ahs ipeh ibe 2 eel jos tptbe ibe Hap rh it ie p ht % ih $e FSA VAR chiar oo : Syne ee ts . " : et a ae a ue gina of reece ie % : ipo ere DAG: ite aaits , y rte ei et sabes Mtetgysa kA tetas f ya Heri C whey fr " lay aie he os er e oh , oy ty : Nays + separ AABN edt, Cieatids iifateas eye, ene Lm yy wire m ieee went pe! pie patrde he Art on Sar! Beli ENG ERY: eee tye We realty ped het at er TRI steep He ehedieytty: ase ibe ate ie wearieet Ma Leama, as ae ns A ee Tien is * hn picatd 1% rl hi rica Ur, Hh laseae Beare ee eae) Ste ie faa peed om i Hite x tify eh phe gv An PAS eve We ¥ “4k jneeerrie ROK Wek bg (Ua Le vagy he +f ied aie : We i a 9 a patty eds i Haas Sash oa ys eee snad v ave et pa Pag eh Aen vhs 4 4 et a hq 04 i fe i pedis ee hee Ve Bae Sonia Pein i Ais "4 si Ba iene tpn ae na wate habe , i of ‘is ; ya bah Bie ys) pea ubes, pa ny ; ry: ( i i ah a iets i pgor ! 4 vei y : 4 nit i yee : * bs oi re tatede ae F Cink iH ; vey anion ai Fes Fie Teg iy by r 4 i 4 : i nar pi Urine +i We hat ae pk 4 F i Ae t ak te oi. eopest ay Binding sides y NG FA . ‘ AR ig " Breet) ayoenentertet ate ae sina pe Ly iY ? * iy ae Pa: Oe 4 44s Peptide es Wits Dy y a vane bow y wh verge ae} at elo rl | totaal it self Reacatit ep by eat cre wan Cede asthe 0 i) i, y . “4 al , ‘i Sint itir atone eG } Tenant Ligue eat tliat neato ome lata ins i b 9 ; Anh ip OA ey bbte fi of VP esaten: OY ¥ colt wise ads , Hy ai <.@>\ 4 ’ : He if ha tedhs # ojo ‘ ed x) y 4 Fe ‘9 , Paarup ntyega , Dalat bent Lt au reaeasneliets wee ees Wee : aliznuarivan ya hn rae ari ¥ byte ea, os He ( H . ™ Pos Gn Me ge de ae pet gaa a cca 10) 3 hye bri } th Alph ¢tee arts bavi y pul b hey haar Hf dette fas es ef tity Be } Limits Db 9 nF Aa AS a 4h Pat Nore bo Nias Fn : , B gh Wak yr raya ptt Aes 4 site aes bee TBA b Wihins doors / + Dees f Ww dH alah ho ete he sn “yh Ae ; Aine yen? Lal pe ihe paar ‘ H PAE eR LTR SALSA BE ; ; \, iy 4 bch radh iemedl gts failat benghaah ne % Pee i Aa, ‘ } M , Piste “i ea , i y vonke btagon ah eat ca katate Hey LANE Ty ; Ch HPr ARCH aie MR sateral p olatday raxtch: io Ara boty te ss opuaeigin Deeds 12 Dunder a iW HARVARD UNIVERSITY felt tsi LIBRARY MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY VOL. 58, No. 1 JANUARY and FEBRUARY, 1944 Saae ees of “hep, Paolo. “a q APR 17 1944 Lis rant : nh vid oH a Sana eR | GRAVGRALISTS CLUB _ Entered at the Post Office at Sutton West, Ont., as second-class matter THE OTTAWA FIELD--NATURALISTS’ CLUB Patrons HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS ALICE President: Dr. D. LEECHMAN Ist Vice-President: REV. F. E. BANIM 2nd Vice-President: W. H. LANCELEY Treasurer: I. L. CONNERS, Secretary: J. W. GROVES, ; Division of Botany, 95 Sunnyside Ave., Ottawa Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Additional Members of Council: F.J. Atcock, R.M. ANpErson, A.W. A. Brown, C. H. D. CLARKE, Miss M. . Cowan, H. G. CRAWForpD, R. E. DELURY, ROWLEY FRITH, H. Grou, C. C. Hemispurcer, A. LaRocquE, HARRISON F. LEWwis, Hoyes Lioyp, Mrs. WiLMoT Lioyp, A. E. Porsitp, A. L. RANp, D. A. Ross, H. A. SENN, PAULINE SNURE, C. M. STERNBERG, P. A. TAVSRNER, BE. F. G. WHITE, M. E. WILSON. Auditors: W. H. LANCELEY and HARRISON F. LEWIS Editor Dr. H. A. SENN, Division of Botany Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Associate Hditors Di ENINESS oui Anthropology CUBE (ili, PAT CHO see ues tn Herpetology SENDS ale ie teieth at ee ie Botany BR. M. ANDERSON ycccecee Mammalogy Ao HU AROCQUE Le we Mae Conehology A. G. HUNTSMAN uso Marine Biolegy ARTHUR GIBSON (2 Entomology AN LA RAND 202 coe wee Ornithology eee ANT COG Kee tm uti Re eh 8 Geology We AEST Tos To a where the species is common in, and confined to, the Stringocephalus beds, otherwise the 4. —Phillips, J., Figures and descriptions of the Palaeo- zoic fossils of Cornwall, Devon and west Somerset, p. 135, pl. 59, fig. 49, London, 1841. 5. —Whiteaves, J. F., The fossils of the Devonian rocks of the islands, shores or immediate vicinity of Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis. Geol. Surv. Can,, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, Vol. 1, Pip Ve He 6) ps 259) pl, 33) 21892. FIrLD-NATURALIST 29 Winnipegosan dolomite °, The species also occurs in Kimberly district in Western Aus-’ tralia’ where it appears in the Stringocephalus horizon though that genus is not represented in the fauna. It appears from the foregoing citations that Sphaerospongia tessellata is a very good in- dex fossil for the Stringocephalus zone of the Middle Devonian and that the _ collection under review probably came from that hor- izon. The Stringocephalus horizon in the lower Mackenzie valley is represented in the Ram- parts limestone and that formation is, there- fore, proved to extend as far east as Ander- son river. Though many collections of fossils from the Middle Devonian of the Mackenzie valley have been studied, Sphaerospongia tessellata has, up to the present, not been reported. This. may mean that the species is not common or has not a very wide distribution. It is very probable, however, that the species has been overlooked while collecting. In the Kozisek collection it is represented by three specimens which, for the most part, are interior molds. Part of one specimen shows the curious ar- rangement of interlocking “spicules”, with the outer layer of hexagonal plates missing. As internal molds only, the specimens strongly resemble a poorly preserved coral, and such specimens might easily be discarded in the field by a collector who is unacquainted with the species and who must always consider the weight of his load. The three specimens in the collection are shown on the accompanying plate (1). It is hoped that they may prove a guide to future collectors. 6. —Isindle, E. M., The Silurian and Devonian section of western Manitoba: Geol. Sury. Can., Sum. Rept., 1D, Baer, GIA, 7. —Teichert, Curt, The Devonian of Western Australia, A preliminary review: Amer. Journ, Sci. Vol. 241, pp. 81 and 170. CURRENT LITERATURE NOTES ON THE CYPERACEAE OF SASKATCHE- WAN. 11 CAREX, by G F.. Ledingham and W. P. Fraser. Amer. Midl. Nat. Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 42-50, January, 1943. A list of 98 species and varieties of Carex occurring in Saskatchewan is presented. Brief notes on each are included as well as general and local ranges. — Haronp A. SENN. SG THE CANADIAN FirLp-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 BOOK REVIEW ComMMon EpipLE Musirooms: By Clyde M. Christensen; The University of Minne- sota Press, Minneapolis. 124 pp., 4 col- oured pls., 62 half tones, 2 diagrams. January, 1943. $2.50. This book is intended as a_ guide for the beginner who wishes to collect mushrooms for the table. The author emphasizes the fact that there is no rule or test for distinguishing poisonous and edible mushrooms. The only safe procedure is to avoid all but those of which the species can be recognized with cer- tainty. In a section entitled “The Foolproof Four’, attention is directed to four kinds of fungi which are edible and are sufficiently distinct that they are unlikely to be confused with others. These are the morels, puffballs, sulphur polypore, and shaggy mane. The be- ginner is advised to confine his attention to these at first. The common meadow mush- room is not included but it is possible to con- fuse it with the poisonous Amanita species in the button stage. There is an interesting general introduction followed by descriptions of fifty-five species written in non-technical language and omit- ting microscopic characters. The species are grouped into ‘“‘Mushrooms with Gills” and “Mushrooms without Gills”. This terminology is unfortunate as it is usual and desirable to restrict the term mushrooms to the _ gilled fungi only.. The mushrooms are grouped according to spore colour, but have not been arranged in the form of a key. This is, perhaps, not im- portant where relatively few species are dis- cussed and these are species with more or less outstanding characteristics. However, a brief key to the genera might be of assistance to the beginner. The species described are well illustrated with excellent photographs. The value of the photographs would have been enhanced if the magnification had been stated. For example one unfamiliar with the species might conclude from figs. 49 and 50 that Coprinus micaceus was a larger plant than C. atramentaris. There are four plates in colour, illustrating eighteen species but unfortunately the colour reproduction is not very satisfactory. The book concludes with an excellent sec- tion on Mushroom Cookery which will un- doubtedly prove of great interest to many. There is a short bibliography of books on mush- rooms and mushroom growing, and the book is well indexed. — J. W. GROVES. CURRENT LITERATURE MATERIALS FOR A FLORA OF THE CONTINENTAL NORTHWEST TERRITORIES OF CANADA. By A. EH. Porsild. Sargentia IV: 1-79. Sept- ember, 19438. This work will rapidly come to occupy a major place among sources of reference on the flora of northwestern Canada. It is based for a large part on collections made by the author or the author and his brother, R. T. Porsild, in the years 1927-1928, 1931, and 1952-35. The present known flora of the Mac- kenzie and Keewatin Districts is -stated to consist of 761 plants, of which 345 are listed in the present paper. Nearly 100 of these are new to the flora of the Northwest Territories and 14 are reported as new to the flora of Canada. A total of 19 new species, varieties, combinations or names are proposed in the following genera: Calamagrostis, Poa, Kob- resia, Carex, Melandrium, Thlaspi, Potentilla, Oxytropis, Astragalus, Gentiana, Antennaria, and Petasites. Particularly important contri- butions are made to our knowledge of Braya (Cruciferae), Oxytropis (Leguminosae) and Melandrium (Carycphyllaceae), a key to the species of Melandrium in arctic North Amer- ica being presented. Sargentia is a relatively new publication of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, being essentially a continuation of Contri- butions of the Arnold Arboretum. It is de- voted almost entirely to longer taxonomic papers in botany. — HAroLp A. SENN. ee ee AFFILIATED SOCIETIES NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MANITOBA OFFICERS FOR 1942-43 President Emeritus: D. H. M. SpescHLY ; Honorary Presi- dent: A. H. REGINALD BULLER, F.R.S.; President: Mrs. A. Simpson ; Past Presidenis: Dr. H. M. SPEECHLY, PROF. C. W. Lows, J. B. Wauuis, Dr. A. M. Davison, Pror. R. A. Warpbte, G. SHiRLEY Brooxs, A. G. LAWRENCE, B. W. Cartwricut, L. T. S. Norris-Erys, P. H. Stokes; Vice- Presidents: W. H. Rann, L. W. Koser, A. H. SHORTT, H. J. Peck, Dr. M. G. Dupuey, Mrs. H. T. Ross; Vreas- urer: G. SHIRLEY Brooks; General Secretary: Miss M. F. Pratr;: Exceutive Secretary: R. S. Evans; Auditor: H. H. Lowe; Social Convener: Mrs. P. H. STOKES. Section Cheirman Secretary Ornithological Dr. H. M. SPEECHLY MANVILLE TOURING Entomelogical R. R. LaseuNE, D. N. SmirH, M.Sc. M.Sc. Geological W.S Yarwoop Mrs. R. H. Hetyar Mammalogical J. Diwkey SOPER HuGw MURRAY Microscopy Zoology R. A. WARDLE, M.Sc. Botany C. W. Lown, M.Sc. R. Happow Meetings are he!d each Monday evening, except on holidays, from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University, Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday afternoon during May, June and Septem- ber, and on publie holiday during July and August. VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1943-44 Honorary President: L. S. KLINCK; Past President: IAN McTAGGART COWAN; President: A. H. BAIN; Vice- President: G. R. WOOD; Corresponding Secretary: A. R. WOOTTON; Recording Secretary: MISS E. M, QUILTY; Press Correspondent: P. L. TAIT; Honorary Treasurer: ¥. J. SANFORD; Librarian: MRS. F. McGINN; Chair- men of Sections — Betany: J. DAVIDSON; Geology: M. Y. WILLIAMS: Entomology: G. J. SPENCER; Ornith- ology: K. RACEY; Photography: P. L. TAIT; Mammal- ogy: IAN McTAGGART COWAN; Marine Biology: R. W. PILLSBURY; Junior Section: MISS M. L. ELLIOTT; Additional Members of Executive — MRS. J. DAVIDSON, E. LEMARQUE, J. J. PLOMMER, P. T. TIMMS, E. A. SCHWANTJE, F. W. FARLEY, H. J. S. MUSKETT; Aud-- itors: H. G. SELWOOD, W. B. WOODS. All_ meetings at 8 p.m., Room 100, Applied Science Building, University of British Columbia, unless other- wise announced. s McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB LONDON, ONT. Honorary President: W. ©. SAUNDERS, LL.D. Past President: Cart. R. G. CUMMINGS. President: Dr. H. B Hircucock. Sec’y-Treas.: Mrs. W. G. Giruinc, 537 Colborne St. Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Public Library building on the second Monday of each month from October to April. / Field trips are held during the spring and a special excursion in September. BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL SOCIETY President: Dr. M. Y. Wiitams: First Vice-President: HAMILTON M. Latnc; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J. Bastin; Secretary-Treasurer: C. H. BASTIN, 4484 West 9th Avenue, Vancouver, B.C. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. OFFICERS FOR 1943-44 President: Murs. L. Mcl. TerRinu; Vice-President and Treasurer: H. Moususy; Vice-President: J. P. ANGLIN; Vice-President: J. A. Decarts; Secretary: Miss Ruru 8. ABBorrT; Assistant- Treasurer: J. D. FRY; Committee: H. P. AncurpaLp, Masor J. D. Ciecuorn, W. S. Hart, Miss G. Hrsparp, Mrs. C. L. Henperson, H. A. C. Jackson, J. G. M. LeMoinn, A. R. Lepincweiu, Miss lL. Murruy, G. G. Ommanney, Mias M. Rosinson, Linut. J. A. Ronzanp, R. B. Ross, JR., Miss M. Seatu, Mrs. E. A. Suerrarp, L. Mcl. TERRILL, LIEvT.- ComMaNnpmr, V. C. WYNNE-EDWARDS. Meetings held the second Monday of the month except during summer. Headeuarters of the Society are: REDPATH Museum Birp Room, McGILtL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q. SOCIETE PROVANCHER D‘HISTOIRE NATURELLE DU CANADA OFFICIERS POUR 1943-44 Patron Honoraire: SON EXCELLENCE LE TRES HONORABLE Comte D’ATHLONE, K.G, Gouverneur-General du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Masor-GeNneraL SIR EUGENE Fisrer, Kp., C.M.G., D.S.O., M.D., Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Province de Québec; Président: REX MEREDITH ; ler vice-président: CHAS. DUMAS; 2iéme vice-président : IAN BREAKEY; Secrétaire-Trésorier: Dr. GUSTAVE RATTE; Chef de la section scientifique: UR. D. A. Dery ; Chef de la section de Propayande éducationelle: ROBERT HUNTER; Chef de la section de protection: J. C. PRICE; Chef de la seciion Winformation scientifique et pratique: GEORGE Lreurrc; Directeurs: HONORABLE EpGAR ROCHETTE, DR. Vicer PLAMONDON, FRED Manon, Utric G. Tessier; J.H: BucHaNAN, STUART AHERN, HuBertT DUCHENE. Secrétaire-Trésorier: Dr. GUSTAVE RATTE. THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1943-44 President: Proressor T. F. McInwraitH; Vice-President: D. Bruce Murray: Membership Secretary and Treasurer: Miss Mary Licut; Corresponding Secretary: Miss LILIAN Payne, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park; President of Junior Club: Mrs. L. E. JaquitH; Past Presidents: Dr. F. P. Int, Mr. F. C. Hurst, Dr. R. M. SAUNDERS; Council—LirutT. W. K. W. Batpwin (0.A.S.), Mrs. Jos. Barroot, Mr. G. S. BeLy, Miss WINNIFRED Cuutr, Broturr Denis, Pror. T. W. Dwicut, Mr. H. M. Hauuipay, Dr. L. E. JaQquitH, Miss Mary Knrxwoon,. Mr. A. J. V. LEHMANN, Miss GRACE MALKIN, Mr. A. A. Outram, Mr. L. Owens, Mrs. L. A. PrRiINcE, Mr. SPRAGUB) Troyer, Miss MARION WILDER. Meetings are held at 8 p.m. on the first Monday of’ each month from October to April at the Royal Ontario, Museum, unless otherwise announced. Field trips are held during the spring, and occasionally during other seasons. We ask the Officers, and more particularly the Secretaries, of all the Affiliated Societies, to assist us in our task of building up the circulation of this periodical. _ By securing every member as a subscriber, we can make it truly one of the leading Natural History publications of America New Era of | Development of the Resources of Northern Canada is beginning READ “CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY-SIX DEGREES’ by that eminent scientist, the late Dr. EH. M. Kindle AUTHORITATIVE PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED AN EXCELLENT PRESENT FOR A BOY OR YOUNG MAN For Sale By The Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa PRICE — per copy — FIFTY CENTS SODSSHOS OOS O LOSS SOSOS DOSHOS OO SSHS OOS SOHO HSI POSSHSHHHPOSOOOOSOOSSSOOSOGOSS RADAALADAAAAAL ALE DLA TT Pe SST oe PL sh ee Se, ee er ent fo EOR SALE f 3 From the Estate of 33 P —— the Late W.E.SAUNDERS—— § | 33 $3 33 33 j 33 Long runs of # . ass, i ’ 33 [] Canadian Field-Naturalist 33 F 33 Auk 33 : 2 33 $ [1 Condor 3 q # OD Journal of Mammalogy 3 C1 Oologist $ . 33 1 Wilson Bulletin 33 ; . = (1 Bird Lore . 3 1) North American Fauna . $$ CL] Bendire i 33 (1) Ridqeway’s Birds of North and $ Middle America ' “> For further information apply to — Mrs. M. R. S. Fetherston 240 Central Avenue, London, Ont.. SPPOP OO OSCOS HSH DODO DOGO SSOOHGOS GF OSH OOS POSS OPO SSP OOO OOOOOGSOE OOF200 PSS SPSSLOSOLSISTIPS SOLIS SSeS soe8sesesceeses PStSosseessesetessee seers nT act ee ee e gest rt “yun 13 1944 MARCH-APRIL, 1944 VOL. 58, No. .2 : yall ‘AL J x! | bh bs 4, Ag wee : 5 \ rea ; J fi | & yp? Lr. as { f Yq ns ) we i i ) eon d i ny ’ 4 Nf . | Ky on a | | Ma ak { \ ae h “A Nee \t Ye ANG A eked VN My 1 eh (0) L ya ey NEM AT I THE OTTAWA FIELD--NATURALISTS’ CLUB Patrons HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS ALICE President: Dr. D. LEECHMAN 1st Vice-President: Rev. F. E. BANIM 2nd Vice-President: W. H. LANCELEY Treasurer: I. L. CONNERS, Secretary: J. W. GROVES, Division of Botany, 95 Sunnyside Ave., Ottawa Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Additional Members of Council: F.J. Atcock, R.M. ANpERSON, A. W.A. BROWN, C. H. D. CuarKE, Miss M. E. Cowan, H. G. Crawrorp, R. E. DELURY, ROWLEY FRITH, H. Grou, C. C. HEIMBuRGER, A. LAROCQUE, HARRISON F. LEwis, Hoyes Luoyp, Mrs. WILMOT LLoyp, A. E. PORSILD, AW. RAND: De AL ROSS: IEy AY SENN, PAULINE SNURE, C. M. STERNBERG, PAY TAVERNER, Ie 18 G. WHITE, M. E. WILSON. Auditors: W. Hz. "LANCELEY and HARRISON F, Lewis Editor Dr He A] SENN, Division of Botany Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Associate Editors Di JENINESS, lic. nnn: Anthropology CLYDEIL.) “RATCEH ji oes Herpetology URPADA NES ecto Rakha ee ie Botany PW ANDERSON ices Mammalogy ASS MR OC OU N eee ne oe Conchology A. G. HUNTSMAN wos Marine Biology ARTHUR GIBSON wuss Entomology ACSI CRAIN) ou ie hey, eck Ornithology Bide AE COCKM Pe cee cn con eee Geology Wi ONCE BB BT Tai 25,315 O* SEVERAL OccASsIONS during the month of April, 1948, while driving along the Lake Shore road between Port Weller and the vil- lage of McNab in Grantham township, Linc- oln County, Ontario, I observed large numbers of night herons, Nycticorax nycticorax, rest- ing at the tops of trees and flying over a small piece of woodland, a few hundred yards across the fields toward the lake. On April 22, an opportunity arose enabling me to visit the woodland which proved to be about 5 acres in extent and to contain, among other trees, maple, elm, beech, linden, oak, and wild cherry. The visit was made in company with R. V. Featherston of the Niagara Plant Protection staff, and between us we counted, looking a- cross the wood through the bare branches of the trees, upwards of 200 nests in various stages of construction or repair. Night herons in large numbers, possibly several hundred, were seen resting at the tops of the nesting trees, or taking short flights over and just be- yond the woods. Although herons were observed from afar, and in varying numbers around these woods on several other occasions during the late spring and early summer, no suitable oppor- tunity arose to again investigate the nesting colony until July 1, on which day a prolonged visit, toward the latter part of the afternoon, was made in company with Dr. W. E. Hurl- burt and G. H. Dickson of Vineland. On this occasion, the heronry was in a great state of activity with young birds on the nests, and climbing around in the nesting trees in con- siderable numbers; while many others were both seen and heard scrambling and sliding down through the branches to the ground. In the vicinity, and along the edge, of a dismal looking pool toward the west side of the wood, a number of well grown young were actively 1. —Received for publication January 3, 1944. Vol. 58, No. 1, January-February, running around for all the world like a flock of grotesque looking chickens. Here in this part of the wood, the heronry was_ thickly populated, gloomy, dirty and odoriferous, and devoid of the undergrowth of beech and other saplings, which elsewhere made the nesting wood almost attractive in contrast. In addition to the active flock of young birds on the ground near the pool, a few cripples, and some dead _ young were found here and there over the floor of the wood, where also broken egg shells in some numbers were seen scattered around. One unbroken egg found lying on the ground was collected, and later preserved in formalin, being too ripe to blow. Several grounded young birds, captured after a short chase by Mr. Dickson, showed plenty of fight when handled, but quickly ran off into the long grass or undergrowth when released. The numerous groups of nests, now partially obscured by heavy foliage, appeared to vary in density in different parts of the wood, but ranging from one to seven or more per tree, were found in ~ general to be placed at a height of from 380 feet to 60 feet in Linden, Beech, Elm, or Maple; the apparent tree preference being in the order given. As our small party passed under the trees, especially in those parts of the wood where nests were most thickly con- gregated, fish (apparently referable to the species known as alewife, branch herring, or gaspereau, Pomolobus pseudohargengus Wil- son) in all stages and processes of digestion, but occasionally entire and reasonably fresh, literally rained down about us. In some spots the showers of fish, and fish parts, were so heavy that our observations on the birds were more than a little distracted by our anxiety to avoid the disaster of a direct hit by one or more of the slimy missiles. While pass- ing along the northern edge of the wood nearest the lake, sometimes as many as twenty or thirty adult birds were seen in 1944 was issued April 14, 1944 82 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST the air over the adjacent fields at one time, and just before leaving the nesting area, thirty or more night herons were count- ed as they perched in a fairly compact group among the upper and _ interlocking branches of two or three spreading, and round- ish headed, choke cherry trees. The presence of many other adult birds in the nesting area was apparent, but thick foliage largely ob- scured our view of such birds flying over the woods as we passed through them, but of sounds and other signs, there were an abun- dance. It was estimated that of the nesting birds plainly seen at the time of our visit on July 1, approximately half were in full breed- ing plumage, the others appearing to be sub- adults in a variety of transition plumages. Personal observations over a prolonged per- iod would tend to indicate a recent and very substantial increase in the night heron popul- ation along the Lincoln County shore line of Lake Ontario, as well as in the ship-canal area between Thorold and St. Catharines. That this large increase in the local population of night herons has been remarked upon by others is evidenced by a letter received from Wm. L. Putnam of Vineland Station under date of June 15, 1943. The subject matter of this letter is of such particular interest, and so very pertinent to the foregoing account of the night heron colony at Port Weller, that certain passages may most appropriately be quoted here. Mr. Putnam’s letter commences :- “You will be interested to learn that ex- traordinary numbers of night herons are appearing here, fishing in a gull-like manner in the lake. In early May a number of night herons were noticed in the mornings along the little stream through the farm, and some frequently spent the day in the woodlot. Other flocks were noticed flying west along the lake shore at dusk. As the month pro- gressed the number of birds increased and flight began earlier in the day, until for nearly the past two weeks some birds have been almost continually in sight throughout the day, presumably as the food require- ments of the young increased. On the ev- ening of June 11, a total of 198 birds passed westward between 7.45 and 9.00 p.m., while nearly the same number returned east. Such numbers are not seen every day, however, many probably being satisfied before reach- ing this point on days when the fishing happens to be good,’ [Vol. 58 While farther on in goes on to say:- his letter Mr. Putnam “The herons usually fly between 15 and 50 fect above the lake, and on sighting a fish drop with dangling legs. Usually the bird touches the surface with its body mom- entarily without folding its wings, spears the fish just below the water and immediately takes off. At other times the wings may be folded and the heron floats as buoyantly as a gull. It also rises from the surface as easily as a gull. In fact the whole perfor- mance is remarkably gull-like.” td That the-newly discovered and here record- ed black-crowned night heron colony near Port Weller in Lincoln County is the largest ever found in the Province of Ontario would ‘appear to be more than probable for a careful count of nests throughout the wood, made this winter, after the leaves had fallen, with the help of Mr. F. W. Gregory, a fellow employee of the Plant Protection Service, revealed the presence of not less than 500 nest structures of varying sizes, but all undoubtedly attrib- utable to the species in question. Whether or not all of these nests, which in some parts of the wood were so thickly placed that 15 or 16 could be counted in one moderate sized tree, © housed their quota of young, it is impossible to say, but certainly many more than half the total number had ample size and every ap- pearance of having been used during the past breeding season. A review of previously known Ontario nest- ing colonies, based on information kindly sup- plied to me by J. L. Baillie Jr. of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, would appear to fully support the belief that the Port Weller colony surpasses in size all heretofore record- ed night-heronries in the Province; but it would seem advisable to set forth in some de- tail, here and at this time, such information as is at present available to us on these ear- lier breeding records. Probably the earliest record of the black- crowned night-heron nesting in Ontario is that of J. Townson (Baillie and Harrington, Trans. Roy. Can. Imst. OV. 2i:) (Pugs, p. 10) who reported some 4 pairs nesting a- bout the year 1872 in dense willows near Leslie’s nurseries at Ashbridges Bay, Toronto, There have been one or two more reagent re- ports from York County of a few neste found March-April, 1944] ber River, but there was apparently no ev- idence of young being reared at the time. In Lambton County, a female bird was killed in May, 1909, on Walpole Island by Mr. Meredith who reported the species as be- ing very common and nesting on the ground in such numbers that he could have gathered a bushel of eggs with ease (P. A. Taverner, Ottawa Nat., V. 32; No. 5, Nov. 1918, p. 97). Except that P. Harrington has a set of three eggs taken by W. Purdy from a large colony “at the flats” on May 14, 1921 (Baillie and Harrington loc. cit.), there does not appear to be any more recent information available on this Walpole Island heronry. For Carleton County, Ottawa area, Hoyes Lloyd (Can. Field-Nat., V. 37: No. 7, Oct. 1925, p. 125) simply says “Common summer resident, breeds’, and mentions immatures be- ing taken in July and August, but does not amplify his statements. G. Eifrig (Auk, V. 26, No. 1, Jan. 1909, pp. 58-9) writes of “An old established breeding colony” on Kettle Island near Ottawa, but that record would appear to belong more properly to Quebec Province. In more recent years, according to a letter to J. L. Baillie Jr. from P. A. Tav- erner, under date of Dec. 2, 1936, a pair nest- ed at Ottawa in 1935 and 1936, in the grounds of the late E. F. G. White on Wurtemburg Street. On Pelee Island in Essex County, there is a well known colony which appears to have been first visited on August 9, 19°20 by Prof. Rudolf Bennitt, and reported upon by R. L. Baird (Bird-Lore, V. 32, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1930, p. 434-5). E. H. Emery visited the island twice in June, 1932, and found two colonies containing 20 and 11 nests respectively. The following year, 1933, Emery, Baillie, and Harrington counted 40 and 10 nests in the two colonies. On July 3, 1936, H. H. Southam, THE CANADIAN FieLp-NATURALIST 83 visiting the nesting areas for banding pur- poses, found about 100 occupied nests (Baillie and Harrington, loc. cit.) In the Hamilton area of Wentworth County, G. W. North examined 3 nests and found two young birds at Van Wagner’s Beach on July 23, 1986 (Baillie and Harrington, loc cit.). When North revisited this small colony in 1937 he found 15 nests, and one examined con- tained three eggs. On May 18, 1938, the colony - was visited by Mrs. D. Speirs and others, but at that time onty 8 nests were found. Near the village of Byron, in Middlesex County on August 1, 19386, K. Reynolds found two adult birds with two young. On May 6, 1989, the late Dr. W. E. Saunders pointed out to J. L. Baillie Jr. and others, at a spot on the banks of the Thames River near London, a populated night-heronry containing 14 nests built in Maple and Beech trees. At Bradley’s Marsh, near the mouth of the River Thames in Kent County, 20 nests were found in a pure stand of narrow-leaved cat- tail reeds, in the spring of 1939, and of those, 13 nests were examined on May 19, and all found to contain eggs or young (A. A. Wood, Geo. M. Stirrett and D. A. Arnott, Can. Field- INGtS VOWS 5, a NO. 2, Heb OAT ese) pele) letter dated October 25, 1943, A. A. Wood states that from 1940 to 1942 the colony nest- ed in the same stand of cat-tails, but was smaller in those years. In 1948, the colony moved farther out into the marsh, and Mr. Wood did not visit the nests, but he believes that they reared young as before. On the Beverly Lake, in Leeds County, ac- cording to G. C. Toner, W. E. Edwards and M. W. Curtis, (Can. Field-Nat., Vol. 56, No. 1 Jan. 1942, p. 11) C. E. Broley has stated that a few pairs breed each year near the lower lakes. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA AND PHYTOGEO- GRAPHY OF SOUTH-WESTERN GREENLAND: AN ENUMERATION OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS, WITH CRITICAL NOTES. By Nich- olas Polunin. Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Vol, LIT No, 345 pp, 349-406, October 1948, This enumeration jg based largely on col- lections made by the author during July and August, 1937. “At least eleven species.......... were added to the known flora of Greenland, as well as further intraspecific or other minor entities”. This flora consists of approximately 318 species, the flora of all Greenland com- prising slightly over 400. New entities are deseribed in the genera Carex, Stellaria and Lomatogonium, — Harotp A, SENN, 34 Ture CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE BIRDS AND MAMMALS OF KOOTHNAY NATIONAL PARK, BRITISH COLUMBIA’ By J. A. Munro and I. McTaccart Cowan Okanagan Landing, B. C. INTRODUCTION IELD WORK in connection with a faunal sur- ‘vey of Kootenay National Park was carried on by Munro from June 8 to June 28, 19438. The trapping of small mammals was the chief activity, the observation of birds and the col- lecting of specimens when necessary being in- cidental to this work. Cowan spent April 29 and the period June 23 to June 28, 1943 study- ing the larger mammals of the region and us- ing whatever opportunities occurred to obtain information regarding birds and small mam- mals. The survey was of necessity a preliminary one and much work remains to be done. In the time available it was not practicable to visit the alpine sections of the park, nor could the numerous vertebrate habitats be studied in detail. The area, being a cross-section of the west slope of the Rocky Mountain system, is of considerable zoological interest and would well repay further study. The following account of the birds and mammals is based on the limited activities outlined above and supplementary data ob- tained from the park wardens. Apparently no other zoological investigations have been made within the park. PITYSIOGRAPHY Between the semi-arid Rocky Mountain ‘Trench and the Continental Divide lie a series of mountain ranges separated by lateral valleys. Here are the sources of rivers that flow westward to swell the great Columbia as it moves toward the Pacific Ocean. Two of them, the Kootenay and its tributary the Ver- milion, have formed wide valleys and it is ob- served when ascending them that the dry climate of the Kootenay Plain gradually gives way to one of increasing moisture, a feature that is reflected in the forest types and the animals that inhabit them. Kootenay National 1. —Received for publication January 14, 1944. and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. Park, from the gateway in the Columbia Riv- er Valley to Vermilion Pass on the Contin- ental Divide, spans the width of this mount- ainous, forested territory and thus provides a satisfactory cross-section for studies. The park consists of a strip 10 miles wide, east to west and 50 miles long, southeast by northwest, the greater part lying in the val- ley of the Kootenay and Vermilion rivers. The west boundary of the park follows the sumiits of the Briscoe and Vermilion Ranges that are separated by the valley of the Koot- enay River; the east boundary follows the summits of Hawk Ridge and the Mitchell tange that are separated by the valley of the Simpson River. These boundaries are about equi-distant from a section of the Banff-Wind- ermere Highway that traverses the park. From various points along the highway a view of the whole width of the park and its ap- proximate boundaries may be obtained. The region is well supplied with numerous streams tributary to the rivers mentioned and except on recent burns is heavily forested in the valley bottoms and on the lower mountain slopes. The highway enters the park at Radium, altitude 2,644 ft. and, following up Sinclair Creek, crosses an outlying ridge of the Briscoe Range at Sinclair Pass, altitude 4,875 ft. It then descends a thousand feet to the valley of the Kootenay River which it crosses and continuing over a low summit enters the val- ley of the Vermilion River which it follows to Vermilion Pass, altitude 5,264. Thus in the territory . made accessible by the highway there is an altitudinal relief of nearly 3,000 feet with changes in the forest types as sum- marized below. The section from Radium to Sinclair Pass is rough, broken country with a_ lodgepole pine and Douglas fir association forming the main forest cover. In the narrow valley of Sinclair Creek is a riparian growth of Engle- zoological March-April, 1944] THE mann spruce, western red cedar, black cotton- wood, aspen, mountain alder, mountain birch, and dogwood. This is the area of least precip- itation. - Northward along the Kootenay Valley, Douglas fir gradually disappears, Englemann spruce is first in importance on the river bottom along creeks and in muskegs, and al- pine fir first appears. Under primitive con- ditions Englemann spruce probably prevailed over large areas above the valley bottom pro- per and in course of time was largely re- placed after fire by lodgepole pine. This is now the prevailing forest type. Some of the older pine forests are park-like with little underbrush. Deciduous trees are chiefly aspen, black cottonwood, and western white birch. Between the predominantly lodgepole pine forest of the Kootenay Valley and the forest of the Vermilion Valley farther north where Englemann spruce predominates is a wide belt of burnt-over territory now in process of reforestation chiefly by lodgepole pine. Much of the west slope on lower levels is covered with deciduous growth in which aspen predominates. North of this great burn as higher altitude is reached the road enters the third forest type, that of Englemann spruce. Here alpine fir becomes more conspicuous, precipitation is greater and swamps, muskegs, and spring creeks numerous. The forest floor and the old- er fallen trees are deeply covered in moss; there is an underbrush of Vacciniwm, Lonicera, Menziesia, Viburnum, and Salix. This con- dition, modified to some extent by areas of lodgepole pine reproduction on old burns, pre- vails to the boundary of the park. Altitudin- ally above the lodgepole pine and Englemann spruce forest types is a fourth type dominated by alpine fir. MODIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT There can be no doubt that modification of forest type by fire has affected the distribu- tion of birds and mammals. It can be con- jectured that after fire had swept up the val- leys and one floral type was replaced by an- other, certain animal species found conditions unsuitable and their numbers were reduced, while other more highly specialized species disappeared entirely. Following this a differ- ent aggregation of animals impelled by pop- ulation pressure elsewhere moved in and e- yentually a different biota was established, CANADIAN FYELD-NATURALIST 35 As burned-over areas again became reforest- ed the process was reversed. We are indebted to Mr. George Hopping for some historical data pertaining to this subject. “Starting a few miles ‘south of Nixon Creek, there is a scar caused by a fire in the summer of 1917. This extends south- ward beyond the park boundary. It has been naturally reforested by lodgepole pine with a small percentage of spruce. From the edge of this fire scar north- ward to Dolly Varden Creek there is a mature stand (now mostly dead) of lodge- pole pine with two distinct age classes. These were undoubtedly caused by suc- cessive fires. The first one occurred about 1800 and gave rise to an even-aged stand now 180 to 140 years old. This extends from south of Nixon Creek to a point two miles north of McLeod Meadow. “Another fire which occurred about 1320 burred from this point northward causing an even-aged stand 110 to 120 years old extending to Dolly Varden Creek. A third fire burned from Dolly Varden Creek northward about 1870 giv- ing rise to another even-aged stand 60 to 70 years old extending to Kootenay Crossing. Finally, a fire occurred in 1926 which burned from Kootenay crossing “northward to Wardle Creek up Vermilion River and north-westward up the Koot- enay Valley beyond the park boundary.” While the changes in biota brought about by ancient fires can not now be demonstrated nevertheless several major fires, the last in 1926, have exerted an influence on animal life that is clearly apparent. An area of some 27 square miles of Englemann spruce and lodge- pole pine forest has been replaced by an open range type of habitat upon which grasses, aspens, and various shrub species, used as browse by members of the deer family, have become established during the process of con- iferous reforestation. The present status of these animals is considered elsewhere in this report and it is necessary here to mention only that their increase has been conspicuous. Not so apparent, however, are the changes in bird life brought about through this change in environment. Thus such birds as Franklin grouse, olive-sided flycatcher, Canada jay, winter wren, golden-crowned kinglet, and olive-backed thrush have disappeared and an 36 THE CANADIAN FrEip-NATURALIST entirely different type of bird life is in pro- cess of establishment. It has beccme a centre of abundance and distribution for Columbian ground squirrels while most of the forest- dwelling mammals have disappeared. Another factor that is creating a changed environment is the current infestation of lodgepole pine by bark beetles. The total ex- tent of the infected areas has not been meas- ured but it is very large and in some stands most of the mature trees are dead as a re- sult. Undoubtedly this will have far-reaching effects on the biota. In reference to this con- dition Mr. Hopping informs us that: “The present outbreak started about 1929 at the extreme southern end of the area near Pitts Creek. This is in the old- est stand of pine. By 1987 over 80% of the timber had been killed in this stand south of McLeod Meadow and between 40 and 50% north of this point. Up to 19538 the 110-120 year old stand had suffered less than 10% mortality. In 1939 and 1940 however, a sharp inerease occurred in this zone and by 1941 three plots located here had a mortality of 46, 68, and 797% respectively, increasing from _ south to north. Thus the active centre of infest- ation has followed the same progression as the fires which gave rise to the differ- ent age classes. At the present time the centre cf infestation is in the northern end of the 110 to 120 age class and is passing into the zone ‘with the 60 to 70 year old trees.” Lirr ZONE CLASSIFICATION In preparing a review of the avi-fauna and life zone classification of British Columbia we have deemed it advisable to recognize 13 terrestrial and 2 marine biotic areas desig- nated as follows: Osooyos-arid, Dry Forest, Cariboo Parklands, Columbia Forest, Sub- alpine Forest, Coast Forest, Boreal Forest, Peace River Parklands, Southern Alplands, Northern Alplands, Puget Sound Lowlands, Gulf Islands, Queen Charlotte Islands, Coast Littoral; and Pelagic Waters. We have regarded three criteria as evidence for identifying a biotic area, namely, the presence of distinctive plant species, the pre- sence of distinctive animal species, and the absence of species, both plant and animal, that are conspicuous in adjacent. areas, Considered on the basis of this formula two biotic areas, each typical in its manifestations, and a third area, less readily identified, are represented in Kootenay National Park. The two of typical character are the Sub-alpine Forest and the Southern Alplands. The third, occupying the lower altitudes from the neigh- borhood of Kootenay Crossing to the southern park boundary, exhibits floral and faunal characteristics common to both the Sub-alpine and the Dry Forest and is a broad area of transition between these two biotic areas. The Sub-alpine Forest biotic area occupies a zone between approximately 4,000 and 6,500 feet altitude, in other words it is a forest belt between the intermediate area and the South- ern Alplands biotic area. The forest is almost exclusively coniferous with Englemann spruce the dominant over the lower two-thirds and alpine fir the dominant over the upper third of this altitudinal range. The precipitation is relatively high and winter temperature low; no precise figures are available. Birds restricted to this biotic area are: hudsonian chickadee, hermit thrush,bohemian waxwing, Tennessee warbler, and Lincoln sparrow. The marten is more common here than else-. where and it is the chief range for wolverine but apparently all the larger mammals found here occur also below the altitudinal bound- aries of this biotic area. Lemming vole and Richardson vole, neither of which was re- corded, undoubtedly are present and probab- ly do not appear at lower altitudes. Common small mammals are cinereous shrew, dusky shrew, golden-mantled ground squirrel, Colum- bian ground squirrel, chipmunk, red squirrel, white-footed mouse, red-backed mouse, meadow vole, long-tailed vole, and jumping mouse. The Southern Alplands biotic area’ consists of the alps, the high meadows, and summit country generally, above timber line. No in- formation is available in reference to the status of birds and mammals in these portions of the park but it can be inferred that hoary marmot, pika, lemming vole, Richardson vole, white-tailed ptarmigan, golden eagle, pipit, and grey-crowned rosy finch are established there. The least chipmunk, abundant in this biotic area right up to the Alberta boundary line, will also be present. : The territory referred to as transitional be- tween the Sub-alpine and Dry Forest biotic areas merges imperceptibly along its higher [Vol. 58 eS March-April, 1944] margins into the former. So also elements of the latter become more manifest toward the south boundary of the park. Nowhere, how- ever, is it typical of the Dry Forest biotic area which is characterized by a yellow pine — Douglas fir association. The former does not enter the park; the latter is not found in stands of any great extent. A small stand of western larch is established in this area adjacent to Settler’s road. Floristicly this in- termediate territory cannot be classified with precision but as its fauna contains many elements associated with the Dry Forest it seems best to include it in this biotic area. The precipitation is less, the temperature higher, and in general climatic conditions are drier, in comparison with the Sub-alpine Forest biotic area. Birds found here more or less commonly and absent or casual elsewhere within the park are: red-shafted flicker, yellow-bellied sap- sucker, hairy woodpecker, Wright flycatcher, mountain bluebird, red-eyed vireo, yellow- throat, and western tanager. Little is known of the small mammals in- habiting this transitional territory. There is evidence of the occurrence of skunk, badger, barred bobcat, and muskrat all of which are representative species of the Dry Forest biotic area. VERTEBRATE HABITATS The study of vertebrate habitats no doubt will be a major objective in any plan for fu- ture faunal investigations in the park. It is to be emphasized that our survey was pre- liminary in scope and intensive work was not attempted. However certain primary habitats are conspicuous and can be discussed here summarily. These might be placed in two groups, namely (1) those in which water in one form or another is a controlling factor in- development of the flora and the establishment of an animal population, and (2) land areas in which water is not a controlling factor. The first group includes river and river-edge, meadow-streams, forest-streams and swamps, mountain-streams, willow swamp and Carex meadow, lakes and ponds. The second embraces lodgepole pine and Douglas fir forest, lodge- pole pine forest, Englemann spruce forest, deciduous woodlands, roadside and camp clear- ings, the burns, the slides. River and river-edge. The river system is of first importance and its history from ancient THe CANADIAN FieLp-NATURALIST oT times undoubtedly has been interwoven with the history of the biota. k'rom a remote past rivers have been the dominant force in es- tablishing the physiography of the park, carv- ing the valleys, leaving a residue of silt that was to act as a basis ior all growth and serv- ing as the great artery of drainage. All the giacial-born streams, the brooks and rills that carry otf the melted snow, all the springs, creeks, and ponds drain into the river system of the Kootenay and Vermilion. The river system provided a highway for the movement of animal populations that, as conditions grcw suitable for them, advanced along its course and became established. Now, as in the past, the river system is the central fact of great- est importance. Along it wapiti and other members of the deer family first entered the district and to-day along its course they ad- vance in spring behind the melting snows and retreat before the onset of winter. In summer it is a potent force in the life of these an- imals; they browse close to its shores and cross from one side to the other — their day by day movements are inscribed on the sands and mud of its beaches. It ensures shelter and food for mink, and beaver build their dams in its back waters and at the mouths of its tributaries. Marten travel the forest trails that follow its course and in its undercut banks are well-beaten runways used by small- er mammals of various kinds. Spotted sand- pipers nest along its margin; belted king- fishers and rough-winged swallows nest in its banks and its riparian thickets are pop- ulated by various flyecatchers, warblers, and other brush-loving birds and finally it pro- vides a highway of bird migration from the Great Basin of the Interior Plateau. Meadow-streams. The type of stream referred to here is one of small proportions that drains swampy, open ground dominated by Carex. In such places the jumping mouse and meadow vole are the most abundant small mammals and weasels travel the stream banks in their pursuit. The frequency of such meadow- streams in the park was not determined. Forest-streams and swamps. A densely . pop- ulated community centres about areas of wooded, swampy tracts in the Sub-alpine for- est. Usually these are drained by small rills that empty into an adjacent forest stream. The lowest portions support grasses of var- ious kinds; the drier places are covered deep 38 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST in moss as are the prostrate tree trunks. Conspicuous among the flowering plants are Calypso borealis, Cyripedium Calceolus var. pubescens, Orchis rotundifolia, Pinguicula vulgaris, Primula Maccalliana and Ledum groenlandicum. Higher knolls are covered with a shrubbery in which Vaccinium ovalifolium, Rhododendron albiflorum and Menziesia fer- ruginea usually are included. Englemann spruce and alpine fir are dominant, the trees wider spaced and usually smaller on the wet portions than on the’ surrounding higher ground. Cinereus shrew, meadow vole, long- tailed vole, and red-backed mouse are the commonest small mammals; varied thrush, ruby-crowned_ kinglet, and Tennessee warbler are the commonest birds. Mountain-streams. The alpine rills that form the headwaters of larger streams flow through all the varied habitats of the alplands. Now cataracts tumbling down precipitous cliffs and gurgling out of sight ben- eath the. broken talus they emerge for a time onto the wet meadows of high altitudes. Here their banks are carpeted with the var- ied flora of that altitude, Sawxifraga nivalis, Parnassia montanensis, Trollius laxus and Anemone occidentalis being prominent where drainage is fair while the more constantly moist reaches support a dense growth of sedges (Carex Mertensti and C. nigricans) with the white tufts of the cotton grass Eriophorum callitrix and the short spires of Tofieldia glutinosa silvering broad stretches that in midsummer show purple in the dis- ‘tance as the richly coloured heads of Pedic- ularis contorta burst into flower. Lower still, willows dominate the riparian flora with the silvery foliage and two-inch catkins of Salix Barrattiana most conspicuous. Few animals have adapted themselves to life under the rigors of alpland climate. Lem- ming vole and Richardson vole are charac- teristic while meadow vole and jumping mouse range up from lower altitudes. Willow swamp and Carex meadow. Habitat of this type is prevalent in the valley of Dolly Varden Creek and probably in other narrow valleys of the same kind. This is a fairly large stream containing a fish population so that it attracts mink and the occurrence of otter has been reported. It supports several families of beaver and is a nesting ground for mallard. The willow thickets are frequent- ed by yellow-throats. hermit thrush,’ [Vol. 58 Lakes and ponds. Olive Lake on the Sinelair Summit and a small forest pond south of Vermilion Crossing were the only waters of this type visited. So far as could be learned neither has exerted any marked influence on the biota. Dog Lake, east af McLeod Meadows, is reported to be a nesting ground for loons; this and other lakes in the park require in- vestigation. Lodgepole pine and Douglas fir forest. Forest of this type examined is confined to the more arid slopes adjacent to Sinclair Canyon. Beneath the open stand of Douglas fir and lodgepole pine a varied shrub-flora includes aspen, buffalo berry, service berry, choke cherry, dogwood, rose, and buck brush Ceano- thus sp. Juniperus communis and, J. scopul- orum are both common. Forbs are scarce and grasses dominate the herbaceous vegetation. Tanagers, pine siskins, and Audubon warb- lers are abundant, Cassin finch, white- crowned sparrow, and blue grouse are less com- mon but characteristic. It is year-round range for mule deer and some sheep and a much larger population of both species utilize it as winter range. Lodgepole pine forest. Tracts of almost pure lodgepole pine are not infrequent. Such are fairly open with an attendant flora dominated by grasses. Common birds here are American three-toed woodpecker, Hammond flycatcher, olive-sided flycatcher, American robin, red- breasted nuthatch, mountain chickadee, Aud- ubon warbler, and Oregon junco. Less abun- dant and near the limit of their altitudinal range are red-shafted flicker, western wood peewee, and western tanager. It is summer range for mule deer and white-tailed decr. No information was obtained regarding the small mammal population. Englemann spruce forest. The forest floor is rough with much fallen timber and under- brush. Marten are abundant, red squirrels commoner than elsewhere; moose and mule deer are plentiful, wapiti and white-tailed deer much less so. The small mammal popul- ation includes dusky shrew, phenacomys, red- backed mouse, meadow vole, and white-footed mouse. Bird life is not so plentiful as in the forests at lower altitudes; American three- toed woodpecker, olive-sided flycatcher, Can- ada jay, hudsonian chickadee, red-breasted nuthatch, olive-backed thrush, and eyening grosbeak are characteristic species. Kootenay River near McLeod Meadows, Kootenay National Park, B. C. US. ieee Bridge at Kootenay River Crossing, Kootenay National Park, B. C. March-April, 1944] Deciduous woodlands. In the Kootenay Valley clear stands of tall aspens and black cotton- wood are established in breaks in the lodge- pole pine forest and along streams. These pro- vide nesting sites for red-shafted flicker, yellow-bellied sapsucker, and hairy wood- pecker. Warbling vireo is another species characteristic of this type of woodland. Apparently no mammals are peculiar to it. Roadways and camp clearings. Openings in the coniferous forest such as the roadways and camp-grounds attract various mammals and numerous species of birds. Black bear travel the roads and eat the new grass and Hquisetum along their margins; camp clearings with their abundant pasture also are favorite feed- ing grounds. For members of the deer family the roads provide easy passage from one feeding ground to another and are used re- gularly for this purpose. Chipmunks appear to be more numerous here than in the for- est; Columbian ground squirrels are common and golden-mantled ground _ squirrels have taken possession of several camp clearings; snowshoe rabbits, usually hard to detect in the woods, frequently are scen by the road- side. Such openings have permitted the added growth of aspen, alder and shrubbery; while various plants of forage value such as clover and dandelion have been introduced with per- haps not insignificant effect on animal life. Thus clover provides additional food for rab- bits and for grouse; pine siskins seck the dan- delion seeds and deer feed on the roadside browse. American robin, chipping sparrow and Ore- gon junco have populated these open places and Townsend solitaire, rough-winged swal- low and cliff swallow find nesting sites in the cut-banks. All these are conspicuous to the traveller along the road. Finally the open areas provide opportunities to view night- hawks, black swifts and swallows in flight over the tree tops. The burns. Extensive areas in the park have been burned over in reecnt times and for a while following the fire these were zoological deserts. Now they are being reclaimed rapidly by vegetation and are in process of coloniza- tion by various kinds of animals. For some bird species the clearing away of the forest by fire meant that additional territory near the periphery of their altitudinal range be- came available. Red-shafted flicker, mountain THE CANADIAN FreLtp-NATURALIST 89 bluebird, and tree swallow are species so af- fected and probably these now find the limit of their altitudinal distribution in the park in the marginal territory provided by the burn that extends for six miles or so south of Wardle Creek. For other species whose dis- tribution is not greatly modified by altitude the burned-over areas are not marginal terri- tory but additional favourable habitat. Thus such ground-nesting birds as Oregon junco and white-crowned sparrow are established there and the change in environment also fa- voured an increase of Townsend solitaire. It is a hunting ground for red-tailed hawk that probably feed on Columbian ground squirrels for which the burn is a centre of distribution for the whole park. Finally the new supply of browse provides abundant food for members of the deer family so that the burns are sum- mer range of. first importance. The slides. The west side of the Vermilion Range is notable for the series of extensive slides that cut through the forest from timber line to the valley bottom. Above are the high bare escarpments, some almost sheer, of the mountain ridge. South of Vermilion Crossing the base of one slide reaches the highway, its apex being at the mouth of a narrow, steeply- sloping valley several thousand feet above. The greater part is covered with mountain alder, the more open lower slope by dwarf birch, small aspen, highbush cranberry, ser- vice berry, and wild rose. Macgillivray war- bler, Wilson warbler, Lincoln sparrow and fox sparrow were found in this particular slide and these no doubt are characteristic species of this habitat elsewhere. It was ob- served also that the lower levels were cut up by trails of moose and wapiti and that the brush had been extensively eaten by these animals. BIRDS The spring bird migration was nearly over when observations commenced at Vermilion Crossing on June 8. On this date and subse- quently until June 13 numbers of olive-backed thrushes continued to pass through and on the latter date the first Tennessee warbler was recorded. Apparently all other summer visitants with the exception of nighthawk had arrived and this species first appeared on June 24. Townsend warbler, Macgllivray war- bler and chipping sparrow were on their nest- ing territorities and in full song; other species that had arrived earlier, for example Amer- 40 Tur CANADIAN FYELD-NATURALIST ican robin, Audubon warbler, and western wood peewee, were in a later stage of the nesting cycle, and such resident species as three-toed woodpecker, hairy woodpecker, and dipper were incubating or feeding young in the nest. The bird life of Kootenay National Park is more varied than is usually the case in the heavily forested regions of British Columbia and in comparison with those of the Selkirk Mountain region the population is more dense. This variety and relative density of population is most apparent in the woods bordering clear- ings such as are provided by the burns, road- ways and camp-grounds and in portions of the semi-open, lodgepole pine forest. In ad- dition to the species normally to be expected in such places the population includes others to whom the region is near the limit of tol- eration. In this category are included red- shafted flicker, yellow-bellied sapsucker, alder flycatcher, Wright flycatcher, western wood peewee, mountain bluebird, tree swallow, rough-wingd swallow, cowbird, and western tanager. The comparative accessibility of the region, its connection with a broad highway of mi- gration, the fact that important modification of habitat is in process plus the dynamic of population pressure explain this infusion of bird species characteristic of lower altitudes. Undoubtedly changes in the constituents of the population in this marginal territory will continue. It will be unstable; there will occur an ebb and flow in harmony with the pro- cesses of population pressure elsewhere so that species present one year may be absent the next or the reverse of this will take place. The birds of the Sub-alpine Forest, beyond the limits of such infusion, are those charac- teristic of this biotic area in southern Brit- ish Columbia. Two exceptions were noted, namely, Tennessee warbler and bohemian waxwing — species that elsewhere in the Province occur in higher latitudes. The following list of birds comprises 79 species of which 69 were observed by us. The remainder, 10 species, are included on the bas- is of satisfactory evidence submitted by park wardens. Loon. Gavia immer.- Reported to occur each summer on Dog Lake which lies on the east side of the Kootenay River east of Mcl.eod Meadows. Four were seen there in May, 1943. (Thompson) , [Vol. 58 Canada Goose. Branta canadensis.- Seen fair- ly regularly on migration (Thompson). Snow Goose. Chen hyperborea.- On an evening in the autumn of 1941 a large flock was seen in flight near Kootenay Landing (Thompson). Mallard. Anas platyrhynchos.- Occurs on mi- gration and nests in the meadows along Dolly Varden Creek where broods of young have been met with (Thompson). Barrow Golden-eye. Glaucionetta islandica.- Two pairs observed on a small lake about three miles north of Kootenay Crossing, April 29, 1943. Harlequin Duck. Histrionicus histrionicus.- Ob- served on Tokumm Creek and on Sinclair Creek (Meredith). Goshawk. Astur atricapillus.- An adult male seen flying across the highway near Marble Canyon on June 25. Meredith reports seeing an adult kill a ruffed grouse in the winter of 1942-48. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Accipiter velox.- One seen on June 21 flying through the woods in Sinclair Canyon. Red-tailed Hawk. Buteo borcalis.- The red- tailed hawk was observed on three occasions and undoubtedly nests in the park. An old stick nest in a tall lodgepole pine at Dolly Varden Creek was thought to be of this species. Golden Eagle. Aquila chrysaétos.- Said to nest on Wardle Mountain. In the spring of 1943 five were seen feeding on an elk carcass near Kootenay Crossing (Thompson). Sparrow Hawk, Falco sparverius.- One heard at Kootenay Crossing on June 14, another pair apparently nesting on the flats adjacent to Settler’s road on June 28. Blue Grouse. Dendragapus obscurus.- Reported as common on the open side hills along the upper Kootenay Valley (Thompson). Three adult males seen on the west slope of Mount Berland, north of Radium on June 24, 1943. Franklin Grouse. Canachites franklini.- On June 27 an adult male was flushed in a dense swamp. It flew into a small spruce and alighted on a branch about 10 feet from the ground. Here it turned so that it was parallel with the branch on which it stood and displayed, wings slirhtly drooped, the tail expanded and at right angles to the back. This was the only March-April, 1944] Tr CANADIAN specimen met with but droppings were noticed in various places. Meredith and Thompson consider it to be the commonest grouse in the park. The remarks in reference to possible predation on the ruffed grouse by marten are applicable here also. Ruffed Grouse. Bonasa umbellus.- Not com- mon in 1943. Two flushed in open woods bor- dering a beaver meadow in Dolly Varden Creek Valley, June 14, a female with small brood observed on June 25, and a male and two females with downy chicks seen on John McKay Creek on June 27 represented the total records. However Thompson reports a recent increase in population. There are no figures in reference to the cyclic curve of population as it may operate in the park. Apart from this there may be a co-relation between the present scarcity of grouse and the present abundance of marten. To what extent grouse enter into the diet of marten is not known but presumably such predation occurs and the extent of the pres- sure may in turn be related to the population cycle in mice, a staple food of marten. Study of this problem would be of economic im- portance. White-tailed Ptarmigan. Lagopus leucurus.- Observed in 1938 on Wolverine Pass (Mere- dith) and at Luxor Pass and above Floe Lake (Rutherford). Spotted Sandpiper. Actitis macularia.- One seen on the Kootenay River near Kootenay Crossing on June 18, five others noted at var- ious points along the upper reaches of Tokumm Creek on June 25. Horned Owl. Bubo virginianus.- Reported to be resident in the park. One seen by Meredith flying across the highway near Hawk Creek in June, 1943. Nighthawk. Chordeiles minor.- Established as a summer visitant in the open region of the park from Kootenay Crossing south. First seen June 24 (Thompson). Black Swift. Nephoecetes niger.- A pair was observed on the evening of June 24 and again on June 27 at Vermilion Crossing. Rufous Hummingbird. Selasphorus rufus.- One seen at Vermilion Crossing on June 12; a female near the same place on June 16 acted in the manner of a nesting bird. Noted also at Kootenay Crossing on June 18 and on John McKay Creek on June 27, FIELD-NATURALIST AL Belted Kingfisher. Megaceryle alcyon.- Nests along the Kootenay River where one was seen on June 14 and a nest was located in a clay and sand cliff in this vicinity 10 days later. Thompson notes it as a regular summer vis- itant. Red-shafted Flicker. Colaptes cafer.- One pair observed near Rocky Mountain bungalow camp, June 25; another about a mile south of this point, June 29, were evidently nesting. A third pair nested on a dead fir stub in the horse pasture at Kootenay Crossing. This tree was felled on June 16 and four of the eight young in the nest were killed. Part of the shell of the tree broke off exposing the upper part of the nest cavity and the work- men had covered the gap with a piece of bark. When the nest was examined on June 18 the four young were active and their bellies were tight with food. It seemed clear that the young were being fed even under these unusual cir- cumstances. Neither of the parents appeared, but one was heard calling from the edge of the forest a short distance away. Pileated Wceodpecker. Ceophloeus pileatus.- Reported from Nixon Creek by G. Hopping and from Sinclair Summit by W. B. John- stone. Noted also at Kootenay Crossing by Thompson. Two seen on Tokumm Creek, June 25, and on June 29 single birds were observed at John McKay Creck and at McLeod Meadows. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus var- ws.- Apparently not common. Observed at Kootenay Crossing and south of this point. A male collected on June 28 had eaten five car- penter ants, Camponotus sp., seven smaller ants of a_ different species, and two ‘adult Clark beetles, Ips. sp. Hairy Woodpecker. Dryobates villosus.- Assoc- iated with the aspen and cottonwood stands from Kootenay Crossing south; none seen north of this point. One nest 20 feet from the ground at Rocky Mountain bungalow camp, discovered by Mr. Hopping, contained large young on June 14. These were being fed by the female. Several old nest cavities in cotton- wood trees near Dolly Varden Creek were probably made by this species. An adult male collected near Kootenay Crossing on June 14 had eaten 11 carpenter ants and one Ceram- bycid beetle; a juvenile male taken near the eaten thirteen Cerambycid same place on June 28 had carpenter ants and two adult beetles, Spondylus upiformis, 42 THE CANADIAN Fieip-NATURALIST Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. Picoides arct- icus.- On June 9 two were seen along the high- way between Dolly Varden Creek and Koot- nay Crossing. Three-toed Woodpecker. Picoides tridactylus.- The most common woodpecker in the park. It was thought possible that the invasion of the lodgepole pine stands by bark beetles Den- droctonus sps. might have a tendency to in- crease the woodpecker population in the infec- ted areas but this cannot be determined be- cause nothing is known of the species’ status there before the outbreak occurred. At the present time the woodpecker population does not appear to be larger in the lodgepole pine areas of high infection than it is in the spruce dominated areas that contain only a relatively small number of infected pines. Scattered here and there through both forest types are pines that three-toed woodpeckers have work- ed over but such trees do not appear to be more common in areas of high infection than they are elsewhere. The woodpeckers when working on an in- fected tree systematically scale off the bark to the cambium layer. Such trees denuded thus of their bark show the channels cut in the cambium surface by the bark beette larvae. In some observed instances the bark had been removed from the entire circumtfer2nce of the tree for a distance of 30 feet or more above the ground. In others the birds had worked on one side of the tree only. Only one of the five specimens collected contained bark beetles; this bird had eaten nine Dendroctonus monticole Javvae. Ceram- bycidae larvae were present in the stomachs of all five, and Bupestridae larvae in two. One bird had taken three Cucujus elawipes larvae; another had eaten three carpenter sants; two had eaten larval Cleridae and two contained spiders. During the time we spent in the park most of the three-toed woodpeckers were feeding young in the nest or so it semed from their behaviour. Several times one was detected fly- ing straight away through the trees apparent- ly making directly for its nest. From near the top of a tall tree on the nesting territory, and invariably concealed by the trees’ thick foliage, one or another of a pair performed the rolling call characteristic of woodpeckers in the nesting season. This was repeated at rather long intervals. In vol- ume the sound seemed somewhat less than [Vol. 58 that made by the yellow-bellied sapsucker. They became excited when the nesting terri- tory was approached and flew from one tree to another calling repeatedly and acting gen- erally in a fearless and conspicuous manner, the reverse of their habit at other times. A male under observation on June 10 travelled up a tree trunk in a succession of hops; his yellow crown feathers were erected and he gave a chattering call at short intervals. A recent nest cavity excavated in a live lodgepole pine about four feet from the ground had been attacked, apparently by a bear. The surface of the tree for six inches or so around the entrance was chewed away to a depth of an inch below the bark and tooth marks of the animal responsible were plainly visible in the wood. The nest was deserted. | Alder Flycatcher. Empidonax trailli. - Con- sidered to be the least common flycatcher in the park. One was identified, on the basis of voice, at Kootenay Crossing on June 14. Hammond Flycatcher. Empidonax hammondt.- This was the commonest flycatcher; met with in many localities from the Sinclair Summit to Marble Canyon. Wright Flycatcher. Empidonax wrighti.- In- cluded on the basis of voice identification. Specimens were not obtained. It appears to be much less abundant than Hammond fly- catcher and the few seen and heard were in brushy thickets along Dolly Varden Creek. Western wood peewee. Myochanes richardsont. Seen on several oceasions at Kootenay Cross- ing and in the open territory to the north. A female taken on June 19 was in breeding con- dition. Olive-sided 'lycatcher. Nuttallornis mesoleucus The first was heard on June 138, subsequently it became common and was recorded from various places along the highway between Ver- milion Crossing and Vermilion Pass. Violet-green Swallow. Tachycineta thalassina. Amongst a small number of white-bellied swal- lows flying over the big burn on June 24 one at least was identified satisfactorily as this species. Tree Swallow. Iridoprocne bicolor.- Several pairs seen on two occasions in the big burn were evidently nesting in old tree stubs that stand on the rough slope aboye the river. | March-April, 1944] Rough-winged Swallow. Stelgidopteryx rufi- collis.- Approximately six pairs nested in a bank beside the road near Kootenay Crossing; others were seen in similar places between that point and the Sinclair Summit. Cliff Swallow. Petrochelidon albifrons. - On June 24 a pair was seen flying about a hard sand-cliff near the big burn and it was assum- ed that they were nesting there. Canada Jay. Perisoreus canadensis. - Small bands of Canada jays composed of adults and young were met with at various places be- tween Dolly Varden Creek and Marble Can- yon. Steller Jay. informed us that one wintered at Kootenay Crossing 1942-43 and Rutherford reports see- ing it occasionally on Sinclair Summit. Magpie. Pica pica. - Meredith and Thompson report seeing magpies occasionally in spring at Kootenay Crossing and state that formerly they occurred more regularly. Apparently a number were killed by the wardens some years ago and in recent years they have been decid- edly scarce. Possibly at one time magpies nested in the park but apparently none does so now. On June 27 the wing of a magpie was picked up on the timbered slope north of Radium. Raven. Corvus corax. - Several wintered in 1942-43 at Kootenay Crossing (Thompscn). Seen in Lower Kootenay Valley, January, 1943 (Rutherford). American Crow. Corvus brachyrhynchos.- Ob- served in the spring of 1942 and 1943 at Ra- dium (Meredith) and reported as casual at Kootenay Crossing (Thompson). Not known to nest within the park but three seen at Radium on June 29 may have been nesting locally. It is significant to note that crows were first noted in the park in the spring sub- sequent to the epidemic in the Sinclair Canyon sheep band. The abundant carrion may well have been responsible. Clarke Nutcracker. Nucifraga columbiana. - A pair with full-grown young were seen near Rocky Mountain bungalow camp June 18 and subsequently others were seen on Wardle Mountain. Thompson reports it at Marble Canyon and at other points in winter. Black-capped Chickadee. Penthestes atricap- illus.- A pair of these birds answered an owl call on Tokumm Creek on June 25, Cyanocitta stelleri. - Thompson — Tue CANADIAN FreELD-NATURALTST 43 Mountain Chickadee. Penthestes gambeli.- Seen only once, in the pine woods near Rocky Mountain bungalow camp, but the species is probably more plentiful than this lack of re- cords would indicate. Hudsonian Chickadee. Penthestes hudzonicus.- Pairs observed several times in the thick spruce woods where nesting was evidently in progress. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta canadensis. - Occurs in all forest types throughout the park. Dipper. Cinclus mexicanus.- Heard on the Vermilion River near Vermilion Crossing and reported from Marble Canyon by Thompson. A single bird seen on Tokumm Creek on June 25. On June 29 a young bird with the slightly- spotted, light-coloured breast of the first plumage was observed at close range on Sin- clair Creek close to Radium Hot Springs. Winter Wren. Nannis hiemalis.- This species is subject to noticeable fluctuations in num- bers of population. In 1943 it appeared to be scarce as only four birds were recorded, - one at Vermilion Crossing where it was heard on June 10 and again on June 11, three others in the heavy timber bordering Tokumm Creek. American Robin. Turdus migratorius.- One of the commonest birds of the park observed along the road from Sinclair Canyon to Ver- milion Pass and at numerous places inside the forest. Varied Thrush. TJzoreus naevius. - Pairs or single birds were seen or heard from Sinclair Summit to Tokumm Creek. A pair observed up Tokumm Creek on June 25 was feeding young in the nest. Hermit Thrush. Hylocichla guttata.- The song of the hermit was not heard anywhere in the forests at lower elevations, nor were any birds seen there. It was observed in several places at higher altitudes along Tokumm Creek and probably is the common Hylocichline thrush in the sparsely-timbered upper section of the Sub-alpine Forest biotic area. Olive-backed Thrush. Hylocichla ustulata.- Numerous transients were recorded at Ver- milion Crossing June 9-June 13, while at the same time pairs in the early stages of the nesting cycle were established on their ter- ritories, and males were in full song. Dur- ing the following week several females were captured accidentally in traps set for mice; each of these had brood patches. 4 What was identified as an old nest of the species had been built 10 feet from the ground in a small spruce. ‘the nest foundation in- cluded dry Hquwisetum, moss, and other plant material; the rim was fine grass exclusively and the lining fine grass mixed with moose hair. Mountain Bluebird. Sialia currucoides.- Fairly common in open situations in the Kootenay Valley and one was seen three miles south of Vermiiion Crossing on June 17. Several pairs nested in the big burn and another occupied a bird house at the Rocky Mountain bungalow camp. Townsend Solitaire. Myadestes townsendt.- Seen regularly along the highway between Sinclair Canyon and Vermilion Crossing and in the open territory of the burns. Apparently it was nesting in cut-banks beside the road and in similar places in the burned-over areas. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Regulus satrapa.- In the early part of June golden-crowned king- lets were detected several times among a drifting population of small birds that kept high up in the spruce trees. On June 25 sev- eral pairs were seen in the open spruce woods bordering Tokumm Creek. Very likely it is a fairly common summer visitant to the Sub- alpine Forest biotic area. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Corthylio calendula.- Not particularly common. A male sang fre-. quently from a particular point in the woods near the warden’s cabin at Vermilion Cros- sing and the song was heard in other places south to Kootenay Crossing. Bohemian Waxwing. Bombycilla garrula.- A pair, evidently nesting, was observed at the edge of a clearing near Kootenay Crossing, June 19, and another pair in thick woods at Vermilion Crossing, June 23, 24. Very likely it is distributed in summer throughout the alpine forests as it is in adjacent regions on the east slope of the Rocky Mountains. Solitary Vireo. Vireo solitarius.- A single sing- ing male seen at John McKay Creck on June 27 constitutes our only record. Red-eyed Vireo. Vireo olivaceus.- Three were noted on June 27 in the dense deciduous growth bordering John McKay Creek. Warbling Vireo. Vireo gilvus.- On June 10 two were seen at the edge of the Vermilion Crossing camp ground and on June 14 its un- mistakeable song was heard in several places 44 THE CANADIAN FYIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 where aspens and cottonwoods predominate, near Dolly Varden Creek. Seen also at John McKay Creek in a similar environment. Tennessee Warbler. Vermivora peregrina.- Common in the spruce woods where the song was first heard on June 138. The slight, sib- ilant song comes usually from the thickly- foliaged upper portion of a spruce where the singer is hard to detect. Audubon Warbler. Dendroica auduboni.- This is the commonest warbler in the park and from the time of our arrival the males were heard singing in various types of wooded habitat. Males were seen also flying out from a tree in pursuit of passing insects in the manner so characteristic of this warbler. The females, that were incubating at this time, were less in evidence. Townsend Warbler. Dendroica townsendi.- Sat- isfactory identification of this warbler, by song or by sight, was made a number of times between June 10 and June 24 in the vicinity of Vermilion Crossing. Several others were seen on June 25 along Tokumm Creek. There ’ were numerous occasions also when an instant glimpse of a small warbler in the tall spruces was insufficient grounds for its identification but many such were probably this species. Macgillivray Warbler. Oporornis tolmiei.- A transient appeared in a_ brushy thicket at Vermilion Crossing on June 12 and on June 25 a singing male was taken in shrubbery near the foot of a slide. Up Tokumm Creek on June 25 this warbler was found to be fairly common in the tangled, deciduous veg- etation of the slides. Yellow-throat. Geothlypis trichas.- Two males of this species were observed at close range in a flooded willow swamp on Dolly Varden Creek, June 14. Wilson Warbler. Wilsonia pusilla.- Seen at Kootenay Crossing on June 18 and June 22. Very likely further investigation will show — this to be of regular distribution in brushy thickets and aspen woods throughout the park. American Redstart. Setophaga ruticilla.- A female was taken at Vermilion Crossing on June 10; this was the only specimen seen. Western Meadowlark. Sturnella neglecta.- In- cluded in the park’s’ fauna on the authority of Warden Rutherford who stated that in April, 1987, one settled on a bare piece of ‘March-April, 1944{ ground close to the cabin at Marble Canyon and remained in the vicinity for two days thereafter. Cowbird. Molothrus ater. - Several seen ac- companying horses in the pasture at Kootenay Crossing during the early summer of 1948 (Thompson). Western Tanager. Piranga ludoviciana.- In Kootenay Park the western tanager is near its westerly limit of distribution and is not common. A singing male seen at Rocky Moun- tain bungalow camp, June 14-21, evidently represented a nesting pair. Another singing male was observed in the spruces at Vermil- ion Crossing June 24 and a pair in the trees beside the moose lick about six miles south on June 27. At the lower elevations adjacent to Radium it was more abundant and several were seen there on June 27 and 29. Evening Grosbeak. Hesperiphona vespertina.- Several times at Vermilion Crossing the pre- sence of small wandering bands was announced by their loud whistled calls. They would alight near the tops of the tallest trees to remain only a short time before taking flight again. Thus on June 12 a flock of five appeared and on June 19 two males and two females to- gether visited the same group of trees. Later in the day a flock of six was seen in flight near Dolly Varden Creek and on June 24 a mated pair was in the trees at the edge of the moose lick. Cassin Purple Finch. Carpodacus cassini.- On June 29 an adult male was seen on the roof of the gateway building at Radium Hot Springs. Pine Siskin. Spinus pinus.- Common in flocks of five or six in the woods, and the open places as well, from Sinclair Canyon to Ver- milion Crossing. One such flock frequently appeared on the lawn at Vermilion Crossing bungalow camp. Red Crossbill. Loxia cwrvirostra.- Crossbills are highly erratic in local distribution and in the summcr of 1943 were found to be scarce throughout the southern Rocky Moun- tain area. The only individuals seen in Kootenay Park were three, feeding in a pine grove at McLeod Meadows on June 28. Vesper Sparrow. Pooecetes gramineus. - A single bird seen at Radium on June 27 con- stitutes the only record for the park. Tue CANADIAN Frevp-NATURALIST 45 Oregon Junco. Junco oreganus.- Abundant a- long the highway and in clearings in semi- open woods. The deep spruce woods were less favoured. Juncos were nesting when we ar- rived but no young was seen out of the nest prior to our departure on June 29. A nest containing four eggs, from which the female flushed, was examined on June 21. This was in a strip of cleared lodgepole pine woods alongside the highway, the nest being in a bed of moss and overhung by a two-inch shelf of this growth. The materials used in con- struction were fine grass, horse hair, and deer hair. Chipping Sparrow. Spizella passerina.- Com- mon in pairs in many parts of the park where they frequented the same habitat as that oc- cupied by juncos. On June 14 in open pine woods one was seen carrying nesting material. White-crowned Sparrow. Zonotrichia leuco- phrys.- In the big burn a pair was established on a nesting territory which centred about the upper portion of a steep, rough slope and some flat, grassy land above it where up- rooted trees, seedling pines, and shrubbery provided a variety of cover. Both birds were under observation on June 24 and June 25. This was the only record, neverthless the species probably is of common occurrence at higher altitudes. Fox Sparrow. Passerella iliaca.- On June 25 one was heard singing at the edge of the forest bordering a slide about five miles south of Vermilion Crossing. Two other males were . seen on the:same date on slides bordering Tokumm Creek. No doubt further investiga- tion will reveal that fox sparrows nest com- monly in many such places. Lincoln Sparrow. Melospiza lincolni.- A sing- ing male was heard and seen on June 24 and June 25 on the same slide referred to above. MAMMALS Trapping of small mammals was carried on in the vicinity of Vermilion Crossing, at Rocky Mountain bungalow camp south of Kootenay Landing and at several localities between these two points. The only species that could be described as common (on the basis of trap returns) was the meadow vole. With this exception the population of shrews, mice, and voles was not large, the returns from 50 to 75 traps averaging less than a six per cent catch in 24 hours. 46 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Species representation was large. Thus in one small area of spruce forest (roughly 300 feet by 200 feet, composed of dry and wet habitat and including portions of several small streams) a total of 11 species was taken. These were: Sorex cinereus, S. obscur- us, S. palustris, Microsorex hoyi, Hutamias amoenus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Phenac- omys intermedius, Clethrionomys gappert, Microtus pennsylvanicus, M. mordax and Zapus princeps. Many of these mammals used the same run- ways and burrows, as many as four different species being taken in the same trap in suc- cessive nights. It seemed likely that this crowding together of a mixed population was a temporary condition brought about perhaps as a result of flooding during the spring thaws. Time did not permit a study of the general distribution of small mammals. This important question and the cyclic pattern of small mam- mal populations in relation to that of the high- ly valuable marten population, should be one of the main objectives in future work. Much of the game animal population is migratory and present in the park only dur- ing the spring and summer months. From a game animal standpoint Kootenay Park as at present delimited will never occupy an impor- tant position as a reserve. Its area is not large enough and is disproportionately poor in winter range for the migratory species. Thus, with the exception of moose and goat and, to a less degree, of wapiti, the park is entirely dependent for its game population upon the conditions for survival on the wintering grounds beyond its boundaries. The time at our disposal was too limited to permit of more than a restricted reconnaisance of game distribution. Though all species save the grizzly were encountered, the precise de- tails of the distribution of each are apparently largely unknown. Further game studies are highly desirable. The following list of the park’s mammalian fauna is probably nearly complete. Richardson vole, lemming vole, and least chipmunk un- doubtedly occur at altitudes higher than those investigated and the presence of bats other than the species recorded can be expected. Cinereus Shrew. Sorex cinereus. - Two spec- imens of this shrew, both adult males, were trapped at Vermilion Crossing - one under a [Vol. 38 rock ledge beside a small stream, the other at the entrance to a burrow under a stump. A third specimen, about three-quarters grown, was taken beside a stream six miles south of this station. Dusky Shrew. Sorex obscurus. - During the first ten days of trapping no dusky shrews were captured but subsequently, between June 24 and June 28, traps in the same locality captured three adult males and two adult fe- males. Four were taken in a spruce swamp at Vermilion Crossing, the fifth at the en- trance to a small burrow in the river bank some two miles north. American Water Shrew. Sorex palustris.- Ap- parently rare in the park. Traps set along small streams in seemingly favourable places produced only one specimen, an adult male, in three weeks. This was captured in a trap set in a notch of a small log that dammed a diminutive stream flowing through spruce woods. Pigmy Shrew. Microsorex hoyi.- Two spec- imens of this rare shrew were taken at Ver- milion Crossing near the edge of the clearing in which stands the park cabin. One was trapped on the morning of June 10, the other in the afternoon of June 18; both were nurs- ing females. Little Long-eared Bat. Myotis evotis.- A small colony of this bat, from which specimens were taken on June 28, was established in the lodge kitchen at Vermilion Crossing. In day time they secreted themselves in a narrow spac? between a brick chimney and the house wali. All the seven specimens taken were pregnant females. Bats of an unidentified species of Myotis were observed flying over the swimming pool at Radium Hot Springs. Black Bear. Euwarctos americanus.- Black bears frequented the highway and adjacent territory, the largest number seen in one day (June 21) being six of which three were yearling animals, the remainder consisting of a brown female with two brown cubs. One large animal came regularly to the camp- ground at Vermilion Crossing and another smaller animal, probably a yearling, proved a constant nuisance at the lodge and at the park cabin. It was observed that droppings of the previous year, still largely intact, were composed chiefly of huckleberries. During June the diet consisted primarily of a wide March-April, 1944] THE CANADIAN variety of green vegetation but the above- mentioned brown female was found, on June 28, to have eaten a mule deer fawn. Grizzly Bear. Ursus horribilis. - No grizzly bear were seen by us. According to the war- dens’ accounts there are a number in the park, usually remaining in its more remote parts but occasionally in spring appearing on the highway. Thompson reports seeing a total of 11 in one day (1939) in the vicinity of Tumbling Creek. This number was composed of two parties, each comprised of two adults with two cubs and three other single animals. Along Tokumm Creek on June 25, grizzly sign, both old and recent, was much in evi- dence. Here the bears had been digging the roots of the red loments. In one place a colony of small microtines had been excavated. Un- mistakeable signs of the earlier presence of grizzly were seen along the upper parts of John McKay Creek on June 27. The western- most record is that of a young female de- stroyed at Radium in 1929 (Meredith). Marten. Martes americana.- Abundant in the Sub-alpine Forest and occurring elsewhere less commonly to the southern park boundaries. All the wardens agree that the population has increased and spread during As of some interest here it is to be noted that a trap-line in the Simpson Valley along the east boundary of the park produced 21 pelts in the winter of 1941-42. Precise information concerning the food of marten in the park is a necessary preliminary in any plan for care and management of the species. Much could be learned from a study of the food debris in droppings. The collect- ing by park wardens of marten scats to be used for this purpose is suggested. Fisher. Martes pennanti.. Apparently quite rare, the only record available being that of Mr. U. La Casse, who saw a single animal on Tokumm Creek in the summer of 1911. Short-tailed Weasel. Mustela cicognani.- A nursing female was trapped beside a small creek at Rocky Mountain Bungalow Camp on June 21. No information is available concern- ing the status of this weasel in the park. Mountain Weasel. Mustela frenata.- Trapping in numerous locations was unsuccessful in obtaining specimens of this animal and none was seen. It is included here on the authority of the park wardens, recent years. — FIELD-NATURALIST AT Mink. Mustela vison.- Not particularly com- mon. The wardens report that mink tracks are seen occasionally along the Kootenay Riv- er and Dolly Varden Creek. A specimen was trapped at Vermilion Crossing on June 27. Wolverine. Gulo luscus.- Tracks are seen by the wardens every winter from the Sinclair Summit, where it is rare, to the northern lim- its of the park where it is more common. One was trapped on Simpson Creek near the east- ern park boundary in the winter of 1941-42. Otter. Lutra canadensis.- Of rare occurrence. Thompson reports seeing tracks and slides a- long Dolly Varden Creek in the 1941-42, winter of Skunk. Mephitis mephitis.- Apparently quite rare. One was killed by a car near Kootenay Crossing several years ago (Thompson). Badger. Taxidca taxus.- No animals seen but unmistakable burrows were observed in a small colony of Columbian ground squirrels on the flats of the Kootenay River along Settler’s road. Red Fox. Vulpes alascensis.- Thompson re- ports seeing tracks each winter and Ruther- ford saw one animal, December 1942, on Sinclair Pass. Coyote. Canis latrans.- One was observed near the highway on June 24. It is apparently not common, and according to the wardens’ ob- servations is present only rarely in winter. The majority leave the park in late autumn, following the deer to their winter range in the Columbia and Lower Kootenay valleys. Timber Wolf. Canis lupus.- No altogether sat- isfactory records have been obtained. It seems reasonable to suppose that animals cross the valleys from one range to another and this is the opinion of old residents who should know. Mr. V. H. Lord is satisfied that he heard ~ wolves howling and saw one animal on the highway near Vermilion Crossing about eight years ago. Mr. W. Nixon, of Invermere, who trapped the valley before it was park territory, informed us that two wolves came up river from near Canal Flats in the spring of 1906. They crossed through the park in the vicinity of the Simpson Monument. Cougar, Felis concolor.- Tracks considered to be those of five different animals observed be- tween Radium Hot Springs and Wardle Creek January (or February) 1948 (Thompson), 48 THE CANADIAN The opinion was expressed that approximately this number of animals travel in and out of the park and that in no case is the entire cir- cuit of an animal circumscribed by the park boundaries. The only sign seen by us was on the park boundary immediately north of Rad- ium. Here a single scat of the previous winter contained the remains of bighorn. Canada Lynx. Lynx canadensis.- Rare in the southern part of the park, one track seen on Sinclair Summit winter of 1942-43 (Ruther- ford). Tracks are noted regularly in winter, sometimes those of two or three animals, chiefly between Vermilion Crossing and Wardle Creek (Thompson). W. Nixon re- ports trapping 29 lynx in this same _ region in the winter of 1916-17. This is known to have been a year of peak abundance at widely scattered points in British Columbia. Barred Bobcat. Lynx fasciatus.- Tracks seen in the snow on Sinclair Summit in 1985 were identified by Meredith as those of bobcat. This appears to be the only evidence of the occurrence of this species. Hoary Marmot. Marmota caligata.- Two adult marmots were seen by the roadside at diff- erent places on Sinclair Summit, June 21. One ran into a burrow under rocks at the roadside, the other ran down a steep hillside and disappeared. Both these animals were silvery white on the foreparts and bright rusty brown posteriorly. Hoary marmots are not common in the lower altitudes of the park, whatever may be the conditions higher up. It may be of interest to record that in July 1926, Munro saw one standing on the base of the monument marking the boundary between Kootenay Park and Banff Park. Thompson re- ports that a pair still frequent that immediate area but none was seen there by us in 1943. Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel. Citellus lat- eralis.- Several pairs of adults in winter pel- age and a larger number of last year’s young were under observation on June 13 in the camp-grounds at Marble Canyon. Burrows had been excavated under the camp buildings, beneath a log pile, and on an adjacent steep slope. Another smaller colony is established in a small burn about two miles south of Ver- milion Crossing and a single animal was seen on the Sinclair Summit. There is said to be a colony at Radium Hot Springs but this was not verified. FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 Columbian Ground Squirrel. Citellus colum- bianus.- Abundant in most of the burns and other dry, open places, more particularly so in the vicinity of Kootenay Crossing. It was not seen north of Vermilion Crossing. No young had appeared up to the time we left the park on June 29. Chipmunk. Eutamias amoenus.- Seen and a few trapped in various places between Sin- clair Summit and Marble Canyon. An appar- ent scarcity of the animals at this time might be explained by the fact that females were nursing young and hence less active and con- spicuous than is the case later in the season. Red Squirrel. Tamiasciurus hudsonicus.- Heard or seen rarely and more often in the Sub-al- pine Forest than elsewhere. Evidence of a greater abundance, perhaps in the previous year, were present in the form of workings and apparently unused burrows about mossy stumps and under the roots of spruces. It is generally believed that the red squirrel is an important item in the diet of marten but to what extent this is so in the park is not known. Fr zsctosy — ° 4) SEP 7 1944- LIBRA woe of 7 more was obtained in a short time. Meas- urements of these 10 specimens in milli- metres and weights in grams, respectively, are as follows: : No. Sex Length Tail Hind foot Weight 4609 2 258 84 34.0 222.1 4610 }$ 288 94 38.5 326.2 4611 Q 259 83 34.0 224.0 Aola 6 285 85 36.1 228.0 4616 3 290 91 37.0 276.4 4617 Q 261 80 34.0 222.6 4618 2 272 81 34.0 260.7 4624 2 241 Ue 33.5 220.1 4625 Q 265 80 35.0 220.0 4626 6 298 86 36.5 343.0 These pocket gophers are distinguishable at a glance from Thomomys by their rather bright brown pelage, larger size, and grooved upper incisors. In fact, they are at once rec- ognizable when only the head protrudes from a burrow. General colouration is a mixture of . Dresden brown to cinnamon brown, brightest on the top of head and neck. Underparts are somewhat paler. The forefeet are noticeably white, the hindfeet dirty white and ashy. Most of the above specimens show little or no sign of shedding. A few have a relatively incon- spicuous, curving demarcation line on the dorsal surface just forward of the rump, where a little fuscous shows. In the two distinct areas on either side of this line there is a slight difference in the shade of brown dis- played. Where some fuscous is rather indis- tinctly visible through the guard hairs, the colour effect approximates mummy brown. There is little or no discernible difference in the workings of Geomys, as compared with Thomomys in the same type of soil - at least, as observed in Manitoba. For a time after I —_—— 1944 om TL "PA THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST had seen several dozen mounds of the former species, I was tempted to believe that they averaged larger than those of the smaller an- imal. However, after more experience, and subsequently re-studying the mounds of Thom- omys in a fresh light, I came to a different conclusion. In sandy loam both east and west of Red River I have seen moynds thrown up by the latter species fully as big as anything that I have found belonging to the animal under discussion. This information was gained by trapping at these unusually large mounds in the south, which I was certain at the time belonged to Geomys, but to my repeated disappointment yielded only Thomomys. As the matter stands at present, I know of no certain means of differentiating between the external workings of the two species in southern areas of the same character where either one or the other, or both, may occur. These remarks do not apply to the sub-sur- face runways and feeding tunnels, as those of Geomys are the larger and they also seem to have a greater average depth underground than those of Thomomys. The distribution of Geomys in southern Manitoba has not yet been satisfactorily worked out. So far, I have found it only east of Red River to a maximum distance of about three miles north of the International Bound- ary. On general considerations it appears cer- tain that workings observed from near Emer- son eastward for 12 miles to the area where specimens were obtained in May, 1943, belong to the present species. In October of the same season I had occasion to travel east from the latter locality, in the same latitude (approx. 49° 02’N.), and traced the occurrence of pocket gophers to a point 20 miles from Emer- son, or to within 11 miles of Roseau River. I confidently believe that these also belong to Geomys. Therefore, the strip of territory that the species apparently occupies in Manitoba east of Red River is one about 20 miles long and, let us say, three miles wide. Geomys may have been responsible for sandy loam mounds observed at Green Ridge a few miles to the north. Unfortunately this was not definitely determined, as traps set for a couple of hours during the afternoon, while en route, brought no results. East of Red River and north of the southern strip of country referred to above, signs of pocket gophers are exceedingly scarce. In addition to Green Ridge, they have been seen only near La Broquerie, Isle des Chenes and at Pine Ridge. At La Broquerie and Pine Ridge the animals are known to be Thomomys and it is quite likely that this is also the case at the other points. Up to the time of writing there appears to be no unimpeachable record of Geomys in Manitoba west of Red River. The type of low- land environment immediately west of this stream, and near the International Boundary, is essentially similar to that in which the species occurs to the east. However, trapping near Reinland and Mowbray, two to three miles north of the 49th, produced only Thom- omys. It seems to me highly improbable that Geomys is present anywhere on the second prairie steppe (west of the post-glacial Lake Agassiz area) where elevations range from about 1,100 to over 2,000 feet above sea-level. On this terrain I have done considerable field work across the southern extremity of the province from Morden to Saskatchewan and invariably the pocket gophers collected have been Thomomys. [Vol. 58 ; P , May-June, 1944] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST eS PELORIA AND OTHER ABNORMALITIES IN ORCHIDS ° ‘By HENRY MOUSLEY 4078 Tupper St., Montreal, Que. WONDER how many people really know the meaning of the word Peloria, or if they know about it, whether they have ever come across an example of it in our Native Orchids. Not one in a thousand I imagine, for it is a very rare phenomenon indeed, and papers on or references to the subject are few and far be- tween. Most of the Guides and Text-books have nothing whatever to say on the subject ex- cept, perhaps, in the glossary, should there be one. Since this is so, perhaps it may not be out of place if I try to explain the meaning of the word Peloria. First let us consider briefly the normal orchid. Now as you know the orchids are a very large cosmopolitan family of herbaceous perennials, consisting of over five hundred genera, and not less than ten thousand spec- ies, of which about forty genera and over one hundred and. forty-six species are natives of our range. They have fibrous or tuberoid roots or corms. The flower consists of six divisions, the three outer ones are sepals (two of which are often united), and the three inner ones petals. One of these petals (usually the lower- most) normally differs from the other two and is known as the lip or labellum, and there is produced an irregular flower. Furthermore, an orchid flower has no free stamens and pistils, the filaments and styles being fused te form what is known as the column in the centre of the flower. This is a more or less fleshy structure showing a wide range of variability, but it constitutes the one distinguishing feature diagnostic of the Orchid Family. On the front of the column, facing the lip, is situated the sticky stigmatic area to which the pollen adheres during’ pollination and fertilization. In some species above the stigmatic area, there is a projection of the column known as the rostellum, really a mod- ified stigma, which serves an important func- tion in the pollination of orchids by insects. The summit of the column in most orchids is 1, —Received for publication, January 21, 1944. usually occupied by a cap-like structure known as the anther, which is commonly mobile, whilst the bed in which the anther rests is called the clinandrium. Now it so happens that once in a great while an irregular flower, such as an orchid, tries to become regular by the supression of its irregular portions. Thus is produced a condition of peloria or peloris- ation meaning the process of conversion of a ‘flower to a regular form, from its normal irregular form. An example of peloria is seen in the accom- panying illustration (fig. 1) which represents a peloric flower of the Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium Calceolus L. var. pub- escens (Willd.) Correll) ,2 sheet No. 483 in my herbarium, which latter has recently been donated to the Montreal Botanical Garden. This plant, originally from Hamilton, Ontario, was given to Mr. Cleveland Morgan who grew it in 1943 in his lovely garden at Senneville, about 18 miles north of Montreal, and later presented it to me. As can be seen from the photograph, the large slipper or lip has been suppressed, and has been replaced by an ex- tra petal similar to the other two normal ones. ‘As soon as I saw this plant I felt sure it was a case of peloria. To be certain, however, I sent the photograph to Dr. Schweinfurth of the Botanical Museum of Harvard University, who confirmed my identification, and at the same time kindly cleared up a point I was not quite sure about. In the photograph there are five more or less curled segments of which two represent the original two petals, and another the extra petal which replaces the eliminated lip. Thus of the two remaining parts, one of course represents the lateral sepal, the other perhaps an extra sepal or as I then thought a second additional petal. Dr. Schweinfurth, however, says in his letter “but this flower seems to show an extra sepal, since normally the two lower or lateral sepals are almost entirely united. Or it may well be 2. —Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University, 7; 1-18, 1938. \ | 74 ; THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 that in this flower there occurred a splitting ii H(2) Spiranthes cernua - Arkansas, Palmer of this lateral sepal into two subequal parts. a 24170a . if f (3) Spiranthes cernua - Missouri, Bush 3316. may be the case.” I now feel convinced that | this second suggestion, that of the splitting, ' if of the lateral sepal into two subequal parts," is the correct solution of the case. This being , so, we now have all the six segments duly \ accounted for. The two narrow upper ones, representing the original two petals, the low-}} er middle one the extra petal replacing the}, eliminated lip, whilst the remaining two low-f) est ones represent the equally divided lateral & sepal. These parts, added to the large poster-ij lor one above the lip, now complete this flower), making it a regular one of six parts, instead# 5 Ww of an irregular one of five. a ie . wf izive one reference to a paper that came to Mf y notice some twenty years ago. It appeared He mentions the extraordinary case of the Florida form of the widespread Epidendrum cochleatum L. which bears three anthers and is designated as var. triandrum Ames. Appar- ontly the variety is the only form of the spec- ivs found in Florida and is endemic to that state. As regards my own experience, although I | have been interested in orchids for over fifty years, both in this and the old country, I have never come across an example of peloria, nor Botanical and Bird Clubs, April 1920, under the name of Anne E. Perkins, and reads in ency towards being so. Such for instance, is i art as follows - 2 Coens ee riba (iin de lnetleeaciinen (ox the ia “T collected in Vermont an abnormal or- Montreal Botanical Garden) of the Pink We : : Ha eat : : K| chid. The specimen was sent to C. A. Weath- Lady’s Slipper (Cypripedium acaule) collec-}iy ; ; , x morass ; ‘| erby who writes -concerning it as follows, ted by Frére Marie-Victorin near Montreal,'4M! ., { : ; 5 a as Garey “shi aN ane #ig| “I have just received the queer orchid which ones Se PRE a ee i vou collected at Berkshire, Vt. back from been reduced to a mere speck of its former } : i s mi’ Professor Ames. He states that my second size and beauty. Masters in his Vegetable '# f : ee iN! conjecture was correct and that the plant Teratology on page 398 says, “entire absence iH} . é : fi] is an abnormal form of Habenaria psycodes. of the labellum, frequently without any other : 3 ; ig At It is an example of the phenomenon known perceptible change, is of common occurrence’ ‘'!! ‘ 3 : : ; Bie 4 ‘as peloria. In this case the petals are re- which seems to fit the case in question, since |: : : : ph | peated and the lip with the snur is elimin- no other change has taken place beyond the © : ary Ae ier inaaS A ated, I find a_ precisely similar form has almost entire elimination of the labellum. Ex- b ded in Hab sa finbricne leon % Gs >» ( I, | VATA, cept for this abnormality, there are no other Uda emer ; 3 b i ; N.H., H. G. Jessun, Bot. Gaz. XVITI. 189) peloric or near-peloric orchid specimens in the , eee i 3 herbarium, and I believe there is a similar and also in H. ciliaris. The opposite kind of condition an the. (National. Mecham neloria in which the petals have spurs like Ottawa: the lip has also peer a least once noted in ; a species of Habenaria. In the case of your Regular peloric forms are perhaps the most flower the peloria seems to have extended easily determinable. In these, the petal which to the stamens which by the production of normally forms “the lip” is similar to the other one or two additional anther-sacs, show a petals. As I have) already. mentioned, articles '7,(/414) veversion toa. arimitinel) roomie on peloria are very scarce indeed. Dr. Schwein flowered tvpe. I find a similar nhenomenon furth in his letter says, “that a rather careful recorded in a peloric flower of a Euronean search failed to bring forth any articles about snecies. Professor Ames does not sav peloria in our native orchids. Among our slides whether he has seen sunech a farm in Hahen- however, I find three examples of regular pel- aria psucodes before; but I find no record oria (suppression of the irregular member, or lip) in Spiranthes.” of one.” In addition to the above, I am able to sive (1) Spiranthes Romanzoffiana - Crater Lake, some references to Peloria in a few British Oregon, Wynd. 1651, orchids as follows, viz; i i k een Figure 1. ( Willd.) Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper Correll (Peloric form). Cypripedium Calceolus L. BE aS ES 4 q sf PE Ses) PRR ee RE BO re var. pubescens May-J une, 1944] In Colonel Godfrey’s British Orchidaceae, 1933, there is a beautiful coloured drawing (Pl. 58) by his wife of a peloric form of the Bee or- chid (Ophrys apifera Hudson), in which the lip is pink and petal-like but much larger than the petals. Again, in Native Orchids of Brit- ain, 1925, Mr. C. B. Tahourdin gives a photo- graphic illustration of this same orchid stat- ing that the “Bee” lip is replaced by a simple pink petal. He states also that a peloric form of Orchis mascula was found in Kent in 19138. and three specimens were recorded from Suf- folk in 1885, while Luxford’s Reigate Flora (1838) records such specimens from that neighbourhood. Of Gymnadenia conopsea also, peloric forms have occurred near Dover. Of forms not strictly peloric he says “I have seen a white specimen of Orchis mascula in which the flowers were exceptionally fine and perfect, with the exception of the spur, which on some of the florets was scarcely present at all, one or two only being really well defined, the largest measuring only 5/32 of an inch in length. Some forms of Platanthera chlorantha have been recorded with three spurs, others of Orchis morio and Ophrys muscifera with two, and even three “lips”, whilst in a spike of Epipactis (Amesia) latifolia, the Broad-leaved Epipactis, some florets had two, some three lips. There were other irregularities in this bloom which is described in the Orchid Review for November, 1922.” In my introductory pap- er “The Genus Amesia in North America”, published in The Canadian Field-Naturalist of January and February 1927, there will also be found a description of several other cur- ious forms of Epipactis (Amesia) latifolia. Of works on teratology or the study of mal- formations and monstrosities, there appear to be four important ones - by Penzig, Worsdell, Masters, and Vuillemin, all four dealing not only with peloria in orchids, but also with peloria in all its forms in the entire vegetable kingdom, Of the first named author, A. G. O. Penzig, there appears to be no copy of his work extant in Montreal, but 1 am able to give the exact title and date of publication, “Pflanzenteratologie systematisch geordnet”’ 2 Vols., Berlin, 1890-94. The Library of Mc- Gill University, however, has both volumes of Worsdell’s work as well as a copy of Masters’, In this latter work, entitled Veg2tabie Ter- atology, published by the Ray Society in 1868, M. T. Masters speaks of peloria as regula: & Tue CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 15 and irregular, in the following words, “When an habitually irregular fiower be- comes regular, it does so in one of two ways; either by the nondevelopment of the irreg- ular portions or by the formation of irreg- ular parts in increased number, so that the symmetry of the flower is rendered perfect, as in the original peloria of Linnaeus, and which may be called irregular peloria, while the former case may be called regular pel- oria. This latter appearance is therefore congenital and due to an arrest of develop- ment.” As a case of regular peloria in orchids, Masters gives a figure on page 223 of Cattleya marginata, in which the lip is replaced by a flat petal. This appears to be one of the few figures of peloria given in the Orchidaceae; but on page 227 we find a list of genera in which regular peloria has been most often ob- served, and again on page 238 a further list of those genera in which irregular peloria has been most often observed. In the work by W. C. Worsdell, entitled, “The Principles of Plant Teratology”, also published by the Ray Society in 1916, we find in volume 2, pl. XXXV, a coloured plate of Cypripedium insigne (Lady’s Slipper), in which the posterior sepal behind the lip is div- ided into the original two sepals. This is an interesting example, since it conforms (in part) to what has taken place in Mr. Morgan’s plant already described. In plate XXXVI, there is an illustration of Cypripedium Pitcherianum (Lady’s Slipper), in which the flower has two labella or lips, with a posterior view also of the labella, show- ing the incomplete bipartition of the original single organ. Plate XXXVII represents a peloric flower of another orchid Odontoglossum grande, with the labellum or lip in the form of an ordin- ary petal, stamens present and fertile, column with three fertile anthers and three rostella. Plate XL gives a coloured illustration of Cypripedium insigne (Lady’s Slipper), in which the two lateral petals are changed into “lips” (labella). Plate XLII gives an illustration of Platan- thera chlorantha (Butterfly orchis), in which the two lateral sepals are spurred. Plate L gives coloured illustrations for three further orchids, - 1. Cypripedium superbiens (Lady’s Slipper), in which there is an ad- 76 ao. THE CANADIAN hesion of the two lateral petals to the poster- ior sepal, and a suppression of the labellum; 2. C. barbatum (Lady’s Slipper) with an ad- hesion of the two anterior sepals (arising by division of the single one) to the lateral pet- als; 3. Cattleya Loddigesii having a dimerous (two members in each part) flower with lat- eral petals absent and two “lips” (labella) present. The last plate in the volume, Plate LIII, depicts Dendrobium Wardianum, a flower show ing the two lateral petals which had become united and occupied the position of the “post- erior” sepal. All the flowers of the plant in the raceme were affected in the same way! Coming now to the work by Paul Vuillemin entitled “Les Anomalies Végétals”, Paris, 1926, in the library of the Montreal Botanical Garden, Mr. Jules Brunel of that Institution FixLp-N ATURALIST [Vol. 58 Lindl. is perhaps a peloric form of Spath- oglossis. “Actinomorphy is less perfect in Paphio- pedilum (Cypripedium) Warszewickii Pfitz., where the third stamen is absent, in Ophrys apifera Huds., where, according to J. E. Gray, if one finds in a peloric flower 2-3 fer- tile stamens, it is due to the development of one or two epipetalous rudiments in addition to the normal episepalous stamen. This ab- normality has been taken for a_ species, Ophrys Trollii Reich., or a variety, O. api- fera var. friburgensis. Note: In my copy of Col. Godfrey’s British Orchidaceae, I find there are some beautiful coloured drawings pls. 57 and 58) of Ophrys apifera (Bee orchid), and O. Trollii (Wasp orchid), with a discussion as to the exact status of O. Trollu. This latter is now considered to be a variety of O. apifera. It is not a stable has very kindly sent me a translation of what - form, but varies according to the type of Vuillemin has to say on the subject of Peloria. - Q. apifera from which it is a sport. . It is as follows (pp. 106-108) - “Peloria is said to be regressive when a complex petal, like a lip or a spurred seg- ment, returns to the simplicity of the other petals.......... “In the orchidaceae, trimerous (three members in each part) peloria occurs when the lip becomes similar to the other petals. Brongniart (1850) menticns an example in Paphiopediium (Cypripedium) caudatum Pfitz., in which the three internal stamens were fertile. Uropedilum Lindeni is nothing but this abnormality. Known also in P. Sed- eni Pfitz., Catasetum eburneum Hort., Odon- toqlossum citrosmum Reich. f., Coelogyne cristata Lindl. (Wigand), Cattleya Forbes Lindl. (Magnus), C. marginata Reich. f. (Masters), C. pumila Wook, C. intermedia Grah., Laelia nurpurea Hort., Phalaenonsis Stuartiana Reich. f.. Aerides crisna Wallr., Cypripedium spectabile Salisb., C. Spicert- anum Reich. f. “According to Penzig, Paxtonia rosea Dimerous (two members in each part) peloriae are a consequence of the suppress- ion of the lip and of the connection of ad- joining sepals in Ophrys Arachnites Hoffm. ‘(Penzig), O. Bertolonii Moretti (Mogg- ridge), O. Myodes Jacq. (Wydler). “Masters mentions the abortion of the corolla in Ophrys aranifera Sm.; the three external stamens are fertile; actinomorphose (regular symmetrical pattern) is prevented only by the development of the stamen sup- erposed to the abortive lip”. The foregoing discussion includes all I have been able to gather at the present time con- cerning peloria in orchids, but it is hoped that these data may suffice to give the reader some idea of the many and varied peloric forms that may be found in the Orchidaceae. In con- clusion, I shall be glad to hear of any further cases that may be known of this rare phen- omenon, more especially, in our native orchids. Finally, my best thanks are due to all those kind friends who have helped in any way in the preparation of this paper. ae 4 } May-June, 1944] THE CANADIAN FiELD-NATURALIST wee THE STATUS OF THE FISHER, Martes pennantt (Erxleben), IN CANADA’ By A. L. RAND National Museum of Canada DISTRESSFUL FUTURE for the forecast in Anderson’s statement that “with every northern trapper after its pelt, unless the fisher becomes successfully acclim- ated on fur farms, this valuable species seems doomed to ultimate extinction” (1934, p. 4064). - practiced. farms, but as yet their yield of fisher fur 13. Total forest area Allen (1942) includes the fisher in his vol- ume on “Extinct and Vanishing Mammals wees. ” He lists state after state in the United States from which it is nearly or quite gone. Only in the Adirondack counties of New York state are these animals holding their own in spite of large catches (of up to 563 per year in the 1920-25 period). In eastern Canada Allen reports it as sadly depleted in recent years and only in British Columbia are they present in some numbers. In the 1936 report of the De- partment of Lands and Mines for New Bruns- wick the view is put forward that in a few years time the supply of important furs such as mink, marten, and fisher will be produced by fur farms. a taal. | However a survey of fisher status indicates that in Canada we still have a sizeable stock- ing of fisher in the wild, and though reduced from that number present in earlier times, the wild fisher should provide a perpetual supply of fine skins, if proper conservation is Fisher are being raised on fur unimportant. Ultimate extinction or relegation to captiv- ity is a gloomy picture for any of our fur bearers, and the view that most of our fine fur be produced on fur farms overlooks the possibilities and resources of our vast land. In evaluating the importance of the wild fur catch, it must be kept in mind, that over a large part of Canada the only economic products are from the wild life. The figures from the Canada Year Book for 1942 are:- Total land area of Canada 3,466,556 square miles 1,220,405 square miles }, —Recelyed for publication January 27, 1944, : fisher is : Unprofitable or inaccessible forest 450,000 square miles Productive Forest 770,000 square miles Agricultural land in Canada occupied and available (including grazing) 549,660 square miles It appears that only about one-seventh of Canada is suitable for agriculture or grazing; that about one-third is forested; and about four-sevenths of Canada’s surface is at pres- ent not exploitable for either timber, agricul- ture or grazing. This is an area of about 2,000,000 square miles. On this area our wild life, as game, food and fur resources, are the chief factors that can make the country ec- onomically productive. The necessity of conserving the wild life on 2,000,000 square miles gives an idea of the magnitude of our problem in conserving these biological resources to insure Maximum pro- duction. Gone is the time when fur and timber were exploited like coal and iron deposits. These biological resources differ in being renewable. And as Dr. Camsell has wisely said (1942, Canadian Geog. Journ., 25, pp. 3-11) the basis of future progress is present research. One of the first steps is to make an inventory and see where we stand. This paper is in the nature of an inventory as to the present status of the fisher. In number of pelts the fisher does not bulk large in the total Canadian fur output. In the 1939-40 season the total fur take was 9,620,695 skins; of these the fisher contrib- uted 2,886 pelts, or about 0.03% of the total number of skins. The average value of fisher skins in the ten year period was $48.92, with a range of average yearly price between $40.03 and $53.39. This high price makes the value of the fisher catch assume a larger share of the total. The 1940 value of the whole fur take was $16,668,348.00; that of the fisher $152,166.00 or about 0.90% of the total value, 78 Comparing the fisher take with that of other furs, using 1939-40 season’s figures; in total number of pelts taken the fisher stands nineteenth in the listed twenty-five ‘‘kinds” of wild-caught fur, falling just below the otter (10,917 skins), lynx (7,473 skins), wolf (6,429 skins), and badger (4,663 skins), while it is just above the blue fox (1,442 skins), wild cat (1,184 skins), black bear (1,037 skins), and wolverine (645 skins). In total value the fisher stands fifteenth on the list, just below the coyote ($179,616.00), and the otter ($159,786.00) and just above the raccoon ($54,028.00), and wolf ($41,299.00). In value of individual skins the fisher easily leads at $52.73, followed by the lynx ($35.70 per skin), marten ($30.13), beaver ($18.18), and silver fox ($15.43). The larger skins of the males have coarse fur and these bring a much lower price than the small, fine-furred pelts of the females. In recent years in northeastern British Col- umbia I heard of an Indian trading a big, coarse fisher skin for $12.00 at Lower Post; and talked with a trapper who had sold three for $50.00; but during this same period, small, fine fisher skins brought $75.00 to $100.00 a- piece to the trapper. Seton (1929, 2, p. 459) records choicest fisher skins bringing $345.00 in 1920, presumably at a fur sale. Most faunal papers state that an animal is yare or common, or some intermediate state. For an inventory that is hardly satisfactory. The chief figures available are the fur returns for the Dominion and for the provinces, pub- lished by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. These give us the yield and an idea of the status of the animal. It is hoped that in future data will be available for smaller areas, and for individual trap lines, so that differences in density of population can be estimated. In several of the annual reports of the Game Commission of British Columbia it is point- ed out that the annual fur yield is not a good index to the status of the animals concerned. In a year when animals are plentiful, the price may be low and the trapper may take no more fur from his line than will pay his yearly expenses, conserving the rest of the animals on his trap line until prices are high?. 9. —This is possible in British Columbia, where there are large registered trap lines. In areas where reg- istered trap lines are small, or where there ar: none, this spirit of conservation is not found. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 Also in some sections heavy snowfall may re- strict travel and cover traps, lowering the yearly take. Factors such as these undoubtedly weigh the figures. But these figures still remain as the most satisfactory basis of comparison that we have. The following are the data on the fisher take in Canada for the period 1920-21 to 1941- 42 as prepared by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics: Average Number of annual Average Number of annual Season Pelts value per Season Pelts value per skin skin 1920-21 4,866 $58.86 1931-32 2,789 46.81 1921-22 5,680 74.45 1982-33 2,580 52.91 1922-23 3,976 69.84 1933-34 3.171 53.39 1923-24 4,158 170.07 1934-85 3,728 45.62 1924-25 4,230 48.46 1985-86 4,624 51.10 1925-26 5,899 37.27 1936-87 5,287 52.71 1926-27 7,893 51.32 1937-38 3,505 40.03 1927-28 8,641 57.35 1938-89 3,399 49.03 1928-29 6,606 60.12 1989-40 2,886 52.73 1929-30 4,274 56.382 1940-41 2,212 45.52 1930-31 3,282 $45.83 1941-42 3,408 48.21 The average annual catch for Canada for the period 1930-40 was 3,510 fisher skins; for 1920-30 it was 5,622 skins. For comparing the present fisher status with its earlier abundance we have Seton’s (1929; Vol. 2, p. 458) data that the Hudson ~ Bay Company’s collection of skins over the eighty-five year period 1821-1905 averaged 4,439 skins per year, with the poorest year reporting only 974 pelts, and the best 8,917 pelts. Seton also gives the data for other American Companies as averaging 4,224 skins a year for the seventy-one years 1821-1891 (from Poland’s list). Thus the average annual catch of fisher for the United States and Can- ada for this nineteenth century period was only about 8,600 skins. As a proportion of these skins came from the United States, we can assume that the 1930-40 annual average catch of fisher in Can- ada is not below half the average annual catch for Canada during the nineteenth cent- — ury. This fifty percent decrease is not nearly as great as is the marten catch, over a sim- ilar period and is about the same proportional ~ decrease as Seton (op. cit. p. 679) postulated — for the otter. ; 4 } % May-June, 1944] However, comparing the 1920-30 period with the 1930-40 period it is seen that in recent -years there has been a marked decrease in. the numbers of fisher pelts taken; the highest yield in the former period was over 8,000 skins; in the latter period only something over 5,000 skins; the averages show the same thing. This indicates that the take of the fisher is greater than its reproduction. The decrease is continuing slowly though there is evidently a 30/31 31/32 32/338 New Brunswick a... 33 PAN 27 RCE COi npr i 589 458 AVL RODENT Ge nea ete hesitate atiove 1,544 1,258 1,203 Wismanbo payee ee 160 284 289 Saskatchewan cress 28 15 13 JN TOES EEE SN a EE oa Ie 22 4 British Columbia ............ 681 663 562 N. W. Territories ........ 230 7 18 AMICON MC TETILORY i cctsn = 7 3 33/34 34/35 35/36 36/37 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST { 79 sizeable stocking of fishers left in Canada. It might be thought that the take of fisher was influenced by prevailing prices; with higher prices the animals would be more sought after and the take larger. However, this does not seem to be the case, as may he seen from the above table. Dominion Bureau of Statistics provides the following data on the fisher take by provinces for the years 1980-31 to 1939-40. 37/38 38/39 39/40 44 63 85 53 40 1g) 26 503 C2 SiO ile Soi dlllt® HetrlnOw! TO 1,309 1,495 2,128 2052 1,418 1,353 1,372 521 682 692 461 250 213 157 31 15 5 9 17 12 10 Ale, © 48 61 37 al —none— 721 NOS G59 668 520 590 504. 21 24 2 136 22 8 9 =o 11 18 5 25 10 17 ee Nr nn Comparing the returns by provinces with Anderson’s (1934, fig. 14) map it appears that the stronghold of the fisher is not in the far west or northwest, but in the east, in Quebec and Ontario, with British Columbia in third place as a fisher producing area. In Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia there are now no fisher; in New Brunswick they are re- stricted to the northern third of the province, in Quebec to the southwestern third; in On- tario they are practically extinct south of the French and Mattawa Rivers, (Prov. Ont. Gume Report 1937-38), but occur over perhaps three-quarters of the province; in Manitoba the range includes most of the province ex- cept the southwestern quarter; in Saskatche- wan only the northern third; in Alberta, a- bout two-fifths of the north and extreme west; in British Columbia about ninety percent of the province. It barely enters the southern Yukon, and occurs in perhaps a tenth of the ‘southern Mackenzie District. The fisher range does not extend nearly as far north as that of its close relative the marten. The favourite habitat of the fisher seems to be lower and wetter forest country than that favoured by the marten, and the forests of the eastern provinces are thus more suit- able for it. In northeastern British Columbia the trap- pers say that tisher and marten often occur together in the lower country, along the riv- ers, but that only the marten goes into the higher country. In this area trappers who take two to four fishers a year are thought to make very good fisher catches, and in areas where such catches are made fisher are thought to be as common as they are anywhere in the country. Though the fisher is not uniformly distrib- uted over its range, it is interesting to cal- culate the total population and the average density per square mile. The average annual catch for the decade 1930-31 to 1939-40 was 3,010 pelts, and as fisher seem to be slowly de- creasing we may assume that the catch re- presents a third of the population. This would give an average annual popula- tion of about 10,530 fisher in Canada. This works out at about one fisher to every 110 square miles of fisher range. Not only do the fisher populations vary in space but they vary in time. The figures for the twenty-two year period corroborate the theory, pointed out by Hewitt (1921), that there are periodic fluctuations in numbers of the fisher; a cycle with about a ten year period. Even where the total fisher population is probably less than 3800, as in New Brunswick, 80 THE CANADIAN this cyclic fluctuation is still seen. One result of this cyclic phenomenon is ey- ident. During the next few years the fisher will increase somewhat, until about 1947 or 1948. Durng this period, comparing one season’s take with that of the immediately preceding year, it might be assumed that the animal’s status was improving. This would be fallacious. A year’s returns should be com- pared with that of the corresponding year in the previous cycle of abundance. In the a- bove table 1936-37 is comparable with 1927- 28, i. e. 5,237 skins as against 8,641 skins; presumably 1946-47-48 should also be com- pared with them. After about 1948 the fisher catch will - decrease in size again. Without change in the protection the fisher receives the catch will probably drop below that of 1932-33. Allee (1938) has pointed out that there is evidence indicating that if animals become too scarce, they are biologically unable to in- crease in numbers. We do not know what this point is for the fisher, but let us see to it that the fisher does not reach this probable danger point. Allen (1942, p. 181) suggests that the fisher’s scarcity is due to it being a solitary animal with a large home territory; to its forest hab- itat being limited, and being reduced by fire and axe; and to its low reproduction rate, one to four young being born after an eleven months gestation period. Correlated with the long gestation period is the fact that the fish- er may breed at one year of age, but not until its second year are the young brought forth. This last factor alone makes a consideravle difference, giving a lower rate of increase when compared with animals bringing forth young at one year of age. In 1912 but two fisher farms were in oper- ation on the continent. The shyness and nerv- ousness of the animals has resulted in dif- ficulty in getting the animals to breed. But it has been done successfully (see Hall, 1942). In 1940 twenty-three farms raising fisher were recorded in Canada. They were distrib- uted as follows: New Brunswick 1 (with 1 animal) ; Quebee 5 (with 16 animals) ; Ontario 6 (with 22 animals); Manitoba 4 (with 61 animals); and British Columbia 7 (with 76 animals). The number of fisher on fur farms at the beginning of 1940 was 139; in that year 48 young were born, and eight adults and five young died. Fourteen fisher were sold FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 from fur farms in 1940, at an average price of $75.00. Ten pelts were sold from fur farms, at an average of $51.00. On Dec. 31, 1940 there were 177 fisher on fur farms, valued at $13,990.00 or nearly $80.00 apiece, (Rept. on Fur Farms of Canada, 1940). On Dee. 31, 1941 there were only 145 fisher on fur farms in Canada; 15 animals and 15 pelts were sold from fur farms during the year, (Rept. on Fur Farms of Canada, 1941). It appears that fur farms are not yet an important source of fisher fur. CONCLUSIONS. The fisher is one of our scarcest and most valuable wild-caught furs. It was never com- mon and is slowly decreasing in numbers. However even now a sizeable stock of animals exists in the wild, a stock that deserves close attention. If it decreases much more it may become so scarce as to be unable to recover its number if given protection. The total contribution of the fisher to the yearly fur output is so small that its tempor- ary withdrawal from the fur trade for a few years, by protection, would work hardship on no one. Though the total fisher yield is but a small portion of the total fur catch, the value of individual skins is such that a small increase in skins would mean a large increase in the value of the catch. One fisher skin might bring more than the average catch of a Nova Scotia trapper. The animal is worth strenu- ous efforts to increase its numbers, both for the substantial increase this would mean to trap- pers’ incomes, and for the betterment of the status of the species in Canada. The cyclic nature of its fluctuation in num- bers suggests one type of management to en- able the fisher to reeover more quickly from periods of scarcity, and to provide a larger harvest over more years, in periods of abun- dance. Fur farms are raising fisher, and success- fully breeding them, but the yield from this source is as yet of little importance. LITERATURE CITED 1921, Hewitt, C. G., The Conservation of the Wild Life of Canada, New York. 1929, Seton, E. T. Lives of Game Animals, Vol. 2, pp. 746, New York. 1932-41, Prov. of British Columbia, Annual Rep., Prov. Game Commission, 1931 and following reports, Victoria, B.C. ar a 1S eR A May-June, 1944] 1932-43, Fur Production of Canada, Season 1930-31 and following reports to 1941-42, Dept. of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa. 1934, Anderson, R.M., bundance and Economic Importance of the Game and Fur-bearing Mammals of West- ern North America, Proc. Fifth Pacific Sci. Cong., Univ. of Toronto Press, pp. 4055-4075. 1987, Ritchie, H. H., Chief Game Warden’s Report, 76th Annual Rep., Dept..Lands and Mines, Prov. New Brunswick, year ending 31st Oct., 1936, Fredericton, N.B., pp. 31-35. 1938, Allee, W. C., The Social Life of Animals, New York. 1939, Prov. of Ontario, 31st Annual Report, Game and Fisheries Dept., 1937-38 Tor- onto, Ont. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST The Distribution, A- ~ 81 Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Western Hemisphere, Amer. Comm. International Wild Life Protection, No. 11, pp. 15-620. 1942, Camsell, C., Natural Resources and their Conservation, Can. Geog. Journ., 25, pp. 3-11. 1942, Hall, E. R., Gestation Period in the Fisher, with recommendations for the Animals Protection in California, Calif. Fish and Game, 28, pp. 145-147. 1942, Report on the Fur Farms of Canada, 1940, Dept. Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, pp. 1-538. 1942, The Canada Year Book, Ottawa, (and earlier editions). 19438, Report on the Fur Farms of Canada, 1941, Dept. Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, pp. 1-83. (Mimeographed). 1942, Allen, G. M., CURRENT LITERATURE MALLARD IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.— Mr. J. A. Munro has given us another in- ‘tensive study (Studies of Waterfowl in Brit- ish Columbia, Mallard, 1943, Can. Journ. Re- search, D; 21, pp. 223-260). The mallard is the most important duck in the province, in places its numbers exceed those of all other ducks combined, and in the “Coastal Plain” area in southwest British Columbia and north- west Washington there is concentrated the largest winter population on the Pacific Coast. In 1941 there was an estimated investment of nearly $2,000,000.00 in duck hunting equip- ment, and about $1,000,000.00 spent in duck hunting by 39,932 licensed hunters, who took an estimated 20,221 mallards. Despite the mallard bearing the heaviest hunting pressure, it is the only duck that has maintained its numbers, and has actually increased in the last twenty years. Through an analysis of some 3,387 returns of over 17,0u0 mallards trapped and banded, of 218 stomach examinations, and many field notes, a wealth of information is presented, from which may be noted that mallards nest over most of. the province in a variety of habitats; there are populations that migrate differently, and one probably does not migrate at all; some units of population remain to- gether over a period of years; the arrival of the main fall flight in the Coastal Plain is determined by temperature changes. The time of breeding varies with the locality, be- ing later inland and northward. Eating of shot may be a restrictive factor, but some birds apparently build up @ resistance to lead poisoning; agricultural expansion especially grain growing, has had a beneficial effect on the mallard. The food may be nearly all an- imal, in which salmon eggs may bulk large, or plant such as weed seeds, aquatic plants, or grain. Mallards may conflict with agricult- ural interests by destroying forage plants in flooded fields, but do little damage to grain; the salmon-egg destruction is probably unim- portant. The data presented are not correlated with a vast amount of similar work done in other areas. — A. L, RAND. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 GLEANINGS FROM THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HURON COUNTY, ONTARIO* By Co HDs Clarke Ottawa, Ontario —— fe WAS my privilege to live in Huron County, Ontario, from early July, 1921, to early Sept- ember, 1927, at first in the village of Brus- sels and later, after July 1925, in the county town of Goderich. Since my residence term- inated I have been back frequently and reg- ularly. During both residence and subsequent visits a comparatively large amount of time has been devoted to natural history, and glean- ings from the notes accumulated are not without interest. Bird notes were made avail- able to J. L. Baillie Jr. and Paul Harrington for the compilation of records later summar- ized by them in “The Distribution of Breed- ing Birds in Ontario’”!. I am repeating two published notes in order to add to them. Spec- ial attention is given to changes that have occurred from 1921 to the present. Huron County is intensively farmed but has neverthless many woodlots and several good bush areas. The western fringe is a plain, the bed of post-glacial lake Algonquin. East of that is a wide hilly zone which is part of the “Horseshoe Moraine” -system of southern Ontario. The eastern fringe of the county, farthest inland from Lake Huron, is part of a flat plain, formerly a cedar swamp known as the ‘“Queen’s Bush”, the source of the Maitland and Bayfield Rivers. Now it is per- haps the least wooded portion of the county and with its clearing three generations ago the river beds became mere conduits for the spring run-off, except where damned at grist mills. The tulip tree, flowering dogwood and sassafras reach their northern limit at Bay- field2, and the sycamore stops at Goderich. On the other hand the balsam fir just enters the county along the Bruce boundary. I know of no clumps of native spruces, but larch is not uncommon in swamps. In general, white cedar covers the swamps and river banks and * — Received for publication January 18, 1944. 1. —Trans. Royal Can, Inst., vol. 21, pt. 1, 1936, pp. 1-50 and vol. 21, pt. 2, 1937, pp. 199-283; 2. —cf, John Gibson and John Macoun, “The Botany of the Eastern Coast of Lake Huron’, Can. Journ. te- print, 1874-5, pp. 1-14. sugar maple and beech crown the morainic hills. Notes selected refer to the following species: Coyote, Canis latrans. - This species must now be considered a resident, still not common. So far as I know, the first one taken was killed in 1986, and one or two have been re- ported killed every year since. I have not yet seen one. Porcupine, Evrethizon dorsatum. - During my residence at Brussels porcupines, though sel- dom seen, were frequently reported, chiefly on the evidence of quills in the mouths and noses of dogs. The species may justly be described as occurring rather uncommonly in cedar swamps in north Huron. One once wandered into the town of Goderich but I have not heard of any farther south. Varying Hare, Lepus wmericanus. - Varying hares are abundant in cedar swamps in north Huron. I know of no occurrences at Goderich and they are probably scarce or absent in south Huron. On or about September i, 1923, I saw a black individual at Brussels. _ European Hare, Lepus europaeus. - I first saw this species at Brussels on December 19, 1924. It was already established at Goderich when I went there in 1925. Since 1926 it has been abundant and large numbers are taken in organized cross-country sweeps. Elk, Cervus canadensis. - The Goderich “Sig- nal-Star” of December 21, 1939, recorded an elk seen with some deer, in the Saratoga swamp near Dungannon, on December 14, 1959. It had evidently strayed from the Bruce pen- insula, where elk were released by the prov- incial authorities. No subsequent observations have been reported. White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus. - In 1921 deer were to be found near Brussels in both Morris and Grey townships. I was giy- en to understand that they were rare and had May-June, 1944] been so for years, but that they had never been extinct. I had seen no sign of a deer when I left Brussels in 1925. However, reports of deer were becoming more and more fre- quent. In June, 1931, I was astonished to find unmistakable deer crotels in a small and iso- lated woodlot near Goderich. Since that time deer have increased rapidly and the Goderich “Signal-Star” was able to report the obser- vation, on March 24, 1939, of 72 individuals at one time in the Saratoga swamp. The num- erous cedar swamps of the county furnish a- bundant winter range, and I have so far seen no sign of over-grazing. This will come in due course if the deer increase continues un- checked. A short open season in 1942 aroused a storm of protest. I have noticed that a ced- ar swamp too small to hold varying hares will winter three or four deer over a_ period of years without over-grazing. Black-erowned Night Heron, Nycticorax nyc- ticorax. - On October 18, 1924, early in the evening, a flock of about 30 night herons flew over Brussels, headed southward. Blue Goose. Chen caerulescens. - On Novem- ber 15,-1925, I shot a blue goose at Goderich. On October 26, 1935, and (from reports) early in the same month of 1936, enormous numbers of geese, undoubtedly blue and snow geese, flew over Goderich at night in migra- tions that took most of the night to pass®. Buffle-head. Charitonetta albeola. - Flocks of buffle-heads were seen regularly at Brussels in both spring and fall migrations. While the numbers were not large, this species was the commonest migrant duck, a rather unusual condition. Turkey Vulture. Cathartes aura. - The turkey vulture is said to nest’ in Huron County‘. I saw four at once at Bayfield on May 23, 1939, and learned of one shot at Brussels prior to iG)ab Sharp-tailed Grouse. Pedioecetes phasianellus. - On April 5, 1926, I saw at Goderich what I was certain was a sharp-tailed grouse. This record is one that I was tempted to suppress until, years later, I learned that . fifty live sharp-tails had been shipped from Wainwright, Alberta, to Eugenia Crown Game Preserve in Grey County, on March 30, 1923. Obviously the introduction was a failure, for passing 3. —cef. L. lL. Snyder and T. M. Shortt, Auk 55 173-177, 1936. 4, —cf, Baillie and Harrington, op. cit, THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Rie. a chante 83 years have brought no evidence of the estab- lishment of sharp-tailed grouse in this re- gion. However, it makes my record look more reasonable, even if at the same time it de- prives it of any great significance. Upland Plover. Bartramia longicauda. - This species has always been more or less in ey- idence. On June 3, 1986, and since, I have ex- amined many miles of the flat fields of the old Lake Algonquin bed north of Goderich and found this bird well distributed, though hard- ly to be called abundant. Iceland Gull. Larus leuwcopterus. - On Dec- ember 21-23, 1935, an Iceland gull was seen at Goderich harbour. There was ample oppor- tunity to compare it with both herring and ring-billed gulls. Bonaparte’s Gull. Larus philadelphia. - This species is extraordinarily abundant in both spring and fall migration at Goderich, and stays late in fall, e.g. December 23, 1935, Dec- ember 24, 19389 and December 26, 1941. Snowy Owl. Nyctea nyctea. - In 1927, after the ice disappeared, carcasses of snowy owls washed up along the shore of Lake Huron. I saw some at Goderich in spring and in Bruce County in summer. A single living straggler was seen at Goderich on May 27, 1927, headed north. Belted Kingfisher. Megaceryle alcyon. - This species wintered at Brussels in the very open winter of 1922-8. Red-headed Woodpecker. Melanerpes erythro- cephalus. - When I first knew Huron County red-headed woodpeckers were common. There may still be a few, but I have seen none since 1929. The arrival and spread of the starling may or may not have had something to do with the disappearance of the red-headed wood- pecker. One individual, perhaps more, win- tered at Brussels in the winter of 1922-3. Short-billed Marsh Wren. Cistothorus stel- laris. - I observed this erratic species only in 1981, when there were two separate colon- ies at Goderich during the nesting season. Starling. Sturnus vulgaris. - The first star- ling that I recorded was seen at Goderich on November 29, 19255. Its increase was rapid and now it nests all over the countryside. The wintering population has not grown since the early years of its occurrence, hence most of the nesting birds must be migrants. Lewis, Univ. of Toronto Studies, Biol, 30 1927. ACh iw ent. Series No, 84 Bee THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Cardinal. Richmondena cardinalis. - I saw in- dividual males at Goderich on November 9, 1925, and December 27, 1928. In 1937 the cardinals arrived to stay. I saw them on April 3 of that year and have seen them on every subsequent visit. Small flocks have been re- ported in winter and there are reports of -nests, undoubtedly true though unverified. Grasshopper Sparrow. Ammodramus savan- narum. - My first observation of this species was in June, 1931, (first seen June 9), when there were two thriving colonies at Goderich It was not seen again until May 27, 1939, when a site near one of its former stands was oc- cupied. On June 4, 1948, it was back again in the same general area. Henslow’s Sparrow. Passerherbulus henslowt. - On June 4, 1943, this species was observed in the same meadow as the grasshopper sparrow, at Goderich. There were at least two singing males. Clay-coloured Sparrow. Spizella pallida. - On June 4, 1931, I found a male clay-coloured sparrow at Goderich in the restricted local- ity already mentioned as frequented by grass- hopper and Henslow’s sparrows. It was ob- served until June 8 and then collected®. On Le | 6. —ef. Baillie and Harrington, op. cit. [Vol. 58 May 26, 1939, another singing male was dis- covered in the same vicinity. Song Sparrow. Melospiza melodia. - At Brus- sels first nestings of song sparrows seen by me all had clutches of six eggs; at Goderich all had four eggs. At this date I am unable even to guess the number of nests observed, but the information may have some interest. Smelt. Osmerus mordax. - In 1906 and 1909 the smelt was introduced into the upper Great Lakes at Sault Ste Marie, Michigan’. Since that time it has been spreading around Lake Huron and the Goderich area seems to have been one of the last places reached. In 1939 a run started at Port Albert, but the Bayfield — River seems to have had no smelt in 1940 and possibly none until 1942. In 1943 the Port Albert run is reported to have been very poor. The Goderich “Signal-Star” of April 25, 1940 contains an account of the “second annual smelt harvest” in the Nine Mile River at Port Albert, and estimated that “last night” 150 persons had taken two and one half tons of smelts, using a variety of methods including scooping them out with bare hands. Smaller catches were said to have been made in the Maitland River at Goderich. 7. —cf. North Bay “Nugget” June 19, 1936. CURRENT LITERATURE EXPEDITION TO by Arthur C. Magazine, Vol. pp. 99-110 and 179- MELLON CARNEGIE MUSEUM THE MACKENZIE DELTA, Twomey. The Carnegie XVII, Nos. 4 & 6, 187 (1943). Dr. Twomey who is Assistant Curator of Ornithology of the Carnegie Museum, Pitts- burgh, is well-known to Canadian ornitholo- gists for his work in Hudson Bay and Ungava and for his book “Needle ta the North” (in collaboration with Nigel Herrick). In the Carnegie Magazine Dr. Twomey gives an interesting preliminary account of the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T., its people and its wild life. He travelled to the Delta by air, in March 1942, accompanied by Mr. Bert Wilk, a student at the University of Alberta. Head- quarters were established at Aklavix where he spent ten months making numercus trips by canoe or by dog team. Of particular in- terest is his account of a trip te the breed- ing grounds, of the snow geese, on islands oif the Delta, and of a white whale hunt. In July Mrs. Twomey joined the expedition. The article is profusely illustrated by ex- cellent photographs by the author. A sketch map of Canada shows the route of travel, — A, E. PORSILD. a ee = i j May-J une, 1944] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 85 THE RECENT STATUS OF NOVA SCOTIA FUR BEARERS 2 By A. L. RAND National Museum of Canada, Ottawa BRIEF SUMMARY of the status of Canad- .an fur bearing animals up to about 1980 was given by Anderson (1934). A _ similar paper was originally planned to survey the fur bearers of the dominion as a whole, over the ten-year period 1931-40. However, as mat- erial has accumulated, it seemed advisable to present these data for each province separ- ately. Nova Scotia has long since passed the stage where fur is thoughtlessly exploited, and the period under review may be taken to represent the beginning of an era of fur management and harvesting. With present war conditions and man power shortage, the trapping pres- sure on fur bearers must be decreasing. This means that after the war there should be a substantially increased stock to use in future manacement; an opportunity to be utilized. To help in this a solid basis of comparison, - species by species, year by year, and area by area, must be had, so that experience can be most effectively brought to bear on the future. Ideally, we should know the animal population per square mile, estimated from sample counts; or even the number of trap nights per animal; that is the number of nights it is necessary to set a trap to catch an animal of any partic- ular species. In the future such data will be accumulated. But for the present we have the annual fur yield of the province, gathered from the royalty returns; occasional state- ments as to the general abundance of the an- imals and the number a man caught in a winter. (May we have more of them). The data have been brought together from the Reports of the Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forests (quoted as Prov. Rep.), a mimeographed release from the National Parks Bureau, the files of the National Museum, and various publications, to give a record of the status of the animals, and to clarify some of the points involved in recording and calculat- ing the density of fur populations. 1. —Received for publication January 27, 1944. The fur returns for the provinces include both wild-taken and ranch-raised pelts. As this lumps the returns from two industries, trap- ping and fur-farming, that are as different from each other as are lumbering and farm- ing, it was necessary to calculate the wild- taken total. A number of factors make the correlation between the wild-taken and ranch- raised fur difficult to establish. This is what has been done. All Silver and Cross Fox have been excluded from the calculations of the wild catch, though a few may have been wild- taken. Obvious exotics such as Badger, and completely protected species, such as Beaver and Marten were excluded. These last, if Nova Seotia taken, obviously are confiscated skins bringing in no returns to the trapper; they are mentioned under the appropriate species. For the rest I have subtracted from the total yield of the province for each species the num- ber of animals of that kind killed for their pelts on fur farms. The importance of this is particularly apparent in the Mink returns; in 1939-40 the total yield was 10,598 pelts; 8,986 animals were killed for their pelts on fur ranches; the adjusted figure of 1,612 pelts was taken to represent the wild-taken yield for that year. AREA AVAILABLE FOR FUR BEARERS AND YIELD In 1931 the total forested land of the prov- ince was estimated at 15,220 square miles, out of a total land area of 20,743 square miles. That is, about three-quarters of the province was forested. All this forested land, and also some of the farm land and marshes are po- tential fur producing areas. This use does not interfere appreciably with other pursuits. A considerable part of the province is ap- - parently suited for little but a game and fur crop. About one-third of the forested area, (or one-quarter of the province) is classed as covered with unprofitable or inaccessible for- est; over a third of the whole province is eS- timated as being unsuitable for agriculture. 86 ; THE CANADIAN Thus there is this one-quarter to one-third of the province with game and fur as its main asset. To get a basis for comparison with other areas, the value of the fur yield per square mile of forest land can be calculated. As some wild fur will be produced on farm land and marsh, the figures given may be slightly high. | The average annual value of the yield per square mile of forest over the period is just under $7.00; the highest yield was - about $10.00 in 1986-37; the lowest in 1933-34 when it was under $4.00 per square mile of forest. TOTAL AND RELATIVE VALUES OF FuR BEARERS The annual total value of the wild-taken furs varies greatly from season to season. In the period under review it has ranged from $56,761 in 1933-34 to $158,501 in 1936-87, de- pending on both variations in the catch, and in the price of fur. The average annual value of the catch was about $95,000.00. The average annual value of the wild-taken furs in Canada for the same period was about $8,614,000.00, Nova Scotia about 1.1% of the total. Compared: with the whole of Canada, Nova Scotia’s area 1s about 0.6% of the total. That is, from 0.6% of the land Scotia produces 1.1% of the fur crop. thus contributing surface, Nova In the density of population, Nova Scotia has about twenty-three persons to the square mile. Only Prince Edward Island exceeds this. New Brunswick has about fourteen, Ontario eight, and all other provinces less than four persons to the square mile. Thus in spite of being comparatively thickly settled, a condi- tion inimical to many wild animals, Nova Scotia produces for her area a high percent- age of the fur crop. The various species, arranged in the de- scending order of their importance to the fur trade based on the average annual value of their fur, with average catches for a ten and a twenty-five year period follow (Table 1), FIELD-NATURALIST TABLE 1 Average annualAverage annualAverage annual value of catechcatch, 1931-40 cateh, 1910-34 Animal catch, 1931-40 (10 years) 25 years) Muskrat ......... $38,636.00...... 38,289 ......23,491 pelts Vibra eer eee 27,836.00...... 2p Agee 2,600 ” Red Fox ......... NUBILES OO). RAST ener AUSSI), Weasel... AHH (NO ron UO NGS OFS 2 Sibi Raccoon. ......... 4,666.00...... 125 One cals Oailieed WaldaCat en 2,065.00...... BZA once Bila? Otters UNAS) OO) 2 Dob ease Squirrel ........ 892.00... 110,576): Mya e ea 482.00...... Doane. Diltereee Sikcunrake Meee 316.00...... AN ONS) cee park ONS)? 0 Hs Black Bear ... 18.00... 8 2... Motal ee ~ $94,980.00... 65,179 .....41,171 pelts 1. —However, see wnder lIvnx. 2. —However. see under black bear. However too many conclusions should not be drawn from the gross annual averages of pelts taken. It would appear that.the number of pelts had increased about 50% in the last ten years. But this is due almost entirely to re- cent addition of the squirrel to the list of fur bearers, and the increase in the muskrat take. The ten year average of the lynx also does not give a true picture of its status; nor do the bear figures. These are discussed under the headings of the animals concerned. Listed in order of value of the individual pelts, averaging the average value for each of the ten years 1931-40 gives a quite different order (Table 2). [Vol. 58. TABLE 2 Animal Average value Extremes per pelt Lynx . $21.60 $18.00 (1982-4)—S828.00 (1931-2) Otter ieee 17.45 30.00 (1985-4)— 10.00 (1989-40) INT Rss staenarete rs 11.38 18.25 (19386-7)— 8.09 (1988-40) RedmHoxielayay 9.95 20.00 (1930-1)— 5.00 (1939-40) NVal erate eer 4.16 2.50 (1988-9)— 10.63 (1931-2) Raccoon 3.90 7.00 (1930-1)— 2.00 (1933-4) (1988-9) Black Bear .. 2.60 7.00 (1931-2)— 1.00 (1939-40) Muskrat. ..... 96 1.60 (1986-7)— 0 (1933-4) Skeunallciiirsya ayes 80 1.20 (19381-2)— .35 (1932-3 Weaselo oo... 45 -15 (19380-2)— .30 (1938-40) SOLE eae eee 07% 12 (1936-7)— 61 (1931-2) The order in which these animals arrange themselves on the basis of total number of pelts taken is quite different again, as may be seen from the earlier table, and is as fol- lows: Muskrat, Squirrel, Weasel, Mink, Red Fox, Raccoon, Wildeat, Skunk, Otter, Lynx, Black Bear. ae a ii eS ee a ene Se May-June, 1944] NUMBER OF TRAPPERS During the period 1930-86 a license was re- quired of every trapper. The number of licenses issued for those years is as follows: 1930-31 3474 1931-32 3230 1932-33 2313 1933-34 1678 1934-35 2402 1935-36 discontinued Comparing the number of trappers in 1930- 31, 3474, with the number of gainfully em- ployed persons, which was_ probably about 170,000, it is evident that only about two per- cent of the gainfully employed persons were engaged in trapping. Of the gross net primary production in Nova Scotia valued at $94,507,795.00 in 1931, $231,138.00 or about 0.24% is listed as due to trapping. My calculations of the value of the 1930-31 catch, based on the total fur yield minus the ranch furs is $105,219.00 or about 0.1 percent. This year was a somewhat better than average trapping year. In this same year each trapper averaged about $32.00 of the total wild catch. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 87 However it must be remembered that al- most all of these trappers are part time trap- pers only. Farmers, boys and various rural part-time workers add to their income by trapping. Thus it is possible that trapping is more important than the figures show. Trap- ping, plus other part-time activities enable families to make a living where otherwise it would not be possible. CONSERVATION Marten and beaver enjoy complete protec- tion. Bears and wildecats have no protection and local bounties have been paid; the squirrel, a newcomer to the fur list, has had no pro- tection and earlier, bounties were even con- sidered. Most other fur bearers have had an open season in late fall and winter during the period under review. A spring muskrat season was tried in 1931, but next year the season was changed back to correspond with the season for other fur. Certain practices such as. poisoning and molesting muskrat houses were forbidden. In addition to this passive protection, four provincial game sanctuaries have been estab- lished, and one national park. These are listed below, with date of establishment, location and area (Table 38). TABLE 3 Name Established Approximate area Location Monee vie SAM CHUAN, Mice ten stat duct eins WV AS ee PAUO) SUOly SOOWA content Junction of Annapolis, Digby Yarmouth, Shelburne and Queen’s Co. Sconmioms an ChUAR Yar Se en. ce. OQ aZ Sime OOS Open init timer ser nner on border of Halifax Waverley Sanctuary ChisHneetousanctwany eevee weslo UO BXe)scecc Cape Breton Highlands PAN OMAN PIANC Kai eee, a ge eso oe see LOS Cn The sanctuaries were established especially for the management of the moose, and pre- datory control has been carried on, but they could, and for some species have, served as reservoirs of fur bearers. The records of the wardens as to conditions on these sanctuaries should serve as very important data in con- sidering further conservation measures. The National Park of course supplies com- plete permanent protection to almost all land animals. The fisher and the wolf have long since - 1929.....15,000 acres SOW SOR UNM a EEN cot td Cumberland County 390 sq. mi and Guysboro Co. Halifax County north’ Cape Breton Island disappeared from the province. The most re- cent data on the marten indicate that it may survive permanently in the National Park; some were present in Liscomb Park but we ~ have no recent information as to their status. The beaver has received much attention with gratifying results. Complete protection, sanc- tuaries and plentiful plantings of animals from areas within the province where they had become plentiful has raised their numbers to where the province is actually looking for- ward to harvesting some of them in the near future, 88 THE CANADIAN It seems probable that with additional ac- tive conservation, based on observations and study, and perhaps including more sanctuaries; changes of seasons depending on the yearly conditions of the populations; and manipul- ation of cycles, that a considerably higher yearly take of fur can be harvested. CYCLIC FLUCTUATIONS Thanks to the work of Seton, Hewitt, and Elton it is well established that many animals have recurring periods of abundance and scarcity. Elton has also suggested (1942 lynx paper) in relation to the lynx and marten that over-trapping or other human activities might lower the whole population level to a point where cycles no longer occur. In Nova Scotia during the period under re- view the snowshoe rabbit show tremendous fluctuations, with higher population levels in the period 1930-32; low 1933-36, and increas- ing to plentiful in 1938-89. As would be expected, the lynx follow the rabbit cycles. Despite the low ebb reached in Nova Scotia, where only two were taken in the poorest season, 1934-35, the cyclic fluctua- tion is very pronounced. There also appears to be a very pronounced fluctuation in muskrat populations (see under muskrat), and in weasels, the latter with a shorter period than in the rabbit and lynx. It is probable that the red squirrel will also show regularly recurring periods of abundance and scarcity. Hewitt also shows fluctuations for fox, marten, mink, otter, skunk, black bear, rac- coon and beaver. Our Nova Scotia figures except possibly for the skunk, do not give us much indication of this. The causes of this cyclic phenomena are unknown, but an understanding of this oc- currence is essential in understanding and managing the animal populations concerned. Periods of abundance when greatly increased catches may safely be taken, are followed by periods of scarcity when small or no catches should be taken. It has not been found pos- sible to eliminate cycles, even on game spec- ies that have been closely studied, but it has been found possible to speed the recovery from low periods of abundance. COMPARISON OF ABUNDANCE, PAST AND PRESENT I have not searched old records for former abundance, but in the Proyince of Naya Scotia FIELD-N ATURALIST [Vol. 58 Annual Report of the Department of Lands and Forests for 1931, p. 83, are the statements: that the export of fur from Nova Scotia has: dwindled enormously; that the province could! produce many times more fur than it does: at the present time; and that the diminutiom of the fur catch is due to excessive trapping.. In the report in the same series for 1937, the available records of yearly take of the principle fur animals, from 1910 to 1934 are averaged. The twenty-five year average is presented in the above table and also the ten year average for 1931-40. From this it appears that the present take of most fur animals is about the same as during the period back to 1910. Many fur bearers seem to have been stabilized at a low level of abundance. The marten is an excep- tion that was threatened with extinction, and the beaver was the same, but due to manage- ment has increased. Having pointed out some of the general trends and correlations in trapping and the fur bearer populations, it should be stressed that each species must be considered separ- ately. For example even closely related spec- ies, such as the lynx and the wildcat, behave very differently. The lynx fluctuates violently in numbers along with the rabbit; the wild- cat does not. Below are the species. discussions of the various Black Bear. Ursus americanus Pallas.- In Canada the black bear will be long with us (Anderson, 1934, p. 4063). In Nova Scotia it is a shy animal of the forest, but has a predilection for sheep and hogs that has placed local bounties on its head, and habits of smash- ing canoes and breaking in windows, and tear- ing off roofs of cabins, as in Tobeatie Sanctu- ary in 1931 that brought it into greater dis- favour. Bears not only receive no protection, but many municipalities offer bounties on bear. I have no details of these, but in 1942 when the Province took over paying bounties these ranged from $2.00 to $25.00 per bear, and a total of $1,030.00 was paid in bounties. Bears were common in all the more un- settled parts of the province (Smith, 1940, p. 225). They were fairly abundant in the wildest part of the Kedgemakooge area, where the natives trapped them for their bounty ee ec Bele 7 Pe” FZ P May-June, 1944] (Sheldon, 1936, p. 210), and quite common in interior Annapolis County (Rand, 1983, p. 45). In Cape Breton Island in 1924 and 1935 bears were fairly common in all parts of the_ Cape Breton Highlands National Park area (Anderson, 1941). In 1941 Clarke found “a fair remnant of bears” in this park. He says they are increasing and that this will continue. He also warns that they will do some damage to stock, as they increase and become bolder with protection. In Tobeatic Sanctuary in 1930-31 bears were very numerous. Apparenily they had in- creased considerably since the establishment of the Sanctuary in 1927-28. They were caus- ing some concern because it was thought they were preying on moose and deer. Though no carcases definitely killed by bear were found, deer and moose hair were found commonly in bear droppings. This probably was from car- rion. However the decrease in moose calves seen in 1932 was tentatively referred to bears. In addition the bears*were doing damage to the wardens’ canoes and cabins, and in 19382, six, and in 1983, fifteen bears, all but two of them females, were trapped in this 200 square mile sanctuary. Since then no details are a- vailable, but in 1934 there was reported a number in the parks but not causing any con- cern. In 1986 and 1938 bears were less common in the sanctuaries than in previous years. (Reports, Dept. Lands and Forests, N.S. 1981 to 1940). e The pelts exported for the period under review are as follows: LEY O)// Lee emote A A Bye Oy ns tea 3 OBO Zi ete aM Pie al ISG Po erences 17 1932/38 MO BT BS we decent. 10 1933/34 MOSS LOO meen estes 2 NO BAW SIO) eel create Sa OBO) AO in neater 3 From the above figures it might be assumed that the bear is almost gone in Nova Scotia. But the figures give no indication of the real status. This is well indicated by the figures for 1942, when the province paid the boun- ties; they were paid on 132 bears, but only six pelts appeared in the fur statistics. The small value of the skin does not make it worth while to prepare the bulky, greasy hides. In a country where many small farms raise stock on the edge of the forest the bear’s depredations weigh heavily against its food and game value. THe CANADIAN FIeELD-NATURALIST 89 But even under a continual open season and bounties the bear seems to have persisted fair- ly commonly.The Park in Cape Breton Island provides permanent sanctuary, and the sanc- tuaries are managed game areas where some bears should be sure of protection. While a discussion of fur bearers is hardly the place to elaborate the game value of the bear, it should be pointed out that in some parts of the United States, as Pennsylvania, the bear is considered a game animal ‘and it is estimated that for every bear killed, sports- men spend $5,000.00 in travel, lodging, cloth- ing, ammunition, etc. This aspect of the bear needs consideration, in planning any conservation scheme. American Beaver Castor canadensis Kuhl. - The beaver has not only enjoyed complete protection over this period, and the advantage of sanctuaries closed to hunters and trappers, but has been the object of much care and many introductions. The rigor with which beaver are protected is seen by such items in the list of prosecu- tions as “Having beaver pelts in possession, fined $1,000.00”; “Having a beaver p2lt in po- ssession, fined $100.00” (Rept. Dept. Lands and Forests, Nova Scotia, 1933, p. 5%), and 12 charges against an individual, each for buying a beaver pelt, and a fine of $250 00 on each charge, (Rept. Dept. Lands and Forests, Nova Scotia, 1940, p. 58). This cettainly takes the profit out of such illegal traffic. Occasion- al beaver pelts that appear in the fur stat- istics are presumably seized skins from such sources. : Smith (1940, p.282) writes that the beaver inhabits the western part of the province. In Annapolis County Rand, 1933, p. 47 records it as fairly common. Anderson, 1941, does not mention it for Cape Breton Island, nor does Clarke, 1942, list it for that area before its re-introductton. The Reports of the Department of Lands and Forests of Nova Scotia contain many de- tails of the restocking program, and in the 1941 issue there is a map showing beaver in- troductions from 1934 to 1941. In 1931 beaver were restricted to the west- ern point of the province, but were increasivig in Tobeatic Sanctuary and their future in western Nova Scotia was assured. In that year, five beaver were liberated in Waverley Park. The next year eleven were liberated in 90 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Liscomb Park. Since then from 1934 to 1940 some 150 animals have been liberated in var- ious parts of the province, from Chignecto and Waverley Sanctuaries to Cape Breton National Park. These were apparently beaver from the western part of the province. The beaver has done so well that in 1941 the Report of the Department of Lands and Forests carried the statement ‘in the near future it will be possible to have a short, well- 2) regulated open season............ ‘ Raccoon. Procyon lotor (Lianaeus) .- The raccoon is fairly common in the An- napolis Valley, and is found occasionally throughout the interior of the mainland, Smith, 1940, p. 225. In interior Annapolis County it was said to be fairly common, but taken only occasionally; in the Kedgemakoozge area Shel- don (1936) does not mention it. Neither An- derson nor Clarke mention it in Cape Breton Island. However the fur returns for the period 1933-41 by counties show that the racc.on 1s well distributed over the mainland and that forty-seven pelts were expcrted from Cape Breton County, anid fourteen from Jnverness County (Prov. Repts.). The 1933 report *f the Department cf Lands and Forests W.S., states the raccoon 1s occasionally seen in Waverley and Liscomb Sanctuaries as in the past few years, but there appears to be no increase. In that year there was the first record for Tobeatic Park. The fur returns for the period are: WORD Bal eee ae aes 9297 NOS by SO ae eee 1024 OBS ee eee a, HOS2n 2 LOBO/Sil eeeunces 1787 NOB Bourret tee ON 1987/38 UN ae 1666 OS Oi OA ers ei aic AO OOS S/ SOM re eee 1140 NAS O. anne ts 205i al 93 OVA One eee 1301 The average for this ten year period is 1,250, while that for the twenty-five year per- iod 1910-34 is 1,037 pelts. Raccoons appear to be numbers. maintaining their uniformly but an- the Since raccoons. are not at all ditributed no density can be calculated, using 20% of the fall population as the nual kill, the average population during ten year period was 6,250 animals. American Marten. Martes americana (Turton) The marten has complete protection the year round; one skin, exported in 1931-52, may have been a confiscated pelt. Smith (1940, p. 226) considered that though the marten was rare and approaching ex- tinction, it might persist for some years in suitable habitats. In Annapolis County Rand (1933, p. 45) heard of a skin being taken some years earlier. In Liscomb Park, provincial wardens in 1930-31 and 1931-32 reported a few marten tracks seen each winter, but that they do not seem to increase. No later details are available. (Rept. Dept. Lands and Forests, N.S.). In the Cape Breton Highlands National Park area a few marten still existed, although close to extinction in most parts of the pro- vinee in 1985 (Anderson, 1941). When Clarke surveyed the Park in 1941 he reported that Warden John Roach has seized two marten pelts at Cap Rouge before the park was es- tablished, and that Roach believed there was a good nucleus of breeding stock in the park. Two tracks were reported seen near the park in the winter of 1940-41. The marten is a_ widely ranging, easily trapped animal. Large sanctuaries seem the only chance of preserving it. It seems prob- able that it will persist in the Cape Breton Park. Mink. Mustela vison Schreber.- The mink was fairly common in the inter- ior of the province where lakes and streams abound (Smith, 1940, p. 227). It was very numerous about the shores of the lakes in the Kedgemakooge area (Sheldon, 19386, p. 210), and fairly common in interior Annapolis County (Rand, 1933, p. 45). In Cape Breton Highlands National Park area it was fairly common (Anderson, 1941 and Clarke, 1942). The Reports of the Nova Scotia Depart- ment of Lands and Forests give the mink as increasing in eight of the ten years, in some parts of the province at least, though this is not evident from the fur returns pelow: OOS eretereetccrar DVAD dO S53 O eee are 2512 TO S/S Piet come: 3000) LOS 67S meme 2564 O32 Soyer ZN SON MOST (3S en emenes 2633 1933 / BA) caetcacne | LOO OUT ALISO OO metre 2320 O43.) eae ae ZOD NO SOTA Uy eee 1612 These figures indicate no cyclic fluctuations. The average catch for this ten year period was 2,404 pelts; for the twenty-five year period 1910-34 it was 2,600 pelts. Mink thus have shown a slight decrease in numbers in recent years, but is nearly hold- ing its own. [Vol. 58 — May-June, 1944] THE CANADIAN If about one mink in five is caught each fall, the total population in the season of 1931-32 would have been about 16,800 animals giving a density for the forested portions of the province of slightly more than one mink to the square mile. This is below Seton’s guess of a pair to the square mile in Mani- toba, but is better than some estimates for the National Forests of Washington and Ore- gon, oz about one mink to each two and a half square miles. (Seton, 1929, 2 pp. 526,7). That the mink respond readily to protec- tion is well shown by the provincial reports. Previous to the establishment of the Waverley Sanctuary in 1929 mink were scarce in that area. In 1930 only two mink tracks were seen in the period from Jan. 1 - March 1, while in 1931, eighteen mink tracks were seen in the week March 1-6. Short-tailed Weasel Mustela cicognanii Bona- parte.- The numbers of this animal fluctuate from year to year; in 1929 it was scarce in the province, along with other fur-bearers; grad- ually it increased and in 1934 and 1935 it was fairly numerous, and by 1937 was scarce again (Smith, 1940, p. 226). In the Kedge- makooge area trappers often take them in winter (Sheldon, 1936, p. 210); in interior Annapolis County it was tolerably common (Rand, 19338, p. 45) ; in the Cape Breton High- lands National Park area it was fairly com- mon in 1935 and 1941 (Anderson, 1941, Clarke, 1942). The reports of the provincial wardens give few details, but give the weasel as scarce over the whole period, doubtfully increasing in 1932 and 1933 and increasing in 1940. The fur returns for the period are as fol- lows: HOBO foes aaenty ds NGAGE T SOB bY OO me ces 9790 ESA adr cectavcsster ers TANTS On DOS GSily vee ese 15448 SAO Me. Lacie tae SAD BY SUSE 3k). cp aware: 9472 MOBO OM, ee aiitecs GS ay Palo SOO ar eae 7541 MOB / BOI crenata C469) 1989/40 ee 7729 The average take over this ten-year period was 10,143; for the twenty-five year period 1910-34 was 9,825 pelts. These figures show a striking fluctuation in numbers, but they do not correspond with the periods of abundance and scarcity as recorded by Smith. It appears that there may be cycles in abundance of weasels, with a shorter per- iod than the lynx and rabbit cycle. FIELD-NATURALIST 91 Comparing the present with the earlier fur catches back to 1910 it appears that the wea- sel is about holding its own in recent years. The weasel ranges wherever there is cover, so is found over practically the whole pro- vince. If we consider that perhaps one in five weasels is trapped each fall, the total weasel population would have been as high as 82,330 animals in the fall of 1930. This would give a density of about four animals to the square mile. Soper, in Northern Alberta in 1912-14 found this weasel to average about nine to the square mile. (Soper, 1919). Otter Lutra canadensis (Schreber).° - It frequents the lakes and streams of the interior throughout the province (Smith, 1940, p. 227). In interior Annapolis County they are not common (Rand, 1933, p. 46); almost unknown about Kedgemakooge Lake, but oc- curs to the west (in the Tobeatic Sanctuary) (Sheldon, 1936, p. 211). It is rare in the in- terior of Cape Breton Highlands National Park area (Anderson, 1941) but is probably well distributed in the park (Clarke, 1942). The fur returns for the period are: LOS O follows 93 1935/36 MUG BVA eee eet 96 1936/37 WB BS) sco recterbarceres 53 1937/38 ISR Bee eevee eas 78 1938/39 OSA Oak cree 86 1939/40 The average take for the twenty-five year period 1910-34 is 99 skins; for the ten year period, 1931-40 it is 92. The otter appears to be just about maintaining its numbers. In spite of Sanctuaries, no increase in the otter catch is evident as yet. Otters respond well to protection, especially in Tobeatic Park they have increased. In 1931 a total of 47 direct observations of otter were made in the park, where they became very tame. (Prov. Rept.). Seton (1929, 2, pp. 678,679) speaking of Ontario, which he considers the best otter country in America, says one otter was taken for every forty square miles of the province (1923-24), and enough were left to perpetuate the species, probably four times as many as were taken. This gives a total population of one otter to eight square miles, probably little below primitive conditions. Comparing con- ditions in Nova Scotia where the average take for the 1931-40 period was 92, and the total 92 THe CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST estimated average population 460, the otter population would be one to every forty-five square miles. While the otter seems to have held its own in recent years, and the sanctuaries insure its continued existence, the population seems low for what the province might support. Skunk. Mephitis mephitis (Schreber).- The skunk is found throughout the main- land of the province, most commonly in the agricultural districts; fairly common in the Annapolis Valley (Smith, 1940, p. 227) ; rather rare in interior Annapolis County (Rand, 1933, p. 46) and on the Kedgemakooge area (Shel- don, 1936, p. 211). Neither Anderson nor Clarke mention it for Cape Breton Island. However, in the Provincial Report for 1937 twelve skins are listed as exported from Cape Breton Island. As a clue to distribution of a- bundance, in three different years more than half of the skunk catch of the province came from Cumberland County. The fur returns are: ISO oily eee. SO Te AO Sy SOduaeetec rts 349 OBA LOZ i eres ccs DOO MOBO (SMe rete ccc: d41 MO ZOO beasties MO On OO TOO) cette stearate 317 WSS SAS Peri ctechesteasesnset PASVA) IUSENSY Bt) cevecreespree ere 168 Me SAYS On (atta ste re caanseoe ALT MO SOYA Ope eretste crtssnte 97 The average for these ten years is 406; that for the twenty-five year period 1910-34 is 2,019 pelts. The take has dropped so much _ that the status of the skunk requires investigation. It 'is a hardy animal, usually-thriving about civilization, and usually not heavily trapped. There is an indication of a cyclic fluctuation in numbers, but the assumed peaks are far below the earlier average. Red Fox. Vulpes fulva (Desmarest) It is with hesitation that I attempt to adjust the data on wild-caught animals from the combined wild-taken and ranch-killed data that are presented. There are many more skins of silver fox exported yearly than there are killed on the ranches, for instance. This is what I have done. I have discarded all silver and cross fox data as ranch-raised, even though some few may have been wild-taken, and I have subtracted the yearly ranch-kill of red foxes from the total export of that year. The red fox is found in all parts of the - province; though in recent years it has be- come scarce in many sections it is still fairly numerous in the central barren lands (Smith, 1940, p. 228). In interior Annapolis County it was fairly common (Rand, 1933, p. 46); in the Kedgemakooge area it was scarce, and there was estimated to be not more than a half dozen in the area; this scarcity being ascribed to the rabbit scarcity (Sheldon, 1936, p. 211). In Cape Breton Highlands National Parks it was found in some numbers in all parts of the area (Anderson, 1941) and Clarke (1942) reported it abundant. The fur returns are as follows: TO SOS ee wean 6297 1935/3 Ou eene 1675 OSB oor emeeco ee. 1523) 1936/3 ee 1955 OBA pooner 1393-19313 One 1174 DEB (aed a esse LOTS “NOG SS SO meee 1095 MOSA OO y ser ne 1322; 1939)//40 een 1019 The average for the above ten year period is 1437; that for the twenty-five year period 1910-84 1,555 (probably including some ranch- raised foxes), so the fox would seem to be fairly well maintaining its numbers. Foxes were reported scarce in the sanctu- aries in 1930-31; increasing in 1931-52 and 1932-33 though not rapidly; in 1933-34 more numerous both in and out of the parks than for several years; increasing. in Liscomb Park in 1938-39; but still scarce though increasing in 1939-40. There is little of this reported in- crease shown in the fur return figures. There is no apparent cycle correlated with rabbits in these figures. Canada Lynx. Lynx canadensis Kerr.- This is the same species that occurs across all northern North America, the only lynx we have. Judging by the annual fur returns in some years Nova Scotia pelts are of a quality equal to any in the Dominion; in other years they bring much lower prices than northwest- ern furs. There is a possibility of lynx and wild cat returns being confused, but as lynx have brought $20.00 to $28.00 per skin, while wild cats $2.50 to $6.00 (once $10.63) per skin, I think we may assume that the fur return re- cords are correct. The laws governing the lynx take are those of most fur bearers, an open season from Novy. 15 to Dee. 31. ; The fur returns are as follows: (Table 4). [Vol. 58000 7 q May-June, 1944] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 93) TABLE 4 Near a tts! 30/31 81/32 32/33 33/34 34/35 35/36 36/37 37/38 388/39 39/40 PNTMADET AOL DELLS ws.ncencsmitinctiins 19 44 16 18 2 8 5 15 30 62 Total value of catch «0... $ 475 1,28 288 360 40 200 100 300 600 1,240 Ay. value per SKIN ecm SAO OSA IST Oh ww 20k emi 20s 020) 0 20 awaeetl Avy. value per skin of Canadian catch occu $ 25.83 19.83 17.49 16.97 28.23 28.33 34.52 29.91 386.89 395.70 Surveying the province Smith reports that and one being taken some years previous the lynx is still found on Cape Breton Island, but has been decreasing in numbers during the last ten years, and is thought by many to be extirpated on the mainland; even on Cape Breton Island records are becoming few- er each year (Smith, 1940. p.p. 228, 229). In western Nova Scotia it was rare in Annapolis County in 1931, but well known to the inhab- itants under the name “Lucifee” (Rand, 1933, p. 46). At Kedgemakooge in the winters of 1932-3 and 1933-4 residents reported tracks, (Sheldon, 1936, p. 211). In the interior of Cape Breton Isand it occurred in small num- bers in 1935 (Anderson, 1941) and in 1941 it was abundant there (Clarke, 1942). The reports of the Department of Lands and Forests, Nova Scotia, occasionally state the lynx is restricted to Cape Breton Island, or that it is practically extinct on the main- land. However, the fur returns by counties, in these reports are as follows (including also 1940-41 and 1941-42 returns) (Table 5). TABLE 5 a 2S ao BB eae gs) ab AO al TOTAL : Bae aay 35036 este sB Wao: 40) 4 42 J AREER OTOL ATC Oe pe TR MR A Ie MOLE OFA EOLe Oe Aran ODM Op tN OF AiO. 3 BMA OMNES Ire (G testy ttt (2 icheiey pare cole' acehccimearaey sir auens 6 7 1 Bed, 9 Sal's, we eS 111 Golelesticrme COM he Noe teen aaa else cet eaberone elelises 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 Cuma “Ooi oss ogeonouecondcanocooac 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 4 4 22 PED trctpxoe eC OS eh irsea aa Wade aieiala rokatsschedelcetetaasmabel at svete 3 0 1 0 Qo) 0 1 0 6 11 IETCHOUL (CO Ae eg ao Oe cree ooo mine cinta 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 Wemmvoruil n- (COs a Berbio wincta.cie COO 0 a'aio'. 6 Otowc cana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 iL Monit os, SRO MMAMTAIEINGL 5 GS a8 clo cd Coda ciao {1 14 2 4 5 nein Aa Cj ICM IEMs “sss oagndou cou sone tod 5 4 0 4 0 Bo. Ray Bs OW), 231 cniaul, Donia SSKCOWEN, Soo uclehoocs acdc osnodos 16 18 2 8 5 15 30 62 101 130 This shows that in some years more lynx are taken on the mainland of Nova Scotia than in Cape Breton Island. Only a very few lynx are present in western Nova Scotia. In the eastern part of the mainland they are more plentiful, though less so than on Cape Breton Island. In Nova Scotia in 1987 it was felt that since most of the lynx came from Cape Breton Island, the establishment of the Cape Breton Island Highlands National Park, reserving some of the best lynx territory from trapping, would result in a reduction of the lynx catch, which in that report was listed as five pelts. However, the reverse proved to be the case. However, though parks are sound policies for conserving a nucleus of breeding stock from which numbers can spread out into the surrounding country, it is doubtful if the in- crease in the lynx catch since its establish- ment can be all attributed to the park. Cyclic fluctuations must be taken into consideration. The lynx catch for the twenty-five year period 1910-34 averaged thirty-one pelts per year. The lynx population reached a low in 1934-35, (2 skins) and a high (130 skins) in 1941-42. The average of this eight year per- iod representing one upward swing of the cycle is 44.1 skins per year. From this it seems that since 1910, lynx have not de- creased in numbers, but may have increased slightly and with the establishment of the park in Cape Breton Island their future is assured in that part of the province. Now as to cycles, Elton and Nicholson have shown (1942) over Canada generally that 94 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST there is a cycle in lynx numbers, and that it covers about a ten year period with a low a- bout 1930-34. Elton used no Nova Scotia data, but the present material is in accordance with his findings. In the 1943-44 season, or, the one following, a great decrease in numbers taken in Nova Scotia can be expected. Elton and Nicholson suggest that the factors which might change the lynx cycle are over- trapping or other human activities, pulling down the whole population to a point at which no cycle could occur. The relatively small number of lynx in Nova Scotia might be advanced as the season for the lynx peak being in 1931-82 and 1941-42, while over the rest of Canada the peak was 1934-36. Other- wise this would give a range of five instead of three different years in which the peak in Can- ada occurs. Elton and Nicholson speak of conditions such as overtrapping, where no cycle could occur. They evidently refer to not increasing in numbers. But the Nova Scotia figures pre- sent an interesting point. In the Nova Scotia mainland, where lynx are scarcer than in Cape Breton Island at the peak, it appears that the low is less pronounced. The figures for Antigonish County, the Nova Scotia mainland and Cape Breton Island in the above table illustrate this. It would ap- pear that where lynx were less common the cycle was less pronounced. This accords with Hutchinson’s suggestion that cycles may be an expression of populations, rather than con- trolled by cosmic factors. As Long demonstrated, the lynx cycle fol- lows the rabbit, and this is true of Nova Seotia. Rabbits were scarce from 1932-33 to 1955-36, and this corresponds with the low in lynx. To summarize:- Lynx fluctuate violently in numbers in Nova Scotia, probably over a ten year period. High and low years of catches will alternate. In years of plenty, lynx are searce in western Nova Scotia, common in eastern Nova Scotia, and abundant in Cape Breton Island. In lean years the heavier pop- ulations suffer most, and more lynx are taken on the mainland than on Cape Breton Island. Possibly this is due to cycles. being an ex- pression of population. As elsewhere, lynx cycles follow those of the rabbit. With the establishment of a National Park in Cape Breton, the future of the Nova Scotia lynx is assured. [Vol. 58 As a management policy, it might be ad- visable to increase the take in years of abun- dance, and to restrict it in years of scarcity. This would have to be correlated with wild cat seasons, as both might be taken together. But many, perhaps most cats are taken by dogs and shooting, so that they could be sel- ectively taken. The superior value of the lynx catch for fewer skins ($3,030.00 for 101 skins against $1,659.00 for 553 wild cat skins- in 1940-41) would make some management prof- itable. Wild Cat. Lynx gigas Bangs The wild cat enjoys no protection and local bounties are apparently paid (Sheldon, 1936, 15) ZalusL)) Bobeats are not uncommon throughout the mainland of Nova Scotia (Smith, 1940, p. 229). In interior Annapolis County it was fairly common (Rand, 1933, p. 46) and in the Kedgemakooge area they were plentiful and increasing in 1934 and 1935 (Sheldon, 1936, Tou Ale) 6 In 1930-31 wild cats were very plentiful in all sanctuaries, and were viewed with disfay- our because they killed deer. In 1931-32 it was pointed out that while the chief food of the cats was rabbit, when the rabbits failed the bobeats would turn to other game. The abun- dance of bobcats was indicated by the catch of two men of Upper Ohio who took 75 wild cats in the vicinity of Tobeatic Park in 19381- 32. The next year wild cats were reported plentiful, in all sanctuaries, and snaring car- ried on in Tobeatic Park where forty-two were snared, and the two Upper Ohio men took sixty in the nearby area. These two catches represented about thirteen percent of the total catch of the province. However they were still reported increasing in Liscomb Sanctu- ary and it was considered advisable to snare them in that Sanctuary. In 1935 and again in 1986 the cats are re- ported less plentiful in the parks, with no mention of control. Anderson (1941) says there are no claims of wild cats occurring on Cape Breton Island but Clark (1942) reports that some years be- fore Warden Roach stamped six wild cat pelts that had been taken from the Cape Breton Highlands National Park area. Also the provincial fur returns by counties for the period 1932-41 state four wild cats were re- ported, exported from Cape Breton Island, wet p ir May-June, 1944] THE. CANADIAN The fur returns for the period are:- HOBO /Bt en DOM G 35/36. co ee 589 BITE eee KES MOREA Tame he. 815 BQ DY erry ati OA HOS h/ Seu dat eae A52 QB BAM eS) SIO 38/3 Oven ree 498 HORA tin HO DRO SOV/AM) pe eeau yell A88 The average for the above ten years is 552; that for the twenty-five year period 1910-34 is 514. The wild cat appears to be about hold- ing its own in the province. The fact that two men of Upper Ohio killed 7d cats in 1931-32, nearly 40% of that sea- son’s yield, makes one wonder about the rela- tionship between the figures given above and the status of bobcat that was then increasing in all the sanctuaries to the point where con- trol was considered necessary. Perhaps but ‘a few men take cats with traps or cat dogs. The price brought by the skins $2.50 to $6.00, some $10.63, would seem to make cat catching worth while. The above figures do not show a cyclic fluc- tuation corresponding with that of the lynx and rabbit. Rather the highest catches are in years of rabbit and lynx scarcity. If we consider that 20% of the population is killed each year, the average population would be about 2800 wild cats, with a density of about one cat to every six square miles of forested country. Muskrat Ondatra zibethica (Linnaeus). - In Nova Scotia in 19380 the open season was in the fall from Noy. 15 to Dec. 31. In 1931 a spring season was opened, from March 1 to April 30. However the next year, 1932 it was thought that the rat population were too vul- nerable in the spring especially to shooting, and the season was made to coincide with the general fur season. Shooting muskrats was al- lawed at first, than prohibited. traps were not permitted within 100 feet of a muskrat house. The muskrat occurs throughout the province in a variety of habitats (Smith, 1940, p. 235) ; in Annapolis County, and about Kedgema- kooge it is common (Rand, 1933, p. 48 and Sheldon, 1936, p. 213). In the Cape Breton Highlands National Park area it is abundant (Anderson, 1941 and Clarke, 1942). The fur returns for the period are: OBO Ole tie mer AG629 1985/86 ccs 33,918 UG BAe ye his eae ZOOS MAQSO/ OT, \ cctaissss 48,043 O32) Boh carves US UZ LOST / 88 catia: 51,307 1983/34 oe GZ OL OSS Oiler Witasan 56,840 OA LO OM aaiiuntiivie BO Olan GOGO AON annie 48,755 FIELD-N ATURALIST 95 The average catch for the ten-year period 1931-40 is 38,289 pelts; for the twenty-five period 1910-35; 23,491 pelts. The low catch in the years 1931-34 was _ blamed on the spring season of 1931 permit- ting an excessive take. However Hlton and Nicholson show that there are fluctuations in muskrat population over all Canada, and that these tend to have a ten year period. The period of high and low returns for Nova Scotia from 1910-1940 (data from graph in Proy. Rept. for 1940 p. 51) are compared below with Elton’s data on highs and lows for Canada. TABLE 6 high years—hbold face low years—italic (figures for Nova Scotia are to the nearest thousands) Elton Nova Scotia catch year year 1912 1912 43,000 skins 1914 3,000 2 1915 1915 2 O0ON aan 1921-22 1917 2,000 a 1924-26 1918 28,000 ” 1921 22 0O0n ane 1924 S10 00M ge 1928 1927 TOOL) 1930-33 1934-36 1930 46,000 ” 1982 13 000M 1939 SOOO! It is interesting to note that compared with the records back to 1910, the 1932 catch was one of the four smallest catches on record; the catch of 1930 and the seasons from 1936 to 1940 the largest on record; the average yearly catch for the period 1931-40 is con- siderably above the twenty-five year average. We may conclude that despite heavy trap- ping, the muskrat is yielding a better harvest than in the past. ; There will always be lean years and fat years, and the management seems to be to take a good harvest in the fat years and re- strict the take in the lean years. Squirrel. Sciwrus hudsonicus Erxleben The squirrel enjoyed no protection, though by 1937 the possibility of a closed season was mentioned (Proy. Rept). The red squirrel is common and generally 96 THE CANADIAN distributed throughout the forested areas af the province (Smith, 1940, p. 230). In interior Annapolis County the squirrel was one of the most common mammals of the region (Rand, 1983, p. 47); in the Kedgemakooge area com- mon (Sheldon, 1936, p. 212). In the National Park area in Cape Breton Island it was abundant (Anderson, 1941; Clarke, 1942). The fur statistics follow: HOBO / Silo ADB 1 WOR Y/ BO. semen 10,115 TET) BY a Sere PAC OOO. seeceecee 25,949 OS 2a! ieee NOM ORT (SO u res 12,447 Se Oe erate. 548 1938/39 46,369 MOD AiO O's ee te A20~ 1989/40 cone 9,361 When Anderson reviewed the fur situation ten years ago (Anderson, 1934) the squirrel was considered too small for profitable exploi- tation. In 1930-32 the price for skins was only 1 and 2 cents. However from 1933 the price has been between 6 and 12 cents a skin. Squirrels will probably continue to give a high yield, but fluctuations in numbers must be expected, as great as those in muskrats, but with a shorter period. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R. M., 1934, The Distribution, A- bundance and Economic Importance of the Game and Fur-bearing mammals of Western North America, Proc. Fifth Pa- cific Science Congress, pp. 4055-4075. OER ere ae , 1941, Mammals of Cape Bret- on Highlands National Park, Nova Scotia, Mss. filed in Division of Biology, Nat. FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 Mus. of Canada. (Based on Museum. ex- peditions in 1924 and 1985). Canada Year Book for 1931-1940. Clarke, C. H. D., 1942, Investigation of Cape* Breton Highlands National Park. Mimeo- graphed by National Parks Bureau, re- leased for limited use. (Based on field work in 1941). Elton, C. and Mary Nicholson, 1942-A, Fluc- tuations in numbers of the Muskrat (On- datra zibethica) in Canada. Journ. Anim. Ecology, 11, pp. 96-126. ie NIC RP ALA Cae , 1942-B, The Ten- year Cycle in Numbers of the Lynx in Canada, Journ. Anim. Ecology, 11, pp. 215-244. Fur Production of Canada, Season of 1930-31 to 1939-40. Hewitt, C. G., 1921. The Conservation of the Wild Life of Canada, New York. Province of Nova Scotia, Report of Dept. of: Lands and Forests, 1931-40. Rand, A. L., 1938, Notes on the Mammals of the Interior of Western Nova Scotia,, Can. Field-Nat., XLVI, pp. 41-50. Report on the fur farms of Canada, 1931-40.. Seton, E..T., 1929, Lives of Game Animals,, Vol. 1-4, New York. Sheldon, C., 19386, The Mammals of Lake Kedgemakooge and Vicinity, Nova Scotia.. Journ. Mammal., 17, pp. 207-215. __ Smith, R. W., 1940. The Land Mammals of Nova Scotia.- Amer. Midl. Nat., 24, p-p.. 213-241. Soper, J. D., 1919, Notes on Canadian Weasels, Can. Field-Nat., XXXII, pp. 48-47 CURRENT LITERATURE A List OF THE Birps oF NIPAWIN, SASKAT- CHEWAN, by Maurice G. Street, 1943, Contribution No. 2, Yorkton Nat. Hist. Soc., Yorkton, Sask., pp. 8. Price .10¢ (mimeographed). A map of the area, and a good summary of the general features of the country covered, is followed by a briefly annotated list of 196 species of which 115 are recorded as nesting; migration and nesting dates are given. Ob- servations have been made since 1922. Northern Saskatchewan has been almost completely neglected by bird students. The present list which appears to represent the most northeastern locality in Saskatchewan that has been well worked is especially wel- come. Some of the more interesting records are; Burrowing Owl nesting; Chimney Swift nesting; American Three-toed: Woodpecker nesting; Lewis’s Woodpecker; Cooper’s Hawk, Old-squaw Duck; and European Starling. > AG a. AND: Se May-June, 1944] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST NOTES ON THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN MAMMALS AND BIRDS IN THE MACKENZIE RIVER-AND WESTERN ARCTIC AREA IN 1942 AND 1943." ? By C. H. D. CLARKE Ottawa 1 HE INFORMATION contained herein is the product of more than three months, from July 10 to October 20, 1942 spent in the Mac- kenzie district in field work relating to rein- deer. My itinerary extended from Aklavik to Burnside River and back, travel being by schooner, July 21st-September 17th. The trip to Aklavik was made by aeroplane, with num- erous stops. The return trip in October was by boat to Good Hope and by aeroplane the rest of the way, with stops at Good Hope and Simpson. In addition to personal observations I was able to obtain information from a num- ber of people whose experience covered a large portion of th Mackenzie District. During the ensuing year comments and reports on wild life were obtained from members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and other persons. Some new distributional records were ob- tained. In addition, the information obtained on certain species of special interest gives an idea of their status,which may be of some general interest. Faunal information for the region was summarized by Preble (1908) and important contributions have since been made, particularly by Anderson (1913, 1937), Will- iams (1933) and Porsild (1943). I am placing on record here only such observations as add to the information already available in print. Changes in animal populations in the North- west Territories, whatever their nature, are of economic importance. In spite of the im- mense area and occasional large concentra- tions of mammals and birds, plant growth, from which ultimately all animals must der- 1 Published with the permission of the Director, Lands Parks and Forests Branch, Department of Mines and Resourcess, Ottawa. 2. —Received for publication January 29, 1944, ive their sustenance, is slow. To offset local concentrations there are large unproductive spaces and it has been realized for some time that wild life resources are no more than sufficient for those who must depend on them for a living, especially Indians and Eskimos. In recent years the development of mineral resources has brought many persons to the Mackenzie District. To newcomers the exploi- tation of wild life resources as a means of livelihood is denied by the Game Regulations. | A number of white trappers moved into the Northwest Territories in the twenty years prior to 1934, especially after the first world war, but trapping by non-natives is now re- stricted to those who qualified as residents and held licenses on May 8, 1938, and to the child- ren of residents. Since 1936 there has been an increase in the number of forest fires. Increased human activity and a period of comparative drought have contributed to this condition. New devel- opments in forest protection are greatly hampered in war time by the difficulty of ob- taiming suitable men. Such developments are, however, a feature of all post-war rehabili- tation projects. Meanwhile the effect of forest fires must be taken into consideration. The most important phenomena in the nat- ural history of many fur-bearing animals and some other species in the Mackenzie District are periodic cycles in numbers. Since 1935-36 the Bureau of Animal Population, Oxford University, and the Northwest Territories Administration, with numerous co-operators, have investigated fluctuations in Arctic foxes, lemmings, and snowy owls. Results of these investigations are published annually in the Journal of Animal Ecology. The species on which notes of some interest were made are the following:- 98 MAMMALS Black Bear - Ursus americanus.- Black bears in this district are generally and _ sparsely distributed in timbered areas, but their num- bers evidently fluctuate somewhat. In 1942-43 they were unusually abundant at several places, especially Norman and Providence. In the Mackenzie Delta and the Kugalluk and Anderson River areas the next species dealt with is the one ordinarily expected but black bears may be found occasionally wherever there are woods. Barren Ground Bears - Ursus richardsoni and related forms.- These bears are found locally in the Mackenzie Delta, Richardson Mountains, Reindeer Reserve and eastward on the main- land in barrens and semi-barrens to beyond Bathurst Inlet. In many parts of this range their numbers are possibly as great as they ever were. However, this cannot be said of the Delta and its fringes, where conditions pec- uliarly suitable for them are found and where they were once more numerous than elsewhere. The innumerable cut-banks of the Delta offer ideal hibernacula for bears and the hills to the east and west are excellent summer range for them. The Eskimo name “Aklavik” applies to the whole lower Delta and means “bear country”. \ For many years now the annual muskrat hunt has scattered people all over the Mac- kenzie Delta in spring when the barren ground bears are still there. In addition the reindeer development, which takes people to Richards Island in summer, and the use of Tuktoyaktuk as a freight depot have both affected the bears. A few years ago as many as fifteen “barren ground bears” were killed in a year Richards Island. A closed season, recently on established on this species in June, July and August will give them some measure of pro- tection and at the same time leave ample scope for hunting them during the months when they are really needed as food. I saw no bears during my stay but saw old signs at Tuktoyaktuk and Paulatuk and fresh tracks at Igdluk (east of Tuktoyaktuk). Marten - Martes americana.- In all parts of the Mackenzie District marten were reported decreasing. In most places they are now rare, and only in a limited region around the head- waters of Anderson River was any number reported. The Mackenzie District was gnce the THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST i best marten country in Canada. In the period 1851-56 the average annual marten catch was over 30,000 (Anderson 1857) and the up-river section sometimes had catches comparable to the present take for the whole Dominion. Such catches were made without depleting the stock of marten. Although there were yearly fluc- tuations, these were not influenced by the catch. In all wild life harvests it is becoming evident that there is a limit under which the harvest does not affect the stock, but once this threshold is crossed the species concerned starts to go down. When the population is re- stored, near-threshold harvests may again be taken with impunity. In recent years there has been no marten cycle in the Mackenzie District. The harvest- limit threshold seems to have been crossed dur- ing and just after the first Great War, for which period no adequate catch records are ‘i = ef available. From 1920-21 to 1929-30 the annual | catch stayed around 10,000. Then it declined by half. In 1938-39 and 1939-40 a further de- cline took place to well under 5,000. The .marten catch was limited by Order-in-Council in 1940, but a study of the operation of this limitation showed its ineffectiveness. In 1943 the marten season was closed. As there is yet no section where they are extinct one may expect with some confidence that the complete protection now accorded the marten will be effective. Forest fires are often blamed for the marten shortage. However, the shortage certainly antedates any unusual prevalence of fires, and marten do net require mature timber. They are abundant in young stands in such places as Jasper National Park. In the winter of 1942-43 a number of marten (reported to me as 34) straggled out miles be- yond the edge of timber to the coastal area near Tuktoyaktuk. One was taken out on the sea ice. Occurrences of this sort often indicate some disturbance of the population within the normal range. Fisher - Martes pennanti.- For a number of years no fisher have been reported in the Mac- kenzie District except in the Fort Liard area. At this post a very few skins from the Mac- kenzie District are traded annually. Mink - Mustela vison.- The mink is an old standby of the fur trade in the Mackenzie District. In 1942-43 it was abundant south of Great Slave Lake, much less so on the Upper. [Vol. 58 a 5 4 May-June, 1944] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 99 Mackenzie, and generally scarce on the lower Mackenzie. These variations are considered part of the normal population cycle. Wolverine - Gulo luscus.- Along the Mackenzie wolverines are scarce. Even in the barren lands they are not common. However, they could hardly be called extinct anywhere, and in the mountains west ot Aklavik they may even be common. Wolverine skins are in great demand by Eskimos to trim winter clothing and most of the skins used for this purpose at Aklav- ik and Tuktoyaktuk are imported, chiefly from British Columbia. The wolverine is important enough in Hskimo economy to justify the con- servation of the limited supply remaining in Canada. Coloured Fox - Vulpes fulva.- This fluctuating species was obviously at or near a peak in numbers throughout the district, and was ob- served frequently. Arctie Fox - Alopex lagopus.- The white fox has been declining in importance along the south coast of Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf. At the same time coloured foxes are in- creasing. West of Dolphin and Union Strait coloured foxes are in a majority on the tundra. However, there is often a run of white foxes off the sea ice. In Bathurst Inlet and the barren lands to the south 1942 and 1943 were years of phenomenal white fox abundance. Wolf - Canis lupus.- The distribution of wolves seems to accord with the distribution of car- ibou. Where caribou are abundant wolves are numerous. Where caribou are rare or absent wolves are rare. In the barrens and adjacent wooded areas wolves are plentiful. Along the Mackenzie they are generally scarce, except at Providence where, for causes unknown, they are reported to be abundant. Along the coast they are scarce near the Mackenzie but more common from Paulatuk eastward. Sufficient experience has been accumulated to show that domestic reindeer are vulnerable to wolves only to the degree in which they are left un- herded. At one Eskimo-owned reindeer herd wolves which had “prowled” the herd for days on end finally left without making a kill. Un- herded reindeer are very vulnerable to wolves in comparison with caribou. Lynx - Lynx canadensis.- There was appar- ently some recovery of lynx numbers but this valuable species does not maintain its popu- lation under intensive trapping. Hooded Seal - Cystophora cristata.- In the 1941-42 season a hooded seal was killed near Tuktoyaktuk. The description was unmistak- -able. It has not been reported previously from western Arctic waters. Ringed and bearded seals (Phoca hispida and EHrignathus barba- tus) are abundant and continue to be a vital resource. Walrus - Odobenus divergens.- MacFarlane (1905) reported walrus numerous in western Arctic waters eighty years ago. I was shown several old hauling-out places by Eskimos. Apparently the herds were killed out during the early days of commercial whaling, but stragglers continue to put in an appearancé, and have been killed in recent years at Her- schel and Baillie Islands and Banks Land. It may be that the range of Atlantic and Pac- ifie walrus is continuous through Lancaster Sound, Barrow Strait and Melville Sound. Beaver - Castor canadensis.- Beaver cuttings from Anderson River were seen by me in drift wood at Nicholson Island, where a few beaver are taken annually. In the Mackenzie Delta, which has been a beaver preserve since 1940, their increase has been most gratifying. For the rest of the country, beaver are very abun- dant in some parts of the lower Macknzie Dis- trict, although less numerous around settle- ments. In the upper portion of the district they were decreasing and on July 22, 1943, the quota per hunter south of Great Slave Lake and the Liard River was reduced from fifteen to ten animals. Forest fires have contributed to the beaver shortage although they may not be harmful to beaver in the long run. Muskrat - Ondatra zibethicus.- I learned with Some surprise of the population of muskrats to be found beyond the limit of trees in tun- dra ponds, whether fresh or brackish, through- out the unglaciated coastal region as described by Porsild (1938) which extends east to beyond Horton River. They have certainly increased in recent years. Around Tuktoyaktuk and Anderson River an excellent harvest is reaped and the skins are large and of good quality. The muskrat catch of the Mackenzie Delta is one of the richest fur harvests in Canada. It is roughly 70 per cent of the total North- west Territories muskrat yield, which means that it fluctuates around 200,000 skins per an- num. There is no sign that the rat population has changed much in recent years, although 100 the catch was lower than usual in 1943. There have been low years in the past, in 1925 and i935. The catch during the years preceding these two low years was not as high as it has been lately. It may be that these low years are corresponding phases of a ten year cycle, and that another low may be expected in 1945. The evidence on muskrat cycles in this region is not clear and its clarification will require years of accurate records. A great many people in the Delta believe that there is a cycle, and the possibility must be admitted. It is likewise believed by some that a decline should have set in by this time, but this has been prevented by the large annual catch. Thus the muskrat population is envisaged as being in a delicate balance, with an increase or decrease in the catch equally undesirable. There is no definite scientific basis for this belief. Along Slave River muskrats are reported to be increasing. On the Mackenzie River a- bove the Delta they have been scarce for sev- eral years. At Simpson a dramatic reduction from abundance in 1939 to scarcity in 1940 is reported. In the intervening fall they were observed wandering overland. Porcupine - Hrethizon dorsatum.- I was in- formed by Mr. Bob Cockney (Eskimo) that he once killed a porcupine on the Arctic Coast at Shingle Point, Y.T. Arctic Hare - Lépus arcticus.- There seem to be very few arctic hares on the unglaciated area already mentioned. I saw signs only from Cape Parry eastward, and no hares. Mule Deer - Odocoileus hemionus.- When I was at Simpson, in October 1942, mule deer were reported near town on an island at the mouth of the Liard River. Moose - Alces americana.- Signs of moose were seen by me on the east side of the Mackenzie Delta. Two were seen from the boat at Thun- der River in October. In the same month an Indian brought fresh moose meat into Good Hope, and a few days later I was informed at Simpson that a moose had been seen on the road to the airport. Reports of moose show that they are in- creasing east of Aklavik and around Good Hope. The upper Mackenzie posts report a decrease in moose. The cause of this remains to be seen, but it may be a temporary result of severe forest fires, in which case a recoy- THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 ery may be expected, as forest fires produce abundant moose browse. The Mackenzie Delta is excellent moose country and was once well populated, but they were long since killed off and those invading now do not survive long. The supply of moose hides in the Mackenzie district is far below the demand. Woodland Caribou - Rangifer caribou.- Wood- land caribou are found in scattered groups east of the Mackenzie River and south of the Liard River and Great Slave Lake. West of the Mackenzie there are also caribou, but their specific relations are not known. Migratory barren ground caribou from Yukon Territory are reported to come within 100 miles of Nor- man, but it is more likely that sedentary herds in the Mackenzie Mountains are Osborn’s car- ibou. This is speculation, but it does seem un- likely that they are woodland caribou. Woodland caribou have never been abundant. but until recently there was reason to think that they were holding their own. East of Good Hope there were a few in the Anderson River drainage, and some towards Norman. A few have been reported east of Norman. In the Providence area they were more abun- dant, especially in the Horn Mountains and the Willow Lake country. There were herds south and west of Great Slave Lake and the Upper Mackenzie. In Wood Buffalo Park their numbers were insignificant and individuals re- ported east of Slave River may be regarded as stragglers. In 1942 and 1943 much of the best woodland caribou ground was_ burned over, and a winter road built that year from the lower Hay River to Mills Lake and Nor- man Wells passes through the heart of their range. It is likely that these events have brought about a reduction in the already slender stock of woodland caribou. These animals have been on the decline for years. Where other species are affected little by forest fires, or even in some cases, benefited, caribou winter range is completely destroyed | and the population proportionally reduced. Woodland caribou were always locally dis- tributed in accordance with the distribution of patches of winter range, and where once there were hundreds there are now fives and tens. No other species stands in such immediate danger of extinction in the Mackenzie District. Barren Ground Caribou - Rangifer arcticus.- During the summer of 1942 I saw fresh tracks of barren ground caribou at Paulatuk, a con- May-June, 1944] obtained from various THE CANADIAN siderable migration at Coppermine and num- bers scattered along the shores of Bathurst Tnlet. In addition considerable information was observers concerning them. The Alaska-Yukon caribou, or rather a por- tion of them, customarily migrate along the coasc south o: iorschel Island in the summer. In the autumn they turn south. A fair con- centration is usually found not far from Ak- lavik in autumn. In the autumn of 1942 they did not appear and local hunters got none. This group of caribou seems to maintain good numbers. East of Aklavik caribou do not ap- pear until the Eskimo Lakes are passed. At one time they were abundant on the Reindeer _ Reserve but they were exterminated during the years when the whalers wintered at Her- schel Island. On the lower Anderson River they are scarce, but higher up they are more common. South of Langton Bay, Paulatuk and Pierce Point they are reasonably common, con- sidering the quality of range. Inland, their numbers must have increased greatly on the barren north of Great Bear Lake. A large migration came into the Good Hope area dur- ing the winter of 1941-2 and that post had more caribou than it had known for two gen- erations. In the spring of 1940, to cite another record, 5 barren ground caribou were seen on the river ice in front of Simpson, the first record of this sort for thirty years or more. In the Coppermine area, summer migrations west of the river saw a few animals reach the coast at Bernard Harbour, a barren area which cannot support many caribou, but which once was on the path of a migration to Vic- toria Island. Numbers south of the coast con- tinue small, however, until the Dease River region is reached. The region south of Cor- onation Gulf supports large herds which reg- ularly reach the coast in summer. In late August and early September 1942 a big mi- gration passed close to Coppermine settle- ment and it was my privilege to discover the animals and give the news to the natives. The Bathurst Inlet country likewise has large herds of caribou. . East of Fort Smith on the Taltson River drainage the number of caribou has decreased, due to severe forest fires, which affect barren ground caribou wintering grounds precisely as they do those of the woodland species. For- tunately a number of groups of barren ground caribou winter beyond the tree line. Probably FIELD-NATURALIST 101° in part or wholly because of fires the caribou have not extended their migrations westward in the Resolution and Fort Smith areas as far as usual. Musk-ox - Ovibos meshatus.- In 1940 I pub- lished (Clarke 1940) a summary of the status of the musk-ox on the Canadian mainland, and while I saw none in 1942 I was able to obtain some interesting records which, sup- plemented by other reports available, enable me to bring the information on musk-oxen up to date. There is no doubt that this species has continued to increase. A recent Royal Canadian Mounted Police report indicates the presence of a herd near the north end of Dubawnt Lake. Mr. W. Car- son, Hudson’s Bay Company manager at Good Hope, who had recently come from Stony Rapids, Saskatchewan, informed me _ that George Oman, one of the Dubawnt River trappers, had seen two musk-oxen at the south- east bay of Dubawnt Lake. A more recent police report indicates the presence of a good sized herd on the north-east shore of Clinton- Colden Lake. At Bathurst Inlet a few are re- ported along the shores of the inlet and near Burnside. The M.S. “Margaret A’”’ saw one in the inlet in 1942 and previously they had been seen from the mission supply ship “Our lady of Lourdes”. A scattering of musk-oxen over the Bathurst Inlet region is indicated with two definite centres of abundance, namely near Beechy Lake and on the Hood and Crac- roft Rivers. Musk-oxen are also reported near Sherman Inlet. Further west, I learned from Mr. Wm. Storr of Stapylton Bay, that the Reid Island natives, who have been hunting on the mainland, have seen musk-oxen and signs of musk-oxen inland all the way from Stapylton Bay to Deas Thompson Point. They have seen no large herds. Occasionally a few animals have reached the coast. Reverend Father A. Biname told me that natives from Paulatuk had recently encountered a musk-ox to the southward, on Horton River. Finally, as a possible explan- ation as to where these animals all came from, Reverend Father Robin at Good Hope in- formed me that the Gens du Large (Barren Land or Arctic Hare branch of the Hare In- dians) traded musk-ox skins there during the last years (up to 1916) when this was legal. There has evidently been a larger remnant north of Great Bear Lake than was recorded, and it has increased. 102 Attention should also be called to the in- formation on musk-oxen west of Hudson Bay, published by Manning (1943). Recent in- formation on Bothfa Peninsula is lacking. Bowhead Whale - Balaena mysticetus.- This species is increasing in Beaufort Sea and and schools are occasionally reported. White Whale - Delphinapterus leucas.- White whales are still common in the estuarial waters just outside the Mackenzie Delta, and are an important staple for the local natives. The 1942 whaling season was satisfactory. BIRDS These notes supplement records published by Porsild (1943) and refer to areas visited by me but not included in his compilation. Names follow Taverner’s “Birds of Canada” (Ottawa, 1934). Common Loon - Gavia immer.- Observed at Cape Parry, August 18, 1942, and Darnley Bay, August 20, 1942. Yellow-billed Loon - Gavia adamsi.- I saw this species only in Bathurst Inlet and around the entrance of the Inlet. There it was common. White Pelican - Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.- Mr. Jim Harris reported one at Good Hope in the spring of 1937 or 1938. Pelicans are still to be seen around Fort Smith, coming from a nearby colony on an island in Slave River. As pelican colonies go this one is small, but it is well located and maintains its numbers. It is in Alberta, and not in the Mackenzie District as commonly stated. Trumpeter Swan - Cygnus buccinator.- Mr. Jos. Hall of Good Hope, formerly of Fort Franklin, reported a small colony of swans at Willow Lake, between Norman and Good Hope. These birds are far from the breeding ground of the whistling swan and should be trumpeter swans. On July 17, 1942, I saw a pair of swans from the air on a muskeg lake west of Arctic Red River. This is also well south of the whistling swan breeding ground. Barnacle Goose - Branta leucopsis.- The Es- kimo Billy Thrasher told me that he once shot at Paulatuk what he described as a “cross be- tween a wavy and a honker”. The detailed description he gave was that of a barnacle goose. In addition he reported snow’ geese and brant, and two varieties af Canada goose, THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 distinguished by size and redness of legs. Surf Scoter - Melanitta perspicillata.- Ob- served at Cape Parry on Aug. 18, 1942. Rough-legged Hawk - Buteo lagopus.- Ob- served at Paulatuk, Coppermine and other Coronation Gulf points, and Bathurst Inlet. Quite a number were migrating from the di- rection of Victoria Island. Peregrine Falcon - Falco peregrinus.- Common in Coronation Gulf and Bathurst Inlet, where cliffs abound. Young of the year were seen. Ruffed Grouse - Bonasa umbellus.- This spec- ies is not found at Good Hope, therefore its northern limit is farther south. Sharp-tailed Grouse - Pedioecetes phasianellus.- Reported common in 1942 at Good Hope, Nor- man Wells and Simpson. I saw one at Simp- son on October 20. Sandhill Crane - Grus canadensis.- One was heard at Paulatuk on August 19, 1942, and a flock was seen at Coppermine on August 24th. These are the northern sub-species, still com- mon on the tundra. Nesting cranes are rare farther south. However, an interesting colony is established at Simpson under the watchful eye of Cpl. W. J. G. Stewart of the R.C.M. Police. In 1938 there were 2, in 1940 and 1942 there were 23, and in 1948 there were 17. These figures presumably representing feed- ing flocks and for the more recent years May include young birds. Golden Plover - Pluvialis dominica.- Seen at Paulatuk, August 19, 1942. Hudsonian Curlew - Phaeopus hudsonicus - One seen at Paulatuk, Aug. 19, 1942. Herring Gull - Larus argentatus - Observed along the coast by me only from Cape Parry eastward. Aretic Tern - Sterna paradisaea - The fact that this species was not observed in Bathurst Inlet, August 25-30, 1942, may be of interest. Elsewhere on the coast it was common. Thick-billed Murre - Urvia lomvia - Several were seen near Cape Parry on August 18, 1942. The Eskimo Lennie informed me that this was one of the component species of the large bird colony on Nelson Head, Banks Land, an eminence which can be seen from Cape Parry on clear days. This species has not been recorded previously from Canadian waters in the western Arctic. oe eae : 4 May-June, 1944] American Robin - Turdus migratorius - Rob- ins, including a bird of the year, were found at Burnside on August 26, 1942. This extends their recorded range in this longitude beyond a barren inland area where none are found. They were in a thicket of large willows and alders. Arctic Redpoll - Acanthis hornemanni - Seen at Paulatuk, Coppermine and Burnside. Redpolled Linnet - Acanthis linaria - .*.bun- dant on the Arctic coast; identified at Paula- tuk, Coppermine and Burnside. Savannah Sparrow - Passerculus sandwichensis- Generally distributed; very common at Cop- permine on two days, namely August 24 and September 3, 1942, obviously migrating. Tree Sparrow - Spizella arborea - Observed along the coast and also at Burnside, Bathurst Inlet, August 26, 1942. Harris’ Sparrow - Zonotrichia querula - Com- mon at Burnside on August 26, 1942, both adults and young of the year being seen. White-crowned Sparrow - Zonotrichia leuco- phrys - Common at Burnside on August 26, 1942, including young of the year. Snow Bunting - Plectrophenax nivalis - Mi- grating flocks were observed on the Macken- zie River from Arctic Red River to Good Hope, October 9-12, 1942. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ANDERSON, R. M. 103 REFERENCES ANDERSON, JAMES - 1857 - Report on McKen- zie’s River District. M.S.S. - 1913 - Report on natural history collections of the expedition (1908- 1912), in “My Life with the Eskimo” by V. Stefanssson; New York, pp. 4386-527. - 1987 - Mammals and birds, in “Canada’s Western Northland” by W. C. Bethune; Ottawa, Dept. of Mines and Resources, pp. 97-122. CLARKE C. H. D. - 1940 - A biological investig- ation of the Thelon Game Nat. Mus. Can., Bull. 96. MACFARLANE R. - 1905 - Notes on Mammals collected and observed in the Northern Mackenzie River District, Northwest Ter- ritories of Canada. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 28: 673-764. MANNING, T. H. - 1943 - Notes on the coastal district of the eastern barren grounds and Melville Peninsula from Igloolik to Cape Fullerton, Can. Geog. Journ. 26: 84-105. PorsILp, A. E. - 1988 - Earth mounds in un- glaciated Arctic Northwestern America. Geog. Rev. 28: 46-58. - 1943 - Birds of the Mac- kenzie Delta. Can. Field-Nat. 57:19-35. PREBLE, A. EH. - 1908 - A biological investig-_ ation of the Athbaska - Mackenzie region. U.S. Bur. of Biol. Surv., N.A. Fauna No. ot WiuuiAMs,’ M. Y. - 1933 - Biological notes, covering parts of the Peace, Liard, Mac- kenzie and Great Bear River basins. Can. Field-Nat. 47: 28-31. Sanctuary, CURRENT LITERATURE WHITE SPOTTING IN THE Fox, by Leon J. Cole and R. M. Shackelford, 1943, Amer. Nat- uralist, 77, pp. 289-321. This deals with the origin and genetics of the platinum fox, a pale mutant of the silver fox that is always accompanied by white spotting. Similar strains originated independ- ently in Norway in 1933, Wisconsin in 1937, Wyoming in 19387 and Quebee in 1938. In 1940 one skin from Norway brought $11,000.00 in New York. Platinum behaves in inheritance as a dominant which is lethal when homozy- gous. Some white-faced silver fox mutants are similar to the platimum and are _ discussed. — A. L. RANp. 104 THE CANADIAN FreLp-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS NOTES ON THE LARGE SHORT-TAILED SHREW AT Fort GARRY, MANITOBA, — During November, 1945, information of an apparently unusual nature was obtained regarding Blarina brevi- eauda (Say) in the rural municipality of Fort Garry. Early in the month a well worn run- way of this shrew was discovered under the leafy litter of a dry, wooded lot only 12 feet from the side of my house; to be exact, the loc- ation is one-half mile from Red River and a mile south of the limits of Winnipeg. I was first attracted to the spot by the extremely thin, shrill cries of the species as though two of the animals had met in angry protest. It was not until later that investigations could be undertaken. On November 138 a single trap was set at a strategic point in the sub- surface runway already mentioned. Between that date and the 25th of the month 138 ex- amples were taken in one trap at the same location. As the set was kept in working order for another week without further captures, it was concluded that all members of this local colony had been collected. No former results in personally trapping for these animals any- where nearly compares with the abundance exhibited at a single set as in the present instance. As I have failed to find anything in EXTENSION OF RANGE OF PUGET SOUND SPOT- TED SKUNK (Spilogale phenax olympica). — Although reports have been received that the Puget Sound spotted skunk (Spilogale phenax olympica Elliott) had been seen and taken as far norts as Maguire on the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, it was not until the Fall of 1943 that a definite record was secured, when four of these animals were killed at Alta EXTENSION OF RANGE OF THE NORTHERN SPOT- TED OWL (Strix occidentalis cawrina). — For some years past, the call of an unidentified owl has been heard during the summer months, in the general vicinity of Alta Lake, Brit- ish Columbia, and it was not until the 12th of December, 1943, that a bird was secured and definitely identified, when an adult female spotted owl was caught in a trap set for weasel, near Cheakamus River, Fortunately the literature of comparable character, it was decided to place the data on record. Numbers of the animals present in this hab- itat may have represented a somewhat unusual concentration, owing to the isolated nature of the area concerned. The wooded part of this single town lot, which sheltered the shrews, amounts to about 480 square yards. East and west it is bounded by occupied lots with buildings and open lawns; to the south by a gravel road; and to the north by grass- land and a well travelled lane 8 feet wide. Beyond the latter is a large block of old Trans- sition Zone woodlands. Aside from the small area of trees and shrubs inhabited by the shrews, the immediate environment is wholly unsuited to the requirements of Blarina. Two of the shrews taken were too badly eaten to be preserved. Details concerning the other 11 specimens are as follows: Average measurements of 5 males, L. 127, T. 27, H.F. 16.8 mm. (extremes, 125, 27, 15.5 and 130, 28, 16.9 mm.); average weight, 21.6 grams (extremes, 18.38 and 25.6 gms.). Average measurements of 6 females, 124.8, 26.1, 15.8 mm. (extremes, 119, 25, 15.5 and 128, 26, 15.9 mm.); everage weight, 19.8 zrams (ex- tremes, 18.2 and 20.9 grams). — J. DEWEY SOPER, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA. Lake, British Columbia. They had appeared about the cabins of some of the residents, and in one instance had gained entrance to the larder. On December 17th, 1948, an adult male was secured as a specimen, which extends the range of olympica into the mountains seventy miles north of Vancouver, B.C. — KENNETH RacEy, VAN- COUVER, B.C. the trapper saved the specimen intact, and forwarded it to the writer, in whose collection it is now Number 2939. On dissection, the stomach was found to contain the remains of a Grey Jay, Perisor- eus obscurus griseus. The ovarian mass meas- ured 8 x 18 mm., and three ova 2 mm., which would indicate that this owl would have nested during the month of February, — KENNETH RACHY, VANCOUVER, B.C, Berta May-June, 1944] ~ bulletin THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST BOOK REVIEWS NATURAL History SocrETY oF MANITOBA, 21ST 1920 To 1941. Published by an Editorial Committee un- der the Chairmanship of Dr. A. M. David- son. ANNIVERSARY BULLETIN. This amply illustrated and well printed recounts the very considerable a- chievements of the Manitoba Natural History Society on .the occasion of its 21st annivers- ary. The history of the Society is outlined, lists of its officers presented, as well as brief obituaries of deceased members. There are de- tailed accounts of the work of Sections deal- ing with Ornithology, Botany, Entomology. Geology, Mammalogy, Ichthyology, and Micro- scopy and brief notices of the activities of members interested in Conchology and Ethnol- ogy. One important early activity of the Society was the erection of a clubhouse and collect- ’ ing station at Victoria Beach in 1923. This clubhouse served as a centre for the Society’s THE Biotic PRovINCES oF NortH AMERICA. by Lee R. Dice. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 1943. pp. 78 + 1 fold- ed map. Price $1.50. For many years students have been attempt- ting to replace Merriam’s Life Zone concept. Dice offers a new set of concepts and divis- ions aS an experiment. These biotic provinces are based chiefly on the vegetation, but also on peculiarities of the fauna, climate, physio- graphy and soil. The reviewer thinks that biotic provinces should be the next divisions below a region, olution of the biota. and should take into account the aze and ev- Perhaps satisfactory divisions for all plants and animals cannot be worked out, but to be practical for any one group, the areas should delimit the natural ranges of a considerable number of species. ‘ x = ‘i . i J < “g 7 The provinces are sketchily outlined and characterized. A bewildering array is set forth for the southern United States. In Can- ada the union of Merriam’s Hudsonian and Canadian Life Zones can be defended; but. the ee of the lower Ottawa Valley, Gaspe, botanical survey of Victoria Beach and its ornithological survey of Elk Island. The re- sults of these surveys are presented in some detail. Other important contributions of the Society have been the initiation of mosquito control work in the Winnipeg area and a leading part in the establishment of the Man- -itoba Museum which was opened in 1932. Among the important publications of the Society have been: A Colour Key to Mani- toba Butterflies, Check List of the Manitoba Flora, and Geological Formations of Mani- toba. The Manitoba Natural Héstory Society has long been affiliated with the Ottawa Field- Naturalists’ Club; its members use The Can- adian Field-Naturalist as a medium of pub- lication. The Canadian Field-Naturalist ex- tends its warmest congratulations to the Man- itoba Society both in token of its achiev- ments throughout twenty-one years of ser- vice and on the publication of a fine anni- versary bulletin. — Harorp A. SENN, EprTor. and Cape Breton Island, in the same proy- ince seems indefensible, as does the uniting of the southern half of British Columbia, ex- cepting the coastal area, into another prov- ince that includes such diversities as the desert-like valley bottoms, the wooded slopes, and the arctic-like alpine grasslands. The contention that biotic provinces inust be continuous except for marine isiands, min- imizes the fact that mountain tops may he biotic islands. The terminology, as Hudsonian Province for *Merriam’s Canadian and Hudsonian zones, and Canadian Province for the eastern part of Merriam’s Transition Zoye would cause con- fusion. Dice deplores the lack of detailed ecolog- ical studies, but does not use many of the more important available studies, such as: Halliday on the forests of Canada; Fernald on Eastern Canada; Nichols for Cape Breton Island; Raup for Wood Buffalo Park and the Peace and Liard River Valleys; Porsild on Alaska and Hulten on the Arctic Biota. It seems that for birds and mammals this will not be a more useful scheme than. that of Merriam, — A. L, RAND, 106 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST oo a ~ [Vol. 58 MEMBERS OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB and SUBSCRIBERS TO THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST PATRONS His Excellency, the Governor-General and H.R.H. Princess Alice Government House Ottawa, Canada HONORARY MEMBERS Gibson, Arthur Apt.. 6, 30 Cooper Street Ottawa, Ont. Small, H. B. 150 Laurier Avenue, West Ottawa, Ont. SUSTAINING LIFE MEMBERS De Lury, Ralph E. (1933) Dominivun Observatory, Ottawa, Ont.. Halkett, Miss M. (1932) 216 Lyon Street, Ottawa, Ont. LIFE MEMBERS Groh, H., (1933) Botanical Division, Central Experimental F'arm Ottawa, Ont. Ellis, Ralph, (1938) 2420 Ridge Road, Berkeley, Cal., U. S. A. Paulson, C. W. G., (1936) Woodside Cottage Wheeler’s Lane Smallfield, Surrey, England Robertson, C. N. (1932) Apt. 601, The Claridge 1 Clarendon Ave., Toronto, Ont.. Walker, E. M. (1935) 67 Alcina Avenue Toronto, Ont.. Wilson, M. E. (1936) Department of Mines, Ottawa, Ontario. MEMBERS AND SUBSCRIBERS —A Academy of Natural Science 1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. Adams, John, 68 Fairmont Avenue, Ottawa, Ont. Agriculture, Department of Dominion Botanist, Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. Agriculture, Department of Dominion Entomologist, Confederation Building, Ottawa, Ont. Agriculture, Bepartment of Library, Confederation Block Ottawa, Ont.. Agriculture, Department of Library, Washington, D. C. U.S.A. Ahern, G. S. 20 St. Antoine Street, Quebec, P. Q. Alcock, F. J., Geological Survey, Ottawa, Ont. MAY, 1944 Alexander, D. C. 127 Durant St., Lowell, Mass., U.S.A. Allan, A. A. McGaw Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca,, N. Y., U.S.A. Allin, A. E. Provincial Laboratory Fort William, Ont.. American Museum of Natural His- tory, 77th Street and Central Park W. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Anderson, E. G., Division of Botany, Central Experimental Farm Ottawa, Ont. Anderson, R. M. 58 Driveway Ottawa, Ontario Anderson, Roy, Camrose, Alta. Angus, W. F. Box 280, Montreal, P. Q. Army Air Force —— Arctic, Desert & Tropic Information Centre, 25 Broad St., New York, N. Y. U.S:A. Austin, O. L. Tuckahoe, Westchester Co., N.Y., U.S.A. pay et Baillie, J. L. Jr., Royal Ontario Museum Bloor Street, Toronto, Ont.. Ball, S. C. Curator, Dept of Zoology, Peabody Museum, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A. Banim, F. E. St. Patrick’s College Ottawa, Ont.. Beamer, L. H., Box 56, Meaford, Ont.. Bennett, Chas. H. 80 Belmont Ave., Ottawa, Ont.. Bent, A. C. 140 High Street, Taunton, Mass., U.S.A. Biology, Library of Mont Saint-Louis Institute 224 Sherbrooke Street Hast, Montreal, P. Q. Bird, Dick, c-o Bird Films Ltd., 1849 Scarth St., Regina, Sask. Bird, Raiph OD. Box 250, Brandon, Man.. Bishop, Louis B. 450 Bradford Street, Pasadena, Cal., U.S.A. Bonshore, Alice, 172 Metcalfe St., Ottawa, Ont.. Boston Society of Natural History 234 Berkeley Street Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Bowers, Henry 247 Fourth Avenue Ottawa, Ont.. Boy Scouts’ Association, Canadian General Council, Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ont.. Brandt, Herbert 11945 Carlton Road, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Brereton, E. L. Box 99, Barrie, Ont.. Brewer, Mrs. G. 155 Arlington St., Ottawa, Ont.. Brewer, Winnifred, 218 Waverley St., Ottawa, Ont.. Brigden, F. H., -- 15 Oswald Crescent Toronto, Ont.. Brimley, J. F. Wellington, Ont.. Brinkman, A. H. Craigmyle, Alberta British Columbia Provincial Museum The Library, Victoria, B. C. British Columbia, University of The Library, Vancouver, B. C. Brooman, R. C. c-o Mrs. C. V. Weaver, 99 Gilbert Avenue, Toronto, Ont.. Brown, Capt. A. W. A. Experimental Station, Suffield, Alta.. Brown, Miss F. A. 104 Cameron Street Ottawa, Ont.. Brown, N. Rae Division of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.. Brown, Miss M. S. 36 Kent Street, Halifax, N. S. Bruce, V. N. 246 Irving Avenue, Ottawa, Ont.. Buckell, E. R. Dominion P. O. Bldg. Kamloops, B.C. Buckle, J. W. 262 Craig Stree Montreal, P. Q. Buffalo Museum of Science Research Library, Humboldt Park, Buffalo 11, 0N. Yi. U.S.Ac Butler, F. R. 540 Howe Street, Vancouver, B. C. West, ges California Academy of Sciences, c-o The Librarian San Ftancisco, Cal., U.S.A. California, University of Library, Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A. - May-June, 1944] | California, University of Library, 405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles 2a, Cal., Calvert, E. W. Haliburton, Ont.. Campagna, E. Department de Botanique, Eeole d’Agriculture, U.S.A. Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, P.Q. Campbell, Malcolm, 88 Victoria Street, Ottawa, Ont.. Carnegie LiLrary, Ottawa, Ont.. Carnegie Museum Shenley Park, Pittsburgh 13, Pa., Cartwright, B. W. e-o Ducks Unlimited, (Canada), 201 Bank of Commerce Building Winnipeg, Man.. Champion, J. A. C., 46 Roxborough Apts., Ottawa, Ont.. U.S.A. Champion, Mrs. J. A. C. 46 Roxborough Apts., Ottawa, Ont.. ® Charette, Leopold A., 27 Ferguson Aye., Burlington, Vt., U.S.A. Chicago Natural History Museum General Library, Chicago, Ill, U.S.A. Chicago, The University of, Libraries Periodical Division, Chicago, Ill, U.S.A. Chief, Protection of Dept. of Agriculture Parliament Builings, Quebec, P. Q. Clark, Thomas H. Peter Redpath Montreal, P. Clarke, C. H. D. National Parks Bureau Dept. of Mines and Resources Ottawa, Ont.. Clarke, FI. /O. Mary A. 214 Holmwood Avenue, Ottawa, Ont.. Clemens, Dr. W. A. f University of British Columbia, Dept. of Zoology, Vancouver, B C. Cleveland Museum of History. 2717 Buclid Avenue., Cleveland 15, Ohio, U.S.A.. Cole, Miss M. P. Box 385, Red Deer, Alta.. Columbia University Library, New York, N. Y., U.S.A. Conners, I. L. 719 Island Park Drive, Ottawa, Ont. Cooch, Graham 685 Echo Drive, Ottawa, Ont.. Cook, Miss Ida Apt. 23, 859 Thurlow St., Vancouver, EtC.. Cornell University Library, thaca Neues) Osa Coventry, Prof. A. F. Dept. of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.. Cowan, lan McT., Dept. of Zoology, Univ, of British Columbia, Plants, Museum, Natural THE CANADIAN FIELB-NATURALIST Cowan, Miss M. E. 97 Stanley Ave., Ottawa, Ont.. Cox, E.A. Silverton, B. C. Crawford, H. G. Entomological Branch Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.. Crerar Library, Chicago, Til., U.S.A. Crickmay, C. H. Haney, B. C. Criddle, Stuart, Treesbank, Man.. Crosby, John A. 56 Broadway Ave., Toronto, Ont.. Culp, Howard, Vineland Station, Ont. apo Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, N. H., U.S.A.. Dartmouth College Office of the Naturalist, Hanover, N. H., U.S.A. Davis, Eli, pdbiaiel itn Uh London, Ont.. Dawson, Miss Barbara Apt. 7, 70 Bronson Ave., Ottawa; Ont.. Dear, L. S. Boxee elie Port Arthur, Ont.. Decarie, J. A. 4121 Marlowe Avenue N.D.G., Montreal, Que.. des Rivieres, H. 86 St. Louis Road, Apt. 6, Quebec, P. Q.. Devitt, O. E. 218 Eglinton Ave., Hast Toronto, Ont.. Dickenson, Miss Mary 155 Cobourg St., Ottawa, Ont.. Dore, W. G., Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N. S.. Douglas, George M. Lakefield, Ont.. Doutt, J. K. Curator of Mammalogy Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh,, Pa., U.S.A. Ducks Unlimited, (Canada), 201 Bank of Commerce Bldg., Winnipeg, Man.. Dwight, T. W. 12 Lytton Blvd., Toronto, Ont.. Dymond, J. R. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ont.. eee) pe Eastham, J. W. Court House, Vancouver, B. C. Edwards, D. (Kemp, Bayswater Avenue, Ottawa, Ont.. Edwards, R. Y. 426 Castlefield Avenue, Toronto, Ont., Elton, C. Bureau of. Animal Population, University Museum, Oxford, England, Emery, F. H. 29 Old Mill Terrace Toronto, Ont,, 1047 Enstone, J. A., 21 Second Ave., Ottawa, Ont. Errington, P. L. Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. eps Fargo, W. G. 506 Union Street Jackson, Mich., U.S.A. Farley, F. L. Camrose, Alberta Field, Miss C. 38 Hampton Court 1461 Mountain Street, Montreal, P. Fish and Wildlife Service Library, Room 2258A South Interior Bldg., Washington, D. C. U.S.A. Fletcher, J. F. S. Dimock P. 0O., Susquehanna Co., Penn., U.S.A Fox, Pres. W. Sherwood University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.. Fraser, C. McLean, University of British Columbia Vancouver, B. C. Frith, Rowley 65. Butternut Terrace Ottawa, Ont.. Fry, J. D. Ciba Bldg., 1235 McGill College Avenue, Montreal, P. hee Gardner, C. C., Canadian Trade Corp., Ltd., 1332 William St., Montreal, P. Q.. Gardner, Dr. G., 4541 Pontiac Street, Montreal, Que. Gaven, Angus, c-o Hudson’s Bay Co., Hudson’s Bay House, Winnipeg, Man., Geological Survey Library, Dept. of Mines and Resources, National Museum, Ottawa, Ont. Geological Survey Library, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Glendenning, R., Agassiz, B. C. Glenny, Fred H. 1148 Linden Ave., Akron, Ohio, U.S.A. Goodwill, E. V. Hydrographic Surveys, Dept. Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Ontario Gould, E., Apt. 34, 25 Gilmour St., Ottawa, Ont. Grew, J. L. Indian Affairs \gpanten Ottawa, Ont.. Gross, A. O. Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., Groves, J. W. Division of Botany, Gentral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. U.S.A. Sf Halferdahl, Mrs. A. C. 140 Minto Place, Roekliffe Park Ottawa, Ont.. Hall, E. R. University of California, Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A, 108 Hamilton Bird Protection Society c-o Geo. W. North, 249 Charlton Ave., W. Hamilton, Ont.. : Hammond, G. H. Aylmer, Que.. Harkness, W. J. K. Department of Biology Toronto University Toronto, Ont. Harper, Francis 224 S. Chester Road, Swarthmore, Penn., U.S.A. Pant ales Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, B. C. Hart, W. S. Province of Quebec Society for Protection of Birds, IP Ose Box elles Montreal, P. Q. Harvard University Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Harvard University Museum of Compara‘i dive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Heimburger, C. C. Dominion Forest Service Dept. of Mines and Resources Ottawa, Ont.. Heming, W. E. Whittier College, Whittier, Cal., U.S.A.. Herrington, Rev. H. B. Newburgh, Ont.. Hess, Quimby Box 543, Kapuskasing, Ont. Hewitt, Oliver H., National Parks Bureau, Department of Mines & Resource: Ottawa, Ont.. Hickey, Dr. M. Allan Royal Edward Laurentian Hospital Ste. Agathe des Monts, P. Q. Hill, J. E., Am. Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York 24, N.Y., U.S.A Holdom, M. W. Lindsay Cottage, Crescent. Bay 2: Houston, C. Stewart Box 642, Yorkton, Sask. The Manager, Fur Trade Bent Hudson’s Bay Co., Winnipeg, Man.. Humphrey, S. Unity, Sask. Hunter, Fenley Box 96, Flushing, L.I., INE Meee SAM Huntsman, A. G. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.. Ide, F. P. Department of Biology, University of Toronto Toronto, Ont.. IMinois University Library Urbana, Ml., U.S.A. Himan, Wm., Division of Applied Btolofy, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ont.. International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, Dominion Bldg., New Westminister, B.C. Indiana University Library Bloomington, Ind., U.S.A. THE CANADIAN FYIELD-NATURALIST lowa State College Library, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. —|— Jackson, C. F. College of Liberal Arts, Durham, N. H., U.S.A. Jackson, H. A. C. 35 Campbell Avs. Montreal West, P.Q. Jameson, E. W. Jr., 179 Highland Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Jaquith, Mrs. L. E. 72 Hudson Drive, Toronto, Ont.. Jarrett, H. V., 312 Second Ave., Ottawa, Ont. Judd, Wm. W. 297 Glen Road, Toronto, Ont.. coe ea Kansas University Periodical Dept., Lawrence, Kans., U.SA.. Kidd, H. M. McKenzie Island, Ont.. Kilby, Roy L. 5684 Aberdeen St., Vancouver, B. C. Kindle, E. D. 337 Main Street, Ottawa, Ont.. Kindle, GC. H. Dept. of Geology, City College, New York, N. Y., U.S.A. KXitto, V. R. R. No. 1, Malton, Ont. Krug, Bruce A. Chesley, Ont.. Si Laing, H. M. Comox, B. C. Lanceley, W. H. 23 Elmdale Avenue, Ottawa, Ont.. Lanning, Robert G., 56 Chatsworth Drive, Toronto, Ont.. La Rocque, A. 156 Goulbourn St., Ottawa, Ont.. Lawal University Faculte des Sciences, Quebec, P. Q. Lawrence, A. G. City Health Department, Winnipeg, Man.. Leechman, D. National Museum, Ottawa, Ont.. Leim, A. H. P.O. Box 254, St Andrews, N. B.. Leith, Prof. E. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.. Leopold, Aldo 424 University Farm Place, Madison 6, Wis., U.S.A. Lepingweli, A. R. 47 Dorval Ave., Dorval, PB. Q. Lewis, Grace S. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa, Ont.. Lewls, Harrison F. c-o National Parks Bureau, Dept. of Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Ont.. Livingstone, Miss May 999 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ont.. Lloyd, Hoyes, 582 Mariposa Ave., Rockcliffe Park, Ottawa, Ont. Lloyd, Wilmot, 582 Mariposa Ave, Rockeliffe Park Ottawa, Ont. Logier, Shelly, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ont.. London Public. Library London, Ont.. Louisiana State Unlversity The _ Library, Baton Rouge, La., U.S.A. Lowe, C. W., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.. Lucas, Alec. RR Gs Cobourg, Ont.. —M= Mack, H. G. c-o Gilson Manufacturing Co., Guelph, Ont.. MacLulich, D. A. 144 Mavety Street, Toronto, Ont.. MacMeekin, Bertha 43 Florence St,, Ottawa, Ont.. MacNamara, Chas. Arnprior, Ont.. Magee, M. J. 603 South Street, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich, U.S.A. Maguire, W. S. 1503 Douglas Rd., New Westminster, B. C. Maine, University of, Library, Orono, Maine, U.S.A. Manitoba Natural History Society, Winnipeg Auditorium AMSEUTC, Memorial Blyd., Winnipeg, Man. Manitoba, Province of, Game and Fisheries Br., 254 Legislative Bldg., Winnipeg, Man.. Manitoba, University of Science Library, Fort Garry Site, Winnipeg, Man., Manning, T. H. 59 Electric St., Ottawa, Ont. Marcotte, Leon, St. Charles Seminary, Sherbrooke, P. Q. Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A McCabe, T. T., 2731 Prince Street, Berkeley, Cal., U.S.A. McCalla, W. C. 1312 Ninth St., N.W. Calgary, Alta. McDougall, E. G. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ont.. McFadden, R W. E. 4 Hart Street, Brantford, Ont.. McGahey, Miss Pearl, 193 O’Connor Street, Ottawa, Ont.. McGill University Library, 3459 McTavish Street, Montreal, P. Q.. ~~ 3 bay BY . May-June, 1944] Mecllwraith Ornithological Club, e-o Mrs. Frances Girling, 537 Colborne St., — London, Ont.. Mcltwraith, T. F., 50 St. Leonard’s Avenue, Toronto 12, Ont.. McKeever, J. L., 516 Homewood Avenue, Peterborough, Ont.. _ McKinnon, Mrs. J. S., 24 Jeanne d’Arc Street, Hull, P. Q. McLearn, Dr. F. H. Geological Survey, Dept. of Mines and Resources. Ottawa, Ont. Meredith, R.- 93 St. Peter Street, Quebec, P. Q. Merrick, L. F., 19 Ravenscliffe Ave., Hamilton, Ont. j Michigan State College Library East Lansing, Mich., U.S.A. Michigan, University of, General Library, Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A. Minnesota University Library, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A. Minshall, W. H. Division Of Botany, — Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont.. Missouri, Universi.y of, Library, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. Mitchell, Mrs. O. S., R.R. No. 1, Streetsville, Ont.. Moeran, E. H., 541 Bronx River Road, Yonkers, N.Y., U.S.A. Montomery, F. H., 1, Harl St., Kitchener, Ont.. Montreal Mechanics’ Institute, Atwater and Tupper Streets, Westmount, P. . Montreal Public Library Sherbrooke Street, E., Montreal, Que. Montreal University, Botanical Institute, 4101 Sherbrooke St. East, Montreal, P. Q. Montreal University, Institut de Biologie, 1265 St. Denis Street, Montreal, Que. Montreal University, Institute of Geology, 1265 St. Denis Street, Montreal, Que. Morgan, J. C., P.O. Box 178, Ottawa, Ont.. Morris, Frank, 694 Aylmer Avenue, Peterborough, Out. Mousley, H., 4073 ‘Tupper Street, Westmount, Montreal, P.Q. Munro, J. A., Okanagan Landing, B.C. Murphy, Miss L. Apt. 9, 388 Olivier Ave., Westmount, Montreal, P.Q. pa N= National Audubon Society, 1006 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. National Parks Bureau, Dept. of Mines and Resources Ottawa, Ount., THe CANADIAN FiRLp-NATURALIST Newcombe, W. A., 138 Dallas Road, Victoria, B. C. New Hampshire University, Hamilton Smith Library, Durham, N.H., U.S.A. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, 1 New York, N.Y., U.S.A. New York State College of Forestry Forest Library Syracuse, N.Y., U.S.A. New York State Library, Albany, N.Y., U.S.A. Nichols, C. K., 212 Hamilton Road, Ridgewood, N.J., U.S.A. * Nobles, Dr. Mildred K., Division of Botany, Central Exp. Farm Ottawa, Ont.. Normal School, Elgin Street, Ottawa, Ont.. North Carolina State College, D H. Hill Library, Raleigh, N. C., U.S.A. Nova Scotia Agricultural Biological Division, Truro, N. S. ey ) ee Oberholser, Harry C. College Cleveland Mus. of Natural History 2717 Euetid Ave., Cleveland 15, Ohio, O’Connor, J. L., Dominion Observatory, U.S.A. Ottawa, Ont.. Ohio State University, Library, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Oklahoma Agricultural anical College Library, Stillwater, Okla., U.S.A. Ommanney, G. G., Development Commission, Cc. BP. Railway, Montreal, P. Q. Ontario Agricultural Library, Guelph, Ontario Ontario Legislative Assembly, Library, Toronto, Ont.. Outhet, R. A., Mont Tremblant, P. Q. si = Se Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C. Parasitology, Institute of, Macdonald College, IPPEIOs. Parliamentary Library, Ottawa, Ont.. Pearse, Theed, P. O: Box 158, Courtney, B. C. Penn. Siate College, Agricultural Library, Room 101, Patterson Hall, State College, Pa., U.S.A. Pennsylvania University Library, College, 34th Street and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia 4, Pa., U.S.A. Peters, H. S., 107 River Road, Ashley Forest, Charleston, S8.C., U.S.A. Pettingill, O. S., Jr., Dept. of Zoology, Carleton College, Northfield, Minn., U.S.A. vhelps, Frank M., 312 Fifth Street, Elyria, Ohio, U.S.A, and Mecn- 109 Porsild, A. E., National Museum, Ottawa, Ont.. Porsild, M. P., Disko, Greenland. Preble, E. A., 3027 Newark Street, Washington, D. C., U.S.A. Price, James C., 267 Laurier Avenue, Quebec, P. Q. Princeton University Library, Princeton, N. J., U.S.A. Pritchard, A. L., Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C.. Putnam, W. L., Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station, Ont.. —Qq— Quebec Society Protection of Birds, c/o Ruth Abbott, Senneville, Que. Quebec Zoological Gardens, Charlesbourg, Que.. Queen’s University, Douglas Library, Kingston, Ont.. ZR Racey, lXenneth, 3262 W. 1st Avenue, Vancouver, B. Rand, Austin L. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.. Ransom, Miss Maud L., General Post Office Box 422, New »WOrk: IN. Y.;) (U,SVAS Rawson, D. S., Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.. Richardson, L. R., Victoria University College, Wellington, New Zealand. Ricker, Wm. E., Dept. of Zoology, Indiana University, Bioomington, Ind., U.S.A. Robb, Donald L. 272 Sheldrake Blvd., Toronto, Ont.. Roberts, Brian Scott Polar Research Institute, Lensfield Rd., Cambr.dge, England. Roberts, T. S., Director, Museum of Natural. His- tory, Minneapolis, Minn., U.S.A. Ross, Miss Edna G. Pakenham, Ont.. Ross, D. A, Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Ottawa, Ont.. Fioss, Miss Verna, 370 Cooper &t., Ottawa, Ont.. Rowan, Dr. Wm., University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.. Russell, Loris S., Kkoyal Ontario Musewn, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ont.. eo Sanson, N. B., 110 Muskrat St., Banff, Alta.. Sarnia Collegiate Sarnia, Ont.. Saskatchewan Provincial Museum Normal School, Regina, Sask,, Institute 110 Saunders, Henry S., 7 Neville Park Blvd., Toronto, Ont. Savile, D. B. Q., 497 Golden Ave., Ottawa, Ont.. Senn, H. A., Division of Botany, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont... Shaw, W. T. 1002 Cambridge Ave., Fresno, Cal., U.S.A. Shelford, V. E. 200 Vivarium Building, Champaign, Ill, U.S.A. Sheppard, R. W., 1805 Mouland Avenue, Niagara Falls, Ont.. Sherwood, Miss Doris H., Apt. 1, 23 Wilton Crescent, Ottawa, Ont. Sifton, H. B., 10 Rathnally Toronto, Ont.. Sinclair, G. Winston, Sir George Williams College, Montreal, P. Q.. Ave., Smithsonian Institution Library, Washington 25. D. C., U.S.A. Snell, C. H., Box 191, Read Decr, Alta. Snure, Dr. Pautine, Na‘ional Research Council, Oitawa, On’... Snyder, L. L., Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology Toronto, Ont.. Secieté Provancher d'Histoire Na- turelle du Canada, 85 rue des F'ranciscains, Quebec, P. Q.. Soper, J. D., 827 Riverwood Ave., Fort Garry, Winnipeg, Man.. Soper, James H. 119 Charlton Ave., Hamilton, Ont. Southam, W. M., Rockliffe Park, Ottawa, On‘.. Speirs, J. M., 71 McIntyre Ave., North Bay, Ont. Spencer, G. J., Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. Squires, W. A., New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, N. B. Steacy, Miss Ethel D..,. 626 Driveway, Ottawa, Ont. Stefansson, V., 67 Morton Street, NewS \Yonk Ni savee Sternberg, Chas. M. Geological Survey, Ottawa, On*.. Steward, Chas. C. S.S. “Riverview c-o Can. Pacific Saint John, N. B. Stewart, R. M. Massett, B. C.. Stewart, P-O. T. wW., J-25416 No. 1 G.R.S. RCA®., Summerside, P. E. I., ‘ Street, Maurice G. Nipawin, Sask.. West U.S.A. Park” Steamships Co. THE CANADIAN FIELD-N ATURALIST Swaine, Dr. J. M., Science Service, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.. ae ee Taverner, P. A., 45 Leonard Ave., Ottawa, Ont. Taylor, B. W., Room 211, Biological McGill University, Montreal, P. Q.. Templeman, W., Prof. of Biology, Memorial University St. John’s, Nfld. Terrill. Lewis M., 216 Redfern Avenue, Westmount, P. Q.. Texas Agri. Exp. Station, Library, College Texas, Texas, University of, Serial Aquisitions, Austin, ‘Texas, U.S.A. Thaker, T. L., Little Mountain, Hope, B. C. Thompson, Mrs. L. N., Harrington Harbour, Saguenay County, Que.. Toronto Field Naturalists’ 198 College Street, Toronto 5, Ont.. Toronto University Department of Geology, Toronto, Ont.. Toronto University Library - Toron'o, Ont.. Troyer Natural Sclence Service Oak Ridges, Ont.. Tufts, Dr. Harold F., Port Mouton, Queen’s Co., N.S. Tufts, R. W., Wolfville, N. S.. Turnbull, J. F., R. R. No 3, Orillia, Ont. Turner, G. H., Fort Saskatchewan, Tyrrell, J. B., Building, College, Station, U.S.A. Club, Alta.. 1312 Metropolitan Building, Toronto 2, Ont.. ey ij et Urquhart. F. A.. Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology ‘Loronto, Ont.. Ussher, R. D., Nancy Lake Farm, R.R. No. 2, King, Ont.. Usah State Agricultural College Library, Logan, Utah, U.S.A. EEN Vancouver Natural History Society c-o Mrs. IF. McGinn, 2625 3rd Avenue W., Vancouver, B. C. Vancouver Public Library, Main and Hastings Ave., Vancouver, B. Victoria Public Victoria, B. C. Viadykev, V. D., Dept. des Pecherics Maritimes Parliament Bldgs., Quebec, P. Q. we Walkinshaw, L. H., * 1416 W. Michigan Ave., Battle Creek, Mich, U.S.A, Library, [Vol. 58 q Walsh, M. J., Box 1338, Ottawa, Ont.. Washington State College Library, — Pullman, Wash., U.S.A. ‘ Washington University Library i Seattle Wash., U.S.A. LAC Watson, M. W. Y. 1 R-260064 R.C.A.F, W 7 Seven Islands, P. Q. : Weems, F. C., Box 16, Wall Street Station, y New York, N. Y., U.S.A. Western Ontario University Lawson Memorial Library, London, Ont.. i : Western Reserve University, Library, - Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A. Whitbourn, Harold, R.R. No. 2, . Mt. Buydges, Ont. White, Ed. F. G, Old Charming Inn, Oak Bay, Victoria, Whitehead, A. B. 302 Grande Allee, Quebec, P. Q.. Wuitehurst Miss M. F., 606 Melbourne Ave., Ottawa, Ont.. Whitton, W. Ross, salleat 369 Danforth Ave., Ottawa, Ont.. : j Sir George Williams College, The Librarian, 1441 Drummond St., Montreal, P. @. Williams. M. Y.. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. Wilson, Dr. Alice E. Geological Survey Ottawa, Qnt.. Wilson, Miss W. E., 2381 Elm Avenue, Westmount, P. Q.. Wisconsin University of, Library, Madison, Wis., U.S.A. Witty, Miss Audrey, 180 Dufferin Rd., Ottawa, Ont.. B. C.. Wood, Wm., 59 Grande Allee, Quebec, P. NS Wright, A. H.. v Zoological VLaboratory, ae Cornell UWniversitv. Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A. Wright, Dr. Henry P., 1024 Drummond Medical Bldg., Montreal, P. Q.. Wright. Miss SE. 347 Gilmour Stree Ottawa, OQOnt.. Wright, W. H. Plant Products Division Dept. of Agriculture, Se Ottawa, Ont. : Wyman, E. A., Amerada Petroleum Corp., Beacon Bldg., P.O. Box 2040 Tulsa 2, Okla., U.S.A.. Wynne-Edwards, Prof. V. C. Department of Zoology, McGill University, Montreal, P. Q. —J— Sh sane Zinck, M. N., Botany Division, Central Fxnerimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont.. Zoological Society, Regents Park, London N.W.8, England, London, TURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF : MANITOBA OFFICERS FOR 1942-43 ident Emeritus: D. H. M. SPEECHLY; Honorary Presi- A. H. REGINALD BuLuer, F.R.S.; President: Mrs. son ; Past Presidents: Dr. H. M. SPEECHLY, PROF. WE, J. B. WALLIS, Dr. A. M. DavipsoNn, Pror. R. LE, G. SHIRLEY Brooks, A. G. LAWRENCE, B. W. IGHT, L. T. S. Norris-E,yg, P. H. Stokes; Vice- ents: W. H. RaAnpb, L. W. Koser, A. H. SHORTT, Peck, Dr. M. G. DUDLEY, Mrs. H. T. Ross; Treas- G. SHIRLEY BROOKS ; General Secretary: Miss M. F. 1™T; Executive Secretary: R. S. Evans; Auditor: H. Lowe; Social Convener: Mrs. P. H. STOKEs. Chairman Secretary =a ae i Orn hological : MANVILLE TOURING D. N. SMITH, M.Sc. Dr. H. M. SPEECHLY R. R. LaJEUNE, M.Sc. W. S. YARWOOD | Mrs. R. H. HELYAR J. DEWEY SOPER HuGkH Murray R. A. WARDLE, M.Sc. C. W. Lowe, M.Sc. R. Happow eetings are held each Monday evening, except on ws, from October to April, in the physics theatre e University, Winnipeg. Field excursions are held Saturday afternoon during May, June and Septem- and on public holiday during July and August. "VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY iH OFFICERS FOR 1943-44 orary President: L. S. KLINCK; Past President: IAN AGGART COWAN; President: A.- H. BAIN; Vice- sident: G. R. woop; Corresponding Secretary: A. R. OTTON; Recording Secretary : MISS KE. M. QUILTY; 5 Correspondent : P. L. TAIT; Honorary Treasurer: ; J. SANFORD; Librarian : MRS. F. McGINN; Chair- men of Sections — Botany: J. DAVIDSON; Geology: Y. WILLIAMS; Entomology: G. J. SPENCER; Ornith- y: K. RACEY; Photography: P. L. TAIT; Mammal- : IAN McTAGGART COWAN; Marine Biology: R. W. SBURY; Junior Section: MISS M. L. ELLIOTT; 3 dditional Members of Executive — MRS. J. DAVIDSON, LEMARQUE, J. J. PLOMMER, P. T. TIMMS, E. A. _ SCHWANTIE, F. W. FARLEY, H. J. S. MUSKETT; Aud- _itors: H. G. SELWOOD, W. B. WOODS. os a meetings at 8 p.m., Room 100, Applied Science Iding, University of British Columbia, unless other- Wise announced. >! icILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB LONDON, ONT. Honorary President: W. E. SAUNDERS, LL.D. ast President: Cart. R. G. CUMMINGS. _ President: Dr. H. B. HircHcock. *y-Treas.: Mrs. W. G. GirLinc, 537 Colborne St. Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Public Library building on the second Monday of each month from October to April. Field trips are held during the spring and a special Oe ‘cursion in September. AFFILIATED SOCIETIES BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL SOCIETY President: Dr. M. Y. WituraMs: First Vice-President: HAMILTON M. LAING; Second Vice-President: Dr. C. J. BASTIN ; Secretary-Treasurer : C. H. BasTIN, 4484 West 9th Avenue, Vancouver, B.C. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. OFFICERS FOR 1944 - 45 President: MRS. L. McI. TERRILL; Vice-President: J. P- ANGLIN; Vice-President: G. G. OMMANNEY; Treasurer: J. D. FRY; Secretary: MISS R. S. ABBOTT; Committee: H. F. ARCHIBALD, Maj. J. D. CLEGHORN, J. A. DE- CARIE, G. HARPER HALL, W. S. HART, Miss G. HIB- BARD, Mrs. C. L. HENDERSON, H. A. C. JACKSON, J. G M. LeMOINE, A. R. LEPINGWELL, H. MOUSLEY, Miss L. MURPHY, Miss M. ROBINSON, Maj. J. A. ROL- LAND, Miss M. SEATH, Mrs. E. A. SHERRARD, L Mel. TERRILL, Lt.-Com. V. C. WYNNE-EDWARDS. Meetings held the second Monday of the month exeept during summer. Headquarters of the Society are: REDPATH MuseuM BirpD ROoM, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q. SOCIETE PROVANCHER D‘HISTOIRE NATURELLE DU CANADA OFFICIERS POUR 1943-44 Patron Honoraire: SON EXCELLENCE LE TRES HONORABLB Comte D’ATHLONE, K.G., Gouverneur-General du Canada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: MAJOR-GENERAL SiR EUGBNB Fiset, Kre., C.M.G., D.S.O., M.D., Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Province de Québec; Président: REX MEREDITH ; ler vice-président: CHas. DuMAS; 2ieme vice-président: IAN BREAKEY; Secrétaire-Trésoricr: Dk. GUSTAVE RATTH; Chef de la section scientifique: Dr. D. A. Dery; Chef de le section de Propagande éducationelle: ROBERT HUNTER; Chef de la section de protection: J. C. Prick; Chef de la section d’information scientifique et pratique : GEORGE Lecterc; Directeurs: HONORABLE EDGAR ROCHETTE, DB. VicrrR PLAMONDON, FrED Manon, Uxric G. TESSIER ; ‘1.H; BucHaNAN, STuarT AHERN, HUBERT DUCHENE. Stcrétaire-Trésorier: Dr. GUSTAVE RATTE. THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1943-44 President: Proressor T. F. McIuwraitH ; Vice-President = D. Bruce Murray; Membership Secretary and Treasurer: Miss Mary LicHT; Corresponding Secretary: Miss LILIAN PAYNE, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park; President of Junior Club: Mrs. Dec Ee JAQUITH; Paat Presidents: Dr. F. P. Inn, Mr. F. C. Hurst, Dr. R. M. SAUNDERS; Council—LiruT. W. K. W. BALDWIN (0.A.9. )> Mrs. Jos. BaArroot, Mr. G. S. BELL, Miss WINNIFRED CuuTs, BrorHer DENIS, Pror. T. W. Dwicut, Mr. H. M. HAuuipay, Dr. L. E. JaQquitH, Miss Mary KiirRKwo0on, Mr. A. J. V. LEHMANN, Miss GRACE MALKIN, Mr. A. A. OuTtrAM, Mr. L. Owens, Mrs. L. A. Prince, Mr. SPRAGUE Troyer, Miss MARION WILDER. Meetings are held at 8 p.m. on the first Monday of* each month from October to April at the Royal Ontarie-. Museum, unless otherwise announced. Field trips are’ held during the spring, and occasionally during other: seasons. We ask the Officers, Societies, and more particularly the Secretaries, to assist us in our task of building up the circulation of this periodical. ~By Saeed) every member as a subscriber, we can make it truly one of the leading ' Natural History publications of America . of all the Affiliated New Era of oY Development of the Resources : READ “CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY-SIX DEGREES’ by that eminent scientist, the late Dr. E. M. Kindle AUTHORITATIVE PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED oy PP AN EXCELLENT PRESENT FOR A BOY OR YOUNG MAN 3) For Sale By _ ri) The Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, Central Experimental Farm, PRICE — per copy — FIFTY CENTS . 2 SS VOL. 58, No. 4 JULY-AUGUST, 1944 Praia See 15 Sanh? | — ean of Coloas 23> er Zo00 ler vice-président: CHAS. DUMAS; 2/@me vice-président: TaN BREAKEY; Secrétaire-Trésoricr: DR. GUSTAVE RATTB3 Chef de la section scientifique: DR. D. A. Dury; Chef de lo section de Propagande éducationelle: Roszerr HUNTERS Chef de la section de protection: J. C. Prica; Chef de la section dinformafion scientifique et pratique: GEORGE Lecierc; Directcurs: HONORABLE EpGar RocuettTy, Dr. Vicer PLAMONDON, Freep Manon, Utric G. Tsssigr; J.B BucHaNAN, Stuart AHERN, Husert DUCHEN®S. Secrétaire-Trésorier: Dr. GUSTAVE RATTE. THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1943-44 President: Peormssor T. F. McInwraita; Vice-President: D. Bruce Musray; Membershiv Secretary and Treasurers Miss Mary Licut; Corresponding Secretary: Miss Litianw Payns, Royal Ontario Museum, i199 Queens Parks President of Junior Club: Mrs. L. E: JaquitH; Past Presidents: Tr. F. P. Ips, Mr. F. C. Hurst, Dr. R. M. SAUNDERS; Ceuncil—Licur. W. K W. Barpwin (0.A.3.), Mrs. Jos. Barroot, Mr. G. S. Beit, Miss WiINNIFRED Cuute, Brotucr DENIS, Pror. T. W. Dwicnut, Mr. H. ML HaLurpay, Dr. L. E. Jaquitm, Miss Mary KIRKWwo0om, WERE VA dave ERE: Miss Grace Marxin, Mr. A. A, OutRAM, Me. Owrvs, Mrs. L. A. Parnces, Mr. Spracum Troyer. Miss ae ON WILDER. Meetings are held at 8 p.m. on each month from October to April at the Royal Ontarte the first Monday off d t A Museum, uniess otherwise announced. Field trips are Field trips are held during the spring and a special held during the spring, and occasionally during other - E excursion in September. seasons. ~~ ~We ask the Officers, and more particularly the Secretaries, of all the Affiliated _- Societies, to assist us in our task of building up the circulation of this neriodical. By securing every member as a subscriber, we can make it truly one of the leading, i Natural History publications of America I coneeeseniennnsieereemenneeneeeeeeeemeneememeeeeneee eee 3 New Era of a Deve Ope of the Resousa READ “CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY-SIX DEGREE by that eminent scientist, the late Dr. E. M. Kindle : AUTHORITATIVE PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED AN EXCELLENT PRESENT FOR A BOY OR YOUNG MAN For Sale Ty jase The Treasurer, Oran Field-Naturalists’ Club, Central Experimental Farm, O PRICE — per copy — FIFTY CENTS © : fC 7 *. Laan 231945 } VOL. 58, No. 5 a s& SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1944 22S ~~» a | 4 ar { Entered at the Post Office at Sutton West, Ont., as second-class matter THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ C Patrons a, HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND HER ROYAL HIGHNESS — i, THE PRINCESS ALICE President: Dr. D. LEECHMAN Ist Vice-President: Rev. F. E. BANIM 2nd Vice-President: W. H. LANCELEY — Treasurer: I. L. CONNERS, Secretary: J. W. GROVES, Division of Botany, 95 Sunnyside Ave., Ottawa Central Experimental Farim, Ottawa Additional Members of Council: F.J. Aucock, R.M. ANprerson, A.W. A. BROWN, C. H. D. CLARKE, Miss M. E. Cowan, H. G. CrawForp, R. E. DELURY, ROWLEY FRITH, H. Grou, C. C. Hermpurcer, A. LARocqUuE, HARRISON F. Lewis, Hoes Lioyb, Mrs. WiLMotT Lioyp, A. E. Porsitp, A. L. RANb, D. A. Ross, H. A. SENN, PAULINE SNURE, C. M. STernspere, P. A. TAveRNER, E. F. G. Waite, M. E. WILson. Auditors: W. H. LANCELEY and Harrison F. LEWIS Editor Dr. H. A. SENN, Division of Botany Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Associate Editors Dt IBN afi kee nionss Anthropology CLYDE L. PATCH econ aioe Herpetology — DAD ANSE eee, ole Mtn hee eee Botany R. M. ANDERSON ooocscscssn Mamenc Ac! LAROCQUE |) .08 cee Conchology A. G. HUNTSMAN oan. Marine Bte ARTHUR GIBSON ooscosssssssesssssscccon Entomology Ap GenRAND Goo ee Ornitholegy — Pe Jee COG Racn ai eanis ee re Mena Geology Weg Aa’ BRUT Aas ae cee Palzontology — Ue DY MOND nue ee bees Ichthyology ; CONTENTS Pace The Birds: of’ Ottawa, 1944. By Boyes Lloyd (cece sc Secreta sceecee caer 1 Albert Burton Gresham; 1905-1941. By J. Dewey Soper sissidh stink hone crvomcccunelie tones eo Vi6s Early Studies of Milkweed Utilization in Canada. By Harold A. Semi -ceccmcscccssnsseanmenen 17s Notes on the Palm Warbler, Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin) in Canada. By A. L. Rand ..... 181 " Notes and Observations:- de 4 ! Clarke’s Nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana, at Banff. By N. B. Samson o..cccccscssssusssumeee 182 4 Carrent laterature. uno ae coe cee A ia ae oe Se Ss cad Se athe 175, 180 v7; BP The official PuBie atone of THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB have been issued since 1879. The first were The Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, 1879-1886, two volumes; the next, The Ottawa Naturalist, 1886-1919, thirty-two vol- umes : and these have been continued by The Canadian Field-Naturalist to date. The Canadian Field-Naturalist is issued bi-monthly. Its scope is the publication of the results of original research in all departments of Natural History. Price of this volume (6 numbers) $2.00; Single copies 40¢ each Subseriptions ($2.00 per year) should be forwarded to «0.02... J. L. Conners Dw. of Botany, Central Experimental Farm, OTTAWA, CANADA — ; ay, vy by ane ae | ~The Canadian Field-Naturalist SUTTON WEST, CANADA SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1944 VOL. 58 — AEE SLRS: “Our By HovyeEs Ottawa 36, 242 GENERAL LIST of the Birds of Ottawa was published in 1923-1924°, and there have been three addenda}. This 1923 list gave a brief account of earlier ornithological work in the district and was extensively annotated so that the sources of information it contained might be traced to the original records, also the addenda to this list gave detailed references to original sources. This is mentioned here because it is planned to use much of the basic material included in these published lists without re- peating the references. Briefly, the early ornithological record for the district is re- corded in three articles. The first, entitled “List of Birds found in the vicinity of Ottawa City, specimens of which have been shot with- in the last few years’, unsigned, was written by the Ornithological and Oological Branch of the Club for the year, George R. White and W. L. Seott, (Ott. Field-Nat. Club. Trans. Vol. 1, 1881-2). The second, which will be found in the Ottawa Naturalist, V, 1891-2, entitled “The Birds of Ottawa’, was compiled by the Jeaders of the Ornithological Branch for the year, A. G. Kingston, W. A. D. Lees, and Prof. J. Macoun. The third, written by CG; W. G. Eifric, entitled’ “The Birds of Ottawa’’ may be found in The Ottawa Nat- urdlist, 1910-11. The present list has been prepared at the request of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club to bring up to date, revise, and consol- idate all the available information on the subiect so far as possible. Incidentally it is 9G 1944, April 6, 1944. 1. --CGonsolidated to February 2. —-Received for publication. % —-Gan. Field-Nat:., 372 101-5, Sept., 1925; 125-7 Oxt., 151-6 Nov.; 38: 10-16, Jan., 1924. 4, —-(a) Can. Field-Nat., NGL ee Meee Oat A('D)) Can. Field-Nat., 46: 125-7 Sept., 1932: 162-6, Oct., 1932, (The Birds of Ottawa— addenda to Feb- ruary 28, 1930); (c) Can. Field-Nat., 50: 143-4, Dec, 1936, 3”: » Vol. 58, No. 4, July-August, 1944, Survey. was issued November OTTAWA, 1944? ? LLOYD LS I6 KAS RARE ‘ the fifth general list published by the Club. It will be annotated in detail concerning only those records which have become available since February 28, 1935, the closing date for the addenda published in the December 1936 Canadian Field-Naturalist. The Club asked that migration dates be included. Those given at the close of comment upon most svecies are from the series “The Migration of North American Birds” which was written by Prof. W. W. Cooke, and later by Dr. H. C. Oberholser, with credit to Miss May T. Cooke, and published in Bzrd-Lore, between 1903 and 1924. The authors state that these are chiefly from data in the Biological I have learned that the Ottawa re- cords in the survey include the following: from C. W. G. Hifrig, Spring 1905-1909; Fall 1907 and 1908; H. Groh, Spring of 1909, 1910 and 1914: G. R. White, 1884-1927, both » spring and fall, except for about 8 years ot fall data: E. F. G. White, 1928. Thus George White’s migration dates are the ones which make up the most of this record. Some day perhaps, someone who has the Biological Sur- yey data before him will gather together and consolidate with these all the other scattered migration data for the area. This is not possible now. However all our present obser- vers are urged to keep complete roll-books showing presence or absence of birds day by day and thus furnish the basis for further study of this fascinating subject. The following Bulletins of the United States Biological Survey, all by Wells W. Cooke, have been consulted for Ottawa data: Distribution and Migration of North American Ducks, Geese and Swans, 26; Distribution and Migration of North American Shorebirds. Distribution and Migration of North American Herons and their Allies, 45; Dis- tribution and Migration of North American 1944. aA) 29 map ee 144 THE CANADIAN Rails and their Allies, 128; and Distribution and Migration of North American Gulls and their Allies, 292. The national collection of birds and other records have been available to me through the courtesy of officers of the National Museum of | Canada. Manuscript notes for the period since February 28, 1935 have been furnished by He) B.G.2 Whites) €. BH.= Johnson, “A. 25, Bourguignon, and H. F. Lewis. The Ottawa district has long been defined as the area in Ontario and Quebec falling within a circle of thirty miles radius, the centre being the Capital. For greater defin- iteness the centre is here considered to be the National War Memorial in Ottawa. The description of the district given in the Ottawa Naturalist in 1891-2 still applies and is quoted below: “The district covered by this list is embraced within a circle of thirty miles radius, with the City of Ottawa as its centre. It includes, roughly speaking, the Counties of Carleton and Russell, in On- tario, and the Southern portion of the County of Ottawa, in Quebec®, and lies between 45° and 46° N. Lat. The North- ern portion of this district is covered by what may be termed the first range of the Laurentian Hills, one of which known as King’s Mountain, has an elev- ation of 1,125 feet above sea level, and rises about 900 feet above the large alluv- ial plain® lying between it and the Ottawa River. These hills are covered with a great variety of deciduous and evergreen trees, and among them are numerous mountain lakes, varying in size from mere ponds to-lakes of five miles and upwards in length. Flowing from the North through this range of hills, the rapid river Gatin- eau empties, opposite the city, into the Ottawa, which flows from the West a- cross the centre of the district, widening above the City, with a Southward sweep into a broad and beautiful sheet of water known as Lake Des Chenes, and again narrowing at the City where, falling over er 5. —This does net apnly now: Quebee are Pontiac, Gatineau, and Ornith. Ed. 6. —A portion of the Champlain deposition of clay and sand Champlain marine submergence. -- the counties involvea in Papineau. lowland formed by during Post-glacial M.ELW, ,FIELD- NATURALIST [Vol. 58 a limestone ridge, it forms the well known Chaudiere Falls. Below these its course is straighter and narrower, and about twenty miles down it receives from the North the waters of another rapid stream, the Du Lievre. South of the Ottawa is a somewhat undulating tract of country, drained principally by the Rideau, which joins the Ottawa at the City. It is rath- er a sluggish stream in its upper reaches, - through being dammed back at various — points for canal purposes, and thus af- fords several excellent resorts for marsh birds. Much good farming land, with occasional hardwood ridges, is to be found in this part of the district, as well — as ‘swamps overgrown with tamarac, cedar, and other cone-bearing trees. The largest of these swamps is a peat-bog in — Gloucester Township, known as the Mer Bleue, which covers several thousand © acres of land, carpeted to a great depth with sphagnum moss, and produces im-- mense quantities of berries of - many kinds, notably cranberries and_blue-- berries’. : Thus it will be seen that the district in its various parts offers attractive breeding and feeding grounds for’ many diverse forms of bird life, and as there are parts of it as yet little explored by the ornithologist, it may still be looked to — to yield new records, as well as much valuable information, of the breeding and other habits of many species of which too little is now known.” In this check list species are numbered con- . secutively; sub-species are lettered when more- than one is recorded under a species.. The order and scientific nomenclature is that of- the A.O.U. Check-List, 1931. Common, names are generally those of Taverner’s, Birds of Canada. he The number of species in the list after the 1986 addendum was 250. Since then one species was dropped because the Check-List - now includes the former Falco islandus in — the snecies Falco rusticolus; and six species, whistling swan, Swainson’s hawk, European partridge, ruddy turnstone, western willet, and Casnian tern are added, making the pres- ent total 255. species. 7. —Conditions in the Mer Bleue have been much al- tered by drainage, the cutting of timber and prac- tice-bombing by aireraft, September-October, 1944] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 145 ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS 1. Gavia immer immer (Brinnich). Common Loon.— Moderately common trans- ient and summer resident; occasional in wint- er; breeds. While found on almost all our waterways, to be expected most regularly on the clear lakes of the Laurentian highland where it occurs throughout the nesting seas- on. Formerly many were brought to taxider- mists, but the species now enjoys protection under the law and is generally valued for aesthetic reasons. A few winter records indic- ate that the bird sometimes can exist for a time at least on swift river waters when all the lakes are frozen. Winter dates are Dec- ember 18, 1905, and February 16, 1922. A nest with eggs is recorded at Lac la Péche, Quebec, in late May 1881: Taverner and Blakely found adults with young on the Rideau River above Kemptville, June 1918. 2. Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan). Red-threated Loon.— Regular but uncommon transient. Most of the recorded observations appear to be in fall. Specimens in the national collection are dated Nov. 12, 1885 and Dec. 10, 1917. 3. Colymbus grisegena holboelli (Reinhardt). Holboell’s Grebe.— Moderately common trans- ient spring and fall. Some recorded spec- imen dates are Oct., 1881; May 5, 1885; May 21, 1885; Oct. 23, 1885; Oct. 31, 1903; Nov. 25, 1908. One captured alive on Feb. 26, 1904, as reported by Eifrig, and another brought to me alive from the vicinity of Kemptville, Feb. 12, 1930, may indicate unseasonably early migration attempts which must usually end disastrously in our climate. 4. Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. Horned Grebe.— Moderately common trans- ient, spring and fall. Specimen dates are May, 5, 1885; Oct. 31, 1903; and Nov. 4, 1888. There is one summer record, a specimen taken by Mr. Menzies on June 29, 1885. 5. Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus). Pied-billed Grebe.— Moderately common sum- mer resident; breeds. E. G. White noted it as common at Shirley’s Bay on Oct. 12, 1908, and Taverner and Patch report it at the Petrie Islands, Sept, 9-11, 1918, There is a specimen in the National Museum taken about December 1, 1938, by E. G. White. A female with small young was taken at Ottawa on August 15, 1885. 6. Oceanodroma castro castro (Harcourt). Madeira Petrel.— Accidental; one record, a bird picked up alive on the Rideau River by Master Bunny Sunderland and Mr. James Austin, August 28, 1933. 7. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. White Pelican.— Accidental; one record, one taken at Manotick by John Flann, Jr., on May 25, 1904. 8. Moris bussana (Linnaeus). Gannet.— Accidental; five specimens: a bird taken by J. H. Slack at Shirley’s Bay on Oct. 13, 1909; one taken on the Gatineau River; one killed by the owner of a flock of domestic geese at Richmond, Ontario, about Oct. 15, 1924: a juvenile picked up dead at Aylmer, Quebec, Oct. 15, 1929; and a juvenile picked up dead by A. E. Bourguignon on the Ottawa River at Ottawa, Oct. 20, 1939. Also a live bird which was identified at Ottawa by C. H. Young on Nov. 21, 1923, and commented upon by others was quite possibly the one shot a week later at Rideau Lake. 9. Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson). Eastern Double-crested Cormorant.— Fairly regular transient, especially in fall. The fol- lowing dates are for specimens taken: Oct. 1 (approximately), 1890; Oct. 17, 1904; May 27, 1906; Oct. 20, 1918; Oct. 31, 1920; Oct. 15, 1921. Patch and Johnson report it at Shirley’s Bay on Sept. 28, 1917; and on Novy. 5, 1924 EB. G. White heard on reliable author- ity of a flock of twenty being seen at the Pe- trie Islands. 10. Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus. Eastern Great Blue Heron.— Common summer resident. Probably still breeds although the big heronies which early Ottawa naturalists ably described have disappeared from the vicinity of the city. One of these was visited by the Ottawa Natural History Society in 1868 and by the Ornithological and Oological Branch of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club in 1882, 146 Spring arrival, (15 years’ record): earl- iest date, Apr. 3, 1909; average date, Apr. 11. Fall departure, (13 years’ record): latest date, Nov. 17, 1909: average date, Nov. There is in the literature an erroneous record of the occurrence of Casmeredius atbus egretta (Gmelin), American Egret, at Ottawa, and this seems to be an opportune occasion to make a eorrection. In Auk li; 110; January 1885 the heading of a general note ‘‘The Great White Egret and the Yellow Rail in Ottawa, Uanada.” is in- correct. The note itself by W.L. Scott of Ottawa is essentially correct. In the first paragraph it records the taking in the spring of 1883 of a fins spring male from two seen of Herodias egretta at “Rockliffe’ on the Ottawa River. The latitude and longitude of the place is recorded, and if we ex- change the figures given for latitu@é and longitude | we get the approximate place of capture. The spec- imen was said to be mounted and in the collec- tion of the Geological and Natural History Sur- vey of Canada. This record has been checked with E. G. White who tells me that there was a lot of discussion about this specimen at the time. He says that it was taken at Rockcliffe, now Stone- cliffe, which is in Renfrew County on the main line of the C.P.R. about 130 miles northwest of Ottawa, hence far outside our district. Mcllwraith, Birds of Ontario, 1894, p. 112, records the occur- rence, although in stating that the pair was seen at “‘Rockcliffe on the Ottawa River’ and the male is in the museum of the Geological Survey at Ot- tawa, he avoids the error in the Auk that the spec- imen was taken at Ottawa. Wells W. Cooke in his “Distribution and Migration of North American Herons and their Allies’, 19138, repeats the occur- rence at ‘“‘Rockcliffe, Ontario’ from MclIlwraith. Rockcliffe, in Renfrew County, Ontario, where this bird was taken, is now Stonecliffe. Rockeliffe, known as such since about 1900, and officially as Rock- -cliffe Park since 1926, is. an incorporated Village in Carleton County, Ontario, lying adjacent to Ottawa and east of it on the shores of the Ottawa River. The Yellow Rail in the Auk heading mentioned above was not taken at Ottawa, as stated therein, but at Toronto, (Loronto) as shown in the text. The Yellow Rail error is inconsequential, because there are records for the Ottawa district, but there is no record of the American Egret for the Ottawa district. The Egret specimen, which is still in the National Museum, was taken at Rockcliffe, now Stonecliffe, Renfrew County, Ontario, and not at Rockcliffe Park, Carleton County, Ontario. 11. Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus). Eastern Green Heron.— A rare summer res- ident, somewhat commoner in fall, one breed- ing record. Specimens have been taken as follows: W. E. Saunders, Rideau River; E. G. White, May 17, 1913; one at Lochaber, Que- bec, Sept. 7, 1918; P. A. Taverner, two at Kemptville Creek, July 15, 1918; Hoyes Lloyd, one at Hull, Quebec, Aug. 28, 1923. One was seen in the White’s garden, on Aug. 11, 13, 1918; while Taverner and Patch saw one at the Petrie Islands Sept. 9 and 10, 1918. E. G. White reports that there was one in his gar- den on June 28 and 380, 1988. Taverner and Blakely took a nest with 5 eggs at Burritt’s Rapids on the Rideau River, June 18,1918, the only breeding record for the vicinity. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 12. Nyeticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin). American Black-crowned Night. Heron.—Com- mon summer resident; breeds. Every suitable habitat has its night herons, but they are easily overlooked because of their nocturnal habits. Early records include one _shot by Robert Lett, Apr. 26, 1888,. and five. seen at MecLaren’s Bay, Aug. 8, 1888 (E. © White, MS.). Two adult birds in the White collection, which is now in St. Patrick’s College, Ottawa, were taken, Sept. 10, 1907. A juvenile. spec- imen picked up dead by Giffard Johnson at Dillings’ Bridge, Oct. 30, 1938, was prepared as a mount for the Museum collection. D. Blakely says that these birds were accustomed to visit Dow’s Swamp in flocks in fall. Re- cent clearing operations there may interfere with much of its interesting bird life, but Johnson reports that the birds, both juvenile and adults, are frequently seen along the Rideau River from August on, coming in- to feed at dusk. G. R. White is authority. for che statement in the 1891 list that. young birds have been taken here in July, and Taverner and Blakely found the. species at Kemptville Creek in mid-June and mid-July, 1918. Juv- eniles were taken at the Petrie Islands by Taverner and Patch, Aug. 30-31, 1918. It was common there then. _ Potent, Spring arrival, (2 years’ record): earliest, Apr. 18, 1894; average, Apr. 24. Fall depart- ure, (9 years’ record): latest, Oct. 27, 1894; average, Oct. 13. 13. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu). American Bittern. Common summer res- ident ; breeds. Found in marshy places, large or eee nests have been found at Lake Flora Swamp, Hull, Quebec, Aug. 1, 1882, with half-grown young; and at Moore’s Land- ing, June 25, 1898. A. Wilson took 4 eggs at Patterson’s Creek, now in Ottawa, May 25, 1900, specimen No. 694, National Museum collection; C. E. Johnson reports a nest with newly-hatched young at Leitrim, on gute 8, OZ Spring arrival, (16 years’ record) : earl- iest, Apr. 16, 1897; average, Apr. 24. Fall departure, (16 vee record) : latest, Nov. 2, 1896; average, Oct. 23. 14, Inobrychus © rile aan (Gmelin), Eastern Least Bittern. Rare ‘Summer. res- ident; breeds. G. R. White shot one in his gar- den, May 27, 1882; S, A, K, White secured September-October, 1944] one at Lochaber, Quebec, Sept. 1, 1894; D. Blakely found the species at Hog’s Back, Sept. 1917; P. A. Taverner saw the remains of.a bird shot two miles below the mouth of the Liévre on Sept. SeeNOM Sty Oe eee Johnson re- ports one found dead at White Bridge on the Rideau, June 14, 1925, and states that he sees them frequently along the Rideau River, Ottawa South, in August; Burt Gresham and I found one at McKay’s Lake, Rockcliffe Park. One in my collection was taken by R. F. Howard at Lochaber, Quebec, Sept. 29, 1935; one was noted at the Experimental Farm by E. G. White, June 16, 1940. It is believed that a pair’ bred at the Experimental Farm in 1898, and W. T. Macoun records the finding of a nest With eggs there in the summer of 1902, by F. A. Saunders. Taverner found it in mid- June, ‘1918, at the ‘mouth of Kemptville Creek on the Rideau. 15. Gneniee PGhnibianas (Ord). Whistling: Swan.— The nearest previous oc- currence known was that of a flock seen at Westmeath in Nov., 1911, and identified by E. G. White. It is therefore of interest to re- cord that A.E. Bourguignon found and cap- tured an injured live bird in a pond at the mica mines, Chelsea, Quebec, Nov. 10, 1942. He kept-it alive for aweek, but it died, no doubt from wounds,: for a .22 long rifle ball was found in its thigh when the specimen was be- ing. prepared. for his collection. This is the first occurrence of the species in the Ottawa district. 16. Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Common Canada Goose.— Until recently a common transient: spring and fall. As H. F. Lewis - ‘reminds — me, the activities of large numbers of aircraft ft in the district have served to keep this species to very low numbers for several years past. Geese seem to be terrified of aircraft, and the’ presence of a practice bombing range at Lake Deschenes has inter- fered with the use of a favourite stopping place, where, in 1922, several hundred, in 1925 one’ thousand, and in 1929 two thousand, of the birds were accustomed to arrive in late March ‘and’ spend a» month or six weeks in the vicinity. The ice in the centre of the lake was uséd as a resting place and the birds ‘flew inland to feed. The stay in fall was pre- sumably not nearly so protracted. To judge from a specimen and the appearance of the birds in the Lake Deschenes flock, all are of THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 147 this sub-species. Spring arrival, (11 years’ record): earli- est, Mar. 20, 1903; average, Apr. 4. 17. Branta bernicla hrota (Miller). American Brant.— Accidental, three records. One shot by P. Thompson near Thurso in the fall of 1887; two shot by Pierre Trudeau at Kettle Island about 1910; and one shot by J. Bedard from three seen at Thurso, Quebec, Oct. 20, 1907. The last mentioned specimen was preserved and was seen by E. G. White. EH. G. White comments that about Nov. 1, 1938, a flock of approximately 75 small geese, said to be Brant, stayed near Thurso, Quebec, ‘for some days, and, although several were re- ported to have been shot, he was unable to secure further information. 18. Chen hyperborea hyperborea (Pallas). Lesser Snow Goose.— Rare transient. Three which were shot at Lochaber, Quebec, by G. R. White, Oct. 11, 1886, were all preserved. EK. G. White states that a boy shot a white wild goose at Constance Bay on the Ottawa River in November 1926. G. R. White paddled C. H. Routh up to a Snow Goose at Lochaber, Quebec during the Fall of 1927. The bird was secured and was later seen by E.G. White at Montreal after it had been mounted. There are also a number of credible sight records reported fully in earlier lists as well as the following recent occurrences reported by E. G. White: on Oct. 10,1986 two young Snow Geese were shot at Kars, one other remaining for several days; one was seen with a flock of Canada Geese at the same place, Apr. 10, 1937; on Apr. 18, 1987, Dr. Valin saw ‘ive at Cumberland; on Noy. 11, 1937, three were seen at Kars and one was shot; one came in with the captive Snow Geese at the Experi- mental Farm and remained for a few days prior to May 5, 1939. 19. Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus). Blue Goose.— Accidental. Eugene Bedard shot two on Oct. 24, 1930 near Rockcliffe Airport, and on Oct. 25, 1930, saw seven at the Petrie Islands. Seven birds, presumably the same, were seen at Lochaber Bay during the same week. On Nov. 7, 1934 a juvenile bird joined ‘the domestic geese at the Experimental Farm, Dow’s Lake. It was easily driven under cover and wing-clipped on the 9th and E. G. White and I saw it on Nov. 15th. It was remarkably tame. 148 20. Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Lin- naeus. Common Mallard— Regular but uncommon transient. A specimen in my collection was taken by G. R. White at Lochaber, Quebec, Noy. 20, 1922, (a very late date). Spring arrival: average, Mar. 27. Fall de- parture (9 years’ record): latest, Nov. 14, 1904; average, Nov. 5 (once Novy. 20, see a- bove). 21. Anas rubripes Brewster. Black Duck— Common summer _ resident; breeds. This is the commonest duck of the district and even in spite of the number tak- en by hunters seems able to hold its own fairly well. One was seen on the Christmas Bird Census, Dec. 21, 1941, by R. M. Ander- son and others in the winter of 1942-44 by C. E. Johnson. An old breeding record tells of a nest and eggs being found at Péche, Quebec, on May 21, 1881; F. Napier Smith® records it as nesting at Lochaber, Quebec, May 22-24, 1915; Taverner found young birds at Kemptville in July, 1918; and I have seen a nest and eggs at South March. Spring arrival: earliest, Mar. 21, 19038; average, Apr. 14. Fall departure: latest, Nov. 21, 1902; average, Nov. 7 (see also winter date above). 22. Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus). Gadwall.— Accidental. One was shot on the Ottawa River from a flock of about one hund- red by W. F. Whitcher. This specimen is in the White collection and is dated Oct. 30, 1885. 23. Mareca penelope (Linnaeus). European Widgeon.—Accidental; three re- cords. The first was a young male taken by G. R. White at Lochaber, Quebec, in the fall of 1926, probably October. On Oct. 27, 1934, Wm. Page shot a female at Fish Lay, Loch- aber, Quebec; identification by E. G. White and Taverner. On November 38, 1934, H. Bedard of Rockcliffe Annex shot one at Dubee Island, Quebec, near Wendover, Ontario; identification by E. G. White. 24. Mareca americana (Gmelin). Baldpate—— Regular uncommon transient. Specimen dates are Sept. 28, 1883, Thurso, Quebec; Oct. 22, 1921, Oct. 15, 1922. Fall departure: latest, Nov. 6, 1930; aver- age, Oct. 27. 8. —Can. Field-Nat., 36: 68, April, 1922. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 25. Dafila acuta tzitzihoa (Vieillot). American Pintail.— Fairly common transient, occurring in flocks of up to one hundred in- dividuals. A specimen from one of these big flocks taken by S. A. K. White is dated May 2, 1888. Average spring arrival date, Apr. 30. 26. Nettion carolinense (Gmelin). Green-winged Teal.— Fairly common trans- ient and uncommon resident. E. G. and G. R. White say that it breeds and that they have taken young birds on September first. Walter Heney reported two females with broods at Black Bay Marsh on Sept. 4, 1935; HE. G. White saw several at Thurso, Quebec on May 11, 1941, a late date, if not nesting; he saw a female with five young, three-quarters grown, at Burritt’s Rapids, on Sept. 21, 1941. Two specimens in local collections were taken by G. R. White at Lochaber, Quebec on Nov. 17, 1922. 27. Querquedula discors (Linnaeus). Blue-winged Teal. Common transient and occasional resident; breeds (G. R. and E. G. White). Specimen dates from the White col- lection are; Thurso, Quebec, Oct. 11, 1897, and Lochaber, Quebec, Sept. 3, 1922. Fall departure, (8 years’ record): latest, Oct. 27, 1894; average, Oct. 13. 28. Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). Shoveller.— Uncommon transient in fall. Spec- imens have been recorded as follows: fall of 1882; 1886; Oct. 5, 28, 1891; Sept. 16, 1908; Oct. 14, 1917, and Sept. 21, 1919. One was shot by Creighton Nash at Lochaber, Quebec on Nov. 10, 1922; two were found in the day’s bag at Lochaber, Quebec, on Oct. 10, 1925, by E. G. White. 29, Aix sponsa (Linnaeus). Wood Duck.— In the 1923 list recorded as “formerly a common migrant and summer resident which has become comparatively rare of late”. Recently, a common transient and summer resident which has been noted abun- dantly, particularly in fall. Undoubtedly breeds, but data lacking. Spring arrival, (15 years’ record): earliest, Mar. 26, 1898; average, Apr. 22. | Fall de- parture, (14 years’ record): latest, Nov. 7, 1896; average, Oct. 27. September-October, 1944] 30. Nyroca americana (Eyton). Redhead.— A regular fall transient, shot every year (E.G. and G.R. White). 31. Nyroca collaris (Donovan). — _ Ring-necked Duck.— Common transient; oc- -..curs. in large flocks at the shooting marshes _» East. of Ottawa on the Ottawa River and =. makes up an important part of the bag in October. and November; numerous specimens sper local collections. Two in my collection . .were taken at Lochaber, Quebec, Oct. 14, 1934. _ Fall departure: latest, Nov. 21, 1892; av- erage, Oct. 30. 32. Nyroca valisineria (Wilson). Canvasback.— Regular transient in fall, oc- -easional in spring (Merrickville, Feb. 13, eh 1925). Probably more common than formerly. _: HE, Bernard shot four at Rockland, Ontario, --in one day, Oct. 1921. “38, Nyroca marila (Linnaeus). r Greater Scaup _ Duck.— Common transient _(B..G. and G. R. White). A specimen in the .White collection was taken at Lochaber, Que- bee, Oct. 31, 1898. 384, Nyroca affinis (Eyton). Lesser Scaup Duck.— Common transient (E. ~G, and G. R. White). D. Blakely took two at Galetta on November 3, 1920, which are in the National Museum collection and there are many recorded captures. Spring arrival: average, Apr. 26. Fall de- parture: latest, Nov. 12, 1894; average, Nov.d. 35. Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bon- aparte). »American Golden-eye. — Common transient; regular winter resident ; occasional sum- Mer resident; breeds. Wintering birds, fre- quenting swift open water, are found every year, at the time of the Christmas Bird Cen- sus. G. R. White found a female with five young at Kettle Island, on June 23, 1894. A female with a fully developed egg was taken at Ottawa by E. G. White. F. Napier Smith® records it as nesting at Lochaber, Quebec, May 22-24, 1915. R. E. DeLury found a female with four half-grown young on the Ottawa River above Cumberland, Ontario, July 22, 1922. out of eighteen av- Spring arrival: in twelve ' years first arrival not noted until April; 9. —Can. Field-Nat., 36:68, April, 1922. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 149 erage April 12; for 5 years first came in March and in 1885 first seen on February 14. 36. Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus). Buffle-head.— Moderately common transient (E. G. and G. R. White). A pair in the White collection was taken on the Rideau River, Apr. 23, 1886. I have a male which was drowned in a fish net, Apr. 21, 1937. Spring arrival: earliest, Mar. 26, 1898; average, Apr. 24. Fall departure: average, Nov. 8. 37. Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus). Old-squaw.— Moderately common _ transient (E. G. and G. R. White). A pair in the White collection were shot on the Rideau River, May 17, 1887, and purchased by E. G. White. 38. Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus). King Eider. Irregular transient, sometimes occurring in considerable numbers. The first specimen was taken on the Ottawa River near the city by G. R. White, Nov. 7, 1889. There are several specimens in the White collection taken in 1908, when there was a considerable flight. On Npv. 15, 1920, Frank W. Bedard took two at Shirley’s Bay which he presented to the National Museum. H. Burwash took a juvenile male at Shirley’s Bay, Noy. 3, 1924, which was saved and brought to me because A. Workman recognized it. This specimen is also in the National Museum. Walter Heney shot two at Fish Bay near Masson, Quebec, in October 1937. Sam Hebert shot one near Cumberland, Nov. 14, 1937. 39. Melanitta deglandi (Bonaparte). White-winged Scoter— Common _ transient (EK. G. White and G. R. White); mounted specimen in White collection was taken at Lochaber, Quebec, by G. R. White, Oct. 8, 1894, 40. Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus). Surf Scoter— Common transient (E. G. and G. R. White). The mounted pair in the White collection were shot on the Rideau Canal near the St. Louis Dam by Munzie, May 19, 1885. 41. Oidemia americana Swainson. American Scoter. — Regular transient, some- times occurring in considerable numbers (E.G. and G.R. White). They report more than 40 being shot from a single flock of adult males, one of which was purchased for their collec- 150 tion. Their records give the date as Oct. 13, 1908. Eleven, including some males in fine plumage, were shot near Kemptville, about the middle of November, 1926, according to a report from E. G. White. One killed on vhe Rideau River at Kars, on Nov. 4, 1987, was given to E. G. White. 42. Erismatura jamaicensis rubida (Wilson). Ruddy Duck.— Rare and irregular fall trans- ient. On Oct. 22, 1878, G. R. White shot one, and on Oct. 12, 1896, he shot four at Rock- land. E, G. White saw one shot, Oct. 28, 1906, and Hifrig records one taken, Oct. 15, 1907. There are early records of large numbers occurring in 1882 and 1887. 43. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linneaus). Hooded Merganser.— Common transient and summer resident; breeds (E. G. and G. R. White). There are specimens in the White col- lection and in the National Museum. One was seen on the Rideau River at Hog’s Back at the time of the Christmas Bird Census, Dec. Zor lOSite ipvieks . Delnimny. Spring arrival: average, Apr. 18. earliest, Mar. 21, 1903; 44, Mergus merganser americanus Cassin. American Common Merganser. Common transient; occasional in winter; summer res- ident; breeds (E. G. and G. R. White). There are specimens in the National collection dated March, September, and November. E. G. White reports seeing twenty-five at Long Island, Rideau River, Apr. 28, 1940. Spring arrival: average, Apr. 16. Fall de- parture: average, Nov. 21. 45. Mergus serrator Linnaeus. Red-breasted Merganser.— Common transient and summer resident; breeds (E. G. and G. R. White). There are specimens in the White collection. Recent occurrences noted by E. G. White are 2 pairs in Rideau River, Apr. 25-26, 1940; and 3 males and 5 females at Booth Farm, May 12, 1940. 46. Elanoides forficatus forficatus (Linnaeus). Swallow-tailed Kite Accidental; one record. This bird was perched on a flag-staff at the Rideau Rifle Range (now Strathcona Park), where it was examined closely through a good telescope by Lt. Colonel and Mr. G. R. White. The occurrence was prior to 1881. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 47. Astur atricapillus atricapillus (Wilson). Eastern Goshawk.— Fairly common but ir- regular transient, uncommon resident, breeds. Kifrig gives an account of an incursion of this species in the fall of 1906. He also tells of a battle to the death between an adult goshawk and a barred owl. F. C. Hennessey found a nest at Old Chelsea, Quebec, on May’ 16, 1912, and secured the adult and young for the National Museum collection. 48.Accipiter velox velox (Wilson). Eastern Sharp-shinned Hawk. — Common summer resident; rare in winter; breeds. -The wintering status has become clear of recent years by several records including: Christmas Bird census, 1921; Jan. 30, 1938, an adult female in the White’s garden; and Jan. 13, 1939, one female in the White’s gar- den. W. T. Macoun found it breeding in Dow’s Swamp prior to 1908; Eifrig found fresh eggs June 30, 1909, and young birds, July 11, 1904; C. L. Patch reports a nest with young birds in July 1940 in a small swamp in Rockcliffe Park from which a new- ly-hatched juvenile was taken for the Museum on the 8th; E. G. White and Patch state that the birds nested in the same Rockcliffe local- ity in 1941 and had young birds in the nest in July. Johnson and Blakely also report it as nesting. 49. Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Cooper’s Hawk. — Rare summer resident; breeds. Specimen dates are Apr. 18, 1885; Sept. 11, 1888; Aug. 29, 1903. One was re- ceived at the Museum, Oct. 6, 1940. E.G. White mentions Long Swamp, east of the Rockcliffe Rifle Range (now Rockcliffe Airport) — as a nesting locality. John Arkell took a half- grown juvenile specimen at Brittania, July 6, 1928. 50.Buteo borealis borealis (Gmelin). Eastern Red-tailed Hawk.— Moderately com- mon transient and summer resident; presum- ably breeds. I have seen as many as fourteen of these birds in the air at once passing northwestward over the village ot Rockcliffe Park in the spring.: 51.Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmelin). Northern Red-shouldered Hawk.— Moderately common transient and summer resident; breeds. Taverner found it very common at the Petrie Islands at the end of August and beginning September-October, 1944! THE CANADIAN of September, 1918, and took specimens there. I have two taken by E. G. White at Lochaber, Quebec, Sept. 19, 1925; they had been attack- ing his live decoy ducks. Another which I have, was shot by W. J. Taylor at Britannia on September 20, 1926, it having been kill- ing and. attacking domestic poultry. John Macoun and C. H. Young took a set of three eggs for the Museum near Hull, Quebec, on May 1, 1907. A nest with two eggs was found by a Club excursion near Hull, May 22, 1909. Taverner found a pair at Kemptville in mid- June, 1918. C. E. Johnson found a pair feed- ing young in the nest at Long Swamp, south of Ottawa, Apr. 13, 1925. 52. Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieillot). Groad-winged Hawk. — Moderately common summer resident; breeds. There are specimens in local collections. D. Blakely and C. L. Patch took a set of three eggs for the National Mus- eum on May 27, 1918. I found a_ nest with three eggs near Hull, Quebec, May 9, 1925. 58. Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte. Swainson’s Hawk. —Accidental; one record. A live bird was donated to the National Mus- eum on October 38, 1933, having been collected by L. Sotoriant at Bellview in the western environs of Ottawa, and it is now in the col- lection. This is the first known occurrence Yor the slistrict. 54. Buteo lagopus s.-johannis (Gmelin). American Rough-legged Hawk.— Rare and probably irregular transient; occasional in winter. C. H. Young noted it in. winters of 1897-8 and 1899-1900. There are specimens in local collections and C. L. Patch took one for the National Museum at Black Rapids, the Rideau River, Nov. 9, 1926. Another specimen in the Museum collection was taken Dec. 9, 1938 by J. Cartier. 55. Aquila chrysactos canadensis (Linnaeus). Golden Eagle. — A rare, casual visitor. One was taken Oct. 30, 1883 at Casselman, Ont- ario; a young bird at High Falls on the Lievre, November 22, 1904; and one at Chelsea, Quebec, in the spring of 1922. 56. Haliacetus leucocephalus alascanus Town- send. Northern Bald Eagle.—A casual visitor, form- erly bred here, and may do so yet. Specimens are taken from time to time, E. G, White saw FIELD-NATURALIST 151 one at Thurso, Quebec, July 20, 1941. An early account tells of a nest discovered at Péche (Wakefield), Quebec, in May, 1881. 57.Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus). Marsh Hawk.— Common summer resident; breeds. D. Blakely took a set of five eggs for the Museum collection near Ottawa, June 28, 1916. 58. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmelin). American Osprey.— Common transient; oc- curs in summer and presumably breeds. At the Petrie Islands Taverner found six at one time on September 9, 1918, and one specimen was taken. On September i7, 1924, C. E. Johnson observed one at Billings’ Bridge which had taken a sucker there, and saw another at the same place, Apr. 30, 1926. About 1929 I saw an injured bird in captivity that had been taken in the vicinity of Billings’ Bridge. The summer occurrence is reported by Tav- erner, who saw one at Kemptville on June 18, 1918. 59. (a) Falco rusticolus candicans Gmelin. White Gyrfalcon.— Accidental; two records. G. R. White shot the first bird. The second was shot at Gatineau Point, Quebec, about 1903. The latter bird was photographed at the taxidermist’s by E. G. White. The where- abouts of these two specimens is unknown. (b) Falco rusticolus obsoletus Gmelin. Black Gyrfaleon. — Accidental; one record. This is the specimen taken in the White’s garden by E. G. White on December 23, 1890 and still in the White collection, The bird resembles F. r. gyrfalco, as shown in Fuertes’ plate in the Birds of New York, which sub- species is now listed in the check-list under obsoletus. 60. Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte. Peregrine Faleon. — Rare transient, occurs in summer and so may breed. E. G. White re- ports that one adult bird was seen over his garden, June 7, 1938, and another, June 25, 1940. 61. Faleo columbarius columbarius Linnaeus. Eastern Pigeon Hawk.— Uncommon transient and summer resident; occasional winter res- ident; breeds. E. G. White reports the follow-. ing from his recent notes: 1988, one in gar- den, Feb. 10, 28, Apr. 8, one in town, Dee. 16; 1939, one in town, Mar. 20, one in garden, 152 Mar. 28, Dec. 31; 1940, one in garden, Jan. 30, Aug. 10; 1941, one at Parliament Hill, Apr. 4, one in city, June 29, one on Parliament Hill, Aug. 18, one in city, Dec. 27. I have one fe- male which he collected Dec. 16, 1938. One was seen in Rockcliffe Park by me on ‘he occasion of the Christmas Bird Census, Dec- ember 26, 1931. Lewis and Smith! say that Taverner has an unrecorded account of a nesting at Low, Quebec. They also give a detailed account of a probable nesting in the City of Ottawa in May-June, 1936. Birds taken to the nest were identified from frag- ments as follows: tree swallow, chimney swift, bobolink, and junco. 62. Falco sparverius sparverius Linnaeus. Eastern Sparrow Hawk.— Moderately common summer resident; rare in winter; breeds. One seen by E. G. White at Strathcona Park, Ottawa, Dec. 5, 1937, is an unusually late date and the species has been found on the Christmas Bird Census. Patch and Johnson took half-zrown nestlings for the Museum on July 20, 1917. For several years after I moved to Rockcliffe Park in 1927, a pair occupied a huge basswood with a broken top that I could see from my dining room, and undoubtedly nested there. One was first noticed there on April 1, 1928. 63. Canachites canadensis canace (Linnaeus). Canada Spruce Grouse— Formerly a common resident; undoubtedly bred. Now largely ex- tirpated from the district, but occasional birds are to be expected wherever dense ever- green cover occurs. 64.Bonasa umbellus togata (Linnaeus). Canada Ruffed Grouse. — Common resident wherever cover remains; breeds. Still occurs in the Village of Rockcliffe Park, the Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa South and the city proper. I have a bird which killed itself by flying against the National Museum. C. E. Johnson located a nest containing twelve eggs, on May 13, 1920, and I have found broods at Constance Lake and elsewhere. E. G. White and I found a nest with thirteen eggs at Stittville on May 24, 1922. A nest found by C. E. Johnson at Carlsbad Springs on May 25, 1933 contained three eggs, the start of the clutch. C. H. D. Clarke 1! records a nest found at Britannia Heights by Sheila Hoare 10.—Can. Field-Nat., 53: 45-46, March, 1939. 1},—-Can. Field-Nat., 53; 122-3, Nov. 1989, THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 on May 8, 1939, and visited by W. H. B. Hoare and Clarke, which contained eleven normal Ruffed Grouse eggs, one runt Grouse egg, and three normal Ring-necked Pheasant eggs. 65. Perdix perdix perdix (Linnaeus). Kurepean Partridge. Hungarian Partridge. — Introduced. Resident where found. Some of the rather numerous introductions appear from the Museum records to have resulted in a lim- ited number of birds surviving, at least for a time, and local hunters have reported find- ing them. Charles Taylor saw a flock of 25 birds near the Connaught Rifle Ranges in the winter of 1941-42 and heard reports of their being there the preceding year. These no doubt came from a number of birds which were released there in 1988. In April 1942 A. L. Rand saw two at the Arboretum, Exper- imental Farm. J. Skillen states that two flocks of at least twelve each were seen at Manotick in October 1942. P. E. Palmer re- ports that a covey of 15-20 birds was feed- ing about a haystack near Kemptville in Jan- uary and February 1948. According to J. Skillen a large flock was reported near Haw- thorne in October 1943. Fred Bourguignon took two from a flock of twenty-one at Kempt- ville during the last week of October 1943. Two or three birds were reported to Mr. Page as wintering near farm houses in the Kemptville-Merrickville area about January 1944. (A. L. Rand, Ms.). 66. Phasianus colchicus torquatus Gmelin. Ring-necked Pheasant.— Introduced. - Res- ident where found. The region is unsuitable for pheasants because of deep snowfall. Nev- ertheless a few manage to exist through the winter by frequenting market gardens, man- ure piles, or artificial feeding stations. Twen- ty-five were seen on the 1942 Christmas Bird census and H. F. Lewis considers that a -nod- erate population survived the exeeptionally severe winter of 1942-8. 67. Rallus elegans elegans Audubon. King Rail.— Accidental; one record. One was shot at Billings’ Bridge by May and speci- men identified by G. R. White: also seen by Fleming. 68. Rallus limicola limicola Vieillot. Virginia Rail.— Fairly common summer res- ident, breeds. D. Blakely reports having moun- ted a specimen taken at Ottawa South, A September-October, 1944} late date is recorded concerning two which E. G. White found at Carp on October 15, 1903. Juveniles in the: White collection were taken from a marsh on the Rideau River near their house. A. L. Garneau took a nest with nine eggs near the city on May 20, 1896, now in the National Museum. Ejifrig found many young in the marsh at Osgoode on July 18, 1909. Fall departure, (4 years’ record): latest seen, Oct. 28, 1897; average, Oct. 6. 69. Porzana carolina (Linnaeus). Sora.— Fairly common summer resident; breeds. There are young birds in the White collection. A. L. Garneau collected a nest with 12 eggs near the corner of Bank Street and Third Avenue on June 16, 1900, snaring the adult to insure correct identification. The set of eggs is in the National Museum. A nest, eggs and young were collected for the Mus- eum by Patch and Lockwoood on June 17, 1929, in a marsh bordering McKay Lake not over 200 yards from my house. - Spring arrival, (6 years’ record): earliest, Tay 8, 1910; average, May 11. 70. Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmelin). Yellow Rail— Rare fall transient; known only from the observations of G. R. White. Ile secured specimens at Rockland, Ontario, Ogias22sulaon.. (1b) wand Oct, 205.1909) (yx He reports seeing the species as follows at Rockland: in 1920, Sept. 1, (2), Sept. 6, (1), Oct. 10, (1); and in 1922, at Lochaber, Que- bee (same vicinity) Oct. 8, (1). 71. Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs. Florida Gallinule—— Fairly common summer resident; breeds. The Whites say that it has been shot generally throughout the district. W. E. Saunders records the taking of a nest with seven partly-incubated eggs at Kars, July 9, 1890. Taverner found the _ species nesting at the mouth of Kemptville Creek in 1918; a nest in mid-June contained one young bird and three hatching eggs. E. G. White saw a sitting bird at Sabourin on June 8, 1925. R. E. DeLury states that they nest annually at the Experimental Farm. 72. Fulica americana americana Gmelin. American Coot.— Casual summer resident and regular transient in fall; breeds, (E. G. and G. R. White). There are local specimens. G. R. White has found nests at Lochaber Bay, THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 158 Spring arrival, (8 years’ record): earliest, Apr. 27, 1892; average, May 3. Fall departure, (5 years’ record): latest, Oct. 23, 1909; av- erage, Oct. 17. 73. Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte. Semipalmated Plover.— Moderately common transient, spring and fall. A White collection specimen is dated September 23, 1890. Patch and Blakely have noticed it among the migrat- ing shore birds at Britannia. Taverner and Patch found adult birds at the Petrie Islands, Aug. 28, 1918. A. E. Bourguignon took two at Britannia Bay, May 30, 1941, and one, June 4, 1941, the first spring specimens of which I am aware. Fall departure, (5 years’ record): latest seen, Sept. 29, 1885; average, Sept. 19. 74. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linnaeus). Killdeer.— Common transient and summer resident, breeds. Specimens in the White Collection are dated Apr. 2, 1884; Aug. 7, 1889; Apr. 18, 1904. C. E. Johnson and Patch took the eggs for a Museum’ group near Billings’ Bridge on May 19, 1915. At the same place, Johnson records young not quite able to fly, June 35, 1931. Spring arrival: earliest, averace, Apr. 17. Fall departure: Oct. 16, 1905; average, Sept. 11. Mar. 18, 1894; latest, 75. Pluvialis dominica dominica (Miller). American Golden Plover. — Formerly abun- dant, now rare fall transient. There was an immense flight about September 1, 1885, and no such flight since. There is a specimen dated September 22, 1884 in the White col- lection. On October 15, 1922 Creighton Nash shot one at Lochaber, Quebec: identified by G. R. White. Patch and Johnson found a flock of six at Britannia on October 8, 1923. One still in full breeding plumage was watched at close range for 25 minutes by A. E. Bour- guignon at Graham Bay, Lake Deschenes, on Aug. 5, 1942. It was in company with 4 least sandpinpers, 2 semipalmated sandpipers, and a black-bellied plover. Fall departure: latest date, Oct. 31, 1906. 76. Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Plover. — Moderately common transient spring and fall. A. E. Bourguignon has taken three specimens at Graham Bay, Lake Deschenes, one each on June 12, 26, and Aug, 10, 1942, Fall specimens in local 154 collections have been mostly taken in Oct- ober, although C. E. Johnson saw 4 at Ga- ‘letta on Nov. 4, 1920. Fall departure: latest, Nov. 8, 1903; aver- age, Oct. 24. 77. Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus). Ruddy Turnstone.— Accidental; one record. H. F. Lewis (MS notes) saw one at Dow’s Lake, May 28, 1943. During most of May of that year Dow’s Lake and the Rideau Canal were drained; an unusual condition at that season, which exposed large areas of mud flats. The turnstone was seen under excep- tionally good conditions on one of these flats beside the railway bridge where the canal _ enters Dow’s Lake, Graham Cooch saw one, probably the same bird, at the same place the same day. 78. Philohela minor (Gmelin). American Woodcock. Common summer res- ident; breeds; occasionally abundant in fall migration. A pair nested in the White’s gar- den in 1888. I have a fully grown young bird picked up dead at the Rockcliffe Rifle Ranges on June 16, 1920. Formerly a number of “singing birds” could be heard near my house every spring from early April on, but most of these have discontinued use of the nearby boggy woods, probably because of oiling ac- tivities for mosquito control. Spring arrival: earliest, Apr. 20, 1890; ay- erage, May 1. Fall, departure: latest, Oct. 23, 1885; av- erage, Oct. 19. 79. Capella delicata (Ord). Wiison’s Snipe.— Until recently an abundant transient and common summer resident; prob- ably considerably depleted lately; breeds. I have one which was picked up dead by Leslie Stone at Rockcliffe Park on February 19, 1933. A good bag could be obtained within easy walking distance of the city in 1921. On Aug. 29, 1918, Taverner flushed more than fifty at the Petrie Islands. Usually one can be heard Winnowing near McKay’s Lake each spring. C. H. Young found a nest with 4 eggs in a wet field near Hurdman’s Bridge, May 26, 1897, and there is a young bird from this nest, dated June 2, 1897, in the Museum ecol- ‘lection. F. Napier Smith found a nest with 4 eggs near Lochaber, Quebec, May 24, 1915. Spring arrival: earliest, April 12, 1902; THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ~ ~ [Vol. 58 average, Apr. 26. Fall departure: latest, Nov. 18, 1900; average, Nov. 2. 80. Phaeopus hudsonicus (Latham). Nudsenian Curlew.— Probably an uncommon but more or less regular transient in fall about 1888, now rare. G. R. White used to find them where Strathcona Park is now lo- cated, and said they usually associated with the Golden Plover. He has taken about half a dozen specimens, three of which were dur- ing the great flight of Golden Plover in 1885. About the same time he saw T. G. Coursolles with two. A mounted bird in the White col- lection was taken at Strathcona Park in 1887. A. Workman shot a specimen near the city on Oct. 5, 1912 which was presented to the Museum. L. H. dePuyjalon, who knows the species well, reports seeing a flock of about fifty at Britannia on July 15, 1927. 81. Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). Upland Plover. —_ Rare summer resident; breeds. First observed in the district by E.G. White who saw two near Bourget, Ontario, on May 31, 1922, and two at the same place on August 6th. H. Groh 12 records that for three seasons since 1933 this species has fre- quented the J. R. Booth pastures near Shirley Bay, and one was once seen outside the Rifle Ranges at South March. E. G. ‘White furn- ishes the following list of occurrences: 1 at Connaught Rifle Range, May 28, 1938; 1 at Booth Farm, May 12, 1940: 1 at Fallowfield, May 14, 1940; 2 at Hawthorne, June 20, 1940; 1 at Stittville; June 22, 1941. A. E. Bour- guignon took one at Graham Bay, Lake Des- chenes, on May 22, 1942. The first. nesting for the district is that reported by John Car- ruthers, Crysler, Ontario (1932 addenda) who said that there were about two or three pairs in his vicinity and that he found a nest on his farm about 1925. The birds had bcen there for many years before that and he saw them every year up till the time of his report in 1930. E.V. Goodwill !* discovered a nest with three, later four, eggs near Cyrville on May 31, 1940. 82. Actitis macularia (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper.— Abundant summer res- ident; breeds. The birds are to be found in all suitable localities throughout the summer and nests are frequently found even at some 12.—Can. Field-Nat., 50: 53, 13.—Can. Field-Nat., 55: 1388, 1936 1941, March, Dec. September-October, 194-41 THE CANADIAN distance from the water. C. E. Johnson re ports a nest with four eggs near the Rideau — River on June 9, 19389. Spring arrival: earliest, Apr. 24, 1897 ; av- erage, Apr. 30. Fall departure: latest, Oct. 28, 1902 (also Nov. 16, 19038, E.G. White) ; average, Sept. 18. 83. Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson. Eastern Solitary Sandpiper. Common trans- ient spring and fall. There are specimens in the White and Museum collections. E. G. White found two adults with young two- thirds grown at Wilson’s Pond, South March, in July 1905. Spring arrival: erage, May 11. Fall departure: 31, 1906. earliest, May 2, 1896; av- latest, Oct. 84. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus . (Brewster). Western Willet. Accidental. In this case the western sub-species is assumed on the basis of probability. A. E. Bourguignon, who has rapidly come to the fore as a close student of the local shore birds, saw three at Woodroffe, Ontario, on August 11, 1942, and although they seemed very nervous, he was able to observe them for several minutes. This is a new species for the Ottawa district. 85. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). - Greater Yellow-legs. — Common iransient, spring and fall; numerous specimens. A. E. Bourguignon has noted it at Graham Bay, Lake Deschenes, from May 1 to 15, in the years 1940 to 1943. Taverner and Patch found it common at the Petrie Islands, the end of August 1918. Spring arrival: erage, May 9. earliest, Apr. 28, 1905; av- 86. Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). ‘Lesser Yellow-legs.— Common transient, spring and fall. There are specimens in local collections. A. E. Bourguignon reports it at Graham Bay, Lake Deschenes, from May 1 to 15, from 1940 to 1943. Taverner and Patch found about 50 at one spot on the Ottawa, the end of August, 1918. Fall departure: Oct. 18, 1901 (a late date). 87. Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson). American Knot.— Very rare transient. E. G. White shot at least six on June 4, 1890, of which three are in the White collection and FIELD-NATURALIST 155 some in the Museum collection. N. H. Lett had one which was shot here by W. P. Lett, which is believed to be the basis for reporting the species in Ottawa Field-Nat. Club Trans. Nos 4) p85). 1883) Av Bourguignon vook four at Britannia Bay on May 30, 1941, and Saw seven at Graham Bay, Lake Deschenes, on June 1, 1942. 88. Arquatella maritima ( Brunnich). Purple Sandpiper.— Accidental; one record. The specimen shot by W. Forbes on the Rideau River, Oct. 29, 1885, has been seen in the White collection. 89. Pisobia melanotos (Vieillot). Pectoral Sandpiper. Common transient. There are specimens in the White collection. One taken at Woodroffe, by A. E. Bourgu- ignon, on Sept. 3, 1941, is the only one he has seen in several years of active study of the shore birds. Fall departure: erage, Oct. 29.. latest, Nov. 5, 1895: av- 90. Pisobia fuscicollis (Vieillot). White-rumped Sandpiper.— Uncommon ¢rans- ient. A considerable number of captures are noted in the early lists. G. R. White shot one Nov. 4, 1911; Philip Foran, another Oct. 8, 1921; and I found three and took one at Britannia, Nov. 1, 1922. The first spring speci- men of which I have record is one taken at Britannia Bay, May 30, 1941 by Fred ee ignon. 91. Pisobia bairdi (Coues). Baird’s Sandpiper. _ Accidental; two re- cords. A specimen was taken by G. R. White, Sept. 11, 1894, and is now in the White collection. One was taken by A. E. Bourgu- ignon at Britannia, Sept. 2, 1941. 92. Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper. A moderately common transient, spring and fall. There are specimens in local collections. A spring specimen in the Museum collection was taken May 14, 1934, by C. E. Johnson. A. E. Bourguignon took one at Wendover, May 17, 1939, and one at Beattie’s Point, Lake Deschenes, May 28, 1941. E. G. White saw seven at Britannia Bay, July 6, 1941, an indication of the date when fall migrants should be looked for. Spring arrival: earliest, May 10, 1888; ay- erage, May 18. 156 93. Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot). Red-backed Sandpiper. Rare iransient, spring and fall. There are few local speci- mens. I took two at Britannia on Oct. 13, 1924. A. E. Bourguignon took one at Graham Bay, Lake Deschenes, May 25, 1942, and one at the same place, June 1, 1942. Fall departure: latest, Oct. 29, 1889; average, Oct. 4. 94.Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin). Eastern Dowitcher.— Accidental. Three speci- mens were taken here in the Spring of 1890; one, May 9th by G. R. White, and two, May 22nd by E. G. White. One of these was ex- amined in the White collection. A. EK. Bourgu- ignon observed one for fifteen minutes at ten yards, at Graham Bay, Lake Deschenes, May 22, 1942. 95. Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus). Semipalmated Sandpiper.— Moderately com- mon transient, spring and fall. There are specimens in local collections. A. E. Bourguig- non took two, June 1, 1941, at Graham Bay, Lake Deschenes. Fall departure: erage Sept. 9. latest, Sept. 17, 1892; av- 96. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot). Buff-breasted Sandpiper. — Accidental. One occurrence, Aug. 24, 1886, when E. G. White shot eight at Duck Island. One of these is in the White collection. 97. Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus). Marbled Godwit.— Accidental; wounded bird captured alive at Britannia, a- bout June 4, 1902, and seen by G. R. White at the taxidermist’s. one record, a 98. Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus). Hudsonian Godwit. — Probably a _ regular transient in fall, seventy years ago; recently very rare. G. R. White took specimens as fol- lows: Sept. 21, 1874 (2); Oct. 16, 1876 (2); Oct. 17, 1876 (1); Oct. 11, 1897 (1); and a male changing to winter plumage, Oct. 20, 1900, the last one taken here. The 1897 speci- men is in the White collection as well as one other. 99. Crocethia alba (Pallas). Sanderling. — Moderately common transient. I have seen fall specimens only. Fall departure: latest, Oct. 22, 1887. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 08 100. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus). Red Phalarope. — Rare transient, in “all. One was shot by E. G. White, Oct. 21, 1886, and one by G. R. White, Sept. 1, 1888. The latter specimen is in the White collection. The Whites also took single birds as follows: Sept. 1, 1885; Sept. 22, 1897; and Oct. 31 | (year?). 101. Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope.— Accidental; four speci- mens. One which had just been shot near Burritt’s Rapids, Sept. 10, 1890, was obtained by A. G. Kingston; one was taken by E. G. White and one by G. R. White on Sept. 22, 1897, and both are in the White collection. G. R. White shot one at Kettle Island, Oct. 12, 1901. 102.Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus). Parasitic Jaeger.— Accidental; one record, a young bird shot Sept. 4, 1909, on the Ottawa River, at the mouth of the Liévre, as recorded by Hifrig. 103. Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus. Glaucous Gull.— Uncommon transient; chief- ly in spring; one winter record. Eifrig gives dates based upon the observations of E. Bedard. E. G. White bought a freshly mount- ed specimen from Bedard. E. G. White has noted the species as follows: May 27, 1210, (1))> Apres 11; 1918 (1)e May abo tolieenelayE Spring 1919 (1); April 17, 1921 (2); and October 24 and 30, 1989; while G. R. White noted it on April 20, 1912 (2); and April 10, 1921 (1). E. V. Goodwill saw one on the Rideau River on December 23, 25, and 26, 1943; and this bird was also seen on the 26th by a Christmas Bird Census party composed of C. H. D. Clarke and J. A. Enstone. It was seen there again by Enstone in early February 1944, by Goodwill and Enstone on February 19th, and by Goodwill on February 26th. On this day at 5.05 p.m. it flew northward over Dow’s Lake towards the Ottawa River, where it presumably spends the night. 104. Larus marinus Linnaeus. Great Black-backed Gull. — Rare transient; no specimens taken to my knowledge. E. G. White remembers the one seen by G. R. White at Kettle Island, May 2, 1885. Eifrig records seeing one on April 9, 1906. September-Cetober, 1944! 105. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. Herring Gull.— Common transient and sum- mer resident; may breed. This species has in- ereased decidedly during the past twenty years and is abundant at migration time, especially for a few weeks before freeze up Thaertie Yee Spring arrival, (22 years’ record): earliest, March 13, 1894; average, Apr. 4. Fall depart- ure, (12 years’ record): latest, Nov. 21, 1892; average, Nov. 7. 106. Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Rare transient. One was captured and kept alive in December 1908 by EK. Bedard as recorded by Hifrig. E. G. White and I saw one at Sparks Rapids on the Rideau River, Nov. 12, 1934. C. L. Patch took a specimen for the National Museum at Lake Deschenes Oct. 1, 1935. On Noy. 9, 1941 E. G. White saw six with the Dow’s Lake. H. F. Lewis saw two, one adult, one sub-adult near the Chaudiére Falls of the Ottawa River, June 7, 1948; identified by size, plumage, and cries. 107. Larus philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte’s Gull— Fairly common _ trans- ient, spring and fall. Local specimens have been taken June 9, 1885 and Sept. 26, 1917. Patch and Johnson saw eleven at Gatineau Point, May 16, 1918. Taverner and Patch saw one at Rockland, Sept. 8, 1918. 108. Xema sabini (Sabine). Sabine’s Gull.— Accidental; one record. E. G. White reports a young bird of the year shot by H. Bedard near mid-stream of the Ottawa River in the vicinity of Thurso, Quebec, Sept. 25, 1983. 109. Sterna hirundo hirunde Linnaeus. Common Tern.— Fairly common transient; probably more numerous in fall. I have seen a specimen which was taken June 9, 1885. 110. Hydroprogne caspia imperator (Coues). American Caspian Tern.— Accidental, one record, a bird seen by H. F. Lewis!4 in Ottawa South. 111. Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin). American Black Tern— Rare summer res- ident; probably breeds. (E. G. White reports a nesting colony just outside our limits at 14.—Can. Field-Nat., 50: 92-3, May, 1936. THE CANADIAN FIRLD-NATURALIST’ Herring Gulls at_ 157 Smiths Falls, June 22, 1941, and says that they spend the summer and probably nest between Burritt’s Rapids and Merrickville) > E. G. White took six on the Rideau River on May 28, 1888, some of which are in the White collection, and gne in the Museum. On Aug. ol, 1918 Patch and Taverner saw one at the Petrie Islands. H. F. Lewis saw one at Dow’s Lake, June 15, 1941. 112. Uria lomvia lomvia (Linnaeus). Brinnich’s Murre.— Irregular late fall trans- ient; occasionally abundant. All known par- ticulars of the strange fall flights of these birds at Ottawa have been recorded previously, and no flight has been reported since that which occurred in 1926. Why great flocks of these sea-birds should ever travel inland hun- dreds.of miles from the sea remains a mystery. 113. Columba livia livia Gmelin. Rock Dove.— Introduced and now resident. A limited number seem able to exist in the city in a feral state. 114, Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Lin- naeus). Eastern Mourning Dove Moderately com- mon summer resident; breeds. This species has increased greatly since its first occurrence in 1903 when one was seen at Shirley’s Bay, by E. G. White. By 1908, Hifrig records see- ing several and reports the shooting of a young bird at Dow’s Swamp in 1910, the first breeding record. The increasing number of reports during the next decade indicate its steady progress in becoming established. On July 3, 1919, R. M. Anderson was advised of a nest at Britannia and went there to find an adult bird brooding two young, the first nest for the district. E. G. White has reported it as breeding regularly in Gloucester Township. C. E. Johnson gives the following dates for spring arrival at Long Swamp, south of Ottawa, Apr. 8, 1922; Apr. 29, 1923; and Mar. 29, 1925. On June 15, 1924 he banded two young that were then almost ready to leave the nest. He also found a nest with two eggs at South Gloucester, May 7, 1938; and another with two young ready to leave, at Leitrim, June 4, 19338. 115. Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus). Passenger Pigeon.— Formerly a common sum- mer resident which bred here; now extinct. 158 THE CANADIAN 116. Coecyzus americanus americanus (Lin- naeus). Eastern Yellow-billed Cuckoo.— Very rare summer resident; breeds. A specimen taken by the Whites, June 27, 1890, is the only one I[ have seen from the district. That year a pair nested in the White’s garden, the only breed- ing record. 117. Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson). Black-billed Cuckoo.— Fairly common summer resident; breeds. It is of rather secretive habits and often overlooked. W. T. Macoun (1903) reported that it had bred for several years at the Experimental Farm. D. Blakely took nestlings for the Museum _ collection, June 24, 1907. W. Anderson took three eggs near Cyrville, June 3, 1899, which are now in the Museum collection; and C. H. Young wook a nest and two eggs at Meach’s Lake, Junie 24, 1907 for the Museum. It nested in a beech hedge at my place in 1948. Spring arrival, (25 years record): earliest, May 7, 1895; average, May 23. Fall depart- ure, (13 years’ record): latest, Sept. 16, 1890; average, Aug. 26. 118. Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte). American Barn Owl. — Rare, breeds; 2 re- cords. C. E. Johnson records the first occur- rence at Ottawa, a bird captured alive near the city late in October 1933. To his son, Giffard Johnson, goes the credit for recog- nizing the bird and making the record possible. Jas. L. Baillie wrote me that the entomologist of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Fred Urquhart, saw two young not long out of the nest, in the summer of 1937 at Haw- thorne. 119. Otus asio naevius (Gmelin). Eastern Screech Owl.— Moderately resident; breeds. There are specimens in local collections. C. E. Johnson has seen young birds between Billings’ Bridge and Hog’s Back in two separate years, and I found young birds in the possession of boys in Ottawa South, June 7, 1922. They nest in woods near my house and I have seen young birds in 1928, 1929 and other subsequent years. Broods are able to fly in June. On May 27, 1937 Johnson found a nest cavity near the Rideau River, Ottawa South, which contained the adult female and five small young. common FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 120. Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmelin). Eastern Horned Owl.— Rather uncommon res- ident and winter visitor; probably breeds. This is believed to be the resident subspecies, although cthers doubtless oceur, as I have seen two birds that were captured alive in ihe spring of 1922 which were dark snough to be heterocnemis. HE. G. and G. R. White reported from their records a nest in a hemlock near De Rinzy’s Greenhouse. Taverner saw one bird near Kemptville in mid-July, 1918. 121. Nyctea nyctea (Linnaeus). Snowy Owl.— Irregular transient and winte: resident. The greatest local flight occurred in the winter of 1901-2 when the local taxider- mist received some three hundred specimens. A big flight also occurred in 1926-7. The Whites have taken specimens in 1890, 1902, -1906, and 1911. 122. Surnia ulula caparoch (Miller). American Hawk Owl. Uncommon and _ir- regular winter resident; one probable breeding record. There are specimens in the White col- lection and I have one which E. G. White took at Stittville, Nov. 6, 1922. Harlan I. Smith and I saw one near Tenaga, Quebec, Dec. 24, 1922; and C. E. Johnson, one at Billings’ Bridge, Dec. 8, 1923. W. J. Taylor took one at Britannia in the winter of 1925-6, and KE. G. White saw one at Ellwood, six miles south of Ottawa, on Jan. 27, 1927. The pre- sumptive breeding record is based upon the observations of F. Napier Smith who has pub- lished the complete record of a pair he saw at Lochaber, Quebec, May 22-24, 1915. 123. Strix varia varia Barton. Northern Barred Owl.— Rather uncommon winter resident. Fall and winter occurrences make up the available record. DeLury tells of one at the Experimental Farm in the winter of 1929-30, where it killed numerous rats. Another at my residence caught a red squirrel. I saw one that trapped itself in a stable in Eastview. Fall and winter specimens have been seen in considerable numbers. I have one which was found dead at Rockcliffe Park on March 12, 1986, and another, taken at Beechwood Cemetery , Jan. 13, 1940. 124. ‘Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa (Forster). Great Gray Owl_— Rare and irregular winter visitor. The White specimen was taken, Apr. 3, 1896. Eifrig reports four in the winter of September-October, 1944] 1906-7. Patch and Johnson saw one at:.-Con-.. stance Bay, Oct. 1, 1917. Two-were shot at’ Tenaga, Quebec about the first-:ef December, 1922, and. I secured: one: of them. Other -re- - ports indicate a considerable: nee that winter... 125, Asio wilsonianus (Lesson). Long- eared Owl. —, _ fall; rare summer resident; aN pa specimens have, been. taken in fall, and. a single : one in summer. The. latter. was. secured by. F. A. Saunders, July 7, 1890. Giffard Johnson picked up one on the roadway at. Cameron. and Bank Streets in Ottawa, Noy. 5,. 1981. A small live downy juyenile was given to. the National Museum by Weldon Prendergas sty of ‘ Nayan, Ontario, June 7, 1931, the first. def- inite breeding record for the. district.. ‘This. bird was given to me to raise and we succeeded as foster-parents in rearing it to be. released, a full-sized bird, strong of wing. eee 126. Asio flammeus flammeus es Short-eared Owl— Uncommon and irregular transient in fall. There are a good many local. specimens most of which have been taken in. autumn. — 127. Cryptoeglaux ORC ea richardson (Bon- aparte). tag PORE ae Ey Richardson’s Owl Rare winter visitor. The Whites took specimens as follows: Jan. 1,' 1884; Nov. 29, 1884; Dee. 17, 1908. Hifrig re-~ cords one said to have been shot: here, Nov. 16, 1906. A dead bird was brought to R. E. DeLury in December 1922, and I collected one at Hull, Quebec, Feb. 18, 1923) There was apparently a flight during: the fall of 1922:- H. F. Lewis and I saw-a captive one alive, Mar. 17, 1925. It had flown into an office’ of the Department of Finance, East Block, Par=° liament Buildings, and was panded and re-. leased. 128. Cri ptodlans acadica, ae, aces! : . Eastern Saw-whet Owl.— Moderately: common: resident; rare in summer; breeds. Specimens - have been noted as follows; Mar. 9, 1885; July 14, 1885; Feb. 9, 1887; Jan. 18, 1896; Oct. 11, 1920 (all by Whites) ; June 27, 1921 (Blakely). The last, a young bird taken on: Bay Street, Ottawa, is in the typical juvenile plumage which lasts but a short time. Near their residence, the Whites once took a bird» alive which was in this: plumage. I have one which was found dead at Britannia, ieb, 28, ° THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 159 1939, by AHan Bruce. Another was seen on the window shelf of my home feeding station, Mar. 7,- 1942. Hifrig- found a: female, Apr. 11, 1901. in the oviduct. of which -vas a fully developed egg. 129. Antrostomus vociferus vociferus (Wilson). Eastern .Whip-poor-will— Moderately com- mon summer resident; breeds. H. F. Lewis found it common. in summer in suitable sandy or. rocky areas as east of Vars, and west of Stittville.” D. Blakely took a set of eggs for the Museum, June 2, 1916. C. E. Johnson re- ports finding two eggs at the Mer Bleue, June 14, 19381. hi iat | Spring Basgeil (32 wears? record) : earliest, Apr. 25, 1885; average, May 17. Fall depart- ure, (20 years’ record) : latest, Oct, 16, 1909; average, Sept. 11. 130, -Chordeiles minor minor (Forster). r Eastern Nighthawk.— Common summer res- ident; breeds. Taverner found it uncommon away. from the city in his studies along the Rideau - waterway in 1918. I have observed it nesting , on the roof of the Parliament Build- ings and elsewhere in the city. Nested on the roof of the Museum June 29, 1917. Spring arrival, (36 years’ record) : earliest, May. oe 1895; _average, May 18. Fall depart- ure, (30 years’ record) : latest, Sept. 23, 1892; average, Sept. 4. 131. Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus). Chimney Swift. Common summer resident; breeds. Flocks still perform aerial manoeuvers over the city, utilizing of late years the chimneys of several churches in the Glebe. Ae Gr. Kingston’s life history observations on the Chimney Swift in the Ottawa Naturalist, Volume 5, are well worth reading. A set of four eggs, in the Museum was taken by H. H. Selwyn, . at Kirk’s Ferry, Quebec, July 13, 1903. C, E. Johnson could hear young birds being fed. in the nest in a chimney of his res- idence, Ottawa South, July 15, 1938. Spring arrival, (36 years’ record) : earliest, Apr. 22, 1897; average, May 4. Fall depart- ure, (30 years’ record): latest, Oct. 3, 1906; average, Aug. 29. 132. Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus). Ruby-throated “Hummingbird. — Common sum- mer resident; breeds. Our only hummingbird is surely known to. almost every one. A nest 160 found by W. E. and F. A. Saunders on July 12, 1890 contained fresh eggs. Spring arrival, (35 years’ record): earliest, May 5, 1908; average, May 16. Fall departure, (27 years’ record): latest seen, Oct. 16, 1909; average, Sept. 14. 133. Megaceryle alcyon alecyon (Linnaeus). Eastern Belted Kingfisher. Common sum- mer resident; breeds. Patch and Johnson found a nest at Black Rapids, June 5, 1918, which contained seven young. Spring arrival, (46 years’ record) : earliest, Apr. 5, 1892; average, Apr. 18. Fall depart- ure, (42 years’ record): latest, Nov. 26, 1885; average, Oct. 13. 134. Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Northern Flicker— Common summer resi- dent; breeds. A hybrid, auratus x cafer, hav- ing a red undertail surface, and yellow else- where as in auratus, was seen at the Exper- imental Farm on May 12, 1936, by A. D. Nelles!®, Nesting dates have been furnished by C. E. Johnson as follows: six eggs, Ottawa South, June 18, 1938; young birds, Ottawa South, June 4, 1933. Spring arrival, (42 years’ record): ear!- iest, Mar. 26, 1907; average, Apr. 16. Fall departure, (85 years’ record): latest, Dec. 1, 1918; average, Sept. 30. 135. Comnllloans alanis abieticola Bangs. Northern Pileated Woodpecker.— Rare res- ident; breeds. All specimens of which I am aware are fall and winter ones. Rather ex- ‘tensive cutting of hardwoods for fuel is de- priving some local birds of their habitat. In- dividuals have visited our home woods on at least three occasons, the latest one being on October 24, 1940. E. G. White found a nest in South March in 1922, and Taverner reports the finding of a nest at King’s Mountain, which was collected for a museum group. It is not known that this nest was occupied. H. F. Lewis found one excavating a cavity jn a dead yellow birch at South March, Apr. 28, 1943. 136. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus). Red-headed Woodpecker.— Very rare sum- mer resident; breeds. Although never common, this species has decreased here greatly in re- 15.—Can. Field-Nat., 51: 45, March 1937. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 cent years. During the summer of 1922 E. G. . White and I found a pair near the Rideau River, while others were seen. by me at Riv-— ermead, five miles west of Hull, Quebec, and one in the grounds of Rideau Hall. C. E. Johnson found an occupied nest at Rideau Park, June 38, 1922; and on July 16, 1928, three miles south of Ottawa on the C. P. tailway line he banded three fledglings which were then about ready to leave the nest. Alice and William Lanceley have recorded that a pair of adults brought two juveniles to their feed- ing station, during the summer of 1927, at Lindenlea, Ottawa. R. E. DeLury states that a pair nested near his home for two or three summers prior to 1930. He has banded the old ones and some young which they brought to the feeding station. Spring arrival, (24 years’ record): earliest, Apr. 26, 1904; average, May 18. Fall depart- ure, (15 years’ record): latest, Sept. 18, 1897; average, Sept. 1. 1387. Sphyrapicus varius varius Linnaeus. Eastern Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.— Abundant transient; common summer resident; breeds. Nests have been found by F. A. Saunders, June 15 and 24; by Eifrig; and by Patch, at Nockcliffe, during 1921 and 1922. : Spring arrival, (44 years’ record): earliest, Mar. 31, 1907; average, April 15. Fall de- parture, (30 years’ record): latest, Oct. 16, 1909; average, Sept. 22. 138. Dryobates villosus villosus (Linnaeus). Eastern Hairy Woodpecker.— Fairly common resident; breeds; probably a limited. migra- tion occurs spring and fall. Specimens from 1884 to 1921 are all referred to this sub- species. C. E. Johnson found a nest contain- ing young on May 24, 1921 from which the last two young left on June 3rd. Adult birds bring their newly-fledged young to my home feeding station almost every summer. A large juvenile was being fed suet there by a male bird on July 16, 1940. 139. Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swain- son). Northern Downy Woodpecker.— | Common resident; breeds; more numerous at migra- tion time. Johnson, Patch and Young took a nest and five eggs near the Rideau River on May 6, 1915, for the exhibition group at the National Museum, September October, 1944! THE CANADIAN 140. Picoides arecticus (Swainson). Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.— Uncomnion resident, more frequent in winter; probably breeds. There are specimens in local collec- _ tions. Eifrig found it at Inlet, Quebec (about twelve miles north of Thurso), June 14, 1905, and it probably breeds in the northern fringe of: our district. R. HE. DeLury saw one at the Experimental Farm, Aug. 28, 1922. I have seen it in my garden in spring and C. E. Johnson noted one at South Gloucester, May 7, 1933. Most other local observations are in winter. 141. Picoides tridactylus bacatus Bangs. Eastern American Three-toed Woodpecker.— Rare transient and winter resident. One was seen by C. E. Johnson at Leitrim on April 21, 1934. All specimens of which I am aware have been taken in fall. G. H. Hammond and T. S. Hennessy!® found one at Aylmer, Que- bee on the Christmas Bird Census, December 21, 1941. 142. Tyrannus tyrrannus (Linnaeus). Eastern Kingbird. — Common summer resi- dent; breeds. L. M. Lambe took a set of five eggs for the National Museum, at Aylmer, Quebec, June 15, 1889. I saw a nest near King’s Mountain, June 3, 1919, and noticed a bird building at Black Rapids, June 4, 1921. Spring arrival, (19 years’ record): earliest, May 3, 1896; average, May 9. Fall departure, (10 years’ record): latest, Aug. 29, 1896; average, Aug. 26. 143. Myiarchus crinitus boreus Bangs. Northern Crested Flycatcher.— Moderately common summer resident; breeds. It has nest- ed in a bird-box in Taverner’s garden. Nest with six eggs was taken for the National Museum, at Eastman’s Springs by C. H. Young, June 11, 1908. Kifrig gives a nesting occurrence at Blueberry Point, June 12, 1909. Spring arrival, (18 years’ record) : earliest, May 5, 1902; average, May 13. Fall depart- ure, (4 years’ record): latest, Sept. 10, 1893; average, Aug. 26. 144. Sayornis phoebe (Latham). Eastern Pheobe.— Common summer resident; breeds. Hifrig records nest with eggs May 14th, and C. E. Johnson found a nest with large young, May 24, 1921. 16.—Can. Field-Nat., 56: 26-7, Web. 1942. FIBLD-NATURALIST 161 Spring arrival, (17 years’ record) : earliest, Mar. 26, 1907; average, Apr. 7. Fall depart- ure, (9 years’ record): latest, Oct. OO Oa average, Oct. 2. 145, Empidonax flaviventris (Baird and Baird). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Uncommon sum- mer resident; breeds. E. G. White took one on May 26, 1884. Nests with young are re- corded as found in the Mer Bleue by F. A. Saunders, June 15, 1898, and another, also with young, at King’s Mountain, June 24, 1898. Spring arrival, (6 years’ record) : earliest, May 19, 1996; average, May 23. 146. Empidonax trailli trailli (Audubon). Alder Flycatcher.— Common summer resident ; breeds. At Dow’s Swamp, July 6, 1926 C. E. Johnson took a bird, nest, and eggs for a National Museum group, and this is appar- ently the first and only definite breeding re- cord. Spring arrival, (9 years’ record): earliest date, May 14, 1905; average, May 24. Fall departure: Sept. 4, 1905. 147. Empidonax minimus (Baird and Baird). Least Flycatcher— Common summer resi- dent; breeds. C. H. Young found five nests, June 38, 1911, at Meach’s Lake, Quebec, of which one with four eggs was taken for the National Museum collection. Spring arrival, (17 years’ record) : earliest, May 5, 1905; average, May 18. Fall departure; latest, Aug. 30, 1888; average, Aug. 22. 148. Myiochanes virens (Linnaeus). Eastern Wood Pewee.— Common summer res- ident; breeds. It is often found in the heart of the city. A nest with two eggs taken by A. G. Kingston in June 1892 is in the Nat- ional Museum collection. A young bird was being fed by the parent at my place on July 28, 1940. (Lichtenstein) . Olive-sided Flycatcher.— Uncommon transient and summer resident; presumed to breed. I have noted it at Village of Rockcliffe Park; at Aylmer, Quebec, July 16, 1922, and at Crown Point on the Ottawa River, June 9, 1940. 149. Nuttallornis mesoleucus 162 150. (a) Qtecoris alpestris hoyti Bishop. Hoyt’s Horned Lark.— Transient. Two speci- mens in the White collection are assigned to this sub-species; one was taken on May 2, 1890 during a migration of O. a. alpestris, the other was taken on March 31, 1897. (b) Otocoris alpestris alpestris - naeus). amet aa ee Northern Horned ipl Casual transient. It was found in numbers at the Experimental Farm in the spring and fall of 1890. The following specimens were taken that year: . (Lin- White collection, May 2nd (1), May 6th (1), ° J. A. Fletcher; Fleming collection, April 1st (1), Sept. 27th (1), Oct. 6th (1), Oct. 11th (1), F. A. Saunders. In 1895 E. G. White secured a single bird at the Rifle Ranges, April 29th. Spring: arrival, Apr. 19; departure, May 25. Fall: arrival, Sept. 26; departure, Oct. 28. (1 year’s record). _ ae oe (c) Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw. Prairie Horned Lark.— Common transient and summer resident; breeds. H. F: Lewis advises me that it commonly arrives. in. February.. He saw seven near North Gower, -February.: 13, 1937. In 1937 I left Ottawa by motor car on February 26th and travelled south ‘to Prescott, Ontario, and beyond in New : York State. These birds were passing northward: in thous- ands and were noticed in flocks by the road- side from about Kemptville, Ontario to Mexico, New York. Eifrig gives the earliest breeding date as March 28th. C. H. Young took.a nest with four eggs for the National Museum. col- lection at Hurdman’s Bridge, “on April. otal 1900. Fall departure, (8 years’ ieee). Nov. 11, 1898; average, Oct. 24... latest, 151. Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow.— Abundant transient and sum- mer resident; breeds. May arrive so early that unseasonable weather destroys large numbers. Taverner and I consider that the 1928 migration met disaster. That year the birds came early, and after their arrival the district had two severe cold spells with snow. There is a nest with six eggs in the National Museum collection taken, June 6, 1908, at Meach’s Lake, Quebec. I have a record of young leaving the nest, June 30, 1922. C. E. Johnson reports a nest with six eggs in a fence-post at Ottawa South, May 28, 1932. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ‘Dow’s: Lake: areas --[ Vol. -58 Spring arrival, (38 years’ record) : earliest, — Mar. 28, 1897; average, Apr. 10.: Fall depart- ure, (20 years’ record): latest, Sept. 6, 1887; average, ee OES 152. Ripari ia ‘riparia ripar ia. ‘(Einseeeaye Bank Swallow.— Common..summer dee breeds. Colonies are found in suitable sand banks throughout the district; and a 1921 ex- cursion found a colony in saw-dust banks at Aylmer,. Quebec. Spring arrival, (31 years’ Hacer!) cuales! (August) = = April 29, 1912; average, May 11. Fall departure, (24 years’ record) : latest, Sept. 15, 1911; average, Aug. 26. a7 153. Stelgidopterys -ruficollis serriD (Audubon). Rough-winged Swallow.— Rare summer resi- dent, breeds; C.. L. Patch was the first ob- server to find this species at Ottawa. On June 28, 1917 he found two pairs nesting on the banks of the Rideau River, only a few miles south of the city, and on June 5, 1918 he found a nest with six eggs in the same loc- ality.. H.-F. Lewis!" records seeing two at Dow’s Lake on May 10 and 11, 1938. In 1940 and.1941:he saw. a pair there, and they were seen to. enter a drainage hole in the cement wall of the canal. In 1942 he saw four: there, and. on June 21st, a family of young birds. Adults. were entering and leaving drainage holes,as if,,earing for young. In 1943. the canal was empty in -May and more. drainage holes were exposed than is usually the case. Twelve individual Rough-wings were counted by him between Hog’s Back and Bank Street on. -May 23rd. To sum up, it seems that sev- eral pairs are now -nesting reer leas in the ina 154. Phan critinenieter Boddaert. Barn Swallow.— Common summer resident; breeds. Eifrig. records nests at Carp, Ontario, May 29, 1909; one with seven eggs, and two with ‘two. Spring arrival, (29 years’ record) : earliest, Apr. 17, 1909; average, Apr. 26. Fall depart- ure, (28 Sare record) : latest, Sept. 29, 1910; average, Sept..6.., 1b 5 Petrochelidon albifrons ee otis (ee ésque). Northern Cliff Swallow. Uncommon summer resident; irregularly distributed; breeds. Barns a BER Noy. 1938. 17.—Can. Field-Nat., 52: 128, x “ September-October, 19441 that once -had scores of nests are recorded in the 1923 list as having-one or two. In 1922 I found two places- where-from:one to three pairs were nesting, and Johnson, Blakely, and Patch reported another. In the 1980 “addenda”’ additional. small colonies are recorded, includ- ‘ing: an account of an attempted nesting. on a house — in Ottawa. South, which failed because ‘the nests. were destroyed by ‘the = ‘property “owner. A. AL, Rand reports an attempted nest- ing. there. in 1942.. On May 27, 1943, Eben J Lewis ‘observed one pair working on the found- ‘ation of a nest near Aylmer, Quebec. Spring arrival, (30 years’ record) : earliest, Apr. 21,1888; average, May 9. Fall. depart- ure, (25 years’ record) : latest, eee 30, 1908; average, Sept. 6, 156. Progne subis subis (Linnaeus). Eastern Purple Martin. Common summer resident: breeds. There are numerous colon- jes in Ottawa. The earliest date of arrival for the Taverner colony is a male which ¢ame ‘back on April 7, 1922. Full grown young were ‘banded by me at a local acclony on ony 26, 1922. Spring arrival, (32 years’ tnt ie Apr. 13, 1909; average, Apr. 24. Fall depart- ure, (26 years’ record) : latest, Sept. 12, 1907; yee. Aug 21. 157. Perioroiie canadensis CELE IS (Lin- — naeus). pong : Eastern Canada Jay.— Terepulan winter vis- itor; in some years fairly numerous. One came to my home feeding station on November 11, 1929 and was a regular caller for about a ‘month. B. A. Fauvel and I saw two at Temple- ton, Quebec, Dec. 22, 1929; on Apri! 18, 1930 one visited our home feeding station. H. F. Lewis reports a flight in the fall- of 1941 “when he saw at Stittville; Sept. 26th (1), :at “White Bridge, Oct. 2nd (1), at Ottawa South, Oct. 4th (4), at’ Manotick, Oct. 9th (1), at South March, Dec. 26th (2). A specimen from this migration was taken eee Dit ‘J. ith Oct. 8, 1941. 158. Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linnaeus). Northern Blue Jay.— Moderately _ common resident; breeds: Definite flights occur and “are most noticeable in fall: E.G. White re- ports such a flight at Lochaber, Quebec, in October 1936, at which time there was a good crop of acorns. In May 1911, C. H. Young ‘THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST abundant transient; breeds. 163 found a nest with four half-grown young birds at Meach’s Lake, Quebec. Spring arrival, (5 years’ record): earliest, Jan. 5, 1909; average, Feb. 9. Fall departure: latest, Dec. 1, 1885. 159. Corvus corax principalis Ridgway. — Northern Raven.— Rare resident; formerly occurred in the city. The Whites have secured specimens at Rockland. I have one taken by hunters at Battle Lake, seven miles north east of Perkins Mills, Quebec (lot 5 range 13 Templeton), Nov. 17, 1935. It came into my - hands through Mr. Humphrey of the C. N. Railway and is evidence that the bird persists in the remoter parts of the district. 160. Corvus Brehm. Eastern Crow.— Abundant summer resident; breeds. The 1928 list records that the crow did not winter here in former years according to G. R. White. At that time they had begun to winter in numbers and it is said that the wintering flock at Ottawa South in 1921-22 numbered about two hundred. In the Christmas census of 1934 about five hundred are re- corded. H. F. Lewis calls attention to the fact that the number wintering in recent years has been much less; in 1943 it was unrecorded. No cause for the reduction is known. Crows nested on Parliament Hill in April 1906. C. E. Johnson reports young of the year out of the nest and flying at the Mer Bleue and Carls- bad Springs, June 3, 1943. Spring arrival, (81 years’ record): earl- iest, Jan. 1, 1894; average, Feb. 21. Fall de- parture, (16 years’ record); average, Nov. 4; rare in winter. brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos 161. Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Lin- ~ naeus). Eastern Chickadee. Common resident and G. R. White and Norman Lett found a nest with young at Chelsea, Quebec, May 26, 1894. C. H. Young took a nest with six eggs for the National Museum, near Eastman’s Springs, June 1, 1908. 162. Penthestes hudsonicus hudsonicus (For- ster). Hudsonian Chickadee.— Rare fall transient and winter visitor; most records are in fall. I saw one at Rockcliffe Park, Dec. 21, 1941. H. F. Lewis reports one in Dow’s Swamp, THE CANADIAN 164 ' Ey Oct. 31, 1943, and two near Galetta, Nov. 12, 1943. 163. Sitta carolinensis carolinensis Latham. White-breasted Nuthatch. Moderately com- mon resident; breeds. They come to our feed- ing station every month of the year. The nest and eleven eggs in the National Museum group were taken near Billings’ Bridge by Taverner and Young, May 19, 1911. 164. Sitta canadensis Linnaeus. Red-breasted Nuthatch.— Moderately common spring and fall transient; uncommon winter and summer resident; presumably breeds; prefers evergreen woods, but spring and fall migrants are found in city shade trees and otherwise away from the usual habitat. Dr. Bruce Kennedy gave me one which was picked up dead in the city, Oct. 4, 1943. Macnamara!® records a nesting at Lowney’s Lake, ten miles south of Arnprior, and just outside our dis- trict. 165. Certhia familiaris americana Bonaparte. Eastern Brown Creeper.— Common transient, spring and fall; rather rare summer and winter resident; presumably breeds. F. A. Saunders found it at Kazubazua, Quebec, July 3, 1898. Spring arrival, (8 years’ record): earliest, Feb. 18, 1885; average, Apr. 13. Fall depart- ure: latest, Dec. 8, 1883. 166. Troglodytes aedon aedon Vieillot. Eastern House Wren.— Common summer res- ident; breeds. Nests in bird boxes and natural cavities throughout the district, including the city. 167. Nannus hiemalis hiemalis (Vieiliot). Eastern Winter Wren.— Fairly common trans- ient spring and fall; uncommon in summer; probably breeds. It is recorded from Dow’s Swamp in June 1898 by F. A. Saunders; has been found in suitable localities in summer and will presumably be found nesting. 168. Telmatodytes palustris palustris (Wilson). Eastern Marsh Wren.— Common summer - resident; breeds. It is to be expected only in suitable marshes, as at Kemptville, where Taverner secured specimens in 1918. A sei of six eggs in the National Museum collection was taken by W. E. Saunders at the Exper- 18.—Can. Field-Nat., 53: -33-34, March, 1939. FIELD-NATURALIST fVol. 58 imental Farm, June 13, 1898. A nest was col- lected for the Museum near Billings’ Bridge, Aug. 8, 1934, by C. E. Johnson. 169. Cistothorus stellaris (Naumann). Short-billed Marsh Wren.— Probably a very rare summer resident. There are about three records. A specimen taken by F. A. Saunders at the Mer Bleue on June 17, 1898 is in the National Museum collection. Two birds were seen there. Eifrig records the capture of an- other there, June 16, 1905. A. G. Lawrence and I found a singing male in the Village of Rockeliffe Park, June 16, 1929. 170. Dumetella carolinensis. (Linnaeus). Catbird.— Common summer resident; breeds. Nests in my shrubbery almost every year. Young just from the nest were found at Aylmer, Quebec, on July 16, 1922. 171. Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus). Brown Thrasher.— Moderately common sum- mer resident; breeds. A favourite place for these birds is the arboretum at the Exper- imental Farm. On June 18, 1884, the Whites found a nest at Beechwood which contained three thrasher eggs and one of the ecowbird. Another nest at the Experimental Farm is reported for June 16, 1898. 172. Turdus migratorius migratorius Linnaeus. Eastern Robin.- Abundant summer resident; rare winter resident; breeds. Winter records up to Christmas are fairly numerous. I saw one near the Printing Bureau on December 15, 1918. Found fairly frequently at the time of the Christmas Bird census, as in 1921 and 1922. Eifrig reports that four birds which wintered near the City Hall from December 21, 1908, to March 4, 1909, were no doubt frozen to death by one of the few shart cold spells which occurred during the winter, and this is the probable fate of most wintering tobins. R. E. DeLury had one bird of several survive safely when cared for at his feeding station. Every morning for a couple of weeks after January 14, 1925, including one day when the temperature was thirty degrees be- low zero F., one came to a feeding station operated by Mrs. R. D. Brown. The food pro- vided was mountain ash berries. At the Ex- perimental Farm where they occur nearly every winter they swallow whole frozen crab- apples one half inch in diameter. They breed everywhere throughout the district. September-October, 1944! Spring arrival, (15 years’ record) : earliest, Jan. 9, 1894; average, Mar. 23. Fall departure, (14 years’ record): latest, Nov. 29, 1888; average, Nov. 12. 173. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin). Wood Thrush.— Rather rare ident; occurs in a limited number of localities, breeds. There is a specimen in the White col- lection taken May 14, 1889. F. A. Saunders reports one or two pairs breeding on the southern face of King’s Mountain. Present every summer since 1927 near my home in Rockcliffe Park. William Bell showed me a nest with four eggs near my house, June 12, 1928. On June 27th the young flew, and on July 1st the same nest contained one punc- tured egg. Robert Lockwood found another nest with four eggs in a sapling ten feet from the ground at Rockcliffe Park, June 9, 1929. There are about three singing males in the colony near my home, perhaps fewer some years. summer res- Spring arrival, (6 vears’ record): carlest, May 6, 1905; average, May :0. 174. Hylocichla guttata faxoni Bangs and Penard. Eastern Hermit Thrush. Common __ trans- ient, spring and fall; rather uncommon sum- mer resident; probably breeds. I took a male bird at King’s Mountain, July 1, 1922. C. E. Johnson has observed birds with building material in their bills at Rideau Park. Spring arrival, (18 years’ record) : eartiest, Apr. 8, 1906; average, Apr. 19. Fall depart- ure, (9 years’ record): latest, Nov. 24, 1895; average, Oct. 14. ~ 175. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonit (Tschudi). Eastern Olive-backed Thrush.—Common trans- lent spring and fall; may brecd. F. A. Saunders reported this as the commonest thrush near Low, Quebec, (thirty miles north) in July 1898, and my own observations show it to be the common breeding species at Blue Sea Lake, fifty-six miles north of Ottawa. Spring arrival, (7 years’ record): earliest. May 5, 1902; average, May 13. Fall depart- ure, (5 vears’ record) : latest, Oct. 21, 1902; average, Oct. 2. 176. Hylocichla minima aliciae (Baird). Gray-cheeked Thrush.— Probably a regular transient, spring and fall, but not often ident- ified. A specimen is reported by W, E, Saun- THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 165 ders from King’s Mountain. I took one five miles west of Hull, Quebec on September 10, 1921, and one killed itself by flying against my study window, Rockcliffe Park, September 22, 1928. An injured one was picked up by. Dr. Bruce Kennedy on September 18, 1943, and given to me. WH. Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens). Veery.— Common summer resident, breeds. On June 21, 1919, I found a nest at Hull, Quebee with young birds just ready to fly. A nest found at Aylmer, Quebec, May 27, 1922 contained two veery’s and two cowbird’s eggs; a third veery’s egg had been rolled out of the nest. Spring arrival, (15 years’ record): earliest, May 5, 1902; average, May 138. 178. Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus). Eastern Bluebird Common transient, spring and fall; moderately common summer res- ident; one winter record; breeds. I have pub- lished an account of nestlings infested with fly larvae. A bird banded by T. S. Hennessy!9 at Ottawa was recovered at Lake City, Flor- ida, the following March. There is one winter record, a bird banded by R. E. DeLury at Hathersall’s feeding station, just west of Ottawa, December 21, 1924. C. E. Johnson found a nest with five eggs not far from the city on June 3, 1921. 179. Regulus satrapa satrapa Lichtenstein. Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet. — Common transient, spring and fall; uncommon in sum- mer and winter; breeds. It is occasionally met with on the Christmas Bird Census. The ‘irst pest recorded for the district was found by D. H. Baker, July 31, 1929 at Alcove, Quebec. The young flew and three were caught for banding. The nest is in the National Museum collection. Spring arrival, (16 years’ record): earli- est, Mar. 24, 1909; average, Apr. 7. Fall de- parture, (20 years’ record): latest, Nov. 12. 1887; average, Oct. 15. 180. Corthylio calendula calendula (Linnaeus). Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet.— Common transient, spring and fall. Singing males are easily identified at a remarkable distance. Spring arrival (21 years’ record): earliest —— 19.—Can., 1937. Field-Nat., 51: 109, Oct. 166 Apr. 7, 1910; average, Apr. 22.:. Fall depart-. ure, (21 years’ record): latest, Nov. 10, 1888; average, Oct. 15. 181. Anthus spinoletta rubescens (Tunstall). American Pipit. — Common transient, spring and fall. Autumn migrants frequent the bare river banks. 182. Bombycilla garrula pallidiceps Reichenow. -Bohemian Waxwing. — Irregular winter vis- itor. Old records of occurrences are as fol- lows: Nov. 11, 1888, five seen; 1895, one flock from January 8th on; 1897, abundant from January to April; 1904, seen Dec. 13, (G. R. White); 1906, one seen Dec. 2nd; Dec. 1908 to Mar. 1909; 1912, several seen almost daily from March 19 to 23 (G. R. White); 1917, reported in Feb. and March by R .E. DeLury. H. F. Lewis saw three at the Experimental Farm Arboretum, Jan. 1, 1941; they were in company with cedar wax- wings. On the 5th, when I went there, I saw eitht bohemians and twenty cedar waxwings. They were eating dried up cherries. Fall arrival, (4 years record) : earliest, Nov. 11, 1883; average, Jan. 3. Spring departure, (2 years’ record): latest, Miarch 30, 1897; average, Mar. 18. 183. Cedar Waxwing. — Common summer resi- dent; irregular winter visitor; breeds. W. T. Macoun reports its occurrence with the bo- hemian waxwings from mid-January to April 1897: specimens were taken by G. R. White; Eifrig gives winter occurrences as Dec. 1, 1906, and Feb. 22, 1908; H. F. Lewis zound them at his home, Feb. 9, 1925; and, with bohemian waxwings at the Experimental Farm, Jan. 1, 1941. Nested in the Whites’ garden on June 10, 1888. Eggs have been taken by C. L. Patch for the National Museum at Meach’s Lake, June 23, 1914. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. 184. Lanius borealis borealis Vieillot. Northeastern Shrike. A regular but rather rare winter visitor. In February, 1922, I found one singing with great abandon from the top of a tall tree near the Rideau River, Ottawa South. The song was musical and with its numerous pauses resembled that of the brown thrasher. _ Fall arrival: occurs from November on. Spring departure, (7 years’ record): latest, Apr. 18, 1909; average, Apr. 14,...- THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 185: -Lanius ludovicianus migrans Palmer.::.: Migrant: Shrike— Uncommon summer’ res- ident; breeds. The status of this: species-seems to continue the same as noted by local: ob-: servers and reported in earlier lists. W. L. Seott took young birds on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River near the city, June 28, 1885. C. E. Johnson found a nest on the Bowesville Road, Ottawa South, which con- tained five young ready to leave, June 26, © 19388. Reports of nesting shrikes a ie referred to this species. ri Fall departure, — (2 years’ Seadiae aes Oct. 4, 1907; average, Sept. 10. SECT 186. Sune Ree ialgee inners Starling.— Abundant summer ‘resident; fair-* ly common winter resident; breeds. First seen in the district when one came to roost with the grackles in the White’s garden, Apr. 2, 1922, where it was identified by E. G. and — G. R. White. Apr. 8, E. G. White saw two near Hurdman’s Bridge, and about Apr. 18, Nor- man Lett found two in D. M. Finnie’s yard, Chapel Street. Rodney Wood’ believes he saw two near South Indian, Jan. 3, 1924. Jan. 5, 1924, Philip Foran and I saw two near Rock- cliffe Park. Late in August, 1924, small flocks were noticed with grackles, redwings, and cow- birds near Britannia and specimens were tak- en confirming the identity, Sept. 5, 1924, the first for the district. About’one hundred ‘were’ seen at Lochaber, Quebec, Sept. 20, 1924. The Christmas Bird Census in 1924 included eighty-six starlings. This was the first winter that the birds were present in: any numbers.. In my addenda to the Ottawa list, 1930, it is reported that the starling had by then be-— come a very common bird, usvally migratory, but occurring in flocks in winter near , but the starling afe everywhere and with us to stay. Banding returns for birds ringed Cbyiebe Ss Hennessy show recoveries from Thurmont, Maryland, and Ozark, Arkansas. Nesting records are as follows. - ae 1923. —:H. Groh-reports a nesting in a huge --elm-at Hull, Quebec. .-. : 1925 — G, R, White reported .a- pair. ne : September-October, 19441 THE CANADIAN ing at Britannia. 1925 — May 17, I found a pair oceupying dead top of high tree a few miles north of Hull, Quebec. 1925 — Nested on property of K. Fellowes near Hull, Quebec. 1926 — May 26, Wilmot Lloyd and I saw an occupied nest hole at Britannia. 1926 — June 1, found one occupying a bird box at the Ottawa Hunt and Golf Club. 1927 — May 28, saw a very wary bird carry- ing food to a dead elm top near ; Fairy Lake, Hull. 1928 — April 27, C. E. Johnson found a pair building in the eaves of a house in Ottawa South. 1928 — May 17, C. E. Johnson, Calo eatche and J. S. Lord collected a nest and two eggs near a farm bordering vhe Mer Bleue. 1928 — June 8, C. H. Johnson found a nest in a tall elm in Ottawa South. 1928 — June 10, C. E. Johnson found a nest with young in a hollow bass- wood, Rideau River. Reta 1928 — June 20, W. Fletcher Kelly gave me a nest and four eggs which he collected from a Flicker box at his home at Britannia. 1928 — June, G. A. Miller reported that a pair nested under the shingles of his home in Ottawa South. 1928 — June 26, H. A. Lloyd collected a nestling from a nest which I iound | in the sand dunes, Merivale Road. 1929 — Miss A. Swain, Westboro, found starlings dispossessing flickers. Since then starling nests are almost. every- where; in fact, in driving through the country- side, the birds can be seen attempting to build in almost every rural mail-box, 187. Vireo flavifrons Vieillot. Yellow-throated Vireo. Rare summer res- ident. It has been written that one was taken in mid-June 1883. W. L. Scott is recorded as taking one at Pelissier, near Kirk’s Ferry, Quebec, July 21, 1884, and G. R. White took one, May 15 of that year. Two specimens in the White collection are dated May 26, 1884, and May 25, 1885. Hifrig secured four in six years. A female taken by him at Meach’s Lake, Quebec, July 20, 1905 is in the National. Museum collection. G. R. White’s notes record FIELD-NATURALIST 167 its presence, May 11, 1906, and May 18, 1914. Spring arrival: earlhest, May 11, 1906. 188. Vireo solitarius solitarius (Wilson). Blue-headed Vireo.— Rather rare _ transient, spring and fall; occurs rather late in fall migration. There are specimens in the Nation- al Museum and the White collection. A re- puted nest in process of being built is re- corded for Chelsea, Quebec, May 28, 1898. Spring arrival, (8 years’ record): earliest, May 8, 1904; average, May 12. Fall departure: latest, Oct. 11, 1891. 189. Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus). Red-eyed Vireo. Abundant summer resident; breeds; occurs in almost all deciduous woods, and throughout the city. E. G. White and I watched one at close range for some time in the White’s garden on November 4, 1922. A nest was taken for the National Museum, June 23, 1916 by C. E. Johnson. Spring arrival, (15 years’ record): earlesc, May 6, 1905; average, May 16. 190. Vireo philadelphicus (Cassin). Philadelphia Vireo.— Probably a rare trans- ient. Examples in local collections have been seen as follows: May 138, 1886, two in White collection; May 30, 1906, one taken by Eifrig, in the National Museum collection. Others have been recorded. H. F. Lewis has furnished local sight records of individual birds as ‘el- lows: Sept. 6, 1940; Sept. 11, 1941; May 20, and May 23, 1943. 191. Vireo gilvus gilvus (Vieillot). Eastern Warbling Vireo.— Moderately com- mon summer resident; presumably breeds. May be heard singing in the shade trees in many parts of the city. Specimens in the White collection are dated May 26, 1884, and May 25, 1885; while the, National Museum has specimens taken respectively by John Macoun, May 29, 1888, and by F. A. Saunders, May 238, 1891. Spring arrival, (4 years’ record): earliest, May 6, 1906; average, May 14. 192. Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus). Black and White Warbler.— Common trans- ient spring and fall; fairly common summer resident; breeds. When the fall migration be- eins in mid-August these birds may be seen in the city shade trees. J. H. Fleming saw a pair feeding young at Rockcliffe Park, August 168 16, 1900. H. Groh records a nest with five eggs, June 2, 1909. C. E. Johnson saw adults feeding young at Hog’s Back during the sum- mer of 1914. A pair built a nest at the foot of a hemlock tree in the White garden and were feeding young in the nest cn June 19, 19389. On May 19, 1940, they built again in the same place. : Spring arrival, (16 years’ record): earliest, May 2, 1891; average, May 7. Fall departure, (4 years’ record) ; latest, Sept. 20, 1887; av- erage, Sept. 13. 193. Vermivora peregrina (Wilson). Tennessee Warbler.— Transient, spring and fall. There are specimens in local collections. Spring arrival, (6 years’ record): earliest, May 12, 1901; average, May 16. Fall depart- ure, latest, Sept. 30, 1889. 194. Vermivora celata celata (Say). Common Orange-crowned Warbler.— Accident- al. I have examined one specimen, a male shot by E. G. White near the city on September 27, 1885. It has been observed by G. R. White on May 18, 1898, and he states he secured one on May 28, 1909. Spring arrival, (2 years’ record) ; earliest, May 17, 1890; average, May 18. Fall depart- ure: latest date, Sept. 30, 1889. 195. Vermivora ruficapilla yuficapilla (Wilson). Hastern Nashville Warbler.— Fairly common transient; regular summer resident; breeds. G. R. White and W. L. Scott record the find- ing of a nest in Dow’s Swamp, July 18, 1881. F. A. Saunders found it breeding there again in 1898, and at Chelsea, Quebec, and the Mer Bleue as well. Hifrig gives breeding local- ities in the neighbourhood of the city. The nest with four eggs in the National Museum collection was taken by C. H. Young on June 10, 1906, at Meach’s Lake, Quebec. Spring arrival, (11 years’ record) : earliest, May 5, 1902; average, May 14. Fall depart- ure: latest, Oct. 10, 1900; average, Sept. 20. 196. Compsothlypis americana pusilla (Wilson). Northern Parula Warbler. Regular trans- ient spring and fall; uncommon summer res- ident; breeds. Hifrig reports it in summer, and F. A. Saunders found it breeding near Low, Quebec, July 2, 1898. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST: [Vol. 58 Spring arrival, (17 years’ record): earl- lest, May 7, 1896; average, May 13. Fall de- parture, (3 years’ record): latest, Sept. 18, 1889; average, Sept. 11. 197. Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmelin). Eastern Yellow Warbler.— Very common sum- mer resident; breeds. It may be found in any suitable habitat, city or country. Nesting dates are: White’s garden, May 12, 1888; J. H. Fleming, Rockcliffe Park, May 23, 1904. Spring arrival, (17 years’ record) : earliest, May 3, 1895; average, May 7. Fall departure, (5 years’ record): latest, Sept. 7, 1901; av- erage, Aug. 20. ~ 198. Dendroica magnolia (Wilson). Magnolia Warbler. Fairly common trans- ient, spring and fall;breeds. It was reported in summer by W. E.Saunders (1890), and by Hifrig in the 1910 list. F. A. Saunders re- cords it as breeding at Low, Quebec, Julv 2, 1898. I took an almost fully developed egg from the oviduct of one shot at Aylmer, Quebec, on May 25, 1922. Spring arrival, (19 years’ record) : earliest, May 8, 1896; average, May 13. Fall depart- ure: latest, Sept. 19, 1895; average, Sept. 17. 199. Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin). Cape May Warbler— Regular spring trans- ient; no evidence of breeding; one fall speci- men (picked up dead, Ottawa, Aug. 28, 1922 by Philip Foran). There are specimens in local collections. Spring arrival, (15 years’ record): earliest, May 11, 1900; average, May 16. 200. Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmelin). Black-throated Blue , Warbler.— Common transient, spring and fall; summer resident; breeds. It is more numerous at migration times than in summer. F. A. Saunders found nests at Chelsea, Quebec, June 16, 1898. Spring arrival, (20 years’ record) : earliest, May 6, 1890; average, May 11. Fall depart- ure, (4 years’ record): latest, Oct. 7, 1900; average, Sept. 29. 201. Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus). Myrtle Warbler.— Abundant transient, spring and fall; uncommon summer resident; one winter occurrence; breeds. H. F. Lewis found one at Wychwood, Quebec, on the Christmas September-October, 1944! Tur CANADIAN Fietp-NaTURALIST Bird Census, December 22, 1923. The occur- rence of this species at the Mer Bleve in summer is noted in the 1891 list. E. G. White reports it as breeding, near Berry’s Wharf, South March Township, Ontario, during the summer of 1921. Spring arrival, (15 years’ record): earliest, Apr. 28, 1889; average, May 2. Fall depart- ure, (9 years’ record): latest, Nov. 3, 1888; average, Oct. 23. 202. Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin). Black-throated Green Warbler— Common transient, spring and fall; regular summer resident; breeds. J. H. Fleming saw a pair feeding young at Rockcliffe Park on August 16, 1900. Eifrig records it as breeding. Spring arrival, (16 years’ record): earliest, May 4, 1885; average, May 13. Fall depart- ure, (7 years’ record): latest, Oct. 8, 1887; average, Sept. 27. 203. Dendroica cerulea (Wilson). Cerulean Warbler. Probably a very rare summer resident. R. E. DeLury has recorded his observation of two or three of these birds at a point twenty-two miles south of the city on May 14, 1922. This is the only record. 204. Dendroica fusca (Muller). Blackburnian Warbler.— Common _ transient, spring and fall; summer resident; breeds. This species is often observed in summer and probably nests in numbers. F. A. Saunders found it breeding at Chelsea, Quebec, June 24, 1898, and commonly near Low, Quebec, July 2 and 3, 1898. In the summer of 1912 Taverner found a female feeding a young cowbird at Rockcliffe Park. Spring arrival: earliest, May 8, 1885 and 1896; average, May 13. 205. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus). Chestnut-sided Warbler.— Fairly transient and summer resident; breeds. Most observers report it in summer. Hifrig, and the 1891 list gave it as breeding. C. E. Johnson found a nest with four young, June 23, 1916. Spring arrival, (16 years’ record): earliest, May 8, 1895; average, May 14. Fall denart- ure, (5 vears’ record): latest, Sept. 12, 1885; average, Aug. 23. common 206. Dendroica castanea (Wilson). Bay-breasted Warbler.— Fairly common trans- ient, spring and fall. The spring migration 169 goes through late and rapidly. If the observ- er happens upon a real migration wave the birds may be seen in large numbers. It is diificuit to separate this from the next species by sight alone in fall. Spring arrival, (14 years’ record) : earliest, Tay 11, 1886; average, May 17. Fall depart- ure, (3 years’ record): latest, Sept. 16, 1898; average, Sept. 8. 207. Dendroica striata (Forster). Black-poll Warbler. Common transient, spring and fall. This is a late spring migrant that scems to pass through rapidly. It is dificult to tell from the bay-breasted warbler mam Seeyll: Spring arrival, (14 years’ record) : earliest, May 15, 1900; average, May 21. Fall depart- ure, (3 years’ record): latest, Sept. 27, 1889; average, Sept. 19. 208. Dendroica pinus pinus (Wilson). Northern Pine Warbler.— Rather rare; loc- ally distributed; summer resident; breeds. A specimen taken May 8, 1884, which was said to be the fifth record for Ottawa, is in the White collection. The Whites have spring dates for 1885, and E. G. White took one on August 27, 1885. I found it at Fairy Lake, near Hull, Quebec, May 19, 1923 and took one, July 15, 1923. The species was found there again, May 18, 1924, and on the 21st Taverner took a specimen for the National Museum collection. H. F. Lewis has. reported the finding of Pine Warblers in song at three stations near Ottawa as follows: one, Sept. 18, 1941, in white pine grove between Blanche River and Quebec Highway No. 8, about eight miles northeast of Ottawa; two, May 25, 1942, and May 27, 1943, among red and white pines at Wychwood, Quebec, about seven miles west of Ottawa; one, April 28, 1943, in white pine grove at South March, Ontario, about thirteen miles southwest of Ottawa. He considers it probable that it nests at all three stations, with the probability greater for Wychwood and South March than for the other. F. A. Saunders records the snecies as breeding at the Experimental Farm in June, 1898. Spring arrival; average date, May 17. 209. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridg- wav. Yellow Palm Warbler.— Transient and sum- mer resident; breeds. A male and two juven- 170 iles were taken at the Mer Bleue on July 3, 1890 by W. E. Saunders. C. H. Young found two nests with four eggs each at the Mer Bleue, May 25, and July 6, 1908. In 1923 some Ottawa birds were identified as palmaruwm, but re-examination of local material with A. L. Rand, and using a better series of western specimens for comparison, shows that Ottawa birds, while intermediate, are closer to hypochrysea. 210. Sewwrus aurocapillus (Linnaeus). Oven-bird.— Moderately common transient, spring and fall; summer resident; breeds. The flight song is a common experience, day and night, at my home in years when this species is nesting nearby. C. H. Young col- lected a nest with four eggs for the National Museum at Meach’s Lake, Quebec, June 24, 1907. Spring arrival, (13 years’ record) : earliest, May 10, 1897; average, May 16. Fail depart- ure, (4 years’ record): latest, Sept. 29, 1900; average, Sept. 23. 211 Seiwwrus (Gmelin). Northern Water-Thrush.— Moderately mon transient, spring and fall; summer res- ident; breeds. There are specimens in local collections. Summer records are fairly numer- ous and it is reported as breeding in Dow’s Swamp. Eardley Young took a nest with five eggs for the National Museum collection at Meach’s Lake, Quebec, May 20, 1916. Spring arrival, (3 years’ record) : earliest, May 8, 1905; average, May 10. Fall depart- ure, (2 years’ record) : latest, Sept. 17, 1891; average, Sept. 16. noveboracensis noveboracensis com- 212. Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson). Mourning Warbler.— Rather uncommon irans- ient, spring and fall; and uncommon, but re- gular summer resident. Several specimens have been taken during the breeding season, and Kifrig gives localities where it is said to nest. F. A. Saunders records it as breeding in Dow’s Swamp. There is usually a pair a- bout my garden in summer. Spring arrival, (8 years’ record): earliest, May 10, 1891; average, May 24. Fall depart- ure, one date, Aug. 28, 1896. 213. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swain- son). Northern Yellow-throat. — Moderately com- THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 mon transient, spring and fall; regular sum- _ mer resident; breeds. Nests are recorded as having been found in the Mer Bleue, June 22, 1898, and at Dow’s Swamp, June 23, 1898. C. H. Young took two nests for the National Museum, each with four eggs, June 8 and 11, 1908. One nest with four eggs was taken for the National Museum, June 23, 1916, near Ottawa, by C. L.. Patch. Spring arrival, (9 years’ record): earliest, May 4, 1905; average, May 16. Fall depart- ure, (4 years’ record): latest, Sept. 27, 1889; average, Sept. 18. 214. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wilson). Warbler. Moderately common transient, spring and fall. Although it has been found here in the nesting season, not yet known to breed. Wilson’s Spring arrival, (17 years’ record): earliest, May 14, 1898; average, May 20. Fall depart- ure, (4 years’ record): latest, Sept. 25, 1888; average, Sept. 19. 215. Walsonia canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Warbler.— Moderately common trans- ient and summer resident, F. A. Saunders re- cords it as breeding in Dow’s Swamp and elsewhere in 1898, and Hifrig also gives it the status of a breeding species. Spring arrival, (14 years’ record) : earliest, May 15, 1888; average, May 21. Fall depart- ure, one date, Sept. 5, 1890. 216. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus). American Redstart. — Common transient, spring and fall; summer resident; breeds. A nest was found at Lover’s Walk, Parliament Hill by G. R. White, June 24, 1894. C. E. Johnson found one building at Dow’s Swamp, May 27, 1919, and located another nest near the Rideau River in the vicinity of Billings’ Bridge on the same day. It has nested fairly regularly in or near my garden. Spring arrival, (17 years’ record) : earliest, May 3, 1887; average, May 16. 217. Passer domesticus domesticus (Linnaeus). English Sparrew.— Abundant resident, breeds. It was introduced at Ottawa in 1870. It is rather uneommon at Rockcliffe Park where I live. 218. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus). ' Bobolink.— Common summer resident; breeds. September-Octoter, 19441 _C. E. Johnson has observed them in courtship on May 24, 1921; and feeding young, June Doel O22 Spring arrival, (31 years’ record): earliest, | May 3, 1904; average, May 16. Fall depart-— ure, (11 years’ record): latest, Sept. 29, 1892; average, Sept. 10. 219. Sturnella magna magna (Linnaeus). Eastern Meadowlark. Common summer res- ident; breeds. A few have been noted in early winter. Eifrig gives May llth as a date for a nest with fresh eggs. Spring arrival, (34 years’ record) : earliest, Jan. 10, 1999; average, Apr. 2. Fall depart- ure, (22 years’ record): latest, Nov. 18, 1915; average, Oct. 15. 220. Agelaius naeus). phoeniceus phoeniceus (Lin- Eastern Red-wing.— Abundant summer res+ ident, breeds. I found a nest with fresh eggs at Black Rapids on the Rideau River, June 4, 1921. C. E. Johnson reports finding a nest with four eggs on the Rideau River, June 9, 1940: Spring arrival, (30 years’ record) : earliest, Mar. 15, 1902; average, Apr. 2. Fall depart- ure, (20 years’ record): latest, Nov. 7, 1905; average, Oct. 18. 221. Icterus galbula (Linnaeus). Baltimore Oriole— Moderately common sum- mer resident; breeds; nests regularly in city and suburban shade trees. A bird picked up injured on May 27, 1922 had an egg with shell in the oviduct. Spring arrival (31 years’ record): earli- May 3, 1899; average, May 10. Fall depart- ure,(15 years’ record): latest, Sept. 16, 1885; average, Aug. 25. 222.Euphagus carolinus (Muller). Rusty Blackbird. — Abundant transient in spring and fall. A tree full of “Rusties” singing their spring-time chorus is always an event. Spring arrival, (28 years’ record): earli- est, Mar. 19, 1894; average, Apr. 20. Fall departure (25 years’ record): latest, Nov. 5, 1890; average, Oct. 17. 223. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway. Bronzed Grackle— Very abundant summer resident; a few winter records; breeds. This is one of our commonest birds, nesting gener- ally in the city. C, L. Patch found one at THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 171 his home in Lindenlea on December 25, 1922. After this was reported in the press Philip Foran reported that he had found three wint- ering birds at Rivermead, Quebec, in 1920, and two at the same place in 1921. On Dec- ember 22, 1923 two were included in the Christmas Bird Census; they had been fre- quenting a feeding station at Britannia for some time previous. Lloyd McCaughey re- ported one at his Britannia feeding station on February 13, 1944. A bird banded by me at Ottawa was taken at Zuni, Virginia. About June 10, 1925, C. E. Johnson noted a piebald specimen, with head almost all white and body sparingly mottled, at Lansdowne Park Ottawa, where it was seen for a week. C. E. Johnson reports a nest with five young at the Mer Bleue on June 3, 1943. Spring arrival, (38 years’ record) : earliest; Mar. 8, 1907; average, Mar. 28. Fall depart- ure, (26 years’ record): latest, Nov. 12, 1887; average, Oct. 11 (see winter dates above). 224. Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert). Eastern Cowbird.— Abundant summer res- ident; accidental in winter; breeds. I saw a male bird in the company of a flock of Eng- lish Sparrows at Stittville on November 17, 1923. On January 31, 1944, P. A. Taverner advised me that a male in fine plumage had been coming to his feeding station for a month past. This is the first winter record. Spring arrival, (32 years’ record) : earliest, Mar. 21, 1907; average, Apr. 6. Fall depart- ure, (9 years’ record): latest, Nov. 1, 1887; average, Oct. 5. 225. Piranga erythromelas Vieillot. Scarlet Tanager.— Rather uncommon trans- ient, spring and fall; summer resident; prob- ably breeds. A wave of migration may bring in a number at once. A male in the White collection taken August 26, 1885, is in chang- ing plumage. The 1891 and 1910 lists give it as a breeding species which is probably true. Spring arrival, (25 years’ record) : earliest, May 17, 1912; average, May 20. Fall depart- ure, (11 years’ record): latest, Oct, 3, 1914; average, Sept. 14. 226. Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis (Lin- naeus). Eastern Cardinal. Accidental; about three occurrences. One was seen in Ottawa by H. B. Small during the spring of 1888. An- 172 other was observed near Colonel W. P. Ander- son’s place in June 1911. One was seen by several observers in A. G. Kingston’s garden, Nov. 28 and 29, 19238. This bird, or another, was seen, Apr. 18, 1924. It will be interestinz to watch whether this species will come north- ward into this district as it has at Toronto, and elsewhere. 227. Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linnaeus). Rose-breasted Grosbeak.— Moderately com- mon summer resident; breeds. There are specimens in the local collections. A fall date is given by a male in my collection taken at Hull, Quebec, Sept. 12, 1921. J. H. Fleming found a nest with four eggs at Rockcliffe Park, May 24, 1904. C. L. Patch observed young in the nest at Meach’s Lake, Quebec, -during the last week of June 1914. It has nested in my garden. Spring arrival, (20 years’ record): earliest, May 8, 1886; average, May 13. Fall depart- ure, (3 years’ record): latest, Oct. 1, 1908; average, Sept. 15. 228. Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus). Indigo Bunting.— Rather rare; locally dis- tributed; summer resident; breeds. On July 9, 1922, C. L. Patch and I found a nest with four young about five miles east of Ottawa. Spring arrival, (6 years’ record): earliest, May 13, 1893; average, May 23. Fall depart- ure, (4 years’ record): latest, Sept. 12, 1887; average, Aug. 29. 229. Spiza americana (Gmelin). Dickcissel.— _ Accidental; two records. One male spent the summer of 1895 at the Exper- imental Farm where it was identified by F. A. and W. E. Saunders. After spending two or three days in R. E. DeLury’s garden, near the Experimental Farm, one was caught and banded there, Aug. 26, 1934, and it was seen again on the 27th. 230. Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (Cooper). Eastern Evening Grosbeak.— Fairly regular transient and winter visitor. It was first re- corded at Ottawa in the spring of 1897, when two were taken, Mar. 30th near Rideau Hall. They were next recorded in March 1901, and were found in the winters of 1908-9, 1912-13, 1915-16, 1916-17, 1918-19, and probably ev- ery winter since, They commonly remain THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST iVol. 58 until: May. H. F. Lewis reports an except- ionally heavy invasion in March and April 1989. I have one specimen, a male, which was banded by M. J. Magee at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, Jan. 27, 1937, and found injured at Ottawa and _ reported by Mrs. D’Arcy McGee, Mar. 20, 1989. Another male in my collection was banded by James P. Melzer at Milford, New Hampshire, Jan. 28, 1934, and found injured and reported by George Gar- neau at Hull, Quebec, April 30, 19389. This and other evidence appears to indicate a west-east and east-west migration. eile Carpodacus (Gmelin). Hastern Purple Finch.— Abundant transient; common summer resident; .ccasional winter resident; breeds. Usually rather irregular in its migration which banding indicates to be eastward in fall and westward in spring. A large flock frequented my home feeding sta- tion in late February and March 1929. They were also present at R. E. DeLury’s feeding station. W. T. Macoun has recorded several nests found at the Experimental Farm. A. R. Legge took a nest with four eggs, and one cowbird egg, at Hull, Quebec, on May 28, 1899, for the National Museum. Spring arrival, (12 years’ record): narlhest, Feb. 20, 1909; average, Mar. 18. Fall depart- ure, (7 years’ record): latest, Nov. 24, 1885; average, Nov. 11. PULrpuUreus PUr PUreuUs 232. Pinicola enucleator leucura (Miller): Canadian Pine Grosbeak.— Irregular winter visitor; present almost every winter; common some years. On October 27, 1903, E. G. White saw 1,500 at McKay’s woods, of which only two were in the red plumage. At Rockcliffe Park they are often seen budding in the tops of sugar maples. I have two picked up dead the same day, March 26, 1939, at Rockcliffe Park, one found by Mrs. James and one by H. A. Lloyd. Fall arrival: Nov. 1, 1888 earliest date; spring departure, (5 years’ record): latest, May 21, 1883; average, Mar. 23. On 400. Acanthis hornemanni exilipes (Coues). Hoary Redpoll.— Probably uncommon winter visitor. In the 1891 list it is stated that W. L. Scott secured specimens in the Spring of 1883 which were identified by Coues. There are specimens in the White collection, About Lea ey September-Octnber, 19441 one per cent of the seven hundred Redpolls measured and banded by R. H. DeLury in the late winter of 1926 were identified as of this species and race. 234. (a) Acanthis linaria linaria (Linnaeus). Common Redpoll— Common transient and winter visitor. Most of the 700 Redpolls which R.E. DeLury measured in 1926 belong under this heading, although some might have been A. l. holboelli. He found every variation be- tween A. Jl. linaria and A. l. rostrata. Spring departure, (6 years’ record) : latest, May 14, 1909; average, Apr. 9. (b) Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues). Greater Redpol!ll.— Moderately common ; Treasurer >: M.Sc. J. D. FRY; Secretary: MISS R. S. ABBOTT; Committes> Geological W.S Yarwoop Mes. R. H. HELYAB H. F. ARCHIBALD, Maj. J. D. CLEGHORN, J. A. DB- Mammalogical J. Dewey Soper HucH MURRAY CARIE, G. HARPER HALL, W. S. HART, Miss G. HIB- pert. in = A sues BARD, Mrs. C. L. HENDERSON, H. A. C. JACKSON, Botany C. W. Lewr. MSc. R. Happow J. G M. LeMOINE, A. R. LEPINGWELL, H. MOUSLEY, Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holidays, from October to April, in the physics theatre of the University, Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday afternoon during May, June and Septem- ber, and on pubiic holiday during July and August. : THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1943-44 President: Prorpssor T. F. McItwraityH; Vice-President : D. Brucs Murray; Membership Secretary and Treasurer: Miss Marv LIGHT; Corresponding Secretary: Miss LILIAN PAYNE, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park; President of Junior Club: Mrs. L. E. JaQuitH; Past Hurst, Dr. R. M. Saunpers; Council—Lizut. W. K. W. BALDWIN (G.A.S.). Mes. Jos. Barroot, Mr. G. S. Bett, Miss WINNIFRED Cuutr, BroTHer Denis, Pror. T. W. Dwicut, Mr. H. NM. Hatumay, Dr. L. BE. JaQquitH, Miss Mary KimrKwoop. Mr. A. J V. Len Mann, Miss Grace MALKIN, Mp. A. A. OutTrRAM, Mr. L. Own’:s, Mrs. L. A. Prince, Mr. SPRAGUE TROYER. Miss MARION WILDER. Meetings are held at 8 p.m. on the first Monday of each month from October to April at the Royal Ontarie Museum, unless otherwise announced. Field trips are held during the spring, and occasionally during other seasons. i SOCIETE PROVANCHER D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DU CANADA OFFICIERS POUR 1943-44 Patron Honoraire: Son Excellence le tres Honorable COMTE D’ATHLONE, K.G., Gouverneur-General du Can- ada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Major-General Sir EUGENE FISET, Kp., C.M.G., D.S.0., M.D., Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la Province de Québec; President: REX MEREDITH ; ler vice-président: CHAS. DUMAS; 2ieme vice-président : TAN RREAKEY; Secrétaire-Tresoriér: DR. GUSTAVE Miss L. MURPHY, Miss M. ROBINSON, Maj. J. A. ROL- LAND, Miss M. SEATH, Mrs. E. A. SHERRARD, L. Mei. TERRILL, Lt.-Com. V. C. WYNNE-EDWARDS. Meetings held the second Monday of the month exceps during summer. Headquarters of the Society are: REDPATH MusrumM Birp Room, McGiLL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q. McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB LONDON, ONT. Honorary President: W. BE. SAUNDERS, LL.P. Past President: Capt. R. G. CUMMINGS. President: Dr. H. B HitcHcocx. Sec’y-Treas.: Mrs. W. G. GIRLING, 537 Colborne St. Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Public Library building on the second Monday of each month from October to April. ‘ Field trips are held during the spring and a special excursion in September. VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1943-44 Honorary President: L. S. KLINCK; Past President: An McTAGGART COWAN; President: A. H. BAIN; Vice- - President: G. R. WOOD; Corresponding Secvetary: A. pi ea WOOTTON; Recording Secretary: MISS BE. M. QUILTY = ~ Press Correspondent: P. L. TAIT; Honorary Treasurer= . F. J. SANFORD; Librarian: MRS. F. McGINN; Chair-—-. men of Sections — Betany: J. DAVIDSON; Geology = - M. Y. WILLIAMS: Entomology: G. J. SPENCER; Ornith-- ology: K. RACEY; Photography: P. L. TAIT; Mammal-— - ogy: IAN McTAGGART COWAN; Marine Biology: B. W.. PILLSBURY; Junior Section: MISS M. L. ELWOTT: : Additional Members of Executive — MRS. J. DAVIDSON, . E. LEMARQUE, J. J. PLOMMER, P. T. TIMMS, & A . RATTEH; Chef de la section scientifique: DR. D.A. DERY; Chef de la section de Propagande éducationelle: ROBERT HUNTER; Chef dela section de protection: J. C. PRICE; Chef de la section d’information scientifique et pratique: GEORGE LECLERC; Directeurs: HON. EDGAR ROCH- ETTE, Dr. VIGER PLAMONDON, FRED MAHON, ULRIC G. TESSIER, J. H. BUCHANAN, STUART AHERN, HU- BERT DUCHENE. SCHWANTIJE, F. W. WARLEY, H. J. S. MUSKETT; Aud- - itors: H. G. SELWOOD, W. B. WOODS. All meetings at & p.m., Room 100, Applied Scienoe - Building, University of British Columbia, unless other — wise announced. -onastonlapsennctesepmmeosninasa-esnsontp-enisisncnrs oases sees mpi SA AcE EE AeA EC TOTS nena arrears e e ee a Br a nn er a ara We ask the Officers, and more particularly the Secretaries, of all the Affiliated Societies, to assist us in our task of building up the circulation of this periodical. By securing every member as a subscriber, we can make it truly one of the leading: Natural History publications of America ee TGA Lae rr DE nn nnn Ne New Era of Development of the Resources of Northern Canada is beginning READ “CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY-SIX DEGREES” by. that eminent scientist, the late Dr. E. M. Kindle AUTHORITATIVE PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED AN EXCELLENT PRESENT FOR A BOY OR YOUNG MAN For Sale By. The Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa PRICE — per copy — FIFTY CENTS VOL. 58, NO. 6 NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1944 a PA S a ae ve aes ey ee AMMA —— MP MMII: x OTTAWA corer CLUB Entered at the Post Office at Sutton West, Ont., as second-class matter THE OTTAWA FIELD-—-NATURALISTS’ CLUB Patrons HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL AND HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS ALICE President: Dr. D. LEECHMAN lst Vice-President: REV. F. E. BANIM 2nd Vice-President: W. H. LANCSLEY. Treasurer: I. L. CONNERS, Secretary: J. W. GROVES, Division of Botany, 95 Sunnyside Ave., Ottawa Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Additional Members of Council: F.J. ALcock, R.M. ANDERSON, A. W. A. BROWN, C. H. D. CLarKE, Miss M. E. Cowan, H. G. CRAWFORD, R. E. DELuRY, ROWLEY FRITH, H. Grou, C. C. HEIMBURGER, A. LAROCQUE, HARRISON F. Lewis, HoyEs LiLoyp, MRs. WILMOT Luoyp, A. E. PORSILD, A. L. Ranp, D. A. Ross, H. A. SENN, PAULINE SNURE, Cc. M. STERNBERG, P. A. TAVERNER, E. F. G. Wuitr, M. E. WILSON. Auditors: W. 4H. ‘LANCELEY and HARRISON F. LEWIS Editor Dr. H. A. SENN, Division of Botany Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Associate Editors Dic JENNESS ec tccc cts Anthropology CLYDE) 3) PATCHS 22 eee Herpstelogy JAAS ee ee eae ceatrertecterecctteat ts Botany R. M. ANDERSON o...cssssesssensiee Maramalegy AS SIGATROCQUE 5 eerie et ctcne Conchology A. G. HUNTSMAN ............ Marine Btolegy ARTHUR GIBSON ooccecccecccce Entomology ASS SARVAINTD (nee ees Ornithelegy Re RAW COC Karns ae ea ae Nae Geology WW) 2h BEL: (oe. eco neue Palzsontology Ji REED VI MOND A Ausra ee Ichthyology CONTENTS Page A Northern Record of the Flicker and a Note on the Cline Colaptes auratus cl. auratus- dubeus By Acs Tita, 2851 eee eet ere ascites eecttear eine caece ence a aera ee 183 The Turkey Vulture in Ontario, North and West of Lake Superior. By A. E. Allin .............. 185 News of Naturalists) eae ee sels SME a Nee 186 Notes and Observations:- Spring Field Excursion, Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club. By J. A. Enstone «0c 188 An Ontario Nest of the Evening Grosbeak. By O. BE. Devitt eececccsssssssessesmnsneecssecesses 190 Two Moths from One Cocoon. By Charles E. Corfe .....ccccsne se a eee 191 Rediscovery of Corallorhiza odontorhiza. By Monroe Landon o.......scsesssssssssssssssesseeceecnneneesscsnnnse 191 The W. E. Saunders Collection: By LL: -L. -Smnyder. .n2ic.f scene tacssenscoee earn guee cee emcees 192 Worm-eating Warbler and Parasitic Jaezer at Vineland Station, Ont. By Wm. L. Putman eee eA Teeter dc seBte ct Ua ease Rar 192 The Mute Swan in Ontario.. “By, ky Ws Snyder a a onnmacnnen saunelegeivak cided near 193 Additional Grasses for the Ottawa List. By W. G. Dore and H. Groh cesses 193 — An Extreme Case of So-called “Injury-Feigning” by a female Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus). By C. H. D. Clarke eccessssssmsemmuneneresteriemsrmeeennntininneanse 194 Remarks on A. L. Rand’s “English Bird Notes” in Vol. 58, p. 68, 1944. By TR W.. Sheppard cites ccactacc ce teeere ca accstecteabsantnsatin cut nessanteortaltrersetealeetet ene feeteeee cee etre ea 194 Distribution of the Cyprinid Fishes, N. deliciosus and N. volucellus in Ontario. Boy Joh RRs Diya oss e cece ete casesresesransneetas scons ioencp terest een g eeae 195 Carrent “Tuite rer trre ios ie ccs eescssch ts casecasus bs scntasce tcce nae ee ceca es Se Raeeed eccentric? ee eee 184 Boeke PREV ACW eee aie ees ae coords cabs eetenraas aca ced a nb eed espe tetas ce act Seo a ce 196 Index to Volume 58 eee isnnsnnnttnsunmaninnnnieunsnnnnnnitinstnnnnsieininsinntnnannannnnunnnnennnimannnnna 197 i ——————— —————————— SEE lee ——————— oo Subscriptions ($2.00 per year) should be forwarded to .....c0.... I. L. Conners Div. of Botany, Central Experimental Farm, OTTAWA, CANADA SSeS ye ee ee — 9 pte De ee a ae a ae ee Oe AES 1 pip ae Gs Sie ave G4 RY By thi! teld-Naturalist | ss | PS Gt Pee ~The Canadian F NO. 6 f -VOL. 58 SUTTON WEST, CANADA NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1944 A NORTHERN RECORD OF THE FLICKER : AND A NOVH ON ‘THE CLINE Colaptes auratus cl. auratus-luteus + ATs - eum o1 Co Bary, ' By A. L. RAND fs Zoology te, 45 34% National Museum of Canada \ MAY 21 oy EF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA the flicker Col- aptes auratus (Linnaeus) has been record- ed north to Fort George, Lake Mistassini, Hamilton and Northwest Rivers and the vic- inity of Davis Inlet (Macoun and Macoun, 1909, Cat. Can. Birds, p. 346, and Austin, 1932, Mem. Nutt. Ornith. Club, 7, pp. 151,2) with one record for the mainland near Akpatok Island (Turner, 1885, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 242). It also has been recorded from Greenland. It probably occurs generally north to the edge of timber, as it does in = Ale Nova Scotia New Brunswick -North Latitude 44° QUCDEE orererrrennnnnenennnnenne tne Ontario = ye Manitoba North Latitude 52° - 54° Manitoba Alberta North Latitude 54° - 58° Manitoba North Latitude 58° - 60° Alberta North Latitude 62° - 63° Osaeneneccnascvacccsccececnscs.coessons North Latitude 49° (WOueheC Nae rei ee Specimens from the western part of Can- ada showing a tendency in color toward the red-shafted flicker (C. caffer) are not in- cluded. Ridgway (1914, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 50, pp. 14-20) recognized three races of this flicker : 1.—Received for publication June 9, 1944. aenevesenecsnsencncnsvaepences Oe eneseennecees oeeae eenccseucceanaenessenceenssesewes oyu, (5) 158-164 (ay. 159).....(5) 155-165 (av. 160.6) Geeeetaee aessescerensesaeresesrenseses weeny, LiBRARYT— sald western Canada. A second record for the eastern Canadian Arctic is provided by a specimen in the Nat- ional Museum of Canada. It is a female taken at Cape Wolstenholme, Hudson Strait, in July, 1935, and has a wing length of 161 mm. It was taken by an E'skimo in July, 1925, and transmitted to the Museum by Mr. F. Melton. The wing measurements (in millimetres) of summer (presumably breeding) adult speci- mens in the National Museum of Canada are as follows:- male female Poaaiceneerterb rir ete Fare rie tn Po iE 1562 eee rave ah POO i eek ttc ace eee GQ. Wan SM Meas siren FLD) ert es eat eae RE ee OLE CNN ARSED i (8) 158-158 (AV. 155) wee coon 152, 156, 157, 159 to 15M, 159) on (0)) 154160) (av.15641) Saeed BIER bere cetera able er MUS ump Iaglallstc yal sy LOO Oe ae HSE EE OR MONS ORME We Se OPED hhc é C. auratus auratus (Linnaeus) a small southern form; C. a. luteus Bangs, a larger central form, and C. a. borealis Ridgway, a still larger northern form. The fourth edition of the A.O.U. Checklist in 1931 did not rec- ognize borealis. However, in 1939 Wetmore (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 86, p. 191) recognized borealis, and gave its breeding range as from Vol. 58, No. 5, September-October, 1944, was issued January 20, 1945 —183— | 184 Alaska to Labrador, south from the limit of trees to the northern border of the United States from northern Minnesota to eastern Montana. A survey of Ridgway’s measurements and of the material in the National Museum of Canada indicates there is a gradual increase in size with increase in latitude, with an additional slight increase in the northwest. This type of variation represents what Huxley has called a cline, and has suggested its designation thus C. a. cl. auratus-luteus. THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 It also is an example of Bergmann’s rule that larger forms occur in colder climates. The size groups assigned to the three races, wing auratus 144-154 (av. 149.9): luteus, 154-165 (av. 156.3); and borealis, 156-170, (av. 162.9 mm.) are arbitrary. For representing the variation in the spec- ies, and for designating populations it seems preferable to use but two sub-specific names: auratus for the smaller southern populations; and luteus for the larger northern populations, to which all Canadian birds belong. CURRENT LITERATURE THE SENSORY BASIS OF BIRD NAVIGATION. By Donald Griffin, The Quarterly Review of Biology, 19, pp. 15-31, 1944. No completely satisfactory answer can be given to the question of how birds find their way. But Griffin, who has done a great deal of experimental work on the subject, includ- ing releasing birds far from home and at- tempting to follow them by aeroplane, here presents an admirable summary of homing experiments and their problems. Some homing ability has been. found in almost all birds tested, but it appears to vary in different species. It is concluded that many, but not all, homing experiments could be ex- plained by assuming birds released in strange territory scatter at random and explore until they find familiar landmarks. There is no direct evidence to support kin- EXPERIMENTAL MODIFICATION AND CONTROL OF MOULT AND CHANGES OF COAT COLOR IN WEASELS BY CONTROLLED LIGHTING. By T. H. Bissonnette and E. E. Bailey, Ann. NYE Acad. Sci... 45, Ort. 0 ppaiecon 249, pls. 7. 1944. It is shown that in the short-tailed weasel (M. cicognanii) and the long-tailed weasel (M. frenata), in which normally two complete moults occur each year, (the white winter coat, where it occurs, is due to moult, not to aesthetic theories, nor those involving sensit- ivity to the earth’s magnetic field. It is suggested that in finding their way in unfamiliar territory birds may use such clues as the relationship between ge»graphical features, as rivers and coastlines near their homes and the direction of sunrise or con- ceivably of other celestial landmarks; the re- lationship between typical air masses, and prevailing winds, and topographical features may serve as clues; and relationship between familiar territory and features such as river systems, coastlines, or faunal zones, may also aid. It is said that the combined use of such features seems more reasonable as an explan- ation of migration and homing, than the postulation of a new sense organ. There is a two and one-half page bibliography. — A. L. RAND. a bleaching of the summer coat), the factor causing these moults is change in the amount of light. Reduction of temperature, or other factors that drive these animals underground where illumination is scanty, may indirectly influence the moults. It is suggested that with the long-tailed weasel in which a white coat is assumed in some areas, while the winter coat is brown n others, there are local physiological races, produced by natural seiection.— A, L, RAND 4 November-December, 1944] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURAUIST 185 THE TURKEY VULTURE IN ONTARIO, NORTH AND WEST OF LAKE SUPERIOR! By A. E. ALLIN Fort William, Ontario Rwy, (1922) reported the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura septentrionalis) breeding in the Lake of the Woods region of western Ontario. Baillie and Harrington (1936) re- viewing its status in Ontario, recorded that a pair nested in 1919 on Thompson’s Island, Lake of the Woods, Kenora District, and that “nests have been found by Indians according to (the late) J. D. Jacob” in the eastern por- tion of Rainy River District. Snyder (1938) in reporting the results of field work carried out by an Ontario Museum of Zoology party during the summer of 1929 in western Rainy River District reported that a turkey vulture had been taken alive on the shores of Rainy Lake about the middle of July. It has been re- corded as a visitor to northern Ontario by Fleming (1903) — a bird noted at Moose Factory in 1898, and by Norris-Elye (1932) who recorded one observed far to the north, at Fort Severn in the summer of 1931. For many years a nature article, ‘“Chick- adee Notes”, has appeared in the Winnipeg Free Press. Excerpts from these columns, concerning the turkey vulture, have been provided through the courtesy of their author, A. G. Lawrence. In the article for July 15, 1926 we read, ‘Mr. Garson states he has seen flocks of five and six turkey vultures for a number of seasons at the Lake of the Woods” and “some years ago discovered in that area, two young in a crevice’ and B. C. Brough located a nesting cavity containing two full- grown young in the last week of July 1919.” (This is the breeding record cited above by Baillie and Harrington). The June 28, 1928 column reported: “Bruce Warner reports as many as nine of these birds have been seen at one time on a small tributary lake about 20 miles from Fort Frances and a pair of turkey vultures have nested in a crev- ice in the rocks on an island in Kainy Lake for the past five or six years.” On May 13, 1938, Lawrence wrote “they (turkey vultures) appear somewhat commoner ir western On- tario” (than farther west). Finally we read in the June 5, 1942 column: “In the Kenora a ee eeeshececsacssccsseees | ec 1,—Kecelved for publication July 8, 1944, a District, Ontario, on Big Pine (lake) they noticed six turkey vultures soaring.” To these observations we can add the follow- ing: On September 10, 1948, near Nestor Falls, Kenora District, “the bus stopped so that the passengers might watch 16 birds, twice the size of crows, and with red heads, feeding on a dead animal on the road,” ac- cording to our informant, Mrs. H. W. Faw- cett, a passenger on the bus. The date is some- what early for this to have been a flock of migrating vultures. Probably they had gath- ered from the surrounding region to feed on the carrion. Two observations of turkey vultures in areas outside its apparent centre of abundance should be recorded. The Fort William Daily Times-Journal, August 29, 1941, reported: “Joseph Parenteau shot a_ turkey buzzard in Wabigoon last week. The bird ......... os is very rare in this part of the country”. (Wabigoon is in Kenora District about 100 miles east of Kenera and the same distance north-east of Fort Frances). Also in the sum- mer of 1941, Dr. and Mrs. P. M. Ballantyne, Port Arthur, saw a turkey vulture near Hur- kett, 50 miles north-east of Port Arthur. It is apparently the first time the turkey vul- ture has been observed in the District of Thunder Bay. SUMMARY The literature has been reviewed and fur- ther evidence has been presented to show that the turkey vulture is a fairly common sum- mer resident of certain portions of western Rainy River and Kenora Districts, and of cas- ual occurrence in the remainder of the terri- tory north and west of Lake Superior. Literature Cited Baillie, James L. Jr., and Harrington, Paul, 1936, The Distribution of Breeding Birds in Ontario. Part 1, Trans. Roy. Can. Inst., 21, 19. Fleming, J. H., 1908, Auk, 20, 66. Norris-Elye, L.T.S., 1932, Can. Field-Nat., 46, 142. Rowan, William, 1922, Auk, 39, 224-282. Snyder, L. L., 1938, The summer birds of western Rainy River District, Ontario. Part 1, Trans. Roy, Can. Inst,, 22, 183, 186 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 NEWS OF NATURALISTS Dr. Oliver H. Hewitt, formerly Instructor in Ornithology and Game Management, Cor- nell University, Ithaca, N. Y., has recently been appointed to the position of Chief Fed- eral Migratory Bird Officer for Ontario and Quebec, with headquarters at the National Parks Bureau, Ottawa. Dr. Hewitt, is a grad- uate of McMaster University, and a former resident of Hamilton, Ontario. Mr. J. A. Munro’s summer investigation in- cluded studies of waterfowl nesting grounds and food, and mammal populations in the regions east and west of Quesnel, the region north of Prince George to Chief Lake and Summit Lake, Francois Lake and the Bulk- ley Valley west to Hazelton, B.C. A news item from Pittsburg, Pa., November 6, 1944, announces that the Carnegie Museum will have an expedition in the Labrador Pen- insula next year. W. E. Clyde Todd and J. Kenneth Doutt plan to travel from Povung- nituk Bay, on the east side of Hudson Bay, to Payne Bay, studying the birds and mam- mals of the area. RODENT PLAGUE SURVEY A two-man crew, Messrs. W. A. Fuller, Department of Biology, University of Sas- katchewan and D. MacDonald, Division of Sanitation, Department of Public Health, Regina surveyed the. southern part of the province of Saskatchewan for the presence of infectious diseases carried by native small mammals and capable of being transmitted to man. These include bubonic or sylvatic plague, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularaemia and encephalitis. SASKATCHEWAN The survey was divided into two parts, namely, a tick survey lasting from May 15 to July 1 and a rodent survey from July PAE HO) September 23. A total of 3600 ticks were col- lected, mostly by the standard “drag” tech- nique, and sent to the Laboratory of Hygiene, at Kamloops for guinea pig inoculation tests. Two samples, both collected at Carlyle Lake, proved positive for tularaemia. The tick con- cerned is Dermacentor variabilis the Amer- ican dog tick, but no mammal host was dis- covered. Some 13850 ground squirrels, Citellus rich- ardsonu, were collected plus about 75 other small rodents and carnivores, during the rodent survey. These were all autopsied in the field and ectoparasites and pooled tissues were sent to Kamloops for guinea pig inoculations. Nearly 10,000 fleas were sent for inoculation and about 200 more for taxonomic purposes. No positive (reports have been received. FISHERIES INVESTIGATION OF GREAT SLAVE LAKE Professor D. S. Rawson of tthe University of Saskatchewan, assisted by Dr. J. G. Oughton of the Royal Ontario Museum of Toronto, - and Messrs. P. Larin and E. Reich, biology students at the University of Saskatchewan, carried on an investigation of the fisheries of Great Slave Lake from mid-June to mid- September. Living quarters and a laboratory were on a barge. The fish population was sampled, specimens were taken for scale counts, stomach examination, parasites and taxonomic studies. Soundings were taken, and the water and bottoms examined. A comprehensive report is being prepared. Lieut. T. H. Manning, R.C.N.V.R., in con- nection with other work, travelling along the east side of Hudson Bay, made studies and collections of birds and mammals during the 1944 summer season. The collections will be divided between the National Museum of Can- ada and the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology. With Lieutenant Manning was A. R. A. Tay- lor who collected plants that will go to the University of Toronto. The National Museum of Canada had a field party making a survey of the Canol Road during the summer season of 1944. It con- sisted of A. E. Porsild, assisted by August Breitung, studying plants; and A. L. Rand, assisted by W. H. Bryenton, studying birds and mammals. Travelling by truck, they made camps at intervals along the road on the western slope of the Mackenzie Mountains between Teslin Lake and the Yukon boundary. Late in the summer a rapid reconnaisance November-December, 1944] trip was made over the eastern half of the road, to the Mackenzie. Extensive collections and notes were made that are deposited in the National Museum. Dr. C. H. D. Clarke, formerly of the North- west Territories Administration, and T. M. Shortt, of the Royal Ontario Museum, con- ducted bird and mammal studies in southern Yukon and the northwest corner of British Columbia. They worked along the Haines Road, travelling by motor truck, and in the Klondike area. Besides securing sizeable col- lections that will be divided between the National Museum and the Royal Ontario Museum, Shortt made many sketches. Robert H. Smith, Mississippi Flyway Biol- ogist of Fish and Wildlife Service, spent the summer studying wild fowl on the west side of Hudson Bay. Dr. A. A. Allen of Cornell: University, accompanied by his son David, was studying and photographing birds at Churchill during the month of June. Dr. Ian McT. Cowan,of the University of British Columbia conducted studies of large mammal populations and their parasites in National Parks in the Rocky Mountain area, for the National Parks Bureau. Tieut. T. H. Manning Honored: A Committee of the Royal Society of Ed- inburgh, the Royal Physical Society, and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society awarded Lieut. T. H. Manning, R. C. N. V. R, the W. S. Bruce Memorial Prize for 1944 for his outstanding work in survey and biology from 1931 to 1939 in Iceland, I.apland and the eastern Canadian Arctic. Dr. C. H. D. Clarke, who since 1937 has THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 187 been engaged in special wildlife investigation for the Department of Mines and Resources and who has visited most of our National Parks and travelled extensively in the North- west Territories and Yukon Territory in con- nection with his work, has recently accepted a position in the Department of Lands and Forests of the Ontario Government. He will continue to carry on a similar work in the province. J. Dewey Soper, National Parks Bureau, Winnipeg, participated in field work for the Dominion Government, during the summer of 1944, under the North Pacific Planning Pro- ject. His inquiries chiefly comprised faunal investigations, with specialization in big game and fur-bearing mammals, and waterfowl pop- ulations. Four months were spent on these studies, from early May until early September. Most of this time was devoted to the Grande Prairie-Peace Region west to the British Col- umbia boundary. Some investigations, how- ever, were carried out as far south as Torrens River, Rocky Mountains, north to Clear Hills and Flood Lake, and as far east, under the above project, as Baptiste Lake, near Ath- abaska. Dr. Hugh M. Raup of the Arnold Arbor- etum, Harvard University, this summer led a second expedition to the Alaska Highway. The party included Frederick Johnson, of the Peabody Foundation for American Archaeol- ogy at Andover, Mass.; Lucy C. Raup, bot- anist; John H. H. Sticht, of the department of geology, Harvard University; Dr. Stuart K. Harris, of the department of biology, Boston University, and Karl and David Raup. Most of the season was occupied with bot- anical, geological and archaeological surveys between Whitehorse, Y.T., and Fairbanks, . Alaska. 188 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS SPRING . FIELD EXCURSION, NATURALISTS’ CLUB. — The OTTAWA FIELD- Ottawa Field- Naturalists’ Club made its last spring excur- sion of the year in the afternoon of Saturday, June 17, 1944. After walking across the City of Ottawa from a point in the south-eastern corner of the town, I joined the other members at the meeting point which was Wellington Street at Holland Avenue. Dr. Pauline Snure wel- comed me to the group with a smile and asked me with which party I wished to walk. I elected to walk with the bird lovers; I prefer animation to inanimation. Bird men walk faster than flower men; I prefer rambling to standing or stooping. Some of the botanists had started out along the route but some were still in the group with the unorganized bird men and the geologists. A young man was ex- hibiting prints of a picture of last Saturday’s group as they reclined on the grassy edge of the hardwoods and took their supper. Miss Brewer was going to lead a party. Dr. Snure introduced us to each other. Miss Brewer, in turn, introduced me to Mr. Cooch, a young student of birds who was both accomplished and enthusiastic, andto Mr.and Mrs. Jarrett. We began to walk along Holland avenue at 3.25. This is the direction in which lies the Ottawa river and a large unsettled tract of land bordered by the C.P.R. tracks on its southerly edge and the Ottawa river on its northerly one. All this area was unknown to me even though I am one of those rare birds, native Ottawans. The botanists would say of me, “He is indigenous to this country.” Within five minutes of our departure, we saw a robin and heard a song sparrow jing- ling in the scrubby bush along the east side- walk. This was at the beginning of Holland avenue in Scott street. Here we heard a cow- bird whistling from the railroad and saw a chimney swift flying at a fair height directly overhead. Mr- Cooch’s sharp eye had picked him out from the clouds. We turned westward and walked along Scott street to Ross avenue along which we walked northward across the railroad and through open country toward the Ottawa river. Some members of our party saw a tree sparrow on Scott street but I missed it. As it runs through these. fields Ross avenue is a rocky cart track dusted with the fine powder produced by the pulverization of the small road metal and the place rock which shows here and there. The trees, with few ex- ceptions, have been felled and removed. Only odd clumps of elm and basswood thrust up their trunks above the general level of shrubs and low trees and tall weeds. A mass of alders lay to our right. Soon after we entered this wilderness, a bronzed grackle carrying a morsel in its bill winged overhead. I saw it again on the re- turn and entered into a discussion with a fel- low as to the colour of its bill. He stated that the European starling is the only member of the family which has a yellow bill and inferred that the yellowness on this bird must be the bird’s baggage. I said that the bronzed grackle had a distinctly coloured eye but I was not sure as to its yellowness. Since then, I have learned from Mellwaith’s book, Birds of Ontario, that its iris is sulphur-yellow. This bird’s boat-shaped tail, that feature which strikes the fancy in every bird lover, did not show to advantage. The tail feathers were be- draggled. The party now gathered around Mr. Cooch, who had sallied west of the road to view at close range a rose-breasted grosbeak which moved in the top of a basswood clump. As each successive member of the party caught sight of this rare bird, a squeal or cry of de- light arose toward the bird. I must have been the only one who did not yell my halloo. That was because I failed to pick it out on its lofty perch from among the leaves. I saw the bird only in flight over my head when its white underwing patches showed plainly: I therefore could not distinguish its most at- tractive feature, namely, the roseate breast. I must watch assiduously for this bird and listen for its melodious song, far sweeter than the robin’s song which it resembles. When the leaders called out the presence of a yellow warbler in a clump of low bass- woods, I padded through the grass to see it. We looked and watched for this shy little bird but most of us failed to see it. Some sorrow- fully trailed the leaders without having seen November-December, 1944] it and left only five of us still searching. When the three ladies left, only my acquaintance of the roadway and I remained. Little yellow bird now gained boldness and showed herself to me. I had the pleasure of pointing her out to my companion. Her beak was long propor- tionately to her body, say % to %4 of an inch in length. Her body was greenish yellow and her wing was striped olive green. I liked her eye which stood out like a little black or blue bead. She flitted from branch to branch of the basswood clump, sometimes hidden behind the large leaves, sometimes camouflaged in front of them by the blending of her colours with their light fresh green. She uttered a single call note at fairly regular intervals as if she were warning a brood of young ones nearby of our presence. A tree swallow soared overhead and dipped north-westward. My companion and I left the shrubs and long grasses, returned to the road, and saunt- ered along the hot and dusty trail, across this wild and forlorn plain with no majestic tow- ering trees to pull our glance upward, pos- sessed only of head-high bushes which hemmed our vision and straitly bounded our thoughts. My companion identified himself as Jim For- syth of the teaching staff of the High School of Commerce of Ottawa. Our conversation turned toward his subject of teaching, namely, sociology, and toward the amicable interrel- ationship of student and teacher which exists at that school. After the confinement of the plain and cart track, our debouchment on the river’s shore with its broad prospect across sparkling, dashing rapids gave a thrill to my heart, a lift to my thoughts. The dark, roiled waters of the Ottawa scampered headlong over slip- pery rocks and tossed themselves from their shallow bed into the air, white with delight and merry in mischief. A fine, cool, refresh- ing breeze came in from across the rolling river and dispersed the dust and memory of the cart track. Our planned route lay downstream across broad, bare, flat outcrops of rock and streams now going dry. A purple martin hen strutted up the road ahead of us and took to flight at our approach. It landed to our left, on the THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALISE 189 rocky and pebbled beach, only thirty feet away. It fed on shore-bits picked up among the pebbles and walked in search of its food with a mincing, teetering gait. Its high shoul- ders tottered and thrust themselves forward. It had a greyish belly, a dark grey throat, and handsomely purplish head and back. A- round it circled in flight several tree swallows which fought wind and the martin hen. Far across the waters, a herring gull dipped and rose against the wind. We turned inland and investigated the calls and song of a catbird from a haw thicket. I could not find the mocking music-maker but saw a juvenile robin in the hollow center of the thicket. It stood on a stone, quietly, and held up its big-mouthed face and displayed its long cheeks wrinkled like an old woman’s cheeks. It had the countenance of a wizened and sanctimonious parson with a long, spot- ted weskit. It kept its front to me lest I see its docked tail. In spite of its precaution, I did see its stubby tail when it flapped shakily away from me. A song sparrow jingled its defiant ringing song from the low trees back of me. Near our thicket, we stooped to examine several flowering plants which Miss Brewer later identified for me as bed straw, lady’s thumb (with its blotch of blood on the leaf), bladder campion, and stone crop, which is a small yellow flower of the live-for-ever family. We returned to the river and sat on its rocky shore. We watched the bathers, listened to the river’s plaint, and saw a duck, prob- ably a black one, beating its way upstream only a few feet above the water. Here the leaders explained the finds of their several parties. I regretted that I had not seen the hackberry tree which the botanists under Mr. Groh had found. This leader exhibited its most asymmetrical leaf which has that attribute in a much greater degree than even the elm, to which it is related. When I arose and walked back to the town with Mr. Cooch, I finished my participation in the last excur- sion of the Field Naturalists’ Club during the spring of 1944 and felt remorse at not joining the walkers in the earlier rambles. The finest pleasures in life’s bounty slip down-stream while I drift in littoral eddies or grasp at slimy boulders. — J. A. ENSTONE, OTTAWA. 190 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS AN ONTARIO NEST OF THE EVENING GROS- BEAK.— During the past twenty-five years there has been a gradual eastward extension of the summer distribution of the eastern evening grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina) in Ontario. By the summer of 1935, the species had appeared at Haliburton, Haliburton County and by 1939, had reached Leeds County and the St. Lawrence River (Baillie, 1940). The first evidence of breeding for the prov- ince was’ established in 1920 when Rowan (1920) observed an adult with young “clam- ouring for food” on July 24 at Indian Bay, in extreme western Ontario. On August 5, 1920, Ralph E. and Justin S. DeLury (1922) saw an adult female feeding two young out of the nest near Ingolf, adjacent to the Man- itoba boundary. Since that time and following a general eastward trend, observations of young have been reported by MacLoghlin (1932) at Bella Lake, Muskoka District and by Baillie and Harrington (1937) at Kenora, Port Arthur, Pickerel Lake, Bachawana Bay and Bigwood. McLulich (1938) mentions young as being seen in Algonquin Park during the years 1932 to 1935. These repeated ob- servations of young birds attended by parents furnish ample evidence of the extent of this species breeding range in the province but the finding of an actual nest has long proven an enigma to even the most active ornithol- ogists. _ On June 3, 1944, a nest of the evening grosbeak was found by Mrs. I. V. Earle at Clear Lake, in northeastern Haliburton Coun- ty, seven miles south of Whitney. A letter from Mrs. Earle to Dr. Harry E. Hobbs of Toronto told of the discovery, apparently the first nest of this species to be reported for Ontario. The writer accepted Mrs. Earle’s in- vitation to visit the location and accompanied by Mr. W. W. Smith had the pleasure of corroborating the find on June 20. An extract from Mrs. Earle’s letter of June 6 should prove of interest. It reads: “In the light of the invasion news my news will stand out like the light from one tiny candle on a birth- day cake, but I have found an evening gros- beak’s nest very much occupied. It seems as if there should be several nests in this vicin- ity for we have counted as many as twelve male birds at one time imbibing sodium chlor- ide cocktails at “Ye Olde Rotten Stump Bar” in front of the kitchen window. At first there were several females there too but recently they appear singly accompanied by friend husband who eats nothing himself but stands guard over the female, driving every other bird away until she has eaten her fill. I have been-on.the lookout for a nest for a long time and when the females stopped coming down in numbers I thought they must be nesting so started looking in earnest. I have noticed that when they are coming down out of the bush they keep calling to one another, so taking that as a clue, I went down the trail to the west and into the bush where I heard some birds calling. About 50 ft. up in a scrag- gy old cedar tree not far off the trail I saw what looked like a pile of twigs in a crotch close to the trunk of the tree. I studied it with the bird glasses and was convinced that it must be a nest. So after having practically taken a bath in fly dope I settled down for a vigil. My vigil was rewarded fairly soon when I heard some calling and along came a male and a female straight to the nest. She lit on a branch right over the nest and flew down into it and settled herself with much flutter- ing of her wings, while he sat on a branch right next to the nest and inquired as to her comfort. The field glasses showed them up so plainly that it seemed as if I could touch them and left no doubt as to who lived there. I think she must be laying for she leaves the nest for too long a time to be hatching eggs. I keep the old stump well wet up with a sat- urated solution of salt (no free particles) and: it surely does attract them.” At the time of our visit (June 20-21) the nest contained half-grown young whose tiny heads could be seen protruding above the rim of the nest each time they were fed. Accord- ing to Mrs. Earle, the adults were first not- iced feeding the young on June 13. The po- sition of this particular nest is at variance with others of this species found in Michigan by Ligon (1928) in that it was placed in a crotch formed by a small branch, snug a- gainst the trunk, approximately fifty feet a- bove the ground. The rather bulky nest was quite visible from the ground and appeared to be composed mainly of small twigs and November-December, 1944] grasses. Since the old cedar holding the nest was too unsound to bear one’s weight the writer climbed a balsam fifteen feet from the nest-tree and was able to take several photo- graphs of the parents as they came to feed the young. It was noted that the adults al- ways approached and left the nest-tree togeth- er. Invariably the female fed the young first to be followed in a few seconds by the male. On several occasions only the female did the feeding. Following the feeding both birds would rest for a few moments then fly away together. During our period of observation of about two hours the young were fed on an average of every fifteen minutes. The usual food offered appeared to be a species of grub or larva which the parents picked off nearby conifers. While in the vicinity of the nest the adults uttered a more subdued, but similar, note to the usual whistled “cheep”. Although the general vicinity was searched - for other nests of a possible colony, none was found. However, such nests undoubtedly ex- ist within a reasonably short distance of the Earles’ home since on June 21, we counted thirty grosbeaks, mostly males, feeding on the Two MoTHs FROM ONE COCOON.— There has recently been received at the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology through the courtesy of Dr. E. M. Walker, two specimens of Autom- eris io, male and female, which had emerged from one cocoon. The cocoon containing two empty pupa skins was included. These speci- mens were sent to Dr. Walker by Mr. Bruce Metcalfe, Thistletown, Ontario who has kind- ly informed us that the cocoon was collected REDISCOVERY OF CORALLORHIZA ODONTORHIZA.— On October 3, 1935, after several efforts, I found a colony of the Autumn Coral Root, Corallorhiza odontorhiza on Lot 20, Sixth Con- cession of Charlotteville in Norfolk Co., Ont. Unfortunately this colony disappeared when the woodlot was cut two years later. On September 17th of the present year (1944) THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATUSALIST 191 salt impregnated wood of a rotten stump at the side of the house. The writer is indebted to Mrs. Earle for permission to report this unusual nest. LITERATURE CITED Baillie, James L. Jr. and Paul Harrington. 1937.. The distribution of breeding birds in Ontario. Trans. Royal. Can. Inst., 21: 199-283. Baillie, James L. Jr. 1940. The summer distri- bution of the eastern evening grosbeak. Can. Field-Nat. 54:28. DeLury, Ralph E. and Justin S. 1922. Occur- rence of immature evening grosbeaks in Ontario. Can. Field-Nat., 36:137. Ligon, J. Stockley. 1923. Nesting of the even- ing grosbeak in northern Michigan. Awk, 40 :314-316. McLoghlin, Anna E. 1932. Evening grosbeak seen feeding its young in Muskoka. Can. Field-Nat., 46:68. MacLulich, D. A., 1938. Birds of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. R.O.M.Z. Con- trib. No. 13: 39-40. Rowan, Wm. 1920. Awk, 37:585-6. — O. BE. DEVITT, TORONTO. in the field by a collegiate student, brought to school and the specimens emerged in a cage (exact date unknown). The two moths are quite normal, the male rather small. In many years of collecting and working among Lepi- doptera, I have never heard of a similar case and would like to discover whether it is a record or otherwise. ——- CHARLES E. CORFE, DIVISION OF INSECTS, ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY. I was fortunate enough to discover it again in my own woodlot, six miles from Simcoe. Macoun reported finding this species “north of Lake Erie” in the 1880’s but so far as I know there has been no record lately. Frank Morris was unable to find it in Ontario when preparing his book on “Our Wild Orchids.” —MONROE LANDON, SIMCOE, ONT. 192 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS THE W. E. SAUNDERS COLLECTION.— Final arrangements for the disposition of the zoo- logical collection of the late Dr. W. E. Saun- ders are now complete. The following partic- ulars have been brought together for record. Not every specimen was numbered and reg- istered in the Saunders’ catalogue, conse- quently exact figures are not available but those given are approximately correct. MAMMAL COLLECTION. — The mammal collection contained an approximate, all-time total of 3,000 specimens. Over the years Dr. Saunders gave 1,587 to various schools, teach- ers and other individuals, for educational pur- poses.! After his death 163 specimens were ' given to the University of Western Ontario, London. The remainder, totalling approx- imately 1,250 specimens, was bequeathed to the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology. About 100 species, mostly rodents, are represented 1.—Also about 140 mammal skins were given to the National Museum of Canada. 2.—Not the R.O.M.Z., as recorded by Dale, Can. Field- Nat., 57: 100. 1943. WORM-EATING WARBLER AND PARASITIC JAEGER AT VINELAND STATION, ONT.— On May 4, 1944, a worm-eating warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus (Gm.)) was discovered in the shrubbery along the small creek which flows through the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland Station, Ont. The writer observed it carefully with six-power glasses at a dis- tance of twenty-five feet for about five min- utes as it worked through the lower shrubs about a foot from the ground, until it finally took fright and was lost among the dense growth. Six days later, on May 10, what was pre- sumably the same bird was seen about sev- enty-five yards from the first location, as it flew from a dense clump of spruce into a small plantation of young Scotch pine. For at least ten minutes it fed on the ground among scattered weeds or ascended the lower dying branches of the pines, giving the writer in the portion now in the Royal Ontario Mus- eum of Zoology. BIRD COLLECTION: Skins. — An approx- imate total of 4,700 specimens comprised the all-time collection of bird skins. Donations for educational purposes amounted to 1,370. In addition, during the year 1919, he presented 975 specimens to the National Museum of Canada? and in 1931 he made a donation of 280 specimens to the University of Western Ontario. The remainder, 2,075, was bequeathed | to the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology where it is now housed. This latter portion contains representation of 475 species of birds. It in- cludes the many varities and historic record specimens collected by Saunders during his long and active life. Eggs and Nests. — This collection com- prised 1,494 sets of eggs representing 382 species. It was bequeathed and delivered to the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology. — L. L. SNYDER, ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, TORONTO. every opportunity to note the characteristic head markings. Jaegers appear to be sufficiently uncommon in Ontario to be worth recording. On October 13, 1942, the writer was watching the gulls which were gliding along in the updraft from the lake bank at the Experiment Station, when a strange bird dashed into the field of the glasses in pursuit of a ring-billed gull. It was at once recognized as a jaeger, and remained in view long enough to permit not- ing the details of tail and colouration. Later comparison of descriptions and colour plates in several reference works showed it to be a parasitic jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus (L.)) in light phase. This is apparently the first record of the species from Lincoln County. About half a mile west of the Experiment ° Station, another jaeger was seen on September 13, 1948, but it was too distant to reveal the specific characters. It appeared to be in light phase.— WM, L. PUTNAM, VINELAND STATION, ONT. November-December, 1944] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 193 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS THE MUTE SWAN IN ONTARIO.— The occur- rence of a mute swan (Sthenelides olor) in the vicinity of any large community or estate could be assumed to be the result of some local escape and would deserve no particular comment. A specimen of this species now in the collection of the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology represents an occurrence which can- not be so summarily dismissed. The bird, an adult, was collected on Long Point Bay, Nor- folk County, Ontario by Mr. John Bachus, Jr. of Port Rowan in late October, 19384. It possessed no marks of captivity. Both wings are normal though the swan was apparently in a flightless stage since the chord of each wing measures approximately eighteen inches, not twenty-four or more which would indicate full development of the primaries. According to breeders of this species there is nothing irregular about the bird being flightless in October. The point of interest in connection with this Ontario-taken mute swan is that it cannot be assumed to be a local escape since no cap- tive stock is known to be kept within fifty or more miles of the situation where it was cap- tured. In fact, Long Point Bay is about as close to areas where Mute swans have been _ reported as feral birds as it is to where cap- tive stock of the species is retained. The 1931 Edition of the American Ornith- ologists’ Union Check-List makes the general ADDITIONAL GRASSES FOR OTTAWA, LIST!.— Further collecting in the region within a 30- mile radius of Ottawa has yielded the follow- ing names to supplement our list published earlier (Can. Field-Nat. 52:53-55, April 1938). *Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. — per- sisting since 1941, sandy highway shoulder, Dow’s Lake. Bromus Dudleyi Fern. — Wakefield. *Cynosurus cristatus L. — introduced in lawn seedings, Ottawa. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin, — sandy land, Constance Bay. *Festuca capillata Lam. — in lawn, Ottawa. *Restuca elatior L. var. arundinacea (Schreb.) Wimm. — roadside, Deschénes. eek fate 1.—Contribution No. 795 from the Division of Bo and Plant Pathology, Science Service, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. statement that this species is naturalized in New York State (lower Hudson Valley and the south shore of Long Island) and that cas- ual strays occur on the coast of New Jersey. Poole!, Black?, and Hicks? report occurrences of mute swans in Pennsylvania, Illinois and Ohio (and West Virginia) respectively. Al- though the report of Hicks concerns the lib- eration of swans in Ohio in the autumn of 1934, the year the Ontario bird was collected, the context of his note indicates that the latter could not have been from that flock. An unrecorded occurrence based on a sight observation at Hamilton, Ontario, since 1934, could not be explained as a local escape. The specimen here recorded and the Hamilton re- port would appear to make it necessary to deal with the name of this species in any future list of Ontario birds. List-keepers are plagued with numerous histories of occur- rence which show every degree in suport of validity or invalidity. The case of the mute swan is not clear-cut or of any particular im- portance but neverthless the name should be included in any compendium purporting to be complete— L. L. SNYDER, ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM OF ZooLOGy, TORONTO, ONT. 1.—1929, Auk, 46: 536 2.—1934, Auk, 51: 100 3.—1935, Auk, 52: 301-2 Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin., var. laxa (Seribn.) Hitche. — Eardley. “Hordeum vulgare L.—persisting after cul- tivation. Muhlenbergia uniflora (Muhl.) Fern. — bog, Eardley. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. Britannia. *“Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. — city streets, Ottawa; troublesome in Westboro gar- den. Some additional stations for species rare in the district may also be mentioned. Anthoxanthum odoratum — moist meadow Arboretum, Experimental Farm. Bromus Kalmii monte. —Constance Bay and Al- Phragmites communis — ditch, Bowesville. —W. G. DorE AND H. GRoH, OTTAWA. 194 THe CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS AN EXTREME CASE OF SO-CALLED “INJURY- FEIGNING’ BY A FEMALE RUFFED GROUSE (Bonasa umbellus)— On July 27, 1934, at Brule Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario, while engaged in an intensive study of a ruffed grouse population, I observed a female ruffed grouse behave in a manner unique in my ex- perience. Its action surely belongs in the “injury-feigning” category, but the first of these words hardly goes far enough and the second is a teleological expression the use of which is scarcely conducive to the elucidation of problems of bird behaviour. This observa- tion bore no relation to the problems with which I was concerned and was omitted when the results of my efforts were published (Un. of Tor. Studies Biol. Series No. 41, 1936). ’ I was walking along an open trail when a female ruffed grouse suddenly started to cluck and walk away from the trail a few feet ahead of me. Her behaviour was typical of “broody” female grouse. She had certainly ‘geen me coming and her young, which were well grown, had had time to slip out ahead of me. This family was one of a number that I had had under close observation and I was very anxious to get a count of the young. The only way to do this was to dash madly into the brush ahead in the hope of flushing them. I had made two steps towards the accomplish- ment of this purpose when the female flew a few feet and came down on the bare ground under a cedar tree, beating her wings exactly like a bird that has been shot and is dying. The body moved about on the ground, breast down, head and feet limp, in a manner that needs no description to grouse hunters. For a few seconds I stood still in fascination. Into my mind there flashed stories that I had heard of the behaviour of snowshoe rabbits in northern Canada during times of dying- off of how fat and apparently healthy an- imals would suddenly topple over dead when they were flushed. Perhaps this was similar! - Then, when it seemed that the death struggle would take the bird to a hole leading under the cedar tree, I darted forward to seize her. Just as I stretched out my hand she took off in full flight. My chagrin was considerable, and it was too late to do anything about counting the young birds. The “broken-wing behaviour”, combined with a great deal of clucking and a variety of threatening postures and noises, was com- monly exhibited by grouse in this area, es- pecially before the young were able to fly. As the young grew and became able to dis- perse rapidly such behaviour became less common. I might add that I have found with spruce grouse that a good imitation of the call of the downy young will induce threat- ening postures on the part of a temale after her young are on the wing and have ceased to give the notes in question. I have never tried this out on ruffed grouse. By July 27th young ruffed grouse had been flying for three weeks. Although the individual ruffed grouse concerned in the incident that I have de- scribed was observed many times, as were other individuals in the same area, the be- haviour described was observed on the one occasion only. — C. H. D. CLARKE, TORONTO REMARKs ON A. L. RAND’S “ENGLISH BIRD NOTES” IN VOL. 58, P. 68, 1944.— As one born and brought up in England, and a former student and worker in the Ornithological De- partment of the British Museum, I was partic- ularly interested in Dr. A. L. Rand’s com- ments and quotations under the title of ‘““Eng- lish Bird Notes” in the recently issued March- April number of The Canadian Field-Natur- alist, 58, p. 68. The idea of helping ornithol- ogically inclined Canadian boys to understand English bird-life is an excellent one, and judging by the quoted letter, Mr. Kinnear’s efforts along these lines have been much ap- preciated. Such an arrangement should work both ways, and certainly every effort should be made by members of our Club to contact nature loving British boys who are now train- ing in Canada, and give them any assistance possible in their endeavours to learn something November-December, 1944] about Canadian Zoology, and Botany. How- ever, this was not the main object of my note which was rather to comment on certain pas- sages in LAC Miller’s letter to Mr. Mack of Guelph. Far be it from me to criticize any- thing in a letter from an enthusiastic airman to his friend, but for the sake of mutual un- derstanding by ornithologists on both sides of the Atlantic who may happen to read Dr. Rand’s quotations, it hardly seems right to let certain obvious misapprehensions, as ev- idenced in the letter, go without comment. The observations of English bird-life were, accord- ing to the quotations, made between January 14 and January 19. On the first date the let- ter mentions seeing “woodlarks (quite similar to our horned larks) which are very rare and localized”. Rare and localized they are, but woodlarks do not in the least resemble horned larks. They are in appearance quite typical of the skylark group, in fact a small skylark with a particularly short tail would in brief describe it. The shore lark of England is the only horned lark, and the only lark occurring there that could be said to resemble our horned larks, which: it does very closely. In Epping Forest, a few days later, the correspondent mentions seeing among other interesting birds, and in the following words:- “great titmice (these are very comical creatures with long unwieldy tails).” Here is surely a misunder- standing for the great titmouse is a typical chickadee of the genus Parus, albeit a some- what large and brilliantly coloured one. It DISTRIBUTION OF THE CYPRINID FISHES, N. de- liciosus AND N. volucellus IN ONTARIO. — Hubbs and Greene, (1928) have shown that many of the cyprinids recorded under the name Notropis blennius actually belong to the species Notropis deliciosus or N. volucellus and that the latter two species have been com- monly confused. Re-examination of the specimens recorded as deliciosus from Lake Nipigon (Dymond 1927) shows them to be volucellus. N. delicosus so far as our present knowledge is concerned does not occur in Ontario north of the north shore of Lake Huron, Lake Nip- issing and the Ottawa River.. N. volucellus is known in Ontario from the Rainy River area (Hubbs letter), Lake Nip- THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 195 seems probable that our enthusiastic young bird-man got his names badly mixed and in- stead of meaning the great titmouse, the largest of the British chickadees, he really meant to write of the smallest . species, the very charming little long-tailed titmouse Acredula rosea; although I may say that it never occurred to me that such a dainty little- long-tailed ball of feathers could be accused of having an unwieldy tail, for my remem- brance of the species is that in all its actions it is the very embodiment of grace. The only other comment I have to make, in connection with Dr. Rand’s notes and quotations, is the mention of an observation of “1 common sand- piper” when out for a long walk near Lord Rothschild’s Museum on January 18. Surely a very unusual date for the common sand- piper to be in England. This species, a close relative of our own spotted sandpiper, is like that species here, a summer bird, arriving as a general rule in late April or early May and departing for its winter home in Africa usually not later than September?- — R. W. SHEPPARD, NIAGARA FALLS, ONTARIO. 1.—Aegithalos caudatus of 1940 Handbook of British Birds. 2.—The similarity of newly-seen foreign birds to fam- iliar birds of ones homeland is the first thing that strikes a wandering ornithologist. To LAC Miller the woodlark evidently recalled a horned lark The great Titmice evidently appeared as comical creatures, with long unwieldy tails. As to the common sandpiper in England, With- erby, et. al. (1940 The Handbook of British Birds, Vol. 4, p. 299) write: Single birds fairly often re- corded in winter in various parts of England. —A. L: Rand. igon (see above), Lake Attawapiskat (Lat. 52° 10’) and Favourable Lake area (Lat. 52° 50’) (Dymond and Scott 1941). N. blennius is not known from Ontario but occurs in the Prairie Provinces. References Dymond, J. R. 1927. The fishes of Lake Nip- igon. Univ. Tor. Studies, Biol. Ser. Pub. Ont. Fish Res. Lab. 27. Dymond, J. R and W. B. Scott 1941. Fishes of Patricia portion of the Kenora Dist- rict, Ontario. Copeia 1941. No. 4. pp.244. Hubbs, C. L. and C. W. Greene 1928. Further notes on the fishes of the Great Lakes and tributary waters. Mich. Acad. Sct., Arts and Letters 8: 375-379. — J. R. DYMOND, ROYAL ONTARIO MUstuM OF ZOOLOGY, TORONTO, 196 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 BOOK REVIEWS Sor. EROSION AND LAND USE SURVEY, HOPE TOWNSHIP PROJECT AREA, DURHAM Co- UNTy, ONT. By N. R. Richards and F. F., Morwick, 1943. Co-operative Soil Sur- wey Project by the Experimental Farms Service, Dominion Department of Agri- culture in Co-operation with the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario. Another forward step in the conservation and intelligent utilization of our natural re- sources, this twenty-eight page mimeographed report is particularly well organized and is written for the layman as well as the scien- tist. The authors begin with a statement of their problem and go on to describe the 22,080 acre area from such points of view as physio- graphy, drainage, vegetation, climate, and transportation facilities. The second part deals with dgriculture, past. and present. The development of farm- ing in the region is sketched and the crops that are grown are considered. Then they go on to the main body of the survey — Soil Erosion and Land Use Survey. This is brok- en up into five sections which are dealt with Scientifically and directly. After describing the methods and definitions used in the work, soils, slope, present land use and erosion are HANDBOOK OF FROGS AND ToaDs. By Anna Allen Wright and Albert Hazen Wright; Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, New York, 1942; pp. 286, wlustrated, $3.00. This book, a second edition of the 1933 handbook enlarged from 231 to 286 pages, is designed for students, teachers and natur- alists. It contains descriptions of the 98 species and sub-species of frogs and toads of Canada and the United States. Each account of a species occupies two pages and, with a few exceptions, is accompanied by a panel of pictures. The discussion of a species covers names, common and scientific; range; habitat; size ; general appearance; structure; voice; considered in order. Each of these topics is broken down into details and analyzed in re- lation to each other. Consideration is given to the present uses in four classes, cropland, pasture land, woodland and idle land. Four- teen soil types are recognized and discussed. The .seriousness of erosion in the area is emphasized and its progress where aided by overgrazing, and loss of cover is brought out forcefully to show what is actually occurring in this one small region alone. The significance and use of this survey is typical of what can and should be done in many regions. Five land classes are recognized in the project area in relation to their suit- ability for cultivation and to what extent they can be expected to yield if intelligently farmed and what cultural practices will be necessary in each case. Each of the four classes is considered in detail and one can ~ not help but feel that here is a prciect of a type fundamental to future land use policy. This report is recommended for its inter- est and careful detailed analyses, as well as for its direct attack upon a vital problem. A large four inch to the mile map, sixteen tables, three figures, and eight photographs of the region add to the interest and value of an excellent paper. — M. N. ZINCK. breeding, treatment of the development from the egg stage through the transformation of the tadpole; and notes, of two sorts - excerpts from the authors’ field journals, giving the reader a feeling of some of the joys and puz- zles of the search, and quotations from fifty contributors to the study of this subject. There are 88 plates composed of 440 photo- graphs and 30 drawings of living frogs and toads representing each species in several dif- ferent postures. The illustrated introduction gives general biological information and a key to the use of the book. The bibliography lists publica- tions, check lists and province and state ref- erences, -——-C, L, PATCH, November-December, 1944] THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 197 INDEX TO VOLUME 58 PAC UE SND LS TLINEG) eect eon eh LOS TO. CORT Ohare seated ca a tones adnan i alan Acanthis hornemanné ........... hornemanni exilipes UPTO TACs SGM SUEY SLIME RD EG UDO CL in eee ak See al OIG Pee Sane POSURE sasecnictecs He ere AR try Ma PNGED BEL CT. COODETE: -o eno cs cececassecrs a ostolontsectecounstetorteinten gentilis atricapillus SEU OEULUS! Weret, VAMenICAN Hen gids estes sence ena ate YO CHM SCO et 169, 181, AARON Diao ey cag Sin ake aN pairs terre rere aber one rtie Get tn ccosietoct AVOMINUOTE UATE iiss ecce een venet eaten sib 123, 181, 182 Northern: (chute eee eevee PONSULVONUCE, Veco leila amir cram nen ee: 169 Elanoides forficatus forficatus GOUNUES: IOUNLUCS) oes cesecerree testis car) ona aM S127 wale Oy Fash mune nee i Me ta. GER ESTO O Rife Wei, cee ain onl e NaRLI AL Galo BoM GS iit Dil rag eure Ue ae iiat YE ea enV NUR cr tn thet CRO TUM se RA i SON Mile als Uae NGS) LOMO NCAHACETISISN nonin ten ert etenn cect taeetiaters EOUMSCNA OY Sel ao Nan ie. LAOS Veeeemenaiion Hat uaen, 44 Elymus arenarius SSP. MOUS oeecccececsucesriasnee WAC TES URE TUS eae Rn Lune ea UEMEN Solna ane 169) Ei npetruml: NAGI co en ta ee Mie vod tr DerMacentor ANAETSONA rrseercccsseseseecteennne 56, 59 LHmpidonax fldviventris ciceccccnncmunn DCLTULOULS clack ei atcsie esses Ce aoe aes EC mE UTE 56, 186 hammondi Deschampsia caespitosa ssp, orientalis ..... 130 Tmnvmus STEROID HES eg ie eS re Ah rr a 42 EASTHAM RA ARIS Natal cha ean ce 120, 161 RE IHNIDE DEER eh onde eee aa ks, a ii taoateniee 42 English bird notes, aya Ae ae ERALTNGD steer crete 68 Enstone, J. A. Spring Field Excursion, Ottawa Field- Merhoralists; «Clubs. ees Tar 188 Epidendrum coch bet ur rccssncsssssernnsesnnanie 74 CoChleatum Var. trtANTWIMN errr 74 Epilobiam angustifoliwm crospeernasnensenennnninne PUPIL ECS UCLTL LITO °c. stores gett asi secs ctertesvesttanane teen RGeeepalesiit LEGG ATIGROLT Te Ae to RRA oP eR eerie 131 BATSON A ROPSOLITT haa tae Set ete arte ee is eee aa 131 SVEDIST LLC TO COLL OM scccctcsceecod cee eccospsccctenreeeet eetoe TE PIAOOCGEISY) | LOUOF OL dace csncreesccteitiececetsesaas Enpinactis, Broad-leaved LES PCTS CTH Ts oe eat Me a ie etc ae FADES Ea a ee aee ae AR MMA OS ara Ne A ae SIUDOULUCUIN: oo attach cas Erethizon dorsatum “ EUNIART TET CIT (aa teat ee ee eed ae et eo rae Bea Fe PE CHAVEUOS. GR an 28 BUST CU ESPENCO TUCO LOT xcciiisssistchocssstetoosososussileesotanppertartoteasequiovanscen 47 ICH UACE CU DUNO Hocicsiihutswetinouionalisenitianncdcan 193 CLALION VAY, ALUNEINACEY juin 193 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST ETCH Gy © ASSN penser eee cst ck ae see ceeceaternatereated Cassin Purple Common a PUTple res cesses 187, 1388, 1389 Bastermm Puy ple eek iment ecece news 137, 172 GYEY-CLOWMNE TYOSY -ssssssssssnsssesseeseseesnneersnrereeneneet 36 BB b Gj on C= \yaeban avert date ce IR UPR Ne RL EER Pe 140, 141 URTrsegIES ev Sea rant erate ores ceeiee cat decane le ranma 182 | Dor oKea FeIct “SNe aah cue N ned & sued iter ea PB ee ES 63 VTS eg cies eee CNP INTIT ey 79, 80, 87, 98 TDTIST SS y(yqone neni | a8 cpa ce be ae EAU ce eee 195 1 Vite) en ee MI a Fal Ping eR I Oe a AL ee 183 NOE Me TSI Settee) err Se Ee 135, 160 Northern Yellow-Shalted -ccccsssssscssssssasesecnsee 119 Northwestern Red-shafted «cscs TAOS aati Red-shafted «uu... 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 188 Yeellow-Shatted. -..nccossssssssse: 186, 137, 138, 139 Flycatcher, Aer «ccc 40, 42, 120, 161 TETITIOT Gio eee a ceesburrieatea cay 38, 42 ALES NSH Pardee ND ee rateable 120, 161 INiortherm)@restedi tesa ee cece crerercet 161 Olive-sided (esas Son 38, 42, 120, 161 aVWarrTo hater aera etme tenes Moh ed anase 7, 40, 42 Velo webe lie cinerea eens 120, 161 GOS see eee CR aa ee a aa es 85 REC ee RU ACR CEE LY ee 47, 86, 92 STIVG esc Gon CANE PORE. Meme aia 78, 85 Fox, W. Sherwood Botanical field-notes - summer of 1943 .. 10 Fraser, William Pollock, 1876-1943 ........... 1 Frog, Swamp Cricket o.sceccccsccsencescesneencseneesnsennante 68 Fruits of the earth, review by H. A. Senn 125 FUulict AMEricaNd WMELICANA rrrrecrresrseceeesreseen USB: TOP Tp NE] SSE NAS ST issn kee i eh EA eee ea tN 85 — CC Cee saree ld ay veges eee ca RR AE mee UL 148 Galium labradoricum orc UC MS BUENA 5 Gallinula chloronus CACRANNANS «reese 11538 Grannies, WUO TT a Oeeette nce cuseectertcasretstintenten ert staat 1538 EAT Ee eR I Me Ae BA Ne A 145 Norse Actlamiti ci eee res eure aeanet en cin 175 Garry oak in British Columbia, The, by R. Glendenning @asnerea Ui eee GOSUODULTOS io ore een tact TEUILGI ch sesd eed ectar thse tlasesatts ct etnias cocrieranschetr CUT ATES Te, EE CU CELCO, PACIFICO, esesesseessnssnssevnsecncesneesetsnonnsnneanene 112 immer 40, 102 ammer t stellata Gentiana (HOY THIS io. Bierce tee emai Gan feta ne taratriete ieecieees ap LATA NOW POA VIES sec coasts ase rans Ne treet er een games emerge A ear (al Gat yMist EACH Oise 20 ve nsrccseneasct nn tcosteanubea tg 44 trichas Drachidactyla, seoseesusursnsunnnnnensees 170 DECLRETECUAS ieee cet cieakcesticrttye teeta 128 Geraniw C7taAnt Rum srvvrsssssssssssesnnteressonrerersannsersanen 131 GET COLENTFOUMIT A ie ctnato nema coneatosns sit DONE PE CALI saesssesssserssssersessssnerectsersersntesecagpastnnerneonnte 1381 Glaucionetta clangula GMeTICANA ores 149 islandica GIAUCOMYS SABTINUS vous He AT AS nTRARTEG INO LUTRTHTIAITY wine a 202 Gleanings from the natural history of Huron County, Ontario, by C. H. D. Blakey tence DON aes ea eh et 82 Glendenning, R. The garry oak in British Columbia ..... 61 Glycerina canadensts Var. LACH reverses 193 OE Gee ee ie eae ear SE RL ech 46 Mountain iiss ee ser ey eee) ae, Saat OTE: Sh 51 Godwait; ~Hudsonian: see ee 156 1 Ging 0} (eye Wig ore pam aE Nae eae ont uakoagn eae 156 Goldeneye esi ee ae, 135, 139 American ..... 186, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 149 IB ATTPOW Bay cae eee ee a RI rite 40, 141 GOMMION ee ocean coats Mh PONT 138 Goldfinch, American. ................. 186, 187, 138, 139 ASCOT cate ae ce ei ee ale eae 135. 1365 3 Goose; Barnacle 3008. 2 7 ae 102 1 Boo (Sees sme nan ree Tn ea Heer Meena AC 83, 147 Canada: passe eC Mesos al an 40, 112 CommonniCanada eee Oe ee 147 Lesser Snow SNOW: ccc cee \ WG) Ko Rei ieee eae pre melt URE oe uN ee OnE Nee Gopher; “Dakota Pocket 2.....20.0.006 2 i Mississippi Valley Pocket occcccsccssssscssescseen malt KC OSTTAWWAK eeesserae ery NT cen AU AD RRR UN na 40 PNGMCV UC ATA Go srccsnentenetetcrenieienet a 136, 187, 189, 140 IS COTM ica tiee ee OSS ESOS ae rt tia 114, 150 Grackle, BronZed. oececssccsssssssssssensssssnseee 139, 171, 188 Grass, (Cotton fineo tee cn eeu de ew . 38 Grebe, Holboell’s ................. 112, 139, 140, 141, 145 ormed Soe a 140, 141, 145 aed=billed ancnde ed eee ieee Rey eis 145 AVVICSTOTN cok ee ee Sera amin nian, 140, 141 Gresham, Albert Burton, 1905-1941, by J. Dewey: SOper (acc. Mee ce ee A 176 Groh, Herbert Early Hooker plant ranges restored ...... 17 Milkweed Extremes: iis aa 22 Potamogeton crispus L. in “Alberta ae 126 See alsc Dore W. G. and H. Groh Grosbeak, Canadian Pine occu US pli Bastern Evening cccecccssccssssensne 185, 172, 190 Evening .......... 38, 45, 136, 137, 189, 140, 190 Pinte eer cnche. 124, 135, 136, 137, 189, 140 TROSE=DE CASTE. voccscstecrcsseceoctetooen un es 172, 188 Grouse, eBlue fick oS ee ee ee Me 38, 40 Canada gRuited) o2.0 ne ae ee ene ae 152 Canada Spruce .2....cscnce lee 116, 152 ramiclin yes seen een co eee eh aa 35, 40 Northwestern Sharp-tailed o..ccececccccnssn 116 Nova gscotia (hufted pte. toe 135 Richardson s/usky, 0) vee on 116 Ruffed ... 41, 102, 135, 136, 137, 189, 140, 194 Sharp-tailed aia ss SN on ap 83, 102; 140 Wiukon “aR uthed es ie ia eee es 116 Groves, J. W. Review of Common edible mushrooms ....... 30 Gius HOMETICONG iw he eh ee 142 CANAMENSUS crsrresernensersen 102 COMAGCENSTS x AO ROE Nae Ae tay dalla nelly Guide to bird watching, A, review by VaNIRS | Bp 42 a0 eects ec operon Wet ae 129 Gull, Bonnaparte’s ccc. 83, NCS a9. db, Glancoris 32 ce Bee ae eae 136, 137, 156 GlaUcous-Win ged rccccccssssscsssnseseseensesensee 140, 141 Great Black-backed .. 135, 136, 137, 139, 156 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST | [Vol. 58 Hernino mene 102, 118,) D355 aor 188, 139, 140, 141 5ae eos Iceland) ee ts Se ee ee a ee 68, 83, 1387 Ring-billed 187, 138, 189, 157 Sabine’s {Scan ae tt dae eee 157 Shontsbilleducies ie eee 118, 140, 141 PPR VieTIS as ene ete aa er ee 138, 140 Gulo TUSCus ee ands a 47, 99 Gtissow, H. T. Review of Northern fishes with special reference tothe upper Mississippi Maley 27 Gymnademia*conopsed 4... ee 75 GyrialconsBlack-= 2326 151 White Sakae ee 151 2) 3 FLO DONO ATG: + sides oliathisidica eee ee 74 CUNGT IS! WE acca ticduscisasionn ee 74 Finubeia te, a al a oe 74 hyperbored ‘Sno ek i ee 130 DSY CODES ito. Decadence a ee 74 Hackbertty,...0 since een aa TSS Haemaphysalis CONNGDATIUNG oivccccccscccssssseeresene 56 LePOTIS-PONUSTT AS ceesvorssscssvinirseelenrcesscrencts cance 56, 59 Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus. -ccm0- 151 WASNINGLONIENSIS eee 115 Handbook of frogs and toads, review by Geil), Rateh: 2455.00 Ue 196 PP Are, AM CEG) i. Bee tenths cesn cota eee oe 100 PUTOPEATY Ss geen stick canted deena ea 82 MOY Wea ib s\ sce pete ee atest arte ad erie Nese ter Scent 82 Hawk, American Marsh vacccssssssssscsnssssesseee 115 American Rough -legged on-ccsccccsccscscessucsnses RU ae Ae Me eauetie 115,.. 137, 138) Aso iow AMe@YICAN SPALLOW oereesssccscssssee ‘116, 1B. US) Broad-winged) 02002 cscs ct ee 151 Cooperts 2 ah eae 96, 1387, 138, 139, 150 Bastern: sPiseons nee eee 115, 151 Hastern ‘Red-tailed: \ oc. ccccccce eee 150 Bastern Sharp-shinned occcecscsscessssscscssesccsuenee 150 HastermeSpatVow sahcne lec nee ene eee 152 Harlan’s” Red-tatledy 3 03.ac.tsec ee 115 Marchi One seeks 137138; ss9e dew Northern Red-shouldered -rccccccccsnesnseseen 150 Red-shouldered icin Sect ate ee 139 Red-tailed ince. 39, 40, 187, 138, 1389 Rough-legged 20 nora tak Lee ae 102 Sharp-Shinned wrrecccccsccsseesseeeen 40, 115, 187, 1389 SPAT OW eal ee Sichuan 40 SWwalMSOMis Sele ON Sa ee ceca eee 144, 151 Hedymeles lUdovictanus ceeccccccmeeeenne Libestea ae aly, Helmtneros), Vern ors) ee 192 Hien harrier ys padlce tesco eee ee 115 Hennessy, T. S. Unique marker found on Wild goose ...... 23 Herodias fegretta, eon na ace oe ae 146 Heron, Black-crowned night). 0n..euncn APS AS nD OPIN 31, 88, 187, 138, 146 EKastern:.Great Blueei oe ees 145 Hastern) ;Greenc ie ke i eee 146 Greate Blue cae eshte eae Dl Nee 137, 1388 Northwest (Coast). tets ere ae 140, 141 Herring?) /-Brranchit seein ec eek Ur aie 3 Herrington, H. B. Does Sphaerium occidentale mature in ONE! SEASON eA a a eee ae eee 6 Hesperiphond Vesper tans svessssiseressnseen PUR 45 VESPETUNA VESPETUNG cwnumumnnmun LIZ, 190 November-December, 1944] PEEP OROUGULIIUMETTSUC. cic niente bosses 131 FAUTUNAO CTYENTOGASECT ccescesssscsssssssssssseesecssscssseassveeseen GZ FTistrionicuts AASETIONACUS coossvessecsersnreesnseesnsereesnie 40 RASErTONICUS POCIPCUS cerrseermrsenrriricreserneneesion 114 Holdom, M. W. Coypuvat ‘Crescent. Be Gia ic acctaccwencinas Ap Honckenya peploides SSP. MAGOL reccsscssnrecnen 130 Hordeum vulgare ccc Be de etek var ae em 193 1 Woven ayn aes lene eee VO ei RE ar oe cE 142 PEA TED RUD IAN OWN ET: Ue s8 acres da east edecase Geotcsetecteostesatstset 69 EST OSS UE AURONZY ey Nee een tras ce edna OO 159 IRD ROY TIS. Gee aM Er ND ARE a ER eR 41 Huron County 82 Hydroprogne caspia tMper ator -rvcssseeeerscce NT) Hylocichla fuscescens fUuscescengs veces 165 GREATEST saree een rk vee ree ernie ine 43, 122 [ECTS ee eee eee ain 122, 165 RUE COLE Oar eet re ee te, Niet Rene eee ee eA MMLTIUCTEU TIVO ACL ULC ULE: ence per eee eh et 165 FEDS TE OIG Eta ee OO ana te Pe I Esl 165 Ui SEQGUIT HOB ees ee eee Seite ETN Rr ria la 43 SUVS CON eee ee ae Ae 122, 165 EX Ypoth yr iin COSEQNE rserssiscsesesssssviossasveesevntsns a cuboides emmonsi venustula HOE ALAS Aa ERR 24 ELEMIS MOOD ULON viento coins ae Oe ee 171 TNOCeramMus CAMMOCENSAS essssessssssesesuisersssrsecesesseeeeeiee 13 caddotensig Var. Gti flUMaNUs eccscsscscrssveeen 132 JUGS ae NE ea ie ce Pane, Weare ltiatees its Gee 41 Tridoprocne DiCOlOT ccecscscesniersneeeneiee 42, 120, 162 WMS CEOS Uren ttn cdi Bawa hide dae oe 130 Taxobrychus eacibis em0tbiig, ceesessseseenesaccsnsessnenninesiessen 146 Lissa BQ > jie ee ee SL ee at eee em ee 56 TE O TE WS UGE UTS ssc oecaciasacss oposite eneecttocsssefatitscenntsccioes A3 NUMEVIUS METULOIME!S ecsssrssssesesresesngsseessnressssssssssemesees 121 eyes TOME MEAL ASIC) cea cerccrerctk cote cyatcharwenctie nce 156, 192 enable sok). 135, 136, 137, 138, 189, 140 Canada «ec 35, 38, 48, 120, 135, 136, 140 yaistermen cera eet sere csr tate es nectans 163 (COREE? 5 Se oa Mr RE ronn ee NOR Peo 104 TS Opret ey std BSN a ace EI a cle ee 163 STEEN ER pe O00 Sa oie eh Ae RR ANE UN ee 43 Junco hyemalis hyemalis .. 124, 174 CREAT (LTULUS Hea orth beech tecnica ceeiavonsaastecs asiaaereess 45 UIT CO Meee en arch orn Oo ML PA ail 152 TE Spear aie aie A Le oe ee eae 124 Northern Slate-colored .....cccsssssssesssesssssssssssssssssses 174 Onrecon esis 88, 39, 45, 137, 139, 140, 141 Slate-colored ...135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 181 PANTICOUSE LO ES CONS osc ccue ccvessssteentoritneican Rate pnetoces 5 CES UNOUCUS ik its SAR These age tapes ee aetitoeecie 130 VE TICCTUS UCL TUES eRe Tics 130 SUSTAUT OF se Mae cea ei Reo, i De oe nts fee 63 I EUPOL OS COTUUUUNIS Vrarcoctstrssncreisatperrseettccserccrte 38 SUOULULI ELOY | tetas: casipiacmaninaiinatntae se 38, 63 _ —K- GUTUG, OTG USCIS OLE, ~ erstsrcsseesisssissssccesecnrstreeisttti ees 4, 5 “eC NoROUNGy “can tetera rene aD URE ar aot arpa one 5 TENG Pevestey Sept. Zee aie re tt become ne 187, 141, 153 Kingbird, Eastern. -isc::sunmnnnnnnnnnn 119, 161 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 203 Iscinefishers Beltedie iui anette oe eee ah A eae 3d7, 41, 83, 119, 137, 1388, 139, 140 astern abel tedi eacnnt etic oe 160 Wiestern: Belted’ cakco saath are eee 141 Kinglet, Eastern Golden-crowned 122, 135, 165 Hastern Ruby-crowned. rerecesssesssserssmese 122, 165 Goldenterow ne dines cote ee renee ese EY 35, 44, 136, 1387, 188, 189, 140 EGUIbyeCrO Wed hat. Sue mh nine Shi sate: 38, 44 SUIS] ez) ba a espe pervee eae wah et ATOR eee SSA yn 141 Western Golden-crowmned. recrecscssssssnsssssssssssses 141 iRitetusweallow=tatledss as. cocci ee, ce eerie 150 KonotaeAmerica i jensen Sete aed oe cn ak oe 155 TRO ORES UCN Matte enti aera nce eh ck, ANNE. Nace Me 30 Sep oe Way SH Slippe4ny sewers nee eae mune Ne 75, 76 Bar re ViellOwy sasuts.nte merece ark eee 73 1 Te Cae aes ale ARS aoa MSG Cage nm RR EN 74 Wacly pst liam ett aoe mie mae ere 189 UE CEI OUR DUT EE, hen ten meee eee a Oe 76 ago pus ago mister eo secs a ee 116 Lewoiriis fete ew a Wave, 1 hee: eM 41 UTES TUL DE SURIGN fire oe heck ee = TAG Landon, Monroe Rediscovery of Corallorhiza odontorhiza 191 Bonus 0oreglia: ax cn... .ihn eet lak eee 122 OOGEGS DCP CHAS Meet aoe on 166 LUGOVICTANUS MAGTOANS cosssvrrssesccossssrssorsssnrtsrseane 166 COTE NOMUCIN Gr Gcencoeen ok Neen Rae Ae 4 rene epElOrne dese acces ise te aoeea ae 137, 138, 195 Eloy WS AMEOrMed yo. &tincachet wee ene 162 Norther WHorned) s...2-0 es eee 162 PalilidHorneds stecs iu Sees ace e es 120 Prainien Horne dint s.r eee bee 162 NOIe: Reve smacmned te ike SUNN a iea Nay toe ale 195 HL OPUSNOMOCTUALUS aN. ee tnntee idee Coren , 102 argentatus SMIAThSONIANUS oeveeeccrseee. 118, 157 CONWS OT ACHhYTRYNCHOS serene 118 GEO WOATENSIS Nine at sities ee eats , 157 GS EAL XOV RAT Sy ae ete A BA aT ole eB et ae 156 Teuico Dl erusy tak tier e Leia tte kee hg 83 TU OULU IUUUS Wie reece ses al ec er eee Ne eon AER Se 156 FOUCUNOIGI YH reece arene eae . 83, 118, 157 Laurence Bedford Potter, 1883-1943, by J. Dewey Soper One eeaveneravcurcecucevescnocessnecsosssccsasassonssseneensasscere Ledum Groenlandtcwm -rerrisrviscrcsssssrsnsonseeeccccc 4, 5, 38 LISPeni at ooh eRe tye arena vb MON Atom Aa NG Mul de Re rier 20 97 Leptarrhena Py Olifolid vrpecrererinscmscscesease 131 Ie DUSMOAMETICUNUSH eee we 50, 82 OMOUVCU GI te Mie cin, stb. creo dea ah ule Nd UO 100 CULO DOUCUS pemeanrce tere cle ree sana er aati ea 82 Lewis, Harrison F. Recent breeding of the rough-winged SWALLOW MEAT OttA Wa crccnceecsercscraeonnscccmsneas D Ruddy turnstone at Ottawa in 1948 ..... 23 ME VCUT IS NS DUC OLON Catania cs snide Guee eee il LIMNOdrOMUS YTISEUS GTISCUS vercsensssmns 156 TEUTROS CPAP EHOW 4 citar ice ee cee ale 156 WOCTIOSUICON oe one ee 156 Tir nae oy OOREAV Gh tence. ater eens ak tan eae 131 DOTEAMS VAL. AMETICANA servicios 5 Teinmets Wed polled | ices usschacnan 108, 136, 1388 List of the birds of Nipawin, Saskatch- ewan, A, review by A. L. Rand. snes: 96 Lloyd, Hoyes Z Review of Some aspects of Canadian | ov {oF Pana a MM ae ae nea a Te ews 40 Tipe 2 18 204 A Review of Some familiar Canadian Ce The Birds of Ottawa, 1944 once 43 TOOINes) LODGE) Soin Sih scp tcemneete 118, 156 Loiselewuria, ProCUMDe ng rrrcsesssesesseseserseesnrsessenaanseese 131 DAO NIULEO DOIN irene nee testes ac tacrcenscenaereremteoeeteece 33 Longspur, Alaska Lapland 0... 125 a hati yee see cre nee cotati TBS) 2 aS) Long-tailed meadow mouse (Microtus longicaudus) in Canada, The, by R. M. Anderson and A Li. Raid rreecsssssssssseessecreeeeee 19 NEOTEL CHO a NG ae ae cd eer cetera Rt a ek re 35 GOT yea ce wate er EO ee eae Me I cee 38, 40 COMMON rreseseetseeeseseeeeeeee 102, 187, 189, 140, 145 Greater Common 112 WWESSEM) fiesiasanans q41 PaAcihiC see 112 Red-throated 185, 141, 145 Yellow-billed 102 Lophidiaster O17 NOUS -eeccssssssesssseesunesersnsesesnnnsenanteesin 133 Silentiensis N. SP. on eecsesecssssssenessesnssseenseeesen 182, 133 Lophodytes CUCcallat us .....cccccsccsccsnssscsesseermecceeersen: 150 TLOEAG KCURUITOSEN Ge ae eta tn eae 45 CURUITOSUNG DUSULG ten ace tence cre meat 173 LEWUCODUCT OL ice eta eee DAR alee EWpinus NOOCKALC NSIS reessecrssessserssenseerrrercenreenettansetne 131 TACT CONGO CNSTS Geen ee a einen bi te Arey Ou MEU ZTE PAPUUplQTO 2 eee A oe weet ee e tna WORE NDE OTT re Ae eaten aueeena 130 LY Copodiwm, ANNOCNUAM rocsesessssseceeerrernnreeneesinesineeee 4 OOS CUTUTI sO ae aac 4 SabIinaefoliWM VAY. SItCNENSE crerceerssesrerreieen 130 ISCTICA GID) (ezcctl te tepid cere cantar renner Mt 130 LYN CANGMENSIS recssesssrsssrsstrssereentetrnssene AS O29 POS CIOTUS ket ie) SOP AN es aM ogee atin 48 (GTO (OAS eset ac ee eft roe ererteepsereseneecere 94 Byers ae 78, 86, 88, 98, 94, 99 COTES 1 i pao tte A RON glass Pe ie a 4 48; 92. en VIA VOTO Wee hc ee Oe Re ate saitatencrecete 63 Nala Die athe. ean AOR ae eh Ee ee 43, 140 ING TTVar eh (ofr 0 ON ir cen eta ireee seit eee cr 140 IViener rte ea ee Ne 38, 40, 81, 136 Gomnion eee eG ae eee 114, 148 Mallard in British Columbia, review by NDAs 6) i Bare Wn OV litres etiObe oP sc aie taser tet, aber eer 81 Maple; ) Broad ‘Weaved: ieee nsinds.cusen 63 BW aTiT ee eee Cede ic NAL AG eS eae eck cons antes 63 Marchartic, poly mor pie iii cccscccsssivssstssecessonrsienseceistesces 4 MA eC GMETICANA, ooccesecsssesesseene Ua Nat gS 114, 148 PVC TCUO IIE -cessesvssssstestvosteepstrtseneeoetaeceneteecetcreqrtrezanesuncyss 148 14 (ey 0g yey) als Woke eA fa lero ee eo Reel era 36, 48 VEU ITO COR COLCG CEO... Sree nce col canoes eer Ce Tie Ie ee eae 36, 37, 38, 46, 47, 77, 78, 79, 85, 87, 88, 98 PA THE TICAT:. ereiee shud) Gea eeli ta le uae aun 90 Mar tes AMETICANA ©resssssessseeeseeeseieiiiieesensenes 47, 90, 98 PVC TUTEG TUL TN ot ea es lea cotste aectetc ast aeaeiaseicoee AT OS Martin, Eastern Purple cesses 163 JEN Bey O Ce etm eaer tie tes wei Menino Hnsremrot ha near opeeeen 189 Martimia meristotdes rrrcrssssccssssssussscsessissessnnetnase 28 SOLD ETIVC OL LO eons hecheliessccceet name hott rramettiona 28 Materials for a flora of the continental Northwest Territories of Canada, review by Harold A. Senn McLearn, F. H. The occurrence of starfish in the Lower Cretaceous of the Peace River Valley ... 132 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Meadow lars 2 occstiscaittiesccsesccadasstne ate hn eae eee 140 Basten: | ole eee ie ea Seen ee pe 139, 171 Western cial tanh A ae ia ee eee eee Megaceryle Ale yor, rrrsccsicsesrsinnecseninsanane 41, 83 GLCYON BLCYON reicccnlo incase ee COUT UNG: ne scssntsa bee cote ecco ee 119 Melandrawm 0) ee 30 Melanerpes erythrocephalus 2 ste eae ee 83, 160 Melanitia deglandi’ icc ee 149 DETSPICUIGTO: eon ee eee 102, 114; 149 Mellon Carnegie Museum expedition to the Mackenzie Delta, review by A. EH. Porsil a) jefe ead ae 84 Mielospiza: 0 COnG1ANG. Since na oe eee 175 lincolna sl MS Se ee 45 LENCO UNG ee oo Sees eee ee 175 qmelodiay een SNe eee 84 WNCLO UG « Hesscncc tec os ee en es 175 Members of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club and subscribers to the Canadian Field-Naturalist, May, 1944 Menyanthes trifoliata RCN ZC SOR aia pane ee POT TUGINED oncaeid cin Senco count ee Mephitis. mephitish x +h Merganser, American Common 114,135, 136, 137, 138, 1139, 140) Saad COMMON Aes ane ae eee aaa 138 Hooded 137, 138, J4i sg Red-breasted 136, 137, 188, 139, 141, 150 cecensesnnssacnceceenesesenses Mergus merganser americanus jae eae 150 SONMOLO Ts cau aot aes ON UET TSS ee 150 Mcrosor en NOU ccc entase cn ca ee 4S IMIG CT OLUSI COAULUS Wetec reer NE roc 21 longicaudus littoralis MACTULUS MOTO | eke eas NS aha ee Wellevosus tcl ewte ee 20, 21 DOL CTUTUS Vie aceite nth haan ae eee 19, 20 DONA OG SS ee ae ie ae eee ae 19, 46, 49 Wttor ligne ele Cee ea eee ee & ail PENNS ULV GMUICUG 9 Notice ene kee 46, 49 COWNSOENGD 2 beh Ac a eee 19 LOAN Si SA eS oO ce es ees 19 COLTANTETUS oi smc ses nha cee ae eee COWNSENAL eecsseccssssessssrseee Pelskas Shc ie a nea reer 19 Pellenosus dws he ee 20, 21 Mal wee dais i oe ee le HU See LOST COmmonite Ae eae eee PS NGS SWAMP /.cu.cic he eee 179 Milkweed Extremes, by. He Grol 2h cesses 22 Mamulus: guttatiis! er noe. hel eee 131 Mink ...... 18, 37, 38, 47, 58, 77, 85, 86, 88, 90, 98 Mississippi Valley pocket gopher (“Geomys bursarius Shaw) in Manitoba, The, by Ji. Dewey: {SOper (scene cee ere aera al Mnitotilta variate 2 eee 167 Molothrus ater) vice icce te 45 QECT SOLE Tes es Ran INE NCTA ay ane ea 17 Monesess uniplong: ic 8 0: pens acd o Mig ose) habe i akan Nae 38, 39, 46, 50, 100 Moris), DOSSONG S5ii neti eee ee ene 145 Motion, Notice of, by Pauline Snure ........... 141 Mousley, Henry Peloria and other abnormalities in ; OV CHAISE a BP eran All ne aa ee 73 Mouse, romping einen cece cea eae , 36, 37, 38 November-December, 1944] Long-tailed Meadow q...ccccsscssssssssesusssessssssusssenenseeees 19 Tie ayg ES ovevel Fey | aiten emma etree accent eee ee One 36, 38 Rocky Mountain Jumping ©rrrccsessesssseessenneee 49 RHE FOOLECN. uncer CL fae: 36, 38, 49 MV BaRr ee Kewl, CUT yp ee ceatess cecccaveers incu lecnctnttlevectnssantoeer 126 NUMER acs tenme ee ca Oe Ne a as satbectnrccevatceo 178 VEALED CT 1G, WNAFLOT EE fccoSereesectnsnccinscnendscntncecinen 193 Munro, J. A. and I. McTaggart Cowan Preliminary report on the birds and mammals of Kootenay National Park, rtishwi@olumb lan ses re ee 34 Bylaw ead Ps ULTETNI CHS =e ee ote ccctccrantrteecseeacabeneeee UBiY “TET Tze! ced oVIIEV2(6 TRINA Nee Mi ACH aM ane vn ae 102 UPURELCS DAO OPTLDN iy. tected ee Oe, Soy ete Sea tear oe 30 IOUSTIST RECO SS | aS Go ene ek Ce Me ner tere 101 Mraskarat <2.....i2-e 18, 49, 58, 86, 87, 88, 95, 99 DEGESECLOY CLCO GTUANAG i ccvcscsscccnevsessccietntcecseee AT, 91, 184 GIRO GIGLI Re coors Mice ecient ehennn enn Mee AT, 184 TDSLET EM Ne OR tec con e e SL AT OO sas Mute swan in Ontario, The, by L. L. SECO ESE Bin Saal oat MR ee e/a Meyadlestes townsend a erresssscesssesssesesssasrsssenssee Myiarchus crinitus boreus Mynochanes richardsoni richardsoni richardsoni virens Mynomes mordax NY LOTDG CIS EOL? ODS OTIS eae ek rere pee He Myotis een eneeepeeeeaanerenes: ane eseuacsncseseesecunsssecustnsesscsnsuceaessasesssseeesaneserssessssssoetaceencsnsses St seteeesecenseessecvecssssenessreenessesteneessnauesesecsShsnsacsueeseunbopeunsucesesenenas Name That Animal, review by D. B. O. SAVANE ceeerercenentnenenssnctnetntnnetenanncnnensnninnntnnentna 70 See eneeseseravncsscccccseescscsvetstegusanscccesencsocsccassescsed Natural History Society of Manitoba. 21st Anniversary Bulletin. 1920 to 1941. Review by Harold A. Senn rcs 105 N eohaematopinus laeviusculus Neotoma cinerea Nephoecetes niger Nesting of the Barred Owl (Strix varia) raat! (Osanc2 eG ol ot gees Weed Oyu U Ob no ape orca eee ene meee 3 Nettion carolinense crecca carolinense UNICUID CRUTORMUDE DUS yeast Pie ag cele ee News of Naturalists ..00.00... 16, £29; 186; 287 ADL Oel Misa cays aes os Meco be sanacebosescgtcdutcascites 39, 41 TUAS TCI pE ees ape tie octane. US A JEAN 119, 159 Northern fishes with special reference to the upper Mississippi Valley, review Gy SO LE CRIES (0s (tek n na aa aT lt a A PA Northern record of the flicker and a note on the cline Colaptes auratus cl. aur- atus-luteus, A, by A. Li. Ram. eseccsssesssmesee 183 Notes from a Labrador peat bog, by A. E. Porsild Notes on the Cyperaceae of Saskatchewan. II Carex, review by Harold A. Senn .. 29 Notes on the large short-tailed shrew at Fort Garry, Manitoba, by J. Dewey SIS T OPEN gence Mer. 1). eke a ean REE are ah Me eet Notes on the palm warbler, Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin), in Canada, by A. L. BE WCU ING aM er Cm ies re cea Wcet Ph sens ccccsaotucibessdesdivocvociesavocevbie 181 Notes on the status and distribution of certain mammals and birds in the Mac- THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST kenzie River and western Arctic Area in 1942 and 1948, by C. H. D. Clarke .. 97 INOUNO DIS. DLETETIU Shy enced iene 195 COUICIO STIS E ree tate ae Near, ABO ene on 195 DOU CEH Ais Se Meee Ie Na Tee 195 INO Vale Scotia wae eer ea Ca ee ae 85 NUCtfr ga COLUMBIANA ceerccsssovsssersesepsseetenssessne 43, 182 Nutcrackers: Clarkes) a0 estore 43, 182 Nuthatch, Red-breasted ccccscucscssuscssnssssesnessenee 38, 43, 121, 135, 186, 137, 1388, 189, 141, 164 White-breasted 135, "136, 137, 188, 1389, 154 Nuttallornis mesoleucus ese 42,7 1207) 16h: INC ECO UNU CCC Oe ree ts ete 33, 158 INYCTACONGD, NY GECOTEG © kon Al ee 31, 83 DY CACOR OG I HOUCEL DR ise ei ee 146 INGROCOP UT TIS eh OR 149 ONVCTLCO TO ee aN HR eI 149 COLL a sieh Pooh ese nee Waly he es eu ie Aen Ska 149 ILO Oia eeoeaee safurttstthctadtotltdaseddecstotey . 149 MOLES TINCT OCGA eee) een: BE eat ad ed 145 AO (GeH Ea P21 ei ey, gia re re teeta er ance MM ee SOR ae Gl OCEANOATOMA CASELO CASELO rrssmacsscsssssssssersessssseees 145 Ochotong, “prince nsiinee te sate ee ee . 49 Occurrence of starfish in the Lower Cre- taceous of the Peace River Valley, The, yar bys Cw Viele air rats ee ee, eee ee . 182 Occurrence of the chimney swift at sere rington County, Quebec, by Laura N. POMP SON ee is anes cece ean Oe Aner 69 Odobentisdiwergens te: a ee ee 99 Odocoileris NeMIONUS recsccessssssneressssiesserienn 50, 100 ALO LOC GH OO TS HAD OU Pan aeeclue ee Se aN es 50, 82 Odontoglosswm CitPOSMUWAMN -essssssnsernsssnssssseesisien 76 OURO CIO Me SOOT ee Ne te RNG MOE: SHPO 75 Oudemiaramemcana, wee a ee 149 Oldesquawee. ees 139, 140, 149 Ondatra zibethica "49, 95, 99 Ontario nest of the evening grosbeak, An, bya Omnis Wevatt eine payee ba cel hee 190 OBR SV UO NUTEna tee en ee ere ee 75, 76 BPtfera VAL. FLIDUTGENSIS eovssscrerrserssneenee yan G, ATOICRTA LE Sis Whit crn Wanmtre ye ech Se we UROL CT OS yoann een LD a ana ree San 76 UCREOLO TUDE er eee Mater ey re Ae Aol Meat ot et ae 76 PUUSD RC TON wees auile Lt pies Ak UanadeveR en eae 75 MY OME Sie ee me aU frac Mell eres ots yak ok a ae 76 IRIDACEAE Piceteoee We ee cnt et 76 Oponornisy philadelphign saci ee 170 COLMA ee es hee Orc lai dles aa ee cpr dce Ne haves CONE ATE WNL ACR 2 ON aN UB (et ey eeveg esa aN ate ASUS TUS Oe WictSTOAg eh uae eneaah Pipa Aa ha Se ae ete Onchidaceacrwn, sy eC Oy crys iam On eHish Masculine eee eel een eee UTLEY ececabistr red ccccccbrrepeeea eer tt aor merece Mee POLUTOUTOU EN en hentai oe en Orchis, Butterfly Oreamus OMLOTUCONI S| aS eneken nate eee 51 Oriole, Baltimore oun His ckahauiate teeta bier 171 Ornithodorus a. PAW RRR Rivers ERAN AB 56 OSMUCTUS NOTA Wrcinincnsontornsconenag 12, 84, 128 Osprey, AMerICat, wi s.csuateseumereatan: 115, 151 Otocoris alpestris AUPestrEs ereussnsieseneens 162 GIPCSURIS: AL CLICOIO LiicAucacmen ee ee 120 TUOY TAR: wikia risipratccnboe eas tetitecagn ee ta oe a ee 162 POT COLCOLOL eS casrtal arte ete eI . 162 206 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NAT!LALIST ~ [Vol. 58 Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, Amend- PUINES sos hsnsce occa Rene cast acto ae slays Ments tO By-lAWS cesses HOUR Be ice oe 51 Pelecanus CLYERTOTRYNCHOS vrrmnernnnrn LOZ, 145 Sixty-fifth Annual Meeting ~ ccc 26 Pelican, White ............. sevinmtnenrtnnenntnnstntan 102, 145 Spring Field Excursion, by J. AS Pelidna alpina sakhalina. ........... frennennnennn sven 156 TEWraVSQ EPO OVEN = eae ee ed A et cele 188 Peloria and other abnormalities in orchids, Statement of Financial Standing, Dec- by Henry Mousley o.sccsnmnsnnsmmeannente 73 Bim eGo) he, AYN Aare neerece acer cece ss Wea Ue acre 95 —Penthestes Gtrica pulls sacks nce eee , 43 @itenwe steno 38, 47, 78, 86, 88, 91 atricapillus atricapillUs secseereeouon 121, 163 OAS STO ete ne es UNE AE ORAS ees 142 GUD ELA .rrseenerinsestntnnantnnninnenntnnntninaninnainenmntenatan GUSTOW TILE OAUUSE Cen tec iene ene cotreecrectea ts aN 158 PUASONICUS oerrnerinerretenreninstinntnnoninnrernnnmanmannni ON ETATOIN: Ccheeeeee oetes eeas et estore columbianus sssecesncennnnnsesssscuscnnconensussosecascceeneensnsussssesesseng Oui bs egTLOS OTA ieee rnc ee hudsonicus (goon neeserneonet OPS NCUUGDCETISTS Me Re earner P erdis perdix perdix sesssonsssssssseseeecsseeneceaeecertensenrentetneneene eee WemencaBarn 5g Perisoreus canadensis Moen Haw ea ae TO, ag Caen eis! eluaseces ee Fae MR UO aR dy canadensis.) jetta ie aeee I Sir ceeh yok ee nie ak 137, 188, 139 pacificus ash seveeesneneeeenennnneientenecenecttnennneeneatenaet 2 Perisoreus ODSCUTUS GQTISCUS .oeccccricneccemonireer 104 IRaere di Bere ese SD 8, OF ee 137, 138 : SEMDUTSCO WAIN eer eee eee gree 96 ee MANLCULDEUS snneennrerenninee 46, 49 Dusk Great-horned OEE rie gene ea ret Zak 118 € asites Raranussutacssvanessasatsenanantncccresansntnss) doaveccccccscncccvepeccccvsscesmecseceerene Reem iorncdr tee tele 158, (Hetwel, Madeira eee Waster Saw whety cise ectcccee ns 159 Petrochelidon albefrons nnmnrninnnnns etna Eastern Screech 0... ae LOS 2 Cee ere EES PRIME Ae ci it 8 La Woo Great AGray ee Cre sees LSS. oN Oey taste) Great Horned ......... 136, Eve 138, 139, 140 ae Guutucacdsasestudeortccsscévesacuece bbnccstectereeneentenesertenesng eae FRAMING cer EAE Aa ee Pee Phaboous Hidsonmen No Be Pee aay Wane ome ue 15g Phalacrocorax awritus QUritUs neces 145 Nery Sootte Fe ane RAC : 194 Phalaenopsis Stwarttad rrcrmmrinmninnnanannne ae ate Sad i eA, ees ates mK Phalarope, Northernny Au oases A iefeY0 een ee Gene teen Sereech AR NLT eR. : Phin Messucecessscanecscnns rent seseessaeanenvenseneneneansneansoccaserenctuceengeneassnseuen US GRLULCOMUS 7 ene ee one pestis cochicus torquatus ene SR Pa sien aa aa Fa re CASANE ieiasudk. ceiaae eee Oe ene a eee Decoleus FMC OC AT Die a Boy ae Common fate re ee 135, 136, 137, 140 Oxyechus vociferus VOCUETUS Were eee ae Ring-necked 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 152 (Cao ae CI IMGS cexecrcrts as cmcnarah rita metet 30 Phenacomys Iter MediUs. emmnninanuninenn 46, 49 Oxiytnapis. 2h a. Lee BAUS) oul Weta Mie 3 Phenacomys, Rocky Mountain ccccu00 49 pe Rhilohela minors ena: ee ee PE Genie Cariiioh ae 15 16a ae Hastern:22c.2aidencicne ee ee Panicum linearifolium Neen ENG He Mise Oat ae Phragmites communi. - ae eae COUAATAIINY So eee Me Re o Phyllodoce aleution . Ae oe V cesses sovvvsvsnsannennngnngcncnccangcazovsssnnnnnnnnnnnngcnnncnngencangsestaasase Pica pica len eT Ce TSS Ra WAGIGS ZC TOUCT A nee ect teers eet nual atoe 16. Bicoa MGA ek RORNOSSIO. THOTTOMENSIS sta craters naeretra tart 38: “Pieoides Grelicue 0 ate ne OE Rarrid ges) MUO PC AI seers erste 144, 152 LdaotyLis ae ae Wuropean sGXay, 7) 20. wee ease SD a hicatusic ce Le ee bm arian ee ster. ces BN A IE el a fascidtiien 21. ee gies eat ete, Sa Cicer te ala aoa 195 pisoon Band taledh oo ae Passer domesticus domesticus oo. NA) Patonece ca oe Bee ie ay Passerculus sandwichensis. sno 08 pie i SAMAWICHENSIS ANEMIMUS sr rrmnernnnnnnrins 124 Rocky (Mountain: Sh.200)0 sae MCUGMETISUS 08 sia MA AtRa. comet catesicaeatete ete eee ae Pine: lodsepdle, 0. a ae SLU ON ING tee ch IN RE 2 an a 1 AV ceebaticod f "07 ag PAGS SCROLL BLO COy) eter tenn eratiassnscicccttee tsar 45 Pinguicula vulgaris ........ J a i WACO TACO prin ninrinnnnnrrnrnn 125, 174 Pinicola enucleator ecissnnnnnnennnnn Hah. 124 Lincolni UVincolnt «rrcre..- ee re eee 125 enulcleator leucing (ic a 172 Passerherbulus Nenslows vmenmemmennnnnninrnnn 84 PiNNA CUNVIMATGNIALA -esertsmrnnneniccninn anne 132 eo CEN ies ae arc eer ec me 12h uiech Vladimentes doce tance pice a AN 137, 140 BIST OMTANOY, SCHELL. coerce oer eS tee 2 AMEYICAN orescsiseeee ci aeskrndbiin een eenm la oats 114, 148 Patch C. L. Pinus, \albicollis: ee eee ee ee 182 Review of Handbook of frogs and toads 196 contorta PALEONLA TOSEA rrnnsinnnnnnneinnninrnininnniminninrne -'6 Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmas 173 Pedicwlaris CONLOTEA sterreecrecsmreceesrreicenerinnneemnmeine BBO UPTO ales Shea TEINS cee a ones CA Re ee - Pedioecetes phasianellus vecscescssrsereeere 83, 102 American ( PRASIANELIWS COMPESUTIS eviercnereensntumeanninss 117 Piranga erythmomelas ee) oe aeereee aliy/it COUTUS Wocccn Yen Don be Se AST as 116 Lo vicina Aerie ris cia ae nae arene eee A5 _November-December, i944] Pisobia bairdi EUISCOGDH ISI GUANA MOG ANS) ia ea ee melanotos TITEVILUETULON cece ee sa Rags Plane tree Platanthera chlor antha vecccsccssscreee Paper ame 75 Platanus occidentalis Plectrophendar nivalis. rrccececccscincsssssssenesescscn Plover, American Golden Biaek=pelllved vette eh ie Re Golden Brenalpculman ted {cee ee Me a es LON T en igen Onl eet eatin aun ene ona Pluvialis AoMinsed cooccccseeesecseoe een aan MC 102 dominica dominica Poa ‘Podilymbus podiceps Pediceps -recciscsscsene toe L4D POLY QORUIM VAVUDOTWIN, occvvvssssctersssssussssnserereesieconee 130 LTR TE GT PLT TRAE oct MOIRA se Reh OB ate aR 4 Pomolobus PSeudohargenquy srcvssssessseeusreeseeineees 31 AOIMCU WER ees GaN SD. 6. vcccicestactisseesnccszae stat Nedeas Wocesnusecsen 126 MAROC COLO SR ROMUBCU So o.cca tec ccuhcctinerinnsietetctasinle 45 OTMMANCUS GVOMANCUS oc ccssssvscscssnvsiecsstersedancsseseneon 174 TE OID IMGEITES TBST Wot cee eae Se ea DM acti 8 EXO URS TONG OTIC UDC Onteniente tocce rn etatcente 8 JECG IAGO STONEY ah nce eaee te aati ee Me wie ae ona 82, 100 BYCe lowe Gi) fener tects sche ats Dieta ee koeee tee 49 Porsild, A. E. Notes from a Labrador peat Dog cc: 4 Review of Mellon Carnegie Museum expedition to the Mackenzie Delta ................. 84 Vascular plants collected on Kiska and Great Sitkin Islands in the Aleutians by Lt. H. R. McCarthy. and Cpl. N. Kellas, August, September and October, TELS) 1 8 IS le Na i ees PA nee 130 OR ZONES COOL, Hosein nee lle keke sees 1538 Potamogeton crispus be in Alberta, by lier ertan Girone ans ei pe ae leek UE Gs ae POtAMOG ELON NAEANS crereesessesessrsseesssseneeeeen NOC CWELDELOI MR Me oc ete ale at Tae SUN fruticosa pulchella SOME TP CLA LIN ee anche eis ee TN ba et 131 PAT YLT AT Pi OO op le al END AOU a COR DIO TS 131 Potter suiawrence » Bedford) jciiiciiivcieis 66 Preliminary report on the birds and mam- mals of Kootenay National Park, Brit- ish Columbia, by J. A. Munro and I. TVR er ororentete: COW AINE) ete te me eM ce leaciesasers 34 Primula cuneifolia ssp. saxifragifolia. ..... 131 DVR COLLIDES eee. DIOR eae Nar mete NL 3 ZF OCU ON: LOWOL, Pisces cursctndien insite Progne subis subis Prunus emarginata CAS ULUCUTC (Dy tan a Manistee ee ke oe virginiana var. demissa Pseudacris nigrita triseriata ..... Pseudotsuga taxifolia Ptarmigan Rock White-tailed Putnam, W. L. Worm-eating warbler and parasitic jaeger at Vineland Station, Ont. ................ 192 Pa OMIME TUE TLO TS terol scissiuiadn:Portiseisencdissustiteedvattencdnibtn 131 TELM rots sien p tte diet cel cla vente scuapeebBrte eg ihivetaivonels 5 Rallus elegans elegans THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST limicola limicola Rand, A. L. A Guide to bird watching, YEVIEW .....-..- A northern record of the flicker and a note on the cline Colaptes auratus cl. DULUCUS“LULCUSI ic ctec dosnt ae Ns ue Birds of the Alaska highway in British Columbia English bird notes A ennenaneeececncseureesenensecensesecensninasneescsessesnessagens: de eneeenseeee 207 Pyrotropism, A Positive, by C. H. D. Ceara ey eee ea eae a ck Rs 142 =e) OCS CUES Me Ea ele NS IE AARNE LA LUNA I 61 GON TAO Re aR REN Ae Tipe EMCEE EC A 61 Quer guicditlde AISGORS eo escent ee 148 QuiscaluS Quiscula GENEUS essosssssscressesseresessaneeee Al aS peas Rab biG: ckigee ecm ta sin nl ARUN) ek AN 57 STOW SING G yee cer re at een ate 39, 50, 88 Racey, Kenneth Extension of range of Puget Sound spotted skunk (Spilogale phenax olym- WRG ED) | deed. roi ecient EN Ae Ep ree a 104 Extension of range of the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) 104 TRACCOOTE enn Nee eek yc) 78, 86, 88, 90 Rail, King Virginia Yellow Mallard in British Columbia (review) 81 Notes on the palm warbler, Dendroica palmarum (Gmelin), in Canada occu 181 Review! of A list of the birds of Nipawin, Sas kart cle wren tea ties ae Vie 96 Review of An analysis of mink pred- ation upon muskrats in north central Winibe dee S tates, Meme ee NE eRe Tie a or Tsiry ae 18 Review of Experimental modification and control of moult and changes of coat color in weasels by controlled Digodt als GW She Noo neh eto BUN are Me ne 184 Review of Studies in the life history of the song sparrewlI. The behaviour of the sone sparrow and other Passeres......65 Review of The biotic provinces of North IAAT TENG is Caer eel wane rane rand Hie ra IN So Sa 105 Review of The breeding distribution, history and population of the north Atlantic gannet (Sula bassana). Part I A history of the gannet’s colonies, and ECA CEMIS US pi Mn iiell) ch OMeereeccteerscrtencnhssorrcoretscearietenie Wi Review of The sensory basis of bird TNA US VGLONY ea ceet posses teeta ee ae 184 Review of White spotting in the fox ...... 108 The recent status of Nova Scotia fur _ TWOATETS Re ee ee pee tees le reer tetertniace attire 85 The status of the fisher, Martes pen- nantt (Erxleben), in Canada errr et see also Anderson, R. M. and A. L. Rand Rand, A. Stanley The swamp cricket frog, Pseudacris marita triseriata (Wied) in Quebec ...... 68 FLONORT Che QUCTLCUS: ) wirideha teat rehanne Penh eA aTES 100 COMUDOTEN ERs Sih An ao TERE 100 208 Rate Bushy-—tatledy W OOd te. f csdcrtatutesensecee 49 TEAZIST/ 2 0 geet arc eee en -Set n soo 43, 140, 141 INoasGh @ Tailynn Wea er ae 121, 163 Northern SAMeriCan eine enckcs es caeamton, 135 Recent breeding of the rough-winged swallow near Ottawa, by Harrison TLR LG evi Scot Let es Re Rely a ee tate eee 15 Recent status of Nova Scotia fur “bear- eras, Ane. Joy, eke Wy LEMONS) cao careers 85 PRECIO AG eee athe ern aie Game See dea es 149 Rediscovery of Corallorluza odontorhiza, by Monroe Lamon 0. .cssscccseeccsseeseceereseerenestnnseee 191 Veco teks ae ee eee eae S58 a 3a tO DNTR CLE Ogham a EE, AY Dieiec A e O R 103 Common ...... 185, 186, 137, 188, "139, 140, 173 (Greater Ses ee ee Aili Can eae SLUAGE Rene ie JBLGVEREY | secdeccheoeccenethoreeeserecreree porate ecommerce Tes aye Redstart, AMEYICAN oo... pet cerede 44, 124, 170 Red=wangey Waster eee re teuccsetescceaseacrncrr Regulus calendula calendula SOUP OTR so hteecaepebobercaputeecteer recensione oes Sesame WDECOGE CUS 2S) eect eh ae A In ce cteies SOR UP OU UO ab cererbere hoe verb rerd ceeretrter errr 122, 165 Remarks on A. L. Rand’s “English bird notes” in Vol. 58, p. 68, 1944, by R. W. SIDEPON OE HEC Seared cena ee roe nos emer recs 194 Bhinantharg Groenlandreus oacrccsssescssseversesenrssssnriee 131 Rhododendron Glviflor wm rvrrsrsirnsenenennnnnins 88 Kamtschaticum Ssp. tyPICWM veers LIL Ee UMUCOS DOU OULU Oj eerste ect atcrrcnee ars 4 Richmondend (COndinalis i ei issssntncteeresrssssscrese 84 GOTOLIUCLTS COROLIUM LISS neds ean neren tenes iligvalt VET DOMN TUPGTU TUDOTUG:, ressccccteesceccceetncctee 120, 162 TERUG Fo Tara ere eS i NS cae 188, 189 American 38, 39, 40, 48, 103, 186, 138, 139 AIS ESUCTI eee ate tee ee AER ea ie 121, 185, 164 INVieS bernie oe ne heed teeta, Mie Sia aes Ae cove 141 Role of Sphaerospongia tessellata h the Mackenzie River Devonian, The, by ae SAW ieee ia i ee a ee ea ee 28 Rimes wammillkswieed) veces carretera reuse 180 TROD AGO IS tec RUSSO oN OARS ns aC eg Poe ae 180 CUT OTT ep Ne ONG TAG Mee Cn ieee cree crac CONCHENSTS ae eae Chamaemorus 5 WOGEUSi Vale CONQAECNSIS! tea. seer O TE CROLUD TAY OHLVUS. eceeeccccecctpeooe reeercxaeremnp ye tebeee cote re eos 180 WG PUG CON Paine cc Mecwtcls Le epee ined peet novia eee oc eens 180 UTC SUL US Winch et NU Se cee ete ed ea ee 180 TAUSS CIES) See ee eset ES RR reese 180 SECLUCEUUS Tease eee aie tk STATES Bes ae UBL ELEC UOT re set ines ay em lire d NU Bae AG OR 180 Ruddy turnstone at Ottawa in 1943, by TU rerereyom gh NR IU yap claret oreo treet beercrbpmameerryec 23 Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), an ex- treme case of so-called ‘“Injury-feign- ing by a female”, by C. H. D. Clarke ...... 194 SONAR ESE AOE ARE (ea aa» Ineo As) Sess Ae ama DAL I BON PURGAB THOU LOR Pacedectr cea he eet teere cess prea Cet cee eerearen CONN Cte tad re al Aad eae eating COUSSUTULLUS Eee ea at etrtny NMR ee bet teen trues SFZI ING (el Lh Oooh ever neces enero ml Sandpiper, Baird’s IBitreneaste duincteseee see octet dena mentees (OYos 0h a no a ee eae ae ere et Cece te cere Eastern Solitary THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST [Vol. 58 def) oan aR We Mer RO A 118, 153, 155 Pectoral)’ acitescun.ccstndacseccey hae ne 155 Purple: 232ses.8..00k cee oe 155 Red backed s.akic. eees 137, 140, 156 Senilipalinaated) tec censseeeae 118, 158, 156 Spotteds se ke wes 37,41, Dip alas es Western Solitary s2c-cc.co ere eee Bid U7 W hite-rumped 20f.ac. cccccetee cee ee 155 Sanson, N. B. Clarke’s nutcracker, Nucifraga colum- biana,;' at. Bantty 22 ee ae ees 182 Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied o....cccssssessssssssssssuses ASI SS aie ae ee he 37,89, 40; 41 19S 160 SOLTACenia YUnDUTED sin ae ee Saskatchewan, records of the whooping crane (Grus americana), by Frank L. Farley iiccncan cela nnS cent oe ene 142 Saunders, W. E. Collection, by L. L. SY CEP. ihesidknn secgsenctia. cacti ee ea 192 Savile, D. B. O. Review ot Name that animal ose 70 Saxifraga nivalis: 4 8 ee Oe eee 38 punctata SSP. InsSUlaris cic ses EO TeOUlOris ee eS ee WhloL SAYOLMNIS = PNOCDE = ae see a ee 161 SY OWES UY Cai 2s etch este eh ea 119 Cir DUS CESPULOSUS eccscnntas tenance SCLUNUS NWASONLCUS Wm tenn 95, 182 Scoters American (sean meee 140, 141, 149 AS UTS Esa oP ir a 102, 114, 140, 149 Wehite=wing@edy ase ee aes ee a 135, 137, 188, 189, 140, 141, 149 Scotiaptex nNebulosa NEDULOSA recosscssseneesnerne 158 Screech owl in central Alberta, The, by Frank, 1.) Farley, 22.2.2). 2 ee eee 142 Seal, (Hooded) ..c2i dn aeacbaae ee ee ee 99 Seashore parade, The review by Harold AG Sena cine SSeS A ee Seirus aurocapillus NOVEDOTUACENSIS NOVEDOTACENSIS seen 170 Selasphorwus, 1 fils scence a ee 41 SEMECLON PSCUCOGINICH ent ey en ee 131 Senn, Harold A. Early studies of milkweed utilization Iny Canadas iiiis. neki an eon oe ee Fruits of the earth, review errccccsssseeecees Review of Contributions to the flora and phytogeography of south-western Green- land: an enumeration of the vascular plants; with ‘critical, notes nen 33 Review of materials for a flora of the continental Northwest Territories of Canada josn.220502 ee SO eee ee 30 Review of Natural History Society oi Manitoba. 21st Anniversary Bulletin, VOZO Sto VLAD isso NT EA ee eae na 106 Review of Notes on the Cyperaceae of Saskatchewan. TIC area erccsccsssssssssscsssssesssssesssesee 29) Review of Species Batorum. The genus Rubus in North America VII Canadenses 180 Review of The Brodie Club Proceedings INGO iO east cecate teenies Reed nnn Re eda 134 The Seashore parade, review oes 125 Sensory basis of bird navigation, The, review. by) A. ali.- Rand. sen earamees 184 service berity. © 20 Nees) cr Be eae ane 38 Setamawverticilatm mn. sce esa eee 193 Setophaga ruticilla sen eeeecccessenseesseccssonces November-December, i944] Sheppard, R. W. lack-crowned night heron nesting in Lincoln County, Ontario ............... Pa eae es 31 Remarks on A. L. Rand’s “English bird notes in Vol. 58, p. 68, 1944 ow cnne 194 SLT EL STey ea roe Nie Ae eon etree tee 114, 141, 148 SSihmreayye AMMCHIGAT Watley wasikscncscstsssesceeceeoeqsenectteeee 46 \ ColEA (STEEN WI eo a eee, 36, 38, 40 VOTERS SG 0 a eee re RO te 36, 38, 46 NAHE ME SOU G= GALL OO © sere cscctcrassnsceeaensocsatterateeceecen 104 IES TCROO RZ. Seca osce enne na e e 46 Pete Se a IV PRD AS EUTING, case ctse crease caste saesacsttcnanraversceescoentocesarersr 166 Northeastern .......... Elan tae ee oe . 166 NIN oars In vera ect acsctecsssscaoespectecdiohrmansctnoccecceas UPA. MY SCOURGE CUTTUCO OES assecdeo-cesscascctertesssrnertecinseconessrviess 44, 122 SAHIUSESUOLIS? occ onde kieccach Sr Sen ee, Od 165 BSAA OULO TELE IPE OCIE TIL OC 1US> aaseccecs tcciansstasecscotnreosccutesizni i3 SMR OS Cire tne cont eccceeceotett De VAN Lea IN . 189 ‘SAINT SAFE 0 eee merece RE SOMULIWI DECOM: KAUN seecesererssseeessssssrssionnee css 56 Siskin Northern Pine = ..0 ses wseece eA elietie epnireree eee eS. Bey Se Wis AIGS alias aa PEGE CO MAD CTUSIS cre. scasnsecteiteessiecaseneaisis A3, 121, 164 CAVOLINENSIS CATOLINENSIS ceeevssensssrsnensnne LOA Sixty-fifth annual meeting of the Ottawa Bele Warturalists? CVU eececsscssctssssesssescsntesasssctens SURI tle pec ee AT,” 86, -88, 92 PUMESG C SOUNGG SPOLTC ice ccccinl Be ecectcettccee ane 1M4 SU Ieee ol an ede erate eee a po PE 195 “SaA EIN Ae an a 12, 34, 128, 129 Smelt situation in the upper Great Lakes, Ontario, May, 1943, The, by J. C. IS ECE NY SLMS ascertain Po Mn SU 128 MEMO CUO a UGUIOULE: Ve oot Siccar been nce ch coda 5 SATB 1 NASW OS CUS eed ve cee 117, 154 Snure, Pauline INO TiceHotemVlOGOniy 2 oe oie 141 Synder L. L. The mute SWAN in OMNtAaVi0 ..--ceccsccccsssssssseeeeeseee 193 The W. E. Saunders Collection ....cccccccssse 192 Soil erosion and land use survey, Hope Township project area, Durham County, Ont., review by M. N. Zine wees 196 DOUIAC On MAULEET MATEO, os ct ceric dathescocestaceeteae 131 SOMPAINE LOW DMSENG. shaccisct-ctescscecssessecaoee 39, 44, 122 SOU OR GI POGE SH ORICA OH I knee ee a 149 Some aspects of Canadian birds, review PaNraa HONE MIGNON GL) tesee parce nearer casero ences: 18 Some familiar Canadian birds, review by HEOes tll Oyiclegeseee secs ssee reas eM etre 69 Soper, J. Dewey Albert Burton Gresham, 1905-1941 .......... 176 Laurence Bedford Potter, 1883-1948 ............ 66 Notes on the large short-tailed shrew at ELOMsE ee AUR re VUATULE OIE) Yulee ttesocrrernascterceegecerescter 104 The Mississippi Valley pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius Shaw) in Manitoba .. 7) SOT ei Ba EAs noe ate ety ae An eae 153 Sorbus decora Var. Groenlandicd, sce. cvssseeesernees 5 SOD GD. NEL RE Le ee 46 (OLEH RLY FITAES Bea iain Poneto ance oe re 46 ITAA GO RA ete ee RRS ter, re ee 46 SWALLOW, CHIP PIg -nacceccsecsecssssesesssecee 39, 45, 188, 181 MOTE OIC, Bee leer iat sec steriechovstenesespenercieteceectoerpause 84 1D a yeierm ai (Clea oy ahh alo ici sae tamper ee peor 124, 174 PENS GO TETIMMERTC LGA uitetcestirisvsnas ucosvessssotacecssaestocsedvesitesolioe 174 PEAS MSV HED OK. cp alsiseciste assstodibesistaspscertossosusnnporn tee 125, 174 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 209 Hastemn> Grassno pens tera: cpasctn cian pee 174 Hasterne oavanna lye cntecaccchene ce 135, 1738 Hastermh SOM Orc ate romaine cee 135, 175 MAS Terme ree a acme ccna Nea I i 135, 174 Hastern VeSper osc saat tafe ca ea 174 Eastern White-crowned ..eudsessscsssenen 174 Up OW es NIST a ube eteee te cae MU RE on EN 124, 135, 136, 137, 188, 189, 140, 141, 170 I UGIGL: -2 ANON ees Soe) Beg ee 138 SRO 5c Seas eae See ek a Go 39, 45, 141 Gambel’s White-crowned cciscensssnene 124 Golden-crowned.. {he Sale Grasshopper ean weet eet bo en $4 El arr sera atin: Palanan aed Sst UA oe deter sash 103 Ellen SOW/s yess ten eee ee Ue 428 BENS an 84 LOU Ses ate eae ek 112, 124, 136, 189, 140 bnbaVoo lal Meme tena wens 06; 39,45, 255175 Nelsonigs hi sce ah Biri aie tee vt fn SCs atlene IUUStY SON G2 i d2.c0 7) Glande see eM Alay 141 Savannah ccc onan meeemer eA er 108, 124 SOnoyei me. 65, 84, 137, 138, 189, 188, 189 Swamp Sesotho eR titan et ee 187, 188, 175 f beige veen enema 103, 136, 1387, 188, 139, 188 Wiesner, i Meda cents cat he eo ia» ate 45 ANeStecnes Sonica vette eek nee ne lait 140 Wresternt mreervi > 2h Jer hi a iat a 124 White-crowned wove. 38, 39, 45, 103, 174 White-throated ccc. 125, 136, 187, 138 ROTO Glo setae ee. an ws pinnate he 76 Spatula clypeata 114, 148 Batorum. The genus Rubus in North America VII Canadenses, review byabrarold HAMS Senn rec: Wl a iu ian 180 Suhaeridage st cu. kt aie Aon Aten , 6 Sphaerium occidentale a) eG Atte beeen eseansnaeesensseeeesecnssceevescesaceesacscceoeusscaucos LUNES DUNS ete econ ete ele Caan tristis tristis SPUTGNthes erescececiene. COPMWG, atc aen apm erins Sane NP EAL BGS LOT 74 OMENLOT ON ees ae en SPIZG GMETICONA voooveccseereeccccee rota a oacnceall 172 Spizellaanrvonrcuy tee a wie ie ene 103 GnDOnCUAanooncap eae ee 174 ochracea POUT OR MR EA tet Glee ek Baga pike 84 LOTUS S CTU AL Meas niet atua rit teal crake ok rk ene a passerina pusilla pusilla SPONAYLUS UPLPOTMAS veniiccdsscesnnsccc... 41 Spread of the smelt (Osmerus mordaz) in the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes vibyerd eis.) Dymond nae s 12 Spring field excursion, Ottawa Field- Naturalists’ Club, by J. A. Enstone econ 188 SQUAtArOla SQUAEATOIA enue... 153 Squires, W. A. Yellow-breasted chat in New Brunswick 24 SOUMERE IMI Ae heh t theo. can ean 86, 87, 95 Columbian ground wives 36, 39, 48 Ls Vale aa eA An aR RS UL 48 Golden-mantled Ground esa... Nee 36, 39, 48 210 TRICHATOSONIS sec ne ecco Renee ee eet eat 182 CUTE Tye TRS a ees pe SED aU ORO OL a SNE Se a 132 Starling 83, 166 Common... 135, 136, 187, 188, 189, 140 TDW RO) Ske aes teas a ead pea eae ree nee 96, 188 Statement of financial standing Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, December 2, UK Vs ap eA Ar ec i aa oSlee erteea 25 Status of the fisher, Martes pennanti (Erxleben), in Canada, The, by A. L. FED airy Clee ee ete Ae aes AO ay AER Tn Stelgidopteryar Tefecollas occ iaedcstdnsnasics 43 TUJLCOULLS SCT UUDENNIS an srceenen toes 15, 162 SIE AMGT po PS a Nea ae Sa Or Sie ee lt tie aR OnE Ear 33 GORE GTI DIA Oh Sao et eer tle Seer tre to ete 5 WOMO DOLCE wie emit OL Ee CU A OTS Dee es 5 StCrCOTAVIUsS PAPASULICUS eevcssssseessrsneneeen 156, 192 Sterna Arrundo RIT UNd ecccssvsssvrorserseseresserceresesssstsenreese 157 FOOUPONDIOROUADY Apetctecsnensrc en bececesoonsorapennnr ese meeroneaec eenoo 102 Stevenson, J. C. The smelt situation in the upper Great Wakes: ‘Ontario, May, 1943. coool. 128 ISLE NELULO S) 10 LOM Naresh et escent 193 SIEOMIE W CROP ie eee ec erste ececaapti create eer 189 Street, M. G. Chimney swifts gathering twigs .............. 24 SETINGOCEPILEILS Cen veh edict da mice ee Uae ctes 29 DAU REUII eS ere een UL Sie 28, 29 Strice occidentalis COW LIN rscemeeressnessissnasssinee 104 COLOURING RN ee tetas SE Ve cde ea HI ra ta pe ese ueen Soa 3,079 BUOH Ta RO iat US OIE AO er Ue yy dS 158 Studies in the life history of the song sparrow II. The behaviour of the song sparrow and other Passeres, review by Nees) Eads] Bate fa 3 Ur apee arte vce eel ear es ete Une ata Male ai 65 SEULEMELUL MOGI TUG IO) detent) tect ces 171 UC OUC CU pot th aiat hilar met ik nee ante aaer a eRe 44 SSELILIES OWL GOMES emer nhs enna arene onun eats 83 WULG OMNIS: VILL OTIS: ae Na ee eaten neers 166 Subscribers to the Canadian Field-Nat- uralist and members of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, May, 1944 ........... 106 Sy ECSSEEN OY el ea sry et ep etn ME Ni fecal i el ee ii SLL OU SSOILOA alee San, en eee 175 SUTNUG WLU CU DOLOEN mien centri eee eae 158 Susceptibility of fur-bearing animals and game birds to tularaemia, The, by John FETT TO wale ase ROLE eee a eM ee ee 55 Swallow: Bankes: e000 Mei ene nS 120, 162 1B fs eg pe: 2 Ra NA AMI GH cen ann Hae le a 162 CORT Os Se ES SRD aA LSU aca 39, 48, 120 Northern slit ce Seni Mee tae era meet 162 Rough-winged ............ 15, 31539) 7402243. 62 A Dees) cnr 39, 40,942 120; 1525 1625) 189 Wioletzoreen: 65 e ee na gas 42, 120 Swamp cricket frog, Psuedacris nigrita triseriata (Wied), in Quebec, The, by PRN Stamey EUAN. cee ote screeners 68 SCE OVAMIN CEH Serpe ya nn a US ca RA 1938 Nat B 0 00) oY £) oa en tr cRNA a EU te UA MARIN 102 Wikies ie Ee eer eter. 102, 144, 147 Snir b Coe] BIZ IC) a NMR Tele oc un are be 39, 41 Chimney, oy tne 24, 69, 96, 152, 159, 188 SV CAIMOTO ieee ech ocat etre ty Lah aii EUR Ht Mili eae 11 Beg pals TADANUS TUPESEIIS veersesemey eM ee atlaeags: Wane 56 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Septentrionalis® 28 2.0 cna 56 Tach ycineta thOlaSst1d creccrsisipununsiuacacninnrneen 42 CHGLASSING, LEDUC seerrmentararcnnccrestnnrencretmaers 120 TOMIiASciUrUs RWASONTCUS eescereserrsinesessserrsereenees 48 Manager, Scarlet (..c.iccccatee cn eee 171 Westerns 2362 cn ee eee 37, 38, 40, 45 T Ontdeg, CIGUS | iis sn nsec ren eee AT Teal, Blue-winged ©... cncocnecenennauees 137, 148 GYEEN-WINGEM -eecseessssorsnenn 114, 140, 141, 148 Telmatodytes palustris Ppalustr ts irrreessascsnee 164 Tern: Atte, ieisuidakicaecies cer een emis 102 American= Black) ccc isu oie eee L57e American. Caspian 2.0) a eee 157 CAS PUM 2 seein ceil cceeectn chersaettese aaler coe eaten eee 144 Commion ace 3 eat 157 Lhalvetatmn pole arin shee ew eee reer teense 5 HEL PUGIS 01: eae oreasvorieoes Se ONES ce IN LO a 30 PROMOMYS) ohio tines euler Cie talpoides ‘rufescens 2... 71 Thompson, Laura N. Occurrence of the chimney swift at Harrington. County, Quebec): .cseeucues 69 Thrashers: Brown) 3. cte ee 164 Phaushs Alaska) delerinit yee ee ees 122 Eastern (Hermite) 2500. eee 122, 165 Hastern’ Olive-backed) i200) cies aes 165 Gray-cheeked iii.) isc concunnleecge e 165 LSTA Gi ch ee te ree ea eee 36, 38, 43, 122 Northern Varied) 2..5.2..cee eee 121 Olive-backed o.ercecsescccsensee 3D, 38). 9s 4on mae WATS CU 2Y 6 IM ee tent rc per a Cae 88, 43 WY OGG esac eal Wael. oath, barns er 165 Titmouse, “Great: Ac. eee eee ene 195 Long-tailed 003s) eereee ee eee 195 To babes really lost in the woods, by Paul: -Lisbrrington . cece eee 52 Lofreldia ‘glutinosa wi..ces eee eee 38 Totanus jlowipesin cae eee Tale, iss GOLAN OL EU CUS Ae a eld ok eee ae 155 Mowhee:nMalsteri wens eee 137, 188, 189 OPE DOTA ene EC gen eee Bae eae 140, 141 Red-eye ink cid ani ci Latin ee 173 TL OLOStOMA TUPUTIN AA eee eee eee 164 Trientalis Curopded Var. ATCEICA cues O TrigoNia ALDETEMENSIS o.rcssseeeserseennin wiopraseeeee a 132 Tringa SOUUtarid CINNAMOMEM rvevsesessseeeessiresscee 117 SOLILANIA WSOUCOTION ter ccneeeattee Troglodytes aedon aedon Rrollans aise ue ce ee Tryngites subruficollis pe H Hi Wills rare 2% ahs rere Nee rece PURGUs® MAGTACOTUIS- caruceeneo eee migratorius migratorius a 121, 164 Turkey vulture in Ontario, north and west of Lake Superior, The, by A. E. WAVE pair TN See Ne ae 185 Tumrnstone, (Blacks sale ho. scccn toe ane 112) eg Rad diy; Ane he ae eel Sar Ren Re 23, 144, 154 Two moths from one cocoon, by Charles E. Corfe Tyrannus tyrannus Tiyto: CLbaepratincolas vine crane eee eee 158 2 Unique marker found on wild goose, by Se SHeNneSs y witskuntea sen ket ee on neers ons 23 Uria lomvia. ...... REM Mure umn MN nD ed lL ON, November-December, 1944] © THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST 974 BRR LO TILE). cathe eee are cneas a Dieananene Chestnut-sided? 2. 2. oe a ier 7 ae 169 Uropedilum Lindeni Common Orange-crowned errmmessenennueee 168 “TRELS, te ee rere a ce Hasterny Nashville oe eh ae 168 QIN ECO NUS eeserssessesssssssrevssssessee Eastern Orange-crowned -ececsecccceececccc., 123 EOE LADS GRO ARR ASICS ees hee Ue RP Hastemamellow.y er ne uae en in aan 168 PT OSOTD iene ee Ae Macgillivray semen nee 30, w4ee 19) as Maonolia te ce ume en Ol 123, 168 3 WI ROY Phare Ways pea Pemn Ue ee Mn re dua Ree ae 170 ii Ee Wan ae Myrtle, Ani er oe 123, 168, 181, 182 Lo ess Northern Black-capped crommsonmnne 128 DENNSYLVANICWIN esssnsivvvsssnsrssiirvrnvnssnninein NorthennmParula ieee iran ee ik 168 LES GLC RAE eR Na Sau ee Ra Se NovShern) Ping ee Care ei caine 169 REDS et ee Northemne Mellowse ers ots es ou 123 Vascular plants collected on Kiska and Palm SEA ATM Rae erent tee 112, 181 Great Sitkin Islands in the Aleutians Pileolated srassteessecbonessncecsacosasercnssanscasscscasusuassersusessavaresessasstsecese 123 by Lt. H. R. McCarthy and Cpl. N. Tennesee ............ v-- 36, 38, 39, 40, 44, 123, 168 Kellas, August, September and October, Townsend sonceesscessseueaceesescconscacuscacasnsussabsscssnsceesnccesenccecesser 389, 44 HME eA GE Porsild cane a ts ASO Western Palin wilt ete ils 128, 181, 182 Faany ce G es i eater ee lag ma renner TGS gt WSO ae ace Nee 39, 44, 170 EG eolatd cola cc 123, 168 Wer p cating cersudaset seeteateretgAcrente eaten 7 tne 192 EMME OGESUOMG: Ve. Rice ico se ltnt sate eeceateeee es 123 chlow see oa 0h arent Wi Canaan ieee OER ae 188 TORO 44,123, 168 — Mellow, dPaliny Gown! Seat Ce 169, 181 DEP COTIOLL TUL VCOPIOLL OD oo ascesncvszetattcnesotecnsene 168 Warren, P. §. Weromica oT Ondiflora, | 2 NM ncieennc alti The role of Sphaerospongia tesselata serpyllifolia : in the Mackenzie River Devonian ......... 28 SS VRILGIP 5s AE ONE EON ROT Ol ere et Water-thrush, Northern SN a UPS NTN S179) WUC IITT ON tor eee ER EU RUE coe eae Waxwing, Bohemian 36, 40, 44, 122, 140, 166 pauciflorum Cedar ira netie treat aid ies Gelli 136, 138, 166 Viola palustris AWC ASC] ec ak erea ine ic aa 37, 58, 86, 88, 184 Langsdor Fu 167 one-tailed ber ces cot sn wi Oana yen 184 Vireo flAVIFLONS evirersnseinnrenvnnnniniinneennein hh Moutipaimiet ie cures ets SC. eae AT ee itt at hop ie Oe RE Sen RO ie Shorttailed ss wlth howe Gr 47, 91, 184 Stinson. own” pe WE. Saunders collection, The, by L. L. EIGEN SOT ea on 44 167 LUNVAOMET EY cosrniterrremnscrrrnee ieee rerrenepe is a EECA AE 192 ety ee doove Whale,” Bowshead) ia 0 ase he iy 102 ae Seino ERS OF Se 167 NAN Se cere adiecadeeee cme adm 84, 102 ollie Sei cae 44, 167 WVhup-poorawill Hastern) sei) sl eur 159 Weireo.@blue-headed 2.2 penton 167 neg es in the fox, review by ? ASP Si seas Wenonah 167 fey Ue Efe OVO teen eac tee nn a Pe ala REN OL 103 Ei eae maa gen, Widen, Waropeen | or 4s Teaver es (216 pa een re ee Oi aa 22 lO, a Walldycat (ens waned as 78, 86, 87, 94, 95 RSI eisy Me eee nO a Nea CANN MeN AAS Wallet. Wiestemns ti. ncn une. Unie cic (144, 155 Peerless iets oD heats Fee 39, 44, 122 William Pollock Fraser, 1867-1943, by ie llowaethiro ate da crer ce ehois Meek ae 167 ae ! H. ee: cage ar traga ete eise ear — a ane WGI e Sooke ere ttiaacnetais 36, 38, 46 SO MELCLN CONE OWS I rec ict eee etse ttn ein Ct se Pe 36, 38, 49 FUSAUL cnn 44, 170 RiGee ne ee ee 36, 37, 38, 45, 49 ULC OU CON Rs ue ean MUM Tl cer Malle 123 Red-backed PTAC A Re MON! PRE byl i OETA 9 ee ‘ hostaucessdvaneesesandustensenvesasterestree tenes iBsscsavesasoaseras 78, 87, He Richardson ae i Cn Co Mead a ant UST 1m er ween teveeeeesseesecusececsseasensecennansreneedscnsssocsssenceecsescesteressetetacsssenee Vulpes alascensis Wolverine /zanwe nave eulucn Uv 36, 47, 78, 99 POO istsnattissshds se Moodvocksy Aimenicanh san ne. cy wort linens 154 Vulture, Turkey Noodle vain rie nie ra epee Tic by eOd a a 195 Woodpecker, Alaska Three-toed cise 119 American THYVCC-tOCd ceccccncsseetiooe 38, 40, 96 TIrery eAP AR eth as A ae a Arctie Three-toed ............ 42, 119, 185, 140, 161 2 a aeseate BT) 8, 89, 46) 50. DOWNY wu cinnnne, 136, 137, 138, 139,140 Wiamblers ATOM ON sat ncnasstctercenitne 38, 40, 44 Eastern American Three-t0ed omen 161 Bay breasted iscsi PaaGO! Master Hairy 1d cu. t che 160 laches ands WW UGE: aise erent csnteabsccotertnesstitticciaced 167 Gairdner same eee ee 140, 141 PATS eA CM Teo tad 16) LEIA SA Ac Bier Neat RT to ROR I acne HAY sey MO 123, 169, 181 37, 39, 40, 41, 185, 136, 187, 138, 139, 140 Bilrele Posted) BIR x istctnuniiclneesinenscrh Me reves mtn ue - GEC GUCCI cohen ee estosdiienNessocsieon ERS ODS WRU OWL YS abe treletrchiees eee ieicaceenee a ee Northern Downy..." 135, 160 INOLCLeMMELaILY a eruniiucaseteemee 119, 135 Northern!) Pileated?: sias..dsusenmeunin om 160 212 Pileated ...... AAO AS ie 138, 189, 140, 141 -Red-headed 38, 160 Three-toed 40, 42 Worm-eating warbler and parasitic jaeger at Vineland Station, Ont., by Wm. SPP EM TM gett ees caste erro nertrags 192 Wren, Hastern House o...sccscssssccccscesseccceeeennerssee 164 astern Mars etctssecsntececesetteeeeeresretctnrencecr= 164 Master -Wanter tec. ee oad Sai eels 164 AGome=iled eM ATS iy cera steccsereerercceecreterrenteeretersses 138 Serre eth ci ERM LNRT Cen eed Sa Pe OC ee oe 141 Short-billed Marsh .srcsccssssnntasnnen 83, 164 Wiser, NSW ea tee ecco cere eee 141 Wain tetas ea neeres ene ene Ne 35, 43, 138, 140 deaiip gulls XCM SULDUNG Corton eres niente ee 157 sally, Vga Yellow-breasted chat in New Brunswick, by AWeteAL IS QUINES | ae titicntaceatannnnenaanenutnds 24 THE CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST LVol. 58 Weellow=legs, Greater |i: ccccocochssercosntecrcnsnssteeetemnran 155 TESST seit eae he otheunkeneihs scpheeeadcn eee a 117, 155 TY ellow=thTroat 2c ceccstcae. eens 37, 38, 44 Maryland) cocci 138 Northern tc ee ee 170 Western Maryland) sicccc-cctecnceuctnmamenrais 123 ila Oe pei ZODRT CNIS. TE GEO: ses.sosncsersssertencissots geal 28 ZLOPUS PTINEEDS ncaa 46, 49 ZENnGdura MACTOUTG ein 64 MOACTOUT COrOUNeENSIS ... cc aulona ol Zinck, M. N. ; Review of Soil erosion and land use Survey, Hope Township project area, Durham County, Ont. 2. osc 196 ZONOEvichia, AUDICOUIS eeecccesscrsssvsvsrcesseertsesece 125, 174 COP ON GEG) oe ee art hoes ee eee phe te leucaphnis st So 45, 1038 GOMbeli: oe BS Ne ey og eo 124 LEWCOPNTY Sl itiscssliduicihincanta ce nee 174 Quierula se a eS a oe 103 Sy tiie AFFILIATED SOCIETIES NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF | MANITOBA OFFICERS FOR 1944-45 President Emeritus: H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D., LL.D.; Honorary President: W. H. RAND; Past Presidents: H. M. SPEECHLY, M.D., LL.D., V. W. JACKSON, M. Sc., J. J. GOLDEN (Dec.), C. W. LOWE, M.Sc., J. B. WALLIS, M.A., A. A. McCOUBRBY, B.Sc. (Dec.), A. M. DAVID- SON, M.D., R.A. WARDLE, M.Sc., G. SHIRLEY BROOKS, A. G. LAWRENCE, B. W. CARTWRIGHT, L. T. S. NORRIS-ELYE, B.A., P. H. STOKES, MRS. A. SIMPSON; President: HAROLD MOSSOP; Vice-Presidents: L. W. KOSER, H. J.BRODIE, Ph.D.; Treasurer: G. SHIRLEY BROOKS; General Secretary: MISS M. F. PRATT; Auditor: L. W. EOSER; Executive Secretary: MRS. A. H, SHORTT; Social Convenor: MRS. H. T. ROSS. SECTIONS— Ornithological: A. H. Entomological: W. C. SHORTT, Chair.: W. ADAMS, Sec. McGUFFIN, M.Sc., Chair.; R. LE- JEUNE, M.Sc., Sec.. Botanical: H J. BRODIE, Ph.D., Chair.; MRS. A. J. SEARLE, Sec.. Geological: W. S. YARWOOD, M.Sc., Chair.: MRS. R. K. HELYAR. Sec.. Mammalogical: J. D. SOPER, Chair.; L. T. S. NORRIS- ELYE, B.A , Sec.; Microscopy: Zoology—R. A. WARDLE, M.Se.: Botany—C. W. LOWE, M.Sc., Chair.; R. HADDOW, Sec... Hernetology: R. K. STHWART-HAY, M.Sc. Chair.; W. BLACK, Sec. Meetings are held each Monday evening, except on holidays, from October to April. in the physics theatre of the University, Winnipeg. Field excursions are held each Saturday afternoon during May. June and Septem- ber, and on public holidays during July and August. McILWRAITH ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB LONDON, ONT. Honorary President: W. EB SAuNpbgrs, LL.D. Past President: Capt. R. G. CUMMINGs. President: Dr. H. B HITCHCOCK. Sec’y-Treas.: Mrs. W. G. Giruinc, 537 Colborne St. Meetings are held at 7.30 p.m. in the Publie Library building on the second Monday of each month from October to April. Field trips are held during the spring and a special excursion in September. he VANCOUVER NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1943-44 Honorary President: L. S. KLINCK; Past President: IAN McTAGGART COWAN; President: A. H. BAIN; Vice- President: G. R. WOOD; Corresponding Secyvetary: A. R. WOOTTON; Recording Secretary: MISS E. M. QUILTY; Press Correspondent: P. L. TAIT; Honorary Treasurer: F. J. SANFORD; Librarian: MRS. F. McGINN; Chair- men of Sections — Botany: J. DAVIDSON; Geology: M. Y. WILLIAMS; Entomology: G. J. SPENCER; Ornith- ology: K. RACHY; Photography: P. L. TAIT; Mammal- ogy: IAN McTAGGART COWAN; Marine Biology: R. W. PILLSBURY; Junior Section: MISS M. L. ELLIOTT; Additional Members of Executive — MRS. J. DAVIDSON, E. LEMARQUE, J. J. PLOMMER, P. T. TIMMS, £. A. SCHWANTIJE, F. W. FARLEY, H. J. 8. MUSKETT; Aud- itors: H. G. SELWOOD, W. B. WOODS. All meetings at 8 p.m., Room 100, Applied Science Building, University of British Columbia, unless other- wise announced. BRITISH COLUMBIA BIRD AND MAMMAL SOCIETY President: Dr. M. Y. WILLIAMS: First Vice-President: HAMILTON M. LAING; Second Vice-President: Dr. GC. J. BasTIN; Secretary-Treasurer: C. H. Bastin, 4484 West 9th Avenue, Vancouver, B.C. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS INC. OFFICERS FOR 1944 - 45 President: MRS. L. McI. TERRILL; Vice-President: J. P. ANGLIN; Vice-President: G. G. OMMANNEY; Treasurer: J. D. FRY; Secretary: MISS R. S. ABBOTT; Committee: H. F. ARCHIBALD, Maj. J. D. CLEGHORN, J. A. DB- CARIE, G. HARPER HALL, W. S. HART, Miss G. HIB- BARD, Mrs. C. L. HENDERSON, H. A. C. JACKSON, J. GM. LeMOINE, A. R. LEPINGWELL, H. MOUSLBY, Miss L. MURPHY, Miss M. ROBINSON, Maj. J. A. ROL- LAND, Miss M. SEATH, Mrs. BE. A. SHERRARD, LL. MeL TERRILL, Lt.-Com. V. C. WYNNE-EDWARDS. Meetings held the second Monday of the month except during summer. Headquarters of the Society are: REDPATH MuseuM Birp Room, McGiLL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL, P.Q. a THE TORONTO FIELD-NATURALISTS CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1948-44 President: Proressor T. F. McILWRAITH ; Vice-President: D. Bruce Murray; Membership Secretary and Treasurer: Miss Mary LIGHT; Corresponding Secretary: Miss Linian PAYNE, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park; President of Junior Club: Mrs. L. E. JaquitH; Past Presidents: Dr. F. P. Ips, Mr. F. C. Hurst, Dr. R. M. SAUNDERS ; Council—LiecuT. W. K. W. BALDWIN (0.A.3.), Mrs. Jos. Barroot, Mr. G. S. BELL, Miss WINNIFRmD CuurTs, BrotHer Denis, Pror. T. W. Dwicut, Mr. H. MM. Hautumay, Dr. L. E. JaquitrH, Miss Mary Kiirkwooa, Mr. A. J. V. LEHMANN, Miss Grace MALKIN, Mr. A. A. OutTRAM, Mr. L. Owens, Mrs. L. A. PRINCE, Mr. Spragup TROYER, Miss MARION WILDER. Meetings are held at 8 p.m. on the first Monday of each month from October to April at the Royal Ontario Museum, unless otherwise announced. Field trips are held during the spring, and occasionally during other seasons. SOCIETE PROVANCHER D‘HISTOIRE: NATURELLE DU CANADA OFFICIERS POUR 1944-45 Patron Honoraire: Son WBxcellence le tres Honorable COMTE D’ATHLONE, K.G., Gouverneur-généra] du Can- ada; Vice-Patron Honoraire: Major-Général a EUGENE: FISET, Kp., C.M.G., D.S.0., M.D., Lieutenant-Gouverneur de la ‘prone de Québec; President: CHARLES DUMAS;. ler vice-président: STUART AHERN; 2eme vice-président : . 0. MARCEAU: Secrétaire-Trésorier: GEORGES A. LE- CLERC; Chef de la section scientifique: Dr. D.-A DERY;: Chef de la section de Protection: J. C. PRICE; Chef de> le section @’information scientifique et pratique: Dr. QUB-- TAVE RATTE; Chef de la section de Propagande éduca-- tionnelle: ULRIC G. TESSIER. Dect ure De ee el NDON, HUBERT DUCHENE, T._J. é , REX MEREDITH. FRED MAHON, J. E. WARRINGTON, ALFRED C. DOBELL, ROBERT HUNTER. Secrétaire-Trésorier — Georges A. Leelero, 85 des Franciscains. Quebec, P.Q.. We ask the Officers, and more particularly the Secretaries, of all the Affiliated Societies, to assist us in our task of building up the circulation of this periodical, By securing every member as a subsoriber, we can make it truly one of the leading Natural History publications of America oo a0 yecm ier : ne TN a A New Era of 1 Development of the Resources of Northern Canada is beginning READ “CANADA NORTH OF FIFTY-SIX DEGREES’ by that eminent scientist, the late Dr. E. M. Kindle AUTHORITATIVE PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED AN EXCELLENT PRESENT FOR A BOY OR YOUNG MAN For Sale By The Treasurer, Ottawa Field-Naturalists’ Club, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa PRICE — per copy — FIFTY CENTS (ES EE E OY IE oe 5 eee 7 Sa ee ee ee, | Say itp Pa Pia if a wy vay '4 LTC AP bey a0 ae Shh aT a ERNST MAYR LIBRARY OT 3 2044 Date Due ie Pe 5 BAe has Tad ym RN aoe BY ans ShIRe Red ote \< BIO Rep eed Oh Ly a +33) * i ‘ aa aeaee ek Wi}; tf und * + ae Sa ey ena tu Harte’. A atsteraee snsetera elie. Sarit ris eclhatiaty goa ay ee ¥ tite ie oe FAAiE Tae 2 " i Aes Oe Fh evade ty vena aaa, art See ae ‘peer tigi h Thyed atecate i shi, Phra aes weseseae AS SFEH 2 PER OE ie 7 Wa ; ; rh fei veeteetisat gotta Grey Baas a sek Abeer! hy aS Rate REE hg Be PsN =) err eats Bere ei bier tee 5 Ly ; eee ei se a et ent ec rn ae ice ri i rt nha ila hey wots Hh ; eer fever Peach ae : spaces ane misniged Als Beale ec antine ce iin he chee Mie eae 4 a Boh mea Steet 4 } eT rtres p % aero! . 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