estimated to number between 1200 and 1500
birds of which twenty-five per cent were non-
breeding yearlings. No information is at hand
regarding their departure for the south in the
autumn, but this probably occurs early in October.
On September 18th to 21st, when Steep Rock was
again visited, cormorants were still present.
Shortly after arriving the cormorants commence
nesting on certain isolated rocky islands situated
usually some distance from the mainland. There
are reported to be ten such rookeries each one
used by 40 to 100 pairs of Cormorants. Only three
colonies were visited. These were identical in
eharacter and of approximately the same size,
roughly 150 feet long and 50 feet wide. According

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

TVoL. XLI

to the fishermen these islands were representative
and typical of the others in respect to population.

Boats were at a premium at the time of the
investigation, owing to a series of accidents, and
the investigators were unable to visit as many of
the islands as they otherwise would have done.

These islands may be described as the exposed
portions of the many reefs, evidently of glacial
origin, which are found in many parts of the lake.
All lie more or less north and south following
generally the direction of the glacial striae. On
all sides the water surrounding them is shallow
and usually it is impossible to approach within a
quarter of a mile by gas-boat. All are saucer-
shaped, the rim of the saucer consisting of piled
granite boulders which serve to shelter the hollow.
centre from the surf. There are many such
islands in the lake but only those having high
sheltering sides are used as nesting places, the
more exposed islands being utilized only as
resting places.

The more or less concave centres of the breeding
islands are covered with a thick compost of excre-
ment decayed nesting material, dessicated fish and
cormorant bones, and, side by side upon this
spongy foundation, are built the majority of the
bulky nests.

As the young develop in size and strength the
nests are flattened and finally are trodden into
the oozy mixture below. A few nests, however,
built on a firm foundation afforded by the boulders
scattered about on the sheltered portion of the
island within the saucer-rim, remain longer in a
state of habitation. Early in the season dead
bog-rush is the chief material used to insulate the
usual foundation of sticks, while nests built later
on in the season contain a large percentage of
green rushes and grasses; a!l this material prob-
ably being carried from the mainland, several
miles distant in some cases. In one nest was
found a quantity of cord from a fish-net.

Although laying commences in the latter ‘sire
of May, fresh eggs may be found as late as the
middle of July or even later. 'There are many
accidents in these crowded colonies and no doubt
the destruction of a brood by trampling is a
common occurrence. Probably in such cases a
second clutch of eggs is laid. It is interesting to
note that the reproductive organs of a female
taken on July 15th were in a condition which
indicated that laying would commence in a week
or ten days. It was reported that fishermen
destroyed the eggs on a reef north-east of Skunk
Island during the last week of May. ‘The nests
were said to contain two or three eggs each.
This colony was visited on July 17th, less than

eee

May, 1927]

two months later, and 118 nests were counted
containing an average of two young, ranging from
newly hatched chicks to birds estimated to be
four weeks old. The total number of young
birds was 219. There were also 31 eggs; two
clutches of two and one of three, the remainder
being in nests containing chicks either newly
hatched or a few days old. Because of the early
destruction of eggs on this island the young were
not so far advanced as those on the other islands.
A second colony visited the same day contained
young birds able to fly amongst the estimated
population of two hundred in various stages of
development. These flew into the water as
landing was made, the remainder with the excep-
tion of a few nestlings herded together in close
formation and marched over the rocky escarp-
ment and into the surf. Later on some of these
returned and crawled into crevices between the
boulders where they were captured and banded.*
The larger number, however, kept together and
swam steadily away from the reef. Nests con-
taining eggs were also found on this island. Two
clutches of three were apparently fresh and a
third clutch of three was on the point of hatching.

It seemed particularly desirable to visit the Gull
Island reef near the extreme north end of the lake
because reports had been received that this colony
contained at least 2000 birds. This was carried
out on July 12th, when it was found that the
entire population numbered 233 by actual count,
consisting of 80 adults, 3 yearlings and 150 young.
The adults and yearlings, rising from the island
as the boat approached, were counted by four
people. A few young birds still occupied nests
but the majority of the larger birds stood about
on the rocks in companies as is their usual habit
when disturbed. Loath to enter the water these
birds did so only when driven and returned
immediately to the warm rocks when the dis-
turbance was over. Two nests contained three
eggs each and a third held two eggs and a newly-
hatched chick. Young in the nest when ap-
proached stretched their necks to the fullest ex-
tent and hissed fiercely with wide open mouth.
All were fearless and resented handling by peck-
ing and by scratching with their powerful feet.

At one end of this reef some scant vegetation
persisted, sheltered by the usual escarpment of
boulders which was higher than usual at this
particular point, and close to this shelter a small
colony of Common Terns was nesting. Several
clutches of eggs were held in position by a few
pieces of dry weed—a nest of sorts, but in the

*It is of interest to record the capture of one of these
birds wearing band No. 305388 at Old River, Mississippi
on October 19th, 1925.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

105

majority of cases the eggs were lying on the hard
ground quite unprotected; with the result that
some had been trampled, probably by Cormorants,
and others had rolled some distance. Examina-
tion of broken eggs showed that incubation was
well advanced. T'wenty-two nests were counted
containing one to four eggs, two being the average
number in a clutch. All these were contained in
a space six feet by eight feet. The Terns had
left with the Cormorants as the boat approached
and the majority alighted on another island half
a mile away; only a few remained in the air and
circled high above us over the nesting ground.

Several opportunities occurred of studying a
small band of Cormorants, apparently non-breed-
ing birds, which frequented the lake south of
Steep Rock. Owing to the shallowness of the
water and the general abundance of fish the Cor-
morants’ fishing is not restricted to well defined
areas and these particular birds fished usually a
considerable distance from shore, too far away
for us to see when a fish had been captured.
They submerged for 30 to 70 seconds, apparently
swimming in a fairly straight course, and emerging
remained on the surface for 8 to 12 seconds when
ancther dive was taken. Upon securing a meal,
a shoreward flight was taken, sometimes to the
mainland but more often to a small reef close to
Steep Rock where the gorged bird would remain
prefectly inactive during the process of digestion.
On calm days, the small reef referred to always
held its quota of cormorants standing motionless
amongst a gathering of Herring (?) Gulls, but in
rough weather waves washed clear over this reef
and the birds sought refuge elsewhere. On some
portions of the mainland trees are used as resting
places. At Elm Point, five miles south of Steep
Rock, two dead poplars standing in the midst of
green timber were so used and the ground and
shrubbery below was coated with the familiar
whitewash.

A non-breeding bird, shot as ‘it arose from a
boulder on the end of Elm Point, had swallowed a
fourteen-inch pike. This fish, weighing approx-
mately 15 ounces, filled the stomach and the
gullet to within three inches of the rictus, yet the
bird’s neck was not noticeably distended. The
head of the fish was mascerated by digestion
while the body remained firm and fresh.

Foop HABITS OF THE DOUBLE-CRESTED COR-
MORANTS

Under the conditions existing on Lake Manitoba
where the rookeries are isolated by miles of open
water, observations must necessarily be made
either from an approaching boat or on the rookery

106 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

itself. In éither case the adult birds will be
disturbed and young birds will not resume their
normal activities until the intruders have with-
drawn. It was not possible, therefore, to make
an intimate study of the home-life of the Cormor-
ants. Information regarding food habits was ob-
tained from analyses of the stomach contents of
13 specimens of both adult and young and from
examination of the fish disgorged on the islands.

It was difficult to secure adult specimens. Breed-
ing birds show little concern for their young and
invariably leave the nesting island at the approach
of a boat, consequently these were seldom in
gunshot. Sometimes a few returned later to
circle the island, usually outside the danger zone,
and through this habit several specimens were
secured. Non-breeding birds, which occasionally
are seen resting on boulders or in trees on the main-
land or flying along shore, were equally wary and
a number of those which were shot, hoping
that wind and tide would carry them ashore,
were not retrieved for want of a boat.

Numerous fish were found on all the islands
visited and practically all were in a condition
which permitted identification. On one small
reef, off the Gull Islands, the following specimens
were examined, viz.: 7 Pike, 8” to 16”; 5 Ling,
LO Mtoml2i- es Millets“ co 04-2 Perch4/7 tomo.
2 Pickerel, 8’ to 10’; 1 Sauger 5’; the measure-
ments are approximate. Some of these were on
or about the nests, a few had dropped into cre-
vices between the rocks, and many others lay on
the baked earth outside of the nesting area which
was common ground for both adults and young.
A number of specimens were quite fresh, others
had mummified in the hot sun, but in every case
the head was either missing or partly mascerated
due to digestive action during the time it had been
encased in the stomach of the bird. Many,
perhaps all, of the fish disgorged on the nesting
grounds are wasted as apparently the young do
not pick up this food. The guano filling the
declevities in the islands contains a large percent-
age of decomposed fish. It would therefore seem
that many more fish are taken than are actually
required asfood. This was the condition observed
on all the islands visited. Small fish such as shiners
and sticklebacks were regurgitated in large quan-
tities, one hundred of the latter being found in
one casting and 10 castings were found on one
island. These fish had been identified as Pickerel
fry by interested fishermen. Castings composed
entirely of crayfish remains were common every
where.

The number of individual fish of different species
found on the reefs was in proportion to their local
abundance in the waters close at hand which

[VoL. XLI

suggests that fishing is done near the nesting
island and that preference is shown for no parti-
cular species. Specimens of all the fishes pre-
viously listed in this article, wieh the exception of
Whitefish and Tullibee, were found on the reefs
in various degrees of abundance. The summer
habitat of Whitefish and Tullibee being the
deeper portions of the lake it is probable that
these species are seldom taken by Cormorants.

STOMACH CONTENTS OF TWELVE CORMORANTS

Condi-

No. Sex Date Hour tion of Contents
Stomach

217 |2 ad. |July 9 9.15 a.m.|Full One 14” Pike.

218 |@2 ad. |July 12 |8.00a.m.|4 ful! 2] crayfish; re-
mains of 2 uni-
dentified fish
approx. 2J long.

219 ad. |July 12 |8.90 a.m.|Full One 12” Ling.

220 |@ ad. |July 15 |2.00 p.m.|24 full |Remains of ap-

y prox. 10 cray-
fish.

221 | juv.|suly 17 |9.30 a.m.]/Ful! Remains of cray-
fish and uniden-
tified fish pulp.

*222 19 juyv.|July 17 % full ditto.

4223 Q juv.|July 17 ditto ditto.

*224 | juv.|July 17 ditto ditto.

“225 juv.|July 17 Nearly |Three pieces of
empty. bogrush.

*226 |9 juv.|July 17 |9.15a.m.| ditto Vertebrae of fish

four mm. in
diameter.

Vertebrae of fish
three mm. in

227 | juv.|July 17 |9.15 a.m.) Nearly

empty.

diameter.
flying
228 juv.|July 17 |9.30 a.m. Gravel.
flying

*Numbers 222, 223, 224, 225 were from specimens found
dead on the rookery.

Cestodes were present in five stomachs and
gravel or pebbles of various sizes were noted in
all but three.

What species of fish were contained in the semi-
liquid material in the stomachs of young birds
could not be determined and it is considered that
stomach analysis is of little value in this instance.

SUMMARY

Evidence that crayfish form an important item
in the food supply of cormorants was obtained
both from stomach analysis and from observa-
tions on the nesting islands. Castings composed
of the hard portions of crayfish were found com-
monly; on one island 150 such castings were
found. These crustacex were also present in six
of the stomachs examined (2 adults and 4 juveniles)
in one instance forming the entire contents. It
was estimated that crayfish represent 25 per cent
of the food taken by Cormorants, the remainder
being fish of various species.

In their food habits Cormorants show no
preference for any particular species of fishes;

May, 1927] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 107

Young Double-breasted Cormorants leaving nesting island when disturbed

Young Double-breasted Cormorants on nesting island

108

the percentage of the various species consumed
being dependent upon relative abundance. The
bird’s swallowing capacity is the only factor
governing the size of the fish consumed. Within
this limit fish of all sizes are taken indiscriminately.
Of the seven species of fishes eaten only two, the
Pickerel and Pike, are important commercially.
It is estimated that these two species combined
comprise one-third of the fish taken or 25 per
cent of the Cormorants’ entire food. It has been
stated that the Cormorant population including
only adults and non-breeding yearlings, was
estimated to number 1200 to 1500 individuals.
In an attempt to estimate the annual consumption
of fish the higher figure has been taken as a basis.
It has been assumed that 75 per cent of these are
breeding birds, and that amongst them 600 young
are raised to maturity, which gives, roughly, a
population of 2100 birds towards the end of the
season. Cormorants are present on Lake Mani-
toba for about 5 months in the year and it is
probable that an average of one pound of food
per day is consumed by each bird, no allowance
being made for the difference in capacity as
between adults and young, or for the increased
consumption by the latter as the season advances.
On this basis the total weight of food consumed
in one season is approximately 3150 ewt., of which
25 per cent or 788 cwt., represents Pike and
Pickerel. Assuming these figures to be approxi-
mately correct it must be admitted that the toll
of food-fishes taken by Cormorants is a heavy one.

In. studying the relations of the Cormorant to
fishing interests, consideration must be given the

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

{VoL. XLI

probable effects, produced by the birds’ destruc-
tion ofsuch piscivorous fishes as the Ling and
Sauger, both enemies of the valuable food fishes,
and also the destruction of Mullet and Suckers to
which spawn eating habits are ascribed. No
doubt under native conditions a balance between
the various species is maintained partly through
the work of fish-eating birds and partly by the
piscivorous habits of the fishes themselves. In
Lake Manitoba an exceedingly complex relation-
ship between birds, fishes, crustacez, insects and
plants has been permanently disrupted by man’s
activity and whether a condition more suitable
to man’s requirement could be established by
further interference, such as the control of Cor-
morants or the destruction of less valuable fishes
is a matter of doubt. A dominant instinct in
humanity is to destroy whatever creature is sus-
pected of interference with man’s complete
enjoyment of the fruits of the earth. Such rough
and ready methods may be desirable and expe-
dient in some cases, but in this instance the cure is
believed to lie elsewhere.

Regarding the future of the Cormorant on
Lake Manitoba, it may be said that, as the
nesting grounds are confined to certain types of
reef, which are relatively few in number, there
is probably a definite limit to any local increase.
Cormorants will desert a reef that, through a fall
in the lake level, becomes joined to the mainland.
There is no reason for believing that the number
of breeding birds has increased within recent
years and any considerable increase in the future
is thought to be most unlikely.

CONCERNING AUGUST BIRD LIFE IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRI-
TISH COLUMBIA, 1926
By J. A. MUNRO

O THOSE who seek intimate knowledge
of bird life—here, in the Okanagan
Valley—the month of August is perhaps
the most fascinating time of the year.
Nesting is practically over and birds, old and
young, tend to concentrate along the lake shore.
In mountain draws the birch leaves droop and
shrivel in the heat; bare ranges are sered a dingy
yellow and pine forests grow dry and dusty—
there is no moisture left. Thus the lake shore,
offering the miracle of water in a thirsty land,
proves irresistibly attractive and here the birds
come from hillside, forest and open range. Near
Okanagan Landing a wide bay is so situated, in
respect to the configuration of surrounding hills

that it receives the early morning sun a good
half-hour before less favoured places on either
side—not a human blessing, perhaps, on hot
August days, but surely one to which birds res-
pond. Here on the shore grow choke cherry,
black haw, snowberry, rosebushes, poplar and
sand-spit willow in a tangled and all but impene-
trable hedge. Attracted first, no doubt, by the
life-giving water and later by the bountiful
berry-harvest, so conveniently placed in this safe
harbourage, comes a daily varying crowd of birds
to swell the resident population of Catbirds,
Kingbirds, Towhees, Yellow Warblers, Cedar
Waxwings, Bullock’s Orioles, Song Sparrows and
others. Hardly a day passes but some fresh note

May, 1927]

heard demands investigation, or some inconspi-
cuous juvenile of a familiar species must carefully
be scrutinized. Not a “bird-wave”’- this—such
as one sees in Eastern Canada—but a steady,
ever-changing stream of local birds from the hills
followed by, or sometimes coincident with, a
migration from the north. Here, August is the
Warbler month—as September is the month for
Sparrows—and all, save the scarce forest-loving
townsendi, tarry on this lake shore.

Towards the month’s end old summer friends
depart—one morning the Catbird’s whined com-
plaint is missed or we note the Kingbird’s absence
from the poplar top, so valiantly held all summer
—and, as days pass, the August pageant thins
out until, where scores of one species had been
common, only individuals are seen.

August of the past year—a month of hot days
tempered by cool nights and occasional showers—
brought an exceptionally heavy migration. The
Western Tanager, entirely frugivorous in the late
summer, was perhaps the most abundant of the
various species harvesting the wild fruit crop, and,
for the first time, adult males in winter plumage
were taken. Bullock’s Oriole was a close second
in point of abundance, with Cassin’s Purple Finch
in third position. Catbirds—late broods were the
rule this year—seemed to feed almost entirely
on the soft black haws while other species, such as
Robins, Towhees, Red-naped Sapsucker, Western
Lark Sparrow, Western Vesper Sparrow, Moun-
tain Bluebird, Red-shafted Flicker, Cedar Wax-
wings and Kingbirds took also the service berries
which, fruiting earlier, had dried currant-like on
the bushes. Choke-cherries—there was an unu-
sually heavy yield—attracted few birds and the
greater part of the crop, plumped out with the
fall rains, remained on the trees until early winter
when it was harvested by Evening Grosbeaks,
Bohemian Waxwings and Robins. The tawny-
spotted young of Townsend’s Solitaire came fre-
quently to the hawthorns, and once, on August
12th an adult male Black-headed Grosbeak was
seen.

Other species passing along the lake shore at
this time were: Lewis’ Woodpecker, Batchelder’s
Woodpecker, Vaux Swift, Black-chinned Hum-
mingbird, Rufous Hummingbird, Say’s Phoebe,
Western Wood Pewee, Alder Flycatcher, Ham-
mond’s Flycatcher, Wright’s Flycatcher, Pale
Goldfinch, Western Savannah Sparrow, Gambel’s
Sparrow, Western Chipping Sparrow, Shufeldts
Junco, Rusty Song Sparrow, Lazuli Bunting, Cliff
Swallow, Barn Swallow, Tree Swallow, Northern
Violet-green Swallow, Bank Swallow, Rough-
winged Swallow, Red-eyed Vireo, Western Warb-
ling Vireo, Cassin’s Vireo, Orange-crowned Warb-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

109

ler, Yellow Warbler, Audubon’s Warbler, Mac-
gillivrays Warbler, American Redstart, Western
House Wren, Western Golden-crowned Kinglet
Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Willow Thrush and
Olive-backed Thrush.

On August 25th, a Mourning Dove’s nest, con-
taining two young about one-third grown, was
found in a poplar-bluff a quarter mile from the
lake shore; the female was brooding while the
male, in close attendance, perched on the top of
a nearby poplar. The nest had been placed in a
hawthorn where two dead branches crossed—a
slight platform of twigs which the young entirely
covered. This is the latest local breeding record of
which I have knowledge.

North of the lake on cultivated bottom lands
Blackbirds attacked the green corn. Three species
of Blackbirds breed in the district, the Yellow-
headed, Red-winged and Brewer’s, and, in the late
summer, although sometimes all three associate
in flocks, there are specific differences in feeding
habits. Through the early summer all three
species had waged war on a devastating army of
Rocky Mountain crickets and grasshoppers—
gorging on these insects and feeding them to their
young. As the sweet corn ripened, however,
Yellow-heads and Red-wings turned their atten-
tion to this food, thus incurring the enmity of
farmers who were raising corn either as a fodder
crop or for canning purposes. Although the three
species of Blackbirds still occasionally associated
it was observed that Brewer’s continued feeding
on the grasshoppers, which at this late season had
become relatively scarce, while Red-wings, and
Yellow-heads in lesser numbers, systematically
worked the corn patches. The method of feeding
is this: Perched usually on the ear itself the birds
first open the covering at the end to expose the
kernels and then work downward, shredding the
wrapping with their sharp bills—covering leaves
on partly stripped ears resemble nothing so much
as bunches of raffia. Once the kernels are ex-
posed a mould attacks the ear rendering it unfit
for use. Thus a fifty-acre field of Golden Bantam
Corn, planted at different times in order to give
successive crops had suffered severely, particularly
in the portion which had earliest been sown. In
some rows, which were 300 feet in length, every
plant held at least one damaged ear. Field corn,
much greater in height and producing larger ears,
had suffered relatively less but even so the damage
was considerable.

This diet was varied by wheat gleaned from the
stubble fields—such crops are harvested early in
the Okanagan—and stomach analyses showed re-
mains of various carib beetles no doubt picked up
in the wheat fields.

110 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Late in August came an eruption of large heavy-
billed Redwings, quite distinct from the local
breeding race, and these also attacked the corn
patches. At this time all the specimens taken for
stomach analysis were of this race, the local birds
having shifted their quarters.

A male Pigeon Hawk harried a Blackbird flock
which frequented the open bottom adjoining the
north end of Okanagan Lake. He appeared sever-
al times and one of his decapitated victims was
found beside a corn patch. Swainson’s Hawks,
attracted here in great numbers by the cricket
plague and hunting their food on the bare ranges,
rarely came in contact with the Blackbirds. but
one specimen taken on August 24th contained the
remains of a male Red-wing.

Several August days were spent in the Lumby
and Rollings Lake district, twenty-five miles north
east, where different faunal conditions exist. On
the telephone wires along the Lumby road, which
runs through the broad cultivated fields and
orchards of White Valley, the season’s crop of
Sparrow Hawks had gathered—there seemed to
be one every fifty yards or so. Here also, crickets
were the attraction. To this plague likewise was
due the invasion of Red-tailed Hawks, chiefly
young of the year, which remained for a month
at least, and, as far as observed, fed exclusively on
this food. Moreover crickets engaged the atten-
tion of crows at this time; a flock five hundred
strong being observed at work in scattered forma-
tion—a bird for every square yard—over the open
range.

Rollings Lake, an area of shallow water approxi-
mating 300 acres in normal years but now gradu-
ally contracting, is surrounded partly by culti-
vated fields and partly by tule marsh, and, on one
side, its waters reach the base of a steep timbered
mountain, the home of Rocky Mountain Jay,
Black-headed Jay, Olive-sided Flycatcher and
Chestnut-backed Chickadee. The warm shallow
water is rich in aquatic vegetation, amphipoda
and mollusca, thus assuring an interesting bird-
population. Red-winged Blackbirds nest in the
bordering tules; Brewer’s Blackbird, Tree Swal-
lows and Hairy Woodpeckers in old decayed trees,
killed years ago by a rise in the lake level. In
these trees also nest Barrows’ Goldeneye and
Buffle-head, not so commonly in late years, how-
ever, for cultivation has claimed many of the old
pines and_ poplars. Nesting farther inland,
Barrow’s Golden-eye stil! lead their broods to this
lake for it is the only suitable nursery for many
miles. On May 23rd last, on the main road
through the timber at a point about two and a

[VoL. XLI

half miles from the lake, we met a female Barrows’
Golden-eye leading her brood of ten newly hatched
ducklings straight down the centre of the dusty
road. Hoping to get a photograph I followed for
several hundred yards, interested to note how she
accommodated her walk to suit the utmost effort
of the running youngsters—they followed in a
compact group—and expecting to see a hurried
retreat into the brush. But this did not occur
until I was within ten feet and she immediately led
her flock back again to the road when I stepped
out of sight behind a tree. This family undoubt-
edly was headed for Rollings Lake.

In August, when the receding waters uncover
wide stretches of sticky mud insulated with a
summer growth of water plants, comes a varied
throng of migrant waders to feed on a rich harvest
of insect and crustacean life concealed under the
mat of decaying vegetation. Thus on August 13th
a mixed assemblage carefully sorted out, tallied
as follows: Northern Phalarope 7, Lesser Yellow-
legs 20, Greater Yellowlegs 5, Baird’s Sanpdiper
10, Semi-palmated Sandpiper 30, Western Soli-
tary Sandpiper 6, Eastern Solitary Sandpiper 2,
Stilt Sandpiper 1, Spotted Sandpiper 10, Semi-
palmated Plover 1, Killdeer Plover 20.

Other water-birds were estimated as follows:
Holboell’s Grebe 6, Horned Grebe 2, Pied-billed
Grebe 2, California Gull 1, Ring-billed Gull 1,
Black Tern 1, Mallard 100, Pintail 10, Baldpate
6, Green-winged Teal 8, Barrow’s Golden-eye 10.

Towards the end of the month Yellow-throats
came to the densely-growing tules on the lake
shore, and, in the weed patches which occupy
dryer ground between marsh growth and the edge
of cultivation, Lincoln’s and Gambel’s Sparrows
appeared. At this time the nearby fir and jack-
pine forest proved well worth investigation. The
migration of Audubon’s Warbler was at its
height and accompanying them were a few
Townsend’s Warblers and Ruby-crowned Kinglets.
Already little associations of kindred residents—
Chestnut-backed and Mountain Chickadee, Gol-
den-crowned Kinglet, Red-breasted Nuthatch and,
usually, a Brown Creeper—had come together and
the whole troupe came readily to a whistled imita-
tion of the Pigmy Owl’s call. Here also, on
August 28th, we found Crossbills and several
flocks of silent Evening Grosbeaks. These latter
favoured the tops of the tallest fir trees, and, it
was suspected, were extracting seeds from the
fir cones. Not until late autumn would they leave
this district, their probable nesting ground, for
winter quarters in the open valley.

May, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

iiLil

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

Two LocKED MULE DEER BUCKS SEPARATED.
—The caretaker of the Cattalo Enclosure at
Buffalo Park found two locked Mule Deer bucks
near his residence one morning in December.
In his opinion they had been locked for some time
and as he was alone he did not feel quite equal to
the task of separating them. The two animals
pulled and shoved one another all day and during
the day travelled about half a mile from the place
where they had been discovered in the morning.
As they were still further away and still securely
locked the next morning, three or four riders
were sent, the deer were roped, and safely separ-
ated. When freed they jogged off in different
directions carrying their heads sideways, no
doubt because of the cramped position in which
their necks had been for so long.

We often hear of locked deer dying and usually
the first evidence of the struggle is the discovery
of the skeletons locked together by the antlers.
In this case the struggle was watched and photo-
graphed and then the fighters were rescued from
their perilous predicament. The photographs
show more graphically than words the terrific
nature of such a struggle-——A. G. SMITH.

IDENTIFICATION OF FLIES FOUND INFESTING
BLUEBIRDS.—In The Canadian Field-Naturalist,
Vol. XXXVI, No. 6, September, 1922, I men-
tioned finding the larve of certain flies on nestling
Bluebirds. These were identified at the time
by Dr. Aldrich of the U.S. National Museum as
Phormia chrysorrhea Macg. A recent article in

the “Bulletin of the Northeastern Bird-Banding
Association”, Vol. III, No. 1, January, 1927,
pages 1-3, by Charles W. Johnson, refers to the
blood-sucking fly Protocalliphora splendida being
found on Bluebirds at Rock, Mass. It is stated
in the article that in several papers by H. W.
Henshaw!, Albert F. Contant”, and O. E.
Plath®, the blood-sucking flies had been identified
as the European species P. chrysorrhea and azurea,
but later studies by R. C. Shannon and I. D
Dobroscky*, show that the American species are

_ distinct.

Mr. Arthur Gibson, Dominion Entomologist,
was made acquainted with this recent article on
blood-sucking flies, and now tells me that Mr.
C. H. Curran, Dipterist of the Entomological
Branch has examined the specimens which I took
from nestling Bluebirds near Hull, Quebec, and
identifies them as being Protocalliphora splendida
Macq., and not Phormia chrysorrhea, as formerly
recorded.—HoyeEs LLoypD.

VIPER SWALLOWING YOUNG.—About the year
1863 I was on a survey on the west side of Lake
Windermere, England, on the hills above ‘‘The
Ferry”. One day as I was walking over some
uncultivated ground I saw a Viper, locally
called a hagworm, coiled up on a flat stone,

1. The Auk, vol. 25, pp. 87-88, 1908.

2. Journ. Parasitology, vol. 1, pp. 135-150, 1915.

3. The Condor, vol. 31, pp. 30-38, 1919. Univ. Calif.
Publications in Zool., vol. 19, pp. 191-200, 1919. Ann. Ent.
Soc. Amer., vol. 12, pp. 373-378, 1919.

4. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 247-253.

Two buck mule deer with horns locked

112

about 8 feet from me. It immediately uncoiled
and then a number of young ones swarmed to-
wards her and into her mouth as fast as they
could follow one another. The old one then slid
off the stone disappearing into some heather a
short distance away.—J. SMITH.

The plausibility of a parent snake taking her
young into her mouth asa means of protecting
them, has led to considerable controversy. Ac-
counts of personal observation of such acts would
be appreciated by the Editor.—Ep. Harp.

INTRODUCTION OF HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE IN
Nova ScotiaA.—Fifty pairs in all were released in
Nova Scotia in the early spring of 1926. These
birds arrived the latter part of February and
were penned and looked after by myself until the
second week in April when they had started to
mate, so I rushed them out to the Musquodobit
Valley. Great care was taken in releasing them,
they were made to walk out over plenty of food,
winding their way through spruce boughs before
they could fly. This was done so that should they
require food at any time, they would know where
to get it, but they appeared to find food almost
at once, notwithstanding the fact that there was
over a foot of snow on the ground and everything
frozen up. Posters were put up in all the stores
and Post Offices in that vicinity asking the people
to help this little stranger in a strange land, and
a little history of the bird, in pamphlet form, was
also given away from these places pointing out
the good this bird had proved to be to the farmer
in other places. Lectures were given in the
schools, and in this way I was able to keep tab
on all the nests. Three farmers reported that a
pair of birds on each of their farms had had three
broods, and from the size of the flocks in the
Autumn, I would take it that this was correct.

The first early nesting was more or less a failure
on account of the very prolonged and wet spring,
rain never ceasing until the end of June and the
whole Valley being under water. I had little
hope of any birds surviving, but the majority
came through wonderfully well. I carried out a
system of weekly reports from the farmers and
visited the district myself each month, and in
this way have been able to keep in touch with
exactly what is going on amongst them. The
second nesting was a complete success, the birds
building their nests on higher ground, not one
nest containing less than 20 eggs. In the case of
the third hatching one nest had 3 eggs, one 12
and the other 10, all of which hatched out. The
farmers have taken very great interest in them
and report that already they have been a great

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

benefit in keeping down the insects on the turnips
and even the potatoes.

I visited these birds the second week in January
and found that they were eating the buds from
the ground juniper, and also from the ground
hemlock, this I witnessed myself. A few days
before I arrived one of these birds was killed by
a telephone wire and was kept for my observation.
It was in splendid condition and its crop contained
what appeared to be dead blue-berries, ground
juniper berries and a few grains of old wheat and
buckwheat. There were a few other things which ~
I could not recognize.

I have been in the United States the past three
weeks and on my return a few days ago I at once
got in touch with the Valley and reports state
that all is well with them. No losses are reported.
It would therefore look as if they would pull
through their first winter. As regards the second
and third winters, only time will tell.

In my opinion, putting out this bird in less
numbers than fifty pairs is almost doomed to
failure as they require plenty of company and
the system to be adopted in liberating them should
be in the form of a wheel, viz.:—

10 pairs
|
10 pairs — 10 pairs — 10 pairs
|
10 pairs

Ten pairs at the hub, and ten pairs at the end
of each of the four spokes, and to be within three
miles of each other and no more. A few pairs
as I said before are doomed to failure because
they congregate at night in large numbers as the
Quail do. This is for protection and warmth.
You probably know more about this than I do,
however, this is what I have discovered. Any
further information will be gladly given at any
time.—R. B. WILLIS.

CANADIAN SCHOOL OF PREHISTORY IN FRANCE.
—The Canadian School of Prehistory in France,
organized by a committee of the Royal Society
of Canada in 1925 is expected to open its second
session at Combe-Capelle about June 15th under
the auspices of Les Beaux Arts de France. Ar-
rangements are in charge of M. Pierre Dupuy,
Secretary to the High Commissioner for Canada
in Paris, 39 Boulevard des Capucines, Paris, and
Dr. H. M. Ami, F.G.S., Laboratory of Geology
and Paleontology, Elgin Annex, Ottawa, Canada.
The school is expected to carry on special excava-
tions in the valley of the Couze River, Dordogne
District, in the southwest of France, and will

‘tte

ingit'y (
GE

ij :

May, 1927] _

also devote some time in visiting the prehistoric
sites, caves, rock shelters, etc., of the classic
region about Les Eyzies de Tayac—H. M. AmtI.

\

THE FLUCTUATION IN THE ABUNDANCE OF
RABBITS.—About two years ago inquiries were
sent to a limited number of interested persons in
Canada with a view to obtaining information as
to the cause of the recognized fluctuation in the
abundance of rabbits throughout Canada. The
difficulty has always been to bring together a
pathologist and a newly deceased or sickly wild
rabbit and our former letter told how this could
be done.

There were some positive results from this letter
and the actual cases examined were as follows:

(1) Location: Sicamous, B.C.

Specimen: From Constable R. Pritchard
Examination made by: Dr. E. A. Bruce.
Summary of result: Specimen consisting of
hind leg of rabbit was infected with Coenurus
serialis which is an intermediate stage of a tape-
worm, the other host of which is of the dog tr ibe.
The carcass was in poor condition for critical
work but some microfilaria (microscopic worms)
were found in the blood and some indication of
the presence of protozoa. Pathologist needs

further specimens as fresh as possible.

(2) Location: Golden, B.C..
Specimen: From Constable R. Pritchard.
Examination made by: Dr. E. A. Bruce.
Summary of result: “The rabbit was fairly
heavily infected with Cysticercus pisiformis, the
larval stage of a tape worm (T. serrata) of dogs,
ete.”

(8) Location: Ottawa, Ontario.

Specimen: Portion of a rabbit which
came into the possession of Mr. C. L. Patch,
Chief Taxidermist of the National Museum of
Canada, and by him handed to Mr. Hoyes Lloyd
of this Branch.

_ Examination made by: Dr. A. B. Wickware.

Result: The muscular tissues contained Larva
or intermediary forms of the tape worm Multiceps
serialis = Coenurus serialis. This is a tape worm
of the dog and has as its secondary host various
species of rabbits and squirrels. It is located in
the small intestine of the primary host and in
the connective tissue of the secondary hosts.
Its life history is as follows:

“Eggs developed by the adult worm in the intes-

tine of the primary host pass out and are in-

gested by the secondary host with contaminated
food and water. In the digestive tract of the
secondary host the embryo escapes and bores

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 113

into the tissues and possibly into the circulation
of the host. In the connective tissue under the ©
skin, between the muscles and elsewhere, it comes
to rest and develops into a larval form, or coenurus,
with numerous heads attached and also with the
production of internal and external daughter
bladders which in turn develop numerous heads.
On ingestion of these bladders by the primary
host the tape worm heads develop segments and
form the strobilate worm.”

As Constable Pritchard noted in connection
with diseased rabbits in his vicinity, the most
likely indication of tape worm infection is the
presence of a bladder-like lump or bag in the
muscle or under the skin. This is more or less
filled with a clear liquid in which a number of white
bodies, resembling corals, are floating. This is
the ordinary non-scientific description of the tape
worm cyst.

This tape worm infection occurs in rabbits both
when they are abundant and when they are
scarce and probably has nothing to do with the
presumed infectious disease which occurs in
epidemic form and kills the majority of the
rabbits in any one vicinity once it breaks out.

Consequently further specimens of newly
deceased or sickly rabbits are needed in a fresh
state if we are to find the cause of the epidemic
rabbit disease. Specimens should be sent to:—

Dr. E. A. Watson, Biological Laboratory,
Ottawa, Canada.

Dr. L. M. Heath, Veterinary Research Station,
Lethbridge, Alta.

Dr. E. A. Bruce, Agassiz, B.C.

Persons sending wild rabbit specimens will be
reimbursed for any reasonable expenditure incurred
in making a shipment. General directions for
sending pathological specimens are attached.

In connection with the study of the disease of
rabbits and the resulting fluctuation, I should be
glad to have the following questions answered for
as many localities in Canada as possible:

(1) Loeality;

(2) Species of rabbit upon which report is made;

(3) Name of person making report;

(4) Years in which rabbits were abundant;

(5) Years in which rabbits were normal;

(6) Years in which rabbits were far below
normal.—J. B. HARKIN, Commissioner.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR SENDING PATHOLO-
GICAL SPECIMENS TO BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES.
—The method of packing specimens for shipment
to a laboratory depends to a great extent on the
distance which must be traversed, the nature of
the specimen, and the season of the year. During

114

the winter period, the simplest method of pre-
servation is to freeze the entire carcass. It
should then be wrapped in several thicknesses of
paper and packed in a strong wooden box for
immediate shipment to the nearest laboratory,
unless otherwise instructed.

When the season is warm or only moderately
cold, the entire carcass should be wrapped in
several thicknesses of paper and then in a piece
of oilcloth or similar material. It should then
be packed in ice and sawdust.

These methods of preservation apply in all
eases but must be modified to include only por-
tions of the diseased organs of larger animals.

Where ice is not available, various expedients
must be resorted to, such as wrapping the carcass
in cloths saturated with a solution of bichloride
of mercury, or good commercial disinfectant.
Afterwards, the method of packing in sawdust,
chaff or other similar material, should be followed.

All boxes and containers should be as leak-
proof as possible to eliminate danger in handling
during shipment. Hxpress or postal charges must
be prepaid. Packages should be plainly addressed
marked pathological specimen, perishable, rush,
Leep in a cool place.

The sender’s name and address and some mark
of identification should be conspicuously placed
on the package, the identification mark corres-
ponding to one in the covering letter.

Specimens may be forwarded to any of the
following addresses:—

Chief Pathologist, Biological Laboratory, 41
Cliff St., Ottawa, Canada.

Dr. L. M. Heath, Veterinary Research Station,
Box 819, Lethbridge, Alberta.

Dr. E. A. Bruce, Veterinary Research Station,
Agassiz, B.C.

A CorRECTION.—The following corrections should
be made in the March number: Page 49, line of
Taraxacum officinale, last column, should read 11
instead of 71. Page 50, line of Camelina dentata,
last column, should read 43, instead of 34. Page 51,
line of Conringia orientalis last column should read

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[Vout, XLI

52 instead of 152. Page 53, line of Parnassia
palustris, last column, should read 43, instead of 434.

CORRECTION OF ANNA E. MACLOGHLIN’S
“SONG OF THE PEWEE’”’ WHICH APPEARED IN THE
OCTOBER ISSUE.—Each phrase should end with a
double bar, as each is sung separately, and at dif-
ferent times, and not continuously as you have

‘printed them. See bars I, II and III.

I find a mistake also in the rests used, namely
eighth-note rests, instead of quarter-note rests,
at the end of the male bird’s song. Bars I,
II and III.

In bar II the C sharp should come on the 6th
beat of the bar, and have a single line after it.
In bar III, the last note should be B.

Note.—It may be of interest to readers of The Canadian
Field-Naturalist to point out the value of records obtained by
bird banding. The banding method enables us to obtain very
accurate information about individual birds, which, when it
has been accumulated in sufficient quantity, will make possible
may important generalisations relating to species and larger
groups. Some of the questions which may eventually be
solved by bird banding are: To what extent do birds return
to their birth-places to breed? How are new areas added to
the range of a species? What birds have definite winter
quarters? To what extent are migration routes definite?
Do young birds and adults travel in company or by the same
route and do they winter in the same area? What relation
do the winter quarters of the northerly nesting individuals
of a species bear to those of the southerly nesting individuals?
To what age do birds of various species live? How long
does a family group (parents and young) remain together?
For how long a period does a mating normally endure in any
given species? What are the details of the successive plumage
moults? - And so on, for a great many more points of interest
might be mentioned.

Even when a “repeat’’ record is separated only by a day
from the original banding record, it has its value, for it
indicates a certain length of tarrying in the vicinity and
helps to determine the time of departure on migration. Data
of this kind are of value, for instance, in an investigation
of the separate migration in autumn of adults and of young
birds of the year, which is a question of much biological impor-
tance, and one where a difference of a day in time of migration
might be highly significant. Yet, as A. Landsborough Thom-
son states in his recent work on Problems of Bird Migration,
“‘Many records showing the dates of movement both of young
birds and of adults, in a given species, are required before con-
clusions can be safely drawn from this source.”’

By: publishing a list of Canadian bird banding records,
including even the “‘short-time repeats’’, The Canadian Field-
Naturalist is making available without the necessity of con-
sulting a large filing system at some central point, an ever-
increasing quantity of information of a definite character,
relating to avian activities and “‘life histories’. In this way
it is rendering to its readers and to science an important
service whose value will increase steadily as these data accum-
ulate. To omit any data of possible significance would de-

form the foundation on which future investigators will de-
pend.—HARRISON F. LEWwIs.

uy

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May, 1927]

OuR Mose Eartu by R. J. Daly Charles
E Scribner’s Sons, 1926.

3g This is a new book on Intrageology by Reginald
; Aldworth Daly, Sturgis-Hooper Professor of
’

Geology, Harvard University. Professor Daly is

a Canadian by birth, a graduate of Toronto

University, and one of the foremost living geolo-
P gists. He is the author of a number of reports
published by the Geological Survey of Canada,
: the chief of which is the “Geology of the North
A American Cordillera at the Forty-Ninth Parallel’,
in three parts. He is also the author of “‘Igneous
; Rocks and Their Origin’? and numerous papers
dealing with many phases of geology. He ori-
_- ginated the theory of “stoping” to account for
_ the manner of intrusion of batholithic masses
of igneous rock and many of his publications deal
_ with this problem and its related one, that of
magnetic assimilation and its effect in producing
different types of igneous rocks.

Intrageology or the science of the interior of
> the earth is one which is receiving more and more
4 attention. In the present volume Dr. Daly
: summarizes in a most interesting and attractive
way what is known about the interior of the earth
and what is inferred from the known facts. The
facts and the theories are, however, so intimately
; interwoven that the amateur reader will probably
" have difficulty in separating them. Earthquakes,
voleanic activity, geologic structure and crustal
movements all have a tale to tell bearing on the
problem of what lies below the surface crust of
the earth, and each is discussed in an equally
interesting way. Daly believes that underlying
the earth’s crust everywhere is a hot, glassy ba-
saltic substratum. This is under conditions of
such high pressure that it acts as a rigid solid for
sudden stresses while over long periods of time

7

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en
ges

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

115

BOOK REVIEW

it yields sufficiently to allow the continents to
stand in isostatic adjustment. When the pres-
sure on it is locally reduced, as for example by a
fracture in the earth’s crust extending down to
it, the material at this point becomes highly
mobile and rises along the fracture forced up by
the dead weight of the crust and by the effer-
vescence of the gas-charged glass or lava. Volcanic
eruptions of both the fissure type and the central
type are explained by such abyssal fissuring and
abyssal injection.

In connection with the theories about the
interior of the earth, an interesting discussion of
mountain ranges and their origin is given. Again
his theory for the origin of mounains depends
on the existence of the substratum of glassy basalt
beneath the earth’s crust. It is a known fact
that mountain ranges occupy the sites of former
geosynclines, areas in depression in which great
thicknesses of sediments accumulated. Daly
believes that in the formation of a mountain range
from a geosynclinal prism, the basin of sediments
was sufficiently downwarped for the crust at this
point to be broken into fragments. Some of the
broken crust-blocks foundered in the basaltic
substratum and other fragments sliding down the
flanks of the basin crumpled the rocks ahead into
mountain structures. This landslide theory is
also offered to explain the migration of the
continents according to the Wegener theory.

The book is stimulating to the technical reader
and will be of interest to the lay reader who is
interested in some of the major problems about
the earth as a whole. It is well illustrated with

pictures and diagrams and contains a useful list
of suggested works of reference for those who wish
to widen their reading along these lines.—F. J.
ALCOCK.

116

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A

AGADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE,
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Ottawa, Ont.
Acer, Mrs. J. N. A.,
733 Pine Ave.,
Montreal, Que.

AGRICULTURE, DEPT. OF,
Province of Alberta,

Game Commissioner,
Edmonton, Alta.

AGRICULTURE, DEPT. OF,
Library,

Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

AGRICULTURE, DEPT. OF,
Entomological Branch Library,
Ottawa, Ont.

AGRICULTURE, DEPT. OF,

The Game Commissioner,
Regina, Sask.

AGRICULTURE, DEPT. OF,
International Institute,
Library,

Ottawa, Ont.

AGRICULTURE, DEPT. OF,
Quebec City, P.Q.

AHERN, G. S.,

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Quebec City, P.Q.

ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,
2nd Street, N.E.,

Red Deer, Alta.

ALCOCK, F. J.,
Geological Survey,
Ottawa, Ont.

ALEXANDER, K.,

Hope Point, Long Bay,
Gambia Island, B.C.

ALLEN, Dr. A. A.,

McGaw Hall, Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE,

New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.

AMERICAN MUSEUM Or NATURAL HIst.,

77th St and Central Park West,

New York City.
Ami, Dk H M,

453 Wilbrod Street.,

Ottawa, Ont.
ANDERSON, R. M.,

58 Driveway,

Ottawa, Ont.
ANDERSON, J. R.,

Wynyard, Sask.
ANDREWS, A. W.,

133 Tyler Ave.,

Detroit, Mich.
ANTICOSTI ADMINISTRATION,

Port Meunier,

Anticost Island, P.Q.
ARMSTRONG, N. A. D.,

West House,

Shawinigin Lake, B.C.
ARNOTT, DR. H. G.,

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Hamilton, Ont.
ARNOLD, E.,

64 Durocher St., Apt. 6,

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ASHBURY COLLEGE LIBRARY,

Rockcliffe Park,

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AUCHMACHIB, A. C.,

839 Euclid Ave.,

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AUK, c-o Dr. Witmer Stone,

Academy of Natural Science,

Philadelphia, Pa.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

MAY 1927

B

BAILLIE, JAMES L.,

e-o Royal Ontario Museum of
Zoology,
Toronto, Ont.

BAKER, FRANK C.,
Natural History Bldg.,
Urbana, Ill., U.S.A.

BALDWIN, Dr. E.,

86 St. George St.,
Toronto, Ont.

BALpwin, L. H.,

4 Old Forest Hill Rd.,
Toronto, Ont.

BALDWIN, S. P.,

11025 East Boulevard,

Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
BALLANTYNE, Miss M.,

54 Main St.,

Ottawa, Ont.

Baim, H.,

7 Oriole Parkway,
Toronto, Ont.

BARBER, R. E.,

280 Palmer St.,
Guelph, Ont.

BARBEAU, C. M.,

Victoria Museum,
Ottawa, Ont.

BARKER, F. W.,

114 Brunswick St.,
Fredericton, N.B.

BAsTIN, Mrs. C. E.,

149 Furby St.,
Winnipeg, Man.

BECKETT, COLONEL R. M.,
P.O. Box 35,

Quebec, P.Q.

BEAUPRE, EDWIN,
Kingston, Ont.

BEAN, T. E.,

Galena, ale U.S.A.

BELL, H.,
P.O. Box 1001,
Pembroke, Ont.

BELL, GARNET S.,
e-o Ontario Club,
16 Wellington St. West,
Toronto, Ont.

BERGEN’S MUSEUM,
Bergen, Norway.

BERLIOZ, J.,

Assistant ces Museum,
Histoire Naturelle,

55 Rue de Baffon,
Paris, France. (v.c.)

BIGELow, N. K..,
Royal Ontario Museum,
Toronto, Ont.

BIRD, RAuPH D.,
Birtle, Man.

BisHop, Louis B.,

450 Bradford St.,
Pasadena, Cal., U.S.A.

Bissett, Dr. E. D. R.,
Pine Falls, Man.

BLACKADER, Dr. A. D.,
The Acadia,

581 Sherbrooke St., S.W.,

Montreal, P.Q.
BLizzARD, W. H.,

70 Duggan Ave. ng

Deer Park, Toronto, Ont.

BORDEN, Rt. Hon. Sir R. L., G.C.M.G.

201 ‘Wurtemberg St.,
Ottawa, Ont.

BoOsTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY,
234 Berkeley St.,
Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACT,

University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

[Vou. XLI

OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB

Bouter, G. R.,

57 St. Peter St.,
Montreal, P.Q.

BOUCHARD, M. P., PRoF. GEO.,
Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere,
P.Q.

BOWMAN, KENNETH,

10240 Wadhusrt St.,
Edmonton, Alta.

Boy Scouts’ ASSOCIATION,
Canadian General Council,
203 Wellington St.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Boy Scouts’ ASSOCIATION,

. 709 Northern Ontario Bldg.,
Toronto 2, Ont.

BRANDT, Mrs. W. H.,

14507 Shaker Blvd. ky
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A:

BREAKEY, MASTER IAN,
Breakeyville,

County Levis, P.Q.

BRIGDEN, F. H.,

15 Oswald Crescent,
Toronto, Ont.

BRIMLEY, J. F.,
Wellington, Ont.

B.C. NATURAL History SOCIETY,
H. T. Nation, Secretary, -
2380 Windsor Road,
Victoria, B.C.

B.C. ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
J. W. Winson, Sec. “Treas. bs
Huntingdon, B.C.

B.C. PROVINCIAL LIBRARY,
Victoria, B C

Brooks, Major ALLAN,
Okanagan Handing; B.C.

Brown, Mrs. R. D.,

388 Main St.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Brown, J. ROLAND,

26 Spring Street;
Hamilton, Ont.

Brown, W. J.,

250 Oliver Ave.,
Westmount, P.Q.

BRUNT, R. A.,

R.R. No. 2,
Kerwood, Ont

BUCHANAN, Pror. M. M.,

75 Heathdale Road,
Toronto, Ont.

BUCKLE, J. W.,

c-o Thos. Robertson & Co.,
134 Craig St. West,
Montreal, P.Q.

BULLER, Pror. A. H. R.,
Dept. of Botany,
University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Man.

BuRWASH, FE. W.,

Dept. of Geology,

University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, B.C
BURWASH, ARMON,

P.O. Box 120,

Arnprior, Ont.

Cc

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

San Francisco, Cal.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,

Library,

Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A.
CALVERT, J. FLETCHER,

Collegiate Institute,

London, Ont.
CALVERT E. W.,

c-o H. Hawkins,

R.R. No. 5,

Cobden, Ont.

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May, 1927]

CAMERON, E. R., \
Supreme Court,
Ottawa, Ont.
CAMERON, J. H.,
355 Dufferin Ave.,
London, Ont.
CAMPBELL, J. A.,
13 Elm Street,
Toronto, Ont.
CARNEGIE LIBRARY,
Ottawa, Ont.
CARTWRIGHT, B. W.,
374 Donald Street,
Winnipeg, Man.
CASSELS, MRs. W. A.,
Red Deer, Alta.
CHAMBERS, W. LEE,
Eagle Rock,
Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.
CHAMBERLAIN, C. W.,
Hotel Hemenway,
Boston, Mass.
CARDINAL, V.,
1448 Cote des Neiges Road,
Montreal, P.Q.
CHICAGO UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.
CLARKE, C. H. DouG.Las,
P.O. Box 423,
Goderich, Ont.

- CLARK, THOMAS H.,

Peter Redpath Museum,
Montreal, Que.
CLEMENS, W. A.,
Director,
Pacific Biological Station,
Nanaimo, B.C
CoLE, Miss Mina,
Normal School,
Camrose, Alta.
COLUMBIAN COLLEGE LIBRARY.
New Westminster, B.C.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
New York, N.Y.
COLWELL, Mrs. L. S.,
746 Pine Ave. West,
Montreal, Que.
CONNELL, REV. RoBT.,
1057 Chamberlain Street,
Victoria, B.C.
CONNOLLY, C. J.,
St. Francis Xavier College,
Antigonish, N.S.
ConpDoR, THE,
c-o J. Grinnell,
University of California,
Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A.
Cook, H. C.,
Geological Survey,
Ottawa, Ont.
Cook, G. M.,
27 Tod Lane,
Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.A.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
Ithaca, N.Y.
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97 Stanley Ave.,
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329 St. J ohn Street,
Fredericton, N.B.
CRAM, A. S.,
Lands Patent Branch,
Dept. of Interior,
Ottawa, Ont.
CREW, REV. A. C.,
United Church Publishing House,
Queen and John Streets,
Toronto 2, Ont.
CRAWFORD, H. C.,
Entomological Branch,
Dept. of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Ont.
CRERAR LIBRARY,
The John,
Chicago, Il]., U.S.A.
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234-15th Street Fast,
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' CRIDDLE, STUART,

Treesbank, Man.
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THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

CrosBy, MAUNSELL S.,
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2415 Dunbar Street,
Vancouver, B.C.
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P.O. Box 295,
Athens, Ont.
CURRENT SCIENCE REVIEW,
McComb, Miss., U.S.A.

D

DALE, CHAS. F.,
625 Cote Street,
Antoine Road,
Westmount, P, Q.
DALE, E. M.S.,
297 Hyman Street,
London, Ont.

. DAVIDSON, PROF. JOHN,
Dept. of Botany,
University of British Columbia,
Vanvoucer, B.C

Davis, Eu,
R.R. No. 7,
London, Ont.
DeEaR, MaJor L. S.,
P.O. Box 89,
Port Arthur, Ont.
DEAM, CBAS.,
Bluffton, Iniana, U.S.A.
DeLury, Dr. RALPH E.,
Dominion Observatory,
Ottawa, Ont.
DE LuRyY, GEORGE,
c-o Dr. De Lury,
337 Fairmont Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.
DEmpeSEY, J. H. C.,
IPO: Department,
Hamilton, Ont.
DEMETRIO, REv. C. H.,
Emma, Lafayette,
Missouri, U.S.A.
DENMARK ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,
Copenhagen, Denmark,
DEMILLE, G. B.,
285 Middle Neck Road,
Great Neck, N.Y., U.S.A.
DE VAny, J. I..,
Annapolis Royal, N.S.
DeEs RIVIERES, H.,
Grande Allee,
Quebec, P.Q.
DEXTER, PROF. JOHN SMITH,
University of Porto Rico,
Rio Piedras,
Porto Rico.
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University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich.
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Dominion Observatory,
Ottawa, Ont.
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Dominion Observatory,
Ottawa, Ont.
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514 Lester Ave. ss
Pasadena, Cal., U.S.A.
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304 Bay Street,
Toronto 2, Ont.
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Toronto 2, Ont.
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Dominion Observatory,
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Swan River, Man.
DUNLOP, JAMES,
Woodstock, Ont.
Dwicut, Dr. J.,
43 West 70th Street,
New York City, N. ie
DyYMOND, J. R.,
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Toronto, Ont.

117

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Court House,

Vancouver, B.C.
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Edmonton, Alta.
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280 Mariposa Road,

Rockcliffe,

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504 Monroe Ave.,

River Forest,

Oak Park, IIl., U.S.A.
EMERTON, J. i.

30 Ipswich Street,

Boston, Mass., U. iSeAn
ENGLISH, H. A.,

P.O. Box 496,

Moose Jaw, Sask.
Evans, Miss E. L.,

ce-o Preventorium,

Queen Alexandra Sanatorium,

R.R. No. 7, London, Ont.

F

FARLEY, F. L.,
Camrose, Alta.
FarGo, W. G.,
506 Union Street,
Jackson, Mich., U.S.A.
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340 Rue St. Denis,
Montreal, P.Q.
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1318 Bank Street,
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Ottawa, Ont.
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321 McLeod Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

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Rockcliffe Park,
Ottawa, Ont.
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FERRIER, W. F.,
87 Harper ‘Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.
FIELD, Miss C.,
3 Hampton Court,
355 Mountain Street,
Montreal, P.Q.
FIELD MUSEUM,
Natural History Library,
Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.
FIsH & GAME COMMISSIONER OF CAL. ,
Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A.
Fisk, H. H.S.,
86 Maple Ave. S
St. Lambert, Que.
FLEMING, J. H.,
267 Rusholme Road,
Toronto, Ont.
FLETCHER, L. B.,
54 Cotswold. Road,
Brookline, Mass., U.S.A.
FOERSTE, Dr. AUG. F.,
129 Wroe Ave.,
Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A.
FOERSTER, R. E.,
Vedder Crossing P.O., B.C.
FORDYCE, G. L.,
40 Lincoln Ave. i
Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.A.
Forest, Miss A. M.,
Queen Alexandria Sanatorium,
R.RNo. 7,
London, Ont.
FORFAR, E., is
Game Warden,
Fort St. James, B.C.
FRASER, Pror. C. MCLEAN,
University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, B.C
FRENCH, C. A.,
145 Cameron Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

118

Fy Less, Miss F.,
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont.

G

GaABY, F. A.,
480 Spadina Road,
Toronto, Ont.
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Ottawa, Ont.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY,
Dept. of Interior,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
GERFAUT, LE,
c-o Ch. Dupond,
Prince Charles 21,
Lachen, Bruxelles, Belgium.
GILLIATT, F. C.,
Annapolis Royal, N.S.
GILLMAN, MIss,
Woodroffe, Ont.
GIBSON, ARTHUR,
Entomological Branch,
. Dept. of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Ont.
GLADDING, Miss M.,
102, The Regent,
14 Amesbury,
Montreal, P.Q.
GOODRICH, CALVIN,
Newark Star-Eagle,
Newark, N.J., U.S.A.
GORMELY, LIGUORI,
P.O. Box 80,
Arnprior, Ont.
GOULD, Harry,
High River, Alta.
GOULDING, A. M.,
Dentonia Park,
East Toronto, Ont.
GRANT, A. W.,
16 Powell Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.
GRANT, Mrs. M. C.,
24 Blackburn Ave.;
Ottawa, Ont.
GREEN, MorRIs,
39 South Wyoming Ave.,
Ardmore, Pa., U.S.A.
GRINNELL, J.,
University of California,
Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A.
Grist, Miss Mary I..,
251 Laurier Ave. East,
Ottawa, Ont.
GrRo8d, H.,
Botanical Division,
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont.
Gross, Dr. A. O.,
Bowdoin Ccllege,
Brunswick M., U.S.A.
GUELPH PUBLIC LIBRARY,
Guelph, Ont.

H

HaGar, Miss C. M..,
376 Mountain Street,
Montreal, P.Q.
HALKETT, ANDREW,
216 Lyon Street,
Ottawa Ont.
HAMBLY, FRED J.,
Buckingham, P.Q.
HAMERSLEY, Mrs. G.,
2056 Fourth Street,
Victoria, B.C.
HAMILTON, Dr. B. A.,
Highland Park, I[ll., U.S.A.
HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION SOCIETY,
Miss R. R. Mills, Sec.-Treas.,
Public Library,
Hamilton, Ont.
HAMMILL, Mrs. GRACE,
267 Somerset Street West,
Ottawa, Ont.
HAMILTON, Dr. F. W.L.,
318 Somerset Building,
Winnipeg, Man.
Haun, Miss FREYA,
9 Washington Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

HANHAM, A. W.,
R.M.D., No. 1,
Dunean, B.C.

Harpy, G. A..,

152 Menzies Street,
Victoria, B.C.

Harpy, Capt. C. P., :
300 Bank of Hamilton Bldg.,
Hamilton, Ont.

HARE, C. T.,

5 Summerhill Terrace,
Montreal, Que.

HARKNESS, W. J. K.,
Dept. of Biology,
Toronto University,
Toronto, Ont.

HARPER, FRANCIS,

234 Berkeley Street,
Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

HARRINGTON, PAUL, L.D.S., D.D.S.,
813 Bathurst Street,
Toronto, Ont.

HARROLD, C. G.,

183 Notre Dame Street East,
Winnipeg, Man.
Hart, N. C.,
Western University,
St. George Street,
London, Ont.

Hart, W.S.,

252 The Boulevard,
Westmount, Que.

HASTINGS, E. W.,

South Lyon, Mich., U.S.A.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY,

Arnold Arboretum,
Jamaica Plains, Mass., U.S.A.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY,

Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY,

Gray Herbarium

Cambridge, Mass-, U.S.A.
Harvey, Mrs. J. A.,

Harcroft,

Swansea, Ont.

HAYDEN, J. E.,

652 Belmont Ave.,
Westmount, Que.
Hastey, Miss D.,
275 Booth Street,
Ottawa, Ont.
Hayes, Dr., A. O.,
Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A.

HENDERSON, A. D.,
Belvidere, Alta.

Ho.upom, REv. M. W.,

The Rectory,
Chilliwack, B.C.

HOLMES, RoBtT.,

24 Isabella Street,
Toronto, Ont.

HAULTAIN, C. F.,

Port Hope, Ont.

Honpeson, E. A.,

Dominion Observatory,
Ottawa, Ont.

HoweELL, Miss M. K.,
Wychwood Park,
Toronto, Ont.

HOWARD, C. K., :
General Tourist Agent,
Canadian National Railways,
Montreal, Que.

Howilrt, H.,

58 Lyon Street,
Guelph, Ont.

HUARD, CANON, V. A.,

No. 2 Richelieu Street,
Quebec, P.Q

Hupson’s Bay Co.,

Fur Trade Commissioner,
Winnipeg, Man.

Hupson, Pror. G. H.,

39 Broad Street,
Platssburgh, N.Y., U.S.A.

Hupson, H. F.,
Entomological Laboratory,
Strathroy, Ont.
HUNTSMAN, A. G.,
Biological Department,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ont.

[VoL. XLI

HUTCHINGS, C..B.,
Entomological Branch,
Dept. of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Ont.

Hume, J. P.,~
Collegiate Institute,
Goderich, Ont.

I

Ipis, THE,
c-o Zoological Society,
Regents Park,
London, N.W., England.
Illinois University Library,
Urbana, Ill., U.S.A.
INGERSOLL, E.,
Hotel St. Remo,
146 Cnetral Park West,
New York, N.Y., U.S.A.
INGLIs, R. A.,
Division of Botany,
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont.
INTERIOR, DEPT. OF,
Canadian National Parks,
Ottawa, Ont. “

J

JACKSON, H. A. C.,

35 Campbell Ave.,

Montreal West, Que.
JARVIS, GERALD,

Bank of Nova Scotia,

Arnprior, Ont.
JENNESS, D.,

Geological Survey,

Ottawa, Ont. Be
JENNNINGS, OTTO E.,

Carnegie Museum,

Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A.
JERROT, Mrs. W.,

Lutcher Creek Station, N.S.
JOHANSEN, F.,

Vittoria Street,

Ottawa, Ont.
JOHNSON, A.S., JR.,

Thetford Mines, P.Q.
JOHNSON, C. E.,

Geological Survey,

Ottawa, Ont.
JOHNSON, Mrs. G. E,

70 Flora Street,

St. Thomas, Ont.
JULIAN, FE. J.,

565 Patterson Street,

Peterboro, Ont.

K

KANSAS UNIVERSITY,
Watson Library,
Lawrence, Kan., U.S.A.

KEALEY, Miss LULU,

14 Blackburn Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

KELLY, N. P.,

371 Walmer Road,
Toronto, Ont.

KENNARD, FREDERIC H.,
Dudley Road,
Newton Centre, Mass., U.S.A.

KINDLE, E. M.,
Geological Survey,
Ottawa, Ont.

KING, W., C.

508 Maclaren Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

KINGSTON, A. G.,

108 Argyle Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

KIRKCONNELL, I. A.,
Collegiate Institute,
Lindsay, Ont.

KIRKCONNELL, W.,
Wesley College,
Winnipeg, Man.

KirTTo, V.,

317 Queen Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

KuuGuH, A. B.,

Queen’s University,
Kingston, Ont,

“May, 1927]

Kurata, T.B.,
“Aready’’,
Swansea, Ont.

L

L’ABBE, J. H.,
467 Holland Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.
LAING, H. M.,
Comox, B.C.

LANCELEY, W. H.,

23 Elmdale Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

LANGELIER, GUS.,

Cap Rouge, P.Q.

LAMBERT, Mrs. A. J. F.,
Carmagh, Sask.

LATCHFORD, Hon. F. R.,
Osgoode Hall,

Toronto 2, Ont.

LAUGHLIN, A. W.,

87 Elm Street,
Toronto, Ont.

LAVAL UNIVERSITY,
Bibliotheque,

Quebec City, P:Q.

Law, J. EUGENE,

e-o General Delivery,
Altadena, Cal., U.S.A

LAWRENCE ,A. G.,

City Health Dept.,
Winnipeg, Man.

LAWSON, RALPH,

88 Washington Square,
Salem, Mass., U.S.A

LzEs, W. A. D.,

Camrose, Alta.

LEISTER, C. W.,

McGaw Hall,
Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.

Lem, A. H.,

Biological Department,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ont.

LEONARD, Mrs. R. W.,
Springbank,

St. Catherines, Ont.

LEARMONTH, D. H.,

c-o Gatineau Co., Limited,
Maniwaki, P.Q.

Lett, Mrs. R. C. W.,
12920 Stoney Plain Road,
Edmonton, Alta.

LEWIS, HARRISON F.,
Dept. of Interior,
Canadian National Parks Branch,
Ottawa, Ont.

Lewis, Mrs. HARRISON F.,
34 Grosvenor Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

LEwIs, GRACE S.,

Dominion Bureau Statistics,
Ottawa, Ont.

Linpsay, R. V.,

61 Brookfield Street,
Toronto, Ont.

LuioyD, Pror. F. E.,
McGill University,
Montreal, P.Q.

LuLoyD, HoyEs,

406 Queen Street, 7
Ottawa, Ont.

Lioyp, Mrs. WILMOT,

406 Queen Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

Lioyp LIBRARY,
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.

LoGieER, SHELLY,

Royal Ontario Museum,
Toronto, Ont.

Lowe, CHAS. W.,
Botanical Dept.,
McGill University,
Montreal, P.Q.

Lyon, W. T.,

124 Washington Street,
Waukegan, I1l., U.S.A.

M

MACCLEMENT, W. T.,
.Queen’s University Grounds,
Kingston, Ont.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

MacDOona.LbD, Miss C.,
Heatherton,
Antigonish, N.S.

McDona.LbD, REV. G. A.,
215 Sunnyside Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

: MacKay, Dr. A. H.,

61 Queen Street,
Dartmouth, N.S.
MACLAREN, Miss C. E.,
Carleton Place, Ont.
MaAcLAuUGHLIN, Mrs. F. E., am
437 Inglewood Drive, :
Hamilton, Ont.
MACLERY, C. R.,
Sayabec, P.Q.
MacNamMaraA, CHAS.,
Arnprior, Ont.

MACSWEEN, A.,
375 Jeanne Mance Street,
Montreal, P.Q.
MACAULAY, T. 1335,
109 Westmount Boulevard,
Westmount, Que.
Macoun, W. T.
Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont.
MabpImILu, GLENN R.,
18 Carlyle Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.
Maces, M. J.,
603 South Street,
Sault Ste. Mates Mich., U.S.A.
MA.tTE, Dr. M.
Geological Sie Museum,
Ottawa, Ont.

MANITOBA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
Kennedy Street,
Winnipeg, Man.

Marcotte, ABBE LEON,
St. Charles Seminary,
Sherbrooke, Que.

MarrtTIN, N.,
257A Bartlett Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.

Mason, W. F. H.,

Court House,
Edmonton, Alta.

MASSACHUSETTS, COMMONWEALTH OF,

State Library,

State House,

Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
MACLEAY, R.,

Sayabec, P.Q.
McArtTuHUuR, A. G.,

North York,

North York Co., N.B.
McARTHUR, J. C.,

Blind River, Ont.
McCauGHeEy, Dr. 8. G.,

142 Powell Ave.,

Ottawa, Ont.
McCu.uocu, Dr. E. A.,

165 St. Clair Ave.,

West Toronto, Ont.
McDONALD, D.,

Deputy Minister,

Game and Fisheries Dept.,

Parliament Buildings,

Toronto, Ont.

McDouGALu, NEIL A.,
P.O. Box 715,
Summerside, P.E.1.

McELHINNEY, Dr. M. G.,
252 Lisgar Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

McGILLICUDDY, J. A.,

198 College Street,
Toronto, Ont.

McGiILu UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
65 McTavish Street,
Montreal, P.Q.

McGreEGor, J. D. & P. A., LIMITED,
New Glasgow, N.S

McGAHeEy, PEARL,
193 O’Connor Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB,
E. M.S. Dale,
297 Hyman Street,
London, Ont.
McLACHLIN, DAN.,
Arnprior, Ont.

McLaiInge, L. S.,
Entomological Branch,
Dept. of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Ont.

McKEE, A. W.,

15 Rivercourt Blvd.,
Todmorton, Ont.

McLEop, J. R.,

345 Wortley Road,
London, Ont.

McMaster UNIVERSITY,
Library,

Bloor Street West,
Toronto, Ont. :

McKeEcuikg, 8. W. C.,
765 Granville Street,
Vancouver, B.C.

MENZIES, T. P. O.,
Curator, City Museum,
Vancouver, B.C.

MERRIAM, Dr. C. Hart,

1916 16th Street,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

MERRIMAN, R. O.,

96 West 2nd Street,
Hamilton, Ont.

MEREDITH, R.,

46 Dalhousie Street,
Quebec, P.Q.

MIDDLETON, JOHN A.,

Toronto General Trusts Building,
255 Bay Street,
Toronto 2, Ont.

MINNESOTA, SATTE OF,
Commissioner of Game & Fish,
St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A.

MILLICHAMP, Miss De
91 Walmsley Blvd.,

Toronto, Ont.

MIDDLETON, MRrs., _
202 King Street Hast,
Toronto, Ont.

DE MIFFONIS, HENRI,
355 Elgin Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

MILLER, G. A.,

Norma! School,
Ottawa, Ont.

MILLER, A. H.,

Dominion Observatory,
Ottawa, Ont.

MILWAUKEE City MUSEUM,
Library,

Milwaukee, Wis., U.S.A.

MILLEN, Miss C.,

Hull, P.Q.

Miuus, Miss Rupy,
32 Sussex Ave.,
Toronto 5, Ont.

MINER, JOHN T.,
Kingsville, Ont.

MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A.
MITCHELL, H. H.,
Provincial Museum,
Norma! School,
Regina, Sask.
MITCHELL, A. T.,
e-o Price Brothers,
Quebec, P.Q

MissouRI BOTANICAL GARDEN,
St. Louis, Mo.
Mour Dr. F.W.C.
297 Laurier Ave.
Ottawa, Ont.
Morris, F.,
643 Aylmer Street,
Peterborough, Ont.
MONTREAL UNIVERSITY,
Botanical Laboratory,
St. Denis Street,
Montreal, P.Q.
Murpuy, Miss L.,
9 Summerhill Ave.,
Montreal, P.Q.

MONTIZAMBERT, Miss TUDOR,
123 Cooper Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

Morris, Dr. ROBERT T.,

114 East 54th Street,

New York City, N.Y., U.S.A.
Morrow, Miss EDITH,

3634 Park Ave.,

Montreal, P.Q.

120

MOousLEY, H.,
469 Harvard Ave.,
Notre Dame de Grace,
Montreal, P.Q
Mounceg, Miss I.,
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont.
Munro, J. A.,
Okanagan Landing, B.C.,
MURPHY, JOHN,
174 McLaren Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

N

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MAN.,

A. A. McCoubrey,
Acting General Secretary,
Room 307, C.P.R. Depot,
Winnipeg, Man.

NATURE,

c-o Macmillan & Co., Ltd.,
St. Martin Street,
London, W.C. 2,
England.
NELSON, T.,
P.O. Box 372,
Haileybury, Ont.

NEWCOMBE, W. A.,

138 Dallas Road,
Victoria, B.C.

New LIsKEARD PUBLIC LIBRARY,
New Liskeard, Ont.

NEwTon, H. E.,

P.O. Box 935,
Victoria, B.C.

N.Y. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
77th Street, Central Park West,
New York City, N.Y., U.S.A.

N.Y. BOTANICAL GARDEN,

Bronx Park,
_ New York City, N.Y., U.S.A.

N.Y.STATE FORESTRY Con EGE,
Syracuse, N.Y., U.S.A.

N.Y. STATE LIBRARY,

Albany, N.Y. U.S.A.

N.Y. ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
185th Street,

Bronx, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.

NIAGARA FALLS PUBLIC LIBRARY,
Niagara Falls, Ont.

NORMAL SCHOOL,

Brandon, Man.

NORMAL SCHOOL,
Camrose, Alta.

NORMAL SCHOOL,
Elgin Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

NORMAL SCHOOL,
London, Ont.

NORMAL SCHOOL,
Hamilton, Ont.

Norton, Mrs. Harry A.,
Edgewater Farm,

Ayers Cliff, P.Q.

oO

OAKLEY, C. E.,

11 McGregor Street,
Toronto 2, Ont.

OBERHOLSER HARRY C.,

2805 18th Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

O’ConnNoR, J. L.,

Dominion Observatory,
Ottawa, Ont.

O’ DONOGHUE, CHas. H.,
University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Man.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY,
Library,

Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
Library,

Guelph, Ont.

ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY,
Library,

Toronto, Ont.

ORDE, Hon. MR. JUSTICE,
Osgoode Hall,

Toronto 2, Ont.

OREGON UNIV. LIBRARY,
Eugene, Ore., U.S.A.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

OrTEGA, J. L.,
- No. 1, Box 8,

Yountville, Cal., U.S.A.

OSLER, He Sune: seins
e-o John Murray, g5:i
Club House, fe!
Port Perry, Ont.

OsLO ZOOLOGICAL MusEUM,
Library,
Oslo, Norway.

P
PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY,
Ottawa, Ont.
PAYNE, F.F,

Toronto Golf Club,
Long Branch, Ont.
PATCH, CLYDE L.,
Geological Survey,
Ottawa, Ont.
PATRICK, JOHN A. M.,
Yorkton, Sask.
PEARSE, THEED,
P.O. Box 158,
Courtney, B.C.
PEAKE, L. A. M.,
P.O. Box 638,
Nanaimo, B. C.
PEARSON, T. GILBERT,
1974 Broadway,
New York, N.Y., U.S.A.
PENNSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY,
Library,
34th St. & Woodland Ave.,
Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.
PEMBER, KARL A.,
Woodstock, Vt. U.S.A.
PEMBERTON, C. C.,
606 Sayward Bldg.,
Victoria, B.C.
PENNSYLVANIA BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACT,
University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.
PENNSYLVANIA BOARD OF GAME CoM-
MISSIONERS,
Harrisburg, Pa., U.S.A.
PERKINS, EK. H.,
P.O. Box 52,
Waterville, Maine, U.S.A.
PHELPS, FRANK M.,
Elyria, Ohio, U.S.A.
PHILIP, P. B.,
220 Broadway,
New York City, N.Y., U.S.A.

PHILLIPS, JOHN C.,
Wenham, Mass., U.S.A.

PIcHER, R. H.,
Mines Branch,
Sussex Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

PortTE, T. J.,
Winnipeg Tourist & Convention
Bureau,
Winnipeg, Man.
POTTER, LAWRENCE B.,
Gower Ranch,
East End, Sask.

POWELL, DR.N. A.,
167 College Street,
Toronto, Ont.
PREECE, W. H. A.,
Miraloma,
Sidney, Vancouver Island, B.C.

PRESDON, T. A.,
Shelbourne "School,
Shelbourne, Ont.
PREBLE, E. A.,
Biological Survey,
Washington, D.C., U S.A.
PRICE, JOHN H.,
c-o Price Bros. & Co., Ltd.,
Quebec, P.Q
PRINCE, Pror. E. E.,
204 O’Connor Street,
Ottawa, Ont.
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
Princeton, N.Y., U.S.A.
PRINGLE, F. D.,
273 Wright Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.

(VoL. XL1

Q

QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION
OF BIRDs,
P.O. Box 1185, :
Montreal, P.Q.

R 3

RACEY, KENNETH,
3262 First Ave. West,
Vancouver, B.C. :
RANDALL, T. E.,
Camrose, Alta.
RAYMOND, P. E., ;
Harvard University,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
REED, GUILDFORD B.,
218 Albert Street,
Kingston, Ont.
REED, MONTAGUE,
2660 Park Ave., Apt. 11,
Montreal, P.Q.
REFORD, Mrs. K.S§.,
260 Drummond Ave.,
Montreal, Que.
REGINA PuBIIc LIBRARY,
Regina, Sask.
Rickson, A. O.,
264 Beaver Hall Hill,
Montreal, P.Q.
RIFE, Mrs. E. M.,
Hespeler, Ont.
RITCHIE, J. D.,
Earl Grey, Sask.
ROBB, WALLACE H.,
80 Highland Ave.,
Belleville, Ont.
ROBERTSON, A. D.,
Western University,
London, Ont.
ROBERTSON, CARL T., :
1626 Hollyrood Road North,
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
ROBERTSON, C. N,
c-o Ross Realty Co.,
Room 805, Lewis Bldg.,
465 St. John Street,
Montreal, P.Q.
Ropcers, Mrs. A. H.,
17 Alexandra Blvd.,
Toronto, Ont.
Rooney, Dr. R. A.,
523 Degler Bldg.,
Edmonton, Alta.
Roper, RIGHT REv. J. C.,
140 Bay Street,
Ottawa, Ont.
Ross, Miss E. G.,
P.O. Box 34,
Pakenham, Ont.
ROSZEL, J. M.,
Newcastle, Ont.
Ross, DONALD F.,
P.O. Box 870,
Quebec, P.Q.
RoweE, T. C.,
27 Gwynne Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.
RowAN, WM.,
Dept. of Zoology,
University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alta.
ROYAL CANADIAN INSTITUTE,
198 College Street,
Toronto, Ont.
SIsTER RuTH, S8.S.Y.D.,
Qu’Appelle Diocesan School.
Sixteenth Ave.,
Regina, Sask.
Rutter, R.S.,
501 Main Street,
Toronto, Ont. ;

SS)

SAMPSON, D. A.,
2230 Rose Street,
Regina, Sask.

SANDIFORD, P.,
Ontario College of Education,
University of Toronto,
Toronto 5, Ont.

SANnsSON, N. B.,
Banff, Alta.

Al a)

eu i

3
4
oy
‘
Y
‘
:
3
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:
es

May, 1927]

SASKATOON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
Saskatoon, Sask.
SARNIA COLLEGIATE INVTITUTE
W.A. Dent
Sarnia, Ont.
SAVAGE, JAS.,
Athletic Club,
Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.A.
STATTEN, TAYLOR,
428 Russell Hill Road,
Toronto, Ont.

SAUNDERS, W. E.,

240 Central Street,

London, Ont.
SAUNDERS, P. B.,

e-o A. P. Saunders,

Clinton, NY., U.S.A.
ScIENCE PROFESSOR,

St. Alexandor College,

Tronside, P.Q.
ScHANTZ, ORPHEUS M.,

10 South Lasalle Street,

Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.
Scott, R. BRUCE,

214 Poplar Plains,

Toronto, Ont.
Scott, REv. C. T.,

258 Hess Street,

Hamilton, Ont.
Scott, W. L.,

383 Stewart Street,

Ottawa, Ont.
SEaATH, Mrs. L. A.,

329 Victoria Ave.,

Westmount, P.Q.
SEELEY, Miss G.,

172 McLaren Street,

Ottawa, Ont.
SETON, ERNEST T.,

Lake Avenue,

Greenwich, Conn., U.S.A.
SHaw, J. A.,

448 Lansdown Ave.,

Westmount, Que.
SHaw, W. T.,

P.O. Box 66,

College Station,

Pullman, Wash., U.S.A.
SHEPPARD, R. W.,

1827 Main Street,

Niagara Falls, Ont.

SHERMAN, Miss A. R.,
National,
via MeGregor; Iowa, U.S.A.
SHERWOOD, E. 5S.,
”Hilleroft??, Rockcliffe,
Ottawa, Ont.
SHIRAS 3RD, GEO.,
4530 Shingle Street,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
SHORE, R.,
Indian Head, Sask.
SuHutt, F. T.,
Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Ont.
Sirton, Dr. H. B.,
10 Rathnally Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.
SIMPSON, BUCHANAN G.,
Lake Cowichan, B.C.
SKEY, W. R.,
560 Huron Street,
Toronto, Ont.
SMALL, Dr. H. B.,
150 Laurier Ave. West,
Ottawa, Ont.
SMITH, A. G.,
Wainwright, Alta.
SMITH, FRANK,
79 Fayette Street,
Hillside, Mich., U.S.A.
SMITH, HARLAN J.,
Geological Survey,
Ottawa, Ont.
SMITH, NAPIER,
e-o Bank of Montreal,
Verdun, Que.
SmitH, Miss LiniAn C.,
Apt. 11, 12 Oldfield Ave.,
Montreal, P.O.
SNELL, C. H.,
Red Deer, Alta.
SNYDER, L. L.,
Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology
Toronto, Ont.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

SOcIETE PROVENCHER d’HISTOIRE NA-
SCURELLE DU CANADA,
60A de Salaberry Ave.,
Quebee, P.Q

SoPER, J. D.,

Victoria Memorial Museum,
Ottawa, Ont.

Sorey, W. D.,

195 Liverpool Street,
Guelph, Ont.

SowTeER, T. W. E.,

Aylmer East, P.Q.

SPECK, F. G.,

University of Pennsylvania,
Museum,
Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

SPEECHLY, Dr. H.

209 Enderton Bldg. EA
Winnipeg, Man.
SPREADBOROUGH, WM.,
859 Phoenix Street,
Victoria, B.C.,
SPENCER, G. J.,
Dept. of Zoology,
University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, B.C

SpROT, G. D
R.M.D. Cobble Hill,
Vancouver Island, B.C.

SQUIRES, MRs. NaTHAN C.,
Fredericton, N.B.

STATTEN, T.,

428 Russell Hill,
Toronto, Ont.

STERNBERG, CHAS. M.,
Geological Survey,
Ottawa, Ont.

STEVENS & BROWN,

4 Trafalgar Square,
London, England.

STEPHENS, Dr. T. C.,
Editor, Wilson Bulletin,
Morningside College,
Sioux City, Iowa, U.S.A.

STUART, G. H. 3RD.,

Cor. Broad & Chestnut Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.

STEWART, JOHN,

28 South Street,
Halifax, N.S.

STEWART, Dr. D. A.,
Ninette, Man.

STEWART, R. M.,

Dominion Observatory,

Ottawa, Ont.
STEWART, RONALD,

Comox, B.C.

STRANG, J. Ross,

282 Grande Allee,
Quebec, P.Q. -

STRICKLAND, E. H.,
University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alta.

SWALES, B. H.,

US. National Museum,
Division of Birds,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

SWEDISH RoyYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,
Stockholm, Sweden.

SYMEs, P. B.,

338 Kent Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

T

TATHAM, C. O.,
Editor, Rod & Gun”’,
Woodstock, Ont.
TAVERNER, P. A.,
Geological Survey,
Ottawa, Ont.
TAYLOR, W. E.,
c-o Y.M.C.A.,
40 College Street,
Toronto 2, Ont.

TAYLOR, R. M. D., L.E.,
Saanichton, Vancouver Island.

TAYLOR, H.,
Riviere des Roches,
Co. Montmorency, P.Q.
TAyYLor, W. E.,
230 "Lauder Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.

121

TAYLOR, A. W.,
68 Yale Street,
St. Catherines, Ont.

TAYLOR, W.,

2301 Trinity Street,

Vancouver, B.C
TAYLOR, W. E.,

c-o J.N.C. ne

40 College Street,

Toronto 2, Ont.

TAYLOR, G.,

Dunedin Street,
Orillia, Ont.

TERRILL, LEWIs M.,
44 Stanley Ave.,
St. Lambert, P.Q.

THACKER, T. L.,

Little Mountain,
Hope, B.C.

Tigmraeae Pror. R. B.,
586 Spadina Ave.,
Toronto 4, Ont.

THomas, R. M.,

298 Garry Street,
Winnipeg, Man.

THOMPSON, STUART,

286 Wychwood Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.

THOMSON, PROF. R. B.,
Botanical Laboratories,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ont.

THORNE, H. M.,

70 McGill Street,
Montreal, Que.

THURSTON, J.,

613 7th Ave. West,
Calgary, Alta.

TISDALE, PAUL,

Kenton, Man.

TORONTO UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.
Toronto, Ont.

TORONTO FIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB,
W. E. Gregory,

151 Ellsworth Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.

TORONTO UNIVERSITY,
Dept. of Geology,
Toronto, Ont.

TOWNSEND, Dr. CHAS. W.,
Ipswich, Mass., U.S.A.

TuFTs, R. W.,

Wolfville, N.S.

TURNBULL, J. F.,

P.O. Box 1097,
North Bay, Ont.

TYRRELL, J. B.,

Room 810,
Lumsden Bldg.,
Toronto, Ont.

U

UPPER CANADA COLLEGE,
Library,
Toronto Ont.

Vv

VAN CLEAVE, H. J.,
Dept. of Zoology,
University of Llinois,
Urbana, Ill., U.S.A.
VANCOUVER NATURAL HIsToRY SOCIETY
C. F. Connor, Secretary,
3529 2nd Ave. West,
Vancouver, B.C
VEBERT, E. P.,
40 Robert Ave.,
Outremont, P.Q.
VICTORIA PUBLIC LIBRARY,
Victoria, B.C.

WwW

WaADsWorTH, G. F.,

282 Marlowe Ave.,

N.D.G., Montreal, P.Q.
WALLER, SAM.,

Indian School,

Moose Fort,

-James Bay, Ont.
WAILES, G. H.,

4337 Willow Street,

Vancouver, B.C.

122

WALLIs, J. B.,

School Board Office,
William Street,
Winnipeg, Man.

WALKER, BRYANT,

1306 Dime Bank Bldg.,
Detroit, Mich., U.S a.

WALKER, Dr. E. M.,

67 Alcina Ave.,
Toronto, Ont.

WALTER, Mrs. E. F.,

626 Victoria Ave.!
Westmount, Que.

WALEER, P.S.,

2127 Cypress Street,
Vancouver, B.C

WANLESS, J.,

243 Yonge Street,
Toronto 2, Ont.

WARREN, Dr. B. H.,

220 West Market Street,
Westchester, Pa., U.S.A.

WARWICK, F. W.,

36 Blenheim Road,
Galt, Ont.

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY,
Puget Sound Biological Station,
Seattle, Wash., U.S.A.

WASHINGTON STATE COLLEGE,
Pullman, Wash., U.S.A.

WESTMOUNT PUBLIC LIBRARY,
Westmount, Que.

WICKHAM, PRor. H. F.,
State University,

Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A.

WHITE, ED. F. G.,

185 Wurtemburg Street,
Ottawa, Ont.
WHITE, G. R.,
185 Wurtemburg Street,
Ottawa, Ont.
Wuite, H. C.,
P.O. Box 100,
Aylmer West, Ont.
WHITE, JAS.,
Snelgrove, Ont.

WHITE, J. H.,

Faculty of Forestry,
University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ont.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

WHITE, J.,
Bank of Nova Scotia,
Vancouver, B.C.

WHITEHEAD, A. B..
302 Grande Allee,
Quebec City, P.Q.

WHITEHOUSE, F. C.,
Canadian Bank of Commerce,
Nelson, B.C.

Wuyte, Mrs. R. B.,
72 Fifth Ave., ¥
Ottawa, Ont.

WILLEY D.
Heatherdown, Alta.

WILLEY, PRoF. ARTHUR,
McGill University,
Montreal, P.Q.

WILLIAMS, Dr. M. Y.,
University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, B.C

LorD WILLINGDON,
Rideau Hall,
Ottawa, Ont.

LADY WILLINGDON,
Rideau Hall,
Ottawa, Ont.

WILSON, Miss ALIce E.,
Geological Survey, ©
Ottawa, Ont.

WILSON, Miss E.,
Acacia Ave., Rockcliffe,
Ottawa, Ont.

WiLson, F. H.,
61 St. Alexander Street,
Montreal, Que.

WINCHESTER, H. S.,
35 Willard Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

WINSON, J. W.,
Huntingdon, B.C.

WINTEMBERG, W. J.,
32 Grosvenor Ave.,
Ottawa, Ont.

Woop, A.A,

R.R. No. 2,
liderton, Ont.

- *
a
ns
~ *

[VoL. XLI

Woop, C. Ropney,
Magomba Estate,
P.O. Cholo,
Nyasaland, Africa,
via Cape Town.

Woop, Cou. Wo.,

59 Grande Allee,
Quebec City, P.Q.

Woops, CoLoneE. J. W.,
Chapel Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

WOLFE, W.,

102 First Street,
Edmonton, Alta.

WHALEN, F. J., D.Sc.,
Dept. of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Ont.

Wricut, A. H.,
Zoological Department,
Corne!l University,
Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.

WRIGHT, J. FRANK,
Victoria Memorial Museum,
Ottawa, Ont.

Wricut, Miss S. E.,
317 Queen Street,
Ottawa, Ont.

Y

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY,
New Haven, Conn., U.S.A.
YOUNG, REV. C. J.,
2405 Collingwood Ave.,
Vancouver, B.C.

YOUNG, WALLACE,
203 Fern Ave.,
Toronto 8, Ont.
YOUNG, C. H.,
Victoria Memorial Museum.
Ottawa, Ont.

Z

ZOOLOGICAL Society, LONDON
Regents Park,
London N.W., England.

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| Canadian Explorer and Naturalist,

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—ccjapiaaamieat as alii iaialias

\

EXPLORATIONS

in Western Canada

The Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club
has just published an interesting vol-
ume of over 300 pages, entitled:

Autobiography of
John Macoun, M.A.

Assistant
Director and Naturalist to the Geological Survey
of Canada—1831-1920.

This volume is an account of the life of this veteran
naturalist. Agriculturists generally, in fact a
interested in the development of Canada, will find
this book of much interest and value.

The edition is limited. The price is $3.00 with
15c added for bank exchange, if remittance is forwarded
by personal cheque.

Applications for the volume should be made to

Dr. J. F. Wright

Victoria Memorial Museum

Ottawa - - Canada

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ATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF
s «SMANITOBA =
1925-26 |

R. M. THomas. ORNITHOLOGICAL

TION—Chairman: C. L. BRoLEY; Secretary: A. B.
-RESHAM. BOTANICAL SECTION—Chairman: Dr.
SBY; Secretary: Miss GRACE CAMERON, B.A. ENTOMO-
ICAL SECTION—Chairman: G. SHIRLEY BROOKS;
retary: FERRIS NEAVE. GEOLOGICAL SECTION—
airman: FRANK M. OLIvER; Secretary: H. CHAS. PEARCE.

THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION
| SOCIETY, ©
(Incorporated)

m. President: W.E. SAUNDERS: London, Ont.; President:
ciL’ D. Cook, Hamilton, Ont.; 1st Vice-President: H. C.
NN, Hamilton, Ont.; 2nd Vice-President: Dr. W. G.
ORNETT, Hamilton, Ont.; Secretary and Treasurer: J.
LAND BROWN, 26 Spring Street, Hamilton, Ont.; Directors:
H. C. Arnott, Dr. W. G. Cornett, Mrs. F. E. Mac-
LIN, Miss Ruspy R. MIuus, R. OWEN MERRIMAN, Miss
MILLINGTON and H. C. NuNN.

ATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH
COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C.

_officers for the above Society for the year ending
h 31st, 1925, are as follows:— AY as
resident: REV. R. CONNELL, M.A.3. 1st Vice-President:
- KBLLY; 2nd Vice-President: Mrs. HUGH MACKENZIE;
Secretary: HaARoLD T. NATION; Hon. Treasurer: Miss
M. THORNTON; Committee: G. A. HARDY, C. C. PEMBERTON,
RA CORNWALL, F.G.S., A. R. Saerwoop, H. Boycn; Audi-
ora: Miss MOcKRIDGE, M.Sc., WILLIAM DOWNES.

\LBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.; Directors: Mrs. G .F. Root, Weta-
win, Alta.; Mrs. J. MCMILLAN, Red Deer, Alta.; Miss E.
i Irvine, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. F. L. FARLEY, Camrose,
_ Alta.; Mr. W. A. CAsSELS, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. B. LAWTON,
_ Edmonton, Alta.; Mr. K. BowMAN, Edmonton, Alta.; PROF.
_W. Rowan, Univ. of Alta., Edmonton, Alta.; Mr, W. F.
RRIS, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. T. E. RANDALL, Castor, Alta.;
A. C. BretHour, Calgary, Alta.; Hon. Sec.-Treas.:
S. PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta. ;
The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the
Friday of each month except during July and August and
haps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer
the last Friday in November. ;

cILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB,
LONDON, ONT.

President: J. C. HicGins, 324 Wolfe Street; Recording
Seeretary: Mrs. E. H. McKons, R.R. 4, London, Ont.; Cor-
responding Secretary and Treasurer: E. M.S. DALE, 297 Hy-
St.; Members qualified to answer questions: W. E. SAUN-
240 Central Ave.; C. G. WATSON, 201 Ridout St. South;
McLeop, 355 Wortley Road; J. F. CALVERT, 461 Te-

eh Ave.; E. M. S. DALE, 297 Hyman St.

va

: VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

on. President: L. S. KuIncK, L.L.D., Pres. University of B. C.;
President: JoHN DAVIDSON, F.L.S., University of B.C.; Vie
President: Frep Perry; Hon. Secretary: C.F. CoNNoR, M.A.,
_ 8529-W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon. Treasurer: A. H.
Bain, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B.C.

_ Fortnightly meetings in the University Buildings from
September to April (inclusive). Semi-monthiy excursions from
to August (inclusive).

es Affiliated Societies

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE
; PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Ho. Pr.sident: DR. 1. GAMMELL; Hon. Vice-President: MR. L.
MclI. TERRILL; President: Mr. NAPIER SMITH: Vice-President:
Mr. E. ARNOLD; Vice-President: Mr. C. F. DALE; Vice-
SPACKMAN, Miss EpitH Morrow; Recording Secretary:
Mr. A. P. Murray; Corresponding Secretary: Mr. W. S.
Hart, P.O. Box 1185,.Montreal, P.Q@.; Treasurer: MR.
HENRY MousLey; Executive Committee: Mrs. C. F. DALE,

_ Miss C. L. FIELD, Mrs. C. L. HENDERSON, Hon. E. EB. Ho-

_Dineman, Dr. A. Cossens, J. H. FLEMING; Secretary: W.F
_GREGORY, 183 Lowther Ave., Toronto, Ont.; Treasurer: F. H.

WARD, Mr. H. A. C. Jackson, Miss Eminy Lukr, Mr. A.
MACSWEEN. Miss L. Murpuy, Miss M. S. NICOLSON, MR.
-W: A. OSWALD AND Miss H. STONE. ;

SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE
NATURELLE DU CANADA

Bureau de direction pour 1927

Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, LE VICOMPTE WILLINGDON,
G.C.8.1., G.C.M.G., G.C.1.E., G.B.E., Governeur-Généra-
de la Puissance du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Hon.
orable M. NARCISSE PERODEAU, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de I
Province de Québec; BUREAU DE DIRECTION POUR 1927:
Président: GEO. M. MitcHELL; Jer vice-président: ADRIEN
FALARDEAU; 2éme_ vice-président: R. MEREDITH, N.P.;
Seerétatre-trésorier: Louts-B. LAVoIE; Chef de la sec ion scien-
tifique: Dr. D.-A. DrRy; Chef de la section de propagande
éducationnelle: Mayor Jos. MattE; Chef de la section de
protection: EMILE ALTHERR; Chey de la section d’informa ion
Scientifique e pratique: Dr. J.-E. BERNIER; Directeurs: A. R.
M. BouLTon, Dr.S GAupREAU COL. O. PELLETIER,

THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO-
GISTS’ UNION
Officers for 1923

Hon. President: Hon. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria;
President: W.N. KELLY, Vancouver; Vice-President: T. L.
THACKER, Hope; Secretary-Treasurer: J. W. WINSON, Hun-
tingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNROE, Okanagan Landing;
Dr. Ketso, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDINING, Agassiz; K.
Racey, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay; FRANCIS KER-
MODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria.

THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’
CLUB

Hon. President: Dr. A. P. COLEMAN: President: Pror. E. M.
WALKER; Vice-Presidents: DR. N. A. POWELL, RuSSELL G.

BRIGDEN; Hon. Librarian: C. W. NasH; Librarian: Dr.
L. B. JACKES. BIRD GROUP: Chairman:, Stuart L.
THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIE. FLOWER GROUP:
Chairman: Dr. H. B. SIrTon; Secretary: Miss J. G. WRIGHT,
PH.D. INSECT GROUP: Chairman: Pror. E. M. WALKER;
Secretary:, Miss NoRMA ForD, PH.D. MAMMAL GROUP:
Chairman: J. R. DYMOND; Secretary: L. L. SNYDER. REP-
TILE, FISH AND AMPHIBIAN GROUP: Chairman:
SHELLEY Locimr; Secretary: T. B. Kurata. WILD LIFE
PRESERVATION COMMITTEE: Chairman: Dr. J. N.
McKIntey; Secretary: J. A. PARTRIDGE. GEOLOGICAL
GROUP: Chairman: Pror. ALBX. MACLEAN.

We would ask the Officers, and more

particularly the Secretaries, of all the
_ Affiliated Societies to assist us in our

task of building up the circulation of

this magazine. By securing every

member as a subscriber we can truly

make this magazine into one of the
leading Natural History publications

of America.

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ISSUED OCTOBER 14, 1927

Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as second-class matter

THE OTTAWA FIELD- NATURALISTS’ CLUB

Patrons:
THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND VISCOUNTESS WILLINGDON

ie Se EE {

hh Pi _ President: NORMAN CRIDDLE

1st Vice Prion E. M. Kivou : 2nd Vice-President: CLYDE L. Parcs

Secretary: AVS - Hon. Treasurer:

J. F, WRIGHT, aoe B. A. FAUVEL,
Victoria Memorial Museum 321 McLeod St.

Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa, Ont.

P. A. TAVERNER: W. 7 WINTEMBERG: R. E. DeLury: ia eae GIBSON; Me O. Mau
H. Grou; Miss F. FyLtes; C. B. HutcHines; Cuiyps L. PatcH; H.M. Ami; D. JENNE
leh Ins LEWIS; HOYES Lioyp; FRITS JOHANSEN; ANDREW HALKETT; C. E. JOHNSON; E. E. PRINCE
G.R.WuHITeE; E.G. WHITE; G. A. MACDONALD; A. G. KINGSTON; G. A. MILLER; Mark G
McELHINNEY; CHAS. W. Lows; ’CECIL D. Coox; C. C. PEMBERTON; C. H. SNELL; J. C. HIGGINS;
JOHN DAVIDSON; NAPIER SMITH; GEO. M. MITCHELL; W.N. KELLY; E. M. WALKER.

Editor:

G.A. MILLER,
Normal School, Ottawa.

Assoctate Editors: _ eg
‘G. HUNTSMAN............ Marine Biology

IDS TIENNESSe Qearcies vee Gs ny CAvehionolng A.G

NEO CMALTB ras ee hak os SEE a Botany PicAs TAVERNER: Goose Soe ene Ornithology

H.R RATCHRORD seen. Conchology _ BE. M. KINDER. Jo... Diner) Palaeontology

ALCOCK cy) eee er raat Geology R. M. ANDERSON .............-Mammalogy.

ARTHUR GIBSON.............2-. Entomology CLYDE Ui “PATCH. cs oa ee Herpetology —

CONTENTS oe 7 ial q

Note on the Discovery of thé Champlain Fauna on Lake St. John, Quebec, Canada. By lig se Eg tae

Tolmacho fies 0 oe ae aie Gs MBLC SRS Sake A IRE 7 St otc 9123 |

Transfers of Elk for Re-Stocking. By Hoyes Lloyd 0 ee ee Pe i
Fresh-Water Fish of Manitoba. ~By. EoD. R: Bissett; M.Div i) oeees. a oe ie =
Mushroom Growing by an Amateur. By W.S. Odd Oe ae ee Peas (2)
»-Fresh-Water Cladocera from the East Shore of Hudson and James Bays. By Chancey juday. 130

A‘Day in the Woods. By W. J: Brow: oro ey ie ie rd ane ee }
Further Observations on Canadian Fresh-Water Crustacea Made in 1926. By Frits Johansen. .
Programme of Field Work of National Museum of Canada, 1927. By W.H.Collins........... os
Im Memoriam—-Charles Wi Nash? )c75 28 veg eS a ete lb te rede Pisses gc): 4
Notes and Observations:

A Note Concerning Fur Farming. By. Normane@ riddle os )a ess: ne eee eee
Additional Comments Regarding Mallards Wintering at Buffalo. Lake, Alberta, 1923-24.
By-Hovyes sil oy 5 ALS SF epee oe Rae ce eng
Unusual Song from a Carolina Wren. By W. E. Saunders Die OLR Ray in paccuearens et Sees Cee aa ae
Another Mystery Band. “By Hoyes Lloyd cites ae ete eee nee eet ee
Loon Banded in Pennsylvania Killed in Ontario. By George Miksch Sutton ee gael oe
Hudsonian Curlew Seen at Ottawa, Ontario. By L. H. de Puyjalon.....................
Rocky Mountain Sheep Transferred from Banff to Spence’s Bridge, B.C. By ee tigi 14
lixtract from Vhe Debates of the Senate; March 29,1927) ee ee 14
Louisiana Water-thrush at Kingston, Ontario. By RO. Merriman) so 42) oe eee
instalment No: 15*Bird-Banding Returns hig. teers eee Gane et mien een ea Reo gaara Ae

The official publications of THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB have been issued
since 1879. The first was The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, 1879-1886,
two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these
have been continued by The Canadian Field-N. aturalist todate. The Canadian Field-Naturalist
is issued monthly, except for the months of June, July, and August. Itsscope is the publication
of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. ; oS

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4 The Canadian Field-Naturalist

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VOL. XLI. OTTAWA, ONTARIO, SEPTEMBER, 1927 No. 6

BS. NOTE ON THE DISCOVERY OF THE CHAMPLAIN FAUNA ON LAKE ST.
aS JOHN, QUEBEC, CANADA

By I. P. TOLMACHOFF

WO SAMPLES of sand containing shells This locality, which is situated about an eighth
of Pleistocene pelecypods which had of a mile above the earth fill dam on the west
been collected near Lake St. John, branch of the Grand Discharge (Fig. 1), the main
= Quebec, Canada, at the request of Dr. channel of the Saguenay River into which Lake
gy George H. Clapp, the Honorary Curator of St. John empties its waters, has been carefully
_ Conchology at the Carnegie Museum of Pitts- examined and described by the employes of the

_ burgh, Pa., were delivered to the Museum in i
ae 1927 y : Quebec Development Company, and the following
’ —_ .

____ Since fossils of this age, so far as known to the description is based on data furnished by them.
__ writer, have not been previously discovered on Mr. W. D. Stal of this company has kindly sup-
Lake St. John, the new locality merits attention. plied Figures 1 and 2.

Earth fill Dam

_ Ficure 1.—Map showing the location of tunnels on the shore of Grand Discharge of the Saguenay
River. Figures for elevations are approximate.

124

The shore bordering here the Grand Discharge,
is elevated about 20 feet above the level of the
river. This elevation had been about four times
greater than before the Grand Discharge was
dammed. According to the map (Fig. 1), the
original shore line, referred to the water level
before the river was dammed, had an elevation
of 189 feet, the present shore line, originated
since the dam was constructed, is located 255
feet high, thus the river has been elevated through

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

the dam 66 feet. The slope of the shore is covered
with young trees, bushes and grass. Less than a
quarter of a mile north of the earth-fill dam, on
the spot marked on the map with an asterisk, in
the lower part of the slope, are uncovered clays
with regularly arranged thin intermediate layers
of sand giving the outcrop a laminated appear-
ance. Both the clay and sand layers are well
seen on the photographs of plate I and shown

PLATE 1A.—Laminated beds and topography os western shore of Grand Discharge north of the earth

schematically on the section, fig. 2. Sand with
clay composes the upper three-quarters of the
slope. This outcrop attracted the attention of the
Engineers of the Quebec Development Company
in the summer of 1926, when they discovered
fossil shells there, but having been unable to
collect good material, they made special excava-
tions later. This was done by digging two short
tunnels the entrance to one of which is shown on
plate I, fig. B. According to data furnished
along with the collection, shells were found in
sand layers intercalated with clay, and especially
in sand on the top of the uppermost layer of clay
where “the varieties of larger size were encoun-
tered” Fig. 2. In intermediate sand layers were
found only smaller sized shells and a very few of
them (9-10 specimens) were found ‘“‘in the bulk
of clay lamin”. The general slope of clay laminz
is towards the east, about 1 to 20, i.e. about 3°.

The delivered samples consist of sand with a
few stone pebbles, the largest of them less than

dam.

Y cubic inch, and of fragments of hard clay with
difficulty disintegrated in water. Grains of sand
are rather fine, and mostly go through No. 40
mesh and partly even through smaller numbers
including 100-mesh sieves. The bulk of the sand
is fairy pure quartz with a few grains of felspar
and of coloured minerals, all worn by water.

Although the shells of pelecypods were found
on the spot in great numbers and 164 valves
have been washed out from delivered sand samples,
all of them belong to two species only. These
are the commonest and most abundant ones
reported from the Champlain of Canada*, viz.,
Macoma balthica L. (95 valves) and Saxicava
arctica Li. (69 valves). All of these shells are
smaller than the corresponding recent forms and
a little smaller than the average fossil forms from
Montreal, as described by Goldring.

The only plant remnant which has been found
in the samples of sand is identified by Dr. O. E.
Jennings as Zostera marina L.

ii aati lesb sine imate Bes BAS

September, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

125

PLATE 18.—Laminated clays and tunnel on western shore of Grand Discharze. north of earth fill dam

Quaternary deposits of the same character, and
probably of the same age, have been known for
years near the foot of the Ouiatchonau falls,
three miles west of Chambord Junction of the
Quebec and Lake St. John Railway, and at other
points located near the south-western corner of
the lake. Dresser, who had described them, is
not quite sure, ‘‘Whether they are deposits of the
Champlain period, or are part of a recent delta
formed by a small stream which now cuts through
the gravel beds’’}. He considers them to probably
represent the Champlain only because of the
evidence of Post-Glacial submergence reported
by Barlowf about 5 miles west of these localities,

at an altitude of nearly or quite 650 feet. The
present discove y of typical Champlain fossils on
the Saguenay River makes possible an unques-
tionable correlation of the corresponding Quater-
nary deposits of the Lake St. John region with
the Champlain of Eastern Canada and “Sunes
Statas.

*Goldring, W., The Champlain Sea: New York State
Museum Bulletin, Nos. 239-240, November-December, 1920,
p. 165, 1922.

}Dresser, John A., Part of the District of Lake St. John
Quebec: Geol. Survey of Canada, Memoir 92, No. 74, Geo-
logical Series, p. 45, 1916.

tBarlow, Gucleeeal and Mineralogical Resources of Chi
bougam Region: Department of Mines, Quebec, 1911.
Quoted after Dressler, Léc.

SAND < CONTAINING LARGER SHELLS

Ze
m ==) 17
= Bel EDGED UL age: =Y=/ a = oo
Up mel ZEAL Ui, UA_|s
= aif yt eye) =
zt gue pL Lie pp TEE > > 6
MSW el Ma @
x 5 Wj, SEE Vp
EN 77 7 ee
i Vilas hrs Me Mls ea ord W
y ja Hy = 6 09°545(___1_-I
a : LG Paes Z ae 5 ees
X Beadle i
WEE (Ly MEA: O
7 ME, OO Lie qa SS i
> MU, =
TTL
4 ME Ze
W

FIGURE 2.—Schematic section through a part of the clay and sand layers outcropping near the tunnels
on the shore of Grand Discharge.

126

TRANSFERS OF ELK FOR RE-STOCKING :

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

z

By HOYES LLOYD

RANSFERS of wild mammals are thought

to be worthy of note and so the details
of certain elk transfers made by the
Canadian National Parks Branch have
been gathered from the records for the information
of Naturalists.

The elk of Yellowstone Park in the United
‘States have been short of winter range from time
to time in the past and when in 1916 the late Dr.
Charles Walcott advised the Department of the
Interior, Canada, that he had discussed the ques-
tion of transferring elk to Canada with the
United States Department concerned and that
there would be no difficulty in getting fifty or
sixty animals, the Department of the Interior at
once agreed to accept the offer. As an exchange
for these elk from Yellowstone, Canada gave
Rocky Mountain Goat and Sheep for the National
Zoological Gardens at Washington, D.C.

ELK FROM YELLOWSTONE FOR BANFF

In October, 1916, there were 32 elk in cap-
tivity at Banff, and apparently the species had

BUGLING ELK.

completely or practically disappeared from the
vicinity in the wild state.

The records show that this Banff herd originated
with four males and one female purchased by the

late Mr. Valentine Winkler, then a member of

the Manitoba Legislature, from Mrs. Ticknor of
Morden, Manitoba. These were bought from Mr.
Winkler and shipped to Banff in January, 1900.
In March, 1902, one female was bought from
Mr. S. R. Marlatt of Portage la Prairie and pre-
sumably one female was bought from Mr. William
Blanchard of Calgary in October, 1902. In April,
1910, six were shipped to Wainwright and four,
two males and two females, were bought from
Mr. Joshua Hill of Pontiac, Michigan, whose.
herd was of Wyoming origin, and taken to Banff.

On February 20, 1917, Superintendent S. J.
Clarke and Mr. H. E. Sibbald of Banff Park left
Gardiner, Montana, for Banff with 63 head of
elk. These were yearlings and two-year-olds.

On July 9, 1917, the elk census at Banff was as
follows:—Original herd, 17 males, 14 females;

(Von. XLI

Cut by courtesy Canadian National Parks.

eee ee eee ee a eee ee eee, ee ee Se he ae, F
) 4 (pos viral ey
Sane
eas
7

was Cuthead Summit;

September, 1927]

from Yellowstone, 5 males, 45 females, the de-
crease in the latter being largely due to losses
during the long journey or occurring shortly
after arrival.

On June 17, 1918, 41 of the Yellowstone herd
and 8 males and 2 females of the original herd
were released. The increase in the Yellowstone
herd had been eight in this time.

In December, 1919, newspaper reports indicated
that elk were starving at Yellowstone Park. The

‘United States authorities again generously gave

Canada a shipment of elk for Banff Park, the
Dominion authorities bearing all expense of
shipment. All told 206 were shipped by express
from Gardiner, Montana, on February 4, 1920,
and 194 arrived safely at Banff. Of the shipment
ten per cent were males. The shipment was
released at Massive and Duthil.

On May 15, 1923, the Superintendent at Banff
reported the following census of elk:—100 one
mile west of warden’s cabin, Canmore, north side
of Bow River; 20, south side of Bow River;
20 near Deadman’s cabin, south side of Bow
River; 12, Gap Summit; 20, Loop and Golf
Links; 50, hills north of Anthracite; 30, near
Stoney Creek on Cascade River; 25, near Cut-
head Creek; 40, near Hillsdale, one mile west
of Massive; 20, south side Bow River near the
mouth of Red Earth Creek; total 337. The
farthest north from which any herd was reported
those in the Cascade
Valley were the original herd from Yellowstone
with increase, and the ones released near Duthil
and Massive seemed to have remained there.

On May 31, 1927, Mr. J. A. Wood reported that
elk were very numerous in Banff Park and that
he expected them to reach the Red Deer this
year. In travelling 41 miles by motor from Banff
to Lake Louise this spring, hesaw 150. They have
spread practically over the entire park.

e
THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

127

ELK FROM YELLOWSTONE FOR JASPER

The United States supplied one shipment of
elk for Jasper which on leaving Gardiner, Mon-
tana, March 18, 1920, comprised 88 females and
10 males. The total loss by the time the shipment
was unloaded at Jasper was ten, and five more
casualties had occurred by June 4, 1920.

On October 22, 1921, Superintendent S. May-
nard Rogers estimated there were 170 elk from
this introduction, and by April 14, 1923, he
reported that there were 300 in the vicinity of
Jasper. No doubt some of these had been drawn
from the indigenous herd of about 35 head that
ranges in the Brazeau valley.

The Superinendent could account for some
900 elk in the park in October, 1925, and for 1,000
to 1,200 at the end of 1926., They were then
found in every valley of Jasper Park, having re-
occupied their original range.

ELK FROM WAINWRIGHT, ALBERTA, TO COOKSON,
BG:

The Department of the Interior at Ottawa
granted the application of British Columbia for
elk to be used in re-stocking areas between the
Okanagan and Kettle Valleys, B.C. Five males
and twenty females were shipped to Cookson,
B.C., from Wainwright, Alberta, on March 28,
1927. The Wainwright herd, which numbers
approximately 400 head was, as stated above,
begun by the transfer of six animals from the
Banff herd in 1910, to which were added in
April, 1911, seven elk, two males and five females
bought from Michel Pablo of the Flathead Indian
Reservation, Montana. The growth of the herd
in the sanctuary afforded by Wainwright Park
has thus been rapid.

FRESH-WATER FISH OF MANITOBA
By E. D. R. BISSETT, M.D., Pine Falls, Man.

HE MAKING of a list is generally the
first thing attempted by one who’ be-
comes interested in either birds flowers
or fish.

These lists form a never-ending source of plea-
sure to the maker thereof, and oftentimes to
others who may be interested in similar subjects.

This list of Fresh-Water Fish is the result of

- observations extending over a period of ten years,

in connection with the fish of the Province of
Manitoba.

The Northern Lamprey, Ichthymyzon castaneus,
Girard; Brook Lamprey, Lampetra Wilderi;
The Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser rubicundus, Le
Sueur; The Common Sturgeon, Acipenser sturvo,
Linnezus; Channel or spotted Catfish, Ictalurus
punctatus, Rafinesque; Great Lake Catfish or
Mathemeag, Ameiurus lacustris, Walbaum; The
Dark Catfish or Long-Jawed Catfish, Ameturus
vulgaris, Thompson; Common Bullhead or Horned
Pout, Common Catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus, Le
Sueur; Stone Catfish, Noturus flavus, Rafinesque;

i &
128 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Common Buffalo Fish, Ictiobus cyprinella, Cuv.
and Valenciennes; White or Small-mouth Sucker
or Small Mouth Buffalo Fish, Ictiobus bubalus,
Rafinesque; Northern Sucker, Catostomus catos-
tomus, Foster; Common White Sucker, Catostomus
commersonii, Lacéfréde; The Quillback Sucker,
Carpiodes velifer, Rafinesque; White-nosed Red
Horse, Moxostoma anisurum, Rafinesque; White-
nosed Red Horse, Moxostoma anisuruwm, Rafines-
que; The Mullet or Red Horse, Moxostoma
aureolum, La Sueur, Northern Red Horse,
Moxostoma lesueuri, Richardson; Gray Sucker,
Catosiomus griseus, Girard; Chub Sucker, Eri-
myzon sucetta oblongus, Mitchill; Minnow, No-
tropis scopifer; Flatheaded Chub, Platygobio
gracilis, Cope; Minnow, Couesius dissimiliis,
Girard; Dace, Notropis cornutus, Mitchill; Blunt
nose minnow, Pimephales notatus, Rafinesque;
The Silver Minnow, Hybognathus nuchalis, Agassiz;
The White Minnow, Hybognathus argyritis, Girard;
The Fathead or Bull Minnow, or Blackhead,
Pimphales promelas, Rafinesque; Straw-coloured
Minnow, Noitropis blennius, Girard; The Shiner,
Spawn Hater, Notropis Hudsonius selene, Starr
Jordan; The Poor Minnow, Notropis jejunus,
Forbes; The Great Minnow, Notropis atherinoides,
Rafinesque; Storer’s Minnow, Hybopsis storerianus
Kirtland; Western Gold-Eye, Hiodon chrysopsis,
Richardson; The Moon-Eye, Hiodon tergisus,
Le Sueur; The Shad Moon-Eye, Hyodon alosoides,
Rafinesque; Round Whitefish, Coregonus quad-
rilateralis, Richardson; Common Whitefish, Core-
gonus clupeiformis, Mitchill; Labrador Whitefish,

[VoL. XLI

Coregonus labradoricus, Richardson; Brook Trout,
Salvelinus fontinalis, Brook Trout; Great Lake
Trout, Touladi, or Grey Trout or Salmon Trout,
Cristivomer namaycush, Walbaum; Land-locked
Salmon, Salmo Salar Ouananiche, E. McCarthy;
The Tullibee or Mongrel Whitefish, Argyrosomus
tullibee, Richardson; The Jack-fish or Pike,
Lucius lucius, Linneus; Banded Pickerel, Hsox
Americanus; The Maskinonge (erroneously Mus-
kellunge) Esox Masquinongy, Mitchill; Nine-
spined Stickleback, Pygosteus pungitius, Linnceus;
Brook Stickleback, Eucalia inconstans, Kirtland;
The Trout Perch or Sand Roller, Percopsis
guttatus, Agassiz; The Calico Bass, Pomozis
sparoides, Lacepede; Green Rock Bass, Amblop-
lites rwpestris, Rafinesque; Small-mouth Black
Bass, Micropterus dolomieu, Lacepede; Large-
mouth Black Bass, Micropterus Salmoides, Lace-
pede; White Bass, Roccus chrysops, Rafinesque;
Yellow Pickerel, Pike-perch or Dore, Stizosiedion
vitreum, Mitchill; Grey Sauger or Pike Perch,
Stizostedion canadense griseum, DeKay; The
Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens, Mitchill; Black-
sided Darter, Hadropterus aspro, Cope and Jor-
dan; Gunther’s Darter, Hadropterus guntheri,
Eigenmann & Higenmann; Johnny Darter, Boleo-
soma nigrum, Rafinesque; Northern Darter,
Etheostoma boreale, Starr Jordan; Sheephead or
Lake Drum-fish or Fresh Water Drum, Aplodin-
otus grunniens, Rafinesque; Olivaceous Miller’s
Thumb, Cottus pollicaris, Jordan & Gilbert;
Lake Ling, Burbot, Lake Cusk, Losh and Methy,
Lota maculosa, Le Sueur.

MUSHROOM GROWING BY AN AMATEUR
By W. S. ODELL

JURING recent years public interest in the
identification of wild mushrooms, and

meadow mushroom, Psalliota (Agaricus)
campestris, has greatly increased. Much ignor-

ance still exists, however, concerning the manner

of its growth, reproduction, and the time required
to reach maturity. In distinguishing the edible
from the poisonous kinds of fungi which are
found in nature, the terms ‘‘mushroom” and
“toadstool” respectively, are often employed.*
This practice is to be discouraged, for one gets the
impression that the differences in shape, size
and texture are quite marked, whereas they are
identical in those characters, the terms being

*“Mushrooms and Toadstools’” an account of the more
common Edible and Poisonous Fungi of Canada, by H. T.
Gussow and W. S. Odell, Dominion Department of Agriculture.
Special Bulletin (in press).

the cultivation of the commonly known |

synonymous. It is better to call them all mush-
rooms, and divide into edible and poisonous varie-
ties. The poisonous species are few, and the
edible kinds number over a thousand. Strange

as it may appear, after many years of scientific ;

investigation, the field mushroom is the only
kind that has been reproduced commercially in
this country. The public may rest assured that
the cultivated mushrooms exposed for sale are
not poisonous if in a fresh condition.

Mushrooms contain no chlorophyll—the green
colouring matter of plants—therefore light is not
essential for their growth.

Horse manure has been found to be the best mat-
erial in which mushrooms can be grown commer-
cially. In order to start a bed, fresh manure from
which all long straw is removed is made into a
pile, protected from rain and frost, and turned

2 SS ae pe

t
4
a
. +
5
}

wa

wh

‘the process.

September, 1927 ] a

over at intervals till fermentation has reduced
the mass to a deep chocolate colour, sufficiently
moist to retain its shape when squeezed in the
hand. All objectionable odor is removed during
Early fall is the most suitable time
to eure manure, as flies are less liable then to lay
eggs in it, which might hatch out later. After
the temperature induced by the fermentation
process has fallen, the manure may be made into
a bed in one’s cellar, or any convenient building,
where conditions of moisture, temperature, and
ventilation are at all times under control. A bin
about ten inches deep should be used for holding
the manure. This may be constructed of any
rough material, and if the bed is to be placed on
a concrete floor, the bin should be provided with
a bottom so as to keep the manure from the floor

The temperature of the manure may rise again,
after being made into beds, but a delay of a day
or two will allow it to cool sufficiently so that
one’s hand will not feel uncomfortably hot when
inserted in it. ‘‘Spawn’’, sold either in “brick”
form or in glass containers, which latter is to be
preferred, is broken into pieces about an inch

‘square, planted one inch or so beneath the surface

of the bed, and spaced at interavls of nine or ten
inches. After five or six days, the spawn should
show signs of activity by producing a large number
of fine white threads running through the manure;
the bed may then be “‘cased”’ or covered with an
inch or two of garden soil. If all processes have
been properly carried out, mushrooms should
appear after six or eight weeks, and continue to
be produced till the bed is exhausted. This
cured manure from the bed cannot be used a
second time for mushroom propagation, but may
be utilized as a fertilizer for one’s garden or lawn.

A few remarks on the growth of a cultivated
mushroom may be of interest. An examination
of the underside of the cap of a mushroom, shows
many thin plates or ‘“‘gills’ radiating from the
stem to the margin of the cap. When these gills
are viewed under the microscope, countless
numbers of club-shaped cells or “‘basidia’’ will
be found on both surfaces. On these are borne
the ‘‘spores”, two to a basidium in the case of the
cultivated mushroom and four on those found in
nature. Spores are in some respects analogous to
the seeds of the higher plants, but are invisible
to the naked eye; they are produced by a mush-
room in prodigious numbers. The dust or powder
seen when a dried-up puffballis pressed, is composed
of countless millions of spores. In the eye of the
finest cambric needle, viewed under a microscope,
and with a single layer of Psalliota campestris
spores inserted, 4,700 spores may be placed side
by side, with room for over fifty more layers; or

THE CANADIAN FIBLD-NATURALIST

129

a capacity of over 156,000. Professor Buller of
the University of Manitoba has estimated that a
cultivated mushroom four inches in diameter
may produce sixteen thousand millions of spores.
A simple and interesting method of ‘“‘viewing’’
spores “en masse” is by means of a “spore print”
made by cutting the stem of a mushroom close
under the cap. This when placed on a sheet of
white paper, covered tightly with a tumbler or
glass dish, and left for a few hours, will leave a
deposit of spores on the paper, a perfect replica
of the shape of the gills, and composed of untold
numbers of spores.

Spores are lighter than thistledown, and are
dispersed by the wind, often for many miles.
When these fall on a suitable medium, germination
takes place sooner or later, otherwise they perish.
From these spores are eventually produced fine
white threads, which continually branch and
increase in size, and upon which after a long or
short time small rounded bodies appear. The
thread-mass is called ‘‘mycelium’’, commonly
known as “spawn”. The rounded bodies or
“buttons” are always found near the surface of
the bed. They increase in size and at an early
stage show a differentiation between cap and stem,
the latter growing more quickly. As growth
continues, the cap remains neatly infolded; as
the stem lengthens, the first appearance of active
growth in one’s bed is shown by a slight mound,
bursting into cracks from its centre. It is a popu-
lar impression that a mushroom comes up rapidly,
even in a night; whereas the cultivated form
generally takes four days to show its cap clear
above ground. The stem elongates till near its
maximum height, the cap meanwhile unfolding
slowly. At this stage a thin felted membrane is
apparent extending from the stem to the margin
of the expanding cap, called the ‘‘veil”. This is
a marvellous adaptation of nature serving a two-
fold purpose, the exclusion of insects from the
growing mushroom, and providing a chamber for
the gills, of equable temperature and moisture.
This membrane gradually separates from the
margin of the cap remaining on the stem in the
form of a collar or ‘“‘ring’’.

Spore discharge commences as soon as the ring
collapses from the margin of the cap, continuing
without cessation until the mushroom reaches
maturity; that is till all the basidia have collapsed,
and no more are produced. Generally this pro-
cess requires a period of about six days. The whole
purpose of a mushroom is to shed its spores;
when this process is completed its life work is
accomplished and the plant dies. We see, there-
fore, that the cultivated mushroom requires a

130

period of about ten days in which to complete its
eycle-of growth.

For commercial purposes mushrooms are col-
lected before the veil breaks from the margin of
the cap but for home consumption they may
remain in the bed till expansion of the cap is
complete, meantime increasing in weight up to
a certain period.

Mushrooms are composed of about ninety per
cent of water, and can never take the place of meat.
Their nutritive value is frequently over-estimated;
they rank with carrots and similar vegetables,
and serve rather as a relish than as an article of
steady diet.

The questions are frequently asked “Can
anyone without experience engage in the enter-
prise of mushroom growing?” and “‘May mush-
rooms be grown profitably from a small bed in
one’s cellar?’”’ Advertisements regarding these
are frequently misleading. One does not usually
engage in a commercial undertaking and expect
success without first becoming thoroughly ac-
quainted with all details necessary to conduct it.
Mushroom culture is a definite business, and as
such requires much experience to prevent errors
arising through improper methods employed,

« FRESH-WATER CLADOCERA FROM

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

{VoL XLI

before one may reasonably look for success.
True, some have succeeded phenomenally at their
first attempt, but later efforts resulted in failure.
Observation bears out the fact that failures in
mushroom growing far outnumber successes till
all details are mastered. The writer’s experience
may be unusual: persistent experimentation with
small beds in a cellar resulted during five seasons
in a negligible quantity of mushrooms; and not
until the sixth year was success achieved.

In a small bed mushrooms frequently come up,
at irregular intervals, and since they cannot be
kept for any length of time without deterioration
there may not be sufficient to warrant a shipment.
Even should a few shipments be made, the financial
returns would be small, hardly repaying one for
the outlay and. trouble involved. The whole
matter depends largely upon the size of the yielding
bed or beds. The experiment is worth the trial,
and when successful, many an appetizing meal of
fresh material would be available for one’s house-
hold, affording at the same time much satisfac-
tion to the grower. There is always a steady
demand for mushrooms, and money in the business
for those who have mastered and engage in it, on
a larger scale than outlined.

THE EAST SHORE OF HUDSON AND

JAMES BAYS

By CHANCEY JUDAY
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Society

HE PRESENT report deals with the
Cladocera found in a plankton collection
which was obtained by Mr. F. Johansen
along the east shore of Hudson and James

bays in 1920. The material presents two inter-

esting features: (1) it comes from a region in

_ which collections had not been made hitherto,

and (2) it contains eight species of Cladocera as
compared with seven species in the more exten-

sive collection secured by him during the Canadian

Arctic Expedition in 1913-16. Only well known

and widely distributed forms are represented in

both collections, however.

Dahpnia magna Straus.

Many specimens were present in a catch taken
from a pond at the mouth of a river about 35
miles north of Great Whale river, east coast of
Hudson bay, about latitude 553° N., August 7,
1920.

Daphnia pulex (de Geer)

This cosmopolitan form was well represented
in the catches as indicated by the following
localities :—

1. Rock-pool on limestone island between most
southern of Manitouk Islands and mainland, east
coast of Hudson bay, August 6, 1920.

2. Pond near divide of peninsula forming north
side of Boat opening, Manitouk sound, east coast
of Hudson Bay, August 10, 1920.

3. Pond on river flats, Second river (south of

Little Whale river), east coast of Hudson bay,

August 12, 1920.

4. Rock-pools about 25 miles up Big river,
east side of James bay, about latitude 54° N.,
September 6, 1920.

5. Pools and ponds on Cape Hope Islands, °
east side of James bay about latitude 52° N.,
September 13, 1920.

Simocephalus vetulus (O. F. Mueller)

Three specimens were found in a catch taken
from a rock-pool on limestone island between
most southern of Manitouk islands and mainland,
east coast of Hudson bay, about 6 miles north of
Great Whale river, August 6, 1920.

ee eee 2 ae
%

September, 1927]

Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Mueller)
In Rock-pools about 25 miles up Big river
east side of James bay, about latitude 54° N.,,
September 6, 1920.

¥
Ophryoxus gracilis Sars.
Many specimens were noted in material ob-
tained from pools and ponds on Cape Hope islands,
east side of James bay, September 13, 1920.

Alona guttata Sars.

One specimen was found in material taken
from a pond on the river-flats, Second river
(south of Little Whale river), east coast of Hudson
Bay, August 12, 1920.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

131

Chydorus sphericus (O. F. Mueller)

This form was found in two plankton samples.

1. Rock pool on limestone island between most
southern of Manitouk islands and mainland, east
coast of Hudson bay, about 6 miles north of Great
Whale river, August 6, 1920, abundant.

2. Rock pools about 25 miles up Big river, east
side of James bay, about latitude 54° N., Sep-
tember 6, 1920. -

Polyphemus pediculus (Linnzus)

This form was obtained from rock-pools about
25 miles up Big river, east side of James bay
about latitude 54° N., September 6, 1920.

A DAY IN THE WOODS
By W. J. BROWN

T WAS a beautiful summer morning down
on the southern shores of the Gulf of
St. Lawrence and a Fox Sparrow was
= singing on a knoll behind the farm
house. As I listened for a second call from the
sparrow, I heard the waves splashing up on the
beach in front of my room and the warbling of
the trout stream a few yards in the rear. The
bird, however, was the cause of hasty prepara-
tions for the woods at 5.30 a.m. On reaching
the hill I found that the songst-r had flown to
another knoll some 200 yards further to the
southward where this bird has nested for years.
It is difficul. to discipline our actions to narrow
circles on a bright morning in the north country
where everythinz is so fresh and green, so the call

e
O\

_ of the wild forced me much further afield than I

anticipated. Trailing through diversified and
beautiful woodlands for miles seemed to be the
order for the day. Everywhere the northern

. warblers were harping their tiny breezy songs

— = 7.

and whistles; but the Tennessee was superior in
strength to all the others, as it was the most
numerous and the song more striking. The
contrast in the Nashville and the Tennessee is
easily grasped here. I well remember the time
when the latter was an epoch in the bird world.
Now there are always at least several pairs
nesting in suitable localities, usually among the
tamaracks. A male Tennessee was singing vig-
orously overhead and after watching and listening
for some time in the swamp.I believed that a
nest was close by. ‘Treading on their breeding
grounds, especially near the nest, before actual
egg laying begins, I incline to the belief, after

considerable experience, that the birds will desert.
Shortly I flushed a female off a nest, containing
five fresh eggs, well hidden in a mound and built
of fine grasses and arched over by similar matzrial.
The female was chipping about in the foliage and
was very shy, while the male continued singing
now only 5 or 6 feet above me. A Yellow-bellied
Flycatcher was heard nearby and much to my
surprise I flushed the female off the nest, with
four fresh eggs, just four feet from that of the
Tennessee and similarly situated. It was a great
field event, and one has a sensation of indescrib-
able and irresistible joy, to find these two species
nesting together. Thirty yards away another
male Tennessee was singing fifteen feet up in a
tamarack. I stood right below the bird and he
stretched his neck out and looked down appar-
ently at the hummock at my feet. I had switched
this mound often enough days before, as it was
covered with pigeon berries and was an ideal
location for any ground-nesting warbler. The
bird was so persistent in trying to lose his balance
that I took another chance by moving my hand
gently over the mound and out fluttered a female
Tennessee from a nest containing four fresh eggs.
This accounted for the extraordinary actions of
the male -

Returning through mixed bush at eventide, I
heard a male Sharp-shinned Hawk cackling,
always a welcome change at the end of any day,
and starting off in search of the hawk’s secret I
saw feathers of different birds scattered about on
the ground, and a White-winged Crossbill sitting
in a small tree, apparently sleeping. The bird
showed no inclination to fly at close approach and

132

I thought instantly of the hawk and how narrowly
the Crossbill had missed the fate of other birds
of the neighbourhood. The bird displayed feeble
effort to be released when placed in the hand and
seemed to have been paralyzed and intimidated
by the presence of the bird of prey, but was
otherwise unharmed.

After being sheltered and warmed by the hand
for some minutes, it would peck energetically at
pine needles which were placed before it. Perch-

ing the Crossbill again on the bush, it took more

interest in the surroundings and started to com-
pose its feathers, a preparatory movement to

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

flight, and eventually flew away, much to my

delight.

Perhaps I am soured by not being popular
with the Sharpshins. Early next morning,
however, I decided to entertain the hawks and
improve my acquaintance with them. The female
was sitting on a nest, containing five eggs, situated
15 feet up in a black spruce, about 50 yards from
the vicnity where the Crossbill was liberated.
This pair were not in a friendly way; the blazing
eyes and mood of the male certainly pointed to
a previous visit, but I have no recollection of it.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON CANADIAN FRESH-WATER CRUSTACEA
MADE IN 1926 —
By FRITS JOHANSEN

PART 1.
EUPHYLLOPODA

Eubranchipus Gelidus—The weather around
Ottawa during the first half of April, 1926 (1st-
20th) was cool, with temperatures between ‘le
and 50°F. On April 4th, I visited Billings Bridge,
Ont., and found the Rideau river still frozen solid,
and the country wintery. In fact, the month of
April, 1926, was the coldest one recorded in 37
years (see Oilawa Journal for May 2nd, 1926).
April 21st-24th were warm spring days, with tem-
peratures until 66°F. and mostly clear weather,
while the six last days ot the month had tempera-
tures below 54,F. and the weather mostly over-
cast. On April 21st I visited Billings Bridge,and
found that the Rideau river was now free from
ice, high, and flooding the fields far around so
that no observations were possible. The day
after I went out to Fairy Lake and examined the
ponds on the fields outside Wrightville, Que.
Only Copepods were seen and there was much
water upon the fields and some ice and snow in
the ponds yet. Air 52°F., water 3 7°F. at 7 p.m.

May 1st-6th had temperatures between 25°
and 75°F., the maximum for all the days except
May 4th being above 55°F. Weather mostly
clear and warm. On May Ist I visited Billings
Bridge and found the Rideau River still high,
though receded a little upon the fields, but no
pools formed here yet. No Euphyllopoda were
to be seen, nor in the pond at Brulé’s quarry at
Hogsback.

The day after I went to Fairy Lake and suc-
ceeded, by careful searching, in finding the first
nauplii and metanauplii of EH. gelidus, 1-6 mm.

long, in the pool among a cluster of trees upon the

fields between Wright’s farm and Fairy Lake,
where I have found them in preceding years,
Air about 60°F., water 57°F., at about 6 p.m.
The majority of these young Euphyllopoda were
between 2 and 5 mm. long, and the largest ones
of them had probably hatched during the warm
days a week ago. The succeeding cooler weather
the six last days of April (see above) then prob-
ably delayed the hatching of more eggs until
May 1-2, when the bulk of these larve came out.
The smallest one found to-day (May 2nd) had an
appearance (half a dozen free, foliaceous legs
etc.) as figured and described in the Canadian
Field-Naturalist for January, 1924.

The hatching of HE. gelidus eggs around Ottawa
was thus very late this year (a week later than in
1923) owing to the cold weather during most of
April (see above).

On May 5th I examined the usual pools upon
the pasture at the mountain road between Fairy
Lake and Kings Mountain, and found the larger
‘ones containing many JE. gelidus, 4-8 mm. long,
besides Copepods and young Ostracods. The
pond on the slope near Fairy Lake (upon Fair-
mont Golf Club grounds) was now entirely free
of ice, but no Euphyllopoda were to be seen in it.

Four days later I examined the various pools
upon the pastures between Wrightville, Fairy
Lake and Wright’s farm, and found them to
contain many E. gelidus of a length between 3
and 13 mm., the majority of them being more than
5mm.long. In the largest ones the males had the
claspers well developed, and the females unripe
eggs.

On May 15th I went to Billings Bridge but in

4

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he colle Peli

September, 1927]

spite of careful search I was unable to find any
E, gelidus in the usual pools upon the pasture
here, though the overflow from Rideau river had
now receded considerably, and the pools became
. isolated or even dried up. Perhaps the great
volume of river water this year has washed away
the eggs from here, or is it a case of the occasional
absence of this species in certain pools some
years? In the pool upon the low land among
; trees on Brulé’s quarry at Hogsback (see April
13, 1925) adult EH. gelidus of both sexes were,
however, numerous and fully developed, the fe-
males carrying ripe eggs.
Two days later I went to Tenaga, on the
Gatineau river and found in the usual pond here
. many adult EH. glidus of both sexes, fully or
| almost fully developed, together with young
_ Limnetis gouldit. Finally, on May 30th, I
visited the usual pools near Fairy Lake, but no
E. gelidus were found, though other Entomos-
traca (L. gouldii, Copepods, Cladocera and
Ostracods) were common. The occurrence of
_ E. gelidus around Ottawa in 1926, was thus prac-
tically limited to one month (May) although a
month and a half is its ordinary ‘“season’’ here.
LIMNETIS GOULDIL (L. brachyurus)—The
weather around Ottawa during May “Tth-17th
: was mostly clear and warm with temperatures
: ranging from about 40°F. to about 75°F. In
spite of careful search I was unable to find any
a trace of L. gouldii during the whole of April and
the first half of May this year.
d On May 17th I found the first young of this
species in the pond at Tenaga, Que. (see above).
They were not common here and had a size about
1 mm. all in the metanauplius stage (double
“‘clam-shell’’, etc.), into which they had just
transformed, after hatching one or two days ago.
I secured about ten of them by stirring up the
water at the margin of the pond. The hatching
of L. gouldii around Ottawa in 1926 was thus

a i he

ONG before the days of Confederation,
in 1844, the first Director of the Geolo-
cial Survey, Sir William Logan, com-

‘ menced a natural history museum

_ which has existed continuously since then and

# has grown into the National Museum of Canada.

Each year the National Museum sends out field

___ parties into widely separated parts of the country
to investigate its natural history and ethnology

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

133

almost a month later than usually, a most inter-
esting fact, which I cannot quite explain by the
weather records.

On May 30th, I examined the pools on the pas-
ture between Fairy Lake and Kings Mountain
(near the mountain road), and in one of the small
pools (not the same in which I found L. gouldit
last year), I secured a number of adults of both
sexes. They were not found in the larger pools,
nor in any of the other pools upon this pasture,
most of which had dried up now, but still contained
many Copepods, Ostracods and Cladocera, and.
filamentous alge. The L. gouldii were rather
sluggish in their movements and easily captured

Six days later I went to Billings Bridge and
found that most of the small pools upon the pas-
ture at the brick-yard here had dried up, but in
some of them which still contained water were a
few L. gouldit. In the largest one of the ponds
were many of these clam shrimps of both sexes
(the females with greenish eggs), and most of
them had almost double the size of the ones found
in the small pools

On June 24th I again visited this place, and
found that all the small pools had now dried up,
but in the two largest ones which still had water
and usually contain clam-shrimps, L. gouldii were
still common as adults of both sexes often were
seen in copulation. I kept a number of them
alive in a glass jar without food and the last one
died six days later.

Finally, I again went to Billings Bridge on
July 11th, but although the heavy rains the
preceding week had resulted in quite a little
water in the pools, there was no sign of L. gouldit
in spite of careful search for them. The “‘season”’
for this clamshrimp around Ottawa was thus
probably only about a month and a half in 1926
(the shortest on record) owing to the very late
hatching of the eggs (see above).

: PROGRAMME OF FIELD WORK OF NATIONAL MUSEUM OF CANADA,
k 1927
By W. H. COLLINS, Acting Director

and to augment the already vast collections of
specimens housed in the Victoria Memorial
Museum at Ottawa. During the summer of 1927
eleven Museum parties have taken the field—
five for anthropological work, five for biological
and one for mineralogical, in addition to the field
parties of the Geological Survey, whose work is
so closely associated with that of the Museum.

C. M. BARBEAU, who has already made a

134

close study of the Indian tribes in the basin and
around the mouth of the Skeena river, in British
Columbia, is investigating the closely related
tribes on the Nass river, especially their religion,
social organization, traditions and totem-pole art.
His work this year will complete the investiga-
tions undertaken by the Museum into the ethno-
logy of the important and little known Tsimshian
nation.

H. I. Situ, acting under an interdepartmental
board established two years ago through the co-
operation of the Department of Indian Affairs,
the Canadian National Railways, the Parks
Branch of the Department of the Interior and the
National Museum, is continuing to supervise the
restoration and preservation of the Indian totem-
poles in the Skeena river area, which even in their
present state of decay have attracted much atten-
tion from tourists and artists. Atthesame time he
is investigating the archeology of the surround-
ing region to secure motion pictures illustrating
the life of the Indians.

J. C. BOILEAU GRANT, professor of Anatomy in
the University of Manitoba, is investigating for
the Museum the somatology of the Cree Indians
at Island lake, on the border of Ontario and
Manitoba, making a complete series of physical
measurements. The Crees, like other northern
tribes of Canada, have been entirely neglected
hitherto, although important anthropometric
studies have been made of the Indians in the more
settled parts of Canada.

W. J. WINTEMBERG is investigating and ex-
cavating a prehistoric camping place or village
site in the vicinity of Tadoussac, Quebec, where,
it is claimed that the early inhabitants were
neither Iroquois nor Algonkian Indians, but either
Eskimos or some ancient people of whom we know
nothing. It seems possible that it may represent
a settlement of the extinct Beothuck Indians of
Newfoundland, who are thought to have migrated
to that island from the Labrador peninusla.
After investigating this site, Mr. Wintemberg
will search the coast between Tadoussac and
Montreal for other early ruins, and excavate
wherever he finds any important remains.

D. JENNESS is making a reconnaissance of the
archeology of the extinct Beothuck Indians with
a view to ascertaining their origin, their contact
with an ancient Eskimo tribe that inhabited
Hudson strait, and their relationship to the
Algonkian tribes of eastern Canada. At the con-
clusion of this work he will, if possible, search the
north coast of the Strait of Belle Isle for Eskimo
remains, to determine the antiquity of their visits

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XL

to Newfoundland and their relationship to Eskimo
remains in Hudson strait.

BIOLOGY

C. H. Younc and H. M. LAING began work
early in May at Huntingdon, New Westminster
district, British Columbia. After intensive
collecting at that point, they will proceed east-
ward by Coquihalla Valley branch, to Hope,
Penticton, Grand Forks, Kootenay lake, Elko,
and other points. The primary object of this
expedition is to make as complete collections as.
possible of the smaller mammals found in southern
British Columbia in the region near the Inter-
national Boundary line. A number of species
reach the northern limit of their distribution near
this line, and it is possible that active field work
may add some new species to Canadian records.
The southern part of British Columbia, being
much cut up by alternating mountain ranges and
valleys, showing different climatic conditions due
to altitude and humidity, has developed many
local races, and accurate information is desired
on the local fauna of each district. Birds and
other animals will also be collected.

J. D. SOPER, who returned last fall from two
years work for the Museum in Baffin island, is
collecting and studying the mammals found near
the International Boundary line in Alberta.
Beginning in the district south of Lethbridge and
Medicine Hat, he will work to the western end of
Cypress hills in Alberta, thence along Saskat-
chewan border south of Cypress hills, Wood
mountain, Turtle mountains in southern Man-
toba. This will connect with previous work done
in Waterton Lakes park and should add a valuable
collection of prairie and plains forms to the
Museum collections.

M. O. MALTE and W. R. WATSON are continuing
systematic botanical investigations in New Bruns-
wick paying particular attention to districts
where little intensive work has been done. The
work of last season showed a surprising number of
both native and introduced species previously
unrepresented in our collections from this pro-
vince and some previously unrecorded. This
work is important in completing the list of the
flora of Canada, and similar investigations in
Prince Edward Island have already proved of
great economic importance in discovering varieties
of grasses which are now being developed agri-
culturally for seed.

M. O. MALTE joined the Canadian Arctic Ex-
pedition. of 1927 which sailed on the S.S. Beothte
from North Sydney, Nova Scotia, July 15, and is
visiting western Greenland, Ellesmere Island,

q

\

a

ee ee ee ee ee

4
4
4
;
’

pb aaa

ee en Se, ee pe ee a ee

September, 1927]

Devon island, Baffin island, and possibly other
islands in the Canadian Arctic archipelago. He
is collecting plants at all points visited, making a
study of certain plants in situ, and filling gaps in
certain groups of the large-collections of plants in
the Herbarium from various points in the Cana-
dian Arctic. This work is in preparation for a
comprehensive flora of Arctic Canada, including
the results of all Canadian and many foreign
expeditions, in collaboration with Professor C. H.
Ostenfeld, of Copenhagen, the well-known author:
ity on northern floras.

R. M. ANDERSON is engaged in local field work
as opportunity offers, and later in the season will
make collections in parts of the Prairie Provinces,
paying particular attention to areas which have
few mammal specimens represented in the Na-
tional collection. The collected specimens and
published data on Canadian mammals are scat-
tered, and Dr. Anderson is endeavouring to
assemble data for a ‘‘Check-list of Canadian
Mammals’’, bringing the nomenclature and range
of species up to date as far as possible.

C. L. Patcu, C. E. JOHNSON, D. BLAKELY and
Jos. ROCHON are collecting in Ottawa district,
principally to fill gaps in the exhibit series of
mammals. birds, reptiles and amphibians and

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

135

collecting accessories for use in the habitat groups
which are being prepared. Mr. Patch is collect-
ing specimens and information for a check-list
of Canadian reptiles and amphibians, and Mr.
Johnson is preparing coloured drawings and
sketches for the illustration of this work.

GEOLOGY

Specimens of rocks, ores, minerals and fossils
are collected each year by parties of the Geolo-
gical Survey for the Museum. Forty-eight
Survey parties are distributed throughout Canada,
from Yukon and Baffin island to Cape Breton,
during the season of 1927.

MINERALOGY

A. T. MACKINNON is collecting quantities of
minerals from various places in Ontario and
Quebec. These supplies are used mainly for the
preparation of educational collections which are
distributed to Collegiate Institutes, High and
Public schools and other educational institutions
in Canada and other countries, and also to pros-
pectors and mining institutions.

PALHONTOLOGY

Palzontological collections are being made by
many of the Geological Survey parties.

IN MEMORIAM—CHARLES W. NASH

BORN AUGUST 15, 1848.

DIED FEBRUARY 13, 1926.

HARLES W. NASH, Biologist of the
Provincial Museum, St. James Sauare,
Toronto, for the past twenty -three years,
died at the home of his daughter, Mrs.
H. S. Sweatman, 250 Heath Street West, on Feb-
ruary 138, 1926. He is survived by «wo daughters,
Mrs. H. S. Sweatman and Mrs. L. Lacey, as well
as by grand-children. The funeral service and
interment took place at Niagara-on-the-Lake, on
Monday, February 15th.

Mr. Nash was born at Bognor, Sussex. England,
on August 15, 1848, and received his education at
Shoreham Grammar School. On February 13,
1877, he was married to Harriet Burns Campbell,
daughter of His Honour E. C. Campbell, first
judge of the united Counties of Lincoln, Welland

“and Haldimand, and late County Judge of Simcoe.
Mrs. Nash predeceased him by a few years.

He came to Canada in 1869 when he would be
twenty-one years of age, and here his earlier love

of nature could find an outlet in a country where
there was rare opportunity for the development
of a sportsman and naturalist. Very shortly
after his arrival in Canada he began lecturing on
the subject of birds in relation to agriculture, and
he took an early step in conservation by becoming
a founder of a game and fish protective association
at Hamilton, Ontario, about 1873. I think he
has told me that he was the first Secretary-Trea-
surer of this Society, and it was founded at a time
when game was abundant and when only a far-
sighted man could foresee the great coming need
for game protection.

Mr. Nash brought to Canada high ideals of
sportsmanship and never missed an opportunity
of teaching these in a country where the abundance
of game and the pioneer conditions prevailing
must have made them appear rather out of place.

He loved the frontier, and in the eighties went
to Portage la Prairie and continued his natural

136

history observations while practising law in that
community. Many of these are included in
Seton’s Birds of Manitoba which, although pub-
lished many years ago now, is still the outstanding
ornithological work on the birds of the province.
In 1887 he returned to Ontario and devoted him-
self exclusively to the study ot biology.

In connection with sportsmanship, Mr. Nash
was a lover and a breeder of good gun dogs. He
kept the same hunting stock generation after
generation, and these were of mixed Sussex and
Norfolk Spaniel blood. It was always his argu-
ment that these large Spaniels were the best all-
around hunting dogs for our country, and the
tremendous popularity of the Springer Spaniel,
as the Norfolk is now called, in recent years shows
how truly his insight into sport with the gun
guided him in this particular. About 1899 he
became lecturer on biology for the Farmers’
Institute Bureau of the Ontario Department of
Agriculture and in this capacity lectured for years.
at the rate of 100 lectures per annum, to farmers,
on such subjects as birds in relation to agriculture.
In this capacity and later as Biologist of the Pro-
vincial Museum, he published extensively works
which have done much to advance the knowledge
of wild life, and to advance the protection of wild
life in Canada. He always took a keen interest
in exhibitions of natural history work and for
many years acted as judge in the natural history
exhibits of the Canadian National Exhibition at
Toronto.

I well remember the first occasion on which I
met Mr. Nash. It was a fine April morning and
with another boy I was hunting for birds near the
Kingston road, just about where the residence of
Sir Donald Mann stands now. We had secured
a Warbler as a specimen and did not know the
species. Mr. Nash, accompanied by his spaniels,
happened along the road and meeting us, he
at once identified the bird as a Pine Warbler, the
first we had ever seen. This contact continued
through many years and although we were separ-
ated by difference in age, this made no barrier in
the case of Mr. Nash. On one occasion we planned
and completed a short expedition to Point Pelee
to study the bird migration. Mr. Nash was not
a young man then, but his good sportsmanship
and ability to meet cheerfully all sorts of circum-
stances made him a charming companion and a
very instructive one. A keen sense of humour
always pervaded our discussions and while some
persons might have taken his expressions of
opinion as somewhat outspoken and even blunt,
he had a friendly heart to his fellowman as he did
to the wild creatures. Many scores of times I
have called on him and it must have been rather

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

upsetting to his work to have been so popular
with youthful visitors, but I was always cour-
teously received and welcomed. Located as he
was in the Normal School Building, his instruc-
tion was available for hundreds of teachers who
scattered from this school to all parts of the Prov-
ince and certainly many of them took with them
when they left Toronto, some insight into wild life
and its protection.

Mr. Nash worked unceasingly in perfecting the
collections of the Museum, and extended his
efforts over a wide range of subjects. He was an
old-fashioned naturalist, and at home in many
fields. He was particularly interested of late
years in completing coloured casts of the fishes,
batrachians and reptiles of Ontario, but in addi-
tion to this work in ichthyology and herpetology,
he studied in the fields of entomology, mammalogy
and ornithology.

The following outline of his activities in Ich-
thyology has been furnished by Professor J. R.

Dymond:

“Mr. Nash’s breadth of interest in natural
history is perhaps best shown by what he did in
connection with the fish of the province. Most
naturalists take comparatively little interest in
fish, but Mr. Nash knew them as well as he did
birds, mammals, insects, etc. In fact, he probably
contributed more than any other one individual
to our present knowledge of the fish fauna of the
province. Not only was he interested in fishes,
from the systematic and distributional point of
view, but he was concerned with their conserva-
tion from both the economic and recreational
point of view. His advice on matters of angling
and fisheries regulations was sought by provincial
officers in charge of these matters. About 1895
he was a member of a commission appointed by
the Provincial Government to inquire into the
question of the sale of bass and maskinonge. The
report of this commission was never published,
but acting on their recommendation the sale of
these fish was prohibited. In discussing this
question Mr. Nash has been heard to remark that
in 1877 bass sold at 34 per pound and in 1885 at
40‘. He championed the poor man’s rights in
matters of this kind. He deplored the destruction
of the angling in Toronto Bay and waters near
Toronto, even though the fishes to be taken here
were not as high-class game fish as those taken
in more remote regions, but these nearby fish
were all the poor man could afford to angle for,
and Mr. Nash considered their interests perhaps
before those of the trout and bass fishermen.”

Mr. Nash was a member of the Ottawa Field-
Naturalists’ Club—the first number of the Oitawa
Naturalist I ever saw was on his desk—and a
member and for some years a director of the
Entomological Society of Ontario.

The effect of his educational work was to lay
a foundation in wild life protection in Ontario on
which we are building to-day, and which has proved
invaluable as further wild life protection becomes

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necessary with the increase in the settlement of
our Province. He was a great naturalist of an

old-time school that has practically disappeared

in modern-day specialization, a conservationist
of note, and an educationalist, who reached and
touched the grown-ups as well as the youth of our
Province, and whose influence extended beyond
its boundaries. Ontario, particularly, owes him
a debt for his work along these lines, and yet to
some of us he meant more than a naturalist, for
he was a warm-hearted and true friend—HOYES
LLoyp (with the kind assistance of The Toronto

| Field-N aturalists’ Club).

Notes on the bibliography of the late Charles

William Nash. By J. H. Fleming:—
‘Although the field notes and scientific data

gathered by Mr. Nash are now in the library of

the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto,
it has been found impossible to bring together a
complete bibliography. The collection consists
of a series of scrap-books each with a special
heading containing notes and references in pencil
together with articles cut from publications, often
without definite indication of authorship. The
official publications are as follows and the list is
believed to be complete:

“The Birds of Ontario in Relation to Agriculture,
published by the Department of Agriculture
Toronto, 1898 (Reprinted from the Report of
the Farmer’s Institutes of Ontario, 1897-8). This
is a pamphlet of thirty-two pages and thirty-two
full page plates of birds from drawings by the
author. A second edition was published in 1901
a third edition,
published in 1904 is unaltered from the second.
Largely rewritten, a fourth edition appeared in
1909 as Bulletin 173, Ontario Department of
Agriculture, followed by a fifth edition in 1913,
revised as Bulletin 218.

“Check List of the Birds of Ontario and Catalogue
of the Birds in the Biological Section of the Mu-
seum, Department of Education, Toronto, 1900.
This is a pamphlet of fifty-eight pages containing
oe pureed list of 304 species and subspecies of

irds,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

137

“Check List of the Vertebrates of Ontario and
Catalogue of Specimens in the Biological Section
of the Provincial Museum; Birds, Department of
Education, Toronto, 1905. This is a pamphlet
of eighty-two pages, more fully annotated and
with illustrations in the text by the author, it
lists 824 species and subspecies of birds.

“Check List of the Vertebrates of Ontario and
Catalogue of Specimens in the Biological Section
of the Provincial Museum; Batrachians, Reptiles,
eee Department of Education, Toronto,

“Check List of the Vertebrates of Ontario and
Catalogue of Specimens in the Biological Section
of the Provincial Museum; Fishes, Department of
Education, Toronto, 1908, with thirty-two full
page plates by the author.

VERTEBRATES OF ONTARIO, Deparmtent of Educa-
tion, Toronto, 1908. This consists of the
last three titles bound together with new title
page glossary and index.

A series of articles in Farming World beginning
June 15th, 1904, and ending January 15th, 1908,
show the versatility of the author in matters of
benefit to the farm.

Nature about the farm, farm forestry and tree
planting, planting for fence posts, farm wind-
breaks, grazing the woodlot, the relation between
forestry and water power; are a few of the sub-
jects written about.

There are articles scattered in various publica-
tions, one at least in Forest and Stream, Vol. 38,
1892, page 77, Shore Birds Near Toronto, one in
Report of Bureau of Forestry of the Province of
Ontario, 1903, on Farm Forestry. There are two
contributions to the Auk Bird Notes from Toronto,
Canada, 1896, page 347. WNelson’s Sparrow at
Toronto, Ontario, 1899, page 277. The list of
articles is unfortunately incomplete and in addi-
tion Mr. Nash contributed manuscript lists to
the Committee on bird protection of the American
Ornithologists Union beginning with observations
on the birds of Portage la Prairie and vicinity,
1884-5, and followed with regular yearly reports
to the Biological Survey at Washington on the
birds observed at Todmorden, Ontario (a suburb
of Toronto) and later from Toronto.”

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

A NoTE CONCERNING FUR FARMING.—Fur
farming in Canada is a comparatively new line
of business and much concerning it has yet to be
learned. The industry presents many attractive
Possibilities and on that account it is apt to
attract many to it, as a means of making an easy
livelihood without their having the experience
necessary to success. As a matter of fact, there
are a number of pitfalls to be avoided among which
must he reckoned the danger of introducing di-
seases and the weakening of our northern stock
by bringing in less hardy animals. A recent letter
from a correspondent whose name I have been

requested to withhold, puts the matter very
clearly and it is, therefore, quoted at length:—

‘“A number of people throughout Canada are
interested in stocking marsh areas with musk-
rats. It is very desirable for many reasons to
use the local native stock for this purpose, rather
than to bring in breeding stock form a distance
which is thought at the time to have some advan-
tage or other.

“Animals like the muskrat exist as different
varieties in each part of their range and these
local varieties or subspecies are almost certainly
better adapted to meet local conditions than an
outside strain would be.

“It may be that extra dark rats are in demand

138

at the moment but it would be distinctly harmful
to secure a strain of dark rats from another
section of the country just because of this. Fa-
shion is fickle and some other colour, phase or
variety may be the popular one next year. If the
local stock has been mongrelized in the meantime
it is quite possible that the mongrels are of far
less value than the pure local stock and they are
almost certain to be less suited to the local con-
ditions.

“The transfer of stock from one section of Ca-
nada to another, or bringing stock from outside
has a distinct disadvantage as well in the likeli-
hood of disease being carried and infesting the
local animals.

“These points are thought to be of greater
importance in the case of muskrats than in the
case of other animals, for muskrats can be expected
to escape from complete or partial confinement and
intermingle with the native local stock.

“Our native breeds of wild animals should be
kept pure and not intermingled haphazardly with
stock from distant points.”

It might be added that our northern animals
average a thicker and finer quality of fur than
can be obtained elsewhere and on that account
alone care should be taken to avoid polluting our
stock with inferior strains. Moreover local colour
phases are usually due to climatical conditions and
it is probable that sueh colours will speedily dis-
appear when the animals are transferred to another
locality.

The whole matter is one that vitally affects fur
farmers and it is hoped that they will exercise all
possible precautions before introducing animals
which may prove less suitable to our condition
and before intermixing seriously endangers the
health of the native stock.—NORMAN CRIDDLE.

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS REGARDING MALLARDS
WINTERING AT BUFFALO LAKE, ALBERTA, 1923-
24.—Mr. Frank Farley* has recorded the winter-
ing of a large number of Mallards at Buffalo
Lake, Alberta, and Prof. Wm. Rowan has dis-
cussed this to some extent in a recent paper on
photoperiodism and migration. As some addi-
tional information on this unusual occurrence is
available it is felt that it ought to be placed on
record in order to supplement, as far as possible,
the printed word.

By letter of February 6, 1924, Mr. George Cook
than Sanctuary Caretaker who was in charge
of the feeding of the ducks reported the birds
all strong except that fifteen dead ones were
found in the opening in the ice described by Mr.
Farley. He was asked by letter of February 13th
to ship a box of the dead birds to Mr. P. A. Ta-
verner, Ornithologist of the National Museum at
Ottawa, to be used as specimens, and he accord-
ingly sent ten in the flesh. They were in very
poor condition and according to Mr. Taverner
had apparently starved to death.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

On February 24th, when Mr. Cook visited the
hole in the ice he found forty-seven dead birds and
others in the open water which were paralyzed and
attempting toswim. Having in mind the previous
request for specimens and the unusual death of
so many birds he collected and sent to the National
Museum, a box containing twenty-seven of these
birds. Mr. Cook suspected that they had been
poisoned because there had been some criticism
of the feeding of these birds which are known to
damage crops at times.

Dr. Frank T. Shutt, Dominion Chemist at the
Central Experimental Farm, Department of
Agriculture, Ottawa, kindly had the stomachs

[Vou. XLI

wy

and crops of four specimens examined for strych-

nine and arsenic. but the results were negative.

Mr. H. M. Lancaster, for the Laboratories of
the Department of Health, Ottawa, reported that
the two birds they examined had been feeding on
wheat, lamb’s quarters, black bindweed, dock,
wild oats and flax. A complete examination for
volatile and non-volatile poisons, organic and
inorganic, did not disclose positive results.

Dissection of specimens by the pathologist of
the Poultry division, Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa, showed no pathological condition, and
no evidence of acute poisoning. The birds here
examined and those I prepared as specimens were
apparently gaining in flesh and had a fairly good
layer of fat next to the skin.

All attempts to account for the sudden death
of nearly fifty of these Mallards on February 24th
have been unsuccessful, and although I have often
considered the problem in the intervening time, it
seems advisable even if unsatisfactory to record
the facts and to deliver an open verdict. These
birds, even though given ample foods, may have
succumbed to exposure after a valiant effort to
weather the rigors of an Alberta winter—HOYES
LLOYD.

UNUSUAL SONG FROM A CAROLINA WREN.—
At long intervals in the life of a bird student
come opportunities to hear something exceptional
in the way of bird songs, and a recent occurrence
goes to show that even good singers have periods
of super-excellence in their music. Such an
experience happened on the morning of Sunday,
June 26, 1927, when I was awakened shortly
after dawn by a loud song of magnificent quality
and one that puzzled me completely. It was
something after the style of a Super-Chewink with
an Oriole quality, but immediately he changed to
another song and hardly ever repeated himself.
I got up, of course, but could not find him. But
around seven o’clock he sang again and this time
I got a fleeting glimpse in a pear tree of a bird

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September, 1927]

that had the size and back-colour of a Carolina
Wren, but, as I thought, a longer tail. Idid not
hear him again until nearly eleven o’clock when
he sang for quite a long time and we got many
perfectly good views of a Carolina Wren.

Although the tone was of exceptional brilliance
for this species, I felt confident of his identity
before he was satisfactorily seen. Quite frequently
one is compelled to judge a song by quality rather
than by melody and previous experience of that
character led me to suspect this bird’s identity
before he was seen at all.

This occurrence has been submitted to Mr. F.
C. Lincoln and Dr. Wetmore of. the Biological
Survey at Washington and neither of these two
experienced field men had ever heard anything
comparable with it, but they agreed that “it should
be classified as one of those unusual cases that are
frequently coming under observation. Possibly
the fact that this bird was at the northern part
of its range may be responsible for the unusual
character of its song.’ This very interesting
suggestion from Mr. Lincoln should be borne in
mind by anyone who is listening to birds that may
possibly be unable to find a mate. Mr.
in the last number of the Auk is confident that
the male arrives first, selects and appropriates, so
to speak, his nesting ground and then sings,
awaiting the arrival of his mate. And this wren,
on June 26, was five or six weeks behind his nest-
ing period and he had good reason to become
excited on account of the absence of a mate and
the lessened prospect of finding one at all. There
are perhaps ten or twenty pairs of Carolina
Wrens nesting in Ontario and if this London bird
was hunting for a widowed female he was looking
for a needle in a haystack.

A curious confirmation of this theory comes from
Mr. G. A. Ramsden of Grimsby, who tells me
that about July 27 he and his wife were awakened
by a wonderful singer. He described the song
and I read him my notes on this Carolina Wren
and our accounts agreed pretty well. Hestressed
particularly the wonderful character and tone of
its whistle; it seems quite within the bounds of
probability that the bird heard at London had
wandered as far as Grimsby in search of a mate.

Both at Grimsby and London the bird was
heard on one morning only and similar occurrences
have been noted with the Mockingbird at Point
Pelee. Bert Garner and P. A. Taverner have
both told me of visits from singing Mockingbirds
that would last only a few hours and would not
again be heard, all of which falls in very well with
the theory of a bird hunting a mate.

Down at Point Pelee and elsewhere I have
heard perhaps twenty-five of these birds sing and

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

139

invariably they are repeaters, using the same
phrase five to ten times in a song and the next
song is probably the same, although occasionally
it differs. But this fellow seldom repeated him-
self at all and he certainly was a wonderful singer,
who made the morning of his arrival one long to
be remembered.—W. E. SAUNDERS.

ANOTHER MysTERY BAND.—The Canadian
National Parks Branch, Department of the
Interior, Ottawa, which is keeping the file of
official Canadian Bird Banding Records has
recently received a letter from Mr. F. Kermode,
Director of the Provincial Museum, Victoria,
British Columbia, in which it was stated that on

“June 19, 1927, Mr. Euke, of Oak Bay district,
near Victoria, found a dead Barn Swallow, wearing
a red celluloid band inscribed with the number
16’.

The band is not one of the official series being
used throughout Canada and the United States,
and an endeavour is being made to trace its origin.
The Canadian National Parks Branch would
appreciate very much hearing from any person
who has information concerning the placing of
this band.—HoyrEs LLoyp.

LOON BANDED IN PENNSYLVANIA KILLED IN
ONTARIO.—On May 12, 1926, Mr. J. S. Reinert,
of Lansdale, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania,
forwarded to this office a live and healthy Loon
(Gavia immer immer). After photographing,
sketching and banding this bird, we liberated it
on May 15, at Wildwood Lake, Harrisburg.
It swam to deep water, dived several times and
later in the evening flew to the nearby Susque-
hanna River.

In a letter from Mr. George E. Donkin of Tor-
onto, dated August 1, 1927, we received interesting
information concerning this Loon. Mr. Donkin
writes: “On Sunday, July 31, while walking on
the beach at Brighton, Ontario, I found a Loon
with a leg band of your Commission, No. 9684.
The bird had evidently just arrived or was sleeping
and had been killed by a skunk, as the approach
and attack were all clearly indicated in the sand.
Likely after a long flight it was exhausted. I am
taking the liberty of keeping the clip as a novelty.”

Thus this Loon had wandered for fifteen months
after its liberation in Pennsylvania. It had
likely visited the Gulf of Mexico during this
period.—GEORGE MIKSCH SUTTON, Game Com-
mission, Harrisburg, Pa.

HUDSONIAN CURLEW SEEN AT OTTAWA, ON-
TARIO.—At Britannia, near Ottawa, Ontario, on
Friday, July 15, 1927, at 8 p.m., I saw a flock of

140

Curlew, almost certainly Hudsonian, containing
about fifty birds. They were flying southwesterly
and in the usual V formation, with a few outside
the lines. The identity of these birds was known
to me because of many years experience on the
Canadian Labrador coast where I used to shoot
them. The long curved beak, the size, and the
whistled note can never be forgotten.

A fishermen reported having seen birds as large
as partridges wading in the water at Long Sand
Point, Lake Deschenes, twenty miles up river,
on the 18th of July. He said there were about
sixty birds and no doubt this was the same flock.
—L. H. DE PUYJALON.

Rocky MOUNTAIN SHEEP TRANSFERRED FROM®
BANFF TO SFENCE’S BRIDGE, B.C.—Fifty Rocky
Mountain Sheep were supplied to the British
Columbia Game Conservation Board by the Cana-
dian National Parks Service in March, 1927.
These sheep were from the surplus near Banff and
are to be used by the British Columbia Game
authorities for stocking a former range of the
species near Spence’s Bridge, B.C.—Hoyns
LLoyp.

EXTRACT FROM The Debates of the Senate,
Marcu 29, 1927, Hon. SIR GEORGE FOSTER.
P. 221—“‘I agree in the main with the argument
which my honourable friend(Hon. Mr. Dandurand)
has presented for the passage of this Bill. But I
think there is another consideration that has not
been mentioned, and it weighs with me to a certain
extent. The imposition of such an export that
will have some influence, and I should think a
considerable influence, in protecting game in those
wide regions and preventing a slaughter which
can only eventuate in the extinction of the game.

“A new danger threatens those far-distant parts
of our territory. The aeroplane now takes people
beyond our sight and above the ken of our customs

officers, and transports them to the very centre ©

of the haunts of large and small game, and so
measures will have to be taken, I have no doubt,
to prevent an indiscriminate slaughter by ad-
venturers and sportsmen of that kind who will
easily find their way into those regions. It would
be a tremendous pity and a great shame if we
should wake up years from now or generations
from now and find that those preserves, which
Nature thought she had made almost impregnable,
had been denuded of their game. I think, the
Government, if it has not already done so, should
take some steps with a view to averting that danger
My honourable friend will remember that a few
years ago sporting parties from another country
and sometimes, perhaps, from our own, made
their way in swift launches up along our coast

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VOL. XLI

and shot the sea fowl as they were sitting upon
their nests and incubating the future supply of
birds of that kind. Fortunately a Treaty has
been made between Canada and _ the “ United
States which goes very far towards protecting
sea fowl and large migratory birds; but there is
a great danger looming ahead, by reason of the
facility with which sportsmen, so-called, in aero-
planes, may reach the territories inhabited by
game and destroy what we should try to preserve.

“T do not know whether there are any regula-
tions as to the licensing of people from outside
our own country, and preventing them from
shooting game in such sections of our country, or
whether there is any preventive or supervisory
attention given to that phase of the subject.

“Our birds and game are distributed over wide
areas; they are to be found in the mountains,
thousands of feet high, and on the lakes and
rivers, and far up into the north, where caribou
and other large game animals come and go. I
think that is something which we ought to keep
in mind, it is so distinctive of Canada and such
a gem in her crown. Take the musk-ox, for
instance, about which some of the Departments
of the Government have issued a most entertain-
ing and instructive little book. It should be our
care to preserve our game and in that way make
Canada a country of renown. We “are doing
that to a certain degree by our game preserves
and parks but there is a mighty region up towards
the north, which is open to invasion by all kinds
of sporting characters who may easily reach
those areas by aeroplane.

“T am in favour of this Bill because I think it
will have some influence in diminishing the de-
struction of game. I do not suppose that among
the people who live in those distant regions one
out of a hundred traps with any idea of exporting
personally. Their market is in the stores of that
country; but I think the profit on furs is so large
that even those who buy them in quantities and
look for their returns only after they have ex-
ported them, should have no objection to a fairly
good tax.”

LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH AT KINGSTON, ON-
TARIO.—A Louisiana Water-thrush (Seiurus mota-
cilla) spent several hours in a small city garden
on May 2, 1927. I had excellent opportunities
of observing it closely, in good light, with 6X
glasses, at distances of from five to fifteen yards;
and I noticed especially that the throat was un-
marked. The bird was first seen about one p.m.,
and was then watched for an hour. It apparently
spent the rest of the day in the neighbourhood;
for it was still present on my return to the garden
for an hour from four to five p.m.—R.O.MERRIMAN.

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THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

141

OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS.

_ Published by Authority of the Canadian National Parks Branch, Department of the Interior,

Canada

In the following returns upon banded birds it will be noted
that some returns may be thought to indicate, from the date
of capture, violations of The Migratory Bird Act of Canada or
the United States. The great majority of returns, which seem
to indicate violations, are from birds accidentally caught in
traps set for fur-bearing mammals, from birds caught in fish
nets, killed by oil, or from birds found dead from unknown
eauses. Appropriate action has been taken in connection
with the few returns which indicate illegal shooting.

INSTALMENT No. 15
RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1921

BLACK DUCK, No. 4740, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1921, was killed at Crawfordsville, Indiana, on
December 3, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4742, banded by H. S.

-_ Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September

19, 1921, was killed at Long Point, Ontario, on
October 12, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4745, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1921, was killed at Long Point Bay, Ontario, on
December 6, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4747, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1921, was killed at a place thirteen miles north-
west of Williamsburg, Virginia, on December 28,

921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4758, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1921, was killed at Port Rowan, Ontario, on
November 14, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4761, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September
19, 1921, was killed at Port Perry, Ontario,
on October 7, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4765, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1921, was killed at a place five miles north of
Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 18, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4769, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1921, was killed at Port Rowan, Ontario, on De-
cember 7, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4771, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1921, was killed at New Castle, Delaware, on
December 2, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4773, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1921, was killed in Woodford County, Illinois, on
November 11, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4780, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September
20, 1921, was killed at Stony Brook Harbor,
New York, on January 2, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4788, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 21,
1921, was shot at Pomeroy, Iowa, on November
£7)-1922)*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4786, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sepember 21.,.
1921, was killed at Clear Creek, Ontario, on
November 8, 1921.*

*U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bull., No. 1268, Oct, 16, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 4787, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 21,
1921, was killed at a place twenty miles east of
Toronto, Ontario, on November 26, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4789, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22,
1921, was killed at Rockwood, Michigan, on
November 10, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4796, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22,
1921, was killed at a place three miles east of
Rockford, Ohio, on December 19, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4800, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1921, was killed at Belleville, Ontario, during the
fall of 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4804, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1921, was killed in the same locality, during the
fall in which it was banded.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4810, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Spetember 24,
1921, was killed in the same locality, during the
fall in which it was banded.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4815, banded by H.S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25,
1921, was killed at Lake Katchawannooka,
Ontario, on October 29, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4822, banded by H: S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September
26, 1921, was killed at Hamilton, Ontario, on
October 22, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4884, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 28,
1921, was killed at Hardyville, Kentucky, on
November 12, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4888, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 28,
1921, was killed at Marmora, Ontario, on October
13;.1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4892, banded by H. S.,
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 28
1921, was killed at Henry, Tennessee, on Novem-
ber 10, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 4895, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 28,
1921, was shot at the mouth of the Mississippi
River, Louisiana, on November 5, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,330, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
October 2, 1921, was killed at Brechin, Ontario,
on October 17, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,338, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Oc-
tober 2, 1921, was killed in the same locality on
November 2, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,340, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
October 2, 1921, was killed in Kent County,
Delaware, on October 22, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,341, banded
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October
Se crate aaa killed at Toledo, Ohio, on November

*U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bull., No. 1268, Oct. 16, 1924.
4

142

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,342, banded
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October
2, 1921, was killed at Pontiac, Michigan, on
November 17, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,348, banded
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October
2, 1921, was killed at East St. Louis, Illinois, on
November 18, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,350, banded
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Seugog, Ontario, on October
2, 1921, was killed at Cartersville, Georgia, on
February 20, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,362, banded
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October
2, 1921, was killed at Havre de Grace, Maryland,
on January 17, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A 37,367, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
October 2, 1921, was killed at Big Rice Bay,
Ontario, on October 18, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,368, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
October 2, 1921, was killed at Port Clinton,
Ohio, on November 3, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,385, banded
by H. 8S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
October 2, 1921, was killed at Port Rowan,
Ontario, during the month of October, 1921.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,102, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 16,
coro killed at Saxis, Virginia, on January 3

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,124, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 23,
1921, was shot at St. Clair Flats, Ontario, on
November 2, 1922.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4856, banded by
H. §. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 24, 1921, was shot at Scugog River, Ontario,
on September 27, 1921.*

_BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4858, banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 24, 1921, was shot at Long Point, Lake Erie,
Ontario, on September 26, 1921.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4867, banded by
H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 24, 1921, was killed at Middle Lake, Nicollet
County, Minnesota, on September 18, 1922.

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4869, banded by
H. 8. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 24, 1921, was killed at Arlington, South
Dakota, approximately on September 15, 1922.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 4875, banded by
H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 24, 1921, was killed at Rice Lake, Ontario, on
October 14, 1921.*

SCAUP (?) DUCK, No. 101,122, banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October
16, 1921, was killed in the same locality, on
November 4, 1921.*

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1922

GANNET, No. 207,236, fledgeling, banded by
H. L. Stoddard, at Bonaventure Island, Quebec,
on July 31, 1922, was “taken while driving
mackerel from a fish trap” at Casco Bay, Maine,
on September 15, 1922.

GANNET, No. 207,269, fledgeling, banded by
H. L. Stoddard, at Bonaventure Island, Quebec,
on July 31, 1922, was caught in a herring net at
Neils Harbor, Nova Scotia, on November 27, 1922.*

*U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bull., No. 1268, Oct. 16, 1924.

“

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

MALLARD, No. 101,327, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January
7, 1922, was shot at a place fifteen miles north-
west of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, approxi-
mately on October 12, 1922.*

MALLARD, No. 102,057, @ banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January
30, 1922, was shot (?) at Wordsworth, Saskat-
chewan, on April 19, 1923.*

MALLARD, No. 101,682, #, banded by E. A.
Mcllhenny, at Avery Island, Louisiana, on
February 9, 1922, was killed at Cumberland Lake,
Saskatchewan, on August 17, 1922.

MALLARD, No. 102,421, «, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on March 6, 1922,
was shot (?) at Luck Lake, Saskatchewan, on
October 7, 1922.*

MALLARD, No. 102,638, @, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on March 11,
1922, was killed by a dog at Buchanan, Saskat-
chewan, on April 22, 1922.*

MALLARD, No. 102,794, @, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at: Browning, Illinois, o nMarch 13, 1922,
was shot at a place six miles north of Sheho,
Saskatchewan, on September 16, 1922.*

MALLARD, No. 102,832, #, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on March 14,
1922, was killed at a place two miles south of
Seward, Saskatchewan, on September 15, 1922.*

MALLARD, No. 101,198, &, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 24,
1922, was shot at a place six miles west of Paxton,
Nebra-ka, in the South Platte River, on October
SoZ 5:

MALLARD, No. 101,259, %, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 29,
1922, was shot in Ottawa County, Ohio, on
October 19, 1922.*

MALLARD, No. 202,420, imm., banded by
Harry H. Felt, at Findlater, Saskatchewan, on
September 3, 1922, was killed at a place three
miles north of Cataro, Louisiana, on November
75 IS Ae

MALLARD, No. A.B.B.A. 37,424, o, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep-
tember 24, 1922, was shot at Wabash River,
Indiana, shortly before March 10, 1926. The
number was almost worn off the band.

MALLARD, No. 228,624, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 21,
1922, was killed at Blaney, South Carolina, on
February 10, 1923.*

MALLARD, No. 230,070, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Sanganois Club, Browning, Illinois,
on November 16, 1922, was killed in the south-
west quarter of Section 6, Township 40, Range 6,
West of the 4th Meridian, Alberta, about Novem-
ber 2, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 230,469, <, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on November 22,
1922, was killed at Middle Lake, Saskatchewan,
thirty miles north of Humboldt, on October 1,
1925)

MALLARD, No. 230,691, %, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Sanganois Club, Browning, Illinois, on
November 24, 1922, was killed in a trap at Poplar
Point, on the Saskatchewan River, about fifteen
miles from the Hudson’s Bay Company Post at
Cedar Lake, Manitoba, on April 30, 1925.

*U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bull., No. 1268, Oct. 16, 1924.

Beane acer i te

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a
.
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by
;
4

September, 1927]

MALLARD, No. 230,797, <, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Sanganois Club, Browning, Illinois, on
November 25, 1922, was shot at Luck Lake,
Saskatchewan, at or near Section 24, Township
24, Range 9, West of the 3rd Meridian, on October
8, 1925.

"MALLARD, No. 230,804, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on November 25,
1922, was shot at Lake Francis, Manitoba, on
October 17, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 231,062, «, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on November 28,
1922, was shot at Oxford House, Manitoba,
approximately on May 3, 1923.* :

MALLARD, No. 231,090, @, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on November 29,
1922, was shot at a place four miles north-west of
Shoal Lake, Manitoba, and twenty-four miles
west of Elphinstone, Manitoba, on October 5, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,188, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 20,
1922, was shot at a place three miles south of
Rockford, Michigan, on November 18, 1922.

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,140, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 20,
1922, was shot at Woodville, New York, on
October 24, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,146, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 20,
1922, was shot at Waubaushene, Ontario, on
October 138, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,191, banded by H.S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 24,
ee was killed at Henry, Illinois, on October 29,

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,270, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog. Ontario, on August 31, 1922,
vealed at Port Clinton, Ohio, on November 2’

*

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,276, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugoz, Ontario, on August 31,
1922, was shot at Sandusky Marshes, Ohio, on
October 26, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,277, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 31,
1922, was re-caught at the same station, on
September 5, 1922, and was killed at Wachapreague,
Virginia, on November 15, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,280, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 31,
caee! was shot at Fremont, Ohio, on October 13:

*

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,284, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 31,
1922, was killed at Port Penn, Delaware, on
November 3, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,294, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 1,
1922, was killed in the marsh of Nanticoke River,
a ey County, Maryland, on November 2,

925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,504, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 2,
1922, was re-caught at the same station, on
September 12, 1922, and was shot at Lake St.
Clair, Ontario, on November 9, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 101,298, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 1,
1922, was shot in Kent County, Maryland, approxi-
mately on December 1, 1922.*

*U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bull., No. 1268, Oct. 16, 1924.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

143

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,505, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 2,
1922, was shot at Pigeon Lake, Ontario, on
October 20, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,548, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 10,
1922, was shot (?) in the same locality, on October
Oa 1922"

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,628, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 16,
1922, was killed at Port Clinton, Ohio, on Novem-
ber 14, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,634, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 18,
1922, was killed in Ashley County, Arkansas, on
November 21, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,635, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 18,

-1922, was re-caught at the same station, on

September 24, 1922, and was shot at Coldwater,
Ontario, on October 10, 1922.

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,644, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1922, was killed at Dunn, North Carolina, on
November 17, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,766, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22,
1922, was killed at Henry, Illinois, on November
LOR Ae

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,781, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22,
1922, was killed at Knotts Island, North Caro-
lina, on November 10, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,784, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 23,
1922, was taken in a trap set for muskrats at
Algoma, Ontario, approximately on May 8, 1923.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,794, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 23
1922, was shot at Rice Lake, Ontario, on Novem-
ber 4, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,478, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
Septembet 26, 1922, was shot at Bay of Quinte,
Ontario, on October 23, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. A.B.B.A. 37,497, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
September 27, 1922, was killed at a place fifteen
miles south of Havre de Grace, Maryland, on
November 11, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,908, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27,
1922, was shot at Long Point, on the north shore
of Lake Erie, Ontario, on November 6, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,911, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September
27, 1922, was re-caught at the same station, on
September 28, 1922, and was killed at Fishing
Bay, Dorchester County, Maryland, on November
135, 1922.

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,968, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2,
1922, was re-caught at the same station, on
October 3 and 6, 1922, and was shot in the same
locality, on October 26, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,957, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1,
1922, was shot at Brighton, Ontario, on October
25, 1922.*

*U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bull., No. 1268, Oct. 16, 1924.

144

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,955, banded by H.S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1, 1922,
was shot at Mud Lake, on November dade 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,961, banded by H.S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1,
1922, was shot at Bono, Ohio, on October 20, 1922.

BLACK DUCK, No. 207, 972, banded by ESS:
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2,
1922, was re-caught at the same station, on
October 7, 1922, and was killed in Jacks Bay,
Calvert County, Maryland, during the month of
January, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,982, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2,
1922, was killed at a place fifteen miles south of
Houma, Louisiana, on December 12, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,989, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 4,
1922, was shot at Zephyr, Ontario, on October
28, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 207,996, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 4,
1922, was killed in the Savannah River, near Mil-
lettville, South Carolina, on December 30, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,408, banded by ELS:
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 6, 1922,
was shot at Rice Lake, Ontario, on October 12,

Beit

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,413, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7,
1922, was re-caught at the same station, on
September 3, 1923, and was killed in the County
of Accomac, Virginia, on November 17, 1925.**

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,420, banded by H.S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7, 1922,
was killed at Orland, Indiana, on November 5, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, (?) No. 228,442, banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October
7, 1922, was killed at a place six miles north of
Fort Valley, Georgia, on November 9, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,467, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8,
1922, was shot at a place three miles north of
Tilbury, Ontario, approximately on November 10,
1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,482, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8, 1922,
was shot at a place eight miles north of Massillon,
Ohio, on October 27, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,499, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 10,
1922, was shot at Currituck Sound, North Caro-
lina, on November 20, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,529, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 13,
1922, was shot at Long Point, Ontario, on No-
vember 10, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,544, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 13,
1922, was shot in the same locality, on October
20, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,550, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18,
1922, was killed at the ‘Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Maryland, on November 11, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,578, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 20,
ce, eee shot in the same locality, on November

*U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bull., No. 1268, Oct. 16, 1924.
**C.F.N., X XXVIII, 1924, p. 93.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VOL. ss

BLACK DUCK, No. 228,590, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 20,
1922, was killed at a place twenty miles south of
Thomasville, Georgia, on November 28, 1922.*

BLACK DUCK, No. 202 p2, banded. by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on November 23,
1922, was killed at Salamanca, New York, on
November Palla Appa

GREEN-WINGED TEAL, No. 504,441, band-
ed by E. A. McIlhenny, at Avery Island, Louisiana,

on December 27, 1922, was found dead at the side 4

o ovate fence, at Sundridge, Ontario, on May 18,
BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 101,264, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Aug-
ust 29, 1922, was killed in Section 16, Sauter
Township, Walsh County, North Dakota, about
September 24, 1925.

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,556, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep-
tember 13, 1922, was shot in the same ‘locality,
approximately on October 26, 1922.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,559, banded
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep-
tember 18, 1922, was caught at Vivian Camp,
Black Bayou, thirty-five miles north of Shreve-
port, Louisiana, on January 26, 1923. The band
was removed from the Duck.

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,590, banded
by H.S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep-
tember 14, 1922, was shot at Ithaca, New York, on
October 13, 1922.*

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 207,698, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep-
tember 20, 1922, was killed at Lima Lake, Meyer,
Illinois, during the month of October, 1925.

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 504, 391, banded
by E. A. Mellhémny, at Avery Island, Louisiana,
on December 21, 1922, was “found” at Sandy
Lake, Manitoba, ‘on May 15, 1923.*

PINTAIL, No. 102,473, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Browning, Illinois, on March 8, 1922.
Its band was found on the land at York Factory,
Hudson Bay, Manitoba, on September 15, 1926.

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. 101,720, 4,
banded by E. A. Mellhenny, at Belle Isle Lake,

Luoisiana, on February 21, 1922, was shot at ~

Shellmouth, Manitoba, on October 22, 1922.*

BUFFLEHEAD, No. A.B.B.A. 438,985, 9,
banded by Verid ’Burtch, at Branshport, New
York, on April 6, 1922, was found drowned in a
herring net at Georgian Bay, near Collingwood,
Ontario, on April 17, 1922.*

AMERICAN GOSHAWK, No. 202,406, imm.,
banded by Harry H. Felt, at Findlater, Saskatchew-
an, on August 4, 1922, was killed at Bostwick,
Nebraska, on April 26, 1926.**

CROW, No. 201 618, banded by W. A. Oswald,
at Shawbridge, Quebec, on August 26, 1922, was
shot at Westmount, Quebec, on September Us 1922.

ROBIN, No. 15, 196, banded by Howard F.
Cant, at Galt, Ontario, on May 10, 1922, was run
over by an automobile and killed in the same
locality, on May 27, 1922.*

ROBIN, No. 16, 102, juv., banded by Philip F.
Foran, on June 7 1922, at Green Park, Hull,
Quebec, was re-caught at the same station, on
July 1, 1922, and later on the same day as killed
by a cat, near the place where it was banded.*f

*U.S. Dept. of Agric. Bull., No. 1268, Oct. 16, 1924.

**””Bird Banding Notes,’’ No. 19, May 29, 1926.
*1C.F.N.. XX XVIII, 1924, 0. 92.

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"i ni: , i ‘iat Aa He es

NEL one
i ISSUED DECEMBER 31, 1927

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THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB a

Patrons:
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President: NORMAN CRIDDLE yee
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DV SENNESS 6 65. esis ss lec Is Oia apdeay A.G. HUNTSMAN.......... i M arine @ Biologil a

DESO OVIAL TE Oar a cae Se iaicn Botany — P vA. TAVERNER, cos. eee Ornithology —

BOR LATCHFORD Eds oo. oe Conchology By SM ICINDLESS. 7. deuce eee Palaeontology

Woe ALCOCK 3a ey oo tel ca ieee Geology R. M. ANDERSON ............- Mammalogy.

ARTHUR GIBSON.............6-- Entomology CLYDE Li. PATCH: 2 eee . Herpetology

CONTENTS PAGE

Kindleia A New Genus of Cichlid Fishes from the Upper Cyelsas of Alberta. By David Starr a
AKIKO Naw eetenitiney Da Mamaia na amen ea nn Ri nnen Cs MUTA ROM Ty Wai meaty RINE Manan EIS IS ccig 5

Hungarian Partridge vs. Sharp-Tailed Grouse: . By Po A: Tavernera: ).. fi a Rat tala a

A Grosbeak Singing in a Thunder-Storm. By Anna EB. MacLoghlin.................. See

Bird Notes from Algoma District, Ontario. By H. W. Fairbairn....... PRE CAR RUE ee Gu 46S

The Hamilton Bird Protection Society Incorporated Report, 1926-1927. By J. Roland Brown. .

A Season in a Swallow House. By Lois R. Kingston................. Lee Une ee

Notes and Observations:—
Canadian Field-Naturalist Publication Fund—Receipts..................: <i ap Sh ae
The Partridge versus the Sharptail. By L. B. Potter...................-.0.0.2 eens os
Three Toronto Records of the Hoary Bat. By L.L.Snyder....................... enuigas
Death ‘of Louis Agassiz Fuertes. -By P-A.T... 0... 320. 02257. fa. ous ee eee ee
A Mystery Band: ‘By: Hoyes Mloyd ite. 1. voce i Apert 0 hs acc eee Ra ACS 3
Fifty Winter Birds of Northeastern United States, National Mesodadon of Audubon Societies,
1974 Broadway, New. York. 2.32 35 G00 Gch Sees a, ag Se eee
Work of the Canadian Section, The International Goranitties for Bird ee) : : ENE
Book Review—The Fur Trade of Canada. By R. Owen Merriman....................... 2b ae
‘Official Canadian Record of Bird-Banding Returns............. COME aad ona BAe eee oar

ae a

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The Canadian Field-Naturalist

VOL. XLI

OTTAWA, ONTARIO, OCTOBER, 1927

No. 7

KINDLEIA A NEW GENUS OF CICHLID FISHES FROM THE UPPER
CRETACEOUS OF ALBERTA*

By DAVID STARR JORDAN

ABSTRACT

Kindleia a new genus of fossil fishes, apparently
allied to Priscacara Cope, but distinguished by
the long jaws, with large blunt teeth in sockets
is described. Named for Edward M. Kindle.

Type:—Kindleia fragosa Jordan new species,
Cat. No. 8533, Geological Survey of Canada.

HE writer has received from Edward M.
Kindle, Chief of the Division of Palzont-
ology of the Geological Survey of Can-
ada, several fragments, 60 to 70 in
number, of a species of fish found by Mr. Charles
M. Sternberg, in an ancient, dried-up pond of
Upper Cretaceous age about 100 miles south west
of Edmonton in the Province of Alberta. The

locality is thus indicated by Mr. Sternberg:

“Upper Cretaceous about 150 feet below top
of Edmonton beds, Locality, S.E. 4 section 31,
T. 34, R. 21 west of 4th principal meridian.
Northwest of Rumsey, Alberta, 20 feet above
uppermost of the two coal seams (Thompson
Seam No. 12, Allan & Sanderson report’’).

The collector of this material states that “‘all
of the specimens, numbering more than sixty,
were found at the same level in sandy clay within
a very small area and a careful search of the same
horizon a few yards distant revealed no sign of
any bones of this fish, which seems to indicate
that it had been trapped in a small pond, the
drying up of which caused death. Associated
with the species described were two other species
of fish, viz. Muyledophus bipartitus Cope and
Diphyodus longirostria Lambe. Disassociated
bones of the crocodile, turtle, champsosaurs and
several genera of dinosaurs were also found in the
fish bed as well as in the surrounding rocks.
Most of the dinosaurs which have been collected
from the Edmonton formation come from a lower
level than this fish bed, yet most of the genera
seem to be represented in this and higher strata}’’

A series of fragments which have been photo-
graphed is here presented. The bones preserved

*Published with the permission of the Director, Geo-
logical Survey of Canada.
+Verbal statement by C.M. Sternberg.

are very fragile. A part of the lower jaw (5)
shows a long bone, moderately curved and pro-
vided with sockets for fourteen teeth. Another
fragment (11) shows two of these teeth, large,
thick at base, pyramidal in form, narrowed and
bluntish at tip, set in sockets. A longer fragment
(14), perhaps part of set pre-maxillary, is not
curved and one end is toothless and angularly
bent. This shows the marks or sockets of about
15 teeth, these much smaller than the teeth in
(5) and no doubt belonging to a much smaller
fish. Three other bones, (6) (8) and (9) each a
broken fragment, seem to represent parts of the
united lower pharyngeals, characteristic of all
Cichlid fishes. These are marked by long, even,
blunt teeth in sockets, not narrowed at tip. Two
fragments have larger teeth than the others and
must have belonged, with the jaw bone first
mentioned, to a different individual. Two other
fragments are marked by blunt vermicular ridges,
very irregular and close-set. In one of these (2)
these markings are very much coarser than in the
other (1) and these probably indicate an older
fish of the same species.

The description thus far refers to the series as
photographed. These may be regarded as typical
of the species, the bone of the lower jaw first
mentioned (5) being the special type.

Numerous other specimens, about 60 in all,
have been sent to me from the original locality.
These belonged to at least three different indivi-

duals of the same species, distinguishable mainly

by the size of the bones and of the sockets of the
implanted teeth. These are in a single row ex-
cept in one rather large example which shows an
irregular second row, the very deep bone in which
they are implanted being sharp edged on its base
away from the teeth, both sides being marked by
very low, irregular, zigzag edges. In all other
fragments the sides of the jaw are smooth, and in
all the lower edge of the lower jaw is acute. In
all cases there is an irregular series of small fora-
mina on the outer edge of the jaw (shown in 4)
these vary in size and number (4) being the least

146

Figs. 1, 2

WB) BY His

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [VoL. XLI

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Fig. 1-14—Kindleia fragosa n. sp. Natural size.

Head armature. Figs. 6, 7, 8,9 Fragments of united lower
pharyngeals.
Inferior, exterior and superior “ 10 Tooth from lower pharyngeal.

views of lower jaw shown by

three separate specimens. teh wali Fragment of lower jaw.

“* 12,18, 14 Internal, External and _ inferior

Holotype or special type. views of pre-maxille.

October, 1927

regular. In one fragment not figured, the teeth
are more than twice as wide as in (5) which with
(2) and (6) may have belonged to a much larger
fish. The markings shown in (1) and (2) are
repeated in several other fragments and are
evidently part of the armature of the head, but
just where they are placed is uncertain. They
hardly seem to be opercular bones. The frag-
ments here photographed represent the various
‘kinds of bones, and so may be taken as typical.

Some 60 other fragments have also been re-
ceived from Mr. Sternberg. These represent all
the types shown in the plate indicating no im-
portant differences. The deep lower jaw, sharp
edged below, is well shown, as are also the oblong
evenly blunt teeth of the pharyngeals. The sur-
face markings of (1) and (2) are well shown on
various other fragments. These seem to mark
sculpture on external bones but we fail to locate
them. They much resemble head-sculpture of
certain marine cat-fishes.

It is very remarkable that with so many frag-
ments of Kindleia fragosa there is none belonging
to the vertebral column and that there is no trace
of any of the fins. The dentition is quite unlike

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATIRALUST

147

that of any other fossil fish known to me. I
place the new genus temporarily with the Chich-
lidae, because it has the lower pharyngeals united,
and it is apparently a fresh water form. Both
these characters are found in all the Cichlidae
which abound in the streams of tropical America
and Africa. But in all the Cichlids known to me
the teeth are small and in more than one row
and the bones of the head show no coarse granu-
lations.

Of this enormous group, but one genus, Prisca-
cara Cope (type P. serrata Cope) has been recog-
nized as fossil. It differs from all the others in
having teeth on the vomer “which like the jaw
teeth are minute and simply conical,” the jaws
themselves much shorter than in Kindleia. On
account of the presence of vemerine teeth, Pris-
cacara has been lately taken as the type of a dis-
tinct family Priscacaridae. Six species of Prisca-
cars are described from the Eocene (Green River
Shales) of the state of Wyoming and a few neigh-
bouring localities (Twin River, Manti.) A
seventh species, (P. liops, Cope) is type of the
genus Cockerellites Jordan, which differs from the
others in the longer soft dorsal.

HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE vs. SHARP-TAILED GROUSE
By P. A. TAVERNER

VER since the successful acclimatizatiion
of the Gray or Hungarian partridge on
the west the battle has raged among
sportsmen and naturalists as to the wis-

dom of the introduction. In general, the sports-
man has lined up with the pros and the naturalist
and nature lover with the cons. Both are prob-
ably a little prejudiced, one in favor of adding any
sporting possibility to his opportunities, the other
against disturbing the status quo or doing any-
thing to interfere with native forms that he
studies and is familiar with. Probably as far as
prejudice goes, the honors are even.

The sportsman usually looks upon the naturalist
as an impractical doctrinaire and the naturalist
regards the usual type of sportsman as_ short
sighted, superficial, ill-informed on the funda-
mentals of biological association and ignorant of
what has happened outside of his own experience.
There may be more than a modicum of truth in
both these views. The naturalist may be overly
cautious but it is easily demonstrable that the
ordinary run of shooters know no more of the game
they hunt than is necessary to outwit it at certain
limited seasons of the year; in fact, with a few
exceptions, they rarely know even the names of

the species they shoot. There are certain brii-
liant exceptions on both sides of the question but
taking it by and large, I think this reflects the
general line-up and weight of authority.

One fact is self-evident, had the cautious
naturalist of the present been in control in the
past we might have escaped some of the devastat-
ing pests that now plague this once clean and
conparatively pestless country. Practically all
of our serious pests and plagues are introduced
ones. Potato-bug, Gypsy-Moth, Corn-Borer, Sow
and Russian Thistle, Black-head, Tuberculosis,
Smallpox, English Sparrow, Starling, Rat, House
mouse, Cockroach, and a thousand and one other
ills that afflict our civilization are not indigenous
to the country but introduced, often fortuitously
in company with more desirable acquisitions.
Many valuable importations have been veritable
Pandora’s boxes, releasing from control a multi-
tude of evils and retaining but a single hope.
It is the knowledge of these things and the re-
alization of their application to present practice
that makes the naturalist fearful of further un-
considered experiments carrying the same results.
He has some grounds for his warnings and certainly
cannot be dismissed as an ignorant alarmist.

148

On first sight it seems rather unlikely that the
little Hungarian Partridge can do serious physical
harm to the big, strong Sharp-tail or Prairie
Chicken, yet we know that the race is, in the long
run, not always to the swift nor the battle to the
strong. Constant dripping of water wears away
stone and, if the occurrences cited by Mr. Potter
in the preceding paper are the general habit of a
small but pugnacious and battle-trained race
against a large but peaceably-inclined one that
has had no racial experience in physical combat
with competitors, the effects may be serious.

As a rule, or at least through summer and
autumn, the two species do not seem seriously
to compete with each other. The Partridge is
then essentially a bird of the open fields while the
Chicken is of the brush and cover. In winter,
however, conditions are likely to be quite different,
and when both species are driven by inclement
weather to the shelter of the coulees or to cir-
_ eumscribed feeding grounds, the contact between
them may be close and the competition for a
definitely limited food supply may be keen.
At such times and under such conditions, de-
termined agressiveness may well turn the scale
in favor of the smaller species. When food is less
than the demand it is not the way of nature to
pro-rate the supply according to the requirements
between the weak and strong. In nature the
strong get practically all and the weak get no-
thing. It is not a pretty thought for sentimenta-
lists who rhapsodize over the beauties of nature
but little birds in their nests do not agree and
nature shows a calculating efficiency that would
shame a pre-war Prussian. As economists tell us
zood money cannot continue in circulation with
poor, so two species that closely compete with
each other cannot occupy the same range at the
same time, not even in numbers proportional to
their adaptability to environment. Eventually
one will entirely disappear while the other will
increase under the obtained monopoly.

Beside direct physical conflict and the monopol-
ization of food supplies at critical times of the year,
there is another, and possibly a far graver, danger
from introduced species; one that the naturalist
is well aware of while the ordinary observer
rarely gives it a thought—that of the introduc-
tion of communicable disease. Every race has
its own special constitutional weaknesses and its
own special immunities. These have been built
up through age-long association with certain
diseases and confer more or less resistance or
tolerance towards the diseases the race has ex-
perienced and to no others. We know this well
in the human race. Ailments that are regarded
as childish affections in the white man have proved
devastating plagues to natives to whom they are

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

new. On the other hand, natives are often ab-
solutely immune to such things as Malaria,
Yellow-fever and other complaints that are
deadly to the white men. The fact that natives
can rarely survive close contact to white men
without decimation is due not so much to the
usually accredited results of self-indulgence and
dissipation but to mumps, measles, tuberculosis,
pneumonia, smallpox, influenza and _ other
diseases. There is the same variation in racial
resistance in lower life as in man. We are
continually searching for strains and races of
our common stock that will resist certain ills—
disease, rusts, blights, fungus, ete ——and we are
finding them, too. It is not, in many cases,
that these individuals do not contract the ail-
ment in question but they may have it in the
most virulently transmittable form without ex-
periencing any ill effects from it themselves.
Typhoid Mary seemed perfectly healthy, yet
wherever she went she left a trail of typhoid
behind her. It isin these carriers that the greatest
danger resides as no ordinary physical examina-
tion or quarantine reveals them.

That any form of life brought from afar with
different racial history would have the same con-
stitutional reaction to numerous diseases as has
the local stock is almost too slight a chance to be
considered. When the immunities and weak-
nesses weigh the scale against the new-comer,
the introduction is unsuccessful, the species does
not become acclimatized. This explains many
of the failures we have experienced in such en-
deavors. If and when the balance is the other
way about success may be achieved but it may
be at the expense of native forms who have
physiological factors brought against them that
they have had no racial experience in combatting.

We cannot at this date definitely say that this
has occurred in the case of the Hungarian Par-
tridge in its relation to the Sharp-tailed Grouse
but the wonder is greater if it has not than if it
has. Certainly, given enough importations this
is bound to occur sooner or later but only has to
occur once to do the damage unto not only the
third and fourth generations but for many more
thereafter.

All our grouse are subject to disease epidemics.
They rise in number over a series of years and then
suddenly nearly disappear to repeat the cycle.
This fluctuation in number is not due to over-
shooting for it occurs the country over, far in the
wilds where shooters rarely go as well as close in
about civilization. It is obviously a disease re-
sult, whether due to Old World disease introduced
through pouitry or not we know not but it may
well be so, and the subject is being seriously
studied. However it follows that all the disap-

October, 1927]

pearance of native grouse should not be ascribed
to contact with the Hungarian Partridge but it
seems significant to the writer that, with con-
siderable personal observation over a wide area
of Partidge-occupied country, he has yet failed to
see the Sharp-tail in contact with the Partridge
recover its old maximum of number after one of
these cyclic depressions. This may be merely a
coincidence of geography or observation or it may
represent the grim facts of the case—time only
will tell this. In general, and the country over,
this is a low year for grouse. It will be five or
six years before we can expect another normal
maximum season. If, when that time comes,
the Sharp-tails reach their usual high peak num-
bers irrespective of association with the Par-
tridge it will prove not that our alarms were un-
founded but that we have blundered through a
danger.

Of course all this discussion is now purely
academic. The Hungarian Partridge is with us,
probably to stay, and it will spread just as far as
ecological conditions are favourable whether we
like it or not. If it has introduced disease into
native stock that mischief is done and is ineradic-

A GROSBEAK SINGING
By ANNA E.

f OST birds stop singing during a very
|M) heavy rain, but on July 13th, 1927, at
ey) Camp Billie Bear, Muskoka, a Rose-

breasted Grosbeak sang exquisitely
throughout a severe thunder-storm which lasted
three-quarters of an hour.

Allegro Dolce

8 ve-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

After singing a few times, he stopped, and
thinking perhaps to make him begin again, I
whistled back a feeble response. To my delight
he answered me. Pausing again for a few seconds,
I answered him back, and he again responded,
flying all around me, and finally settling on a tree
over my head, as though he were trying to locate
me exactly.

149

able now and even the total extermination of the
original host would do no good now or at any
succeeding date. However, the subject is of
great interest and should be closely watched as a
guide to policies of the future if for no other rea-
son.

The disturbing thought is, that no experience
of this sort in the now is of much help in the
future. Warnings of evil become buried in past
literature and unknown to succeeding advisors
who have most weight in such matters. In spite
of all the disastrous results of introductions in the
past, the English Sparrow and the two Starlings
in this country, the rabbit in Australia, the Minah
in Hawaii and the dozens of other cases that could
be cited, attempts at acclimatization and intro-
duction go merrily on by local organizations who
know not the dangers and pitfalls that the past
has demonstrated. It is well that control of
such work be considerably strengthened. There
are undoubtedly forms of life to be found else-
where in the world that would be valuable ac-
quisitions to this country but the danger of their
introduction is great and should not be entered
upon without careful consideration as to whether
the probable advantage is worth the risk.

IN A THUNDER-STORM
MacLOGHLIN

Being too far in the woods to turn back as the
rain came on, I took shelter under a clump of
bushes, when my attention was at once directed
to the sweet singing of a Grosbeak. Crouched
under the foliage there was little protection from
the wet, and the rain beat down upon me, making
it almost impossible to copy the song which ran:—

He must have answered my whistle at least
forty or fifty times, and then, as the storm cleared,
he apparently became tired and flew away.
Three days afterwards, while passing through the
same place in the woods, I heard, apparentty,
the same bird, whistling the same song. After
singing it a few times, he paused, then gave this
refrain in a minor key:

150

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

N.B.—The Majority of songs of the Grosbeak
which I have taken down, have been in the
major key, but this bird sang apparently in both

keys.
note

He also omitted the “chip” or staccato

which usually precedes the song.

BIRD NOTES FROM ALGOMA DISTRICT, ONTARIO
By H. W. FAIRBAIRN

URING the past summer, I was attached
to a Geological Field Party, stationed in
may the vicinity of the Spanish River, Al-

=< goma District. The country was in-
accessible, and, in order to travel light, field
glasses, among other things, were omitted from
our equipment. Despite this handicap it was
nevertheless possible to make some interesting
notes and observations on the bird life of the dis-
trict’

The following list makes no pretence of in-
cluding all the species occuring in this area, but
merely indicates these which came under direct
observation during the season.

Podilymbus podiceps—PIED-BILLED GREBE.
Observed once during the summer.

Gavia immer—CoMMON LOON.

The female has a distinetive ‘‘lame-duck”
habit which I had not observed before. In the
attempt to lead us away from her family, she
would repeatedly rear herself up from the water
and facing us, would fan the air vigorously with
her wings. The glistening white breast made a
very conspicuous object on the water.

Larus argentatus—HERRING GULL.

These birds were common on the lake formed
above the power dam at High Falls on the Spanish
River. They followed in the wake of the tug,
engaged in rafting logs along the lake. They

were apparently non-breeders, as no juveniles
were seen by September Ist.
Mergus Sp. ?—MERGANSER.

Females with broods of nine or ten were fre-
quently seen on the Spanish River. They were
quite at home in swift water where paddling was
difficult.

Botaurus lentiginosus—AMERICAN BITTERN.

Fairly common.

Ardea herodias—GREAT BLUE HERON.

Found in any shallow muddy localities.

Actitis macularia—SPOTTED SANDPIPER.
Common summer resident.

Oxyechus vociferus—KILLDEER PLOVER.
Observed near the settlements.

Bonasa wmbellus—RUFFED GROUSE.

This bird is still scarce even though the open
season is of short duration.

Circus hudsonius—MARSH HAWK.
Frequents the open burned country.

Accipiter cooperi—CooPER’s HAWK.
Buteo borealis—RED-TAILED HAWK.

Falco sparverius—AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK.

The above three hawks were each identified
once during the season.

October, 1927

Ceryle alcyon—BELTED KINGFISHER.
Common on all the larger streams.

Dryobates villosus—HAIRY WOODPECKER.
Probably this is the Northern Hairy Wood-

pecker—D. v. leucomelas.

Dryobates pubescens—DOWNY WOODPECKER.
Common. »

Sphyrapicus varius—Y EBLLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER.
Fairly common.

Colaptes auratus—YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKER.
By far the commonest woodpecker. The large

burned-over areas provide the necessary ground

feeding, and also provide innumerable nesting-

sites in the naked dead trees.

Antrostomus carolinensis—W HIP-POOR-WILL.
Common along large creeks and rivers.

Chordeiles virginianus—NIGHTHAWK.
Common.

Chaetura pelagica—CHIMNEY SWIFT.

In the absence of chimneys these birds nest
in their original sites—hollow trees and clefts in
rocks.

Archilochus colubris—-RUBY-THROATED HUMMING-
BIRD.
One observed twenty-five miles from the nearest
settlement.

Tyrannus tyrannus—KINGBIRD.
Common summer resident.
Nuttallornis borealis—OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.
Less common than the kingbird, although this
locality is well within its range.
Myiochanes virens—WooD PEWEE.
Found commonly in the deep woods.

Cyanocitta cristata—BLUE JAY.
This and the next species are the chatter-
boxes of the north.
Perisoreus canadensis—CANADA JAY.
Less common than the Blue Jay, frequenting
more inaccessible localities.
Corvus brachyrhynchos—AMERICAN CROW
Observed only around the settlements.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus—BOBOLINK.

A few were seen in grain fields near Webb-
wood.

Euphagus carolinus—Rusty BLACKBIRD.
Observed several times in wet boggy country.

Quiscalus quiscula cneus—BRONZED GRACKLE.
Common resident.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

151

Carpodacus purpureus—PURPLE FINCH.

Common resident.

Passer domesticus—HOUSE SPARROW.

Found around the settlements.

Astragalinus tristis—AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.

Fairly common in burned country.

Powetes gramineus—VESPER SPARROW.

Less common than in localities further south.
Zonotrichia albicollis—W HITE-THROATED SPARROW.

The commonest sparrow of the district.
Spizella passerina—CHIPPING SPARROW.

Not common. :

Junco hyemalis—SLATE-COLOURED JUNCO.

Abundant breeder.

Melospiza melodia—SONG SPARROW.

To be found in all kinds of country.
Piranga erythomelas—SCARLET TANAGER.

Mr. Edward Kindle reported one at Webb-
wood.

Hirundo erythrogastra—BARN SWALLOW.

Found nesting in some of the lumber camps.
Tridoprocne bicolor—TREE SWALLOW.

The power dam at High Falls on the Spanish
River has created a large reservoir extending
about fifteen miles upstream. As a result there
are many acres of drowned timber, and these
swallows have found ready homes in the rotting
trees.

Bombycilla cedrorum—CEDAR WAXWING.

Very common in the burned-over areas on
account of the abundance of cherry trees.
Vireosylva olivacea—RED-EYED VIREO.

The most persistent songster in the woods.

Lanivireo solitartus—BLUE-HEADED VIREO.
One observed at close range.
Mmiotilta varia—BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER.
Dendroica ceurulescens—BLACK-THROATED WAR-
BLER.
Dendroica coronata—MYRTLE WARBLER.

Dendroica pennsylvuanica—CHESTNUT-SIDED WAR-
BLER.

Dendroica virens—BLACK-THROATED GREEN WAR-
BLER.
The distinctive call of six notes is a familiar
sound in the deep woods.
Seiurus aurocapillus—OVENBIRD.
A common summer resident.

152

Geothlypis trichas—MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT.
No alder thicket is complete without this

warbler.

Setophaga ruticilla—AMERICAN REDSTART.

The notes of the redstart, the black-throated
green warbler, and the ovenbird were the most
conspicuous warbler songs heard during the
summer.

Toxostoma rufum—BROWN THRASHER.

One pair observed in July on the Spanish
River.
Troglodyte aedon—HousE WREN.

Found in open burned country mostly.

Nannus hiemalis—WINTER WREN.

Observed only in the densest coniferous growth.
Its song is one of the surprises of the northern
woods.

Penthestes atricapillus—BLACK-CAPPED CHICKA-
DEE.

Common everywhere.

Regulus satrapa—GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.
Observed in migration.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

IVoL. XLI

Hylocichla fusescens—WILSON’S THRUSH.

This and the next species seem to prefer the
open burned country.

Hylocichla guttata—HERMIT THRUSH.

A nest was discovered in a small poplar tree
near the ground. Poplar is usually shunned as
a nesting site.

Planesticus migratorius—AMERICAN ROBIN.
Common in most places.

Sialis sialis—BLUEBIRD.
Found in burned country where dead trees
provide abundant nesting sites.

Four usually common summer birds which I
did not note were the Phoebe, Red-winged Black-
bird, Baltimore Oriole, and Catbird.

Also I failed to observe the Pileated Wood-
pecker, although the region would be an admirable
one for this bird.

The above list does not do justice to the warblers
particularly, which were very abundant during
migration in the latter part of August. Without
the use of field-glasses, however, it was diffiuult
to identify some species, particularly the juveniles,
and thus the above list is very brief.

THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION SOCIETY INCORPORATED
REPORT, 1926-1927

By J. ROLAND BROWN

HE following is a brief report of the
above named Society for the year ending
1 April 1927.

The usual activities of the Society have

been carried on during the year, as in previous:

years. Five regular meetings have been held,
when the following speakers were heard.

Last May Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London,
Ont., Honorary President of the Society, spoke
to us about “Native Sparrows.”’

Some of our junior members took part in the
October meeting. A number of ‘Bird Essays’
were read by the boys and girls, and a keen in-
terest in bird study was shown.

In November our President, Mr. R. O. Merri-
man told us about the 44th stated meeting of the
“American Ornithologists’ Union” held in Ottawa,
Canada.

Professor T. F. MelIlwraith of Toronto Uni-
versity spoke to us in January. He gave us an
interesting talk on the “Bella Coola’ Indians
and the Birds.

Mr. E. M.S. Dale of London, Ont., was at our
March meeting and told us about the birds he
had seen last summer while on a visit near Boston,
Mass.

Two of the lectures were illustrated.

Last June a Field-Day was held at Oaklands
Park when members of the Society were in-
vited to take a box-lunch and spend an afternoon
with the birds.

Spring migration lists of the birds have been
compiled and at Christmas time a bird census
was taken.

The Cancellation Stamp bearing the slogan
“Protect the Birds and Help the Crops’’ was used
again last Spring on all out-going mail, to ad-
vertise bird conservation.

For many years the Society has been working
to have the Dundas Marsh set aside as a Bird
Sanctuary. Just recently an_ order-in-council
was passed making the marsh a Government
Game Preserve.

A new feature for advertising bird protection
was started last Spring, when our President

October, 1927]

broadcasted “‘News from Birdland” every Satur-
day evening during the Spring Migration over

Station C.K.O.C. Letters of appreciation have

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

153

been received from many outside districts and in
the city, showing that a great interest is being
taken in this new phase of the work.

A SEASON IN A SWALLOW HOUSE
By LOIS R. KINGSTON

UR HOME is on the second floor of a
three-storied apartment house, about two
blocks distant from the Rideau Canal.
On May 9th I nailed a swallow-house to
a maple tree not more than twelve feet from the
baleony, placing it about eighteen feet from the

ground, which brought it level with the balcony

door. It proved to be an object to excite desire.

After an interval of several days, I noticed a
pair of swallows diving about the box, and has-
tened out—only to see both fail in their attempt
to make an entrance. The hole was too small.
Perching upon the doorstep, the bird would poke
his head through the opening and proceed to push
with might and main. The sight was painful.
Hastily securing a fret-saw I ran downstairs, and
placing a ladder against the tree, I ascended, and
in a short time had enlarged the opening. Before
1 had reached the ground the birds bad passed
within and taken possession.

For some time after this they appeared to be
building, but in a half-hearted manner; taking
in straws a couple of consecutive days, then
desisting and disappearing for three or four.
Finally, however, they began building in earnest
about May 16th.

Then one day about two weeks later, I witnessed
the last act of the common tragedy. Brooding
season had set in. To-day, as my eye fell on it,
the swallow-house seemed extraordinarily quiet,
when a wren alighted upon the doorstep. Passing
immediately within he reappeared with a mouth-
ful of feathers. At the foot of the tree lay a heap
of broken egg-shells.

Of course the swallows must have both been
absent together, when the wren made his original
entrance. Though doubtless now observing from
a discreet distance, they evidently considered it
too late to interfere. In the wren’s absence an
hour later, they returned to contemplate the
scene of the wreckage. One is forced to surmise
from this incident, as well as from their desultory
habits of nest-building, that this particular pair
were not the most faithful of homekeepers.

A couple of days later 1 noticed two pairs of
swallows swooping about. The owners had
apparently returned under escort. This time
a thorough survey of the situation was made.

One of the males, after circling about three times:
came to rest on the doorstep, and after some
moments’ hesitation disappeared within. His
mate hung suspended in mid-air close to the door-
way, while the second pair looked on from the
clothes-line which swung about six feet from the
tree. Two or three minutes passed. Then the
explorer emerged, and with a zlad twitter from the
female, the two flew a short distance away. Pair
No. 2 repeated the same performance, then both
pairs flew off together out of sight.

During the next few days the tenancy of the
swallow-house seemed highly doubtful The
wren, who considered it his own property now
commenced busily carrying in sticks. Meantime,
the swallows began flying in and out once more,
remodelling with straws and feathers. At first
I took it for granted the original pair had re-
claimed their own, but soon I was forced to think
otherwise. The female of this second pair was
entirely bronze in colour, without the steel-green
patches on neck, cheeks and rump, worn by the
female of the original pair. This could only
mean an exchange of mates by male No. 1, or a
new couple altogether. Personally I am inclined
to put the second pair down as the visitor friends
of the previous day.

I wondered what the inside of that small house
could look like with the wren stealing in with
sticks each time he saw, from some hidden vantage
point, both of his rivals absent together. After
about four days of this, he gave up in their favour,
and ceased his nest-building altogether. Since
during the whole course of his escapade, he in-
variably appeared alone and unaccompanied, one
is left to put the affair down as one of the frequent
pranks of the male wren, with his passion for nest-
building.

The second pair of swallows began building
about June 5th. When brooding season came
in due course, it was a pleasure to watch these
two at their task. The female would be sitting
quietly upon the eggs, her white breast showing
through the aperture, when a flash of steely green
would herald the arrival of her mate. Alighting
upon the doorstep, he would put his bill through
the opening, and make just once that soft re-
soundless single ‘‘turn’’ of sound—the swallow

154

twitter. His lady would thereupon arise, dart
out and past him, off into the blue—doubtless
bound for the canal, their hunting-ground. When
on duty, I noticed she always remained upon the
eggs, fearful of allowing them to cool—while her
help-meet frequently took holidays stretching his
limbs and swinging upon the clothes-line; though
at this, it must be marked, never was he more
than six feet from the bird-house on which he kept
an unfaltering watch the while. Very frequently
the male continued his watch while his mate
brooded within. She, on the other hand, was
inclined to fly far away when not on duty. Plainly
his idea of duty resolved itself into a guarding of
his home from attack, hers to the ceaseless cherish-
ing of the fragile life within the eggs. On those
infrequent occasions when the female did act
as outpost while her mate kept the eggs warm,
she seemed nervous and twisty, always more
anxious to see what was behind her than before.
She betrayed great interest and curiosity regard-
ing our movements upon the verandah—once
climbing the clothes-line right to the balcony
railing beside us, when cries of a small girl from
within aroused her. I thought she would really
stretch her small head off trying to peer through
the open doorway. The male, on the other
hand, apparently as free from curiosity as from
fears, would sit complacently preening himself, or
merely gazing contentedly before him into space,
musing, and as it were, smoking his pipe.

One day the wren returned. With swift wary
glances about him, he once more alighted upon
the doorstep and thrust his head within. The
next instant he withdrew it with such force that
he literally reeled backward off the step, and
disappeared in a hurry. Several times did he
attempt to steal a march upon them, but the
defence was always on duty. The intruder
invariably retired discomfited. :

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Vou. XLI

The eggs were all hatched by July 3rd. A pair
of field-glasses focused on the opening now re-
vealed a succession of yawning ‘‘red-lanes’—
nothing more. Later, when the feathers of the
young were grown, parts of four heads could be
seen at one time through the aperture. There
was always one little fellow squatting in the fore-
ground, keeping the others well away from the
scenery. His bill resting on the threshold, he
would gaze down, down, to the ground below,
then up at the leafy roof above. His eyes were
black and shining, his shirt-front was fluffier and
of a snowier white than his parents’. He was
altogether beautiful. At first I took him to be
the Pushing One of the family, but later I observed
the household in the act of rotation, when a
brother or sister looking exactly the same took his
place. Their father was a tireless hunter, and
could not spare time to go further than the
threshold to deposit each catch in its proper place
before he was off to the chase again. His mate,
however, never left the house without the pellet
of compressed droppings between her mandibles
—the result of careful house-scourings.

I am sorry to say I missed seeing the young
birds make their first flight. All took their de-
parture the same day, July 25th. Next day I
took the swallow-house down from its perch, and
lifted off the roof. On the floor at the back,
some distance below the opening, was the nest of
straw and feathers. The foundations of this
must have been built by the original pair, for the
wren, we knew, had certainly never gone further
than the feather lining in his destructions. The
intervening space leading uphill from the nest
to the doorway, was jammed with twigs—doubt-
less the wren’s contribution to the interior decor-
ations.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST PUBLICATION
FUND
Mr. J. L. Thacker, Little Mountain, Hope, B.C.,
$5.00.

THE PARTRIDGE VERSUS THE SHARPTAIL.—
In the October, 1926, issue of the Canadian Field-
Naturalist I expressed the opinion that the ad-
vent of the Hungarian Partridge was detrimental
to our native Sharp-tailed Grouse. My remarks
have since been criticized both by private cor-
respondents and in The Canadian Field-Naturalist
by Mr. 'T. E. Randall and Prot. W. Rowan.

During the past twelve months, I have collected
further evidence, which has not caused me to
change my views. I furnish below the names of
some of the persons who have given me first hand
information on the subject. Mr. Robert Greel,
rancher, of Eastend informs me that he has
watched sharp-tailed grouse on their dancing
grounds, then a number of partridges have ar-
rived on the scene and driven the grouse off.

Mr. J. Bird, farmer, of Ravenscrag, a neigh-
boring town, and formerly of Staveley, Alberta,
tells me that at Staveley he frequently watched

October, 1927

encounters between the two species, in which the
partridge invariably prevailed.

Mr. Neil Pratt, farmer, of Ravenscrag, and also
at one time near Staveley, in a letter to me said—
“T have your letter asking about the Hungarian
Partridge. They have been quite numerous both
here and on the Johnson place, but the one thing
I noticed was that they are the sworn enemy of
our prairie chickens.” When asked later his
reasons for writing thus he told me he had wit-
nessed two partridges catch hold of a chicken by
the neck feathers; and at Staveley he had also
observed aggressive tactics on the part of the
smaller bird. This bears out what I was told by
Mr. Desillets, of Eastend, whom I quoted in my
original article. He and two companions wit-
nessed a partridge worrying a sharp-tail by holding
on to the neck. Mr. Desillets vouches also for
the following: In the spring of 1926 he was out
for a stroll up one of the wooded coulees near
Eastend in company with some friends. There
they saw a partridge drive a sharp-tailed grouse
off her nest and destroy the eggs.

Mr. Tom Ion, farmer, of Eastend, also says he
has seen the partridge chasing grouse.

All these persons are well known to me, and I
have no hesitation in believing what they say is
true; and their evidence enables one to under-
stand the many reports we hear, that the par-
tridge is helping to drive out the native grouse.
There are, of course, other factors bringing about
the decrease of the latter. The increase in
numbers of the Crow and the Magpie has become
a serious menace to bird life of all kinds, and Mr.
Randall’s remarks regarding the use, or abuse,
of motor cars by game hunters are much to the
point.

Mr. Randall says: ‘“The idea that the Pinnated
Grouse is also a dangerous enemy of the Sharp-
tail is even more absurd.” In this connection
I quote the late D. G. Elliott, who in his “‘Game
Birds of North America” writes “The Sharp-
tailed and the Pinnated Grouse often meet on
the limits of their dispersion, but rarely mingle
together, for they are deadly enemies and engage
in desperate battles.” Mr. Randall suggests that
one of the real reasons for the prejudice against
the partridge is that it is too “swift’’ and hard
to hit. This should scarcely apply to us in Sas-
katchewan, for until this year the partridge has
been on the protected list.

As a game bird no doubt the Hungarian Par-
tridge is all that its advocates claimit to be. But
there is a large, and I believe an increasing num-
ber of farmers, the writer included, who regard
the prairie chicken with special affection, to be
encouraged to come around the farm buildings,
especially in winter when so few of our birds are

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

155

with us. One man, who must be nameless,
informed me privately that, indignant at the
sight of the partridge pushing the prairie chicken
off his farm, he employed somewhat irregular
methods to rid his premises of the partridge;
and since then the chicken have returned.—
L. B. POTTER.

THREE TORONTO RECORDS OF THE HOARY
Bat.—Nycteris cinerea, the Hoary Bat, is one of
the rarest species to be found in Ontario. It is
a migratory form, conspicuous because of its
size (sixteen inches or more in wing expanse)
but the number of records indicate that it is sel-
dom identified or collected. Three specimens
have been taken in the Toronto region during
the present fall (1927). The first was secured at
Erindale, near Toronto, on October 1, by R. V.
Lindsay. The specimen was presented to the
Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology where it is
now preserved. The second was taken at Cedar-
vale, Toronto, on October 2, by C. Hope. This
specimen is now in the collection of S. L. Thomp-
son of Toronto. A third specimen was collected
by C. Hope at Ashbridges Bay, Toronto, on
October 23. This specimen was subsequently
presented to the Museum.

The above mentioned dates are of interest in
connection with a statement in “Life Histories
of Northern Animals’? by Seton, Vol. II, p. 1198,
which I quote as follows: “The latest date in
my Journal for the Hoary-Bat, at Toronto, is
mid-September,”—L. L. SNYDER, Royal Ontario
Museum of Zoology, Toronto.

American bird lovers will hear with regret of the
untimely death of that delightful delineator of
birds and charming personality, Louis Agassiz
Fuertes. The sad event took place August 22nd,
at Unadilla, N.Y., when Mr. Fuertes car was
struck by a train on a grade crossing. He was
instantly killed. Probably no American orni-
thologist will be more keenly missed. All of us
will miss his beautiful pictures in current litera-
ture and we who knew him personally will miss
his friendly wholesome presence more than we
can say.—P.A.T.

A Mystery BAND.—The National Parks of
Canada Branch, Department of the Interior,
Ottawa, which is keeping the file of official Can-
adian bird banding records, has received a seam-
less aluminum band, inscribed “40. P.B. 1917,”
and a fragment of bone from Mr. R. Owen Merri-
man, 96 West Second Street, Hamilton, Ontario,
with the information that the band and bone

were found by Mr. John Baker, Centre Street,

Kingston, Ontario, in the tilled rows of a market

156

garden during the summer of 1923. The bone,
when picked up, was clean and dry and was
ringed with the band. k

It has been ascertained, through the courtesy
of Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Assistant Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, United States
National Museum, Washington, D.C., that the
bone is the distal end of the radius of a duck—
probably a Greater Scaup. Dr. Wetmore says
that, as the bone is a portion of the wing, it would
appear that its association with the band was
only casual, for although poultry keepers some-
times mark their birds by clipping a band through
the wing, this is ordinarily fastened through the
patagium, the membrane between the body and
the forward part of the wing.

The band is not of the official series being
used throughout Canada and the United States,
and an endeavour is being made to trace its
origin. The National Parks of Canada Branch
would appreciate very much hearing from any
person who has information concerning the
placing of this band—Hoyes LuLoyp.

Firty WINTER BIRDS OF NORTHEASTERN
UNITED STATES, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
AUDUBON SOCIETIES, 1974 BROADWAY, NEW
YORK, PRICE $1.00.—

There has just been issued a set of fifty post-
card sized coloured pictures of winter birds of
the northeastern United States, reproductions
from special originals from the brush of Major
Allan Brooks. On the back of each is a short
interesting description of the bird pictured,
prepared by Dr. Frank Chapman in his usual
clear and concise manner. All are arranged in a
neat container and admirably presented.

All the pictures are fully up to the usual Brooks
standard and in some he has excelled himself and
has made little gems of pictures. The repro-
duction by the four color process is particularly
happy and the artist, the Association, the plate
maker and the printer are to be congratulated
at the combined result. The purity of tone in
the skies, particularly in the difficult blues is
specially to be commended. This is by far the
best set of such picture-cards we have seen.
They should be invaluable for educational work
among children and beginners and we heartily
recommend them to bird lovers. We are pro-
mised that similar sets of early and late spring
migrants will be issued later. If the same stan-
dard is continued a truly remarkable set of
American bird pictures will be produced.—P.A.T.

Work OF THE CANADIAN SECTION, THE IN-
TERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR BIRD PROTECTION.
—About June, 1923, THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATUR-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

ALISTS’ CLUB, the Provancher Society of Natural
History of Canada, and the Province of Quebec
Society for the Protection of Birds, nominated
representatives on the Canadian Section of this
International Committee. Mr. P. A. Taverner
and the writer were named as the representatives
of THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB.
Dr. Dery was named to represent The Provancher
Society of Natural History of Canada, and L.
Mel. Terrill was named to repersent The Province
of Quebec Society for the Protection of Birds.
This Section named me Chairman and while the
Section has not taken any spectacular steps it has
kept closely in touch with protection work in
Canada and has maintained contact with the
representatives of other countries on the Inter-
national Committee.

The International Committee, of which Dr. T.
Gilbert Pearson is President, has. published a
report showing the work of this committee in the
various countries of the world.

The following Canadian Societies are now rep-
resented on the Canadian Section, and, at present,
have as representatives on the Committee the
persons listed :—

Provancher Society of Natural History of Canada:
Representative, Dr. D. A. Dery, 112 St. Joseph
Street, Quebec.

Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club: Representatives:
Hoyes Lloyd, Department of Interior, Ottawa;
H. F. Lewis, Department of Inte1ici, Ctteva.

The Hamilton Bird Protection Society: Repre-
sentative: Miss Ruby R. Mills, 26 Robinson Street,
Hamilton, Ontario.

MclIlwraith Ornithological Club: Representative:
W. E. Saunders, London, Ontario.

The Toronto Field-Naturalists’ Club: Repre-
sentative: J. H. Fleming, 267 Rusholme Road,
Toronto, Ontario.

Natural History Society of Manitoba: Repre-
sentative: C. L. Broley, Bank of Montreal,
Corydon and Ainsley, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Province of Quebec Society for the Protection of
Birds: Representative: W. S. Hart, P.O. Box
1185, Montreal, P.Q.

Natural History Society of British Columbia:
Representative: A R. Sherwood, Victoria, B.C.

The Canadian Section is fully constituted and
is ready at all times to co-operate with the Inter-
national Committee or with the sections dealing
with bird protection work in other countries.
It is hoped that a considerable amount of good will
result by exchange of ideas through this Interna-
tional Committee-—Hoygps Luoyp, Chairman,
Canadian Section, The International Committee
for Bird Protection.

October, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

157

BOOK REVIEW

THE FUR-TRADE OF CANADA by H. A. Innis, Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor of Political Economy,
University of Toronto. University of Toronto
Library, Toronto: Oxford University Press,
Canadian Branch MCMXXVII (Half-title:
University of Toronto Studies, History and
Economics—The fur-trade of Canada).

The close connection between the economics of
the fur-trade and the problems of wild-life con-
servation gives this study of a Canadian industry
an interest to naturalists as well as to the econo-
mists for whom it was written. This interest
centres chiefly in the chapter on the production
of furs. The growing demand for furs of all

kinds, the growing scarcity of furs especially of
the finer varieties, and the increased use of coarse
furs are shown to act and react in a vicious circle,
increasing the drain on wild-life. The difficulties
of framing effective regulations for conservation,
and the still greater difficulties of enforcing such
regulations, are dealt with; and the way in which
these difficulties are increased by competition
within the fur-trade and by division of govern-
mental authority is discussed. Other topics of
the book include fur-farming, the manufacture of
furs, and marketing organization, all being
treated from the economic viewpoint. A biblio-
graphy adds to the value of the work.—R. OWEN
MERRIMAN.

OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS.

Published by Authority of the National Parks of Canada Branch, Department of the Interior,
Canada

In tbe following returns upon banded birds it will be noted
that some returns may be thought to indicate, from the date
of capture, violations of The Migratory Bird Aci of Canada or
the United States. The great majority of returns, which seem
to indicate violations, are from birds accidentally caught in
traps set for fur-bearing mammals, from birds caught in fish
nets, killed by oil, or from birds found dead from unknown
causes. Appropriate action has been taken in connection
with the few returns which indicate illegal shooting.

INSTALMENT No. 16 OF BIRD-BANDING
RETURNS .

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1922

MALLARD, No. 102,013, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, near Peruque, Missouri,
on January 19, 1922, was killed at Muskeg Lake
in the Indian Reserve to the north of the Saskat-
chewan River, Section 47, Township 7, on Sep-
tember 15, 1926.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1923,

PIED-BILLED GREBE, No. 210,964, ad. °,
banded by Herman Battersby, at Oak Lake,
_ Manitoba, on May 31, 1923, was killed at the
Slaughtersville Lake, near Slaughtersville, Ken-
tucky, on June 16, 1926.

LOON, No. 201,486, banded by H. A. McGraw,
at Altoona, Pennsylvania, on April 30, 1923, was
found dead at Balmy Beach, Simcoe County,
Ontario, on May 27, 1923.*

COMMON MURRE, No. 204,674, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, at St. Mary’s Islands
Saguenay County, Quebec (Canadian Labrador)
on July 23, 1923, was killed on the island on
which it was banded, between June 1 and 12, 1925.

COMMON MURRE, No. 204,709, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, at St. Mary’s Islands,
Saguenay County, Quebee (Canadian Labrador),
on July 23, 1923, was killed on the island on which
it was banded, between June 1 and 12, 1925.

* U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bull No. 1268, Oct. 16, 1924.

COMMON MURRE, No. 5597, yg., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on a small island near
Cove Island, between Pointe au Maurier and
Harrington, Saguenay County, Quebec (Canadian
Labrador). on August 12, 1923, was killed in the
vicinity of Pushthrough, Hermitage Bay, New-
foundland, on June 17, 1925.

COMMON MURRE, No. 5598, yg., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on a small island near Cove
Island, between Pointe au Maurier and Harring-
ton, Saguenay County, Quebee (Canadian Lab-
rador), on August 12, 1923, was killed at Greens-
pond, Newfoundland, on November 13, 1925.

KITTIWAKE, No. 67,423, yg., banded by a
correspondent of Messrs. H. F. & G. Witherby, on
the Farne Islands, Northumberland, England, on
June 28, 1923. was killed at Horse Island, in the
District of St. Barbe, Newfoundland, on August
12, 1924. Besides the number 67,423, the band
bore the inscription “Inform Witherby Highk
Holborn London’’.**

GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL, No. 232,858.
nestling, handed by Theed Pearse, at Mitlenatch,
Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia, on August 12,
1923, was found dead at Lund, British Columbia,
a town eighty-six miles north of Vancouver, on
August 9, 1926. The bird had not been dead very
long when it was found. It had probably eaten
poison spread along the shore by residents to kill
Blackbirds.

GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL, No. 232,870,
nestling, banded by Theed Pearse, at Mitlenatch,
Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia, on August 12,
1923, was found dead on the beach at Blind Creek,
Cortez Island, Strait of Georgia, British Columbia,
on December 3, 1925.

HERRING GULL, No. 228,976, banded by
Ernest Joy, at Wood Island, Grand Manan, New
Brunswick, on August 24, 1923, was found dead on

* * C.F-N. XXXIX, 1925, p. 114.

158

a sandy point in Quantuck Bay, near Quogue,
Long Island, New York, about July 5, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 200,208, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January
8, 1923, was found dead at a place eight miles
west of Saint Brieux, Saskatchewan, on Mo: 118).
IS Pas iee

MALLARD, No. 200,339, banded by iy We
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January
10, 1923, was shot at Lake la Plonge, Saskatchew-
an, on August 3, 1923.*

MALLARD, No. 101,997, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on January
15, 1923, was killed in a net at a place twenty-five
miles north-east of Isle-a-la-Crosse, Saskatchewan,
on May 38, 1923.*

MALLARD, No. 203,332, <, banded by John
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on Janu-
ary 24, 1923, was caught in a muskrat trap at a
place eight miles east of The Pas, Manitoba, on
May 1, 1923.*

MALLARD, No. 203, 385, <, banded by John
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on Janu-
ary 31, 1923, was killed on Peace River, Alberta,
between Forts Vermilion and Chipewyan, on May
HELO 23°

MALLARD, No. 208,387, banded by John
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on Janu-
ary 31, 1923, was shot in Section 32, Township 8,

Range 32, West of the First Meridian, five miles ©

north of Redvers, Saskatchewan, on October 25,
1925.

MALLARD, No. 208,392, banded by John
Broeker, at’ Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on Febru-
ary 2, 1923, was shot at a place one and one-half
miles south of the Big Arm, east of Liberty, on
Last Mountain Lake, Saskatchewan, on October
3, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 203,414, ~, banded by John
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on Feb-
truary 3, 1923, was shot at Buffalo Lake, about
twenty-five miles north of Moose Jaw, Saskat-
chewan, on October 27, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 205,257, &, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on February
3, 1923, was shot on the C.P.R. quarter, south-
west of 17, 42, 18, W. 3rd M., fourteen miles north
and five miles east of Wilkie, Saskatchewan, on
September 19, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 205,321, @ , banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on February
8, 1923, was captured at Lake ‘Winnipegosis,
Manitoba, on or about June 5, 1923.*

MALLARD, No. 208,524, banded by John
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on March
1, 1928, was shot at a place about six miles north
cast, of Muenster, Saskatchewan, about October

MALLARD, No. 205,558, 9, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on March 2,
1923, was captured at Duck Lake, Saskatchewan,
during the spring of 1923.*

* U.S. Dept., of Agriv.,. Bull., No. 1268 Oct. 16, 1924.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

VoL. XLI

MALLARD, No. 203,548, 2, banded by John
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on March
4, 1923, was killed at Reindeer River, Saskatchew-
an, on May 10, 1923. *

MALLARD, No. 205,776, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Tsland, near Firma, Missouri,
on March 14, 1923, was killed at Poplar Point,
on the Saskatchewan River, about fifteen miles
from the Hudson Bay Company Post at Cedar
nae! Manitoba, about the middle of October,

MALLARD, No. 205,808, «, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on March 19,
1923, was killed at Summerberry River, Saskat-
chewan, on May 4, 1923.*

MALLARD, No. 205,840, 9 , banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on March 20,
1928, was caught in a spring trap set for rats at
Pinehurst Lake, Alberta, on April 19, 1923.*

MALLARD, No. 202, 618, banded lone Libs Se
Osler, at Lake Scugog, ‘Ontario, on August 27,
1928, was shot at Back Bay, Virginia, on Novem-
ber 2. 1925.

MALLARD (?), No, 296,413, banded by H. 8S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 29,
1923, was killed at New Inlet, North Carolina,
on Ja anuary 27, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 204,924, banded by Arthur
A. Allen, at ithaca, New York, on March 25, 1923,
was killed at Jumping Frog Creek, about fifteen
miles south of the mouth of the ‘Albany River,
James Bay, Northern Ontario, on July 20, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 202, 539, banded by ES:
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 24,
1923, was found dead at Beloeil Station, Quebec,
during the first part of April, 1926. The bird
had been killed by flying into a high wire fence.

BLACK DUCK, No. 202,684, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on August 31,
om ee shot at Rice Lake, Ontario, on October

BLACK DUCK, No. 296,204, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 18,
1923, was shot at Miller’s Island, in the Patapsco
River, just below Bay Shore Park, Baltimore
County, Maryland, on December 1, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 296,337, banded lohiawele ts
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25,
19238, was killed near Browns Bridge, on the
Chattahoochee River, nine miles west of Gaines-
ville, Georgia, about December 19, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 296,348, banded by H.»,
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 2
1923, was shot on the property of The Turke
Point Company, Norfolk County, Ontario, on
October 19, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 297,213, banded by H. S.

Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2,

1923, was killed at the Indian Bogs, Lake Scugog,
Ontario, on October 10, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 297,241, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2,
1923, was killed at Moxleys Point, Potomac
River, Maryland, on January 15, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 297,338, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 4,
1923, was killed in the marshes of Broadwater
Bay, Northampton County, Virginia, on Decem-
ber 23, 1925.

October, 1927]

BLACK DUCK, No. 297,396, banded by H. S$.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8,
1923, was killed on Chester River, near Chesa-
peake Bay, Kent County, Maryland, on Decem-
ber 14, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 297,705, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 16,
1923, was killed at Cold Spring Inlet, Cape May,
New Jersey, on December 3, 1925.

BLACK DUCK (?), No. 297,724, banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October
23, 1923, was caught in a steel trap on Elk River,
eight miles west of Winchester, Franklin County,
Tennessee, on January 15, 1926. The bird was
dead when found.

BLACK DUCK, No. 297,786, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 25,
1923, was shot at Pigeon Lake, among the Ka-
wartha Lakes, several miles from Bobcaygeon,
Ontario, on September 6, 1926.

CROW, No. 209,653, nestling, banded by Theed
Pearse, at Comox, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, on June 17, 1923, was shot at a place
twenty-three miles from Victoria, British Columbia,
on October 30, 1925.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 109,962, banded
by Reuben Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on
May 6, 1923, was found dead in the same locality,
on May 21, 1923.*

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1924

MALLARD, No. 321,778, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 31,
1924, was killed at Chickaney River, a small river
north of the Albany River, Ontario, shortly before
August 17, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,179, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 29,
1924, was killed at Jumping Frog Creek, about
fifteen miles south of Albany River, on the shore
of James Bay, Northern Ontario, on July 15, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,205, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 29,
1924, was killed at Guilford Creek, Virginia, on
January 18, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 823,228, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1,
1924, was shot on Arnoldi Point, on the Jersey
shore, Salem County, New Jersey, on November
11, 1926

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,406, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 8,
1924, was killed at Strange Creek, on the Elk
River, Braxton County, West Virginia, on De-
cember 1, 1924.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,557, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 22,
1924, was killed by a resident of Wolfe Island,
Ontario—no date given, but reported on Decem-
ber 18, 1925.

GREEN-WINGED TEAL, No. 297,863, band-
ed by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on
September 15, 1924, was shot (?) on a lake twenty

miles north of Lisco, Nebraska, about November,
12, 1925.

* U.S. Dept., of Agric. Bull., No. 1268, Oct. 16, 1924

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

159

CROW, No. 227,806, nestling, banded by R. H.
Carter, Jr., at Muscow, Saskatchewan, on June
29, 1924, was captured on a farm about twenty-
six miles south of Swift Current, Saskatchewan, on
April 17, 1926. The band was removed from the
bird, which was quite tame.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 19,449, ad. ¢&
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 3380 Fairmont
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on May 25, 1924, was
found dead on a verandah on Bayswater Avenue,
Ottawa, Ontario, on May 5, 1925.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 274,149, fledge-
ling, banded by George Lang, at Indian Head,
Saskatchewan, on June 9, 1924, was taken from a
cat at a place about seven miles west of the place
of banding, on October 2, 1926.

EVENING GROSBEAK, No. 110,630, banded
by M. J. Magee, at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan,
on March 23, 1924, was killed at St. Charles de
Bellechasse, in the vicinity of Quebec City, .
Quebec, on March 9, 1926.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1925

HERRING GULL, No. 223,616, banded by
H. F. Perkins, at Four Brothers Islands, Lake
Champlain, on June 5, 1925, was found dead at
Otterburn Park, St. Hilaire Parish, Rouville
County, Quebec, on November 9, 1925.

HERRING GULL, No. 223,629, banded by
H. F. Perkins, at Four Brothers Islands, Lake
Champlain, on June 5, 1925, was found dead at
Bout de l’Isle, at the east end of the Island of
Montreal, Quebec, on November 22, 1925.

HERRING GULL, No. 385,595, banded by F.
C. Lincoln, at St. James, Michigan, on June 27,
1925, was found dead at the mouth of the Pickerel
River, where it empties into Georgian Bay, On-
tario, on October 21, 1925.

HERRING GULL, No. 385,656, juv., banded
by F. C. Lincoln, at St. James, Michigan, on July
2, 1925, was shot on Lake Eabemut, near the
Albany River, Ontario, during the latter part of
August, 1925.

HERRING GULL, No. 385,697, banded by F.
C. Lincoln, at St. James, Michigan, on July 3, 1925,
was shot at Red Deer Lake, near Wanup, Ontario
about twenty-five miles east of Sudbury, between
September 1 and 5, 1925.

HERRING GULL, No. 385,766, banded by
F. C. Lincoln, at St. James, Michigan, on July 8,
1925, was found dead on the shore of Round Lake,
Bonnechere River, Renfrew County, Ontario, on
November 4, 1925.

HERRING GULL, No. 385,834, banded by F.
C. Lincoln, at St. James, Michigan, on July 3,
1925, was killed at Oscalana Lake, about three
miles from Oscalana, on the C.N.R., thirty-three
miles above Parent, Champlain County, Quebec,
on September 3, 1925.

HERRING GULL, No. 378,078, banded by F.
C. Lincoln, at St. James, Michigan, on July 7,
1925, was found exhausted with a broken wing at
Riviere au Renard, Gaspé County, Quebec,
towards the end of September, 1925. The bird
was killed by the gentleman who found it.

HERRING GULL, No. 386,086, banded by F.
C. Lincoln, at St. James, Michigan, on July 8,
1925, was found seriously wounded in the St.
Lawrence River, at Montreal, Quebec, on Septem-
ber 7, 1925. The bird died two days later.

160

HERRING GULL, No. 225,219, yg., banded
by D. A. Déry, at “Razades d’en bas’’, Temis-
couata County, Quebec, on July 17, 1925, died
after an operation performed on it at Pigeon
Hill, Shippegan Island, Gloucester County, New
Brunswick, on September 16, 1926.

HERRING GULL, No. 225,246, yg., banded
by D. A. Déry, at “Razades d’en bas’, Temis-
couata County, Quebec, on July 17, 1925, was killed
on the Indian Islands, Groswater Bay, Newfound-
land Labrador, on August 28, 1925. Groswater
Bay is another name for Hamilton Inlet.

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, No.
333,112, banded by Gus. A. Langelier, at Long
Pilgrim Island, off St. André de Kamouraska,
Quebec, on July 3, 1925, was shot on the Kissim-
mee River, ten miles from Okeechobee, Florida,
on December 12, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 309,663, banded by Frank W.
Robl, at Ellinwood, Kansas, on February 9, 1925,
was shot on a lake nine miles north-west of Star
City, Saskatchewan, on October 20, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 305,335, o, banded by J. A.
Munro, at. Elk Lake, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, on February 23, 1925, was found dead
in the same locality, on July 27, 1925. The bird
had evidently been shot and had been dead for
some time when it was found.

MALLARD, No. 305,342, @, banded by J. A.
Munro, at Elk Lake, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, on February 23, 1925, was found dead
in the same locality ,on July 27, 1925. The bird
had evidently been shot and had been dead for
some time when it was found.

MALLARD, No. 324,006, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Firma, Missouri, on
February 26, 1925, was shot at a place near
Fillmore, Saskatchewan, on October 2, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 322,319, banded by Clarence
E. Chapman, at Oakley, Berkeley County, South
Carolina, on March 3, 1925, was shot for food at
Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, about May
16, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 305,168, &, banded by John
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on March
11, 1925, was killed near Fort Vermilion, Alberta,
about four hundred miles north of Edmonton, on
June 10, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 324,037, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on March 16,
1925, was caught in a trap at a place about ten
miles from the Hudson Bay Company Post at
Cedar Lake, Manitoba, on May 3, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 300,550, banded by T. E.
Musselman, at Scobey Lake, Missouri, on March
24, 1925, was caught in a rat trap in Section 5,
Township 49, Range 8, Saskatchewan, on April

MALLARD, No. 300,552, banded by T. E.
Musselman, at Scobey Lake, Missouri, on March
24, 1925, was shot in the south part of Lake Mani-
toba, about fifteen miles north of Selkirk, Mani-
toba, in a marsh on the St. Peters Indian Reserve
on October 28, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 305,184, , banded by John
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on
March 24, 1925, was shot at Lost River, which
flows into Red Deer Lake, in Northern Manitoba,
on September 19, 1925.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

MALLARD, No. 324,058, banded by L. V.
Walton, at Cuivre Island, Missouri, on March
24, 1925, was killed, evidently by coming in con-
tact with roadside telephone wires, a few miles
west of Russell, Manitoba, about April 30, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 300,636, banded by T. E.
Musselman, at Scobey Lake, Missouri, on March
29, 1925, was shot at a place south of Qu’Appelle,
Saskatchewan, on September 25, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 324,912, ~, banded by Gussie
Innes, at Kinalmeaky Farm, Headingly, Mani-
toba, on April 15, 1925, was shot at ‘‘Kings”
Lake, four miles north-east of Melrose, Stearns
County, Minnesota, on November 5, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 324,918, @ , banded by Gussie
Innes, at Kinalmeaky Farm, Headingly, Mani-
toba, on April 15, 1925, was killed at Weiner,
Arkansas, on November 5, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 232,082, banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on June 30,
1925, was shot on the Little La Plonge River,
about three miles north of Beauval, Saskatchewan,
on or about August 24, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 822,867, banded by
Clarence E. Chapman, at Oakley, Berkeley
County, South Carolina, on March 16, 1925, was
found dead in a fishing net at Hnausa, Manitoba,
a small village on the west shore of Lake Winni-
pef, seventy miles north of Winnipeg, on October
17, 1925.

PINTAIL, No. 305,348, 9, banded by J. A.
Munro, at Colquitz, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, on February 16, 1925, was shot at
Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, British Columbia,
on November 9 ,1925.

PINTAIL, No. 367,040, banded by Frank W.
Robl, at Ellinwood, Kansas, on March 5, 1925,
was shot in the North Battleford District, Sas-
katchewan, about the second week of October,
1925:

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. 322,312, 9,
banded by Clarence E. Chapman, at Oakley,
Berkeley County, South Carolina, on March 2,
1925, was shot at a place about twenty miles north
of Thicket Portage, Manitoba, Mile 185, H.B.R.,
via The Pas, Manitoba, about May 20, 1925...

RING-NECKED DUCK, No. 322,337, banded
by Clarence E. Chapman, at Oakley, Berkeley
County, South Carolina, on March 8, 1925, was
shot at Big Stone Lake, near Lac La Ronge, lying
in Township 72, West of the Third Meridian,
Saskatchewan, on June 1, 1925.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, No.
335,736, banded by E. H. Forbush, at Barn-
stable, Massachusetts, on June 17, 1925, was found
injured in an oat field on Hazen Creek, about one
mile from the Richelieu River, Quebec, on Sep-
tember 2, 1925. The bird died shortly after it
was found.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, No.
335,570, banded by Allen Potter, at Barnstable,
Massachusetts, on June 19, 1925, was found dead
on the Bayonne River, five miles from Berthier-
ville, Quebec, on September 15, 1925.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, No.
333,131, banded by Gus. A. Langelier, at Long Pil-
grim Jsland off St. André de Kamouraska,
Quebec, on July 4, 1925, was killed in a pine
thicket about three miles from the Atlantic
Ocean, in Accomac County, Virginia, on Novem-
ber 16, 1925.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, No.

October, 1927]

368,335, fledgeling, banded by George Lang, at
Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on July 15, 1925,
was found dead on the edge of a slough, thirty
miles south-east of Indian Head, Saskatchewan,
on October 11, 1925.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, No.
368,404, fledgeling, banded by George Lang, at
Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on July 15, 1925, was
found dead in a small stream in Township 17,
Range 14, West of the Second Meridian, Saskat-
chewan, during the month in which it was banded.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, No.
368,414, fledgeling, banded by George Lang, at
Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on July 15, 1925, was
killed in the eastern part of Carroll County, in the
north-western part of Arkansas, on October 30,

1925.

CALIFORNIA QUAIL, No. 353,799, banded
by J. A. Munro, at Cooper’s Cove, Sooke, Van-
couver Island, British Columbia, on January 9,
1925, was found dead in the same locality, on
January 11, 1925.

RUFFED GROUSE, No. 227,849, ad., banded
by R. H. Carter, Jr., at Muscow, Saskatchewan,
on March 14, 1925, was re-captured at the same
station, on March 26, 1925, and wasshot at a place
about one mile north of the place where it was
banded, on October 28, 1925.

RUFFED GROUSE, No. 227,850, ad., banded
by R. H. Carter, Jr., at Muscow, Saskatchewan,
on March 14, 1925, was shot at a place one-half
mile south of the place where it was banded, on
October 24, 1925.

RUFFED GROUSE, No. 227,854, ad., banded
by R. H. Carter, Jr., at Muscow, Saskatchewan,
on March 18, 1925, was shot at a place one-quarter
mile south of the place where it was banded, on
October 31, 1925.

FERRUGINOUS ROUGH-LEG, No. 235,819,
fledgeling, banded by Charles M. Sternberg, at
Red Deer River, west of Rumsey, Alberta, on
July 2, 1925, was killed at a place thirteen miles
north of Kimball, in Township 17, Range 55,
West of the Sixth P.M., Banner County, Nebraska,
on October 12, 1925.

PIGEON HAWK, No. 295,683, nestling, band-
ed by R. H. Carter, Jr., at Muscow, Saskatchewan,
on July 5, 1925, was shot while it was chasing a
Robin on the shore of Wyowasung Lake in Section
16, Range 15, Township 21, Municipality of Fort
Qu’Appelle, Saskatchewan, on August 14, 1925.

HAIRY WOODPECKER, No. 259,105, ad., @,
banded by R. H. Carter, Jr., at Muscow, Sas-
katchewan, on January 138, 1925, was re-captured
at the same station, on March 10, 1925, and was
shot (?) at a place one and one-half miles north
of the hamlet of Kuroki, Saskatchewan, during
the early part of May, 1926.

FLICKER, No. 344,593, fledgeling, banded by
George Lang, at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on
June 27, 1925, was found dead at a place one-
half mile west of the place where it was banded, on
August 11, 1925.

STELLER’S JAY, No. 262,155, nestling, banded
by G. D. Sprot, at Mill Bay, Vancouver Island
British Columbia, on May 15, 1925, was removed
from the nest by a Crow, on May 18, 1925.

STELLER’S JAY, No. 262,156, nestling,
banded by G. D. Sprot, at Mill Bay, Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, on May 15, 1925, was
PEON GS from the nest by a Crow, on May 18,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

161

STELLER’S JAY, No. 262,157, nestling, band-
ed by G. D. Sprot, at Mill Bay, Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, on May 15, 1925, was killed in
the nest by a Crow, on May 18, 1925.

STELLER’S JAY, No. 262,158, nestling, band-
ed by G. D. Sprot, at Mill Bay, Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, on May 15, 1925, was removed
from the nest by a Crow, on May 16, 1925.

OREGON JAY, No. 256,977, banded by G. B.
Simpson, at Marble Bay, Lake Cowichan, British
Columbia, on January 17, 1925, was re-captured
at the same station on March 15, 1925, and was
found drowned in a water barrel in the same lo-
eality, on April 14, 1925.

CROW, No. 209,670, nestling, banded by
Theed Pearse, at a place near Comox, Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, on June 12, 1925, was
shot at Denman Island, British Columbia, about
November 25, 1925.

CROW, No. 227,868, nestling, banded by J. R.
Carter, at Muscow, Saskatchewan, on June 26, 1925,
was poisoned at Craik, Saskatchewan—no date
given, but reported on June 4, 1926.

BRONZED GRACKLE No. 19,450, ad., o,
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on April 5, 1925, was
captured at 727 Cooper Street, Ottawa, Ontario
on August 4, 1925. The bird had an injured leg,
so the band was removed, and the bird liberated.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 314,281, @,
banded by Hoyes Lloyd, at 406 Queen Street,
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 12, 1925, was shot at
Zuni, Virginia, on November 14, 1925.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 106,188, ad., @,
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on May 20, 1925, was
shot at a place one-half mile from the place where
it was banded, on May 1, 1926.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 279,809, fledge-
ling, banded by George Lang, at Indian Head,
Saskatchewan, on June 8, 1925, was found dead
vee the place where it was banded, on June 12,
1925:

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 279,817, fledge-
ling, banded by George Lang, at Indian Head,
Saskatchewan, on June 11, 1925, was killed by a
cat in the same locality, on June 14, 1925.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 279,818, fledge-
ling, banded by George Lang, at Indian Head,
Saskatchewan, on June 11, 1925, was killed by a
cat in the same locality, on June 14, 1925.

BRONZED GRACKLHE, No. 106,193, ad., <7,
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont
Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, on June 15, 1925, was shot
“while fighting a couple of Robins’ at a place
one-half mile from where it was banded, on
April 24, 1926.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 279,822, fledge-
ling, banded by George Lang, at Indian Head,
Saskatchewan, on June 15, 1925, was found dead
near the place where it was banded, on June 21,
1925.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 348,773, juv.,
partly albino, banded by A. Burton Gresham, at
Winnipeg, Manitoba, on June 16, 1925, was found
injured and later died at Transcona, Manitoba,
about seven miles from where it was banded, on
or about July 28, 1926.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 279,828, fledge-
ling, banded by George Lang, at Indian Head,
Saskatchewan, on June 17, 1925, was killed by a
cat in the same locality, on June 22, 1925.

162 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

PURPLE FINCH, No. 160,871, banded by M.
J. Magee, at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, on June
23, 1925, was killed during a fight with a Sparrow
in the same locality, on July 14, 1926. ~

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO, No. 136,708, ad.,
o&, banded by Ralph E. DeLury, 330 Fairmont
Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, on April 17, 1925, was
found dead at the same station, on April 21, 1925.
The bird had evidently been killed by a cat.

OREGON JUNCO, No. 27,608, banded by
Theed Pearse, at Courtenay, Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, on January 11, 1925, injured
itself in a trap at the same station, and died on
March 16, 1925.

OREGON JUNCO, No. 93,555, o&, banded by
G. D. Sprot, at Mill Bay, Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, on March 24, 1925, was found
dead at Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, two
miles west of the place where it was banded, on
March 27, 1925.

SONG SPARROW, No. 146,161, banded by
G. B. Simpson, at Marble Bay, Lake Cowichan,
British Columbia, on January 18, 1925, was re-
captured at the same station until March 19,
1925, and was found dead in the same locality, on
April 14, 1925.

SONG SPARROW, No. 136,701, ad., @ (%),
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at 330 Fairmont
Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, on March 30, 1925,
was re-captured at the same station until May 23,
1925, and was killed by a cat in the same locality,
on May 24, 1925.

SONG SPARROW, No. 140,811. ad., banded
by Claude E. Johnson, at 87 Cameron Street,
Ottawa, Ontario, on April 23, 1925, was re-cap-
tured at the same station until May 8, 1925, and
was killed by a cat on Ossington Avenue, Ottawa,
Ontario, on June 6, 1925.

HOUSE WREN, No. 79,958, fledgeling, banded
by Howard F. Cant, at Galt, Ontario, on July 4,
1925, was killed by a car in the same locality on
July 27, 1925.

WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH, No. A
10,843, ad., banded by George W. Brett, at Owen
Sound, Ontario, on January 10, 1925, was re-
captured at the same station, on January 17, 1925,
and was found dead at a place about one hundred,
yards from where it was banded, on February 3,
dee It is thought that the bird was frozen to

eath.

ROBIN, No. 344,549, fledgeling, banded by
George Lang, at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on
June 12, 1925, was killed by a cat in the same
locality, on June 25, 1925.

ROBIN, No. 344,565, fledgeling, banded by
George Lang, at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on
June 18, 1925, was found dead in the same locality,
on July 31, 1925.

ROBIN, No. 344,600, fledgeling, banded by
George Lang, at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on
June 30, 1925, was killed by a telephone wire in
the same locality, on September 1, 1925.

VoL. XLI

INSTALMENT No. 17 OF BIRD-BANDING
RETURNS

ADDITIONAL RETURNS UPON BIRDS
BANDED IN 1925

BLACK GUILLEMOT, No. 114,716, juv.>
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at Yankee Harbor,
Saguenay County, Quebec, on August 5, 1925,
was killed at Point aux Jambons, fifteen miles
west of Seven Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec,
on October 14, 1925.

GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL, No. 282,804,
nestling, banded by Theed Pearse, at North
Mitlenatch, Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia, on
July 25, 1925, was picked up dead at a place
within six miles of Simoan Sound, which is situated
about two hundred miles north of Vancouver,
British Columbia, on December 1, 1925.

GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL, No. 282,805,
nestling, banded by Theed Pearse, at North
Mitlenatch, Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia,
on July 25, 1925, was found dead in a trap at Oke
Over Arm Inlet, British Columbia, on February
21, 1926.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No.309,5838,
juv., banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on Hastern
Island, St. Mary Islands, Saguenay County,
Quebec, on July 17, 1925, was killed at Cook’s
Harbor, St. Barbe District, Newfoundland, during
the month of August, or early September, 1925.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 334,-
235, juv., banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at Boat
Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 18,
1925, was shot in the Straits of Belle Isle, thirty
miles south of Cape Norman, Newfoundland,

about October 14, 1925.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 334,-
259, juv., banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at Boat,
Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 18,
1925, was found dead on the western St. Mary
ena Saguenay County, Quebec, during the fall
of 1925.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 334,-
264, juv., banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at Boat
Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 18,
1925, was shot in the same locality, about Sep-
tember 10, 1925.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 333,-
023, juv., banded by R. W. Tufts, at Lake George,
Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, on July 21, 1925,
was found dead on the shore of St. Mary’s Bay,
Meteghan River, Digby County, Nova Scotia, on
November 27, 1925.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 333,-
028, juv., banded by R. W. Tufts, at Lake George,
Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, on July 21,
1925, was found dead at Lieutenant’s Island,
Wellfleet, Massachusetts, on November 15, 1925.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 334,-
339, juv., banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on Cor-
morant Rocks, Cape Whittle Sanctuary, Saguenay
County, Quebec, on July 21, 1925, was killed at
Cook’s Harbor, St. Barbe District, Newfoundland,
during the month of August, or early September,
1925.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 334,-
391, juv., banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at Wapi-
tagun, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 22,
1925, was picked up dead on the shore at Neil’s
Harbor, Nova Scotia, on October 12, 1)25.

October, 1927|

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 334,-
016, juv., banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on Hay-
stack Island, Wolf Bay, Saguenay County, Que-
bee, on July 26, 1925, was caught on a fish hook
at Quirpon, on the north-east coast of Newfound-
land, near St. Anthony, Newfoundland, on Sep-
tember 15, 1925.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 334,-
158, juv.. banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on Murre
Island, Wolf Bay, Saguenay County, Quebec, on
July 27, 1925, was caught at Forteau, Straits of
Belle Isle, Newfoundland Labrador, ‘about ten
miles beyond the boundary at Blane Sablon,
Quebec, on August 18, 1925.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL, No. 334,-
171, juv., banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on
Murre Island, Wolf Bay, Saguenay County,
Quebec, on July 27, 1925, was killed at Barge
Faye Labrador, Newfoundland, on August 22,
1

HERRING GULL, No. 309,551, juv., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on Eastern Island, St.
Mary Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec, on
July 17, 1925, was killed in Northern Newfound-
land, on September 1G OZ:

HERRING GULL, No. 309,553, juv., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, at Eastern Island, St. Mary
Islands, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 17,
1925, was killed in the St. Barbe District, New-
foundland, on October 2, 1926.

HERRING GULL, No. 334,256, juv., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, at Boat Tslands, Saguenay
County, Quebec, on July 18, 1925, was killed at
Cook’s Harbor, St. Barbe District, Newfound-
land, during the month of August, or early Sep-
tember, IQR5.

HERRING GULL, No. 334,326, juv., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on Seal Islet, Pointe au
Maurier, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 20,
1925, was caught in a net and killed at Pearl
Island, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, on
October 6, 1925.

RING-BILLED GULL, No. 368,674, juv.,
banded by Harrison F. ‘Lewis, at Pointe au
Maurier, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 20,
1925, was found dead on the Islands of Repen-
tigny, L’Assomption County, Quebec, on Sep-
tember 28, 1925.

RING-BILLED GULL, No. 368,747, juv.,
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at Pointe au
Maurier, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 20,
1925, was found dead on the island on which it
was banded. on August 5, 1925. The cause of its
death was not apparent.

RING-BILLED GULL, No. 368,795, juv.,
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, at Fog Tsland,
Saguenay County, Quebec, on July. 31, 1925, was
found dead on the island on which it was banded,
about August 14, 1925.

RING-BILLED GULL, No. 368,832, juv,
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on an island north-
east of Fog Island, Fog Island Sanctuary, Saguenay
County, Quebec, on August 1, 1925, was found
dead on the shore of Long Island Sound, at Wood-
mont, Connecticut, on October 18, 1925.

RING-BILLED GULL, No. 368,869, juv.,
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on an island north-
east of Fog Island, Fog Island Sanctuary, Sag-
uenay County, Quebec, on August 1, 1925, was
found dead on the island on which it was band-
ed, about August 14, 1925.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

163

RING-BILLED GULL, No. 368,905, juv.,
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on an island north-
east of Fog Island, Fog Island Sanctuary, Saguen-
ay County, Quebec, on August 1, 1925, was killed
in the vicinity of Jacksonville, Florida, on De-
cember 24, 1925.

CASPIAN TERN, No. 368,787, juv., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, at Fog Island, Saguenay
County, Quebec, on July 31, 1925, was found
dead on the island on which it was banded, about
August 14, 1925.

CASPIAN TERN, No. 368,789, juv., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, at Fog Island, Saguenay
County, Quebec, on July 31, 1925, was found dead
on the island on which it was banded, about
August 14, 1925.

COMMON TERN, No. 370,292, banded by
W. B. Purdy, at St. Clair Flats, Michigan, on
July 20, 1925, was found dead in a fish net in
Lake Erie, three miles south-east of Wheatley
dock, Ontario, on August 8, 1925.

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, No.
305,388, juv., banded by J. A. Munro, at Skunk
Island Reef, Lake Manitoba, Manitoba, on July
17, 1925, was “‘taken up” at Old River, Mississippi,
on October 19, 1925.

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, No.
334,029, juv., banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on a
rock near Haystack Island, Wolf Bay, Saguenay
County, Quebec, on July 26, 1925, was shot at
Napeague Bay, Long Island, New York, on
October 17, 1925.

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, No.
232,022, banded by Reuben Lloyd, at Last
Mountain Lake, Saskatchewan, on August 1,
1925, was caught on a line at Lake Verret, Assump-
tion Parish, Louisiana—no date given, but re-
ported on October 26, 1925.

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, No.
309,749, banded by Reuben Lloyd, at Last
Mountain Lake, Saskatchewan, on August 1,
1925, was killed at Hutto, Texas, on the Inter-
national and Great Northern Railroad, twenty-
three miles north-east of Austin, Texas, on Oc-
tober 11, 1925.

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, No.
309,756, banded by Reuben Lloyd, at Last Moun-
tain Lake, Saskatchewan, on August 1, 1925, was
killed at Winona, Missouri, on October 9, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 318,156, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on July 28,
1925, was shot in a cornfield, five miles west of
Wheatland, Wyoming, on November 15, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 313,159, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 8,
1925, was shot in Section 28, Township 52, Range
26, West of the 4th Meridian, Alberta, on October
2AS 1925.

MALLARD, No. 313,161, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 8,
1925, was killed at a place near Boise, Idaho, on
December 20, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 318,173, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 9,
1925, was killed at a place about three miles south
of Willis, and about ninety-four miles north of
Galveston, Texas, on December 21, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 313,174, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 9,
1925, was killed on the South Loup River, at
Stapleton, Logan County, Nebraska, on Decem-
ber 6, 1925.

164

MALLARD, No. 318,175, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 9,
1925, was shot in Section 18, Township 43,
Range 16, West of the 4th Meridian, Alberta, on
September 16, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 313,176, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 10,
1925, was shot in the Stony Plain District, Alberta,
about September 15, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 313,177, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. ‘Anne, Alberta, on August 10,
1925, was killed on the north-west quarter of
Section 33, Township 57, Range 7, West of the
5th Meridian, Alberta, on September 18, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 313,183, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 10,
1925, was killed at a place about five miles north-
east of Cass, Texas, on December 29, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 318,192, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 12,
1925, was shot on Besaw Lake, ‘Tilinois, on Oc-
tober 13, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 313,197, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 18,
1925, was killed on the Sabine River, in Wood
County, Texas, on November 11, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 318,198, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lae Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 14,
1925, was shot on the south-west quarter of
Section 5, Township 60, Range 1, West of the 5th
Menen at Westlock, ‘Alberta, about September

11925

MALLARD, No. 318,200, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 15,
1925, was killed on the Platt River, between
Brush and Sterling, Colorado, on October 25, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 232 344, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 21,
1925, was killed at a place three miles east of Lac
La Nonne, Alberta, on October 3, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 232,374, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, "Alberta, on September 3,
1925, was shot in a grain field near Bittern Lake,
Alberta, shortly before October 8, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 282,375, panded by Paul EH.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, ‘Alberta, on September 3,
1925, was shot at a place sixty-five miles north-
west of Edmonton, Alberta—no date given but
reported on October OWLS 25s

MALLARD, No. 232,378, banded by Paul FE.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, "Alberta, on September 3,
1925, was shot at a place near Denver, Colorado,
about November 8, 1925.

MALLARD, NG 232,379, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, "Alberta, on September 3,
1925, was killed in a pond on the Golden Rod
Prairie, in the western part of Wharton County,
Texas, on December 30, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 232,393, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, "Alberta, on September 5,
1925, was shot on the Lodgepole Creek, five miles
east of Kimball, Nebraska, on October PAs), USA

MALLARD, No. 232,394, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, "Alberta, on September 5,
1925, was killed in a slough at Caldwell, Idaho,
on November PAD) AUS 255,

MALLARD, No. 322,952, banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on September
5; 1925, was shot in a cornfield just outside of the
io Game Refuge, South Dakota, on October

5

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

{VoL. XLI

MALLARD, No. 328,728, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 21,
1925, was shot at Shoal Lake, Manitoba, about
one hundred and eighty miles north-west of
Winnipeg, Manitoba, on October 1, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 323,904, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27,
1925, was killed at a place fifty miles below Fort
McPherson, on the Mackenzie Delta, North West
Territories, about May 27, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 323,906, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27,
1925, was caught in a muskrat trap at a place
near the 53rd parallel of latitude, on the north
end of Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, on May 6,
1926.

MALLARD, No. 328,928. banded by H. S.

. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 28,

1925, was killed at the Hallowing Point Club,
Virginia, on November 9, 1925.

MALLARD, No. 309,786, banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on August 9,
1925, was shot at Capitol Beach, Lincoln. Lancas-
ter County, Nebraska, on October 20, 1925. The
bird had a white ring around its neck.

MALLARD X WHITE ENGLISH CALL
DUCK, No. 232,024, dark, banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on August 9,
1925, was killed at Burlington, Coffey County,
Kansas, on October 19, 1925.

MALLARD X WHITE ENGLISH CALL
DUCK, No. 309,762, dark, banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on August 9,
1925, was killed at Burlington, Coffey County,
Kansas, on October 19, 1925.

MALLARD X WHITE ENGLISH CALL
DUCK, No. 309,782, dark, banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on August 9,
1925, was killed by a resident of Putnam, Illinois,
about November 11, 1925.

MALLARD X WHITE ENGLISH CALL
DUCK, No. 309,784, dark, banded by Reuben
Lloyd, ‘at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on August 9,
1925, was killed at St. Francis River, in Craighead
County, Arkansas, on December 28, 1925.

MALLARD X WHITE ENGLISH CALL
DUCK, No. 309,790, white, banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on August 9,
1925, was shot at Pecan Lake. Arkansas County,
Arkansas, on December 10, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,640, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 6,
1925, was killed in Core Sound, North Carolina,
during the first part of January, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 823,721, banded by H. S-
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 19,
1925, was killed at Wolf River, Tennessee, shortly
before January 7. 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,724, banded by H. 8S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sestember 29.
1925, was shot in Scimmino Marsh, on the northern
boundary of James City County, Virginia, on
December 6, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,725, banded by H. 8
Osler, at Lake Seugog, Ontario, on September 20.
1925, was taken at Scioto River, four miles south
of Circleville, Pickaway County, Ohio—no date
given, but reported on November 18, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,726, banded by H. S:
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 20,

October, 1927]

1925, was shot at Long Point Island, Lake Erie,
Ontario, on November 11, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,729, banded. by H.S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 22,
1925, was killed at Nimisila Creek, Franklin
Township, Summit County, Ohio, on October 26,

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,768, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925, was killed at Biggers, Arkansas, on Decem-
ber 12, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,777, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925, was shot on the Arundel Plantation, on the
Pee Dee River, Georgetown County, South Caro-
lina, on January 28, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,783, banded by HS.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925, was shot on the North River near its entrance
to Belmont Lake, about four miles east of Have-
lock, Ontario, on November 9, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,789, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925, was shot at Cedar Island, at the mouth of
a ala River, South Carolina, on December

’ 9 5),

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,793, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925. was killed at Currituck Sound, Dare County,
North Carolina, on December 11, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,794, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925, was picked up dead in a marsh about two
and one-half miles east of Oshawa, Ontario. about
November 1, 1925. The bird had evidently been
dead only a few hours and no cause of death was
apparent.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,797, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925, was killed on the marshes of the Monroe
Marsh Company, in the city limits of the City of
Monroe, Michigan, on December 12, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,199, banded by Ei-sS:
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925, was killed in the marshes on the Back River,
on the western side of Chesapeake Bay between
Yorktown and Fortress Monroe, Virginia, on
January 21, 1926

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,815, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925, was killed in a marsh on the shore of Lake
Erie, about twenty-five miles east of Toledo,
Ohio, on November 13, 1925, and was reported as
a Mallard.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,819, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 24,
1925, was killed at Severn Post, Hudson Bay,
Ontario, on September 10, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 393, 832, o&, banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Septem-
ber 25, 1925, was killed on the hunting preserve of
the Byrd Spring Rod and Gun Club, Hunstville,
Alabama, on November 19, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,833, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario,’ on September 25,
Eee shot at Oshawa, Ontario, on November

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,848, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25,
1925, was shot at Connorsville, Indiana, on
December 30, 1925, and reported as a Mallard.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURAULISTI

165

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,847, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 25,
1925, was killed on the Oak Plantation, Winnabow,
North Carolina, on December 15, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,871, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 26,
1925, was killed in the marshes along Sandusky
Bay, about three miles west of Port Clinton, Ohio,
on December 28, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 328,882, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 26,
1925, was killed by being hit on the head with a
gun, as it jumped from a marsh at Erieau. On-
tario, on November 4, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,885, banded by H. §S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 26,
1925, was killed in the Town of Cameron, Cameron
Parish, Louisiana, on the Gulf of Mexico, on De-
cember 11, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 328,886, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 26,
1925, was killed on Big Sandy Marsh, near Lake
Ontario, in Jefferson County, New York, on
October 26 or 27, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,902, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27,
1925, was shot at the marsh of ‘the Bluff Shooting
and Fishing Club, at the east end of Long Point,
Lake Erie, Ontario, on November 10, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,912, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 27,
1925, was shot in Beach Thoroughfare, Atlantic
County, New Jersey, on January 1, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 328,932, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 29,
1925, was shot on the Trent River, Ontario, three
miles south of Havelock, Ontario, on October 20,
1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,938, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 29,
1925, was shot at Long Point, Lake Erie, Ontario,
on November 18, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,952, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 30,
1925, was killed on the James River, at City Point,
Virginia, on November 14, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323, 953, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on September 30,
1925, was killed at Red River Bay, about twelve
miles north of Naples, Louisiana, on the north
side of Red River, on December 23, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323.960, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 1,
1925, was shot at Consecon, Prince Edward
County, Ontario, on November 14, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,966, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2,
1925, was shot at the Liberal Shooting Reserve,
adjoining Toledo, Ohio, on October 30, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,976, banded by H.S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2, 1925,
was killed at Black Lake, three- quarters of a mile
from the Tennessee River, near the mouth of
Sautta Creek, Marshall County, Alakama, on
December 4, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,981, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 2,
1925, was killed at Norman’s Point, on Eastern
Bay, Maryland, about the middle of January, 1926,

BLACK DUCK, No. 328,987, banded by H. S:
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 3)

166

1925, was killed near Lawrenceville, Illinois, on
December 26, 1925, and reported as a Mallard.

BLACK DUCK, No. 323,999, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 3,
1925, was shot at Hamilton, Ontario, on October
285 1925,

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,306, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 3,
1925, was killed in a marsh south of Port Clinton,
Ohio, on October 24, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,308, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 3.
1925, was shot at Grenada Country Club Lake,
three miles north-west of Grenada, Mississippi,
on November 6, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,309, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 38,
1925, was killed at a place near the St. Marys
River, in the south-eastern part of Georgia, shortly
before November 28, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,311, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog. Ontario, on October 3,
1925, was killed at Bloodsworth Island Game Pre-
serve, on the east side of Chesapeake Bay, about
ninety miles south south-east of Baltimore, Mary-
land, on November 13, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,324, was banded by H.
S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 4,
1925, and its band was found by a resident of
epee Maryland, shortly before November 12,

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,326, was banded by
H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 4,
1925, and its band was received by Professor B. A.
Bensley, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
on November 26, 1925, in a package addressed to
“Biological Survey, Parliament Buildings, Queens
Park, Toronto’, and bearing a Canadian postage
stamp. No information was given concerning the
recovery of the bird.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,328, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 4,
1925, was killed in the North Edisto River
Marshes, Charleston County, South Carolina, on
January 5, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,342, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Seugog, Ontario, on October 5,
1925, was killed in the Tennessee River, near
Half Moon Island, on January 18, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,348, banded by H. 8:
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 5;
1925, was shot at Goose Bay, at the St. Clair
Flats, Michigan, on December 16, 1925, and re-
ported as a Mallard.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,348, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 5,
1925, was shot from a sneak boat at a place near
the Bar Point light ship No. 21, on Lake Erie,
near Amherstburg, Essex County, Ontario, on
October 26, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,349, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 5,
1925, was killed at the mouth of the Mississippi
River, near Port Eads, Louisiana, on January 23

BALDPATE, No. 226,808, 2 , banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on August 9,
1925, was killed in the southern part of Texas at
a place known as Eagle Lake, which is about se-
venty-five miles due west of "Houston, Texas, on
December i8, 1925.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Vout. XLI

BALDPATE, No. 226,810, banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on August 9,
1925, was shot at a ‘place about nine miles south-
west of Grand Island, Nebraska, on the Platte
River, on October 18, 1925.

BLUE-WINGED THAT, ‘No. 293,471, banded
by Reuben Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on
August 9, 1925, was shot at a place about seven
miles north-west of Burlington, Colorado, on
September 22, 1925.

BLUE-WINGED TEAL, No. 323,647, banded
by H. S. Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on Sep-
tmber 9, 1925, was shot at Rice Lake, Gore’s
Landing, Northumberland County, Ontario, on
the day on which it was banded, and was reported
as a Marsh Blue-bill.

REDHEAD, No. 313,168, juv., banded by Paul
EK Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August 9,
1925, was shot at Sugar Lake, on the west shore
cf eae Winniligosh, Minnesota, on October 15,

5.

SCAUP DUCK, No. 388,501, banded by Paul
EK. Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on September
i). 1925, was shot at Lebret, Saskatchewan, about
October ”, 1295, and reported as a Canvas-back,

DOWNY WOODPECKER, No. 45,827, ad. 9,
banded by Ralph E. DeLury, ‘at Ottawa, Ontario,
on August 10, 1925, was re-captured in the same
trap on September 9 and 14, 1925, and was found
dead in the grass under an apple tree, one hundred
feet from the trap, on September 15, 1925. It is
thought that the bird was killed by a Red Squirrel.

DOWNY WOODPECKER, No. A39,374, 9;
banded by R. W. Tufts, at Wolfville, Nova Sco-
tia, on September 19, 1925, was found dead in its
nesting box in the same locality, on April 29, 1926.
The bird had apparently been dead for some time
when it was found.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 281,685, banded
by Reuben Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on
August 28, 1925, was found dead in the same
locality, on May 6, 1926.

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 328,-
153, banded by A. Burton Gresham, at Winnineg,
Manitoba, on September 10, 1925, died from a
hemorrhage of the brain, in the same locality, on
September 11, 1925.

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 328,-
158, banded by A. Burton Gresham, at Winnipeg,
Manitoba, on September 10, 1925, was killed by
a cat in the same locality, on September 16, 1925

WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, No. 162,-
647, banded by K. Grant McDougal, at East
Kildonan, Manitoba, on September 16, 1925, was
re-captured several times at the same station until
October 11, 1925. when it was found dead in the
trap.

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO, No. 160,370,
banded by Reuben Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskat-
chewan, on September 30, 1925, was found dead
at Forest City, Iowa, on March 19, 1926.

BARN SWALLOW, No. 123,663, banded by
Ernest Joy, at Wood Island, Grand Manan, New
Brunswick, on August 10, 1925, had been injured
and was found dead in a woodshed at Seal Cove,
Grand Manan, New Brunswick, on June 3, 1926.
It was reported asa Purple Martin.

HOUSE WREN, No. A8977, adult male, banded
by R. H. Carter, Jr., at Muscow, Saskatchewan,

October, 1927]

on May 29, 1925, was re-captured at two different
nests, with two different mates, at the same
station, on June 28 and July 16, 1926, and was
caught in a mouse trap and killed in the same
locality, on July 28, 1926.*

INSTALMENT No. 18 OF BIRD BANDING
~ RETURNS

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1923.

COMMON MURRE, No. 204,688, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, at St. Mary Islands, Saguen-
ay County, Quebec, (Canadian Labrador), on July
21, 1923, was re-captured and released uninjured
at the same place, on July 17, 1926. Band No.
204,688 was re-placed by band No. 389,227.

COMMON MURRE, No. 204,665, ad. (a
“Ringed”? Murre, with distinct white eye-ring and
white line behind the eye), banded by Harrison F.
Lewis, on the western St. Mary Island, Saguenay
County, Quebee (Canadian Labrador), on July
24, 1923, was re-captured and released uninjured
on the same island, on August 2, 1926.

COMMON MURRE, No. 204,717, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, at the western St. Mary
Island, Saguenay County, Quebec (Canadian
Labrador), on July 24, 1923, was re-captured and
released uninjured on the same island, on July
17, 1925. Band No. 204,717 was re-placed by
band No. 334,221. The bird was again re-cap-
tured and released uninjured at the same place,
on August 2, 1926, band No. 334,221 being re-
placed by band No. 389,283.**

COMMON MURRE, No. 204,724, iuv., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on a small island near Cove
island, between Pointe au Maurierand Harrington,
Saguenay County, Quebee (Canadian Labrador),
on August 12, 1923, was shot at Greenspond,
Newfoundland, on November 18, 1926.

SWAINSON’S HAWK, No. 233,105, juv.,
banded by Herman W. Battersby, at Oak Lake,
Manitoba, on July 29, 1923, was captured in a
gopher trap in the same locality, on July 4, 1926.
The bird was kept in captivity until July 18, 1926,
when it was released at Virden, Manitoba, eigh-
teen miles west of the place where it was cap-
tured. Band No. 233,105 was re-placed by band
No. 233,106.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1925

COMMON MURRE, No. 309,587, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on the eastern St. Mary
Island, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 17,
1925, was re-captured and released uninjured on
the same island, on July 17, 1926.

COMMON MURRE, No. 309,600, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on the eastern St. Mary
Island, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 17,
1925, was re-captured and released uninjured on
the same island, on August 4, 1926.

COMMON MURRE, No. 334,213, ad. (a
“Ringed”? Murre with white eye-ring and white
line behind the eye), banded by Harrison F.. Lewis,
on the eastern St. Mary Island, Saguenay County,
Quebec, on July 17, 1925, was re-captured and
aclcnsed uninjured on the same island, on July 17,

* C.F-N., XL, 1926, p. 162.
** C.F-N., XL, 1926, p. 159.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

167

COMMON MURRE, No. 334,220, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on the western St. Mary
Island, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 17,
1925, was re-captured and released uninjured on
the same island, on August 2, 1926.

COMMON MURRE, No. 334,223, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on the western St. Mary
Island, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 17,
1925, was re-captured and released uninjured on
the same island, on August 2, 1926.

COMMON MURRE, No. 334,356, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on Cormorant Rocks,
Cape Whittle Sanctuary, Saguenay County,
Quebec, cn July 21, 1925, was re-captured and
released uninjured at the same place, on August
10, 1926. Band No. 334,356, was re-placed by
band No. 201,425.

COMMON MURRE, No. 334,857, ad.. banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on Cormorant Rocks,
Cape Whittle Sanctuary, Saguenay County
Quebec, on July 21, 1925, was re-captured and
released uninjured at the same place, on July 3,

1926.

COMMON MURRE, No. 334,185, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on Flat Gull Island, Wolf
Bay, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 27, 1925,
was re-captured and released uninjured on the
same island, on August 11, 1926.

COMMON MURRE, No. 334,187, ad., banded
by Harrison F. Lewis, on Flat Gull Island, Wolf
Bay, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July 27, 1925,
was re-captured and released uninjured on the
same island, on August 11, 1926.

RAZOR-BILLED AUK, No. 368,624, ad.,
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on the eastern St.
Mary Island, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July
16, 1925, was re-captured and released uninjured
on the same island, on August 4, 1926.

RAZOR-BILLED AUK, No. 368,627, ad.,
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on the eastern St.
Mary Island, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July
16, 1925, was re-captured and released uninjured
on the same island, on August 4, 1926.

RAZOR-BILLED AUK, No. 368,646, ad.,
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on the eastern St.
Mary Island, Saguenay County, Quebec, on
July 17, 1925, was re-captured and released unin-
jured on the same island, on August 4, 1926.
Band No. 368,646 was re-placed by band No.
405,986.

RAZOR-BILLED AUK, No. 368,785, ad.,
banded by Harrison F. Lewis, on Flat Gull
Island, Wolf Bay, Saguenay County, Quebec, on
July 27, 1925, was re-captured and released unin-
jured on the same island, on August 11, 1926.

RAZOR-BILLED AUK, No. 224,274, ad.,
banded by F. W. Osborne, on the western St.
Mary Island, Saguenay County, Quebec, on July
30, 1925, was re-captured and released uninjured
on the same island, on August 5, 1926. Band No.
224,274, was re-placed by band No. 406,015.

MALLARD, No. 309,768, @ , banded by Reuben
Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on August 9,
1925, was re-captured in the same locality, on
June 6, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 388,517, banded by Paul E.
Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on October 7,
1925, was killed at La Garite Creek, about ten
miles north of Centre, Sagauche County, Colorado,
on December 10, 1295.

168

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,352, banded by H.S8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 5,
1925, was killed at the head of Devil Lake,
County of Frontenac, Ontario, on October 26,
1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,358, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7,
1925, was shot on a farm at the head of Sandusky
Bay, eight miles north-east of Fremont, Ohio, on
December 9, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,368, banded by H. S-
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7;
1925, was killed on the Nanticoke River, three
miles south of Seaford, Delaware, on January 22,
1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,372, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7,
1925, was shot at Mud Lake, Ontario County,
Ontario, about one hundred and forty miles north-
east of Toronto, on October 18, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,874, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7,
1925, was killed at Eminence, Kentucky, on
November 9, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,375, banded by H. S-
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7)
1925, was killed at a place near Charleston, South
Carolina, on January 27, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,877, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 7,
1925, was killed at Cold Creek, near Ashport,
Tennessee, on December 28, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,401, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 9,
1925, was killed at a place about one and one-half
miles south of Lake City, Arkansas, on the St.
Francis River, on January 17, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,416, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Secugog, Ontario, on October 11,
1925, was killed at Myrtle Bay, a tributary of
Cedar Island Bay, Carteret County, North Caro-
ina, on November 2, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,430, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 12,
1925, was shot at Back Bay, in the south-east part
of Virginia, shortly before November 11, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,431, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 12,
1925, was shot in the same locality, during the
latter part of October, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,448, banded by H. §,
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 12.
1925, was shot on Charlton Island, James Bay,
North West Territories, on September 10, 1926:

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,455, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 13,
1925, was killed at a place about six miles south
of the town of Fort Mill, South Carolina, on De-
cember 17, 1925, and reported as a Mallard.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,457, banded by H. S-
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 13;
1925, was shot in the marshes of the Long Point
Company, Port Rowan, Ontario, on November 14,
1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,458, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 13,
1925, was shot at Point Pelee Marsh, Ontario, on
November 5; 11925;

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VO xan

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,470, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 14,
1925, was caught in a muskrat trap at a place
twenty-eight miles west of the town of Timmins,
Northern Ontario, on May 9, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,476, banded by H. 8S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 14,
1925, was killed at a place near Cobbs Island,
Virginia, on December 26, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,035, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18,
1925, was killed at a place near the mouth of the
Savannah River, Georgia, on December 24, 1925,

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,044, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18.
1925, was found dead in a trap on the waters of
Mud River, near Lewisburg, Logan County,
Kentucky, on or about December 9, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,047, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18,
1925, was killed at Polk, Tennessee, on December
Te NOB.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,048, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18,
1925, was killed on Wolfiick Creek, Logan County,
Kentucky, on December 25, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,051, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18,
1925, was killed in Trimble County, Kentucky,
thirty- -six miles above Louisville, on the Kentucky
side of the Ohio River, on December i; USy25.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,052, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18,
1925, was found in a crippled ‘condition in the
marshes on the property of the Winous Point
Shooting Club, near Port Clinton, Ohio, on De-
cember 31, 1925. The band was removed from
the bird.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,067, banded by H. S.
Qsler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18,
1925, was killed at Saw Mill Lake, Henry, Tli-
nois, on November 10, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,069, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18,
1925, was shot at Long Point, Ontario, on No.
vember 10, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,070, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 18,
1925, was shot on Hamilton Bay, Ontario, on
November 10, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,076, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 19,
1925, was killed at Currituck Sound, Waterlily,
North Carolina, en November 16, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,085, banded by H.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October is
1925, was shot at a place one mile north-west of
Chesterville, Kent County, Maryland, shortly
before January 18, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,089, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 19,
1925, was killed at McGee Marsh, near Bono,
Ohio, on the south shore of Lake Erie, on Novem-
ber 3, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,091, banded by H. 8-
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 19,
1925, was killed in the lower part of Arkansas
County, Arkansas, on November 6, 1925, and
reported as a female.

October, 1927}

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,094, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Seugog, Ontario, on October 22,
1925, was shot on Barnegat Bay, three miles south
of Mantoloking, New Jersey, on November 4,
1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,095, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 22,
1925, was shot at Neilson Club Marsh, located at
Venice, near Sandusky, Ohio, on November 3,

1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,098, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 22,
1925, was killed in the marshes of Rondeau
Provincial Park, near Morpeth, Ontario, on No-
vember 8, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,101, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 22,
1925, was recovered at Big Miami River, two miles
north of Troy, Ohio, on December 2, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,103, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 22,
1925, was shot at Port Rowan, Ontario, on No-
vember 6, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,117, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 22,
1925, was killed at Fernandina, Florida, on De-
cember 5, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,104, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 24,
1925, was killed in Delaware County, Indiana, on
December 28, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,131, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 31,
1925, was shot at Susquehanna River, Pennsyl-
vania, on November 38, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,134, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 31,
1925, was shot in Milton Township, Wayne
County, Ohio, on November 18, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,142, banded by H. 8.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 31,
1925, was shot at a place about two miles south
of Lake Ontario and about thirty miles east of
Fort Niagara, New York, on November 26, 1925.

BLACK DUCK, No. 389,151, banded by H. S.
Osler, at Lake Scugog, Ontario, on October 31,
come killed at Sandusky, Ohio, on November

CANADA GOOSE, No. 237,894, juv., banded
by I. S. Adams, at La Batture aux Loups Marins,
an island opposite L’Islet, Quebec, in the St.
Lawrence River, fifty miles east of Quebec City,
on October 14, 1925, was shot at Isle aux Oise,
Quebec, about ten miles from the place where it
was banded, on November 3, 1925. The parents
of this Canada Goose were a pair of tame decoys.
When the young bird was banded and released, ti
immediately joined the wild geese.

COOT, No. 223,728, banded by Mrs. E. F.
Chilcott, at Woodward, Oklahoma, on October
20, 1925, was caught in a rat trap on Big Trout
Lake (Creen Lake), about three miles north of
Red Deer Lake, Saskatchewan, on May 10, 1926.

DOWNY WOODPECKER, No. 45,831, ad.
9, banded by Ralph E. DeLury, at Ottawa,
Ontario, on November 29, 1925, was re- -captured
at the same station, on December 15, 1925. The
dird had been injured, presumably by a Red
aan and it was found dead on December 16,

THE CANADIAN FIBLD-NATURALIST

169

CHIMNEY SWIFT, No. 35,497, banded by
F.G. Hall, at Milton, Wisconsin, on May 26, 1925,
flew into a house at Rydal Bank, Ontario, about
June 14, 1926.

BALTIMORE ORIOLE, No. 242,000, 2,
banded by Paul Kuntz, at Lot 7 5, East ‘Kildonan,
Manitoba, on June 22, 1925, was captured at 140
TEAR Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, on August
17, 1926.

GOLDFINCH, No. A26,299, banded by Mrs.
Louis H. Emmons, at Knollwood, Dover, Massa-
chusetts, on April 5, 1925, was captured at Thet-
ford Mines, Quebec, on June 7, 1926. The bird -
was kept in captivity until June 15, 1926, when it
was released still wearing its band.

WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW, No. 1238,-
870, banded by Mrs. Edwin E. Thompson, at
Indianapolis, Indiana, on May 38, 1925, flew into
a basement during a snow storm at Doucet,
Quebec, on May 20, 1926.

HOUSE WREN, No. A8985, ad., banded by
R. H. Carter, Jr., at Muscow, Sakatchewan, on
June 5, 1925, was re-captured at the same nest,
on July 18, 1926.

CHICKADEE, No. A8967, ad., banded by
R. H. Carter, Jr., at Muscow, Saskatchewan, on
February 11, 1925, repeated until March 12, 1925,
was re-captured at the same station, on December
21, 1925, and repeated on December 27, 1925;
and was re-captured at the same station, on June
6, 1926.*

CHICKADEE, No. 50,708, banded by C. A.
Patriquin, at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, on April
20, 1925, was re-captured at the same station, on
December 9, 1926.

CHICKADEE, No. A89,311, ad., banded by
A. L. Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on November 30,
1925, repeated until December 11, 1925, and was
killed by a cat in the same locality, on December
22, 1925.

CHICKADEE, No. A89,312, ad., banded by
A. L. Holm, at Otto, Manitoba, on November 30,
1925, repeated until December 2, 1925, and was
killed by a cat in the same locality, on January
Ziti, NEPAD.

RETURNS UPON BIRDS BANDED IN 1926

HERRING GULL, No. 457,078, banded by
Clarke C. Miller, at Gravelly Island, Delta
County, Michigan, on July 13, 1926, was killed
on tide water on the bank of the Albany River.
Ontario, on September 8 ,1926.

MALLARD, No. 409, 405, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Bath, Illinois, on January 8, 1926, was
found dead at a place forty miles north of Oak
Lake, Ontario, on the English River, on April 15,
1926.

MALLARD, No. 409,483, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Bath, Illinois, on January 8, 1926, was
shot on the Pipestone Creek, seven miles north of
the town of Reston, Manitoba, on November 9,
1926.

MALLARD, No. 409,505, banded by F. C.
Lincoln, at Bath, Illinois, on January 8, 1926,
was shot at a place near Manitoba Point, Lac
Seul, on the boundary line between Kenora and
Patricia Districts, Ontario, about the end of
April, 1926.

* C.F-N., XL, 1927, p. 168

170

MALLARD, No. 409,529, ad., &, banded by
F. C. Lincoln, at Bath, Illinois, on January 8,
1926, was shot at a place two miles south of Adana,
Saskatchewan, located approximately at Latitude
52° 30’, Longitude 109°, on November 2, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 105,004, banded by Clarence
E. Chapman, at Oakley, South Carolina, on Feb-
ruary 12, 1926, was killed on Isle 4 la Crosse Lake,
Saskatchewan, on October 3, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 305,266, banded by John
Broeker, at Portage des Sioux, Missouri, on
March 12, 1926, was shot at a place sixteen miles
south of Windthorst, Saskatchewan, on Section
15, Township 11, Range 6, West of the 2nd Meri-
dian, on October 21, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 300,646, banded by T. E.
Musselman, at Scobey Lake, Missouri, on March
15, 1926, was shot on the south-west quarter of
Section 24, Township 18, Range 9, West of the
3rd Meridian, Saskatchewan, on November 3,
1926, and reported as a male.

MALLARD, No. 300,667, banded by T. E.

Musselman, at Scobey Lake, Missouri, on March
17, 1926, was shot at a place five miles north of
Rapid City, Manitoba, on October 2, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 300,700, @, banded by T. E.
Musselman, at Scobey Lake, Missouri, on March
20, 1926, was caught in a muskrat trap at a place
near the west end of the Turtle Mountain Forest
Reserve, Manitoba, on or about April 1, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 418,256, banded by F. W-
Robl, at Ellinwood, Kansas, on April 12, 1926,
was shot in the south-western part of Manitoba,
on September 28, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 379,975, juv., banded by J.
A. M. Patrick, at a place near Yorkton, Saskat-
chewan, on July 24, 1926, was shot at the head of
Long Lake, four and one-half miles south of York-
ton, on September 13, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 379,911, juv., banded by J.
A. M. Patrick, at a place near Yorkton, Saskat-
chewan, on July 26, 1926, was shot at Section 23,
Township 23, Range 4, West of the 2nd Meridian,
nea Yorkton, Saskatchewan, on September 15,
1926.

MALLARD, No. 388,559, juv., banded by
Paul E. Page, at Lac Ste. Anne, Alberta, on August
24, 1926, was shot at a place thirty miles from
Edmonton, at Riviére Qui Barre, Alberta, on
September 4, 1926.

MALLARD, No. 322,988, juv., o, banded by
Bert Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on
September 23, 1926, was shot in a cornfield in
Township 115, Range 65, of Hand County, South
Dakota, on November 10, 1926.

BLACK DUCK, No. 105,010, banded by
Clarence E. Chapman, at Oakley, Berkeley
County, South Carolina, on February 13, 1926,
was killed by some animal, probably a mink, on
a small creek in the Township of Haldimand,
County of Northumberland, Ontario, about fifteen
miles from Lake Ontario, on April 21, 1926.

EUROPEAN WIDGEON, No. V 20.14 P.
Skovgaard, Viborg, Denmark, banded at Hrauns-
land, Iceland, on July 2, 1926, was captured at
Hawk Point, Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia,
shortly before December 10, 1926. (See Note at
foot of Returns.)

TEAL, No. 379,972, banded by J. A. M.
Patrick, at Yorkton, Saskatchewan, on July 24,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

(VoL. XLI

1926, was shot at Heimdal, North Dakota, on
September 16, 1926.

SHOVELLER, No. 367,854, juv., banded by
J. A. Briggs, at Victoria Plains, Saskatchewan, on
July 7, 1926, was shot at a place fifteen miles east
of Regina, Saskatchewan, on October 1, 1926.

SHOVELLER, No. 379,915, juv., banded by
J. A. M. Patrick, at Yorkton, Saskatchewan, on
July 26, 1926, was shot in south-eastern South
Dakota, near Lennox, about twenty-one miles
south-west of Sioux Falls, on November 3, 1926.

CANADA GOOSE, No. 202,143, banded by
A. G. Taylor, for Hoyes Lloyd, at the Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, on August 3,
1926, was shot at Galena, Kent County, Mary-
land, on December 29, 1926. This bird was sent
to Ottawa by Jack Miner, Kingsville, Ontario
on May 6, 1926, and had left the Experimental
Farm by December 4, 1926.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, No.
368,449, juv., banded by George Lang, at Indian
Head, Saskatchewan, on June 12, 1926, was shot
in a thinly wooded section of mid-west Texas, on
October 19, 1926.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON, No.
406,132, juv., banded by George Lang, at Indian
Head, Saskatchewan, on June 26, 1926, was killed
at a place a couple of miles west of Fort Smith,
Arkansas, on the Arkansas River, in Oklahoma,
during the week of November 1 to 7, 1926.

PECTORAL SANDPIPER, No. 171,979, ad.,
banded by J. Robert Morton, at North Kildonan,
Manitoba, on August 17, 1926, was found dead
in a shore bird trap at the same station, on August
20, 1926. The water had risen and the bird was
drowned.

MARSH HAWK, No. 292,538, juv., banded by
W. J. Low, at Metis, Quebec, on June 29, 1926,
was killed in the district of Grand River, County
of Gaspé, Quebec, on or about August 21, 1926.

FLICKER, No. 267,033, juv., banded by
Dan Patton, at Midnapore, Alberta, on June 26,
1926, was found dead at the same place, on July
18, 1926.

FLICKER, No. 399,985, juv., o, banded by
Basil Colbran, at Windsor, Nova Scotia, on July
9, 1926, fell from a tree and was found in a dazed
condition in the same locality, on July 10, 1926.
The bird died shortly after it was found.

FLICKER, No. 399,744, juv., banded by
George Lang, at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on
July 13, 1926, was found dead at a place one-half
mile west of the banding station, on July 138, 1926.

STELLER’S JAY, No. 265,706, juv., banded by
G. D. Sprot, at Mill Bay, British Columbia, on
May 30, 1926, repeated until September 21, 1926,
and was killed in the same locality, on November
20, 1926.

STELLER’S JAY, No. 265,709, juv., banded
by G. D. Sprot, at Mill Bay, British Columbia, on
July 15, 1926, was shot at a place one-half mile
north of the banding station, on September 12,
1926.

CROW, No. 406,597, juv., banded by J. Robert
Morton, at Springfield, Manitoba, on June 6,
1926, was killed in the immediate vicinity of
Winnipeg, Manitoba, on July 26, 1926.

RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD, No. 412,092,
juv., banded by P.S.Walker,on the North Arm ofthe
Fraser River, at Point Grey, British Columbia,
on May 17, 1926, was found in a seine net in the

October, 1927

same locality, on June 8, 1926. The bird died
three days later.

BRONZED GRACKLE, No. 463,183, ad.,
banded by W. Philip Gerald, at Fredericton, New
Brunswick, on June 12, 1926, was shot in a corn-
field at Amesbury, Massachusetts, shortly before
November 6, 1926.

SAVANNAH SPARROW, No. 171,971, ad.,
banded by J. Robert Morton, at North Kildonan,
Manitoba, on August 8, 1926, repeated until
August 17, 1926, and was found dead with one
wing torn off in a trap at the same station, on
August 18, 1926. It is thought that the bird was
killed by a cat.

SWAMP SPARROW, No. A63,206, ad., banded
by Bert Lloyd, at Davidson, Saskatchewan, on
May 11, 1926, was found dead at a place about
thirty feet from the banding station, on May 12,
1926.

BARN SWALLOW, No. A42,441, juv., banded
by Basil Colbran, at Windsor, Nova Scotia, on
July 3, 1926, was found dead at the same place,
on July 8, 1926.

WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH, No. A23,-
071, banded by Mrs. A. G. Mathers, at Middle-
boro, Massachusetts, on February 22, 1926, was
caught by a cat at St. George, New Brunswick,
on April 28, 1926.

ROBIN, No. 412,096, juv., banded by P. S.
Walker, at Vancouver, British Columbia, on May
21, 1926, was found dead at the same place, on
June 12, 1926.

ROBIN, No. 344,686, juv., banded by George
Lang, at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on June 138,
1926, was killed by a cat in the same locality, on
July 12, 1926.

ROBIN, No. 399,699, juv., banded by George
Lang,at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, on June 21,
1926, was found dead near the place where it was
banded, on July 17, 1926.

BLUEBIRD, No. A65,134, banded by J. R.
Morton, at East Kildonan, Manitoba, on June

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

171

26, 1926, was found dead in a school yard, two
blocks from the place where it was banded, on
July 10, 1926.

EUROPEAN WIDGEON CROSSES FROM ICELAND.
—Mr. Harrison F. Lewis, Chief Federal Migra-
tory Bird Officer for Ontario and Quebec, had sent
to him by his mother, who lives in Nova Scotia,
a newspaper clipping which read as follows:

“CAPTURED BIRD HAS DANISH BAND
Special to The Morning Chronicle

YARMOUTH, Dec. 10, 1926.—Two young men of
Hawk Point, Cape Sable Island, have just cap-
tured a strange bird which they call a wood-duck,
and on the leg of it is a metal tag bearing the
inscription ‘V 20.14 P. Skovgaard, Viborg, Den-
mark’.”

Upon communicating with the Royal Danish
Consul-General for Canada and Newfoundland,
at Montreal, the National Parks of Canada Branch
has secured the very interesting information that
the banded bird was a European Widgeon (Anas
penelope), banded at Hraunsland, Iceland, on
July 2, 1926.

Mr. Skovgaard has asked a number of questions
concerning the recovery of the bird which he was
instrumental in having banded, and concerning
the presence of this species in Canada, and he
a be furnished with all the information avail-
able.

Where the birds of this species which occur in
North America had their nesting grounds has long
been a moot point, and I believe no nest of the
species has been found in North America. This
banding return, besides being the first transat-
lantic duck record and, I think, the first return
upon a banded European Widgeon for this con-
tinent, points significantly to the probable nesting
place of the examples of the species which winter
in Eastern North America.—HoyEs LLOYD.

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FOR SALE

Sets of the publications of} the
Ottawa Field Nataralists’ Clubfare
not numerous, and the most impor-
tant libraries are taking pains to
complete their files. The Club can-
not guarantee to fill orders for all
back volumes, but enquiries from
librarians and others will receive
every attention. Address the Secre-
tary, Dr. J. F. Wright, Geological
Survey, Ottawa, or the Treasurer,
B. A. Fauvel, 321 McLeod Street,

Ottawa.
Members having the following numbersjfor sale
will confer a favour by communicating with the

Secretary; March, 1896; January, February,
Merch, August, 1898; December, 1900.

Sef ee oes

A Copy of F. C. Whitehouse's book

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A STORY OF. THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES

will be enjoyed by every Naturalist

regi ost SkOh any anon)

THE: GRAPHIGSBUBLISHIERS WIMiIiil

Well-Made CANADIAN Literature

OTTAWA

I7aNEPEAN SURE E

CANADA

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in Western Canada

The Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club
has just published an interesting vol-
ume of over 300 pages, entitled:

Autobiography of
John Macoun, M.A.

Canadian Explorer and Naturalist, Assistant
Director and Naturalist to the Geological Survey
of Canada—1831-1920.

This volume is an account of the life of this veteran
naturalist. Agriculturists generally, in fact a
interested in the development of Canada, will find
this book of much interest and value.

The edition is limited. The price is $3.00 with
15c added for bank exchange, if remittance is forwarded
by personal cheque.

Applications for the volume should be made to

Dr. J. F. Wright

Victoria Memorial Museum

Ottawa - - Canada

a } =} ———- | —————- |} |)

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} ee 1 277

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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF |
MANITOBA -
Pe 1927-28

_ President Emeritus: J. J. GOLDEN; Honorary President:
NORMAN CRIDDLE; Past President: C. W. Lowk, M.Sc. Presi-
dent: J. B. WALLIS, B.A.; Vice-Presidents: Miss H. R.
__ CANNOM, Miss J. INNES, G. SHIRLEY Brooks, A. M. Davip-
_ SON, M.D., L. E. McCatu, H. M. Sprecuaty, M.D., R. M.-
~ THomAs; Treasurer: J.J: Mott; Auditor: A.J. D. MoRGAN;
_ Social Convenor: Miss J. INNES; Executive Secretary: B. W.
_ CartTwrRicut; General Secretary: A. G. LAWRENCE, 104 Sher-
burn Street., Winnipeg. : : :
ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION—Chairman: C.L. BROLEY;
_ Secretary: A. B. GRESHAM. ENTOMOLOGICAL SEC.
i TION—Chairman: FERRIS NEAVE; B. Sc. Secretary: L.H.D.
ROBERTS. BOTANICAL SECTION—Chairman: G. R.
- Bissy, Ph.D; Secretary: Miss G. CAMERON. GHOLOGI-
_ CAL SECTION—Chairman: F. M. OLIvER; Secretary:
_ 4H. CHaAs. PEARCE. :
Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holidays,
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THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION
SOCIETY .

(Incorporated)

Hon. President: W. EH. SAUNDERS, London, Ont.; President:
Crcr. D. CooK, Hamilton, Ont.; 1st Vice-President: H. C.
NUNN, Hamilton, Ont.; 2nd Vice-President: Dr. W. G.
CorRNETT, Hamilton, Ont.; Secretary and Treasurer: J. ROLAND
Brown, 26 Spring St., Hamilton, Ont.; Directors: Dr. H. C.
Arnott, H. C. NUNN, Mrs. F. E. McLOGHLIN, Miss RuBy
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and Dr. W. G. CORNETT.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH
“COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C.

President: C. C, PEMBERTON; ist Vice-President: REVe
_ CONNELL, M.A.; 2nd Vape reamtet. H. F. Boyce; Hon
Secretary: H. T. Nation; on. Treasurer: Muss. S. M.
f THORNTON; Committee: Mrs. M. CourcH; Miss A. F. GaArR-
Diner; A. R. SHERWOOD; J. A. HARDIE; W. HuDpDSsoNn;
_ Auditors: Mrs. H. MACKENZIE; W. DOWNES. : :

‘ALBERTA NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

_ Hon. President: Mr. J: J. Gantz, Red Deer, Alta.; President

Al Mr. C. H. SNELL, Red Deer, Alta.; 1st Vice-President: Mrs:
W. A. CASSELS, Red Deer, Alta.; 2nd Vice-President: Mr. S.
PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.; Directors: Mrs. G. F. Root, Weta-
skiwin, Alta.; Mr. F. L. FARLEY, Camrose, Alta.; Mr. W. A.
CASSELS, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. B. LAWTON, Edmonton, Alta.;
_ Mr. K. BOWMAN, Edmonton, Alta.; Pror. W. ROWAN, Univ.
of Alta., Edmonton, Alta.; Mr. T. E. RANDALL, Camrose,
Alta.; Hon. Sec.-Treas.: Mrs. S. PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.

__ The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the

_ last Friday of each month except during July and August and
_ perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer
on the last Friday in November.

LONDON, ONT.

_ President: J. C. HicGiIns, 324 Wolfe Street; Recording
_ Secretary: Mrs. E. H. McKons, R.R. 4, London, Ont.; Cor-
responding Secretary and Treasurer: E. M. S. DALE, 297 Hy-
_ +man St.; Members qualified to answer questions: W. E. SAUN-
__-DERS, 240 Central Ave ; C. G. WATSON, 201 Ridout St. South;

cumseh Ave.; E. M.S. DALB, 297 Hyman St.

VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

_ Hon. President: L.S. Kuinck, L.L.D., Pres. Universtiy of B.C.;
_ President: JoHN DAviIDsON, F.L.S., University of B.C.; Vice-
a President: Pror. M. Y. Wiiu1AmMs; Hon. Secretary: C. F.
_ Connor, ...A., 3529 W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon.
Treasurer: A. H. BAIN, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B.C.
Fortnightly meetings in the University Buildings from
2 agile’ to April ee): Semi-monthly excursions from
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J R. McLzop, 355 Wortley Road; J’ F. Catvart, 461 Te-’

a Affiliated Societies

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE
PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Hon. President: Dr. I. GAMMELL; Hon. Vice-President: Me
L. Mcl. TERRILL; President: MR. NAPIER SMITH; Vice- —
President: Mr. EB. ARNOLD; Vice-President: Mr. C. F. DALE;
Vice-President: Mr. L. MclI. SPACKMAN, Miss EpiItH Mor-
row; Recording Secretary: MR. A. P. MuRRAY; Corresponding
Secretary: Mr. W. S. Hart, P.O.Box 1185, Montreal, P.Q.
Treasurer: MR. HENRY MousLEY; Executive Committee:
Mrs. C. F. DALE, Miss C. L. FIELD, Mrs. C. L. HENDERSON.
Hon. BE. E. Howarp, Mr. H. A. C. JAcKSON, Miss EmiILy
LuKE, Mr. A. MAcSWEEN, Miss L. Murpuy, Miss M. S.
Nicotson, Mr. W. A. OSWALD AND Miss H. STONE.

SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE
NATURELLE DU CANADA

Bureau de direction pour 1927

Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, LE VICOMPTE WILLINGDON,
G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., G.B.E., Gouverneur-Général
de la Puissance du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Hon-
orable M. NARCISSE PERODEAU, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la °
Province de Québec; BUREAU DE DIRECTION POUR 1927;
Président: Gro. M. MITCHELL; Jer vice-président: ADRIEN
FALARDEAU, C.R.; 2éme vice-président: R. MBREDITH, N.P.;
Secrétaire-trésorier: LovuIs-B. LAVOIE, Chef de la section scien-
tifique: Dr. D.-A. Dery; Chef de la section de propagandé
éducationnelle: Mason Jos. MATTE; \Chef de la section de
protection: EMILE ALTHERB; Chef de la section d’information
scientifique et pratique: DR. J.-E. BERNIER; Direcieurs: A. R.
M. Bouton, Dr. S. GAUDREAU, CoL. O. PELLETIER.

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THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ORNITHOLO-
GISTS’ UNION —
Officers for 1923

Hon. President: HON. MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, Victoria;
President: W. N. KELLY, Vancouver; Vice-President: T. L.
THACKER, Hope; Secietary-Treasurer: J. W. WINSON, Hun-
tingdon; Directors: J. A. MUNROE, Okanagan Landing;
Dr. KELSO, Arrow Lakes; R. GLENDINING, Agassiz; K.
Racery, Vancouver; T. PEARSE, Courtenay; FRANCIS KiER=
MODE, Provincial Museum, Victoria.

‘ THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’
CLUB

Hon. President: Dr. A. P. COLEMAN; President: Pror. E. M.
WALKER; Vice-Presidenis: Dr. N. A. POWELL, RUSSELL G,
Dineman, Dr. A. Cosens, J. H. FLEMING; Secretary: W. F.
GREGORY, 183 Lowther Ave., Toronto, Ont.; Treasurer: F. H.
BRIGDEN; Hon. Librarian: C. W. Nasa; Librarian: Dr.
L. B. JACKES. BIRD GROUP: Chairman: Stuart L.
THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIE. FLOWER GROUP:
Chairman: Dr. H. B. Sirton; Secretary: Miss J. G. WRIGHT,
Pu.D. INSECT GROUP: Chairman: Pror. E. M. WALKER;
Secretary: Miss NoRMA ForpD, PH.D. MAMMAL GROUP:
Chairman: J. R. DYMOND; Secretary: L. L. SNYDER. REP=
TILE, FISH AND AMPHIBIAN GROUP: Chairman:
SHELLEY LocieR; Secretary: T. B. Kurata. WILD LIFE
Chairman: Dr. J. N.
McKINupy; Secretary: J. A. PARTRIDGE. GHOLOGICAL
GROUP: Chairman: PRor, ALBX. MACLEAN.

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VOL. XLI, No. 8 35343 NOVEMBER, 1927,

|

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fake: ISSUED JANUARY 26th, 1928. —

Entered at the Ottawa Post Office as second-class matter

THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB

~_

Patrons: a
THEIR EXCILENCIES THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL AND VISCOUNTESS WILLINGDON a

VOUIDGS CMBE CUE ea a
vate ve President: NORMAN CRIDDLE ae :
1st Vioo-Presidents ‘RB. M. KInpie ; 2nd Vice-President: CLYDE L. PATCH. :
Secretary: Yi Hon. Treasurer: ;
J. F. WRicHT, B. A. FAUVEL,
Victoria Memorial Museum 321 McLeod St., —
Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa, Ont. —

Additional Members of Council: W.T. Macoun; Miss M. E. Cowan; C. M. Sterneerc; H. I. SMITH.
P. A. TAVERNER: W. J. WINTEMBERG: R. E. DELuRY: ARTHUR GIBSON; M. O. MALTE;
H. Grou; Miss F. Fries; C. B. HutcuHines; CiypE L. Patcu; H. M. Amt; D. JENNESS;
H. F. LEWIS: Hoyes LuoyD; FRITS JOHANSEN; ANDREW HALKETT; C. E. JOHNSON; E. E. PRINCE; ©
G.R. Waite; E.G. Waite; G.A.MacDonatp; A. G. Kincston; G. A. MILLER: Mark G. _
McELHINNEY; CHAS. W. LowE; CrEcIL D. Cook; C. C. PEMBERTON; C.H. SNELL; J. C HIGGINS;
JOHN DAVIDSON; NAPIER SMITH: GEO. M. MITCHELL; W. N. KELLY; E. M. WALKER.

7

> Editor:
G. A. MILLER,
Normal School, Ottawa. -

neers Editors:

DU JENNESS . eu es es ase _ Anthropology A. G. HUNTSMAN...........- Marine Biolog

NEO. MARTE oni eee ae Botany P. A. TAVERNER....... we ees... Ornitholog

F. R. LATCHFORD..... PRR Ea Conchology E. M. KINDLE......... i Scena Pataeontology

Bs DAT COCKS cic ei 8 Bek Grater Geology - R.iM. ANDERSON 2.0 25.2 00 os _.Mammalogy.

ARTHUR GIBSON. ............... Entomology . -CuYDE L. PATeH.. 2.20... mest me
~ CONTENTS

~The Woodlice or Oniscoidea of Canada (Crustacea, Isopoda). By E. M. Walker............ ee ee
A Tale of Four Crows. By Norman Criddle, Treesbank, Manitoba......................... he
The Love Song and Flight of the Woodcock (Philohela minor). By Henry Mousley............. ot
Notes and Observations:— i g F
A Blanding’s Turtle Lays Its Eggs. By J. Roland Brown.) 22 2 24
Blue Geese in Essex County, Ontario. By Manly F. Miner....................-........
Regarding Jack Miner’s Crow Trap. By Manly F. Miner.................... coe eae ©
Occurrence of Kumlien’s Gull and the Iceland Gull at the Island of Anticosti, Quebec. By
Earrison BF Lewis oie eae ee Eee eng a eae es ek
The Tufted Titmouse at Toronto. By Stuart L. Thompson........................-. pie
Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica) at Hamilton. By Jas. L. Baller Jr., Royal Ontario
Museum:-of Zoology: Voront@n 5 ai a ee an eg ee cies eee fale
White-Crowned Sparrow at Toronto. By Stuart L. Thompson. Be ect TF ae a
Notes on the European Starling at Kamouraska, Quebec, in 1927. By Willie LaBrie Ui Se ae
First Observations of the European Starling in the Vicinity of Quebec, P.Q. By R. Meredith
Smooth Perennial Sow Thistle at Ottawa. By H.Groh...... foe Rr ene ge te ck aa Oe
Book Review:—
’ Mushrooms and Toadstools. By H. T. Gussow and W. §. Odell......... SS Se ee Aeegets
Life Histories of North American Wild Fow] and North American Marsh Birds. By Arthur

The official publications of THE OTTAWA Grain dN wruRALiene CLUB ‘Pave been issued
since 1879. The first was The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalisis’ Club, 1879-1886,
7 4 two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these #
ig have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist —
#2 is issued monthly, except for the months of June, July, and August. Its scopeisthe publication :
# of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History.

hen NEES

— a

‘

FEB2 1928

The Canadian Field-Naturalist

VOL. XLI

OTTAWA, ONTARIO, NOVEMBER, 1927 . No.

oo

by

THE WCODLICE OR ONISCOIDEA OF CANADA (Crustacea, Isopoda)
| By E. M. WALKER.

HE terrestrial Isopoda, or Oniscoidea,
variously known as woodlice, sowbugs,
pillbugs or slaters, have never been

favourites with collectors and the paucity
of published data relating to the Canadian species
is plainly indicated in, a recent article by Frits
Johansen,! in which a full summary is given of
our present knowledge of the distribution of this
group in the territory indicated in the title.
Definite records of nine species are brought to-
gether in this paper and of these but six are from
Canada and most of them from very few localities.
These species are Ligyda pallasi, Oniscus asellus,
Porcellio scaber, P. rathkei, P. spinicornis and
Cylisticus convexus.

Since Johansen’s paper was published two
species have been added to the Canadian fauna by
A. R. Fee’, viz., Trichoniscus papillicornis and
Ligidium gracile, the former being one of the
species previously known from Alaska.

As the present writer has given some attention
to the Oniscoidea during recent years and has
gathered a number of additional records, in-
cluding those of species hitherto unknown from
Canada, it has seemed worth while to make these
available for the student, fragmentary as they are.
To stimulate further interest in the subject a key
to the genera and species represented in our
fauna is given and this is made as simple as seems
compatible with usefulness and accuracy, with the
omission, as far as possible, of technical terms.

In regard to the general distribution of ter-
restrial isopods in Canada we believe that certain
statements made in Richardson’s admirable
treatise? and in Johansen’s paper (loc. cit.) are
misleading. Records of certain species from
Alaska, Labrador and Greenland as well as from
the United States naturally give the impression
that such species are probably generally distri-
buted in Canada, Porcellio laevis, e.g., has been

1“On the Woodlice (Oniscoidea) occurring in Canada and
Alaska,’ (Canadian Field-Naturalist XL, No. 8, November,
1926).

“The Isopoda of Departure Bay and vicinity, with de-
seriptions of new species, variations, and colour notes,”
(Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, New
Series, Vol. III, No. 2, 1926).

3 Richardson, Harriet. “A Monograph of the Isopoda of
North America,’ ’ (Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum, No. 54, 1905).

recorded from Unalaska, in the Aleutian Islands,
and is said by Richardson to be world-wide in

distribution, a statement which is repeated by

Johansen. Richardson’s records, however, with
this one exception, point to a distribution in North
America well to the south of the international
boundary, the most northerly localities mentioned
being Cincinnati, O.. and Washington, D.C. The
majority of the localities are in the southern and
southwestern states and throughout the tropical
regions of both hemispheres, and although it
occurs throughout the greater part of Europe,
it is, according to Budde-Lund? “especially found
in cellars beneath bakeries, or in other place
where a rather high and uniform temperature
prevails, sometimes also in refuse-heaps close to
the towns.” I cannot believe that P. laevis is
native to Alaska. I have searched in vain for it
in Canada, although it very probably occurs here
as an introduced form when the proper con-
ditions of warmth and moisture obtain.

Another species whose distribution is said to
be world-wide is Porcellio scaber, and Johansen
concludes his account of its range with the sen-
tence “There is every reason to believe that
this species is found all over Canada and Alaska
right up to the limit of trees.’ Certainly the
records from Hopedale, Labrador, St. Paul Island,
Alaska, Greenland, Iceland and Kamchatka seem
to support this view, but it will be noticed that
these are all maritime localities. Its occurrence
inland in the north is by no means certain. In
Ontario it occurs abundantly on Long Point,
Lake Erie, rarely at Toronto, and apparently
not at all at any distance from the Great Lakes.

Porcellio rathkei, the common sowbug of eastern
Canada, is abundant all through the settled parts
of the eastern provinces, greatly outnumbering
all other species together, yet its range apparently
does not extend far into the Canadian Zone. I
have searched in the most favourable-looking
places in northern Ontario and Quebec (Lake
Nipigon, Lake Abitibi, Godbout) but found no
traces of this or any other land isopod. While I

4 Quoted by Sars, G.O., in “‘An Account of the Crustacea
of Norway, Vol. Ill, Isopoda, p. 182.’

am not prepared to state with finality that no

cumin \
Dn aan | ~ ‘

species of Oniscoidea

Sa eee te eT Ce aon» te

occur in these northern

regions of the interior, the evidence thus far
gained points to the probability of this conclusion.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

Indeed, from the manner of occurrence of most of
our species I am inclined to believe that all cur
Oniscidae are introduced, and that our only
native forms belong to the Ligydidae and Tri-
choniscidae.

November, 1927]

Key to Families, Genera and Species of Oniscoidea

sound in Canada.

The following key is adapted in part from those
of Richardson (loc. cit.) but is greatly simplified.
To those who are not familiar with the external
anatomy of the group, some explanation of terms
may be useful.

The “antennae” are the large or second pair
of feelers as distinguished from the “antennules”’

or first pair.
tennae”’ and “outer antennae.”

They are also called “second an-
The flagellum

of the antennae is the terminal series of small

segments, borne by the peduncle.

The peduncle

of the antennae consists of the first five segments
which are larger than those of the flagellum.
The uropoda are the last pair of appendages,

borne at the end of the abdomen.

Its peduncle

is a single basal segment.

&

la.

2a.

3a.

41,

Flagellum of antennae with many segments
(10+), head below the eyes not produced
into lobes visible in dorsal view, mandibles
with a well-developed molar expansion
AMUN 00,2 SUE BY Fam. LIGYDIDAE, 2

Flagellum of antennae with not more than
5 segments; head below each eye produced
into a lobe which is visible (except in Arma-
dillidium) in a dorsal view.............. 4

Basal segment of uropoda not produced into
a process at the inner distal angle, the
branches equal in length; last segment of
abdomen large with distinct lateral parts;
large forms found on the sea shore..........
RP Aree 8 a Cay AU Ligyda (L. pallasi)

Basal segment of uropoda produced into a
process at the inner distal angle, the branches
unequal in length and thickness; last seg-
ment of abdomen small with lateral parts
obsolete; rather small forms found in damp
WOOE SHON S spy Me iter | bet. 3 Ligidium, 3

Eyes much longer than broad, each com-
posed of about 60 parts; inner branch of
uropoda about one-sixth longer than outer
branch, the two terminal setae about half
as long as the inner branch; western......
Be COICO ESS 6 ERE nics See L. gracile

Eyes about as broad as long, each composed
of about 100 facets, inner branch of uropoda
about two-thirds longer than outer branch,
the two terminal setae scarcely one-fourth
as long as the inner branch; eastern......
Subba 1G TONE, CNG Ot oa RE REE L. longicaudatum

Mandibles with a distinct molar expansion;
eyes minute with very few facets; both
branches of uropoda styliform; small forms
AMM OL lessminislengt nye ery cic cle

BE MAL AYA LAR BUR E: O80 TRICHONISCIDAE, 5

Mandibles without a distinct molar expan-
sion; eyes with numerous facets; the adults
usually over 10 mm. in length........... t

Body sculptured dorsally with longitudinal
rows of tubercles. Segments of thorax
separated laterally by distinct notches;
abdomen not abruptly narrower than
thorax, with well developed side plates...
scr home NE 2 TA Haplophthalmus (H. danicus)

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

5a.

6a.

7a.

8a.

9a.

10.

10a.

ite

lla.

12.

12a.

175

Body not sculptured dorsally with longitu-
dinal rows of tubercles; segments of thorax
not separated laterally by distinct notches;
abdomen abruptly narrower than thorax
with very small lateral parts. . Trichoniscus, 6

Surface smooth; front of head straight with
small lateral lobes; last three segments of
peduncle of antennae without tubercle-like
FOPE OVI A aetna oe ie he UnAi tasa a T. pusillus

Surface covered with low tubercles; front of

head somewhat produced with a slight
median emargination, lateral lobes large;
last 3 segments of peduncle of antennae
bearing tubercle-like papillae along their
mMMNeqMaTrginseea. es. see T. papillicornis

Uropoda extending beyond last segment of
abdomen, the apex of which is angular;
antennae longer than the first 3 thoracic
segments; animal (except Cylis tcus) incapa-
ble of rolling itself into a ball

Uropoda not extending beyond last segment
of abdomen, the apical margin of which is
truncate; antennae shorter than the first 3
segments of the thorax; animal able to roll
itself into a ball..... ARMADILLIDIIDAE

Armadillidium, 14

Flagellum of antennae with 3 segments;
abdomen with well-developed side-plates,
not abruptly narrower than thorax........
Peas Char ORNs ae te et Oniscus (O. asellus)

Flagellum of antennae with 2segments..... 9

Abdomen abruptly narrower than thorax,
the side plates small; antero-lateral lobes of
headsinconspileuoust: ssa. ae eee:
Pe Renee Metoponorthus (M. pruinosus)

Abdomen not abruptly narrower than thorax
the side plates well developed; antero-lateral
lobes of head prominent................ 10

Body very convex, the animal capable of
rolling itself into a ball; surface smooth. .
AR SD. opalieeecwisin yc tserceee Cylisticus (C. convexus)

Body moderately convex, the animal incap-
able of rolling itself into a ball, surface usually
TOUGMEMME Cer ser eencenae, See a soo Porcellio, 11

Surface of body smooth; frontal lobe of head
conically produced; first segment of flagellum
of antennae longer than second segment
(notyeyet recorded) W29e) 455. - P. laevis

Surface of body roughly granulated or tuber-
culate; frontal lobe of head rounded... .12

Body grey without spots (except in var.
marmorata); surface very rough with tu-
bercles elevated and well-defined; segments
of flagellum of antennae about equal in
length; inner face of right mandible with
4-5 penicils, of left mandible with 7-8 peni-
ULSAN Gree Holes assy ors aaet de spss tes ahee aye P. scaber

Body with spots; surface less rough; the
tubercles rather low and not well-defined;

176

18. Second and third joints of antennae keeled
on the outer face, the keel in each case pro-
duced distally into a distinct tooth; first
segment of flagellum longer than second;
colour yellowish-grey with conspicuous spots
arranged in longitudinal series, the head and
middle part of abdomen blackish; in fresh
specimens a double row of conspicuous
yellow patches along middle of thorax....
Dh MAIN A Sh ek tee at She rte cl P. spinicornis

13a. Second and third joints of antennae keeled

but without distinct projecting distal teeth;
first segment of flagellum slightly shorter
than second; colour very variable, but the

1. Ligyda pallasi (Brandt).

Brandon Island, Departure Bay, Vancouver
Island, B.C., July 17, 1918, abundant on steep
rocky shore. Prince Rupert, B.C., June 10-16,
1926, under loose flat stones on rocky shore of a
sheltered bay, not very common.

The characters by which this species is separ-
ated from L. oceanica (L.) of the Atlantic are in-
accurately stated by Richardson. The branches
of the uropoda in L. pallasi are one-fifth instead
of one-eighth as long as the entire body from the
tip of the terminal abdominal segment. In L.
oceanica the branches of the uropoda are not four
times but only a little more than twice as long as
the peduncle, their proportions being correctly
shown in Sars’ excellent figures. Stimpson’s
figure of L. pallasi, reproduced by Richardson, is
relatively broader than any specimen that I have
seen, although the largest females are considerably
broader in proportion than the males and smaller
females. The majority of specimens taken have
a form and appearance more like Sars’ figure of
L. oceanica than Stimpson’s figure of L. pallasi,
but a comparison of specimens of the two species
at once reveals the longer uropoda of oceanica,
with longer and slenderer branches.

2. Ligidiuwm gracile (Dana).

Departure Bay, V.I., July 18, 1918, not un-
common under pebbles at the edge of a small
brook. Prince Rupert, B.C.. June 10-21, 1926,
abundant under dead leaves and damp bark in
rich woods

These specimens agree with the brief descrip-
tions of L. tenue Budde-Lund (1855) as well as
that of L. gracil (Dana) (1885). In Richardson’s
key they run definitely to L. tenue, but L. gracile
is separated from this and other species on the
basis of the inner branch of the uropoda being
“tipped with setae’ instead of being “furnished
with two long apical bristles.’ These two ex-
pressions mean the same, except that the number
of bristles or setae is specified in the latter case.
The description of L. tenue is very brief but the
important characters of the uropoda agree well

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

individuals in swamp near edge of creek.

[VouL. XLI

head and abdomen not conspicuously darker
than other parts, and the submedian double
row of yellow patches absent..P. rathket

14. Head truncate in front, without median
emargination, and not surpassed by the
epistome. Outer branch of uropoda pos-
Lerlonhy chun Cate yess ate A. vulgare

14a. Head with a small V-shaped notch in front,

and surpassed by the epistome, which ex-
tends some distance in front. Outer branch
of uropoda posteriorly rounded..........
one ait hae tap eds bes: A. quadrifrons

with those of the British Columbia specimens.
The abundance of this form in northern British
Columbia and the apparent absence of any other
Species is strong evidence of its identity with
L. tenue, which comes from Alaska. On the other
hand the more detailed descriptions and figures of
L. gracile, which comes from California, fit our
species admirably, so that I feel confident that
L. tenue and L. gracile are synonymous, the latter
name having priority. L. gracile has been re-
cently recorded from Departure Bay by Fee
(loc. cit.).

In order to minimize further difficulties in the
study of western material in this genus and to
give definitely the characters of the species to
which our records belong I have drawn the
figures in the accompanying plate. They will
also serve to bring out the differences between this
species and the eastern L. longicaudatum.

3. Ligidium longicaudatum Stoller.

De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., July 26,
1915, a few specimens under wet pebbles at
edge of small stream; Aug., 1915, a single speci-
men in wet moss in swamp; Sept 2, 1927, 7 young
Near
Richmond Hill, Ont., April 23-May 7, 1927,
numerous under dead leaves and rubbish in per-
manently wet spots in a wood, on rich black
humus; Credit River, Ont., near the Dundas
highway, Oct. 19, 1926, common on a springy
bank in a wood.

These specimens agree with Stoller’s descrip-
tion of L. longicaudatum, the only species authen-
tically known from eastern North America
(Schenectady, N.Y.), since the American records
of L. hypnorum have been discredited by Budde-
Lund.

Stoller’s figure, however, is not a satisfactory
representation of the species which we have
found. The specimen drawn was evidently con-
tracted and the antennae appear somewhat too
long, though they do vary considerably in length.

This is probably the species to which the record
of L. hypnorum from Niagara belongs. We

%

November, 1927]

believe it to be probably the only Ligidium in
eastern Canada, if not in eastern North America.

L. longicaudatum differs from L. gracile in the
somewhat broader form of the body with a shorter
abdomen, longer antennae, larger and rounder
eyes and longer inner branch of the uropoda,
which is furnished with relatively shorter setae.

These two species of Ligidiwm inhabit similar
situations, being apparently most at home in
very wet places in woods. L. longicaudatum
seems to be local. The only spots where I have
found it abundantly are permanently wet from
the presence of springs, but, on account of the
slope of the land, are never flooded. I believe
that such conditions are probably essential in
the habitat of L. longicaudatum.

4. Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt.

St. Andrews, N.B., July 12, 1923, 8 specimens;
Humber Valley, Toronto, April 8, June 2, 1927,
abundant; near De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe,
Ont., June, 1927, abundant.

This small species was fairly common at St.
Andrews under stones in the bed of a small forest
stream which had nearly dried up. In the Hum-
ber Valley it is abundant under leaves and rub-
bish in damp spots in the woods, particularly
in the rich black humus at the foot of the slopes.
At Lake Simcoe it is also locally abundant under
damp logs in the woods close to the margin of a
creek and on the lake beach nearby. It is usually
numerous when it occurs and moves with con-
siderable rapidity.

Richardson records T. pusillus from North
America but mentions no definite localities.

5. Trichoniscus papillicornis Richardson.

This species, originally described from a single
specimen taken at Seldovia, Cook Inlet, Alaska,
has recently been recorded by Fee (loc. cit.)
from Hammond Bay, B.C., where a single indi-
vidual was taken from a tide-pool.

6. Oniscus asellus Linnaeus.

Toroito, Ont., April-November;
ford, Que., July 18, 1927.

I first noticed this species at Toronto about
12 years ago in one of the Rosedale ravines.
Since then it has become common in the city
in gardens and sometimes in cellars. It appears
to be restricted to the environs of the city and I
believe that it has been introduced into this
locality within comparatively recent years. At
Hemmingford I found it under stones and boards
in a yard where there was a large refuse heap.

Hemming-

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

177

Richardson records it also from Niagara,
Ross? from London and Johansen from Quebec
city. It is also reported from Newfoundland and
Greenland and is widely distributed in HKurope
and the eastern United States.

7. Metoponorthus pruinosus (Brandt).

De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., August
1924. A few specimens were found in a manure
pile, together with Porcellio rathkei. I have not
succeeded in finding it again.

This is the first Canadian record of this species,
although it is widely distributed in other parts
of the world.

8. Porcellio scaber Latreille.

St. Andrews, N.B., July 1923, under driftwood
and logs on the sea-shore; Belleville, Ont., June
24, 1927, five specimens (J. L. Hart); near
Toronto, Ont., April 17, 1927, one specimen;
Long Point, Lake Erie, Ont., under bark and logs
along the edge of marshes near the beach; De-
parture Bay, Vancouver Island, B.C., common;
Victoria, B.C., common (Norma Ford).

This is the common wood-louse on the coast
region of British Columbia, but I did not find it
at Prince Rupert, where I spent three weeks
during June, 1926. Dr. Norma Ford, who col-
lected it at Victoria, found several specimens of
the spotted form (var. marmorata). None of this
form are represented in a long series from Long
Point, Ont.

This species has been recorded from various
other localities on both the east and west coast
of Canada (vide Johansen, l.c.) and seems to be
mainly a maritime species in this country. It is
apparently rare at Toronto, north of which I have
never found it.

10. Porcellio rathkei Brandt.

Generally distributed in the settled parts of the
eastern provinces. Sydney, N.S., July 238, 1914;
St. Andrews, N.B., June-July, 1923; Campobello
Island, N.B., July 7, 1923; Quebec; Montreal;
Covey Hill and Hemmingford, Que., July 17, 18,
1927; Eastman, Que., July 20, 1927; Belleville,
Ont., June 24, 1927, (J. L. Hart); Toronto,
throughout the year, Credit River, Aug. 22, 1926;
Long Point, Lake Erie, Ont., June, 1927, very
abundant; De Grassi Point and Barrie, Lake
Simcoe, abundant; Galt, Ont., (M. Pettigrew);
Camperdown, Ont., (Norma Ford); Sparrow
Lake (J. L. Hart); Brockville, July 24, 1927;
Ottawa (Johansen).

This very variable species is the common wood-
louse of the east ‘and greatly outnumbers all

5 Ross, W. A., Report on Insects of the Year, Div. No. 7,
Niagara District, 44th Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc., Ont., 1914,

pp. 23-25.

178

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

@ Figs.%1 to 5, Ligidium gracile (Stimpson).
1, adult female; 2, right lateral view of head;
3, ventral view of distal part of mandibles; 4,
left uropod; 5, male gonostyle.

Figs. 6 to 10, Ligidium longicaudatum Stoller.
6, adult female; 7, right lateral view of head;
8, ventral view of distal part of mandibles; 9,
left uropod; 10, male gonostyle.

[VoL. XLI

November, 1927]

other species taken together. It is abundant
under damp boards, logs, stones and decaying
leaves, in rotten wood, refuse and manure piles,
in woods as well as in gardens and fields. It is
frequently absent, however, in dense forests and
appears to be confined to the more or less settled
districts. I failed to find it in the Lake Nipigon
district, at Lake Abitibi and at Godbout, Que.,
on the north shore of the lower St. Lawrence.
I am inclined to the belief already expressed,
that it is, like most of our wood-lice, an introduced
species.

11. Porcellio spinicornis Say.

Hemmingford, Que., July 18, 1927, a few speci-
mens under rubbish and boards in a yard; Belle-
ville, Ont., June 24, 1927 (J. L. Hart); Toronto,
Ont., May 24, 1921 (Stuart Thompson); Parkdale,
Toronto, under bricks in a yard (Norma Ford);
Humber Valley, May 22-27, 1927, under limestone
blocks in the shade of bushes, very local. Also
recorded from Niagara by Stuxberg, and Rock-
cliffe, Ont., by Johansen.

This distinctly marked species is apparently
not rare, although decidedly local.

12. Cylisticus convexus (De Geer).

Hemmingeford, Que., July 12, 1927; Brockville,
Ont., July 24, 1927; Belleville, Ont., June 24,
1927 (J. L. Hart); Toronto ,Ont., May-Nov. 29,
Humber Valley, May 27, 1927, abundant;
De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, June-Aug., 1927;
Long Point, Lake Erie, Ont., June 2-9, 1927
(S. Logier, EM.W.).

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

179

Next to Porcellio rathkei this is the commonest
of the larger wood-lice in eastern Canada and is
widely distributed, although very much more local
than the last-named species. It is found under
wood and stones, often in comparatively dry
situations, where it may be quite abundant, but
it also occurs in rotten logs, in refuse-heaps and in
vegetable gardens, in both urban and sylvan
localities. It is our only outdoor species which
can roll itself into a ball.

13. Armadillidium vulgare (Latr.).

Toronto, April 24, 1927, in kitchen sink, per-
haps introduced with vegetables; in greenhouse
of University Botanical Department, and out-
side in vicinity of same; one dead specimen
found on outside stone steps of Library Building.
Professor A. B. Klugh tells me has taken it in
greenhouses at Kingston. It has also been re-
ported by Ross (1.c.) as a troublesome species in
greenhouses at London, Ont.

This species is evidently not a native of Canada
and is apparently only accidentally found out-
side of greenhouses or their immediate vicinity.
It is another of the species miscalled ‘“‘world-
wide”’ by Richardson.

14. Armadillidium quadrifrons Stoller.

Reported by Ross from greenhouses at London,
Ont., where it was associated with A. vulgare and
Oniscus asellus. Also recorded from greenhouses
at Schenectady, N.Y., by Richardson.

A TALE OF FOUR CROWS
By NORMAN CRIDDLE, Treesbank, Manitoba.

3 wish it to be understood at the outset

5

that this tale is not a contentious one.
Whether crows are wise or foolish, harm-
ful or useful are questions which may
safely be left for others to decide. For myself I
am content. in the words of Kipling to “Let a
plain tale suffice.”

On June 19, 1926, a neighbour called up over
the telephone to offer us four nestling crows.
A consultation at the laboratory resulted in
Mr. R. M. White, a fellow worker, fetching the
birds home and thereafter he and I took charge
of them.

What wretched little objects those orphans were
that first evening. They had been roughly poked
from their nest with a pole and as suddenly found
themselves in the clutches of their arch-enemy—

man. Perhaps, under the circumstances, it was

no wonder that they crouched with fear or that
apprehension was depicted in their every glance.

Fear still lurked in their eyes when I went to
feed them next morning and it was necessary to
pry their beaks open in order to get the food in.
They ate, however, when once it was in their
mouths, and one more bold than the rest uttered
a faint squawk of satisfaction. A second attempt
to feed them later on proved that they were still
bent on a hunger strike but this was not so
stubbornly maintained as before and the gurgling
sound which accompanied the swallowing of food
was less subdued than formerly and more indi-
cative of satisfaction. But oh! what a change
was manifested an hour later. Then four gaping
mouths and a chorus of harsh cries enthusiastic-
ally greeted my approach and for a time the
birds could not be fed fast enough to satisfy their

180

requirements. Much of the fear of man was now
gone and thereafter we had four of the most
interesting pets that it has ever fallen to my lot
to rear.

We named our new charges Satan, Imp, Demon
and Hoppy, the three first because they conformed
to the average citizen’s belief in crow characters,
the last because of a broken leg which the bird
had sustained when rudely poked from its nest.
At first we tied coloured string to the leg of each
as a mark of recognition, later their characters
became sufficiently distinctive to dispense with
these, though all were eventually banded.

When first obtained our new pets were scarcely
half grown and their large heads combined with
very short tails did not exactly suggest either
good looks or activity, yet within two days Satan
had managed to climb on the edge of his * cage
and in less than a week he had flown to a fence
rail some 20 feet away but being unable to stop
when he got there he landed rather ignominiously
on the ground beyond.: Demon, steadier in
temperament, was a day behind his venture-
some companion in leaving home and poor Hoppy,
being lame, was the last to do so.

Before long the obvious desire of the youngsters
to roost amid the trees was acceded to, though
we had some misgivings the first night whether
they would return to the feeding place, but this
fear proved to be groundless for on going down
to the laboratory at five o’clock next morning,
all were found collected around the old cage and
my approach was greeted with the utmost en-
thusiasm. The habit of retiring to the trees at
sunset and returning at sunrise to the feeding
ground, now became a regular custom. The
birds had also become quite reconciled to their
new surroundings and were now almost as often
on our heads or shoulders as on any other perch.
It was soon after this period of their upbringing
that an incident arose which completely changed
the disposition of Imp. One morning a large
band of adult crows were returning from mobbing
an owl and spying Imp proceeded to give him a
severe lecture on what we imagined to be the
iniquities of man. At all events, the youngster
got on the ground among them and whether they
tried to pick him up or merely to punish him is
unknown but he had blood upon his head when
rescued and evidently was thoroughly frightened.
He never afterwards seemed to have the same
confidence in us, for while he still came to be fed
and occasionally perched on our heads he did so

* J have used the masculine gender in referring to the
crows, not because we could distinguish the sexes but for
the sake of convenience. In reality, it is probable that at
least one of them was a female.

THE CANADIAN FIEDL-NATURALIST

VoL. XLI

with far less assurance and as time went on he
grew more suspicious and less tame.

The cries of old crows were always heeded by
the juveniles and even in the midst of feeding,
a warning call from one of the two adults around
the barn yard would immediately cause them to
stop and frequently induce a hasty retreat amid
the trees.

Searcely a week had passed from the time they
were captured before these young crows began to
carry bits of straw, chips and bark and before
long they were devoting much time to hiding all
sorts of objects. These, at first, were merely
shoved out of sight but later on the birds exer-
cised much greater care in their secretion. Berries
formed the principal articles used in this pastime,
especially the brightly coloured kinds. The crows
would fill their beaks and throats with as many
as they could hold and then proceed to store them
in some convenient hiding-place. This might be
under a clump of grass, down a hole or amid our
clothing. Demon, in particular, always had an
eye for a human subject on which to play his
pranks; a favourite trick of his was to fly on my
arm, partly pull out my pocket handkerchief,
empty his throat full of berries into the pocket and
then carefully shove the handkerchief back into
place on top of them. The impishness with which
he looked up into my face when he had accom-
plished this feat, is beyond description. At other
times the objects to be disposed of were shoved
down our necks. Perhaps the height of this form
of amusement was attained one evening when
Demon, who had been busily engaged tearing
a mouse to bits, suddenly flew with the remnants
on to the shoulder of my friend, J. B. Wallis,
and proceeded to hide the rodent down our
visitor’s neck.

The practice of hiding things seemed at first
to be a mere idle pastime but as the birds grew
older and began to feed themselves, the storing
of food appeared to have more purpose in it.
Moreover the birds were now much more metho-
dical in going about the work; for whereas they
at first, simply shoved an object out of sight they
now covered it carefully with material which
might be gathered some feet away, or, if it was
hidden beneath a plant the leaves were carefully
drawn down so that no portion of it remained
visible.

It naturally became of importance to discover
how much of this hidden food was recovered and
with that object in view I made careful note of
several of the birds caches; as a result I observed
several times the bird’s return to the hidden
morsels. Imp, on one occasion was noted to
return and eat some bread which he had hidden

November, 1927]

approximately seven hours before, on another
occasion Satan uncovered a bit of meat hidden
four hours before. while Demon became thoroughly
mystified at not being able to find a previously
concealed morsel; not knowing, as I did, that one
of his companions had stolen it. These are but
three examples of many which we observed and
since they fully coincide with observations which
were made on the habits of adult crows they leave
no doubt in my mind that food is hidden with a
view to its ultimate recovery.

The love of destructiveness seems to be a domi-
nant character and in this, as in several other
habits, young crows strongly remind one of
young puppies. Brightly coloured flowers nearly
always attract them and because of this it became
almost impossible for any length of time, to wear
one in my buttonhole. On spying such a flower
one of the birds would immediately fly on my
shoulder and then either pull the blossom to bits
or stow it away in my pocket.

One great delight in early life was to destroy
the garden flowers and the more we attempted
to preserve a certain plant the greater would be
the bird’s efforts to secure it. Once, in particular,
Mr. White tried to guard a flower of rarity which
Demon as persistently sought to destroy. The
trial of perserverance was a long one but event-
ually the bird flew to another part of the garden
and Mr. White satisfied with apparent victory,
returned to the laboratory. He had hardly done
so, however, before the bird was back on the spot
where it speedily completed the work of destruc-
tion. We eventually taught these crows that
they were not to pull the flowers up and a warning
after this was usually sufficient to prevent further
molestation, but they frequently looked up into
our faces when so warned as if attempting to
gauge whether it was safe to disobey. Demon
would utter a short ery of objection at times that
was quite human in its suggestiveness.

On June 27, on being provided with a pan of
water, one of the crows dipped his beak in it
and at once flapped his wings in imitation of
bathing. Shortly afterwards all were induced
to approach the water the result being a thorough
wash all round. From this it is evident that
washing is an instinctive act because it is certain
that these birds had never seen sufficient water
to bathe in before. It was seldom after this that
they did not wash at least twice daily and before
long they had learned to utilize the bird-trough
where bathing and playing in the water became
a regular pastime.

For pure innocent mischief it is difficult to
imagine any living creature more adept than
young crows, there is much of playfulness as well

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

181

as a gentleness in this which strongly recalls the
actions of young puppies. Demon, for instance,
would look up suddenly from some piece of mis-
chief, fly to my shoulder and with an indescrib-
able worrying note proceed to pinch my ear,
not hard, but with the obvious object of having
alittle bit of fun. At another time he would run
his beak through my hair, or hopping on my head
do his best to dislodge the button from my cap.
This button was always an object of attraction
and each bird at different times had tried to re-
move it; this after many efforts they finally
succeeded in doing. Another little trick of which
they were very fond was to pull the cap off my
head but as the attempt was often made with a
bird standing upon it the result was that both
fell off together. Just once in a while a crow
standing on my head would strike me with two
or three quick hard blows, on being told to stop
it would usually do so, but once Demon hearing
the command mischievously gazed over the side
of the cap and then returned to see what the
effect of a few more blows would be.

The power of flight brought many new joys
to the possessors. One could see that the birds
revelled in the new freedom. All sorts of tricks
were performed and any living object from a
swallow to a chicken was chased. To a casual
observer this flying after other birds might easily
have brought condemnation on the pursuer but
as a matter of fact these crows were incapable
at that time of killing even a mouse and we easily
saw that the chasing was done for amusement.
To see a half grown chick running in fright was
evidently a source of joy but when one more bold
than the rest turned at bay the chaser would stop
as if recognising that there was no more fun to be
got in that direction. On one occasion Satan on
flying after some chickens suddenly found himself
confronted by the formidable head of the flock
and for once in his life he discovered what it was
to be chased. A comedy that was repeated many
times consisted of one of the crows getting on
the top of our Tree Swallow nesting-box, where-
upon the owners would dart at it in quick suc-
cession, passing the crow’s head like a flash. This
the intruder stood as long as he could, uttering
angry cries and attempting to bite at his tormen-
tors, but the scene invariably terminated by the
crow either dropping to the ground or beating a
hasty retreat.

Our pets had now learned to recognise us at a
distance, they had also a very good idea of where
we spent the night. The result was that they
nearly always flew to meet us as we left the house
and with cries of hunger, rode on our backs to the
feeding ground. They also began to follow us

182

during our excursions to nearby fields and often
alighted on our heads at the most unexpected
moments.

Evening, above all other times, was when
our crows were most inclined to be sociable and
seldom a day passed that we did not at that time
have them in our company. It was on one
of these evenings that Satan in great alarm flew
into my arms and I discovered that he had in-
advertently got into a swarm of ants and that
they were savagely biting him. The quiet-
ness with which he permitted me to remove
the ants seemed clearly to indicate that he had
purposely flown to me for aid.

There could hardly have been greater differences
in character than those exhibited in these four
crows. Imp though worthy of his name, was
always distrustful and became more so as he ad-
vanced in age. Satan was of a nervous tempera-
ment and easily frightened but apart from that

distinctly companionable. Hoppy, always at a
disadvantage due to a badly set leg, was not as
mischievous as Demon but he relied more on our
protection and showed less inclination to leave us.
Demon was always sociable and he had a far
greater faculty for learning. He would come
when called by name, stop in the midst of some
mischief when admonished and rub his beak or
head against our faces as much as to say “‘We are
really friends.”’ Which indeed we were. Poor
Demon! He left us with a flock of companions
in late August and was shot at Pond Creek,
Oklahoma on January 15, 1927. Thus with apol-
ogies to Shakespeare we might say; The evil
that crows do lives after them, the good is oft
interred with their bones. So iet it be with
Demon.

These crows, among ourselves, were always very
companionable and they usually remained in close
company. Occasionally a small squabble would
occur, as a rule over some morsel of food or a
plaything, but it was seldom even under extreme
circumstances that a beak was used viciously.
On such an event occurring, however, the de-
fender quickly called for quarter, quite often
throwing itself on its back. These little fights
seldom lasted more than a few seconds and the
contenders were always the best of friends as soon
as the point at issue had been settled.

We could never induce the birds to talk nor
to attempt to utter the simplest words. All,
however, indulged in a series of guttural notes
which were continued without intermission for
several minutes. These could be interpreted as
efforts of singing, or talking, but to me their
origin seemed very similar in construction to the
meaningless noises made by children. Each of

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

the birds uttered a similar series of notes and I
have frequently heard wild crows engaged in like
manner.

The food which these nestlings found most
palatable consisted of a mixture of bread, and
raw meat, steeped in water. This was fed to
them with a spoon and it was administered so
long as they opened their beaks for its reception.
Having satisfied their appetites the birds usually
flew into the trees where they remained until
hunger suggested more food when they flew to the
door-step of the laboratory and called lustily to
be fed.

Grasshoppers, cutworms and other soft-bodied
creatures were all relished provided they were
motionless but the birds flatly refused to eat
these when they wiggled. By weighing the food
we discovered that the average daily amount
consumed by all four consisted of approximately
26 ounces but if more food was taken on one day
the birds would require less the next. ‘

On one occasion we endeavoured to discover
the birds’ daily capacity for cutworms, but after
five hours during which time they ate 552, we
gave up the attempt owing to lack of material.
On another day two were selected for an experi-
ment with white grubs (Phyllophaga sp.) but again
we ran out of insects after the birds had con-
sumed 121 in about the same time as on the pre-
vious occasion.

-The desire to drink did not become a regular
habit until the birds had also learned to feed
themselves. This doubtless explains why nest-
lings will not eat dry food and it also accounts
for the habit which the parents have of moistening
much of the food in water before serving it to their
offspring.

Early in August our birds began to forage ex-
tensively for themselves and it was then that
several ripe tomatoes and a few melons were
destroyed, partly I suspect, in a spirit of investiga-
tion—or was it sheer mischief{?— though the former
at least were partly utilised as food: Some
bitter aloes placed on the semi-eaten fruit ap-
parently acted as a sufficient deterrent.

From an examination of disgorged pellets we
learned that two fruits, Choke-cherry and Dog-
wood, formed at that time a large portion of the
food, wheat also had been taken in some quantity
and immature corn evidently formed an item that
was much relished.

The habit of ejecting pellets of undigested seeds
combined with that of hiding others, must be an
important factor in the dispersal of these and
there is no question that many an isolated clump
of wild fruit trees owes its origin to crows.

November, 1927]

The disgorging of pellets comes on quite sud-
denly and without any conscious effort on the
part of the bird. On such occasions a crow might
be in the midst of some activity when it would all
at once become quiet, blink its eyes, or perhaps
close them as if in sleep. There was an obvious
lack of attention to surroundings amounting al-
most to unconsciousness which was observable
at no other time. The process only required a
minute or two and the bird became immediately
active on its completion. I have known three
pellets to be ejected in quick succession.

It may be mentioned here that crows suffer
from several parasites and at times a disease,
during the summer months, carries them off in
numbers. Two pests were found to trouble our
birds, the most important being a species of louse
which we controlled with Pyrethrum powder.
The second was a black-fly (Samulin forbesi Mall.)
which burrowed in between the feathers and
sucked the birds’ blood.

Perhaps a word might be said here as to whether
young crows—and this applies to other birds as
well—are taught by their parents and if so to
what extent. We all know that barnyard fowls,
when brought up by foster parents, while in-
variably uttering the notes characteristic of their
kind, do learn to recognise the cries of their
guardians and the latter likewise, to understand
theirs. .

Crows can undoubtedly be taught many small
things but when it comes to major characters
these are all instinctive. I am convinced, for
instance, that the cries of warning and their recog-
nition are part of the birds’ inheritance and I
believe this applies to all other cries. The idea
often expressed, that birds suffer because they
have not been taught by their parents to fear,
is to say the least exaggerated. Unnatural con-
fidence can, of course be installed by artificial
surroundings which would be prevented by natural
ones but these conditions can be brought about
quite apart from the parents teaching. The
following illustration will indicate what I mean:

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

183

On one occasion, soon after learning to fly,
our crows spied a collie dog which they had never
seen before. They immediately became violently
alarmed, uttered loud cries of warning and hastily
flew into the neighbouring trees. The incident is
all the more striking from the fact that the two
semi-tame crows frequenting the barnyard, were
not at all concerned with the dog’s movements.
The fear and alarm cries of the young birds were
therefore wholly voluntary. Experience, on the
other hand, taught them that the dog was harm-
less and by degrees they became less afraid of him.

It is highly probable, too, that these young
crows had never been taught to fear hawks, yet
they kept up an incessant watch for them invari-
ably stopping in their occupation when one was
seen and remaining motionless until the suspected
enemy had disappeared in the distance.

As autumn advanced our crows remained more
and more often away from home and it was
evident that they were now mixing with the
larger flocks frequenting the nearby territory.
Late August is the time when most young crows
leave their parents and it was perhaps natural
that our pets, which doubtless looked upon us
somewhat in the light of parents should separate
themselves from us at that time. Imp was the
first to depart, he left on August 27. Satan and
Demon vanished on September 5 and Hoppy on
the sixth. The last named, however, returned
on September 10. He was less tame than for-
merly and seemed very much excited. He per-
mitted me to stroke him and repeatedly perched
on my head. He soon flew to the accustomed
feeding place and took a meal out of the old can.
He remained with us on and off until September
17, then after the usual breakfast, he rose into the
air and with a few parting calls, moved off in a
south-westerly direction.

We had hoped that at least one of the birds
would return the following spring but this was
not to be and to date, with the exception of Demon
we have never heard again of our pets.

THE LOVE SONG AND FLIGHT OF THE WOODCOCK Philohela minor .
By HENRY MOUSLEY.

OSSIBLY, the most recent literature on
iP this subject appears in the March
GNP) number of the “Wilson Bulletin,” for
we 1927, and in the “Birds of Massachusetts
and other New England States,” 1925, by Mr.
Forbush. In the former, Mr. Loring W. Turrell
recounts his experience, and in the latter, those of
Mr. Harry Higbee and Mr. James MacKaye are

given, all of which differ as to the tine occupied
by the birds from first “‘taking off,” to the first
“peent” after their return to earth. In the first
named account, Mr. Turrell says one minute or
less.

Mr. MacKaye says that the average of ten flights
by two different birds was 1 minute 15 seconds,
whilst Mr. Higbee contents himself by saying

184

that the time ‘“‘seemed”’ to be about five minutes!

It was this variation in time, coupled with the
further field of investigation the subject seemed
to offer, that once more drew my attention to
the matter, having had very little opportunity
when residing at Hatley (as already recorded in
my various papers on the “Birds of Hatley,”
Auk, vols. XXXIII-XLIV, 1916-27), of wit-
nessing these evening serenades of the Wood-
cock, owing to the scarcity of the birds in those
parts, where formerly they had been more plenti-
ful. Here, in Montreal, however, matters have
been very different, owing to the ideal conditions
existing within a short radius of the city, where
young second growths—more especially of bireh—
are prevalent, affording the birds ideal nesting
grounds. No more inspiring spectacle can be
witnessed than this love song and flight of the
Woodcock. when in the dusk of evening, in ever
diminishing spirals, the bird ascends to a height
of some two or three hundred feet, at first, with
vibrant whistling sound or notes, changing later
to twittering ones before reaching the summit of
its flight, and yet again, to those clear, liquid,
gushing notes—the love song proper—as the bird
volplanes to earth in great sweeps, dropping
suddenly at the last—when all sound ceases—
to usually within a few yards of the place from
which it had arisen, to commence once again,
those strange nasal “‘peents,”’ always the prelude
to another aerial flight.

From the accounts already quoted, the greatest
number of times the bird calls whilst on the
ground, is given as forty only, but this may be
due to the fact of the observers not being on the
ground—which is not clear—when the perfor-
mances first commenced, which was the case in
my observations, the first of which took place on
April 16, 1927, near St. Lambert, on the south
shore of the St. Lawrence River. The bird in
this instance first left the ground at 7.15 p.m.
standard time, after having given the “peent”’
notes 154 times! Previous to the second flight,
they were rendered 41 times, but the bird did
not ascend, merely flying over our heads—there
was a party of us—when no doubt we were de-
tected, the moon being at its “full” at the time.
This ended my first experience, the bird not
rising again during our stay on the ground.
Better luck, however, attended us the following

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

{VoL. XLI

evening at Chambly Canton, some fifteen miles
further south of St. Lambert. Here the bird
rose at 7.10 p.m., after having given the ‘‘peent”’
notes 139 times, following this up with eight
further flights, the average number of ‘“‘peent?’
notes each time, before rising, being 138. The
longest time the bird was in the air, was 48 seconds,
and the shortest, 40 seconds, the average coming
out as 43 seconds the moon again of course being
at its “full.” On one occasion the female flew
near her mate, when he immediately took wing
and followed her. My third, and last experience
was again near St. Lambert, on May 21 the bird
on this occasion rising at 7.43 p.m., after having
given its ‘“‘peent’’ notes 128 times the time oc-
cupied rendering them being 13 minutes or an
average of 10 to the minute. Following this
initial flight, were twelve others with an average
of 15 “‘peents’—the least 3, the greatest 34—
each time before rising the average time in the
air of each flight occupying 49 seconds, the short-
est being 45, and the longest 55 seconds—before
the bird again reached the ground. The moon
on this occasion was near the middle of the last
quarter. JI have mentioned these phases of the
moon because I think they may have a good
deal to do with the number of ‘‘peent’’ notes the
bird utters on the ground, before rising for the
initial flight, a dusky evening inducing an early
ascent and consequently, a less number of these
strange notes, whilst a bright, clear evening,
would prolong them, the bird delaying its ascent
until twilight should appear. a thing far off on
such nights, so that at last, perforce, it has to
ascend. What comfort we derive from these
surmises and deductions of the actions of birds
when, perhaps, more often than not, they are very
wide of the mark! However, so far as I am aware,
no such number of these ‘‘peent’’ notes have ever
before been recorded. Summing up my ex-
periences then, the number of these notes may
vary from 3, to 154, the time uttering them
lasting from 19 seconds, to 16 minutes, whilst,
the number of flights each evening ranged from
9, to 18, the birds remaining in the air from 43
to 55 seconds, a great contrast to Mr. Higbee’s
“seeming” five minutes.

® Tn conclusion, my best thanks are due to those
kind friends who shared in my vigils, and helped
in checking the records.

November, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

185

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

A BLANDING’S TURTLE LAys ITs Eces.—On
the evening of July seventeenth at Camp Tee-
tonkah, Port Maitland, Ontario, a Blanding’s
Turtle (Emys blandingii) began at seven thirty
p.m. preparations for laying its eggs. It chose a
sand hill about ten feet above the level of the
Feeder to the old Welland Canal which is in-
habited by turtles of this species. The hill was
about a half mile from the Feeder.

It planted its fore feet in the sand and with its
hind feet, using them alternately, gradually
hollowed out a hole. The hole at first was only
the width of its foot, about an inch wide. It
would put its left foot in, scrape around the in-
side of the hole, then lift out the sand turning its
foot sideways in the form of a scoop. Now it
would put its right foot in and repeat the action.
Counting slowly, it took between twelve and
fifteen counts from the time it placed its foot in
the hole until it took it out again. The hole
gradually became bigger until it measured five
inches in depth, two inches wide at the top and
four inches wide at the bottom.

The turtle didn’t seem to mind company.
From the time it began to dig until it finished
laying its eggs there was an average of ten boys
watching the performance. The boys, including
myself, were lying face down within a foot of the
turtle’s tail.

While digging the last part of its hole it put
so much energy into the work that its jaws clicked
under the strain.

At eight twenty p.m. it stopped digging and
rested with its right foot in the hole.

At eight twenty-six, after a great deal of
exertion, it laid its first egg. At eight twenty-
eight the second, at eight thirty the third, eight
thirty-one and a half the fourth, eight thirty-
three the fifth.

At eight thirty-eight it changed its feet, putting
its left hind foot in the hole. It used the foot in
the hole to move the eggs into position so that
the others could be placed deeper.

At eight thirty-eight and a half it laid its sixth
egg. At eight forty its seventh, at eight forty-
three and a half its eighth, at eight forty-five and
a half its ninth, at eight forty-seven and a half
its tenth egg.

Again at eight fifty-one and a half it changed
its egg-placing foot.

At eight fifty-three and a quarter it laid its
eleventh and last egg.

After taking a rest of three-quarters of a minute
it began to slowly scrape sand from the inside
of the hole on to the eggs, using its hind feet
alternately. Then it took both feet out of the

hole and began scraping sand into it with them,
alternately. When it had got some in, it
would pack it down and then put more in and
pack that down until it finally had the hole filled
up and the sand well packed. The last egg was
three inches below the surface of the sand. The
turtle required one hour and thirty-nine minutes
to satisfy itself that the eggs were safely stowed
away. It very very slowly moved away from the
nest, packing the sand as it moved.

At ten twenty-three p.m. it crawled away
toward the Feeder.

During the whole process it never once saw the
hole it dug nor the eggs it laid.

It rested five times while packing the eggs.—
J. ROLAND BROWN.

BLUE GEESE IN ESSEX COUNTY, ONTARIO.—
Three Blue Geese visited the Miner Sanctuary
on November 18, 1927. These were the first
birds of this species to be seen in this vicinity in the
fall, so far as I am aware.—MANLY F’. MINER.

REGARDING JACK MINER’S CROW TRAP.—
Jack Miner’s Crow Trap has proven a success
here on the Jack Miner Bird Sanctuary. As we
have nothing to sell or commercialize here on the
sanctuary, we have given full plans and specifica-
tions of crow trap to the United States govern-
ment, and all parties interested enough to the
extent of building and erecting one, can get blue
prints FREE OF CHARGE upon making appli-
cation for same to the Biological Survey, Dept.
of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., to whom we
gave full information, and they have made blue
prints to distribute free to all interested parties.
We caught as high as 510 crows in crow trap in
one catch.—MANLY F. MINER.

OCCURRENCE OF KUMLIEN’S GULL AND THE
ICELAND GULL AT THE ISLAND OF ANTICOSTI,
QUEBEC.—On the afternoon of May 21, 1927,
the steamship Nayarit, on which I was a pas-
senger, spent about an hour at anchor in Ellis
Bay, Anticosti, Quebec. The day was fine, with
bright sunshine. Many Gulls were flying about,
or resting on the water near the ship, and, as it
was easily seen that there were several different
species among them, I studied them carefully.
In order to obtain as good views of them as pos-
sible through my binoculars of X6 power, I
procured some stale bread from the accommodat-
ing cook on the ship, and threw pieces of this
bread on to the water from time to time from the
overhanging stern. Transfer of passengers,
mails, and freight was taking place well forward

186

on the ship, and had attracted to that vicinity
all the deck idlers except myself, so that when
the Gulls flew close about the stern or alighted
on the water beside it, or even under it, to pick
up bits of bread, they found the immediate vicin-
ity quiet, and, unalarmed, came very close to me,
usually below the level of my eye. Because of
these unusual conditions of observation, I was
able to observe their appearance in great detail,
both when they were flying and when they were
floating on the water. By husbanding my supply
of bread, and throwing out a small piece at a time,
I was able to have the same birds pass again and
again before and below me, as if in repeated
review, so that features that were not clearly
noted in one observation could be re-examined
until a satisfactory description of them had been
recorded.

About 20 Herring Gulls and 3 Ring-billed
Gulls were easily identified, but there were with
them some 10 Gulls without black on their wings
that were more difficult to make out with cer-
tainty. Some of them were seen to be in immature
plumage, and hope of identifying these specifically
by sight examination was given up. Two birds
that appeared to be in mature plumage, with
clear pearly mantles, and with no dark markings
on the wings, were compared carefully with the
Herring Gulls, and were seen to be of practically
the same size, but with smaller yellow beaks,
each of which had a distinct dark band just back
of the tip. These were considered to be Iceland
Gulls. This species has been recorded from Anti-
costi in autumn and winter by Schmitt,* but
apparently this is the first record of it there in
spring.

Two other Gulls were studied even longer than
the Iceland Gulls. They were similar in size
to the Iceland Gulls, and, like them, they had the
pearly mantles of maturity. Their beaks were
smaller than those of the Herring Gulls. One
bird’s beak was clear yellow, with no dark or
red mark visible. The other bird’s beak was
chiefly yellow, but showed a dark mark on the
lower mandible just back of the tip. The feet
of these birds were flesh color. Their outspread
wings, as they flew below me, showed on each of
the four outer primaries an area on the outer web
that was dark, but not black, and that did not
extend to the tip of the feather, which was white
in each case. The dark markings were somewhat
more pronounced on the bird with the clear
yellow bill than on the other bird.

Of course, I suspected that these two birds
were Kumlien’s Gulls, but I had had no previous
acquaintance with that species, and did not at

*Monographie de l’Ile d’Anticosti. Paris, 1904, p. 292.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

([VoL. XLI -

the moment recall the exact nature of its primary-
pattern. My ornithological text-books were not
available, as those that I was taking with me on
this trip were in my baggage, in the hold of the
steamer. So I looked at these Gulls with great
care, and wrote in my notebook, as I watched
them, all the details that I was able to observe.
Finally, I made in my notebook a sketch of one
of their wings, as it appeared outspread, so as to
supplement my written statements of the ap-
pearance and position of the dark areas on the
primaries.

When, a few days later, I was able to consult
Dr. Frank M. Chapman’s “‘Handbook of Birds of
Eastern North America,” and Mr. P. A. Taverner’s
“Birds of Eastern Canada,”’ my belief that these
two Gulls were Kumlien’s Gulls was further
strengthened by the correspondence between
their descriptions of that species and the notes
and sketch that I had made.

In September, after my return to Ottawa, I
showed my sketch to Mr. P. A. Taverner, without
telling him the story related above, and asked
him to what species of Gull belonged the wing
represented in the sketch. He answered at
once, ‘‘Kumlien’s.” Since then I have examined
specimens of Kumlien’s Gull in the ornitholozical
collection of the National Museum of Canada,
and have consulted additional descriptions of the
species in standard ornithological works. All
these investigations and comparisons lead only
to the one conclusion, namely, that the two Gulls
that I observed at Ellis Bay, Anticosti, and de-
scribed and sketched in the belief that they were
probably Kumlien’s Gulls were actually of that
species.

As there does not appear to be any previous
record of the presence of that species at Anticosti,
I feel justified in recording these events as the
first known occurrence of Kumlien’s Gull (Larus
kumlient) at Anticosti, Quebec.—HARRISON F.
LEwIs.

THE TUFTED TITMOUSE AT TORONTO.—The
long barren-looking stretch of sand that extends
from the eastern gap along the Toronto water
front has always been a source of interesting
observations, not only to the sportsmen of the
last generation but the bird-lovers of this. Many
rare records of shorebirds, birds of prey and song-
birds have been credited to this somewhat un-
inviting locality. This month another was
added—the occurrence of the Tufted Titmouse
(Baeolophus bicolor). This bird has been re-
corded at Point Pelee by Mr. W. E. Saunders
and within the last two or three years by Mr.

November, 1927]

Merriman at Hamilton but the following is the
first record of the bird’s occurrence at Toronto.

November 27, 1927, dawned dull and gloomy.
The previous night had been foggy and at 8 a.m.
it was raining. James L. Baillie and I started
out amid the rain questioning whether or not to
go afield on such an unpromising, not to say
disagreeable, morning. We arrived at the beach
to find the rain still falling, but as there seemed
to be some chance of the weather clearing up we
decided to stay and see our program through.
There had been one record of Richardson’s Owl
at Toronto this fall and, as the areas wooded with
willow and poplar along the lake-shore bed always
produced owls, we were hoping to add another
Richardson’s Owl record to the first.

The owl hunt could scarcely be called a success
to-day. We noted only one Long-eared and one
Snowy Owl all morning. No Saw-whets, no
Sereech, no Short-eared, no Barred and no
Great Horned Owls were seen, although all these
species have been seen at various times in this
locality. Nor did we add any Richardson’s
Owl records.

As we were searching amid the willow tangles
our attention was attracted by a couple of small
birds and a very unusual chickadee note. In-
stead of the normal ‘‘Chick a chick-a-dee-dee-dee”’
it might be written ‘‘Chick a chick a-quay-quay-
quay.” The first part was identical with the
note of the Black-capped Chickadee, the second
louder, harsher and more nasal. The next mo-
ment I realized I was looking at a bird which had
no black throat and Baillie who was also watching
the bird from a different angle called attention
to the fact that it wore a crest. There was no
doubt about its being the Tufted Titmouse.

The bird was very restless and active. It
changed perches several times and disappeared,
then reappeared, sat some 15 feet up in a slender
willow, paused long enough to permit us to see
its markings clearly, uttered its call, flew and
vanished again into the thicket. This was an
observation, which, though certain enough, was
all too brief to be satisfactory. We saw it clearly,
we knew what we had seen and now the bird was
gone.

Before us stretched many acres of leafless bush.
There was but one thing to do, work our way
through all this searching on every side for a
small restless, elusive bird. Shortly after, some
300 yards away, we heard the note of a flock of
Chickadees. This was promising at least, for it
seemed the Tufted Tit ought to be in their com-
pany, if relationship meant anything in nature.
As we approached the unmistakable note of the
Tit was again heard. We examined every

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

187

Chickadee and the few Kinglets around us, as
they moved amid the maze of twigs, for the bird
which had no black throat and a crest. We
found him—and he favoured us admirably. As
if aware of our eagerness he perched himself
about 8 feet above the ground and remained
quiet and often motionless, for nearly five minutes,
while we were 18 feet distant—as measured
later—studying him at leisure. We saw his
every marking clearly, even noticing a couple
of shreds of insect-food he had neglected to wipe
off his bill. Throughout this “interview” he
was silent except that twice he uttered a thin,
very high-pitched “‘see-see-see’’ which was barely
audible. I am unable to account for this long
duration of what was to us the most accommodat-
ing restfulness on his part.

Suddenly, as though waking frofh sleep, he
took after the vanishing Chickadees and, as we
followed, we disturbed a Long-eared Owl—and
decided it worth trying for a better view. In
searching for the owl we became separated so
that some 20 minutes later, when alone, I found
probably the same flock of Chickadees. I looked
for the Tit at once. Here he was, quite at home
as I expected. I called Baillie and together we
had an interesting observation which lasted
some time and extended over several hundred
yards of ground. This time the bird moved fre-
quently, of but remained more or less connected
with the Chickadee flock—in the flock but not
of it, as it were. He often broke away from
them, flying ahead to a chosen tree, then working
back till he found himself among them again, or
lingering behind as they moved on. We followed
him in all these movements, moving quickly, then
leisurely, keeping him in sight all the while. He
was not a shy bird for we were often within a few
yards of him, but his restless activity made it
appear that he was avoiding us. His actions
did not differ greatly from his black-capped
cousins. He clung chickadee-like to the ends of
twigs and pecked at the under side of limbs.
Although he decidedly suggested the close relation-
ship existing, with the Chickadees I believe I
could detect a somewhat heavier movement in
his poses. He favoured us several times with his
unmistakable note and soon became surrounded
by the flock as it moved along and was lost
to us.—STUART L. THOMPSON.

HUDSONIAN GODWIT (Limosa haemastica) AT
HAMILTON.—In view of the scarcity of published
records for this bird in Ontario, it seems worthy
to record a specimen received by the Museum
in December, 1925, through Mr. Harrison F.
Lewis. This bird, which is in the winter plumage,

188

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

(Vou. XLI

was shot in the vicinity of Hamilton, by A. King, {8 Young birds seemed to increase in numbers from

in the fall of 1925.—Jas. L. BAILLIE, JR., Royal
Ontario Museum of Zoology, TORONTO.

WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW AT TORONTO.—
It is well to look flocks of birds over closely even
if we feel reasonably sure of their identity, for
there is always the chance of there being a
stranger present. On December 11, 1927, while
observing birds at the Lake Shore at Toronto, I
noticed a sparrow among a flock of Tree Spar-
rows which appeared and acted differently.
This bird had, it seemed, brown patches on its
head instead of a brown cap and its bill was a
much brighter color than that of any of the
Tree Sparrows. But when I looked for the
breast-spot characteristic of the species there
was nothifg I could be sure about in this
stranger. Its breast was not clear grey nor
streaked, nor had it any one spot. I called
Jas. Baillie, who was some distance off, telling
him I fancied I had found a White-crowned
Sparrow. Together we followed the bird from
bush to bush and after many views, more or less
clear, we were convinced it was nothing else.
Finally when we collected the bird all doubts
vanished. The specimen is now in the Royal
Ontario Museum. It proved to be a female,
first year plumage, well marked, but the breast
soiled to a dirty blackish grey and the tail feathers
somewhat worn. Just how long this belated
migrant would have remained is, of course, im-
possible to say, but it was in good condition with
a fair amount of fat and judging from its activity
was quite at home among the Tree Sparrows,
whose numbers also included one Song Sparrow.
The only note uttered was a quiet “‘tseep’’ which
though feeble was sufficiently distinct to help
arouse my suspicions from the first STUART. L.
THOMPSON.

NOTES ON THE EUROPEAN STARLING AT Ka-
MOURASKA, QUEBEC, IN 1927.—At Kamouraska
the European Starling made its first reappearance
for 1927 on March 30, a mild day. Three Star-
lings spent that day, as well as March 31 and
April 1, in a search for food on the ground near
houses, after the fashion of the European House
Sparrow. Later they disappeared.

It was not until May 4 that they appeared
again, this time in little groups of two to six
individuals each, which stayed in the vicinity
until May 27. On June 11 and 30, I observed a
little flock of a dozen of them at St. Pascal,
Kamouraska County.

Later, on July 16, I saw a flock of twenty of
them, among which appeared to be several young.

, that time to August 14, when I saw 75 young and

adult Starlings together, after which they disap-
peared again until September 29. On and after
the latter date they were to be seen again, in
small flocks containing from 10 to 20. One might
even see as many at times as 50 together, in com-
pany with the Crows, which had already as-
sembled in numerous flocks for their autumn
migration.

The Starling seemed to return southward with
the last of the Crows, November 9 and 13, since
when I have not seen them here.— WILLIE LABRIE.

FIRST OBSERVATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN STAR-
LING IN THE VICINITY OF QUEBEC, P.Q.—At
noon on January 22nd, 1927, Dr. D. A. Dery
saw a male European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
near Beauport, a short distance north-east of
Quebec City. The day was bright and warm
and the bird was basking in the sunlight as it
rested on a twig of an alder bush on a little slope
beside a brook.

On March 6th, 1927, I set out to look for this
species in the suburbs of Quebec City, and, to
my astonishment, found a flock of between forty
and fifty individuals.

They were along the banks of the St. Charles
River near Scott’s Bridge. I suppose they were
feeding on the refuse from the snow dumps in the
locality, although when I saw them they were in
a clump of alders, from which they flew into a
big elm. About one-half of the flock came down
on the south side of a small hill which was bare
of snow and fed there for a long while, so that I
had a good opportunity to examine them through
my glasses and to identify them without chance
of any mistake. These are the first individuals
of the Starling that I have seen.—R. MEREDITH.

SMOOTH PERENNIAL SOW THISTLE AT OTTAWA.
—On August 6, 1926, an area of about a square
rod, in a vacant lot in Ottawa West, was found
infested with this notorious scourge of the middle
West. It had previously been collected by
Dr. M. O. Malte in 1922 at Billings Bridge, but
not recorded. While these appear to be the first
reports of its occurrence at Ottawa, it is being
discovered in the course of weed survey work
at many points in eastern Canada. In one lo-
cality in North Renfrew this summer, it proved
to be even more plentiful than the glandular sow
thistle, so prevalent in Ontario and eastward.

The differences between these two sow thistles
appear to be merely varietal, in which case the
smooth one should be known as Sonchus arvensis
L. var. glabrescens Gunth.—H. GROH.

November, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

189

BOOK REVIEW

MUSHROOMS AND TOADSTOOLS. AN ACCOUNT OF
THE MORE COMMON EDIBLE AND POISONOUS
FUNGI OF CANADA. By H. T. Gussow and
W. S. Odell.. Published by direction of the
Honourable W. R. Motherwell, Minister of
Agriculture, Ottawa, 1927. 4to., 274 pages,
128 plates, two coloured. Price $1.00.

The authors are to be congratulated on having
produced a handsome book which will be of much
interest and assistance both to beginners who
would like to know something of the higher
fungi and to the more experienced who have
studied mushrooms and toadstools already for
some years.

The work is illustrated with 128 quarto plates
which are reproductions of photographs most. of
which were made by Mr. G. G. Clarke, Chief of
the Photographic Division of the Geological
Survey, from specimens collected by Mr. Odell
on his many excursions to woods and meadows
in the neighbourhood of Ottawa. The photo-
graphs are excellent and will doubtless prove of
great help in the identification of species.

The description of species treated have been
drawn up in as simple language as possible with
the object of enabling the reader to distinguish
the different species without the use of the com-
pound microscope; and all the technical terms
employed are explained in a glossary at the end
of the book.

The publication of the work under discussion
will provide for the general public an account of
most of the larger and more common edible and
poisonous fungi occurring in Canada. A glance
at the plates shows that among the species de-
scribed are not only numerous Gill Fungi but also
Tooth Fungi, Fleshy Pore Fungi, Coral Fungi,
Harth Stars, Puffballs, Stinkhorns, Saddle Fungi,
Morels, and Cup Fungi. The authors point out
that in respect to mushrooms and toadstools
“distrust, superstition and dread are rife,’ and
all this they endeavour to combat by a clear
presentation of facts. The reader is first intro-
duced to the nature, general structure, develop-
ment, and classification of fungi and given some
hints on how fungi should be collected and studied;
then, in some 200 pages, he is provided with a
description of genera and species; and, finally
. he is supplied with a discussion of fungi as food,
the preparation of fungi for the table, poisoning
by fungi, and mushroom culture. The two most
deadly fungi, namely, the Fly Agaric and the
Death Angel, are well illustrated in Plates 1 and 2
by coloured drawings made by Mr. Gussow.

Gussow and Odell’s ‘‘Mushrooms and Toad-
stools’? break new ground so far as Canada is
concerned and break it very effectively; but,
in view of a possible second edition of the work
at some time in the future, it may be suggested
that a few of the plates, e.g. of Pleurotus ostreatus
(the Oyster Fungus), Panus stypticus, and per-
haps Armillaria mellea (the Honey Fungus),
should be replaced by others showing more
typical specimens of the fungi, and it may also
be suggested that an endeavour should be made
to include in the book such common tree fungi
as Polyporus betulinus and Fomes fomentarius,
so frequently seen on Birch trunks, and some other
of the larger Fomes species, e.g..F. officinalis
(the Chalky Quinine Fungus) which the ancients
knew as agaricum.

The work is offered for sale at the nominal
price of $1.00, so that for this small sum anyone
interested in fungi or in natural history generally
can make a valuable addition to his library.—
A.H.R.B.

LirE HistorizES OF NoRTH AMERICAN WILD
FowL, BY ARTHUR CLEVELAND BENT. Bul-
letin 130, Smithsonian Institution, United
States National Museum. Washington,

Government Printing Office, 1925.

LirE HistorRIES OF NorTH AMERICAN MARSH
BIRDS, BY ARTHUR CLEVELAND BENT. Bul-
letin 135, Smithsonian Institution, United
States National Museum. Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1926.

These two valuable and admirably illustrated
volumes continue the series of volumes of life
histories of North American birds from Mr.
Bent’s pen and maintain the high standards
previously set. Six volumes of the series have
now been published.

The fifth volume (Bulletin 130) describes the
life histories of the Anatidae, from the American
Golden-eye to the Trumpeter Swan, the other
North American species of the Anatidae having
been dealt with previously in the fourth volume.
The sixth volume contains accounts of the life
histories of North American Herons, Storks,
Ibises, Cranes, Rails, Coots, and Gallinules, and
the American Flamingo.

In these volumes the author has followed the
same general plan that was adopted in the pre-
vious numbers of the series. The distribution
paragraphs in volume six were, however, com-
piled by Frederick C. Lincoln, with the records
of the Biological Survey at his disposal, while

190

the statements of egg measurements and egg
dates in this volume were prepared by F. Seymour
Hersey from a very large number of data obtained
from various sources. Of the life history accounts
in volume six, five were written by Dr. Charles
W. Townsend, one by Rev. P. B. Peabody, and
one by Thomas E. Penard. The remainder were
prepared by Mr. Bent, who in both volumes,
draws not only upon his own wide experience,
but also includes many important contributions
from the published and unpublished writings of
others. The general result is pleasing and use-
ful, and leads the ornithological public to live in
hope of the appearance of additional volumes of
the series in the near future.

It may be of especial interest to readers of the
Naturalist to know that a large part of the account
of the life history of the Barrow’s Golden-eye is
from the pen of the well-known Canadian orni-
thologist, J. A. Munro.

It is twice stated that the Old-squaw no longer
nests on the southern coast of the Labrador
Peninsula, and the reader is told that Audubon’s
account of this species breeding there is now
ancient history. This, happily, is not quite
correct. In the summer of 1924 Charles F.
Haultain, of Port Hope, Ontario, while stationed
at Bradore Bay, Quebec, for bird protection
purposes, saw a female Old-squaw with a brood
of young on a small lake within a mile of the lake
where Audubon observed the young of this species
in 1833. The reviewer has repeatedly seen indi-
vidual Old-squaws of both sexes in summer on
the little lake where Mr. Haultain made this
observation, and has seen them also in the nesting
season at a number of points along the coast to
the westward, as far as Whale Head. On June
28, 1927, Howard H. Cleaves and the reviewer
watched four drake Old-squaws courting a female
of their kind in Anse aux Dunes, close to Bradore
Bay. According to some of the local hunters of
Kegashka Bay, about thirty miles east of Natash-
quan, Quebec, Old-squaws nest in fair numbers
not very far inland (north) from that place.

It is to be hoped that the statement that
“Hiders are shot in winter off the Maine coast

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

{[VoL. XLI

from blinds among the rocks off the islands and
occasionally from boats” is, in fact, out-of-date.

The remark is made that the Surf Scoter no
longer breeds regularly in southern Labrador,
as in Audubon’s time. This is probably not the
ease. Surf Scoters are present all summer in
that region and are stated by resident trappers to
nest about ponds and lakes a short distance back
from salt water. Apparently the young generally
remain inland until well grown, but a group of
young Surf Scoters, about three-fourths grown,
which retreated by swimming because, it seemed,
they were not yet able to fly, was seen at very
close range by the reviewer at Wapitagun, Sague-
nay Co., Quebec, on August 27, 1925.

The statement that Greater Snow Geese mi-
grate overland across New England to the Gulf
of St. Lawrence should be altered to read ‘‘to the
River St. Lawrence,”’ as the area in the southern
part of the Province of Quebec where these Geese
customarily rest and feed on migration, as the
account mentions a few lines farther on, is on the
St. Lawrence River about twenty-five miles below
Quebec city, and about two hundred miles from
the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Snow Geese are very
rarely seen on the Gulf.

The description of the breeding range of the
Great Blue Heron as including Anticosti Island
and Godbout, Quebec, appears to have been
based on an erroneous statement published else-
where, and to lack the necessary supporting
evidence.

These are just a few minor points that chance
to relate to the area with which the reviewer is
most familiar, and which are set down here simply
for the purpose of making generally available
the most accurate information relating to these
matters that is at hand. All are agreed as to the
general value of these volumes, but in such a great
work some slight errors are bound to creep in,
and if these are noticed and the truth set forth
in print by active workers in the various areas
concerned, it does seem as though the cause of
science, of sound knowledge set in order, should
benefit.—H.F.L.

November, 1927]

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

US UE

OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS.

Published by Authority of the National Parks of Canada Branch, Department of the Interior,
Canada

In the following returns wpon banded birds it will be noted
that some returns may be thought to indicate, from the date of
capture, violations of the Migratory Bird Act of Canada or the
United States. The great majority of returns, which seem to
indicate violations, are from birds accidently caught in traps
set for fur-bearing mammals, from birds caught in fish nets,
killed by oil, or from birds found dead from unknown causes.
Appropriate action has been taken in connection with the few
returns which indicate illegal shooting.

cde
The following returns upon birds, banded by Mr. Jack Miner,
at Kingsville, Ontario, have been gathered from various sources

and are now made a part of the Canadian Record, with Mr.
Miner’s consent.

Mr. Miner started banding Canada Geese in
1915. This was the year he began inscribing his
bands with verses of Scripture. Until 1922 he
had only succeeded in catching and tagging 109.
In a lecture given in Ottawa on February 7M GPR},
Mr. Miner stated as follows: “Sixty bands from
geese have been returned to me—forty-two from
Hudson Bay; one from Hamilton Inlet; one from
Illinois; twelve from North Carolina; and one
from Maryland. Bands from ducks have been
returned to me from as far East as Long Island;
as far South as Louisiana; and as far North as
Central Manitoba; but, as yet, returns are very
few from West of the Mississippi River.”

The publication of Mr. Miner’s bird banding
returns was discussed with him on February 23,
_ 1927, and on this occasion he prepared the fol-
lowing statement: ‘Seventy-five geese, out of the
one hundred and nine banded up to 1922, are now
reported as killed—only one reported as far West
as the Mississippi River. Between 1922 and 1924
I tagged approximately four hundred geese, mak-
ing in all up to 1924 approximately five hundred
birds; and three more were reported near the
Mississippi. River; one as far West as North Da-
ota. But in 1925 and 19261 tagged two thous-
and, and in November and December, 1926,
alone, nineteen were reported in Missouri, ‘Illinois
and Indiana. This will prove to the satisfaction
of any thinking person that God and man can
change the migrating route of the fowls of the
air. I also have five reported killed in Quebec
in the last two years, which must be five hundred
miles east of my home. For the last two years
my map shows that I have more tags from along
the Mississippi River than from the Southern
Atlantic Coast, where returns first started coming
from. In other words, I am drawing them from
East and West, as well as from North and South,
but up to the present, the one from North Dakota
is the farthest West. One glimpse of the three
maps I have showing the migration of the geese
from my home

1. Up to 1922,
2. Up to 1924,
3. Up to 1926,

will convince any person that the sanctuary plan
is a sure way of controlling our birds, and that
we must no longer treat them as wild, but as our
migratory chickens. The maps can not be re-
produced, as I am going to use them in a book
which I am preparing myself.”

KINGSVILLE, ONTARIO
MALLARD :—

One female, named Delilah, banded on Decem-
ber 5, 1912, returned on March 18, 1918, raised a
family and migrated in the fall: returned on
March 21, 1914, raised a family and migrated in
the fall; returned on March 13, 1915, had photo-
graph taken and migrated in the fall; returned in
1916; returned in 1917, had no family—new tag
put on her; returned on March 25, 1918, raised a
family of twelve, and migrated during the month
of September, 1918.

One banded in 1918, was recaught and double
tagged in December, 1922; and was re-caught on
November 28, 1924.

One banded in 1919, was re-caught and double
tagged on November 28, 1924. (See later return
from Alberta).

Two, banded in 1919, were re-caught and double
tagged on November 28, 1924.

One banded in 1921, was re-caught on Novem-
ber 28, 1924.

Two, banded in 1922, were re-caught on No-
vember 28, 1924.

Duck:—

Six, banded in 1914, returned in the spring of
1915 before March 28th.

Out of fifty-three, banded in the fall of 1915,
nearly half returned during the spring of 1916.

Out of fifty-four, banded in the fall of 1916,
two migrated and returned three times; one had
part of its foot shot off.

CANADA GOOSE:—

Two, banded in 1917, were re-caught in a
different net on April 22, 1922.

One banded in 1918, was re-captured about
April 21, 1926.

One banded in 1918, was re-caught and re-
tagged on April 6, 1927.

Twenty-five, banded in 1921, returned during
the spring of 1922.

Several, banded in 1922, were re-caught on
November 17, 1926.

Several, banded in 1923, were re-caught on
November 17, 1926.

One banded in 1923, was re-caught and re-
tagged on April 6, 1927.

One banded in 1923, was re-caught on April
15, 1927.

Five, banded in 1924, were re-caught and re-
tagged on April 6, 1927.
igone banded in 1924, was re-caught on April 15,

Two, banded on April 22, 1925—bands returned
on November 23, 1925.

Several, banded in 1925, were re-caught on
November 17, 1926.

One banded in 1925, was re-caught on April
15, 1927.

Fourteen, banded in 1926, were re-caught and
re-tagged on April 6, 1927.

Nine, banded in 1926, were re-caught on April
15, 1927.
ig eitteen were re-captured on November 26

6.

192 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Ten, banded on April 6, 1927, were re-caught
on April Ils RPA

NEWFOUNDLAND LABRADOR

CANADA GOOSE:—

One killed at a place called Sabascashieu, on
the north side of Lake Melville, toward the head
of the Lake, Newfoundland Labrador—reported
October 7, 1921,

ALBERTA
MALLARD:—

One banded in the fall of 1916, was shot in
Alberta, during the fall of 1917, and the recovery
reported by a resident of Earlie, Alberta.

One male, banded in the fall of 1917, was caught
in a rat trap at a place about twelve miles west
of the Great Waterways Railway Mile 166, north
of Lac la Biche, on the Cow River running out
of Cow Lake in unsurveyed land, Tp. 74, Rge. 11,
about Sec. 10, W. 4th M., on April 3, 1923. (This
was one of three Mallard drakes banded at the
same time; one was killed the same fall in the
Stee and one in Louisiana on November 23,

One banded in 1919, was re-caught and double
tagged on November 28, 1924, and was killed at
a place called by the ‘Indians “Stink River,”
north-east of Birch Mountains and west of the
Athabasca River—reported August 4, 1926.

One killed on Behan Lake, A. & G. W. Railway,
about fifty miles north of Lac la Biche, about the
end of May, 1923.

One killed near Fort Chipewyan, in the spring
of 1926.

MANITOBA
MALLARD:—

One banded in 1917, was shot at Moose Lake,
on September 27, 1919.

One killed at Island Lake, which is reached
after a seven-day canoe trip from N orway House
on ene north end of Lake Winnipeg, on April 28,

iL

Duck:—

One banded in 1917, was shot on Moose Creek,
near the Hudson Bay Post on Moose Lake, north
of latitude 53.45, longitude 100.25, on April 7,
LOD

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

CANADA GOOSE:—

One banded in the spring of 1918, was killed on
the north-east point of Charlton Island, James
Bay, on May 9, 1918.

One banded in April, 1918, was shot on the
Belcher Islands, Hudson Bay—reported in the
fall of 1920.

One banded in April, 1918, was shot in Baffin
Land, in the summer of 1923.

One banded on April 24, 1919, was killed on
ae ee Islands, Hudson Bay, on April 28,
One killed in Baffin Land—reported in 1919.

Three killed on the Belcher Islands, Hudson
Bay—reported April 21, 1920.

Three, banded in April, 1923, were killed on the
Belcher Islands, Hudson Bay. sixty-five miles
north-west of the Hudson Bay Company’s Great

(VoL. XLI

elnersemae kes Post, Quebec—reported December

Two killed (?) on the Belcher Islands, Hudson
Bay—treported March 28 1923.

One killed on Charlton Island, James Bay—
reported July 26, 1923.

One killed on Twin Islands, James Bay, about
the first week in August 1924.

Two killed (?) on the Belcher Islands, Hudson
Bay, in the summer of 1924.

Kleven killed on the Belcher Islands, Hudson
Bay—one or two in the spring of 1924 and the
remainder in the fall of 1924.

SPECIES UNKNOWN:—
One killed on the Belcher Islands, Hudson
Bay—reported September 3, 1925.

ONTARIO
MALLARD :—

One female, named Helen, banded on Decem-
ber 5, 1912, was shot at Mitchell Bay, Lake St.
Clair, on December Ono:

One female, named Polly, banded on December
5, 1912, returned on March 10, 1918, raised a
family and migrated in the fall; returned on.
March 14, 1914, raised no family and migrated
in the fall; returned on March 16, 1915, with
part of beak shot off, had photograph taken,
but did not migrate in the fall; and was shot
during the month of April, 1916.

One banded in 1917, was shot at Cedar Creek,
on September 26, 1918, by a resident of Kings-
ville.

One killed on Walpole Island, on September 14,
LOM.

One male, named Theodore Mulberry, banded
on July 14, 1919, left in August. 1919, and was
shot at Cedar Creek, on September 1, 1919, by
a resident of Kingsville.

One, banded in 1919, was killed in Leamington
marsh, on October 26, 1920.

One male, banded in November, 1921, was
caught in a muskrat trap on a small inland lake
near Lake of the Woods, on April 24 1923.

One taken at Whitefish Bay, Lake of the Woods,
on October 24, (?) 1926.

BLACK DUCK:—

One killed on Walpole Island, on September 14,
1917.

One, banded in 1925, was killed at East Pens,
Hudson Bay, on July 10, 1926. \

Duck:—

One, banded in 1917, was killed at Big Creek—
reported October 27, 1917, by a resident of Am-
herstburg.

One, banded in 1917, was shot in a marsh—
reported November 3, 1919, by a resident of
Amherstburg.

One killed probably near Amherstburg—re-—
ported November 20, 1918.

One, banded in 1919, was shot in the St. Ann’s
Shooting and Fishing Club marsh, St. Clair Flats,
on October 31, 1919.

One, banded in 1919, was shot in a marsh—
reported November 3, 1919, by a resident of
Amherstburg.

Two shot probably near Windsor, on November
20 W199:

November, 1927]

One, banded in 1921, was shot in a marsh in
Malden Township, Essex County, on December
Slee

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was shot at
Rondeau, on December 10, 1925.

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in the spring of 1918, was killed
at Hannah Bay, south of James Bay, on April
28, 1918.

One, banded in April, 1918, was shot at Fort
Albany, James Bay, a few months after it was
banded. This was the first goose return reported
to Mr. Miner from the west side of James Bay.

One killed at Albany, James Bay, in May, 1918,
before May 22nd.

One killed about thirty miles west of Moose
River; along the coast of James Bay, in April,
1

One, banded in the spring of 1922, was shot

“up the Kwataboahegan River, about one hun-
dred miles from Albany Post,” on April 27, 1927.

Four, banded on December 5, 1922, were killed
at the mouth of the Moose River, James Bay,
in May, 1928, before May 14th.

One, banded on April 22, 1923, was killed at
Hannah Bay, south of James Bay, on April 25.
1923

One, banded on April 22, 1923, was killed at
Salt Water Lake, near James Bay, on April 28,
1923.

One, banded in 1923, was killed one mile north-
east of Desaulniers, on December 7, 1923.

One, banded in the spring of 1923, was shot

“up the Kwataboahegan River, about one hun-
dred miles from Albany Post,” on April 19, 1927.

One killed on the south side of the Albany
River, James Bay—reported May 25, 1923.

One killed between Moose and Albany on the
coast of James Bay, in May, (?) 1923.

One killed on Nomansland Point, between
a1, 1g) and Moose Rivers, James Bay, ‘on August
al, 1923:

fap ee at Hannah Bay, James Bay, on April
28, 1924

One, banded in the spring of 1925, was killed
about fifteen miles up the Albany River from
James Bay, on May 30, 1927.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was shot at
Willow Beach, on December 11, 1925.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was shot one-
half mile north of Kingsbridge, on the Blue Water
Highway, Township of Ashfield, Huron County,
about five hundred yards from Lake Huron, on
November 15, 1926.

Two killed’ at “Bushy Tree,’ Canoes River,
south of the Albany River, on May 15, 1925.

One recovered at Moose River Post, James
Bay, in the spring of 1925.

One killed “at a creek named Chikaney to the
sorte of the Albany River’’—reported June 9,
_ _ Five killed at the mouth of the Lawabiskau
River, south of the Albany River, James Bay—
reported June 18, 1925.

One killed at Moose River Post, James Bay,
in the fall of 1925.

One, banded in the spring of 1926, was killed
forty-five miles south of the Canadian National
Railway, Fauquier, on November 2, 1926.

One, banded in the spring of 1926, was killed
on the shore of James Bay, about twenty miles
south of the Albany River, on April 19, 1927.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

193

One, banded in the spring of 1926, was shot at
Canoes River, south of the Albany River, on June
1 We ere

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was killed on
the shore of James Bay, about. twenty miles
south of the Albany River, on April 19, 1927.

One, banded in the fall ‘of 1926, was shot at
Nettichi Creek, a few miles south of the Albany
River, on April PAN, al Pali

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was shot “up
the Kwataboahegan River, about one hundred
miles from Albany Post,’’ on April 27, 1927.

One killed at Trout Lake, twenty-five miles
north of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Mis-
sanaibee (?), on April 30, 1926.

One killed “‘up inland about twenty miles up
the Lawabiskau River, James Bay,” on April 30,
1926.

One killed at Moose River Post, James Bay
on May 1, 1926.

One killed on the south shore of the mouth of
the Albany River, James Bay, on May 5, 1926.

One killed at ‘Nettichi, south of the Albany
River, James Bay, on May 6, 1926.

One killed at Nettichi, south of the Albany
River, James Bay, on May 7, 1926.

One killed at Fishing Creek Lake, on the north
of the Albany River, about fifty miles from its
mouth, James Bay, on May 8, 1926.

One killed sixty miles from the mouth of the
Kapiskau River, James Bay, on May 10, 1926.

Two killed “about twenty-five miles up the
Canoes River,’ James Bay, on May 10, 1926.

Two killed at Nettichi, south of the Albany
River, James Bay, on May 10, 1926.

One killed on the Tiamiiazometene River,
James Bay, on May 12, 1926.

One killed “about twenty-five miles up the
Canoes River,” James Bay, on May 18, 1926.

One killed on the North River, the name given
ih the Woes channel of the Albany River, on May
1926.

One killed about fifty miles up the Canoes
River, a small river a few miles to the south of
the Albany River, on May 14, 1926.

One killed about twenty miles up the Canoes
River, James Bay, on May 18, 1926.

One killed on the Albany ee about thirty-
five miles from its mouth, James Bay, on May
1G), WIRES

Tava killed on Chickaney River, James Bay, in
May, 1926.

One male caught about thirty-five miles “up
Partridge Creek,’ a small river running into
James Bay, just’ East of Moose River, on July
(

One shot near James Bay, shortly before
October 18, 1926, and reported by a resident of
Cochrane.

One © wounded and taken alive ‘ ‘on what is
called the Klondike, a river and series of flats
lying east of the Blue Water Highway and Lake
Smith, a few miles south of Grand Bend’’—re-
ported December 5, 1926.

One, banded in the spring of 1927, was found
dead, apparently not wounded, at the mouth of
the Saugin River, in the Abitibi Reserve, on
Lake Abitibi, Ontario, six miles from La Reine,
Abitibi Territory, Quebec—reported May 8, 1927.

194

SPECIES UNKNOWN:—

Five recovered—reported by a resident of
Moose Factory, James Bay, in the summer of
1926.

Ten evidently killed in Hannah Bay, south of
James Bay, reported June 7, 1927.

QUEBEC

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in 1915—the first Canada Goose
banded by Mr. Miner—was shot a few miles
south of the Hudson Bay Company’s Post at
Eastmain, James Bay, on April 15, 1915.

One killed at Comb Hills, a point on the coast
of James Bay, about forty miles south of the
Hudson Bay Company’s Post at Fort George,
in the middle of October, 1915.

One, banded in the fall of 1916, was killed on
Hudson Bay, by a hunter of Fort George, James
Bay—reported October 11, 1922.

Two killed to the south ‘of Fort George, James
Bay, in the spring of 1916.

One male, named Sir John Moore, banded in
the fall of 1917 with two bands, left in December;
returned on March 19, 1918: went North on
April 25, 1918; and was killed at James Bay,
in May, 1918.

One female, banded in the fall of 1917, left in
December; returned on March 19, 1918; went
North on April 25, 1918; and was killed at J ames
Bay—reported June 26, 1918.

Three, banded in the fall of 1917, left in De-
cember; "returned on March 19, 1918; went North
on April 25, 1918; and were killed at James
Bay—reported June 26, 1918.

Note.—Six Canada Geese, five of which are
covered by the above five records, arrived at
Mr. Miner’s place in one group on October 10,
1917, and gave such plain evidence of attachment
to one another at the time they were being
banded, that it is altogether probable they were
a single family, consisting of two old birds and
four young. One of the young was killed in
Maryland during the following winter, as noted
in Mr. Miner’s returns from Maryland, but it
is very interesting to observe that the two old
birds and the three other young were seen at
Mr. Miner’s farm on northward migration, on
March 19, 1918, and that these five birds were
still in company with one another when killed
near Fort George, James Bay.

One, banded in 1917, was killed thirty miles
north of Kastmain, James Bay, in October, 1918.

One, banded in the fall of 1917, was shot on
the east side of Hudson Bay, in May, 1924.

Two killed at James Bay, about the end of April,
1917—reported by a resident of Fort George.

One, banded in the spring of 1918, was killed
thirty miles north of Rupert House, James Bay—
reported June 20, 1918.

One, banded in 1918, was killed near Cape
Jones, between Hudson and James Bays, in the
fall of 1918.

One, banded in the fall of 1918, was killed at
Fort George, James Bay, in the fall of 1926.

Two shot in the vicinity of Fort George, James
Bay, in May, 1918.

One, banded in 1921, was killed on the St.
Lawrence River, at Ste. Croix, Lotbiniere County,
on September 28. 1922.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

{VoL. XLI

One, banded in the spring of 1922, was shot at
Cape ‘Dufferin, on the east coast of Hudson
Bay—reported ’ August 31, 1925.

Two, banded in 1922, were killed at Fort George,
James Bay, i in the fall of 1926.

Two, banded in the spring of 1922, were

“presumably” shot by hunters residing on the
coast of James Bay, approximately fifty miles
south of Fort George, in the fall of 1926.

One shot on the Ottawa River between Ottawa
and Montreal, thirty miles above Montreal, in
October, 1922” (@).

NotTe.—Out of the one hundred and nine
Canada Geese, banded from 1915 to 1922, thirty-
nine were killed on the east side of Hudson and
James Bays, prior to January 19, 1925.

One, banded early in 1923, was shot in latitude
59.5, longitude 79.5, in September, 1925.

Two, banded in "1923, were killed at Mont-
magny, in October, 1925.

Four, banded in 1923, were killed at Fort
George, James Bay, in the fall of 1926.

“Presumably” two, banded in the spring of
1923, were killed in the Great Whale River dis-
trict, Hudson Bay—reported March 22, 1927.

Five killed in the vicinity of Fort George, James
Bay—reported July 25, 1923.

Several killed—reported by a missionary on the
east coast of Hudson Bay.

NotEe.—Out of the approximately four hundred
Canada Geese, banded from 1922 to 1924, thirty
were shot on the east side of Hudson and James
Bays, prior to January 19, 1925.

One, banded in April, 1924, was shot in latitude
58.15, longitude 78, about July 16, 1925.

One, banded in 1924, was shot at Cape Dufferin,
on the east coast of Hudson Bay—reported
August 31, 1925.

One, banded in the spring of 1924, was shot
near McKemick, on October 8, 1925.

One, bauded in the spring of 1924, was killed
on the coast of James Bay, about ten ‘miles north
of Hastmain—reported December TAT 92 5:

Two, banded in the spring of 1924, were killed
at Fort George, James Bay, in the fall of 1926,
before November 22nd.

“Presumably” one, banded in the fall of 1925,
was killed in the Great Whale River district of
Hudson Bay—reported March 22, 1927.

Two killed at Port Harrison, ‘latitude 58. 30,
longitude 78.30, Hudson Bay, in the spring of

Six shot in the locality of Fort George, James
Bay, in 1925, before September 16th.

“A few” killed at James Bay, two in July, 1925,
and the remainder in the spring of 1926—re-
ported by a resident of Rupert House, James

ay.

Two, banded in the spring of 1926, were killed
at Fort George, James Bay, in the fall of 1926,
before November 22nd.

Two, banded in the spring of 1926, were “pre-
sumably” shot in the fall of 1926, by hunters
residing on the coast of James Bay, approximately
fifty miles south of Fort George.

“Presumably” two, banded in the spring of
1926, were killed in the Great Whale River dis-
trict of Hudson Bay—reported March 22, 1927.

November, 1927]

One, banded in the fall (?) of 1926, was ‘‘pre-
sumably” shot by a hunter residing on the coast
of James Bay, approximately fifty miles south
of Fort George, in the fall of 1926.

gue killed in the vicinity of Macamic, on May
4, 1926.

Two killed in the vicinity of Macamic, shortly
before May 5, 1926.

10, 192 filled at Fort George, James Bay, on May

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

195

SASKATCHEWAN

MALLARD :—

One killed ten miles south-west of Humboldt,
shortly before April 29, 1922.

Duck:—
One, banded in the fall of 1916, was shot near
Englefeld, shortly before September 20, 1917.
One shot at Dubuc (?), on November 3, 1923.

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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF

MANITOBA
1927-28

President Emeritus: J. J. GOLDEN; Honorary President:

NoRMAN CRIDDLE; Past President: C. W. Lown, M.Sc. Presi-
dent: J. B. WALLIS, B.A.; Vice-Presidents: Miss H. R.
Cannom, Miss J. INNES, G. SHIRLEY Brooks, A. M. Davip-

«gon, M.D., L. E. McCatu, H. M. SPEEcHLY, M.D., R. M.

mt
pe”

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a

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eo

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fm?

cs.

ia:

_ BisBy, Ph.D; Secretary: Miss G. CAMERON.

Be resident: C.

_-—s*DINER; =A.

THOMAS; Treasurer: J.J. Mott; Auditor: A. J. D. MORGAN;
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ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION—Chairman: C.-L. BROLEY;
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THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION
SOCIETY -
(Incorporated)

OLIVER;

Hon. President: W. E. SAUNDERS, London, Ont.; President:
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CorNETT, Hamilton. Ont.; Secretary and Treasurer: J. ROLAND

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Arnott, H. C. Nunn, Mrs. F. E. McLoGHuin, Miss RuBY
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NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH
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C.. PEMBERTON; ist Vice-President: REVe
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of Alta., Edmonton, Alta.; Mr. T. E. RANDALL, Camrose,
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: The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the ~

. last Friday of each month except during July and August and

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perhaps September. The annual meeting is held in Red Deer
on the last Friday in November. ‘

McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB,
E ~LONDON, ONT. |

President: J. C. Hicerns, 324 Wolfe Street; Recording
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ISSUED ) JANUARY 31st, 1928.
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THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB
THEIR EXCELLENCIES THE Be ee AND VISCOUNTESS WILLINGDON

RIE Ae ae President: NORMAN CRIDDLE ‘ joe
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Editor:
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M. O. MALTESS .o ea aia hicks Botany PAs TAVERNER 027.82 ee eee .. Ornitholo
Re GATCHEORD 2 hei ees Conchology Ei. M. KINDLE............ ....Palaeontolo
Bed ALCOCK. cose Ur USES .....Geology R. M. ANDERSON ........... .,.Mammalogy.
ARTHUR GIBSON........ Ghee . Entomology CLYDE L. PATCH................Herpetology

: CONTENTS. ae : PAGE
Discovery of the Nest of the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in tbe Queen Charlotte ey

Islands, British Columbia. By Solomon John Darcus..... BS UO ROR ae a Beet

Formica Sanguinea Takes the Trail. By Mina Pamela Cole........... SU eemnd ed Vea ie ate : ee

Notes and Observations:— PEL ey
Fishes Collected in Chamcook Lake, New Brunswick. By T. B. Kurata................ icy |

Western Ragweed to the Eastward. By H. Groh...... GR Oe ac sae A te 2 eae a
Asclepias Tuberosa L. in the Ottawa District. By HicGrone oo) eee ae Be a eetc : ae
The Spread of Axyris Amaranioides L. By H. Groh............... Cechiape gis eae ate : Ce
Official Canadian Record of Bird-Banding Returns.....................- fc se RN Ete aaa
INDEX TO VOLUME XLI.......... ee PCE Os Ns Ce
SEresseSSEESESEESSEEEETEEEEEESEETErerEresTrCeaeTOOTOTS THU Tees TceeeeeececeeeeeeceeecaaeeeeeeeRRERRRERUARAoTOAATAIMet ee eeeSeeSESEeEESSESESSSSS@S0033323
i The official publications of THE OTTAWA FIeELp-NATURALISTS’. CLUB have been issued hs

# since 1879. The first was The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, 1879-1886,
i two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two volumes; and these
, #8 have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist

# is issued monthly, except for the months of June, July, and August. Its scope is the publication
of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. ay ee :
padotensspisgssssscsssensprecssnasssssscscszacssstssssssssbssEeessssseseszssbeseoesvesrecsossceessesessetiscssssessssssnescessessescscses

S behd LY

15LO

- The Canadian Field-Naturalist —

VOL. XLI

OTTAWA, ONTARIO, DECEMBER 1927

No. 9

DISCOVERY OF THE NEST OF THE MARBLED MURRELET (Brachyramphus
marmoratus) IN THE QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, BRITISH |
COLUMBIA.

By SOLOMON JOHN DARCUS.

HE complete account of my search for
the breeding quarters of the Marbled
Murrelet is a long story, so I shall go

over my preliminary observations on the
species briefly.

Previous to 1923 my knowledge of the sea birds
of the North Pacific was very slight.

In the summer of that year I went to reside at
Bamfield, on the west coast of Vancouver Island,
and there had ample opportunity of observing the
sea birds in the neighboring waters.

Barkley Sound, with its numerous islands, is a
paradise for the ornithologist, and it was there
that I first made the acquaintance of the Marbled
Murrelet. During the summer months it is the

commonest sea bird in the Sound.

Throughout the summer I used to observe it
fishing in the waters of the Sound and the neigh-
boring inlets, and I believed at the time that I

should find the species nesting on some of the
islands in the Sound, but, although I visited many
of these islands, I could find no evidence of the
nesting of this bird.

Often, when camped on an island during the
summer months, I would hear the call notes of
the species at night, as it flew towards the moun-
tains on the north shore of Barkley Sound.

During the summer of 1925 I spent six weeks
in an attempt to solve the mystery.

Going to Tofino, which is about forty miles
north of Bamfield, and from which point the ap-
proach to the mountains, towards which I had
heard the Murrelets flying, is more accessible,
I spent some days in the salt water inlets in that
vicinity, observing this species.

While camping on Bare Island, an island some
miles off shore, I observed the Marbled Murrelets
about one hour after sunset, flying towards the

Cox Island taken from Puffin Cliff, Langara Island, June 8th, 1927

198

mountains on the main shore of Vancouver Is-
land. This flight continued until sunrise. The
birds would rise from the water some miles out
at sea, and appeared to obtain their elevation
before flying towards the mountains.

On June 27th, 1925, I set out by canoe for
Kennedy Lake, a large lake some miles inland,
which can be reached by canoe from salt water.
As it was necessary to ascend the lower reaches
of the river, which flows from the lake, at high
tide, I began the ascent of the river at 2.00 a.m.
on June 28th. At that hour it was not yet day-
light, and the upper atmosphere was foggy. As
I was passing up the river I could hear the call
notes of the Marbled Murrelets as they flew high
overhead for the mountains.

On the night of June 28th I camped on a sandy
shore beside the lake, and throughout the night
also I heard the call notes of this species, as the
birds passed overhead towards the mountains.

The next day, June 29th, was spent in searching
for the most accessible mountain peaks. Several
Marbled Murrelets, all adult birds, were seen on
the lake.

Having chosen a peak to ascend, I began the
ascent on the morning of the 30th, reaching the
summit, at an elevation of 4,600 feet, after six
hours of stiff climbing. Here the snow in the
hollows was still deep, but the cliff faces were
bare and too steep to explore without the aid of a
rope.

After spending about six hours on the summit,
I made the descent to the lake again, leaving the
breeding quarters of the Marbled Murrelet still
undiscovered, although I felt certain the species
was nesting on those inaccessible cliff faces.

The following summer, 1926, I decided to visit
the Queen Charlotte Islands, in the hope of finding
more accessible breeding quarters of this species
there.

On May 22nd I left Vancouver, accompanied
by the veteran ornithologist, Rev. C. J. Young.
Arriving at Massett, Graham Island, on May 25th,
I noted that Marbled Murrelets were very com-
mon in the inlet there.

A few days were spent in observing and photo-
graphing the Semipalmated Plovers that nest in |
the vicinity of Massett, but on June 9th I went
by boat to Langara Island, in exploring which I)
spent some days. Marbled Murrelets were seen |
daily near the shore of the island, but no nest was)
found. If afew pairs of this species were breeding |
on Langara Island, it would have been very
difficult to discover their burrows among the |
thousands of burrows of the other burrow-nesting |
species breeding there.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

(VoL. XLI

However, I obtained a clue to a breeding colony
of Marbled Murrelets on a smaller island close
by, finding on this island a dead Marbled Murre-
let and also some wings of the species in the eyrie
of a Peale’s Faleon. As the Falcon usually
catches its prey either entering or leaving the
nesting burrows during the early hours of the
morning, I concluded that there was a nesting
colony of Marbled Murrelets in the vicinity.

I now believe that at that time, June 21st,
most, if not all, of the young Marbled Murrelets
had left their nesting burrows. Several young
Marbled Murrelets were seen in the sea close to
the island. These had still some down adhering
to their plumage and no doubt were not long out
of the nest.

A few days later I returned to Vancouver,
leaving the mystery still unsolved, but having
decided that I would return to this island earlier
in the following year.

This year, 1927, I left Vancouver for the Queen
Charlotte Islands on April 7th, arriving at Mas-
sett April 10th, and leaving that place almost
immediately for Langara Island. 1 was accom-
panied by a friend, Mr. Wesley E. Burtch, of
Penticton, British Columbia, who had decided to
spend his holidays with me on the Queen Char-
lotte Islands. His assistance in handling ropes
and helping me in making landings was invaluable.

The weather became stormy after our arrival
at Langara Island, so that it was some days before
we could make a landing on the island where I
believed the Marbled Murrelets were breeding.

On April 29th, the sea being calm, but the
weather cold and much snow on the ground, we
landed on the desired island, but obtained no
results that day. I may mention that this island
is literally honey-combed with the nesting bur-
rows of Ancient Murrelets, Cassin Auklets, and
Fork-tailed and Leach Petrels. The cliffs on
the outer side of the island are very steep and,
on account of the melting snow, were very slippery,
so I was obliged to abandon temporarily my at-
tempt, and to postpone it to await drier con-
ditions.

On May 14th we again visited this island and
this time, after some hours of climbing on the
steep cliff faces, I was rewarded by discovering
the breeding colony of Marbled Murrelets. On
this occasion I secured three fresh eggs, one from
each of three burrows, the birds being taken from
the burrows with the eggs. The burrows were
about two hundred feet above the sea, and were
at least six feet deep. In each case, when I
reached the nesting chamber, the bird retreated
farther up the burrow. The nest was in a side

|
j

December, 1927]

chamber, off the main burrow, and was made of
| dry grass, and leaves.
The next day, May 15th, I visited the island

| again, securing another Marbled Murrelet’s egg

from a deep crevice in the rock. This egg I
scooped from the crevice with a stick, as it was
beyond the reach of my arm. The bird flew out
to sea.

There were, I think, about twenty pairs of
Marbled Murrelets in this colony, but there may
have been more, as parts of the cliff face I did not
reach. Apparently the birds in this colony were
just beginning to lay at the time when I collected
these eggs. I think that the date on which most
of them would have had eggs would have been
about May 20th.

There is some variation in the markings of the
eggs, but the ground color in all four specimens

Tur CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

199

is the same, white. Two of the eggs are thickly
spotted with fine spots of black and brown.
The third egg is streaked lightly, with black and
brown markings, and the fourth egg is-heavily
marked with the same. AJl the eggs were fresh
when collected. There is practically no varia-
tion in the size of the eggs, which is 2 by 13
inches. These eggs are all in my collection.

I think that- the reason why the nest of the
Marbled Murrelet has not been discovered before
is the difficulty of access to the places where these
birds nest. I believe this species breeds along
most of the British Columbia coast, and that
most of the breeding colonies are in the coast
mountains at an altitude of about four thousand
feet, but that towards the northern extremity
of its range it breeds at lower altitudes on almost
inaccessible cliff faces.

FORMICA SANGUINEA TAKES THE TRAIL.
By MINA PAMELA COLE

CIENTISTS of the old world watching
the bee, spider and ant, find in the lives
of these tiny insects, material for fascin-
ating tales. Insect life in our own
country is just as marvelous but we need the time
and the will to get acquainted with it, eyes trained
to see, hearts that will try to understand and
interpret into human language the things seen.
Not long ago in Central Alberta, I had the great
good fortune to discover an army of ants on the
march. It was the second day of August in a
very hot, dry summer. The day had been
perfect—still, warm and almost cloudless when
happening to stray into the garden at about
half past five in the afternoon, I noticed a number
of ants on a path in the flower garden. It was an
unusual place for ants to be in such numbers as
there was no large ant hill near. All of the ants
were hurrying in the same direction while at
least two thirds of them were carrying burdens
nearly as iarge as themselves. So numerous
were the ants that I had to leave the path to avoid
crushing them as I walked. It soon occurred
to me that it might be worth while to move along
beside them and try to find out where they were
going in such desperate haste with what appeared
to be all their household goods and chattels.
After a few moments it dawned upon me that |
was witnessing a very unusual as well as very
interesting phenomenon for I realized that this
must be a veritable army on the march either
returning from a foray or migrating to a new home.
Keeping carefully to one side and moving with

the stream of ants, [ went forward till I came to
the end of the path, crossed the lawn and a lane,
coming finally to a little dry pasture field where I
found the head of the line This vanguard con-
sisted of a number of somewhat larger red ants,
unencumbered, each having a vague resemblance
to a German officer in full military array. These
and the other ants of the army were of the species
Formica sanguinea said to be in the habit of making
frequent raids on black ant kills for the purpose
of acquiring slaves o1 servants.

Next returning to the point where I first dis-
covered it, I traced the stream of ants back along
the path by some shrubs, across a narrow cabbage
patch, through a twenty-foot rhubarb plantation
to a small field of potatoes. The ants were emerg-
ing from the field, just as numerous, just as
hurried as the division first encountered.

Making my way through the potatoes, another
patch of rhubarb and a narrow strip of oats I
came to the end of the garden enclosure where,
just marching out from under the fence, came the
rear-guard of the army, these last stragglers
hurrying and scrambling as zealously as the crack
troops at the head of the line.

The scene of the march was the garden pre-
viously mentioned which consisted of a long
narrow strip of land running along beside a wood.
The vegetables were arranged in rows running
crosswise so that the ants were forced to make
the difficult march across the rows or go through
the wood with its very rough, sloping ground
and thick underbrush. Even in the garden the

200

marching was much more trying than if done
over prairie ground. The path was used wherever
at all convenient while the lawn and field offered
a fair trail.

Subsequent measurements showed that the
marching column was about one hundred and ten
yards in length. The ants marched, while under
observation, some three yards more than that.
The direction taken was due west facing the after-
noon sun except where short detours were made
to avoid obstacles or to take advantage of a beaten
track. On the whole the route followed was
straight as a bee line. The time required for the
rear-guard to march from the fence to shelter
was exactly three hours. During that time the
ants marched approximately one-fifteenth of a
mile which would make the average rate of speed
one forty-fifth of a mile per hour or nearly two
feet per minute.

The army moved in loose marching order, the
width of the column varying from one and a half
to three or four feet according to the nature of
the ground. While travelling through rough
places and over the grass, the ants spread out,
each individual apparently seeking the easiest
track for himself. On the paths they closed in so
that all took advantage of the smooth road.

Taking the length of the line, the average
width and estimating the number of ants to the
square foot at from one hundred and fifty to one
hundred and seventy-five, I arrived at the con-
clusion that from sixty to seventy thousand
ants took part in the march: That is without
counting the black ants which they carried as
captives.

For about two-thirds of the red army were
struggling along under the weight of live black
ants or pupae in little oblong white cases. The
blacks belonged to the species Formica fusca and
their younger brothers and sisters in the pupa
cases were almost as large as the red carriers.
In fact a red soldier with his burden looked most
amusingly like a man trying to carry a rolled up
mattress. It is probable that the blacks were
young ones from a recent swarm. None that I
saw had wings.

Thinking that perhaps dead blacks were being
carried home to replenish the larder of the reds,
I picked up a soldier who immediately dropped
his victim in my hand, the black ant thus set free,
began to run about in lively fashion showing
that it must have been caught and carried as
gently as a cat deals with her kittens. When
the two ants were replaced on the ground, the
red at once seized the black and hurried off to
rejoin his comrades on the march.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[Vou. XLI

I then caught another soldier and took him a
couple of yards to the left of the line, there after
keeping him a minute in my hand, I carefully
set him down. This ant also returned without
delay to the column, not going directly to the
right but travelling at an angle which would give
him the shortest road to his former comrades.
This ant evidently knew his place in the line as
well as the route to be followed.

Coming back again to the head of the line,
I found the leaders turning somewhat sharply
to the right and climbing up hill to where, half
hidden in the shrubbery, lay an old ant hill badly
broken into by the hoofs of animals using the
pasture. This hill was the destination of the
army for that night at least.

Between the comparatively smooth pasture
land and this ant hill there was rough ground
thickly overgrown with wild rose bushes broken
down so that many dead branches were scattered
over the ground. These branches bristled with
sharp dry thorns. The red ants, nothing daunted,
dragged the precious white satin pupa cases
helter-skelter through these entanglements, over
other obstructions and up to the doors of the hill.
Ordinary pieces of white satin treated so would
have been in tatters. Thus it would appear that
the pupa cases were made to withstand wear and
tear since they seemed none the worse as a re-
sult of this rough treatment.

When the leading ants arrived at the nearer
entrances of the hill, heads of little black slaves
popped out as if to welcome them home. Ap-
parently the blacks were there to usher the weary
red soldiers to chambers for rest and food. To
my great surprise, most of the ants, now evidently
very weary, refused to go in by the nearer doors
even though black ants came out and caught at
them, but staggered on and up over the hill to
other doorways where other attendants awaited
their arrival. This happened so often that I
was forced to conclude that each red warrior
knew which entrance he must use in returning
to the hill.

Arrived at last at the proper door, the ex-
hausted marchers refused to yield up their burdens
to the waiting blacks who, reaching out welcoming
arms for pupae and live black brothers, had to
drag in with these the weary red robbers.

Meanwhile the rest of the army, in spite of
very apparent weariness and haste, was coming
up in good order. All turned aside at the same
place and marched up the hill where each sought
and found his appointed entrance. There was ‘no
confusion, no undue haste, no crowding of the
doorways, not a minute’s delay for any individual.
One by one the army poured into the barracks

December, 1927]

through its many entrances where there seemed
to be always a patient little black on the watch
to welcome and assist the next arrival.

For three long hours the march went on while
I kept guard at the hill or moved along the flanks
of the army, until at half past eight, just three
hours after my first discovery of the army, the
last ants came staggering in, slowly turned from
the bee-line previously followed and painfully as
if foot-sore and weary, dragged themselves and
their precious burdens through the rose bushes
up the slope to the hill, the late comer quite as
particular as the first arrival about finding and
using his own chosen doorway.

Finally no more ants came to the hill. I went
back along the line of march but could find not
even one soldier left spent and weary by the
road-side. The whole army consisting of so many
thousands, had completed its expedition, secured
its booty and was safe under shelter for the night.
So well had the troop movements been timed
that the very latest straggler entered the hill a
little before the sun set. Out of all the marching
host, I found only one left dead on the trail
with feet turned up to the quiet evening skies.

When, next morning about nine o’clock, I
returned to the hill, there was little activity in
evidence, though a few black ants ran aimlessly
about, no red ones were in sight. The day was
Sunday but I did not succeed in finding out
whether the red soldiers enjoyed a Sabbath rest
after the hard march or whether they rose early
and again took to the trail, resuming the journey.
I could not be sure about what happened to the
army because I was away from home for the two
succeeding weeks. On subsequent visits to the
hill, I learned little more. A few red and black
ants kept careless guard there in the sun, they
were not active and left the hill as it had been
before.

If the army proceeded on its march in the same
direction it would soon encounter difficulties in
the shape of the dry bed of a stream with very
steep banks followed by the numerous tracks at
the entrance of the railway yards. I knew of no
large ant hill either in the direction from which
they came or that in which they travelled. There
were hills however, deep down in the woods
which may have been the destination of the
marching column.

It was of course impossible to find out at what
hour the march had begun. If the ants were
migrating because of the drought, they may have
set out at any time previous to five thirty when I
first noticed them. On the other hand if they
were returning from a raid as seems most likely,

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

201

they probably marched at least eight hours and
possibly the whole day, taking the trail at their
utmost speed without rest or food and in most
cases heavily burdened.

There are a number of interesting observations
to be made concerning this bit of ant activity.
First there was the skill with which the road had
been chosen and laid out so as to take advantage
of man-made tracks, while keeping in the main
to the bee line. I wondered whether they were
following a trail known and used by former
generations of their race in making raids or if
scouts had been sent out to make road surveys
and locate points of attack. Next there was the
timing of the movement—the day chosen was
not too warm, there was neither rain nor wind
to interfere with or hinder the expedition from
which it would appear that the ants possessed a
certain amount of weather wisdom and exercised
foresight, so that all the army was safe under
shelter before the sun set. The endurance of the
ants was a marvelous thing. In all the three
hours of my watching I saw none lagging, no
throwing away of the heavy burdens, no straying
from the line of march. There were no pauses
for rest or food but each ant made all possible
speed while discipline appeared perfect though
only a few individuals acted as officers.

Again the difficulties of the way should be
taken into consideration. What great persistence
must have been required to force the ants through
huge dark forests of rhubarb, to carry them over
the passes of the mountainous potato patch, to
drag them through barriers made of the great
thorny trunks of dead rose trees, which consider-
ing the size of the ants must have been much
more formidable to them than barbed-wire en-
tanglements were to men. What a wonderful
example of good organization of forces! The
weather chosen was all that could be desired,
the march completed before the sun set, the road
passable and the best possible, while confusion
and disorder were practically eliminated even on
the army’s arrival at the barracks where so many
thousands had to effect an entrance and be tucked
away for the night.

One wonders whether such expeditions are
common incidents in the life of an ant colony or
if the story of such a raid successfully carried out,
goes down in the folk stories and annals of these
clever little people, an achievement to be re-
ferred to with pride and to be held up as an ex-
ample to the young, of the endurance, courage

and prowess shown by the older generations of
the race.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

(VoL. XLI

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

FISHES COLLECTED IN CHAMCOOK LAKE, NEW
BRUNSWICK.—During the spring of 1925, Mr.
E. B. S. Logier and I spent some time on Cham-
cook Lake preparing a series of sebago salmon of
various sizes for exhibition in the Royal Ontario
Museum of Zoology. In connection with this
work a number of other species of fishes were
collected. There are few places around the shore
where seining is possible and the species taken
may not therefore be all that occur.

Chamecook Lake consists of a chain of three or
four lakes connected by short streams and drain-
ing into St. Andrew’s Bay by a stream about
two miles in length. There is a dam at the outlet
of the lowermost lake. The latter, the largest
in the chain is over a mile long and nearly a mile
wide.

Sebago Salmon (Salmo salar sebago) are said
to occur naturally in this lake. Atlantic Salmon
fry have been planted more or less regularly for

some time. Following are the numbers planted
in recent years:

Quis esetes Fe bues: toes preeal, cakes 50,000

ESR Oe a OPT Maen ees here 50,000

dL OeaPrcihs chaps pad yauce Hiceeep sche tak ukh 20,000

OD Ae Oe: Fauabsieyey bene ee ted bee eats 40,000

ODE ee tthe Gap tlie ke een ates 50,000

Lake trout or togue (Cristivomer namaycush)
are quite common. A specimen 388 inches in
length and 35 pounds in weight was secured.
The eel (Anguilla rostrata) is very common.
The Smelt (Osmerus mordax) is also a common
species. Suckers (Castostomus commersonnit)
are very numerous. A male 9 inches in length
taken May 20 had tubercles on dorsal and caudal
fins such as characterize this species at spawning
time. The Lake Chub (Couesius plumbeus)
is also rather common. The shiner (Notropis
cornutus) is found but is less common than the
preceding species. Two species of sticklebacks
(Pungitius pungitius) and (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
are both found in considerable numbers, the
latter being somewhat the more numerous. A
few specimens of the sunfish (Hupomotis gibbosus)
were also secured.—T. B. Kurata, Royal Ontario
Museum of Zoology.

WESTERN RAGWEED TO THE HASTWARD.—The
perennial Western Ragweed (Ambrosia psilos-
tachya D.C. in current manuals; A. coronopi-
folia T. & G. in North American Flora) has been
regarded as a plant of “Ill. and Wisc. to the
Saskatchewan, westw. and southwestw.” (Gray’s
Manual). According to North American Flora,
1922, it also occurs in Michigan, and is introduced
in Connecticut.

That these statements are inadequate is he-
coming increasingly apparent with the progress
of the Canadian Weed Survey, instituted by the
Division of Botany, Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa. The plant has been collected in Ontario,
to the north of Michigan at Franz (Groh, 1925),
and to the east in Lambton County (Mitchell,
Ont., Nat. Se. Bul., 1912; Dodge, 1914; Groh,
1924). There is a still earlier record of its oc-
currence at Galt, Ont. (Herriot, Ont. Nat. Se.
Bul., 1910). Other records from my surveys of
the past five years are Gravenhurst, Madawaska,
Eganville, Pembroke, Renfrew, Sand Point and
Carp. These extend the range right to the
Quebec boundary, and this year the first Quebec
record was secured. Strange to say, this was in
the remote Saguenay River district, and in an
out-of-the-way location there. A couple of miles
west of the town of Chicoutimi, I left the river
road and crossed through fields to a wooded
height, to find a number of patches scattered
about in a gravelly clearing.

Some of the colonies referred to above are
obviously introduced, but others have consider-
able appearance of being indigenous. This is
true particularly of those discovered along our
northern borders where in several instances they
were away from town and in quite natural sur-
roundings.—H. GROH.

ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA L. IN THE OTTAWA DISs-
TRICT.—On July 25, 1926, Mr. H. T. Gussow,
Dominion Botanist, reported that Butterfly-weed
was growing on the sand dunes of Constance Bay,
twenty-five miles up the Ottawa river; and in
August of this year I was able to re-locate and
collect specimens, since there was no evidence of
any previous record for the district. This was
only a few minutes walk from the spot where
Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. was collected
in 1925, (C.F.N., Vol. XL, No. 1) indicating that
here is a corner of our territory that might well
repay some further exploration.—H. GROH.

THE SPREAD OF AXYRIS AMARANTOIDES L.—
In Rhodora for October 1927, Prof. M. L. Fernald
calls attention to the spread of Axyris amaran-
toides (Russian Pigweed) in America from Mani-
toba and North Dakota where it is said to have
been ‘“‘for some years.” It is perhaps worth
while to point out that it has been known in
Manitoba for over 40 years, having been reported
by Fletcher from a “roadside, ten miles west of
Winnipeg, Man., 1886.” (Cat. Can. Pl., Macoun,
Parts Vs).

December, 1927]

In the Herbarium of the Division of Botany,
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, there is a
specimen of this weed collected by Miss J. Bostock
in 1926, from as far northwest as the Peace River
district. There are Ontario specimens collected
by the writer at Ottawa, 1923; Kingston, 1924;
Hearst and Golden Lake, 1925. In the Ontario
Agricultural College Herbarium, Guelph, Ont.,
are specimens collected at Guelph in 1918 and
1921.

In the course of a survey of the Lake St. John
and Saguenay River districts of Quebec during
the third week of September, 1927, I found
Axyris to be established in at least half a dozen

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

203

places from St. Felicien and Roberval at the upper
end, to Chicoutimi and Port Alfred on the Sague-
nay; and one plant was collected also at Tadoussac
at the mouth of the Saguenay River during a
few minutes ashore. No other eastern occurrences
to my knowledge, have as much appearance of
real naturalization as these. While some of the
plants were merely associated with construction
operations, in other places they had infested
gardens, and in two instances were the predomi-
nant weed over small areas. In a developing
region like this it is probable that infestation
could be traced to importation of western feed
during railway and other construction.—H. GROH.

OFFICIAL CANADIAN RECORD OF BIRD-BANDING RETURNS*

Published by Authority of the National Parks of Canada Branch, Department of the In-
terior, Canada

In the following returns upon banded birds it will be noted
that some returns may be thought to indicate, from the date of
capture, violations of the Migratory Bird Act of Canada or the
United States. The great majority of returns, which seem to
indicate violations, are from birds accidently caught in traps
set for fur-bearing mammals, from birds caught in fish nets,
killed by oil, or from birds found dead from unknown causes
Appropriate action has been taken in connection with the few
returns which indicate illegal shooting.

SERIES

The following returns upon birds, banded by Mr. Jack Miner,
at Kingsville, Ontario, have been gathered from various sources,
and are now made a part of the Canadian Record, with Mr.
Miner’s consent.

ALABAMA
MALLARD:—

One male, banded in 1916, was killed in one of
the small bays that abound around Mobile,
Alabama, in December, 1916.

One female, banded in 1916, was killed in one
of the small bays that abound around Mobile,
Alabama, in December, 1916.

One, banded in 1917, was killed on the Ten-
nessee River, nead Decatur, Alabama, on De-
cember 138, 1917.

One was killed at Crescent Lake, about seven
Sieg from Montgomery, Alabama, in December,

921.

One male was apparently killed about one mile
from Point Rock, Alabama, on March 38, 1928.

One male, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed
within twelve miles of Florence, Alabama, on
January 4, 1926.

One female, banded in the fall of 1925, was
killed thirteen miles south-west of Huntsville,
aeeueon County, Alabama, on November 27,
1926.

Biack Duck:—

One, banded in 1915, was killed in one of the
small bays that abound around Mobile, in De-
cember, 1916, before December 18th.

One male was killed in Bay Grass, six miles
from Mobile East, on January 7, 1918.

Duck:—

One, banded in 1915, was killed at Muscle
Shoals, Tennessee River, on January 3, 1917.

One, banded in 1917, was killed in Woods
Bluff Swamp, on Tombigbee River, on November
10, 1917.

One, banded in 1917, was killed in the vicinity
of Shorter, on December 28, 1921.

One was killed on Coosa River, in Chilton
County, shortly before January 23, 1918.

One was killed on a lake belonging to the Cres-
cent Lake Country Club, about six miles from
Montgomery, in the last week of December,

One was killed in the Tennessee River, near
Madison, on January 28, 1923.

One, banded in 1925, was killed near Steven-
son (?), on December 1, 1925.

SPECIES UNKNOWN:—

One was killed at Cullman, shortly before
December 17, 1917.

ARKANSAS
MALLARD :—

One male, banded in 1919, was killed near
roy Grove, in February, 1920, before February

rd.

One male, banded in 1921, was killed on Scrub
Grass Lake, five miles north-west of Snow Lake,
Desha County, on December 21, 1922.

One, banded in 1921, was killed at Big Lake,
on December 27, 1922.

One female, banded in 1921, was shot at Jacobs
Lake, Arkansas County, about sixty-five miles
from England, on January 31, 1925.

One male, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed
at Flag Lake, three miles from Gillett, on De-
cember 4, 1925.

BLack Duck:—
one was killed on Big Lake, on November 1,
6.

204

One female, banded in 1921, was killed on
Porter Lake, Phillips County, within one-half
mile of the Mississippi River, on December 17,
geal
Duck:—

One female was killed about six miles from
Ulm, Prairie County, on December 27, 1921.

One was killed near Higginson, about January
15,1922.

One, banded in 1924, was killed near Stuttgart,
on January 25, 1926.

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed by
a resident of Grand Lake, on January 20, 1926.

COLORADO
MALLARD :—

One was found by a resident of Fort Morgan—
reported March 31, 1924.

DELAWARE
BLack DucK:—
One, banded in 1919, was caught in a muskrat
trap at Lewes, on January 15, 1922.

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in the fall of 1924, was killed by
a resident of Frankford, about three miles from
the Maryland boundary line, near Fenwicks
Island Lighthouse, on January 6, 1925.

One was killed by a resident of Smyrna, in
January, 1924.

One was captured by a resident of Middle-
town—reported January 7, 1927.

FLORIDA
MALLARD:—

One female, banded in 1916, was shot on Lake
Miccosukee, about twenty miles south of Thomas-
ville, Georgia, and ten miles north of Monticello,
Florida, on January 30, 1920.

One female was killed on Lake Miccosukee,
Jefferson County, on December 18, 1924.

Duck:—

One was killed by a resident of Boynton, on
January 1, 1927.

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in the spring of 1926, was captured
on November 23, 1926, and the recovery reported
by a resident of St. Marks.

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was shot on
Goose "Island, off the Florida coast, on December
1, 1926.

One was killed at St. George Island, four days
after it was banded—reported on December 13,
1926.

GEORGIA
Duck:—
One female was killed in the Oconee River
swamps, on December 22, 1916.
One was killed by a "resident of Oconee—
reported January 24, 1923.

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed on
the Coosawatee River bottom lands about seven
miles north-east of Calhoun, Gordon County,
on January 7, 1926.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

One was killed in a swamp near the waterworks
pond at Athens—reported November 4, 1926.

DOovE:—

One was shot on a farm two miles north of
Doerun, Colquitt County, on January 20, 1923.

ILLINOIS
MALLARD:—

One female, banded in 1916, was shot on the

cae of the Peru Gun Club, on September 26,

ope female, banded in 1917, was “brought

” from the Mississippi River, about seven and

anetval miles south of Burlington, Iowa, on
December 11, 1918.

One, banded in 1917, was killed on the Illinois
River, near Chillicothe, on December 4, 1920.

One female, banded in 1919, was found in a
muskrat trap in the marshes of the Senachwine
Club, at Putnam gab, in the spring of 1921
before March 8, 1921.

One, banded in 1921, was caught and released
by a resident of Sesser, on April 25, 1922. It had
been crippled.

One male, banded in 1921, was killed in a pond
on the Mississippi Bottom, in the south quarter
of Pike County, on November 20, 1922.

One male was killed in the valley of the Wabash
River, commonly called the “‘Wabash Bottoms,”
New Haven Township, Gallatin County, the latter
part of December, 1921.

One male, banded in the fall of 1925, was caught,
had its picture taken and was double tagged with
band No. 405,466 of the United States Bureau
ok er ouiee Survey, at Lima Lake, on March 24,

tits

Duck:—

One, banded in 1917, was killed in the woods
in Saugamon Valley, about nine miles north-east
a eee. Cass County, on December 6,

Te

One, banded in 1918, was killed in Henderson
County, near latitude 41, longitude 91, on March
15, 1919.

One was killed at Elizabethtown—reported
April 5, 1920.

One, banded in 1921, was killed on the Ohio
Hive, near Cave-in Rock, on December 29,

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in 1918, was killed on Bumb-
guard Bar, on the Mississippi River, near Miller
City, on December 20, 1921.

One, banded in the fall of 1924, was killed in a
cornfield on the banks of the Mississippi River,
one na mile from Cache—reported January 25,

One male, banded in the fall of 1924, was killed
ee resident of Oblong—reported December 29,

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed in
Jasper County, in December, 1925.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was captured
by a resident of Wolf Lake—reported January 19,
1926.

One, banded in 1925, was killed by a resident
of Carlyle, on October 5, 1926.

Three, banded in the fall of 1925, were killed
on a sandbar in the Mississippi River, near the
mouth of the Ohio River, on November 11, 1926.

December 1927]

Two, banded in the fall of 1925, were killed at
the Island Club, about twenty miles from Cairo,
on December 14, 1926.

One was killed by a resident of Cache—reported
February 12, 1925.

One was crippled, captured and used as a decoy
on the Mississippi River, at Cairo—reported
February 13, 1925.

One, wearing two bands, was killed in a corn-
field adjoining the shooting property of Claude
E. Clinton, Fayville, on December 28, 1925.

One, banded in the spring of 1926, was killed
at the Island Club, about twenty miles from
Cairo, on December 14, 1926.

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was killed about
four miles up the Ohio River from Brookport,
across the river from Paducah, Kentucky, on
December 28, 1926.

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was killed on
the Hamburg Farm, in Union County—reported
December 30, 1926.

One found dead by a resident of Cairo, on the
rae of the Mississippi River, on January 30,

One was shot by a resident of Catlin, during
the early part of December, 1926.

INDIANA
MALLARD:—

One female, banded in 1916, was killed on the
Ohio River near Evansville, on March 3, 1919.

One male, banded in the fall of 1925, was shot
on the banks of the Wabash River, about thirteen
me south of LaFayette—reported March 24,

DuckK:—

One, banded in 1915, was captured by a resi-
dent of Shelbyville, in May, 1916.

One, banded in 1916, was killed by a resident
of Memphis, during the first week of March, 1917.

One was killed on the pond of Rush Boone,
in Boon Township, Harrison County, on February
10, 1917.

One, banded in 1919, was killed at the junction
of the Big Maine River with the Ohio River, on
the overflowed bottoms, on December 2, 1919.

One, banded in 1921, was shot about five miles
east of Auburn, in DeKalb County, on December
23, 1921.

One was killed on the Wabash River near
Montezuma, about March 6, 1923.

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in the spring of 1921, was captured
alive by a resident of Lacrosse, in the fall of 1922.
It had been shot through the wing.

One, banded in the fall of 1924, was killed by a
resident of Medora—reported February 2, 1926.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed on
the Wabash River, Graysville, Sullivan County,
during the last part of the season of 1925.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed three
miles west of Leesburg, on November 9, 1926.

One, banded in 1925, was killed by a resident of
Washington, on November 15, 1926.

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was killed on
the Wabash River, fifteen miles below Terre
Haute, on November 27, 1926.

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was shot by a
resident of Lafayette, on December 6, 1926.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

205

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was captured
alive by a resident of Vallonia, on the White
River, on December 25, 1926. It had a broken
wing and was being kept in captivity in a chicken
park.

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was killed in
a large pond flooded by the Ohio River during
eet stages, New Amsterdam, on December

SPECIES UNKNOWN:—

One, banded in 1917, had its band found by a
peer cee in Michigan City—reported April 2,

One was evidently recovered by a resident of
Evansville, who reported on March 6, 1919, that
he had received Mr. Miner’s address in a very
queer way.

IOWA
Duck :—

One was probably killed—reported by a resi-
deus of Redding, Ringgold County, on August 9,

23.

One female, banded in the fall of 1925, was shot
in Buckeye Township, Hardin County, on Novem-
ber, 14, 1926.

KANSAS
MALLARD :—

One female, banded in 1921, was killed about
twenty-five miles north-west of Wichita, on
December 7, 1928.

: KENTUCKY
MALLARD :—

One female, named Susan, banded on Decem-
ber 5, 1912, returned badly crippled in wing and
leg on March 30, 1913; migrated in the fall;
and was shot by a resident of Paris, on February
27, 1914.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed
probably near Woodburn, Warren County, on
December 1, 1925.

BLack DucK:—

One female, banded in 1915, was killed on
Eighteen Mile Island, on December 19, 1916.

One female, banded in 1921, was killed twenty-
two miles below Cincinnati, Ohio, on the Ken-
tucky side of the Ohio River, on December 22,
1921.

Duck:—

One, banded in 1915, was killed in 1915, and
the recovery reported by a resident of Owenton.

One, banded in 1915, was killed on an island
six miles east of Louisville, on December 14,
1919.

One male, banded in 1916, was caught on the
Barren River, two miles below the mouth of the
Gasper River, about twenty miles below Bowling
Green, on March 18, 1917.

One, banded in 1916, was shot near Stamping
Ground, on the waters of the North Elkhorn
Creek, a tributary of the Kentucky River, in
March, 1917.

One was evidently recovered by a resident of
Sanders—reported June 13, 1916.

One was killed at Lebanon—reported July 24,
1916.

206

One, banded in 1917, was killed on the waters
of Fleming Creek, in Fleming County, on De-
cember 10, 1917.

One was killed on Elkhorn Creek, seven miles
from Frankfort, on or about February 14, 1917.

One was killed—reported by a resident of
Louisville, on March 15, 1917.

One was captured alive about two miles from
Danville, in Boyle County, shortly before March
25, 1920. It had been wounded and had lost its
left eye.

One was killed in Grant County, in February,
1921.

One was caught in a steel trap and found dead
on the Chaplin River near Harrodsburg, on De-
cember 25, 1921.

One was killed by a resident of Pembroke—
reported January 4, 1922.

One male was captured about one hundred
miles south of Evansville, Indiana, in Western
Kentucky, on January 14, 1922.

One was killed two miles north-east of Hardins-
burg, Breckenridge County, on February 8, 1922.

One male was killed by a resident of Somerset,
on February 20, 1922.

One was killed on Green River, in the western
part of Kentucky—reported March 10, 1922.

One, banded in the spring of 1926, was killed
at a pond in Crofton, on April 15, 1927.

CANADA GOOSE:—

One was killed at the mouth of the Ohio River,
on December 4, 1923.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, “fell into the
hands” of a resident of Carrsville, Livingston
County, on December 30, 1925.

One, banded in the fall of 1926, was killed in
a field about three and one-half miles north-west
of Leitchfield, on December 27, 1926.

SPECIES UNKNOWN:—

One was evidently recovered by a resident of
Paris—reported June 4, 1920.

LOUISIANA
M ALLARD:—

One, banded in 1913, was killed at Gueydan,
in January, 1915, before January 19th.

One male, banded in 1917, was killed in the
marshes around Bayou Dupont, in the Barataria
Section, on November 10, 1918.

One male, banded in the fall of 1917, was killed
at Lake Misere, Cameron Parish, on November
23, 1921. It was one of three Mallard males
banded at the same time; one was killed the same
fall in which it was banded, in the South, and one
was killed in Alberta on April 3, 1923.

One male was killed on Cross Lake, about eight
miles north-west of Shreveport, in Caddo Parish,
on December 24, 1919.

One male was shot on Mallard Bay, near Lake
Arthur—reported December 19, 1922.

BLack DucK:—

One, banded in 1917, was killed in Bayou
Cocodrie, on January 12, 1918.

One, banded in 1917, was killed at the mouth
of the Mississippi River, on the Gulf of Mexico,
on November 15, 1918.

Duck:—
One, banded in 1914, was shot at Gueydan.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

[VoL. XLI

One was killed in a small swamp four miles
south of Baton Rouge, shortly before December
26, 1916.

One, banded in 1921, was recovered in South
Louisiana, in November, 1924, and the recovery
reported by a resident of Glenmore.

One was killed at Branch, on January 9, 1923.

One was killed—reported by a resident of New
Orleans, on January 25, 1928. i

MARYLAND
MALLARD:—

One male was killed by a resident of Tylerton,
on November 15, 1916. ;

One male was killed in Lloyd’s Creek, near
Betterton, on December 29, 1917.

BLAack DucKk:—

One male, banded in 1917, was killed by a resi-
dent of Lower Marlboro, in March, 1918, before
March 26th.

CANADA GOOSE:—

One male, banded in the fall of 1917, left in
December, and was captured on March 1, 1918—
reported by a resident of Kennedyville, Kent
County.

One, banded in the spring of 1922, was killed
on November 14, 1925—reported by a resident
of Edgewood.

One, banded in 1923, was killed at the mouth
of Middle River, Baltimore County—reported
November 23, 1923.

One was captured alive and released by a resi-
care ul Tylerton, Somerset County, on January

; 3.

MASSACHUSETTS

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in 1923, was killed in a pond in
the town of Norwell, about twenty miles south
of Boston, on October 26, 1926.

MICHIGAN
MALLARD :—

One was probably killed near the mouth of the
Sault Ste. Marie River, on April 24, 1917.

One was shot at the mouth of the Thames
River, on October 26, 1917, and the recovery
reported by a resident of Detroit.

One male, banded in 1919, was shot in the marsh
of the Erie Shooting Club, about eleven miles
south of Monroe, on November 13, 1919.

One was killed in a marsh in the Township of
Berlin, Monroe County, opposite the mouth of
the Detroit River, on September 16, 1919.

One male, banded in 1921, was shot on a marsh
of the Point Mouillee Shooting Club, Rockwood,
Wayne County, on September 30, 1921.

One male was killed at Odian Island Marsh,
on November 20, 1923.

BLAcK DucK:—

One was killed at the Point Mouillee Shooting
Club, Wayne County, near the mouth of the Haron
River, on October 18, 1916.

One was killed at Point Mouillee Bay, on Lake
Hrie, on November 22, 1917.

December, 1927]

Duck:—

One was killed on Point, Mouillee Marsh,
mene County, Lake Erie on December 4,

One, banded in 1917, was shot by a resident of
Munith—reported November 8, 1917.

One, banded in 1917, was killed on the Potta-
watomie Duck Club grounds, on the Kalamazoo
River, near Saugatuck, the day before Thanks-
giving Day, November, 1917.

One was shot by a resident of Chelsea, on
September 17, 1917.

One was caught by a resident of St. James, on
July 31, 1920. }

One was killed on the Chippawa River—re-
ported October 23, 1926.

CANADA GOOSE:—

One was shot by a resident of Holland, in the
fall of 1922.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was shot in a
field at Monroe, on December 21, 1925.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was shot near
Manchester, on November 14, 1926.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed in a
cornfield in New Buffalo, Berrien County, on
December 3, 1926.

MINNESOTA
MALLARD:—

One, banded in 1916, was shot in Rice Lake,
Cass County, near Remer, on October 22, 1923.

One, banded in 1917, was killed by a resident of
Breckenridge, in the fall of 1918.

One, banded in 1919, was captured and ap-
parently afterwards killed at Zimmerman, on
November 14, 1920.

Duck:—

One, banded in 1916, was shot near Glencoe—
reported September 22, 1917.

One was recovered—reported by a resident of
Brainerd, on September 28, 1917.

SPECIES UNKNOWN:—

One had its band found by a resident of Ray,
some time before November 30, 1920.

MISSISSIPPI
MALLARD :—

One was recovered—reported by a resident of
Cedar Bluff, December 24, 1917.

One, banded in 1921, was killed on Fairchild
sland, Adams County, Natchez, on January 7,

922.

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

207

One female, banded in 1922, was killed one mile
north of Belzoni, in Humphries County, on De-
cember 25, 1922.

One was killed on a small pond by a resident of
Ellisville, on December 19, 1922.

Duck:—

One was killed on the Tombigbee River, on
December 20, 1916—reported by a resident of
Smithville.

One, banded in 1917, was killed in the swamps
of the Yalobusha River, about ten miles west of
Jackson, in February, 1918.

One female was killed by a resident of Rosedale,
on November 22, 1917.

One was killed on the Yalobusha River, County
of Grenada, on February 5, 1918.

One, banded in 1921, was killed on Lake
PET in Washington County, on November

MISSOURI

MALLARD :—

One female was killed on the Missouri River,
on December 21, 1918—reported and killed by a
resident of Carrollton.

One male was killed by a resident of Bragg City,
on January 23, 1923.

BLACK DUCK:—

One female was killed in New Madrid County—
reported January 10, 1916. p

CANADA GOOSE:—

One, banded in the fall of 1922, was killed by a
resident of New Madrid, on November 18, 1923.

One, banded in the spring of 1924, was killed in
Mississippi County, on or about December 20,
1924.

One, banded in the fall of 1924, was killed near
Cape Girardeau, on December 25, 1925.

One, banded in 1924, was killed by a resident of
Commerce—reported January 8, 1926.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed on
the Missouri side of the Mississippi River, directly
across from 36th Street, Cairo, Illinois, on De-
cember 28, 1925.

One, banded in the fall of 1925, was killed near
the Mississippi River, in a wheat field ten miles
from Charleston—reported February 24, 1926.

One was killed on a farm, five miles north of
Charleston, Mississippi County, on January 30,
1925, approximately.

Two were killed—reported by a resident of
Charleston, on January 27, 1927.

LNIE

TO

ROU VEE No: Xt]

eine
Canadian Field-Naturalist

D

1927
THE GRAPHIC PUBLISHERS, LIMITED
OTTAWA

210
Acanthis linaria linaria 92
linaria rostrata.... 92
Accipiter Spi. 4-22) - o- 13
Accipiter cooperi....... 150
VielORasis ee ae ti
Acer Negundo......... 49
Acerates lanuginosa.... 52
ore lanceola- i
Achillea lanulosa. . oi 53
millefolium. . Stil, al
Acipenser rubicundus... 127
strode A) Ge: 127
/NGUBVERY ROLES ono ca Be 50
Actitis macularia...... 150
Adamsia Rondeletii.. .. 101
Agaricus campestris.... 128
Agastache Foeniculum. . 53
Agelaius phoeniceus arc-
tolesushe we cee ri
Agoserus cuspidata..... 51
Plauca eee eee 51
Agriculture, Dept. of,
Saskatchewan, re-
view of report of
Game Commission-
er for year ending
April 30th, 1926.. 20
Agrostemma Githago... 53
Aleock, F. J., article by 115
Alectoris rufa rufa..... 100
PINT eh ROR mR? etal 62
LANEY eG 9h see ee 84, 133
Blue-greena ee ae 78
Alisma plantago-aqua-
ICAP Fee idee eye 53
Allium reticulatum..... 50
stellatumbes.-5 a. 54
Almuswncana a. 25. oF 48
Alona guttata.... 131
IADESGTISMe io). EN Go il, BY
Amaranthus retroflexus. 54, 62
Ambloplites rupestris. . . 128
Ambrosa coronopifolia. 202
psilostachya....... 202
Ameiurus lacustris... .. WY
NebuUlOSUSH eee WAY
Vill CATISMe eee enna,
Amr elanchicr ss eee 42
SpIcataw eens eee 49
Jo 01213 bee Ne 1, 28, 30
CALE MAS es 5 no do 55 06 1
latitoliane nes eee 340
28, 29, 30, 31
latifolia forma alba 30, 31
latifolia forma mono-
trOpOldesae eee 30
latifolia forma var-
TOSAGA Pe 2). a eects 31
RUDIGINOSAa4, Ae ZO ZO ol
Ami, H. M., article by. 112
Amnicola limosa....... 60, 61
Ammnicolidaewss sae 60
Amorpha macrophylla. . 52
Amphicarpa monoica. .. Sil
Amphipoda.: 74) sen. 110
Anabaena flos-aquae. .. 84
Anatidaesin ys tay 189
Anchiceratopsn hee 70
AneyMdaetee see nee 60
Androsace occidentalis. . 48

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Anemone canadensis... 51
cylindricase es.) os- 51
multifida. . 50
patens Wolfgangiana 48
virginiana. . gate 31

Anemone, Tall......... 31

Anguilla rostrata....... 202

Anodonta grandis foo-

Glan aes es reas 60

Antennal aaa ee 19
apricare aunt weer ae 49
campestris........ 49
microphyllagepesre 51

ae carolinen-

Fels en OMe. ER 151

aa Bee ANN 100, 101, 102, 182,

199, 200, 201
i 84

GanGhan cu ieee nine 4
Anurea codhlearis...... 84
Aphanizomenon flos-

AQUAOW ie ees ee 84
VA TO DIS tee ccc ees 85
Aplexa hypnorum...... 60, 61
Aplodinotus grunniens.. 128

Aplopappus spinulosus. 54
Apocynum androsa emi-

THOME, 5 bc ecosenne 52
cannabinum....... 52
Aquilegia canadensis... 31, 51
Arabis brachycarpa.... 49
claloran one ean en ye 51
hirsutas eee 50
Holboellit S284. 49
Aralia nudicaulis....... 50
Archilochus ecolubris.. . . 151
Arctonetta fischeri... .. aye
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. 49
Ardea herodias........ 150
Arenaria lateriflora..... 50
Argyrosomus tullibee... 128
Armadillididaes ses... 1
Armadillidiums..25. 2. 175
quadrifrons...... 176, 179
SOMME ac 6 wo 04 oe 176, 179
IArniCa eas a ere re 19
Arnott, Dr. D. H., ar-
ticlesby. -olesnaar 12
Artemisia anaphalodes 55
Tennis e eae by
caudata... 54
dracunculoides..... 55
WHEN Bsn sooo nee c00 55
ludoviciana....... 55
Asclepias ovalifolia..... 52
SPEClOSa ae Eaaee 54
tuberosa’ va te. 202
Venulcilla tae ee 52
IASTED ic, ees: Be Ses Sill
Aster aneustusmen - ano. 53
commutatus. . fd 54
lAQVAS Heese Aree manne 54
Lindleyanus....... 54
novae-angliae...... 55
paniculatus....... 54
ptarmicoides...... 54
PUNICCUSs eee 54
umbellatus........ 54
Asterionella formosa... . 84
Astragalinus tristis. .... 151

(VoL. XLI
Astragalus adsurgens. .. 51
bisuleatuss] see 50
canadensis........ 53
caryocarpus....... 49
flexuOSus.. = sae 51
hypoglottis........ 49
neglectus: ... 2 see. 51
Athene noctua mira.... 100
Auk, Great. . ae 87
Razor-billed....... 75, 167
Auklet: Cassini sees 198
Aurochs. ... ...aee
ANVOCEtsa a: 5 78, 79, 80, 82
Axyris amarantoides... 202
Baeolophus bicolor. .... 186
Baillie, Jas. L., Jr., ar-
ticles Dya— aeneeree 12, 187
Bajkoo, Alexander, ar-
tidleiby- see eee 84
Baldpate.......15, 78, 80, 81,

82, 83, 110, 166

Barber, R. E., article by 14
Bass: Calico. aes neeee 128
Green Rock....... 128
Large-mouth Black 128
Small-mouth Black 128

White: . .42385nee 128
TBR G IGIOPVAY. G5 ooo coos 155
Bauer, Miss G., article

bye ait ae eee 12
Bees, Honey. .:....-4- 30
Beetles, carib.......... 109

Bent, Arthur Cleveland,
review of his “Tife
Histories of North
American Wild
Fowl’ and “Life
Histories of North

American Marsh
Birds? eee 189
Betula fontinalis....... 49
glandulosa........ 49
papyriteras eee 49
Betony, Wood......... 31
Bidens cernua......... 55
frondosaaeean eee 54
Birch: cine 184
Bird, Boatswain....... 38, 39

Man-o’-war.......
ee jand Pr mera 75
Ves a ene 75
Bird coandiee HG, i, SO).
ah, 139, 155

Bird-banding returns 66, 94,
141, 157, 191, 203

Bird Notes from ‘Algoma
District, Ontario. . 150
BISON eee 45, 46, 47, 67
Bison wallenigees see 46
alticornis see ee 67
Aantiquusss eee 46
bISON. 2 dono eee 46
CrassiGOmiSs see eee 46, 47
AUSVROD CREME ESS Glo. o 'c 46
latibrons See 46
occidentalis....... 46
Sivalensise eee 45
Bissett, E. D., articleby 127
Bittern, American. . 5 150

Bittersweet, Climbing. . 31

December, 1927]

Blackbird. .... htop LOO SLO
-Brewer’s. 10, 103, 109, 110
Red-winged 7, 8, 109, 110,

1

2 170

RUSG yess oh db 151
N.W. Bedwwinged.. ; 10
Yellow-Headed . 109
Blackheddeen hokey. 2... 128
Bloodrooteas) . 2) 55s5.- 31
Blue-berries........... 112

Bluebird 8, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
M14, 152, 171
1

IASCERM i? eso ss

Mountain 40,42,43,44,109
IBabolinks 2,63 452.- 151
Boleosoma nigrum ..... 128
Boltonia asteroides..... 54
Bombycilla cedrorum... 151
Bonasa umbellus....... 150

umbellus togata... 7
AGO tiepe... «<> + cacysyh be 38, 39
Boreogadus saida...... 65
Bosmina longirostris. ..85, 131
Botaurus PEIN OSs; 150
Botryococcus brauni. 84
Bovanaess os OO. 45
Brachiceratops........ 72
Brachyramphus marmo-

EV UIS p< Sins a nS 197
IBRD, ood alee Serene eee 75
Brassica arvensis....... 51

TAWA pS ole elegans 51
Brauneria angustifolia. 53
Brontotherium........ 21
Brown, M. Jean, article

Nie fa he eRe 85
Brown, J. Roland, ar-

LIGLESID VAP ss. Is ya, sys
Brown, W. J., articles

DON Wa cet facAS besn 932 13ik
Ee ckwlidat pee are RA Mine 3 112
BUiralOMeears cee: ss ae 45, 47

ROR 5 Oe Ne 45
Buffalo Fish, Common. 128

Small-mouth = as 128
Buffle-head....10, 15, 110, 144
Bullhead, Common..... 127
Bunting, Lazuli........ 109

TLOW ee nee eos? SO) iL, We.

13, 14, 62, 15
IB UrbOtyeceeehed 128
Buteo borealis......... 150

platypterus....... 7
BiuUibemly ey oe ae 101, 102

Large Blue........ 101
Butterfly-weed........ 202
Buttons, Spanish...... 31
Calcarius lapponicus. . . 62
Calendar of Flowers, A. 48
Calla palustris......... ol
Caltha palustris....... 49
Calvert, E. W , article by 13
Carre Bayern cy as a. 46
Camelina dentata...... 50, 114

microcarpa........ 50

SALIVA. sero thctst St 50
Campanula aparinoides. 54

rotundiflora....... 52
Canadian School of Pre-

history in France.. 112

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Canvas-back........ ial, al}, 3333
Capsella Bursa-pastoris 49
Cardamina pennsylvani-

CARsthioh ieee ae 1

PLAteNSISo. 3 see 50
Cardinale eee aes 11
Cavibou. we eee 45, 47
Carpiodes velifer....... 128
Carpodacus purpureus.. 151
Cartwright, B. W., ar-

ticletbys 2c ceyk NY
Castilleja coccinea... .. 50

sessiliflora......... 50
Castostomus commer-

SOHMMER hE ey er 202
Cathird es 76, 108, 109, 152
Catfish, Channel....... 127

Common.......... IY

1D Fe Wel Eee nh am a a 127

Great Lake....... HG

Long-jawed....... 127

Spottedhene 127

StONC iA ne etiss oie 127
Cathartes aura septen-

(HOOMENIS. . Ga suocse
Catostomus catostomus

Pe 20125, aes eR, 3 IBS

commersonil 128

griseus... 128
Cats Re ats gece 58
Cattle, domestic. ...... 45
Celastrus scandens..... 31
Centaurea nigra....... 31
Centrossaurus. ........ 72

By OSIRIS 6A decd abo ae 70
Cerastium arvense..... 49

NuUtaNS. 4-H Pe 50
Ceratops. 2 es. 69, 70

montanus......... 67, 70
Ceratopsia.......... 695 10, G2
Ceratopsidaes 4255. o- 67
Cerchneis s. sparveria. . 7
Ceryle alecyon:........ Hil
Chaetura pelagica...... 151
Chamaerhodos erecta... 51
Champsosaurs......... 145
Chasmosaurus.... ..69, 70, 72

belle 67, 68, 69, 70
Chenopodium album. G2 92

capitatum. . 49
Cherry, Choke 2, 108, 109, 182
Chewinke etre pe ein 64
Chichliidaeseaa ey 147
Chickadee 11, 12, 18, 14, 76, 90,

91, 94, 169, 187

Black-capped 8, 9, 11, 14,
14, 15, 103, 152

chestnut-backed. . 10, 110
Eudsonianes see 8, 12
Long-tailed....... 15
Mountains. 2. alo) ll)
Chicken, Prairie 20, 87, 90, 99,
100, 148, 155
Chicony ee ee 31
Chimaphila umbellata. 53
Chlorophyceae. . 84
Chordeiles virginianus. Ist
Christmas Bird Census
Returns, 1926..... 9
Chrysopsis villosa...... Bil
Chub, Flatheaded...... 128
AKCM Ry teak see Ae 202

211
Chydorus sphaericus. . . Sh
Cichorium Intybus..... 31
Cicuta maculata....... 53
Circaea alpina......... 54
Circus hudsonius....... 150
Cirsium arvense....... 53
GIScololLye ee aeeee 54
Drummondi....... 52
foliosump aes 19
minganense....... 19
undulatum........ 53
@Gladocera.... ete d3s0e133
Clark, T. H., article by. A5
Clathrocystis aerugino-
SESS Sed oh ENG Ee ae 84
OANA 3 ces click be 84
Clover, Sweet......... 62, 88
Cochliopa lubrica...... 59
Cochhiopidaess eer asr 59
Cockerellites.......... 147
Cad pATCiicu a ee 65
Coelosphaerium kut-
zingianum........ 84
Coenurus serialis....... 113
Colaptes auratus....... 151
Cole, Mina P., articles
by re ees A 99, 199
Colling, W. H., article ePy 133
Columbine, Wild.. 31
Comandra livida....... Bil
Richardsiana...... 49
Compositaes. | |e. 19, 48
Conringia orientalis... .51, 114

Concerning August Bird
Life in the Okana-
gan Valley, British

Columbia, 1926.... 108
Convolvulus sepium.... 53
spithamseus....... 51
Cook, C. D., article by. 12
Coote 10, 15, 66, 169, 189
AMenican. son eae 10
Copepodatens. ace 84
Copepodssene seer oL 133
Corallorrhiza maculata. 31, 51
Striataeee bent acc 51
trifidanerye se as oe 50
Coral Root, Large..... 31

Coregonus clupeiformis103, 128

labradoricus. .
quadrilateralis. pudstiahs
POULT OOS Sco en so oe

128
128
103

Cormorant. >... 102, 103, 104,
105, 106, 108

Double Crested..7, 8, 102,
105, 107, 160, 163

Golden Bantam....
Cornn-borciaaeee eee
Cornus canadensis... ..

stolonifera........ 3

Corvus brachyt By Acne: Os
corax prea
Corydalis aurea. Ma
Corylus americana.....
TOStraAvae ence es
Cottus pollicaris.......
Couesius dissimiliis.....

COVOTESY Sy Re ay ay he.

9, 110

212
Crab: J ava ans: 38, 39
ETermit see 101
@raneneiee cee 101, 189
Saree eae 101
Whooping......... 20
Crataegus coccinea?.... 50
Grayfishs Jyh ieee 106
Creeper, Brown......8, 11, 12,
13, 110
Rocky mountain. . 15
Crepis biennis......... 52
muneiMatas cena 52
Crickets Ae SUSU 25. 109, 110

Criddle, Norman, ar-

ticles by.. .40, 48, 187, 179
Cristivomer namaycush 128,202

Crocodtleaaaee eee ee 145
Chroococeus limneticus 84
Croococcus limentreus. . 84
Crossbill...... 15, 64, 110, 132

American. ........ itil

White-winged..... 8, 131
Crossley, Frank, article

DY tt 4 butt eee 12
Crowsfmyy So Omelet ates,

43, 86, 103, 110, 144, 155,
159, 161, 170, 179, 180,
181, 182, 183

American......... 15, 151
CuckKOOw eh tonnes ok
Black-billed....... 103
Curlew, Eskimo....... 87
Hudsonian........ 139
Cuscuta Gronovii...... 54
@uiskMlaKen ey eres: 128
Cutwormstecg. oe sy 182
Cyanocitta cristata..... 151
Cycloloma atriplicifoli-
ULI ete ce pe 54
Cyiclopseetra ake et 84
bicolor 84
viridis var. ameri-
CAanUS eee ae 84
Cylisticus con-
WOR, sdiceisk WB) U5 MWD
Cymopterus acaulis. . 48

Cypripedium candidum. 51

hirsucumMeere see 53
parviflorum....... 51
pubescens......... MRE
Cysticercus pisiformis. . 1S}
Da COR ear see eine 128

his ‘“‘Our Mobile
arthays ne eee 115
Daphmiaycc 2s 25 ues ae 84
longispina. . Lie 84
longispina var. “hya-
lina form. mendotae 85
LEONEAN yes es ab ae 130
DUlEX Ae ee 84, 35, 130
Darcus, Solomon John,
article aye ar ee ey
Darter, Bisel eaeal Art 128
Gunther’s Pei Nairiti .o8 128
Johny en ae ee 128
Northern ees 128

Day in the Woods, A... 181

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

de Puyjalon, L. H., ar-

ticleibywalSaaut. 8 139
Deer, Mule........... 111
Dendroica coeurulescens 151

coronatare aoe 151

pennsylvanica..... 151

VATOTISWe eek as Aes 151

Destruction of Birds by
Lighthouses in the
Provinces of Ontario

and Quebec....... Any WN
Details of the Release of

the Hungarian Par-

tridge (Perdix per-

dix) in Central Al-

Dertayeerer sey suL Me 98
Diaptomuss. se eee 84

oregonensis........ 84
Diatomaceae.......... 84
Dickson, G. H., article

Oi Paes eee oe: 15
Dinobrion stipitatum. . 84
Dmosaunay so) tees wee 72 145

dionnedhe.. 97 67, 68, 69, (il
Diphyodus longirostria. 145
Discovery of the Nest of

the Marbled Murre-

let (Brachyramphus

marmoratus) in the

Queen Charlotte Is-

lands, British: Co-
lumbia Set nie 197
Disporum lanuginosum. 50
Do Birds Practice Their
Songs?.. 63
Dhdesathesy Meadia. . 50
DDOgS cee PL ee 58
Dogwood............. 182
Dolichonyx oryzivorus.. 151
IDOneR ee re ease 128
DOVER Reh or ee 39
Mourning.... 11, 109
Downey, Miss H. E.,
anticlelbyean™ 2 i 12
Draba caroliniana...... 48
nemorosa......... 48
Dracocephalum parviflo-
TUN her eee eh a oar 51

Drosera rotundifolia.... ¢
Drum, Fresh Water....™ 128

Drum-fish, Lake....... 128
Dryobates pubescens... 151
WillOSUS* aan ar ope 151

villosus leucomelas. il6y
Duck... .20, 39, 78, 80, 82, 83,
191, 192, 195, 2038, 204,
205, 206, 207
Black....8, 66, 75, 95, 96,
97, 98, 141, 142, 148, 144,
15S loo GO GA elope
166, 163, 1705..192) 203;
204, 205, 206, 207

Crow eee ee 104
Hider 31, 32, 34, 35, 38
ESO eee 2
FSI cacao are 32
Layintee seven oer 32
Lesser Scaup...... 94
Long-tailed....... 13, 14

Ring-necked....
Scaup..... 66, 95, 142, 166

[VoL. XLI

DucklSeash soe soe ee 82

White English Call. 164

Oo! 4 7 RABAT 75

Ducks aad Drakes..... 32
Dymond, J. R., article

by Se eU Wee 65

Eagle Baldei caeeee 10

Golden’. se" 14

Northern Bald..... 10

Earliest Recorded Ob-
servations on Am-

erican Birds, The. . 38
Echinocystis lobata. . 53
Welt i. sete ge ee 202
id eran 31, 382, op, O45, ay

36, a7 "38, 75, 190

American. . 32, 33, 34, 35

ines ee 32) 33. 34) 90

Northern....... 32, 338, 34

Bacitich es ee 82, 33, 34

Spectacled........ er

Steller’s........... 32
Elaeagnus argentea.... 50
Hlephant.). 45 4c 46
Rlks ee dyed end beA/
Hate Nyctelea. . 50

side ee ee 103
minds canadensis...... 59
Emerton, J. H., article

Bye oe eee 88
Empetrum atropurpur-

(= 0 1 0d eR MAMIE Py ret el 20
Emys blandingii....... 185
Endodontidae......... 59
Eoceratops............ 69

canadensis...... 69
Epilobium adenocaulon. 53

angusticolium..... 53
Epipactis, Broadleaved. 3
pIpactisnae eee 1, 30

atropurpurea...... 2

atrorubens........ 2

dunensis.......... P,

eciganteds eee 1

Helleborine....... 6

latifolia: {72> 1 seenponms

29, 30, 31

latifolia forma alba. 30

latifolia forma varie-

Patan hte Cae 31

Tepe chile Rimes) Zs

leptochila var. du-

nensis.-! | 5 ae 1

pee var. vec-

tensis. . 1

OVA)IS Nc. cone a

DalUStiisea eee e

purpurata......... 2

repens ophioides. .. 54

rubiginosa........ 2

WAVAKCHUMLON, wa oc ono < a
Ereunetes pusillus...... 7
Hrigeron asper......... 50

canadensis........ 58

compositus var.

multifidus......... 19

clabelluse cee 54

philadelphicus..... 51

DUNS ee ee 52

TaMOSUS! so see oe 52

December, 1927]

Erigeron, uniflorus..... 19
Erimyzon sucetta ob-
LONZUSHAM noes 128
Erysimum asperum.... 50
parviflorum....... 51
Esox Americanus...... 128
UCM? <b se cierecse st 103
Masquinongy...... 128
Etheostoma boreale.... 128
Eubranchipus......... 60
Gelidus......... PilsZo 133
Eucalia inconstans. . 104, 128
Euconulus chersinus —
polygyratus....... 59
Eupatorium Pee 54
Euphagus carolinus. . 151
Euphorbia virgata... .. 50
Euphyllopoda......... 1382

Eupomotis gibbosus.... 202

Fairbairn, H. W., article
b

VRE phn st anes: 150
Falco sparverius. ...... 150
Falcon, Peale’s........ 198
Fall Bird Notes from the

Eastern Shore of
Lake Superior. .... WH =
ict, Wm. G., article
cy et SER Pot 7
Farley, Frank L., article
Pe Aa SEL 12
Fern, poeiaien PAD 3 Al. 31
Ferrissia parallela...... 60, 61
Fifty Winter Birds of
Northeastern Unit-
ed States, National
Association of Au-
dubon Societies... . 156
IMACS Sole ore aaa 75
Cassin’s Purple... .15, 109
Purple...... 8, 11, 12, 18,
14, 15, 151, 162
osyis.. rea al. eee 14
slp hears Deal 28 To 0 MR 110
Bie sellata ROU Re ae raise Be 84
Flamingo, American.... 189
Flicker...... 10, 11, 12, 13, 40,
43, 75, 94, 161, 170
IBorealee ae. 103
Red-shafted 15, 109
Yellow-shafted 15
LNIES:, 3h Sp Ree eeee 85
Blyeatcherse he. 0224) 75
Acadian’... . hal hon a6
v:N Co l-) 8, 75, 76, 109
Crested): 3...) 02 0
Hammond’s....... 109
Meastiy. sen 8, 75, 76, 103
Olive-sided. 8, 92, 110, 151
\WHMGIONH ES yo 5 0 0 109
Yellow-bellied 8,75,76,131
MRI VANI ORES ee eens, 39
Formica fusca. . ee 00
SANOUINCA: oo. 4. 199
Formica Sanguinea
Takes the Trai!.... 199

Fossil Bison Skull from
Yukon Territory, A 45
Fossils . .21, 45, 46, 47, 67, 123
Foxtail, Green......... 62
Fragaria glauca........ 49

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Fragaria, virginiana.... 49

Fragilaria crotonensis . . 84

Fraxinus pennsylvanica
lanceolata......... 49

Fresh-water Cladocera
from the East Shore
of Hudson and

James Bays....... °1380
Fresh-water Fish of
Manitoba......... 127
Brinerllidacsa.) see 13
Fuertes, Louis Agassiz,
obituary of........ 155
BUMNSUSHE ena eee 101, 189
Further Observations on
Canadian Fresh-
water Crustacea
Made in 1926..... 132
Gadwall@e: Aer... 61, 78
Gaillardia aristata..... 5,
Galium boreale........ 51
Crifidums see 52
(LOOM, son odes oe Ne
Gallinulesas eee eee 189
Hloridaly eee 98
Gannetes. 228 we eh 142
Gasterosteus aculeatus. 202
Gastropoda........... 59
Gates, Prof. R. Ruggles,
anticlelbys.4. 2.)
Gaura coccinea........ 51
Gavia Immer........0- 150
immer immer...... 139
Genitana affinis........ 54
Gentiana Amarella acu-
PA Lee ett ads 3 eee 54
Andrewsil......... 55
GAN, oocccccovcs 55
PROGCETAL Aso ee oe 54
puberula......: Seen 55

Genus Amesia in North

America, The...... 1, 28
Geothlypis trichas..... 152
Geranium Bicknellii.... il
Geum macrophyllum... 52

AUG 666 boone 49
Gilea linearis.......... 53
Glycyrrhiza lepidota. . 53
Gnatss SAR 76, 85
Goat, Rocky Mountain. 126
Godwit, Hudsonian.... 187

Marbled... .78, 80, 81, 82
Golden-crowned King-

let—American Red-

Startins. ce: on wi pee 93
Golden-eye......... 10; 13, 15

American... .9, 10, 11, 12,

13, 14, 189

Barrow Saya.) ae os 110, 190
Goldenrods............ 31
Gold-eye, Western..... 128
Goldfinch....... 11, 12, 13) 14,

15, 108, 169

American......... 14, 151

alee aethl ( 09 a 8 15, 109
Gonyodiseus cronkhitei

AVON ceo ono.
Goodyeraviey ays: 1
GOOSER AE. hl AY 20

BIC Pe RTS: 185

213

Goose, Canada, 61, 78, 169, 170,
191, 19251938, 194, 204,

205, 206, 207

Greater Snow..... 190
Gormley, Liguori, article

TV AS eh 13

Goshen: AO. 6 ere Nes 10, 11

Amenicanee eee 144
\WWVGRNs co caseoace

Grackle, Bronzed. . ..8, 11, 94,

103, 151, 159, “161, 166,

IY 1
Grapevloxs.4045 sac 086
Grasshoppers. .. .100, 109, 182
Grebe, Eared.......... 78, 83

Holboell’s..... 10, 15, 110

Pied-billed.......10, 110,
150, 157

Western.......... 10
Grindelia squarrosa.... 54
Groh, H., articles by. . 188, 202
Grosbeak......... 64, 149, 150
Black-headed...... 109
Evening....... HL, iB as

3;
109, 110, 159
ine wee yale 12, 13, 14
Rose-breasted... 103, 149
Western Evening. . 15
Grosbeak Singing in a
Thunder-Storm, A. 149

(GYROWEGS 5 bo.c0 cola 6.0 75, 87, 99,
100, 148, 149

Canada Ruffed.. .. 9, 13
Grey Ruffed. . 15
Oregon Ruffed..... 10
Rinnatedey.-eee 155
Re Cee anneal elon aes

20, 87, 103, 150, 161

Sage. ee eosee fT 14
Sharp-tailed....11, 14, 87,
148, 154, 155

Guillemot, Black. . é 162
Gullieasaenl a), 58, 61, 76, 80
Black-backed. . 13
California. .61, 78, 80, 110
Franklin’s. CHUNE 78, 83
“Freak” Ivory aed 17

Glaucous-winged. .10, 157,
162

Great Black-backed 12, 14,

34, 94, 162, 163
Herring ee ehie.c, ao mma,
za sts 14, 15, 97, 105, 150,
157, 159, 160, 163, 169,

Keelandiees tn 185, 186
OVALS Re edt 33 UG
Kumlien’s....... 185, 186

Ring-billed....7, 8, 12, 18,
14, 61, 78, 80, 96, 110, 163,

186

pieteeryndy teh Stine 15

Short- billed 10

Smallsa. . eee 75
Gussow, H. T., review of
his ‘Mushrooms and
Toadstools, An ac-
count of the More
Common Edible and
Poisonous Fungi

Of@anacdamensvnererere 189

214

Gull Colonies on Lake

Newell, Alberta. . 61
Gypsy-moth. . cdo AY
Habenaria bracteata... 50

clavellatane sae eere 51

ailatatas eee 54

hyperborea........ 49

ODLUSa ta eee 53

Habits of the Mountain
Bluebird in Mani-

CODA ec eee 40
Hadropterus aspro..... 128
SUN HeTIc eer sece 128
Ela owOrime ene s ere iol

Hamilton Bird Protec-
tion Society Incor-

porated Report1926-

192 FS Tee eps 152
Haplophthalmus danicus 175
Harkin, J. B., article by 118
Haw, Blacker, .) 108, 109
Hawk... . > le 13}, 15, 183

American Rough-

NEG CeRR ie: BA te ee 14

American Sparrow. 150

Broad-winged....7, 8, 103

Cooperise:ie Aerio 43, 150

Ducks hao ne 10

Marsh. . .62, 1038, 150, 170

ee A yee EAE aS

Pigeon... oe 110, 161

Red-tailed 11,103, 108, 150

Sharp-shinned. . , 8, 43,

431, "132

Sparrow .7, 8, 42, 103 110

Swainson’s....... 110, 167
Hawthorn)! 255. 31, 109
Hedysarum boreale. .. . 53
Helenia deflexa........ 54
Helenium autumnale. .. 54
Helianthemum candense 53
Helianthus giganteus. .. 54

Maximilani....... 54

petiolaris......... 54

POUITATIUS!/ eee es ce 54

scaberrimus....... 54
Heliopsis scabra....... 52
Helleborines sien a. 1

longipetala........ 30
Helleborine, Bastard. . . 3
Hemlock, Ground...... 112
Fepaticsy. 5: 4h ee ee. 20
Heracleum lanatum.... 51
Heron see ee LO Os LOO,

Black-crowned

Night. ...94, 160, 161, 170

Great Blue.9, 11, 150, 190

N.W. Coast....... 10
Heuchera hispida...... 51
Hieracium canadense.. . 54
Hirundo erythrogastra. 151
History of Our Hum-

MincwBirden eae 85
Horned Dinosaur Group

in the National Mu-

seum of Canada... 67
Horselate hh ony: ~ 46, 47
Houstonia longifolia. . 49
Howitt, H., article by... 14

Eigy tie Cc Paha at) 62

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Hummingbird.......... 85
Black-chinned..... 109
Ruby-throated.... 8, 151
Rufous aoe 109

Humulus Lupulus...... 54

Hungarian Partridge vs.
Sharp-tailed Grouse 147

Hurlburt, W. E., article
Dve.5.. aati oe seed 15

Hylocichla fusescens.... 152
TubtaAca ye eer 152

Hymenoptera......... 100

Hyodon alosoides...... 128
chrysopise hae 128
tenaisussae een ae 128

Hybognathus argyritis 128
muUchaliswie sn 5 See 128

Hybopsis storerianus... 128

Hypoxis hirsuta....... 50

Dis 2 okies chee eerie 189

Ichthymyzon castaneus. 127

Ictalurus punctatus.... 127

Ictiobus bubalus....... 128
cyprinellave an 128

Impatiens pallida. . ; 54

Innis; H. AY) Ph: De re-
view of his “The Fur-

Trade of Canada’. 157

International Committee
for Bird Protection,
The—Work of the
Canadian Section.. 156

Iridoproene bicolor..... 151

Iris versicolor......... 52

Ista TIsabellat. ei ee 30

TIsoetaceae............ 18

Isopoda’... ... jemeeeie 173

inayaeOlsOns =e ere 31

Jack-fishweee aa eee 128

Jack=pineh seer annie 110

Jay, Black-headed..... 110
Blueheee ee 85/9; Ad i253;

14, "15, 7 5, 151
Canada. ... 8, 11, 75, 151
Grays 4. Sea 10
Oreconwniasee eee 161
Rocky Mountain. . 110
Steller’s. ..10, 66, 161, 170

Johansen, Frits, article

JOSyee eee ay laa ee By
Johnstone, M. , article by 12
Jordan, David Starr, ar-

ticlelby nt ae ee 145
Journal of the American

Museum, Vol.

XXVI, No. 5, re-

VIC WHOL. 10) oleae 21
Juday, Chancey, article

LON tune tt 3 Me ac 130
TUM COME ed ee 10, 11

Oregon 2's 2o 5 Se2.% 10, 162

Shufeldt’s. ly LOO

Slate- coloured, - 18; 11, 118},

Sadie:

103, 151, 162, nics

Juneco hyemalis........ 151

Juncus balticus var. lit-
toralis eer. ae

Juncus, Vaseyi........ 20
Juniper, Ground See 112
Juniperus horizontalis. . 48
sa bINairar sade oe 49
Kalldeer? ::..02 cee 10, 64, 78
Kindleia:.:.:...90nseee 145, 147
fragosavese: 145, 146, 147
Kindleia, A New Genus
of Cichlid Fishes
from the Upper Cre-
taceous of Alberta. 145
“King Bird’. 32
“King Duck’. 32
Kangbird) -22G00- 8, 48, 65, 75,
108, 108, 109, 151
Kingfisher............ 8, 10
Belted. . pe 151
Western Belted. . 10
Kaneletiyy cian coe 187
Golden-crowned. 8, 10, 11

13, 93, 110, 152
Ruby-crowned.. 8, 10, eee
0

Western Golden-
crowned....... 10, 15, 109
Kingston, Lois R., ar-
ticdleibys. 22 ..4a 4 '. ondle3
Kattiwakess. see 157
Knot... Anes vad eee 78, 80
Kurata, T.B., articleby 202
LaBrie, Willie, articleby 188
Lactuca campestris ote 53
canadensis........ 53
pulchellas5.4.2 S28 53
SPICAtas...aaasoe 54
Lamarckiana.......... 25
Lamarckiana-biennis. . . 25
Lamb’s-quarters. ...... 92
Lampetra Wilderi...... 127
Lamprey, Brook....... TEA
Northerne a see 127
Lanivireo solitarius. ... . 151
Wapponicusss 45 eee 62
Laportea canadensis. . 53
Lappula deflexa ameri-
Cana... sie 52
echinataae nein aee 51
Mark. (i ete eee 15
Eastern Horned. . 62

Horned..... Cy &, 14 62, 91
Hoyt’s Horned. . _ 62, 91
Northern......... Hil
Larus argentatus. . 7, 150
delawarensis....... %
pumlieni.......... 186
Lathyrus maritimus.... 20
ochroleucus....... 50
AlUStEIS ee cree 52
VieNOSUSHA eee 52
Lawrence, A. G., article
PO RATES gaya 11
Ledum groenlandicum. . 50
Lepachys columnaris. . . 53
Lepidium apetalum. . 49
Lesquerella arenosa. . 49
argentea .saeahe ae 49

December, 1927] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 215

Lewis, Harrison F., ar- Lycopodium flabelli- Marie-Victorin, Frére,
ticles by.’ .... 9, 31, 55; forme var. ambi- review of his “Sur
ah ee 185, 189 guum.. 19 Quelques Compo-
Liatris punctata....... 54 var. ambi g uum sées Nouvelles rares
SCanlocaeeya ans ae 54 forma proliferum. . 19 ou critiques de Qué-
HST Chern as Sake. ale 103 Lycopodium obscurum bee oriental....... 19
icidimmiess - es y ae 175, 177 var. dendroideum Martin, Purple........ 103
gracile. 2.5.0... : NAS U5, forma exsertum... . 19 Maskinonge........... 128
176, 177, 178 var. dendroideum Miastodontesn nena 46
hypnorum........ 176 forma exsertum-fur- Mathemeag........... 127
longicaudatum...175, 176, Cat oT UES as a 19 MeMillan, Dr. & Mrs.
177, 178 var. dendroideum G. O., article by. . 12
GEMM CM its Soe cs 176 forma monostachy- Meadowlark........... 13
Ligyda oceanica....... 176 One Si Oy Barn 19 INYVGSIGIN odo56 6 56c 10, 103
pallasi...... 173, 175, 176 var. dendroideum Miclosindya seacoast 84
Ligydidae............174, 175 forma proliferum. . 19 granulata. ........ 84
Lilium philadelphicum Lycopodium sabinaefo- WHIPEIIGS boo goo eos 84
andmum) 52 lium var. patens. .. il) Melospiza melodia... .. 151
Limnetis brachyurus. . . 133 var. superfertile. . . 19 Mentha canadensis. . 53
gouldii. . ery 133 Lycopodium tristachy- Menyanthes trifoliata. . 50
Limosa haemastica. . 187 um var. Habereri. . 19 Meredith, R., article by 188
trios 25.) PUTER, 104, 106 var. laurentianum. 19 Merganser sh dette AE 7, 15, 150
Tike ARLE) she 128 Lycopus americanus... . 53 American. .
Linnaea borealis........ 51 lWcidtisies) 2. 55 jnael, “12, 1 14
Linum Lewisii......... 51 Lycosa asivak......... 88 hooded) iy sanievse 10
rigidum........... 53 pictilissssg).. F0Le 88 Red-breasted.. . .10, 13, ie
suleatum.. Lo 52 quimania® 52ni0 =). 88 Mergus americanus.
Lithospermum ‘angusti- Lygodesmia juncea..... 53 Mergus sp.?..........- 150
ROMs ee he 50 Lymnaea columella cas- Merriman, R. Ow
canescens . 49 (HE a a a 60, 61 articles by. . “92, 140, 1657
Lloyd, Hoyes, ‘articles lanceava ee eee 60, 61 Methy............---- 128
by. 73, 89 111! 126, megasoma........ 60,61 Metic............. paisalot hyde
1385, 138, 139, 140, 155, stagnalis appressa.. 59, 61 Metoponorthus pruino-
156, 17 stagnalis sanctae- _ SUS......--+----- AS Lad
Lobelia Kalmii........ 53 Mariage. eee, 59, 61 Mice.......----- epee 58
7 spicata... .. airs: 53 Lymnaeidae........... 59 ST OGERS aeruginosa. Sa
omatium orientale.... 4 5 c . OCHTACAs eral
Lonicera i ee i aia a aie Be Microneta maritima... . 88
glaucescens. .. 50 c alaieinion 128
oblongifolia... .... 51 Anna oaete eas
Longspur, Lapland..... 138, 62 Mill "Miss Raby Bl aie
Aspons 2848. 8, 12, 15, 139,157 _MacLoghlin, Anna E., SP RAiny wey apes)
earn. 150 articles by seine ee 63, 149 Wilts glabratus waar’ 52
aciiGes ss... ALVa 10 MacLoghlin, Mrs. F. E., ringens.......---. 53
Red-throated...... 10 article by. fogs 12 Nah Ode sl 149
ISO. 2 53 soak eee 128 =Macnamara, Charles, ar- Miner, Manly F., ar-
= uae Os Eater mae 128 ticles anne ene 13 ficles by... ...49: =
ove Song an ight o somitieh piste’. SARE onde) a LO oe
the Woodcock, Phi- Macoma balthveaeer sent 24 ee UDF ae IER Sy 84, 128
Ielvinor, The. eies - Meeuie. TT 12141, Wb Blunt nose... ..--- 128
Pacis AUCUs.). 4)... > 9% 128 Maianthemum cana- Bulleleranih sy: aan. 128
Luxury-Symbiosis...... 101 dense... erakivel 50 Flathead........-- 128
Lychnis Drummondi. . . 51 Mallard..... 10, 35, 78, 80, 95, Great: Qoreui. bd 128
Lycopociaceae......... 18 96, 97, 98, 110, 138, 142° Roonetya ck ee 128
Lycopodineae......... 19 143, 157, 158, 160, 163, Sillveraee iene -ee 128
Lycopodium clavatum 164, 167, 169, 170, 191, Storeniseaa see 128
var. laurentianum 192, 195, 203, 204, 205, Straw-coloured.... 128
forma furcatum.... 18 206, 207 Wihite.. 55 9. Shan: 128
peu cess epics He Malvastrum coccineum. 51 Mitella nuda........-. He
Bo Re aes) orl 18 Mammoth. Padus onk 46, 47 Tae a haere eae oe
var. subremotum Maple, Manitoba...... 103 Osea shes! oo 110
forma frondescens. 19 Marie-Victorin, Frére, Molluscs from the Lake
var. subremotum review of his Brereton District,
forma frondosum. . 18 “Etudes floristiques Manitoba......... 59
var. subremotum sur la region de la Monarda mollis.......- 53
forma furcatum.... 19 Saint-John”’....... 20 Monoclonius.....----- 72
Lycopodium complana- Marie-Victorin, Frére, elk: VOIMAa Kes in 69
tum var. canadense 19 review of his “Tes canadensis......-- 69
var. elongatum.... 19 Lycopodinées du nasicornus. . 69, 72
var. elongatum Québec et leur Monolepis Nuttalliana.. 51

forma simplex. .... 19 formes mineures”’, 18 Monotropa uniflora. ... 80, 54

216
Moon-HEye............ 128
Shad?’ 2ateb te. weak 128
Miossesitivie.). . :ekasyalas 20
Moth: athe salah a 76
Yellow Bear 30
Tiger dane e 30
Mouse, House......... 147
White-footed...... 65
Mousley, Henry, articles
byecere 2 ol, asl Olas
Moxostoma anisurum.. . 128
aureolum........ 104, 128
WeESHETI yy. Ns 128
INMOVae iow Sie. eee 382
IMiowmialkiee sce ccei se 32
Mozley, Alan, articles
Dyin As ee 59, 84
Multiceps serialis...... 118
Mullet: ....): 104, 106, 108, 128

Munro,J.A.,articlesby 15,61,
65, 77, 102, 108

Murre, California...... 10
Common... shee 157, 167
Murrelet, Ancient...... 198
Marbled. 10, 197, 198, 199
Musculium securis..... 60, 61
Mushrooms.......... 128, 189
Mushroom Growing by
An Amateur....... 128
Muskellunge.......... 128
Muskratsan cei keln ee 21, 187
Myiochanes virens..... 151
Myledophus bipartitus.. 145
Myrmica seabrinodis... 102
Mystery Band, A...... 155
Myxophyceae......... 84
Nannus hiemalis....... 152
hiemalis hiemalis.. . 9
Nash, Charles W., obi-
CuaTryAOiee see et ae 135
National Museum of
Canadas eae 133
Neff, W. G., article by. . 14
Neslia paniculata...... 51
Nighthawk 108, 151
Nomiades arion........ 101
Nostoc commune...... 84

Note on the Discovery
of the Champlain
Fauna on Lake St.
John, Quebec, Can-

FEY Ear aa nese Gat, Pi 123
Notholea longispina.... 84
INotropis =.) .0..4..8038 59, 84

atherinoides...... 104, 128

blenniusaey yn 128

cornutus.........128, 202

Hudsonius selene.. . 128

jejunusecik..o eee 128

Scopifersa anne eee 128
Noturus flavus........ 127
Nuthatch eh eee 14

Red-breasted....8, 18, 14,

15, 103, "110

Slender-billed. . i 15

White-breasted. 9, Tale 4,

18, 14, 15, 162, "171
Nuttallornis borealis. . 151
Nycteris cinerea....... 155
Nymphaea advena..... 52

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Observations 3 on the
Double-crested cor-

morant (Phalacro-

corax auritus) on

Lake Maniitoba.... 102
OctopusH#e sss 101
Octopus vulgaris....... 101

Odell, W.S., articleby.. 128
Odell, W. S., review of
his“‘Mushrooms and
Toadstools. An Ac-
count of the More

Common Edible and
Poisonous Fungi of
Canadayeeee nse 189
Oenothera............ 23
ASAT Nepales aoe Oe 24, 25
argillicola.:....... 25
bienniss 3) eee 53
eriensisias nit. ene 26, 27
grandiflora........
muricataseae ee 26
pallidayee aie. ei 53
parviflora......... 3
serrulata.......... 52

Official Canadian Record
of Bird-banding Re-

HUONG Good bo66 66, 94, 141,

LBM, "191, 203

Old Squaw.....11, 12, 75, 190
Olivaceous Miller’s

AMMEN), ge ecceeace 128
Olor columbianus:..... 92
@niscidaes Saheiss) scree is
Oniscoidea. . Polley Web Was
Oniscus asellus.......173, 175,

177, 179
Onosmodium hispidissi-

NU Taal meleee cena cavern 52
Ophryoxus gracilis..... 131
Opuntia polyacantha. .. 54
ORchidwei ts ein Mears mae 101
Orchis lingua.......... 30

rotundifolia....... 51

spectabilis........ 31
Orchis, Showy......... 31
Oriole, Baltimore. .....75, 103

52, 169

Bullocksseasncere 108, 109
Orobanche fasciculata. . 51

ludoviciana....... 54
Orthocarpis luteus... .. 53
Oxthopterays. eee 100
Osier, ARed\ Sate ee moe 31
Osmerus mordax....... 202
Osmorhiza longistylis. . . 51
Osprey. i Be wee 8, 94
Ostracodsia seca. Hee 133
OWOGORNS, 6 bcobssoosccoe 91

alpestris alpestris... 7, 62

alpestris hoyti..... 62
Oven Bird.......... 8, 76, 151
Owl Bi ae 9, 66, 100, 180

IRENA, Gioalgtio ne 6

Great horned...... 10, 11,

13, 103

Hawke’... inh sere 11

Horned siee. serene 14

Long-eared........ 187

Pigmy;..\-ee - - ieee lO

Richardson’s...... 187

[VoL. XLI

Owl, Sereech....... 10; daa
14, 15, 66

Snowy...11, 12, 13, 14, 15
Oxalisistrictas 2i4aeee 51
OXen 6 h5o0)k a Oe 45
Oxybaphus hirsutus.... 53
nyctagineus....... 52
Oxyechus vociferus..... 150
Oxytropis deflexus..... 52
gracilis... sees 52
Lamberti......... 51
splendens......... 53
Pagophila alba........ 17
Pagurus calidus. . 101

Paid-up Members of the
Ottawa Field-Nat-
uralists’ Club, May,

1927 ee eae 116
Palmer, E. F., article by 15
Pardosa galcialis....... 88
Parnassia caroliniana. .. 54

palustris: .oeeeee 53, 114
Parrots: 00. eee 40
Partridge.) eee 87, 101

California......... 98

European......... 87

European Grey..15, 86, 90

Grey eee 87, 100, 147

Hungarian. .14, 90, 98, 99,
100, 112, 147, 148, 149,

154, 155
Red-legged........ 100
Passer domesticus..... 12, 151
Passerculus sandwichen-
sis savanna......... 9
Passing. binds eee 32
Peanut. Hogs ss eee 31
Pearse, "Theed, article by 10
Pediastrum boryanum. . 84
Pedicularis canadensis. . 31
lanceolata......... 54
Pelecypoda............ 60
Pelecypods........... 128, 124
Penthestes atricapillus.. 152
Pentstemon albidus.... 51
Sracilisne see 52
Perca flavescens...... 1038, 128
erch 410 4.. .c0snee 59, 103, 106
Pike |. 5 cists 3, 128
Trout... cee eee
Yellows: eee 128
Percopsis guttatus..... 128
Perdix perdix.......... 90, 98
Perisoreus canadensis... 151
Petalostemum candidum 53
purpureum........ 53
villosum.......... 54
Petasites sagittatus 49
Petrels. (r.utaae eis Se 15
Fork-tailed........ 198
Leachiie2caeihs Ome 198
Peweestan ta cussel ae 114
Western Wood.... 109
Oodimiatae. 75, 76, 151
Phalacrocorax auritus
AULIGUSH ere 7
Phalarope, Northern... 110
(Piheasants cise cite ees hist oe JARESH,
(Chinese). ........ 10
Hinglish\ye rier 13

November, 1927]

Pheasant Weieeeneemed a 15, 87
Phlox Hoodii PO Te P59 2 49
12 10%01\ (spe a es 75, 98, 152

SEAS) 6 ns 109
Phormia azurea........ iii

chrysorrhea....... 111
Phyllophaga sp........ 182
Bhyllopoda... s2 22.000: 85
Bhysidge. tS a2'.. 0.4... 60

Picea canadensis. .....

Banded........... 128
Mellow. +. 80 25 0% 128
Pigeon, Passenger...... 87
TPN GISL0 LG, cane eye cee 62
Russian..... 202
Pike....... 59, 103, 105,
"106, 108, 128
Pike-perch............ 128
Ene oP. 173
Pimephales notatus.... 128
promelas.......... 128
Mee ee es Bel ee 108, 110
Pintail 66, 78. 80, 81, 82,
83, 95, 110, 144, 160°
Pipit, American. 8
Piranga erythomelas. . 151
Pisidium adamsi....... 60

LODEUI. eet) wD) 60, 61
Pitcher Plant.......... 6
iBlametonre rs... ee. 84, 180
Planesticus migratorius. 152
Planorbidae........... 60
Planorbis antrosus stria-

tus.. BES UY SMO GONG

campanvlatus. pire 60, 61

exacuous.......... 60, 61

niTsuUbUSsee se 60, 61

parvus.. ae e006

umbilicatellus. Saas 60, 61
Plantago major........ 52
Platygobio gracilis..... 128
PA OVET etsy s.r sche 3 75

Black-bellied...... 78

Killdeer......... 110, 150

Semi-palmated. . 110, 198
Podilymbus podiceps. 150
Polanisia graveolens. . 53
Polita hammonis. . 59
Polyarthia platyptera.. 84
Polygala paucifolia. . 49

Senegal Ais’ )2 stat le 51

Wenbicillatay. see 55
Polygonatum commuta-

LA BO Taleo Ma UpUM eect auy aD 52
Polygonella articulata. . 202
Polygonum Convolvulus 53

Muhlenbergii...... 53
Polyphemus pediculus. . 131
Polysticta stelleri...... 32
Pomoxis sparoides..... 128
Poseetes gramineus. . isl
Poplar..103, 105, 108, 109, 110
Populus balsamifera. . 48

deltoidesiz, 50). 49

tremuloides. . 48, 49
IROnCelliGmes eee 175

MAG VIS IMs thee 173, 175

rathkei..173, 176, 177, 179

scaber. . 173, 175, aa

spinicornis. : mee), 176, 179
Potamogeton.......... 59, 78

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Potato-bugeiiee <2) 23") 147
Praticolasees ss. tet 62
Prenanthes alba....... 54
racemosa......... 54
Primula farinosa....... 51
mistassinica....... 49
Briseacaray, .... 244.48 145, 147
KO) OS} hus he Be hci 147
serrata, et am 147
Priscacaridae.......... 147
Production of WHider-
down in Canada. .. 31

Programme of Field
Work of National
Museum of Canada 133

gee splendi-

GREE AEC! 111
Protoceratops......... Oe
RFOLOZOANS Ea eee 85
Prunella vulgaris....... 31, 52
IPMS TNA. 4 Gs obo oo - 49

pennsylvanica. .... 49
PUIMITL Aas a). 49
virginiana... .. 31, 50
Psalliota campestris. . hi28 129
Psedera vitacea........ 53
Psoralea argophylla.... 53
esculenta......... 52

Ptarmigan, Rock......
Pteretis nodulosa......
Pteridium latiusculum. . 31
Publication Fund, Cana-

dian Field-Natural-

ISH Eeaecn ene 65, 154
Publications Received. 98
Pungitius pungitius.... 202
Poapillidaetes ee. sean 59
Pygosteus pungitius.... 128
Pyrola chlorantha...... 53
elhipticas ee aaa ae 53
incarnatay =a ae 52
secunda. 52
Quail.) 3. POG Ore 90, 112
California. S4eeee 161
Quercus macrocarpa.... 50
Quiscalus quiscula ae-
MCUSEA fA a ya ok Ul
a

JRE OES, <b os csncouo. 113, 149

Dea Ck See a oe
abiioneddos sana ae 39
irabo de yjuncoy 799.2" 38
JREYCOOOMR 5 daa anondues 58
Ragweedtiny, nites s 62
Western) ses. er 202
Rally: SUOS UE | Ose to 189
Virsiniaee eee 75

Randall, T. E., article
Deri. A ase RRR AOS: 86
Ranunculus acris...... 52
delphinifolius...... 49
lymbalaria........ 51
Wiecouniins eae 51
rhomboideus...... 48
Sceleratusy 99h)... 50

Raspberry, Purple Flow-
CLIN Stns oe ee 31
CIs aes eee REL ee eB 147

217.
Redhead each aes. 15, 166
Red Horses. eens soe 104, 128
Northern......... 128
White-nosed....... 128
Redpollee ss saa0- ee 5 HL, az,
13, 14, 64, 92
Common . 9
Greater........... 92
Redstarteieseeeee ee 76, 103
American.. atch, 93; 109, 152
Redwing, Thick-billed.. ” 103
Regulus satrapa....... 152
IRON, 4S. yy JUD Ble As vale}.
64, 65, 76, 94, 103, 109,
144, 162, 171
American......... 152
Western.......... 15
ee of Annual Meet-
oy) wRITBSR TS BAS 16
Slsagee of Council, 1926,
Ottawa Field-Nat-
uralists’ Club. . 15
Rhamnus alnifolia..... 50
Rhus Toxicodendron... 31
Toxicodendron ra-
Gicans!< 45 eee 52
fyphinale eee 31
Ribes floridum......... 50
hudsonianum...... 49
oxyacanthoides 49
Sclosummn nea 49
tristege wean. Tees 49
Robinson, E., article by 11
Roccus chrysops....... 128
Rosa acicularis........ 51
blandasa eae eee 51
Johannensis....... 20
pratincola......... 52
Rosebushes. . Ata 108
Ross, Edna @., ’ article
by MERRIE IA Fey 14
Ross, AGLEG M., article
Yenc) cs ta os LOE 14
IROUPIFONIE) nod oa cau boc 84

Rough-leg, Ferruginous. 161
Rowan, William, article
b

“ee RO 1B Rs 98
Rubus arecticus........ 50
idaeus aculeatissi-
TUSH 4 a dah ID 51
Odoratusse eee 381
(HENOIOTPOIS, ado wos oon 50
Rudbeckia hirta....... 53
lacintataaae aes 54
Rue, Tall Meadow..... 31
Rumex crispus......... 52
persicarioides...... 54
Venosuses.... 0505. 50
Sagittaria latifolia...... 20, 54
Salix amygdaloides..... 49.
CORdata ere 48
GISCOLOTAEE ee 48
longifolia oy 50
NUOVO. Wi otak nha 3 49
DEULOLATIS Ree i: 48
LOSUUAUA ene eee 49
SCLISSIIM aa ean ae 49
LIV“ UST Ns LOA 48
Salmo salar ouananiche. 128
Salmo salar sebago..... 202

218
Salmon, Land-locked... 128
(Jockos & Siteio tees c 202
Salvelinus fontinalis.... 128
Sanctaemariae......... 59
Sand@Rollers5- 128
Sanderling ay. “ence 18
Sand pipeh ee see oee 39, 40
Baird’s. 78, 79, 80, 81, 110
Eastern Solitary. . 110
Weastey. 2) ea bese 80
Pectondlyt nee: 170
Red-backed. ...... 10
Sonu palma ten Wi, 8 edli
Spotted. . 8 110, 150
Uae 8 A Ne 78, 110
Western Solitary... 110
Sanguinaria canadensis. 31
Sanicula marilandica... 52
Saponaria Vaccaria..... 52
Sapsucker, Red-naped.. 109
Yellow-bellied. .... 8, 151
Yellow-breasted.. 1038
Sarracenia purpurea... Sf 52 60
Saskatoon berries. ..... 42
Saugericic oe aa: 104, 106

ey.
Saunders, W. E., articles
by. 64, 86, 87, 90, 91, 138

Saxicava arctica....... 124
Scaupe asta biotic sae LO att
Greater: 2. <4 Jager 1
Lesser...... 61, 78, 80, 33
SGIFDUSH/? alice.) ere 59, 60
Scoter, American...... 10
Suri eee. chalk 10, 190
White-winged..... 10, 61,
80, 83
Scott, R. C., article by.. 11
Serophularia marilandi- aI
Seuicllona galericulata. 53
latenitloras a .eneee 53
Sea-anemone.......... 101
Season in a Swallow
House yas ye eel 153
Segmentina crassilabris. 60, 61
Seiurus aurocapillus.... 151
motacillan nee 140
Self-healy Hae ap. eens 31
Senecio canus......... 50
INGeECOLUSHe eee 19
integerrimus....... 50
manitobensis...... 49
palustriseae eee 50
pauciflorus........ 19
plattensis......... 50
pseudaureus....... 50
pseudo-Arnica..... 19
resedifolius........ 19
vulgaris Bie 50
SEI Rs 6 be sbeoe sa nae 1
Helleborine....... LZ
hirsuta eee
laxiflora ae een 30
MNase eee 30
longipetala........ 30
Setaria viridis......... 62
Setophaga ruticilla..... 152
Sharptail (2.50. 100, 148, 149

Sheep, Rocky Mountain 126, 140
Sheephead............ 128
Shepherdia argentea.... 49

THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Shepherdia, canadensis. . 48
SHITIOR Lia eee 106, 128, 202

Lake eo aine ..a 104
Shoreyerssto4. aaa 382
Shoveller....... 78, 80, 82, 170
Shrike, Northern..... O oide 2:

13,

Sialisisialisonpmee jo sear 152
Silene antirrhina....... 52

Noctiflorans | see 52
Simocephalus vetulus. . 130
Simpson, G. Buchanan,

article Dy tie. Mate 10
Simulin forbesi Mall.. 183
Siskinwpee aa. Sait! 15, 64

PING ihe bess, ast 9, 12, 18, 14
Sisymbrium Hartwegia-

PIM ee he cuneee es eons 52

ATTCISUIN soe ey ate 50
Sisyrinchium angustifo-

NUTT es os ape 49
Skunk. 3 aye eee 139
Slaterte ete uk pest ae 173
SlotheG@iant.:).qaqsner 46
Smee ee NW ee helisd 202
Smilacina stellata...... 50
Smilax herbacea....... 51

Smith, A.G., articleby. 111

Smith, Miss E., article
DY. 3s eelereene be,
erie J., article by.. lela:
Grails: y¢00 Padme Bade, 101
Snalkkeiiieieesh6..fbg i) cae 112
Smipeney EO nw alsa: 15
Walsonisssshoseere 66
SHOW DETR Mn neEe ae 108
Snowflakes 8 )....)..4. ele 11, 12
Snyder, L. L., articles
lOnigetachbeMre’s Penis yan , 155
Solanum triflorum..... 52
Solidago canadensis. ... 54
decumbens........ 54
graminifolia....... 54
memoralis......... 54
missouriensis...... 53
puberula var. ex-
ANS Age a Ameer ce 19
puberula var borea-
| TSE eA BY ents 19
nigidave wo ee 54
TUOSala eee 54
Solitaire, Townsend’s. .15, 109
Somateria mollissima. . 32
mollissima dresseri. 32
spectabilis........ 32, 90
Veni Giclee ee 382

Some Plancton Organ-
isms from Lake
Brereton, Manitoba 84
Some Random Notes on
our Club and its
Publications....... 73
Some Rare Birds at
Strathroy, Ontario. 62

Sonchus arvensis. 7 53
arvensis L. var. ‘gla-
brescens). pry htociae 188

Soper, J. Dewey, article
JON zane BUOIREA My PINTS Geeta ory 10

SOWDUCae eee eee 173

[Vou. XLI

Sparrow, Clay-coloured. 64, “03
3

OX to eee 10, 66° 131
Gambel’s: syne 109, 110
Grasshopper. 75, 76, 88, 89
House... .9, 18, 15, 41, "3,
94, 99, 100, 151

Leconte’s ciceebeee 1
Lincoln’s. .. .8,
INelsonist | so eee 3
Rusty Song... .10, 15, 109
Savannah..... 8, 9, 12, 18,
14, 103, 171
Song. 8, 10, 11, 12, 18, 64,
75, 108, 151, 162, 188

Swamp. Le ee ee 64, ale
Trees s/t. ak 10, dd, dat pe

14, 15, 87, 188
Vesper........ 62, 75, 151
Western Chipping... 109
Western Lark... .. 109

Western Savannah. 109
Western Vesper.. .103, 109
White-crowned... .76, 108,

169, 188
White thio 8, 151, 166
Yellow-winged.. 88
Spawn Eater.......... 128
Sphaeriidae........... 59, 60
Sphaenunt. 22.5 en eee 60
Sphyrapicus varius..... 151
Spiders ieee ee 88
Spilosoma virginica... . 30
Spiraea salicifolia...... 53
Spiranthes cernua...... 4
Romanozoffiana.... 4, 54
Spizella pallida........ 6
passerina......... 151
Spruces.s 5) (eee 108, 112
Black etki 60, 182
Squirrelaa ae eee ae 113
Stachys palustris....... 53
Stagnalise: ..2..- eee

59

Starling..... 9, 11,12, 13, 14,
1. 99, 147, 149
European......... 12, 188

Statement of the Finan-
cial Standing of the
Ottawa Field-Nat-
plist: Club, 1925-

6

Oe act i
Statement Reserve Fund
Committee........ 17
Staurastrum _leptocla-
UM ORE eee 84
Steironema ciliatum.... 53
quadriflorum...... 53
Stellaria longipes....... 50
Stephanodiscus........ 84
niagarae. sas sane: 84
Sternberg, Charles M.,
article by 440 ee 67
Stickleback. 9. center 106, 202
Broolk. 3i/2).dsaesen 104, 128
Nine-spined....... 128
Stizostedion canadense.. 104
canadense griseum 128
vitreum.....

.84, 103, 128
Strobilops affinis....... 59

December, 1927]

Sturgeon, Common..... 1277-
leaks 127
Sturnus vulgaris....... _ 188
Succinea ovalis........ 59
pucecineidae........... 59
Ss TCC) Oe oe 59, 108, 202
(O1it6 | ae ee 128
Common White.... 128
Gray ol ese 128
Long Nosed....... 104
Northern........ 104, 128
Quillback es). a5: 128
Small-mouth...... 128
THE ca 128
Sumach, Staghorn..... 31
epic. ae 202
Surirella elegans....... 84
Sutton, George Miksch,
aricle by. .; ;... «wt 139
SAM Own i. Siisicaeiis eae 75, 153
WB anakeget bees bed fos | ae. 109
Bar As fob sa hee 103, 139,
Te 166, 171
Glia nagreliss te:
Northern Violet-
OTRECTEPU Rea 109
Rough-winged.....61, 109
PREC R tn tosis shes 103, 109,
110, 151, 181
Swan, Trumpeter...... 189
Wihistlings. 5425. - 92
Swift, Chimney... .8, 151, 169
WEIUD.S. 5 eee 109
Symphoricarpus _ occi-
MenGalisseyas 1 ss ecu: 52
racemosus......... 52
Tabellaria fenestrata. . . 84
. Tale of Four Crows,A.. 179
Mamanacken. 32 oo. he. 60,131
Tanager, Scarlet....75, 76, “151
Western.......... 109.
Taraxacum erythrosper-
TUM ee os a
Ofieimalen,.:......49, 114

Tarr, Ralph S., review
of his ‘“‘New Physi-

cal Geography”... 18
Taverner, P. A., articles

liiface ote eae 147, 155, 156
Teuc ium occidentale. . 54
Cte 4B Mics article
Thaliccran dioicum. . 50

polygamum....... fil, 52
Thaspium aureum..... 50
Thermopsis rhombifoloa Si
Thistle, Canada....... 61

Glandular Sow. . 188

Russian. . 147

Smooth Perennial

OWA vercprieicorg a wotens 188

DOWEL ae 147
Thlaspi arvense........ 49

Thompson, Stuart L.,
articles by 18, 88, 136, 188

AN, Wilds nice aie 102
Thymus serphyllum.... 102
Tiger, Sabre-tooth..... 46
Tilia americana........ 54

PUIITINOPSISns.. 4°. 2) avn: 85

‘THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST

Titmouse, Tufted... .. 186, 187
Tmeticus alatus.......

Moadstools). eer. a4 a. 189

eae glutinosa. . 52
5, Gn thd ae RO eg 202

Tolmachoft, I. (Pare

ticle by eres a 123
Morosaurus:.. 22 ee ya: 70
TRouladi Bis ft ele 128
MOWwNMCCWy Msc: ne 10, 108, 109

Oregonent yor thia: 10, 66
Townsendia exscapa.... 49
Toxostoma rufum...... 152
Trachodon mirabilis... . 67
Tragopogon pratensis.. . 51
Transfers of Elk for Re-

Sstockineay se sraar 126
iriceratOpses ee 70
Trichoniscidae........174, 175
itrichoniscuss. tne 175

papillicornis..178, 175, 177

pusillush pee 75, 177
Trientalis americana... . 50
Triglochin palustre..... 51
Trillium cernuum...... 50
Troglodyte aedon...... 152
AELOUG LOO kas) sere 128

Great Lake....... 128

Grey eee a eee 128

Waker. la eee 202

Salmoneer eer 128
ARON cadanenns a eee 60
Tufts, R. W., articles

| ON PU erat career eee 17, 65, 90
a Ge tise oleate ss meat 110
olhipbeesaaeeeeee 103, 106, 128
Turner, Mr. and Mrs.

B. Fr, article by. . 12
Turnstone, Ruddy..... 78
{Mico (ee ae ee 145

Blanding’s..—.-:-- 185
Two New Species of

Oenothera........ 2S}
Twomey, Arthur, article

"DV ARE occa 12
Ulmus americana...... 20, 48
UVic: 2) he eee
Wintonidaesss.5.5 eee 60
Urtica gracilis. ........ 52
(WrRUS Man ak ae eee 45
Utricularia macrorhiza. 59
vulgaris americana. 52

Van Tyne, Josselyn, ar-

CIClet bye 7
MECTYFn s)he ee ener 76
Verbena bracteosa..... 54

hastatas © eee 51
Veronica americana. ... 50

DETeoTINA eee 49
Vespa germanica....... 30

maculatavn see ce 30
Viburnum Lentago..... 31, 51

Opulus americanum 51

pubescens... 5....- 53
Vicia americana....... 50

SDATSIVOMas ae ele ae 50
Willa land aerate 50

canadensis, ....... 49

219

Viola, conspersa....... AQ.
nephrophylla...... A9
INDE tall idee seer 49
MeGatindanss eae 49
pubescens.:....... 50
TREO. ok ba de es 49
sororia 49
WIDER Say ace etm ALI
Vireo, Blue-headed...8, 75, 76
151
Cassinis#=)) 109
Philadelphia. ....8, 75, 76
Red-eyed........ 8, 15, 76:
103, 109, 151

Western Warbling.. 109
Vireosylva olivacea..... isi
WitiSmIpATiay ss. |e 31
ALUN, Sc ccaacoce 53

Von Engeln, O. D., re-
view of his ‘‘New
Physical Geo-

Crap yee ee 18
Vulture, Turkey....... 65
Walker, E. M., article

Dyan. eae 173
Werbioe .75, 76, 109, 131

Audubon’s....... 109, 110

Bay-breasted.. . 75, 76, 103

Black and White. . HB Sil
Blackburnian...... 8, 76
Black-pollfas5 sao
Black-throated... . 151
Black-throated
BTS HR see 8, 75, 76
Black-throated
Greenies Ose une move Lom
Canadas Oe yee 8
Canadian. ........ 76
Cape May........ 75, 76
Chetnae a dea .8, 75, 76,
"151
Connecticut. ...... 8, 76
Macegillivray’s..... 109
Magnolia........ 8, 75, 76
Mournings= 5 eee 76
Mivirtlewet ce cr reer: 8, 151
INashwallesapeee 128
Orange-crowned 109
Pies Reinke omy S
Pinetree eee 8, 136
Tennessee.......8, 75, 76,
108, 131
townsendi......... 109
Townsend’s....... 110
Wallsonpceeaeeeie

8, 76
Yellow.8, 75, 103, 108, 109
Wasp, Blaciwc e 30

Yellow Jacket. .... 30
Waterfowl Sickness at

Lake Newell, Alber-

ta, 1925-1926, The. 717

Waterlilies 0c). cc. a 59
Water-thrush, Louisiana 140

IN[CHUNVNG oa Geoncs ty Te
NV EWA Soi) sper cs 15

Bohemian. .11, 14, 15, 109

Cedar... .8, 11, 13, 14, 98,
103, 108, 109, 151

WIEASEIE. set sc cen ane 21, 43, 58
Whales ae ete eee 39

230 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 7) (Von. XLt

Wheath i. . 2). Megan 109, 112 Wircdperier, P edoae 2 109 wee, Winter..8, 9, 10, 88, 152
Whip-poor-will....... 103, 151 Owny.... 12, 138, right, J. F., articles
ay ee doe 14, 15, 103, 151, 166, 169 byse .: eae .. 15, 16
Chao ore 103’ 128 Hairy. . 9, iL, 12, 13, 14, 4h
“5 RTI easy oe Tals 110, 151, 161
albradonay-s ee 128 Hari’ 10 Yak A
WIG, Suuen ne 128 arris ot ea Ra 5 TEMG
Round 128 TSE WIS? oiahchstenn bok oe 109 Yarrow: ... 22 eee 31
aa aaa era ee ae 10 Northern Downy... 18, 14 Yellow-legs’!. i.) aS kg ais
Sure ermal 170. 171 Northern Hairy...18, 108, Greater........ 2 OPT EO
Willet eee boxe orhe d 151 Lesser. ; . 2.) >. 2 B78 ap
ea Wid he Northern Pileated.. 9, 13 Yellow-throat........ »- 110
Willis, R. B., articleby. 112 Pileated..8, 11, 14, 15, 152 Maryland.........76, 152
Willow, Sand-spit...... 108 Red-headed. 1 Oe 10, 13
Wood, A. A., articles by 62, 92 ocky ountain
‘hoadld nancies Y 58 Hairy 0. DANO: 0 OO O00. 8 S 15 Zebu Ol otto Gitibeo blo 6 God o9 45
Woodcock ene “a a8 188 184 Wie ~ ae 43, 44, 153, ee ZAIZAanIS 3 & 2.4 she eee oe
900 codblly due ) ewickisi. onan aquatica, oes
Woodlice or Oniscoidea Carolina......88, 1388, 139 Zizia cordata........... 50
of Canada (Crusta- House....... 43, 108, 152, Zonitidde: ..... 54 58
cea Isopoda) The. . 173 162, 166, 169 Zonitoides arborea..... 59
Woodpecker........... te AB Long-billed Marsh. 15, 87 Zonotrichia albicollis... 151
American Three- Short-billed Marsh. 103 Zooplancton........... 84
TOG we Wee ae BAe 13 Vigors’s. 2 bis 10 Zostera marina........ 124

Arctic Three-toed 8, 12, 13 Western House. 109 Zygadenus chloranthus. 53

Ss

ALBERTA
Hon: President: Mr. J. J. GAETZ, Red Deer, Alta.; President —

\
1

_ NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF
Ga MANITOBA
1927-28

President Emertius: J. J. GOLDEN;
NoRMAN CRIDDLE; Past President: C. W. Lows, M.Sc. Presi-
dent: J. B. WALLIS, B.A.; Vice-Presidenis: Miss H. R.
Cannom, Miss J. INNES, G. " SHIRLEY Brooks, A. M. Davip-
SON, M.D., L. E. McCatu, H. M. SPEEcHLY, M.D., R. M.
THOMAS; Treasurer: J.J. Mott; Auditor: A. J.D. MoRGAN;:

Honorary President:

- Social Convenor: Miss J. INNES: Executive Secretary: B. W.

CARTWRIGHT; Comrat Tales A. G. LAWRENCE, 104 Sher-
burn Street., Winnip
ORNITHOLOGICAL SECTION—Chairman: C. L. BROLEY;
Secretary: A. B. GRESHAM. ENTOMOLOGICAL SEC.
TION—Chairman: FERRIS NEAVE; B. Sc. Secretary: L. H. D.
ROBERTS. BOTANICAL SECTION—Chairman: G. R
Bissy, Ph.D; Secretary: Miss G. CAMERON. GEOLOGI-
CAL SECTION—Chairman: F, M. OLIVER; Secretary:
H. CHAS. PHARCE.

Meetings are held each Monday. evening, except on holidays,
from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University,
Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday after-

/noon during May, June and September, and on public holi-

days during July and August.
THE HAMILTON BIRD PROTECTION

4 ; SOCIETY
(Incorporated)

Hon. President: W. E. SAUNDERS, London, Ont.; President:
Crci D. Cook, Hamilton, Ont.; 1st Vice-President: H. C.
NunN, Hamilton, Ont.; 2nd Vice-President: Dr. W. G.
CoRNETT, Hamilton, Ont.; Secretary and Treasurer: J. ROLAND
Brown, 26 Spring St., Hamilton, Ont.; Directors: Dr. H. C.
ArRnotTT, H. C. Nunn, Mrs. F. Be McLocHLIN, Miss RUBY
R. Mitts, Miss B. MILLINGTON, R - OWEN MERRIMAN, B.A.,

and Dr. W. G. CoRNETT. é

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF BRITISH
. COLUMBIA, VICTORIA, B.C.

President: C. C. PEMBERTON: 1st Vice-President: REVe
CONNELL, — : 2nd Vice-President: H. F. Boyce; Hon
Secretary: E: Nation; Hon. Treasurer: Muss. S. M:
THORNTON; Pensions Mrs. M. CHurRcH; Miss A. F. GAR-
DINER; A. R. SHERWOOD; J. A. HARDIE; W. Hupson;

_ Auditors: Mrs. H. MACKENZIn; W. DOWNES. -

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

Mr. C. H. SNELL, Red Deer, Alta.; 18% Vice-President: Mrs.
W.A. CASSELS, Red Deer, Alta.; 2nd Vice-President: Mr. S.
PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.; Directors: Mrs. G. F. Root, Weta-
skiwin, Alta.; Mr. F. L. FArtey, Camrose, Alta.; MR. W. A.
CASSELS, Red Deer, Alta.; Mr. B. LAWTON, Edmonton, Alta.;
Mr. K. BowMAN, Edmonton, Alta.; Pror. W. Rowan, Univ.
of Alta., Edmonton, Alta.; Mr. T. BE. RANDALL, Camrose,
Alta.; Hon. Sec.-Treas.: Mrs. S. PAMELY, Red Deer, Alta.

_ The meetings of this Society are held in Red Deer on the

last Friday of each month except during July and August and

perhaps September. The annual MAEPLINE, is held in Red GE:
on the last Friday in November.

McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB,
_ LONDON, ONT.

President: J.C: Hicers, 324 Wolfe Street; Neon,
Secretary: Mrs. E. H. McCKONE, R.R. 4, London, Ont-; Cor-
responding Secretary and Treasurer: BE. M. S. DALE, 297 Hy-
man St.; Members qualified to answer questions: W. E. SAUN-
pprs, 240 Central Ave; C G. ees, 201 Ridout St. South;
J R. McLeop, 355 Wortley Road; J F. CALvmrt, 461 Te-
cumseh Ave.; E. M. S. DALB, 297 ie St.

VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY :

Hon. President: L.S. KLINcK, L.L.D., Pres. Universtiy of B.C.;
President: JoHN DAvIDSON, F.L.S., University of B.C.; Vice-
President: Pror. M. Y. Wituiams; Hon. Secretary: C. F.
Connor, ..-A., 3529 W. 2nd Ave., Vancouver, B.C.; Hon.
Treasurer: A. H. BAIN, 2302 York St., Vancouver, B. ron

Fortnightly meetings in the University Buildings from
September to April (inclusive). Semi-monthly excursions from
May to August (inclusive) —

- éducationnelle:

[ae j : | Affiliated Societies

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE
PROTECTION OF BIRDS

Hon. President: Dr. I. GAMMELL; Hon. Vice-President: Mr.
L. Mel. TERRILL; President: MR. NAPIER SMITH; Vice-
President: Mr. E. ARNOLD; Vice-President: Mr. C. F. DALE;
Vice-President: Mr. L. McI. SPACKMAN, Miss EDITH MoR-
row; Recording Secretary: Mr. A. P. MURRAY; Corresponding
Secretary: Mr. W. S. Hart, P.O.Box 1185, Montreal, P.Q.
Treasurer: MR. HENRY Movus.LEY; Executive Committee:
Mrs. C. F. DALE, Miss C. L. FIELD, Mrs. C. L. HENDERSON.
Hon. E. E. Howarp, Mr. H. A. C. Jackson, Miss EMILY
LuKE, Mr. A. MACSWEEN, Miss L. Murpuy, Miss M. S.
NICOLSON, Mr. W. A. OSWALD AND Miss H. STongE.

SOCIETE PROVANCHER D’HISTOIRE
NATURELLE DU CANADA

Bureau de direction pour 1927

Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence, LE VICOMPTE WILLINGDON,
G.C.S.I., G.C.M. Ge G.C.I.E., G.B.E., Gouverneur-Général
de la Puissance du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Hon-
orable M. NARCISSE PERODEAU, Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la
Province de Québec; BUREAU DE DIRECTION POUR 1927;
Président: Gro. M. MITCHELL; Jer vice-président: ADRIEN
FALARDEAU, C.R.; 2€me vice-président: R. MEREDITH, N.P.:
Becrbiiretrcecrion: Louts-B. Lavotr, Chef de la section scier-
tifique: Dr. D.-A. Derry; ‘Chef de la section de propagandé ~
Major Jos. Marre; Chef de la section de
protection: EMILE ALTHERB; Chef de la section @’information
scientifique et pratique: DR. J.-E. BERNIER; Directeurs: A. R.
eae Boutton, Dr. S. GAUDREAU, CoL. O. PELLETIER.

THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’
CLUB

‘Hon. President: Dr. A. P. COLEMAN; President: PRor. E. M.

WALKER: Vice-Presidents: Dr. N. A. POWELL, RUSSELL G.
Drineman, Dr. A. Cosens, J. H. FLEMING; Secretary: W.F.
GREGORY, 183 Lowther Ave., Toronto, Ont.; Treasurer: F. H.
BRIGDEN; Hon. Librarian: C. W. NasH; Librarian: Dr.
L. B. Jackgs. BIRD GROUP: Chairman: Stuart L.
THOMPSON; Secretary: JAMES BAILLIE. FLOWER GROUP:
Chairman: Dr. H. B. Sirton; Secretary: Miss J. G. WRIGHT,
Pa.D. INSECT GROUP: Chairman: Pror. E. M. WALKER;
Secretary: Miss NORMA ForD, PH.D. MAMMAL GROUP;
Chairman: J. R. DyMoND; Secretary: L. L. SNYDER. REP=
TILE, FISH AND AMPHIBIAN GROUP: Chairman:
SHELLEY LoGIER; Secretary: T. B. Kurata. WILD LIFE
PRESERVATION COMMITTEE: Chairman: Dr. J. N.
MCKINLBY; Secretary: J. A. PARTRIDGE. GHOLOGICAL .
GROUP: Chairman: Pror. ALEX. MACLEAN, :

We would ask the Officers, and more
particularly the Secretaries, of all the
Affiliated Societies to assist us in our
task of building up the circulation of
this magazine. By securing every
member as a subscriber we can truly
make this magazine into one of the
leading Natural History publications
of America.

Grant-Holden-
Graham Limited

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