\-A^J^

Canadian n ,

Forestry

Journal

VOL. IX

19 13

PUBLISHED AT OTTAWA

BY THE

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

V.ti't^'

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Alpine Club of Canada, 95.

American Forestry Assn., annual meeting,
3.

Biltmore Forest School program, 127.

Booth, John R., 53; gift to hospital, 191.

Booth's Mill, Ottawa, fire at, 135.

Brantford, Ont., Dams to Protect, 190.

Britain, Afforestation in, 154.

British Columbia, forest regulations, 55;
branch organization, 85; work in, 105,
155, 174; fire season 1913, 184.

Broilliard Monument, 169.

Canadian Forestry Assn., annual meeting,
19; constitution and by-laws, 29; Direc-
tors' report, 40.

Canadian Lumbermen's Assn., annual
meeting, 23.

C. P. R. publicity, 135; forestry work, 168.

Catalpa, Hardy, warning about, 191.

Charlton, Hon. W. A., Pres. Can. For.
Assn., 19, 113.

Chestnut Tree Blight in Pennsylvania, 45.

Cigaret, the dangerous, 156.

Civil Service, reform, 1; efficiency, 84;
regulations, 146.

Commercial Forestry, 170.

Commission of Conservation, annual meet-
ing, 8; work of, 134.

Cross Ties purchased in 1912 (Dom. For-
estry Branch Bulletin), 94.

Delegates to Winnipeg Convention, 114.

Dominion Forest Service, outline of organ-
ization, 51; parties in field, 93; work of,
137; forest products laboratory, 154;
work of, 154, 165.

Dry Weather Causes Fires, 133.

DjTiamiting Forest Fires, 140.

Empire State Forest Products Assn., 194.

European Forestry, 11.

Fire Bug and the East Wind (poem) E. T.
Allen, 153.

Fire Prevention Organization, 180.

Fires, Havoc by, 122.

Fisher, Hon. W. L., address of, 4.

Floods, How to Prevent, 71.

Forest Conservation, 83.

Forest Engineers, notes of work, 13, 30, 46,

62, 110, 139, 158, 173, 192.

Forest Fire Legislation, Report of Commit-
tee on, 117.

Forest Insects in British Columbia, 166.

Forest Protection in Canada, 187.

Forest School Notes, 150.

Forestry Movement, 17.

Forestry, Problem of, 25.

Forests and Snowslides, 70.

Genesee Valley Forestry Assn., 38.

Hay, the late Dr. G. U., 82.

International Bureau of Forestry, 124.

Laboratory, Dominion Forestry Branch for
Forest Products, 82, 154.

Lanrentide Company, Forestry Work of,
173.

Log Rule, Uniform, report on, 21, 108.

Malloch, Douglas, book of poems, 142.

Manitoba, native woods, photograph, 136.

Maple Sugar Makers Protest, 178.

National (U. S.) Conservation Congress,
185.

New Brunswick, foresters, 71; new timber
leases, 121; forest school, 150; brush
disposal in, 190.

N. Y. State Forestry Assn., 39, 164.

N. Y. State Forestry College Museum, 132.

Norfolk County Replanting, 151.

Norway, tree planting in, 172.

Nova Scotia Lumbering, 119.

Ontario Forests, Report of Minister of
Lands and Forests, 163.

Ontario, Northern, Timber resources of,
181.

Ottawa's Water Supply, Protection of, 169.

Patronage Evil, 162.

Patton, M. J., 126.

Peace River District, conditions in, 131.

Pejepscot Company, replanting, 37.

Piche, G. C, Chief Forester of Quebec, 150.

Pinchot, Dr. Gifford, 5.

Plan Adequate to Meet our Needs for Tim-
ber, 147.

Plantations in Foreign Countries, 56.

Power, Wm., Vice Pres. Can. For. Assn., 21.

Price, the late Herbert M., 67.

Problem of Forestry, 25.

Progress of Forestry, 69.

Protection along Railways, 153.

Pulpwood, Dom. For. Branch Statistics for
1912, 54.

Quebec, planting operations, 98; Forestry
Dept., 119, 138; Fire Protection, 139;
Provincial Nurseries, 149; Forest Ser-
vice, 159, 167; Forest Revenue of, 191.

Quinn, the late Maurice, 82.

Railway Fire Protection, 28, 99.

Ranger Schools, 1.

Reserve Regulations Revised, 157.

Riordon Carl, Pres. Pulp and Paper Assn.,
55.

Rocky Mountains, Forestry in, 74; Reserve,
142.

Sable Island, the Problem of, 91.

St. Maurice Forest Protection Assn., 35.

Sawdust Utilization, 43; Briquettes, 143.

Settlers, Securing Sympathy of, 102.

Sharpies^ Hon. John, death of, 135.

Slash Disposal, Government and Loggers'
Co-operation in, 120; in New Brunswick,
171.

Statistics of Timber Products in Canada
1912, 123.

Sweet and Slow (poem), 38.

Thinning — Should New Brunswick For-
ests be Thinned, 87.

Top-lopping and Dynamiting Fires, 140.

Toronto Students at Ontario Nursery, 73.

Tree Planting C. P. R. Competitions, 7.

Turtle Mountain, why not a forest reserve

in United States, 89.
United States Forests Revenue, 172.
U. S. National Conservation Congress, 157,

185.
Western Farmers and Trees, 172.

Winnipeg Convention, 33, 49, 65, 81, 97;
Report of, 115; Picture of Delegates, 114.

Woodlot, care of, 103.

Work of Forest Engineer, 58.

Zavitz, E. J. Provincial Forester of On-
tario, 28.

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Allen, E. T., 153.

de Hurst, A. E., 83.
Dickson, J. R., 69.
Dwight, T. W., 51, 57.

Fernow, Dr. B. E., 147.

Gilbert, A. V., 55.
Graves, Henry S., 25.

Hearst, Hon. W. H., 181.
Howe, John D., 87.

Jacombe, F. W. H., 91.

Lakes, Arthur, 70.
Leavitt, Clyde, 187.
Loggie, Lt.-Col. T. G., 190.

MacMillan, H. R., 105.
Malloch, Douglas, 142.
Morton, B. R., 103.

Recknagel, Prof. A. B., 168.
Retan, Geo. H., 56.
Ross, A. H. D., 58, 183.

Swaine, J. M., 166.

Turnbull, W. R., 171.

Wilson, EUwood, 140, 170, 172.
Wilson, F. D., 131.

lA

Canadian for

Vol. IX. Ottawa, Canada, January 1913.

No. 1

CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL.

Published monthly by the

Canadian Forestry Association,

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canad<i.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS : Page.

Notes 1 and 2

American Forestry Association 3

Tree Planting Competitions 7

Commission of Conservation 8

European Forestry 11

With the Forest Engineers 13

RANGER SCHOOLS.

In the City of Ottawa it has been
found profitable to give the c^ty fire-
men a course of instruction on chemi-
cals, water pressure, building con-
struction, etc. The lectures are held
once a week and are supplemented
by practical demonstrations. The
men of the Ottawa fire brigade are
all selected for efficiency and are
supposed to know the essentials of
their work. At the same time it is
felt they will be vastly more efficient
if given definite instruction by ex-
perts on certain parts of their work.
In the same way it is the contention
of the Canadian Forestry Association
that forest rangers should be selected
for efficiency in the first place, and
that they should further be given
specific instruction for a few weeks
by men who can assist them by ad-
vising how to combat difficult situa-
tions that are likely to arise in the
woods. If city firemen, who are
always under the direction of chief
and lieutenants, will be benefited by
instruction, much more will the fire-
man who during a large part of the
year has to work single handed many
miles from his nearest neighbor.

NOTICE.

In regard to this issue of the Can-
adian Forestry Journal it may be
stated that it has been decided to
carry on the publication as a month-
ly. Further particulars will be
given in the next issue.

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM.

On all sides there is evidence of
growing determination to separate
politics from the civil service. In
the Dominion in addition to the re-
ports of Sir George Murray and the
Special Commission, the Civil Service
Association is pressing for the exten-
sion of Civil Service regulations to
the outside services. There are simi-
lar movements in Ontario and Mani-
toba, and the newspapers of all poli-
tical parties are asking for the change.
By the very nature of things there
is no department where the plan of
appointment and promotion by test
and merit is so necessary as in the
forest service. Here by reason of the
conditions under which the men work
they are constantly thrown on their
own resources to confront unexpect-
ed problems, and the best men are
needed.

A MONUMENT TO A TREE.

Attention has just been called to
a uriiciue ceremony which took place
last summer near Morrisburg, Dun-
das (Jounty, Ontario, Canada. On
this occasion a monument was un-
veiled to an apple tree. The farm-
ers of Dundas County raised the
money by popular subscription and
placed a marble stone close to the

Canadian Forestry Joumalf January 1913.

spot where the original Mcintosh Red
apple tree stood. The newspapers in
describing this ceremony stated that
in 1797 John Mcintosh, who was one
of the United Empire Loyalists, came
to Upper Canada from the United
States and settled in Dundas County.
On the ground which he cleared for
a home he found a number of young
wild apple trees. He tested these
and one produced fruit of such su-
perior colour and quality that he
named it Mcintosh Red. His son
Allan propagated from it and dis-
seminated the variety, which has be-
come popular over a large part of
the continent. In 1893 the old tree
was injured by fire, but continued to
bear till 1908 when it completely
died down.

TEACHING CHILDREN TO LOVE
TREES.

The New York State College of
Forestry at Syracuse University,
designated and established by the
Legislature for educational work in
forestry in New York, has sent a
letter to the Principals of all the
High and Preparatory Schools of the
State offering to give illustrated lec-
tures and demonstrations upon fores-
try before the schools so that every
pupil in these schools may under-
stand what forestry is and may learn
to love the trees and forests.

LUMBERING AS A SCIENCE.

British Columbia Magazine.

Asserting that lumbering should be
regarded as a science and as a pro-
fession, the British Columbia Lum-
ber and Shingle Manufacturers' As-
sociation and the Canadian Forestry
Association have asked for the estab-
lishment of a course in logging engi-
neering at the new University of Bri-
tish Columbia. The success which
has attended the agricultural colleges
of Canada and the United States in
equipping the farmers' sons with a
scientific knowledge of husbandry, is

evidence of what might be expected
from similar courses devoted to log-
ging engineering. The courses of
study in our agricultural colleges
have been intensely practical and
helpful. The lumber industry de-
serves the same consideration for
those who desire to become expert
loggers and lumbermen, in the broad-
est sense of the term.

CIVIL SERVICE PROMOTION.

Hamilton Herald.

Promotion by personal favoritism
and political 'pull' instead of promo-
tion by merit and seniority is one of
the gravest abuses of the Canadian
Civil Service. It is a deep-rooted evil,
and as old as the service itself. It
impairs the efficiency of the service
by putting a premium on inefficiency.
Able men in the public service are
deprived of the natural incentive to
do their work well and qualify for
higher duties. When it is known
that efficiency does not count for
much, and that the man who bases
his hopes for promotion solely on his
efficiency has no chance in competi-
tion with the man who has an in-
fluential relative or political friend to
work for his advancement, why should
men waste time and energy in im-
proving themselves? The system op-
erates to kill honorable ambition to
excel. It tends to lower the person-
nel of the Civil Service to a dead level
of mediocrity.

AFTER THE GYPSY MOTH.

The Canadian Department of Cus-
toms has issued an order prohibiting
the importation from New England
states of forest plant products in-
cluding logs, tan bark, posts, poles,
railway ties, cordwood and lumber,
unless accompanied by a certificate
from the United States Department
of Agriculture that such products
are free from the gypsy moth.

American Forestry Association

A Vigorous and Progressive Campaign now Going on.

It was deemed advisable this year
that the Secretary should attend the
annual meeting of the American
Forestry Association in Washing-
ton, D.C., on Jan. 8. This proved a
very profitable trip and much valu-
able information was gained, partic-
ularly owing to the fact that several
related organizations met in Wash-
ington at the same time. This en-
abled the Secretary to converse in a
day and a half with more of those
connected with forest conservation

work in the different parts of the
United States than he could have
met in several weeks steady travel-
ling at other seasons of the year.

Full of Fight.

The spirit throughout was one of
optimism and at the same time the
sentiment was constantly expressed
that a most determined attack was
about to be made on the natural re-
sources held by the federal govern-
ment of the United States, mineral

Wolves in .Sheep's Clothing.

The Newark, N.J., Evening News had the above cartoon as its view of the remarks of
Mr. Oifford Pinchot that States Bights would be made a cloak for exploitation.

8

Canadian Forestry Journal, January 1912.

lands, water-powers and forests, but
particularly the latter. The general
idea, however, was that the friends
of conservation were more wide-
awake than ever, and on every hand
there were expressions of determin-
ation to work, to fight and to make
sacrifices to have these resources de-
veloped and used for the very best
interests of the whole country, and
to keep them from falling into the
hands of trusts and corporations
with no other object than to exploit
them for the greatest present profit
regardless of the future.

The sessions were held in one of
the halls of the magnificent New
Willard Hotel. There was a meet-
ing of Directors at 10.30, the general
business opened at noon, and at one
o'clock the assembly adjourned to
an adjoining dining room where
lunch was serv-ed to about one hun-
dred and twenty five including
quite a sprinkling of ladies. It may
be remarked in passing that while
this luncheon was in every way
strictly first class the determination
of the American Forestry Associa-
tion to keep their organization as
democratic as possible was shown in
the fact that the charge for tickets
for the luncheon was only $2 apiece.
This was in all respects a most en-
joyable function and at the close
there were several significant speeches.

Hon. W. L. Fisher.

Hon. Walter L. Fisher, Secretary
of the Interior, made a most illum-
inative address in which he empha-
sized two points. The first was that
the cause of forest conservation had
lost in the past and would continue
to lose in the future if its friends
did not kill the old belief, indus-
triously propagated by its enemies,
that conservation meant negation,
stagnation, the locking up of forest
resources and the keeping back of
devlopment indefinitely. The thing
which conservationists must now do
was to show the public, what they
knew to be the case themselves.

namely, that conservation was
affirmative constructive and progres-
sive. And second, he told the great
steps forward that had been takien
in the past year in the matter of
disposal of water-powers on federal
lands. Up to 1912 there were only
two methods of developing water-
powers. The water-powers might be
deeded outright to the applicant or
they might be leased to the appli-
cant on a lease which could be re-
voked without five minutes' notice
by the Secretary of the Interior.
During 1912 the law had been so
amended that water-powers could
be now leased for a period not to
exceed fifty years, the rentals to be
reviewed and if necessary readjust-
ed every ten years. Where the gov-
ernment and the applicant were not
able to agree upon the new rent to
be charged at the end of any ten
years' period the matter was to be
settled by arbitration and the onus
was on the lessee to show that the
rent was too high. While at first
some of the organizations claimed
that no water-powers would ever be
developed under the leasing system,
the great majority had admitted
that the system was fair. As con-
firming this Mr. Fisher pointed to a
lease to a powerful corporation of
rights which would result in the
immediate future in the electrifica-
tion of five hundred miles of main
line of one of the transcontinental
railways. A leading railway man
had told him that this was just the
beginning and that within a few
years under the same system twenty
thousand miles of railway lying be-
tween the Rocky Mountains and the
Pacific Ocean would be electrified.
He had drawn attention to the fact
that this was a powerful corporation
as showing that this was not a case
of the government 'squeezing' a
small concern that was not able to
take care of itself. He predicted
that under this new system a very
rapid development of water powers
on national lands of the United
States would take place, and this

American Forestry Association,

development would be on terms fair
both to the lessees and to the nation
at large.

This announcement of a new ar-
rangement in this important matter
was received with prolonged ap-
lause.

Hon. Gifford Pinchot.

Mr. Fisher was followed by Hon.
Gifford Pinchot, who in a forceful
speech held that the 'predatory in-
terests' having come to the conclu-
sion that no more plums were to be
snatched from the national tree had
decided to make a last effort to have
the federal resources divided up
amongst the states in the belief that
they would be able to get from poor
and struggling states what they
could not demand from the strong
national government. To this end
he predicted that the next session
of Congress would see a tremendous
revival of the States Rights move-
ment. The danger was this that
while this States Rights cry would
be raised largely by men who cared
not a straw for the states and who
cared altogether for their own pock-

ets, yet there would be others in the
States Rights ranks who would be
actuated entirely by principle and a
sense of duty. This made the fight
all the harder, but the friends of
conservation must win, for if they
did not the work of the last twenty
five years would be lost, and within
a few months the immense natural
resources of the United States would
be in the hands of the grabbers.
That this was a prize worth fighting
for he indicated by estimating that
the forests of the United States
alone were worth two thousand mil-
lion dollars.

State versus Federal Control.

After Dr. Drinker (President of
Lehigh University) the new Presi-
dent of the American Forestry As-
sociation had made his confession of
faith and started out the fiery cross
to rally all good men to the cause
of conservation, the regular session
was resumed in the assembly hall.
Here papers were read by Prof. H.
n. Chapman of Yale University on
federal versus state management of
forests, and by Mr. W. B. Greeley

Travelers in winter on the route of the Hudson Bay Railway North east of the Pas.

6

Canadian Forestry Journal, January 1913.

of the United States Forest Service
on the need of trained men in for-
est conservation. The conclusion of
the first paper was that for many-
reasons the federal government was
better fitted to do forest work than
the states, and this was also indirect-
ly the conclusion of the second
paper. It was pointed out that a
forest was of such slow growth that
working plans must be made look-
ing for almost a century ahead.
These plans had to take in the whole
country, and in many cases they
would result in the spending of mil-
lions of dollars spread over a long
period of years before the cash re-
turns from a particular tract began
to come in. The federal government
with its large revenues and its pow-
er to employ the best men in the na-
tion was much better fitted to sys-
tematically manage the forests than
a state legislature which was often
in such desperate need of funds that
instead of allowing a forest to grow
till fit to be harvested, would be
constantly pressed to sacrifice this
asset for whatever it would bring in
the immediate present. It was im-
possible that twenty struggling
states could secure and hold twenty
staffs of forest engineers for the
general direction of the work who
would be anything like as compet-
ent as the staff which could be se-
cured by the national government
to do this same work for the whole
nation.

Interesting the Politicians.

In the evening there was a
* smoker' at a leading restaurant
given by the local members of the
American Forestry Association to
which the delegates and their
friends were invited. The advant-
ages possessed by such a non-govern-
mental and non-partizan organiza-
tion such as the American Forestry
Association (or the Canadian For-
estry Association) were shown in
the fact that administrators, lum-
bermen, foresters and representa-

tives of both political parties met
here on common ground and deliv-
ered their views. Among those who
spoke were Mr. Henry S. Graves,
United States forester; Mr. Chas.
Lathrop Pack, President of the Na-
tional Conservation Congress; sen-
ators and congressmen both Repub-
lican and Democrat. Mr. E. A.
Sterling, forest engineer of Philadel-
phia, well known in Canada, was
the chairman of the evening. While
all the views expressed were not en-
thusiastically in line with the aims
of the American Forestry Associa-
tion, yet a surprisingly large major-
ity were, and the minority speakers
represented points of view which
conservationists must take into con-
sideration in making up their pro-
gram.

Three Active Organizations.

One matter of importance brought
out at this annual meeting was that
in the United States three active or-
ganizations are now co-operating in
conservation work. These are the
National Conservation Congress,
which devotes its whole energy to
carrying out a four days' congress
each year in some leading city of
the United States ; the National Con-
servation Association (of which Mr.
Gifford Pinchot is President), which
devotes its attention to national leg-
islation ; and the American Forestry
Association, which lays its chief
stress on propaganda by means of
literature, and which is in a sense
the mouthpiece of the other two.
Canadians have not a little to leam
from the enthusiasm and spirit of
sacrifice with which the members of
these organizations approach their
self-imposed tasks.

Before leaving for home again at
noon the following day the Secre-
tary visited the offices of the United
States Forest Service and of the
American Forestry Association gath"
ering information for his work,
which it is believed will bear fruit
in the present year.

Tree Planting Competitions.

Railway companies come in for no
little crticism because of the damage
it is alleged they do to forests, and it
is, therefore, only fair to chronicle
what they are doing on the other side
of the scale.

The Canadian Pacific Railway has
just announced a competition in the
grooving of shelter-belts on farms pur-
chased from the railway in Alberta
south of Township 28. To encour-
age farmers to take up this competi-
tion the company are offering cash
prizes aggregating $2,400. There is
one sweepstake prize of $600, — two
grand prizes of $300 each two of $100
each, and 20 prizes of $50 each. As
a further inducement the Company
is giving the contestants half the trees
required free of charge, and has ar-
ranged the following prices for the
other half: — one thousand trees or
over, $15 per thousand; under one
thousand, $5 per hundred. The fol-
lowing varieties are furnished : — Rus-
sian poplar, Cottonwood, green ash,
Manitoba maple, laurel-leaf, willow
and caragana. Besides prizes and
trees, the company *s Forest Depart-
ment stands ready to supply any in-
formation in regard to trees and
planting.

Prizes are to be awarded in the au-
tumn of 1914. Settlers who gain
prizes then will be allowed to go on
and compete for special prizes which
may be awarded in the next three
years. Wind-breaks in this competi-
tion must be planted in the Spring
of 1913. The chief points to be con-
sidered when judging are as follows:
preparation of the soil, 30 points ; cul-
tivation and care of trees, 30 points;
bush-fruits, shrubs and flowers, 10
points; growth and appearance of
trees at time of judging, 30 points;
total, 100 points.

Having started out on this cam-
paign the Canadian Pacific Railway is

explaining why it is doing so The
circular announcing the competition
is accompanied by a neat circular
entitled 'Increase the Value of Your
Farm: Why Every Western Cana-
dian Farmer Should Plant Wind-
breaks. ' The eight pages of this cir-
cular are filled with reasons why
wind-breaks increase the value of Al-
berta farms, and with directions for
attaining the best success in plant-
ing.

Time was when people believed
trees could not be successfully culti-
vated west of Manitoba. Now, with
twenty million trees sent out from
the Dominion Government Forestry
Branch nurseries at Indian Head, and
with the C.P.R. pushing on the good
work, the appearance and comfort of
thousands of prairie farms will soon
be changed for the better by the shel-
ter-belts of millions of healthy trees.

MERIT SYSTEM IN FOREST
SERVICE.

Conservation.
On December 6, a delegation repre-
senting the Canadian Forestry As-
sociation urged upon Premier Borden
and the Minister of the Interior, that
all appointments to the outside Do-
minion Forest Service be based on
capability and experience ascertained
by examination conducted by the
Civil Service Commission. These re-
presentation are the result of recom-
mendations made at the last meet-
ing of the Association held at Vic-
toria, B.C.

The winter is the best time to study
evergreen trees. Find how many of
the following are near your school:
white pine, red pine, scrub or Lab-
rador pine, fir, white spruce and red
spruce, hemlock, white cedar. — Edu-
rafional Review.

Commission of Conservation

Brief Report of the Fourth Annual Meeting at Ottawa, Jan. 21, 22, 1913.

The fourth annual meeting of the
Canadian Commission of Couserva-
tion held in the Carnegie Library.
Ottawa, Jan. 21 and 22, gave evi-
dence of steady growth. In the ab-
sence of Hon. Clifford Sifton in
Europe the meetings were presided
over by the Acting Chairman Hon.
W. C. Edwards, Chairman of the
Committee on Forestry. The ses-
sions were well attended and nearly
all the provinces were officially re-
presented. The first morning was
devoted to reports of work done dur-
ing the year as follows:

Riblic Health— Dr. C.A.Hodgetts.

Mines— W. J. Dick.

Forests — Clyde Leavitt.

Extension of forest reserves and
establishment of game preserves in
Alberta — R. H. Campbell.

Fisheries, game and fur-bearing
animals — M. J. Patton.

Fur-farming in Canada — J. "Walt-
er Jones.

"Waters and water-powers — Leo.
G. Denis and Arthur V. White.

Press and co-operating organiza-
tions— M. J. Patton.

The first afternoon was taken up
by an illustrated address on the
Salmon Fisheries of British Colum-
bia by Prof. J. P. McMurrich.
Director of the Anatomical Depart-
ment, University of Toronto, and by
meetings of committees.

At the Wednesday morning ses-
sion the following was the order of
the work :

The Biological Board of Canada —
Dr. E. E. Prince.

Trent Watershed Survey and Re-
conn aisance Survey of the Northern
Ontario Clay Belt— Dr. B. E. Fer-
now.

Insect Food of Fresh-water Fish —
Dr. C. G. Hewitt.

Work done by the Lands Commit-
tee during the past year — ^F. C. Nun-
nick.

Address on work of Lands Com-
mittee— Dr. J. W. Robertson.

Committee work and resolutions
occupied all of "Wednesday after-
noon, and in the evening there was
an illustrated address on Smoke Pre-
vention by Dr. R. G. Benner.

Among the matters which related
to forest conservation were the fol-
lowing :

Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Forester of the
Commission of Conservation and
Chief Fire Warden of the Board of
Railway Commissioners for Canada,
gave the results of organizing the
patrol work along the railway lines
in Western Canada and intimated
that in 1913 this work would be ex-
tended all over Eastern Canada as
well.

Dominion Forestry Work.

Mr. R. H. Campbell, Domniion
Director of Forestry, told of the
setting aside of the forest reserve on
the eastern slope of the Rocky
Mountains and of examinations
made in 1912 of areas in the Peace
River Country and in the northern
parts of Saskatchewan and INIani-
toba. He pointed out that not all of
the reserves were game preserves
but that such areas were being set
aside for this purpose as would best
conserve the characteristic game of
Western Canada. The number of
trees distributed by the Dominion
Government Forestry Branch to set-
tlers now amounted to 21.000.000
and four million more trees were
ready at Indian Head Forestry
Nursery Station to be sent out this
coming spring. These were for wind-
breaks and woodlots not for orna-

8

Commission of Conservation.

9

mental purposes. The varieties sent
out were Manitoba maple, elm, Cot-
tonwood, green ash, willows, and
some conifers as tamarack, white
spruce, jack pine and Scotch pine.

Trent VAiiLEY Watershed.

Dr. Fernow, Dean of the Faculty
of Forestry, University of Toronto,
said that in what had been termed
the forest townships which compris-
ed nine tenths of the 1,800 square
miles in the district examined, the
amount of land cleared was about
nine per cent. Of this 8.4 per cent,
was pasture and only 1.6 per cent,
cultivated land. The general con-
clusion was that this area should
have been protected and left to
grow up again as a pinery. So un-
suited was the district for farming
that since the lumberman had left
the families on the land were eking
out a poor existence and should be
given a chance to remove to better
locations. It was estimated that
after the fires had destroyed many
millions' worth of property there
was still left white pine young
growth which mature would be

worth $3,500,000, and pulpwood of
potential value of $4,500,000. Ac-
tion looking toward the protection
of this was urged. It was noted that
Hastings County had acquired 2,200
acres of this area under tax sales
for an average of seventeen cents per
acre and was holding it for refores-
tation.

Regarding the northern clay belt
of Ontario Dr. Fernow held that
about fifty per cent, of the timber
would be valuable for lumber or
pulpwood, and he urged a classifica-
tion of lands before allowing settle-
ment to come in.

Fur Farms and Animal Sanc-
tuaries.

Mr. M. J. Patton, the Assistant
Secretary of the Commission in one
part of his report dealt with the
need for a system of national game
refuges to preserve the beaver. This
animal disappeared in Europe in the
sixteenth century and would disap-
pear in America in the twentieth un-
less national provision was made
for its protection.

Very interesting was the report of

Camp in the Timbered Country between the Pas and Split Lake, Manitoba.

10

Canadian Forestry Journal, January 191 S'

Mr. J. Walter Jones, B.S.A., special
officer, upon fur-farming in Canada.
He estimated that there were about
four hundred fur farms in Canada
at the end of 1912 with the number
rapidly increasing. Most of these
were in the Maritime Provinces, par-
ticularly Prince Edward Island
where the rearing of black foxes for
their fur had become a great indus-
try.

Col. Wm. Wood of Quebec sent a
paper on animal sanctuaries which
was read by Mr. Patton. The plan
advocated was to begin with a sanc-
tuary in Labrador and then secure
others in different parts of Canada
later. A sanctuary, the paper ex-
plained, differs from a reserve in
that the animals are never disturb-
ed in season or out of season within
the area. Thus left alone they mul-
tiply rapidly, and once the area is
stocked the surplus seeks new pas-
tures outside and thus the supply of
game for the sportsmen is kept up
in the rest of the country.

Importance of Fish Food.

The fishery question was dealt
with by Prof. Prince, Dr. C. C.
Jones. Chancellor of the University
of N.B., and others. The chief con-
tribution of interest to forest lovers
was by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Do-
minion Entomologist, in his paper
on the insect food of fresh water
fish. Dr. PTewitt pointed out that
one of the causes ' why fish died
when placed in lakes and rivers
where the species had not been be-
fore was that the insects upon which
that fish fed were absent. Before
stocking lakes an examination
should be made to ascertain if the
proper insect food were there.

Recommendations.

The follo^vingr recommendations in the
report of the Committee on Forests were
adopted :

(1) That the Commission approve the
principle of co-operation between the Board
of Eailway Commissioners and the fire pro-

tective organizations of the Dominion and
Provincial Governments in the administra-
tion and enforcement of the fire regula-
tions of the Railway Commission, along the
lines now in effect in the West and as pro-
posed in the East.

(2) That representations be made to the
Dominion Government looking toward the
e^tabliphment of a fire-protective service
along the Intercolonial and National Trans-
continental Railways similar to that pro-
vided for in Order 16570 of the Board of
Railway Commissioners.

(3) That the Governments of New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia be urged to
organize separate branches devoted especial-
ly to forest fire work, including all lines
of railway fire inspection, as well as the
handling of fire-ranging throughout the
Provinces at large. Also that control be
definitely taken over w^ith regard to fire-
protection along provincially chartered
railways, through the enforcement of ex-
isting legislation or the enactment of new-
legislation where necessary.

(4) That the Commission urge the Do-
minion and all Provincial Governments not
doing so, to consider carefully the ques-
tion of brush disposal in connection with
all new licenses and renewals of old licenses
issued in the future. Especial care in this
connection is needed to safeguard the coun-
try along railway and wagon roads. Es-
pecially in Ontario, New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia and in the Timber Branch of
the Department of the Interior is the fur-
ther development of a forestry organization
essential in order to properly study and ad-
minister this feature of the work.

(5) That the Commission approve the or-
ganization of co-operative fire-protective
associations of limit-holders, and the prin-
ciple of contribution by the Dominion or
Provincial Government in proportion to the
benefits received.

(6) That the Dominion Government be
urged to begin a systematic study of the
extent and character of forest resources in
the forest reserves, and other forest lands
under its direct jurisdiction; and that a
similar course be urged upon the Provin-
cial Governments of Ontario, Quebec and
New Brunswick as to forest lands within
their boundaries.

(7) That the systematic collection of
complete statistics of forest fire losses be
urged upon the Dominion and Provincial
Governments wherever this action is not
now being taken.

(8) That the Commission approve co-
operation with the Government of Ontario
in an examination of forest conditions out-
side forest reserves in the northern portion
of that Province, south of the Clay Belt,
and that reciprocal action, by the Ontario
Government be invited along this line, as

Notes on European Forestry.

11

well as in developing a plan for recupera-
tive measures in the Trent Watershed.

(9) That representations be made to the
Dominion Government, urging that favour-
able action be taken with regard to the
proposed additions to the Forest Reserves
recommended by the Forestry Branch.

(10) That the proposed establishment of
a game preserve in the southern portion
of the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve,
and in southeastern British Columbia ad-
joining the Glacier National Park, be en-
dorsed; and that favourable action be urged
upon the Dominion Government and upon
the Government of British Columbia.

(11) That, whereas, the Provinces of
British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec have
seen the value of organizing a Provincial
Forest Service, representations be made to
the Governments of Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick, looking toward the establish-

ment of technically educated Provincial
Foresters; this action to be taken not only
for the purpose of securing a conservative
use of the remaining forest resources, but
also of stimulating and educating forest
owners and woo^lot owners in efforts at re-
forestation.

(12) The Commission desires to place on
record its opinion that it is important that
all appointments in the forest services of
the Dominion and Provincial Governments
should be based on capability and exper-
ience, such as may be secured through civil
service examination.

(13) That the Government of Ontario be
urged to undertake a systematic classifica-
tion of land in the Clay Belt, in advance
of settlement, to the end that settlement
may be properly directed, and that non-
agricultural lands may be reserved from set-
tlement and entry.

Notes on European Forestry,

In an article contributed recently to the
American Lumberman on a visit to some
European forests, in France, Switzerland,
and (Jermany, Dr. Filibert Roth, head
of the Department of Forestry at the
University of Michigan, gives the fol-
lowing interesting and chatty notes re-
garding forests and forestry practice in the
countries mentioned: —

'Recently I have visited Grenoble and the
beautiful forests of the French Jura, es-
pecially about the Grand Chartreuse, that
famous cloister of old. The forests here are
largely private property, a sort of cared-for
wildwoods, with fine growth of fir (balsam)
and beech, also other trees. Plenty of them
are over thirty inches in diameter and over
120 feet in height. The exploitation is
primitive. A load of logs, full-sized stems,
is not loaded one by one, but is lifted bodily
into a two-wheeled cart and then drawn by
five horses hitched tandem.

'In Switzerland I saw numerous forests,
large and small, primarily private and vil-
lage forests of spruce planted in the regular
way. These woods are immensely productive
and one sees new plantations everywhere,
showing a tendency to increase the forest
areas at the expense of the agricultural
lands. My visit to the famous Sihlwald, the
most ancient of well established forest pro-
perties in the world, was made doubly in-
teresting, as I had a chance to spend the
Fourth of July in a tour of inspection of
this property with Mr. Meister, forester of
the city of Zurich, and the society of fores-
ters of Alsace-Lorraine, the latter having

come over sixty strong, from the valley of
the Rhine and the Vosges mountains to see
this great forest. The city of Zurich sent
a special delegate, provided teams and re-
freshments and in every way showed its ap-
preciation of this visit of foresters. It is
a treat to see this beautiful old forest, which
has supplied Zurich for fully 1,000 years
with much-needed fuel and timber, and
which to-day is one of the best producing
forests of Europe.

'This forest occupies large mountain
slopes entirely unfit for plow land; it is
mainly beech and spruce, with the latter as
the favored species. It is managed on a
rotation of about 110 years, that is, the trees
are left to this age before being harvested,
and there is today an almost ideal condition
with trees of all ages, so that the harvest
comes like clockwork every year in amount
and size of timber. Rainfall and snowfall
are heavy and the heavy snows sometimes
crush stands of timber when in the "pole"
stage.

'Before leaving Switzerland I visited the
upper Rhine, where the floods lately have
done great damage. The forests in that sec-
tion unquestionably have reduced this dam-
age and prevented wholesale calamity.

'Coming into southern Germany I visited
the royal forests in Baden, which yield fine
incomes. They are largely spruce, planted
or roprofluced naturally, and produce a net
revonjie of over $10 an acre every year.
Similar conditions exist in the neighboring
forests of the royal family of the King of
Wurtemberg. Here the forest is for the

12

Canadian Forestry Journal, January 1912.

most part cut clean and replanted. The
trees are allowed to grow to an age of 110
to 125 years. The forests are gone over
once in five or ten years and cleaned of
all poor, sickly trees, and opened up where
the trees are too dense, so that in the older
stands the trees practically are perfect,
standing straight and a joy to any lover
of good timber. The amount of timber per
acre in these hundred-year-old stands is sim-
ply enormous, and the amount which has
to be cut into fuel or cheap woods is very
small, rarely over ten per cent of the total
yield. All timber is cut in winter, peeled
at once and hauled with team. All work
is done by contract. The care which these
forests receive is such that when I asked the
forester about fires he looked at me in sur-
prise and simply said, "We have no fires.'*

'As a matter of fact, in all my travels
last summer I did not see one acre of woods
which showed any signs of ever having been
touched by fire. When one compares this
with Michigan, where it is hard to find an
acre that does not show such signs one won-
ders where the trouble lies. Here they see
to it that law really is law. Eoaming in
the woods is forbidden; people are expected
to mind their business.

'To my great surprise I found that even
here, in a good agricultural district, the for-
est is being extended at the expense of agri-
cultural lands. For example, a farm of 170
acres, which is large for this country, had
been in possession of one family for over
four hundred years, and was offered for
sale. After several years it was bought by
the king as a private property and was re-
forested. The land cost only $60 an acre,
contained a gravel pit valued at $2,500, and
was in good farming condition. Similar con-
ditions were found in Baden, the explana-
tion being that farm land does not produce
the income which can be had from forests.
Eenting farms is generally by cash rentals
of $2 to $3 an acre, while the forests make
a secure net cash rental of over $10. Since
this is an old country, fortified by the Eo-
mans, well settled in the days of Charle-
magne and densely populated today by one
of the most frugal, industrious peoples in the
world, these facts will serve to show how
utterly nonsensical are the claims of op-
ponents, who would have us believe there is
no room for forests, since all land is needed
for farming.

'I visited the forestry school at the Uni-
versity of Tuebingen, several districts of the
Black Forest in Wurttemberg, also a district
of hardwoods in the Ehine valley near Stras-
burg. In this latter district the black wal-
nut is planted extensively on fertile valley
land near the city, again a sign that forests
have a place, even in fertile regions. In
the Black Forest districts I found many in-
teresting facts. In the higher locations —
2,400 feet altitude, with rainfall of over

seventy inches, heavy snows and much frost
— agriculture is on the decline and even the
farmers are planting forests. Some of the
villages and towns own large forests.
Bayersbrom has 6,000 acres of woods, worth
over $200 an acre. Here the fir and spruce
predominate. The timber is cut in summer
and is peeled. The bark of spruce is sold
as tanbark at about $4 a cord. The forests
are reproduced naturally, but everywhere a
little planting is done to prevent delay. The
stands of timber are certainly fine. Near
Obendorf I saw stands which contain over
20,000 cubic feet of timber an acre. Since
this stuff is worth fully 15 cents a cubic
foot, we have values of $1,200 to $3,000 an
acre. But this is not rubbish or old pine
stubs. It is a body of timber produced
by careful treatment and decent protection
against all kinds of injury. In such stands
there is often not a single tree that needs
culling on account of crook or other defect.
A fine telephone pole sixty feet long, with
ten inches as its upper diameter, is cheaper
here than in Ann Arbor, Mich. While gen- *

erally the small forests of farmers are not in .||
especially good condition, several of the pri- *
vate forests about Freudenstadt are fine and
these farmers are becoming really timber
growers and are growing ridi.'

THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE.

As a result of experiments carried
out under the direction of the De-
partment of Agriculture of the Unit-
ed States, a method of combatting
the ravages of the mountain pine
beetle has been found, according to
a recent departmental report. The
experiments were undertaken in
northeastern Oregon, where beetles
had worked havoc over more than
one million acres of valuable timber
land. The pest had destroyed more
than 8,000 trees.

In conjunction v^dth the forest ser-
vice and private owners of timber,
the department's experts confined
their efforts to an area of 20,000
acres with such success that while
surrounding territory suffered heav-
ily the experiment ground's loss was
80 per cent. less. The march of the
beetle to the south and southeast, it
is believed, will be checked as a result
of the knowledge gained from the
tests which have been continued over
a space of nearly five years.

With the Forest Engineers*

{Contributed hy the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.).

Notes of the Work of the Engineers in the British Columbia Forest Service.

The Province of British Columbia
entered on a new line of devlop-
ment in the establishment, under the
Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands,
of a Forest Branch, the direction of
which as is well known was given
into the hands of Mr. H. R. MacMil-
lan late of the Forest Branch in Ot-
tawa. So many matters were pend-
ing the passing of the Act, so many-
new problems have arisen simp-
ly through the establishment of the
Branch that the new Chief Forester,
since assuming his duties, has been
the centre of a veritable snowstorm
of papers of all kinds which requir-
ed attention. Consequently, he has
been held to his desk for every min-
ute of the day working with unceas-
ing energy to organize new branch-
es to take care of the details. He
has made numerous trips around
the country becoming acquainted
with the government officers and
lumbermen, and has made numerous
friends in his official capacity in the
City of Victoria. Naturally, in a
new organization the equipment and
,staff were utterly inadequate for the
press of business. But Mr. MacMil-
lan had the authority to care for the
needs of his department, and now,
instead of one chief clerk and a
stenographer, the Forest Branch
consists of forty two individuals in
addition to all who were with the
Lands Department prior to the crea-
tion of the new base of administra-
tion.

Mr. M. Allerdale Grainger, who
probably knows as much about the
forest legislation situation as any
other man in British Columbia, hay-
ing been Secretary of the Royal
Commission which brought about the

Act, has been steadily engaged in ar-
ranging the details of the Records
Office, which falls to him under the
provisions for the new Forest Board.

Mr. John Lafon, Chief of Manage-
ment, has been occupied principally
with the work of timber sales and
the cruising being done upon tracts
of land which it has been thought
could be. alienated.

Chief of Operation, R. E. Bene-
dict, has been engaged mostly in
inspection of fire losses, and in view-
ing at first hand conditions which
he had heretofore known in only a
general way. He reports a rapidly
growing sentiment among people of
all parts of the province for forest
reserves to ensure thorough patrol
in the vicinity of lage towns, and
to make certain a constant supply
of water for irrigation purposes.

The Reconnaissance Survey.

Since stock-taking ranks with pro-
tection as an essential of forest
policy, the Branch has lost no time
in bringing about a reconnaissance
survey of a great part of the pro-
vince. The Columbia and Western
Land (rrant comprises two and a
half million acres recently sold back
to the Government by the C. P. R.,
to whom it was deeded many years
ago, and this tract has been the scene
of a very active survey. Under
Chief of Surveys H. K. Robinson
twelve parties of reconnaissance men
are working in the valleys of the
Adams, Salmon, Nicola, North
Thompson, Omineca and Columbia
Rivers, around Mable Lake, and
along the route of the Grand Trunk
Pacific Railway.

The surveyors are noting every

13

14

Ganadian[Forestry Journal, January'^lQlS,

natural feature, the topography,
bodies of water (including water-
powers), all the agricultural areas,
down to forty-acre tracts, the nature
of the soil, and, in a general way,
the amount of timber standing. It
is expected that the reports which
these men wdll make will prove a
revelation to the public. Undoubt-
edly there are many tracts of land
which will produce good crops ly-
ing idle because their location is not
accurately known.

The djfficu-ltieis of carrying out
this survey are very great, particu-
larly in view of the season, but the
ground is being covered as rapidly
as possible, and the complete map
will be compiled in the course of a
few months.

'Timber Sales' have taken the
place of the old form of license, un-
der w^hich 14,000 claims were filed
between 1905 and 1907.

The Forest Act provides for the
removal of timber after advertise-
ment and tender. The land remains
always vested in the Crown, and
upset price, rental, royalty, cruising
and advertising charges are made
against the buyer.

So far, a great part of the work
of the Branch has been the examin-
ation of lands by the foresters for
the purpose of arriving at a proper
price for the timber. Up to the end
of November fourteen bodies were
examined, representing an area of
6,716 acres, and 87,282,000 feet of
timber. The lumbermen who accept
the terms of the Government will
pay altogether $109,521 in upset
price, $1,304.55 annually in rental,
and $48,415.95 in royalties as the
material is taken out of the forest
In a great many of these sales re-
strictions are made as to the time
in which cutting shall continue, two
years being the average time allow-
ed.

There has been established in the
Branch an Extension Bureau, for
the purposes of spreading the gospel
of forestry among the people of
British Columbia, and of rendering

assistance in response to enquiries
as to any phase of the problem of
scientific management of woodlands.
Mr. Roy. L. Campbell has this work
in hand.

THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Extends a cordial invitation to those inter-
ested in the forests of this country, from
whatever point of view, to join its ranks,
and help to spread knowledge of, and in-
terest in, the forests of Canada in partic-
ular, and in general of the world. During
the past few years the interest in the
proper use and the protection and perpetua-
tion of the forests has greatly increased,
and to this increased knowledge and interest
the Canadian Forestry Association, by its
propaganda work, has contributed its share.
Founded in 1900, with a membership of 12,
it has in twelve years increased its mem-
bership to 2,700. During these years it has
held conventions throughout Canada from
coast to coast, in the Ancient Capital and
in the bustling cities of the prairies and
Pacific coast, in the manufacturing east and
the agricultural prairie country. Its official
organ, The Canadian Forestry Journal, was
started in 1905 and is now in its seventh
volume. But as forestry goes on, circum-
stances change and new needs spring up,
and the Association is anxious to do its
duty in arousing public interest and point-
ing out ways of getting things done. One
object of the Association was achieved when
forest reserves were established; but that
is merely a beginning and now proper ad-
ministration of these reserves, on the basis
of the public good, irrespective of any pri-
vate or partizan interest, must be secured.
When that is done other problems will pre-
sent themselves for settlemeht. The Asso-
ciation wants the interest and enthusiasm
and, in some degree, the contributions of
the public. The annual membership fee is
$1.00; this entitles the member to The Cana-
dian Forestry Journal for a year, the an-
nual report of the society, and other litera-
ture. Life membership costs $10.00. Ap-
plications for memoership should be ad-
dressed to James Lawler, Secretary, Cana-
dian Forestry Assn., Canadian Building,
Ottawa.

(

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES
and shrubs at forest
prices.

Native and foreign tree seeds.

Edye-de- Hurst & Son,

Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

SHIPPERS TO H. M. GOVERNMENT, ETC

CorresponduTice FYan^aise.

FOREST ENGINEERS.

Forest Surveys Logging Maps

TIMBER ESTIMATES
Water Power Water Storage.

CLARK, LYFORD, & STERLING
1331 Real Estate Trust Bldg., Philadelphia
CLARK & LYFORD. LYFORD, CLARK & LYFORD,

403 Crown Bldg. 26 Board of Trade Bldg-

VANCOUVER MONTREAL

R.

O. SWEEZEY,

CIVIL & FORESTRY ENGINEER

Timber Surveys, Lumbering
and Water Powers.

Metropolitan Bldg.

QUEBEC, Canada.

THE SMITH STUjVIP PULLER

This photoeraph shows the work of the Smith Stump
Puller, pulllngstumpswith one horse, stumps that run
from 4 to 6 feet through, atan average cost of 5 cents
per stump. Write for our free Catalog.
W. SMITH 6RUBBER CO.. 15 Smith Sta., La Crescent. Minn.

UNIVERSITY of TORONTO

FACULTIES OF

ARTS, MEDICINE,
APPLIED SCIENCE,
HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE,
EDUCATION, FORESTRY

The FACULTY OF FORESTRY offers a four year undergraduate course
leadings to the Dej^ree of Bachelor of Science of Forestry (B.Sc.F ), and after
two years' practical work to the Dejjree of Forest Engineer (F.E.).

The Faculty at present numbers four instructors in Forestry alone, besides
members of other Faculties of the University and special lecturers.

The courses, laboratories and other facilities of the University are open to
Students of Forestry.

Practice work, following the academic term, in the woodd is made a special
feature.

For further information address —
REQISTRAR, or B. E. FERNOW, LL. D., Dean,

Universitj of Toronto.

Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto.
Toronto, Canada.

University of
New Bmijswick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Established in igoS

Four years' course leading to the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry. Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expenses correspondingly moderate.

For further information address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. — — —

C. C. JONES, Chancellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syra^ouse, Ne-w York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science in Foiestry
Postgraduate course to Master of
Forestry ; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks and Ranger School
given on the College Forest of
2,000 acres at Wanakena in the
Adirondacks. Forest Experiment
Station of 90 acres and excellent
Library offer unusual opportu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For particulara address
HUGH P, BAKER. D. Oeo.Decin

BILTMORE, - - North Carolina

T" HE Biltmore Forest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in the
United States. The Biltmore Forest
School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
near Biltmore; summer cjuarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests of Ger-
many. Q The course of instruction
covers any and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
monihs at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship ot six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Forestry.

Write for catalog of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing —

THEDIRECTOR,BILTMORE. N.C., U.S.A.

YALE UNIRSITY FOREST SdiOOL

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, USA.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is oitered leading- to the
degree of Master of Forestry.
The Forest School is a g^raduate
department of Yale University
requiring: for admission a collesre
training. Graduates of universi-
ties, collegres, or scientific ins-
titutions of high standing- are
admitted upon presentation of
their diplomas, provided they
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subjects in their under-
graduate work : at least one
full year in college or Univeisity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoolog-y, Physics, Inorg:anic
Chemistry, Geology, Econom cs,
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing may take examinations
in any subject but are required
in addition to present evidence
of a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
early July and is conducted at
the school camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For further information address

JAHES W. TOUHEY, Director

NEW HAVEN ... - CONNBOTIOUT

1^

orcstry journal

Vol. IX. Ottawa, Canada, February 1913. No. 2

CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL,

Published raonthly by the

Canadian Forkstry Association,

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canadi.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Forestry Movement 17

Notes 18

Annual Meeting C.F.A 19

Canadian Lumbermen 's Assn 23

Problem of Forestry: H. S. Graves .. 25

Railway Fire Protection 28

Cons^titution and By-lawf^, C.F.A 29

With the Forest Engineers 'AO

CANADIAN FORESTRY JOUR-

NAL.

At the annual meeting of the Can-
adian Forestry Association and sub-
sequent meeting of the Editorial
Committee it was decided to publish
the Journal as a monthly, begin-
ning with a sixteen page form. The
proceedings of the annual meeting
will be found in this issue

THE NEXT CONVENTION.

It has been decided to hold the
next Forestry Convention in the City
of Winnipeg in the latter part of
July. There will be a good program
dealing .particularly .with .prairie
problems, though the list of subjests
will not be confined to these. There
will be special railway rates which
will be announced later. Members
of the Canadian Forestry Associa-
tion and friends of forest conserva-
tion are requested to keep this time
in mind and if possible to attend.
Those who expect to attend or who
may be able to do so will greatly as-
sist in the work if they will write a
note to the Secretary, Canadian
Forestry Association Canadian
Building, Ottawa, to this effect.

THE I'ORESTRY MOVEMENT.

There never was a time in C'aiiada
when there was so much interest in
forest conservation by wise use as
there is to-day. At the same time
only a very small fraction of the
public has any idea of what true
conservation means. Constantly the
argument is heard that we cannot
afford to keep our forests unused for
the sake of posterity. Those who
know that conservation means the
best use of the forest now and in the
future must show, as Hon. Walter L.
Fisher pointed out at Washington
recently, that the movement does not
aim to lock up the forest resources
but that it is constructive and pro-
gressive, aiming at the immediate use
of such forest products as can now
be extracted profitably, and looking
forward to the highest utilization of
the lands, which though admirably
suited to forest growth are not suit-
ed to anything else.

This is in line with the remarks
of Hon. George H. Perley at the ban-
(|uet of the Canadian Lumbermen's
Association, which will be found in
this issue. The public does not know
as yet that a large part of every coun-
try, and of Canada in particular, is
fitted only to grow trees and that de-
voted to that purpose it will produce
wealth for the whole nation ; while to
attempt to farm such areas or to leave
them to take care of themselves has
resulted and always will result in
})arrenne8S, waste, depopulation and
poverty.

It is the privilege of every friend
of forest conservation to preach it as
an affirmative and progressive doc-
trine. To do this it is necessarv to

17

18

Canadian Forestry Journal, February 1918.

have definite things to accomplish.
The reading of the various articles
in this issue will show some of these
things, and it is the intention to pre-
sent the leading issues in concrete
form in the Journal from issue to
issue. The views of those interested
in forestry on subjects coming partic-
ularly within their ken will be wel-
comed.

Under the auspices of the Touring
Club of France an international for-
est congress will be held in Paris,
France, June 16-20 inclusive. The
Government of France is assisting in
this work and is inviting representa-
tives from different countries of the
world. Two of the leading topics
will be, first, co-operation in forestry
which will take in the question of re-
lation to agriculture, relation to credit
societies, banks, etc. ; and, second, the
creation of an international forestry
bureau similar to the International
Agricultural Institute which has its
headquarters at Rome.

WANT NATURAL RESOURCES.

At the opening of the Alberta Leg-
islature the speech from the throne
concluded with the regret that 'the
promises of the federal authorities in
regard to the handing over of their
natural resources to the prairie pro-
vinces has not yet been implemented
in the slightest degree. Although re-
quests for conferences on this ques-
tion have been made, no time has yet
been fixed by the federal authorities
and I bring thi smatter to your at-
tention for such action as you may
desire to bring in the interests of the
province of Alberta.'

TEN THOUSAND A DAY.

Our Dumh Animals,

In Louisiana alone it is reported
that during the short season 10,000
robins a day are killed by brutal men
and boys. They are shot, clubbed to

death in the trees where they roost
at night in great numbers, slaughter-
ed by the wholesale to be sold for a
few cents apiece. And yet the robin
and its nestlings are perfect gor-
mandizers when it comes to making
a meal of bugs and caterpillars, the
fledglings eating one and two fifths
times their own weight of worms and
insects each day. No wonder men
speak of many of these little birds as
'worth their weight in gold.' How
magnificent the economic \nsdom of
the state that allows their destruction
at the hands of men who sell them
for less than an ounce of copper!

WIRELESS FOR FIRES.

Lumbermen of Spokane are seri-
ously considering the adoption of the
wireless telegraph as an effective aid
in fighting fires in the great forests
of the Pacific Northwest. On the
success of a test to be made next
spring by the ]\Iarconi company in
one of the forests near Spokane hangs
the future of wireless as a means of
fighting fire.

Special apparatus will be placed on
the trails used by the forest rangers,
who will carry emergency aerials to
string between two high trees at any
point in the woods. By this means it
is proposed to have reported to a
central station any incipient blazes, so
that fire-fighting squads may be rush-
ed to the scene in time to prevent the
fire from gaining headway.

The weekly iei)ort of the Department of
Trade and Commerce of Canada recently
contained a paragraph from the Birming-
ham, England, representative of the Depart-
ment in regard to sugar manufactured from
sawdust. The correspondent stated how Mr.
A. Zimmerman described the process. In its
natural state, he said, wood contained no
sugar, but when sawdust was digested with
a weak sulphurous acid solution under a
pressure of six to seven atmospheres as
much as twenty-five per cent, of the ma-
terial was converted into sugar. This, he
said, made a valuable feeding stuff for
horses and cattle. He gave instances show-
ing that the food had been tried with good
success in different parts of England.

Canadian Forestry Association

1

Fourteenth Annual Business Meeting

The fourteenth annual business meeting
of the Canadian Forestry Association was
held in the Board of Trade Booms, Ottawa,
on Wednesday, Feb. 5, beginning at 11 a.m.
There was a good attendance of members,
probably the largest at any annual meet-
ing when the same was not held during a
convention. The names of those present
^nll be found at the close of this article.
In the absence of the President, Mr. John
Hendry of Vancouver, the Vice-President,
Hon. W. A. Charlton, of Toronto, upon mo-
tion took the ohsuv.

DiiiEOTORs' Report.

The report of the Directors showed that
1912 had been a very active year in the
\vork of the Association. Two conventions

had been held, one in Ottawa in February
and the second in Victoria in September.

In reviewing the forestry situation it was
noted that the progress in forest conserva-
tion in Canada had been steady during the
year. It was estimated that the total ex-
penditure in 1912 on forest protection by
federal and provincial governments and by
private individuals amounted to about
$1,500,000.

The Dominion Forestry Branch in addi-
tion to its protective and tree planting work
had made an examination of areas in British
Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Mani-
toba of lands to ascertain if they vshould be
put into forest rerscives.

British Columbia had put into force a new
forest act and organized a strong forest ser-
vice.

Hon. W. A. ( IIAKTON, M.P.,
President Canadian Forestry Assn.

19

20

Canadian Forestry Journal, February 1913.

In Ontario the government and the limit
holders together had over one thousand fire
rangers in the field during the danger sea-
son.

The Province of Quebec had made a be-
ginning in the work of planting denuded
f-and lands, and had strengthened its pro-
tective and development work. The St. Mau-
rice Valley Forest Protective Association
had successfully completed its first year's
work.

Private efforts in regard to forestry had
been greater than ever before, special men-
tion being made of the introduction of oil-
burning locomotives by the Canadian Paci-
fic Railway in the Rocky Mountain forest
region, and the introduction of telephone
systems by a number of limit holders, par-
ticularly in Quebec.

The Association again pressed for the es-
tablishment of a federal laboratory to test
the different woods of Canada.

Progress was noted in forestry education
and the establishment of schools to train
experienced and working fire rangers to give
them greater efficiency in their work was
urged.

Fitting reference was made to the loss to
the cause of forestry through the deaths of
Sir Edward Clouston, Senator Rolland and
Mr. R. W. Shepherd of Montreal, Mr. H.
F. McLachlin of Arnprior, and Mr. Otis
Staples of Wycliffe, B.C.

The need of extending Civil Service regu-
lations to the outside forest service had
been pressed upon the governmnts, and the
outlook in this matter was declared to be
hopeful.

The membership of the Association had
continued to steadily incresae and stood at
2,865. The Treasurer reported that after
the expenses of the year there was a sub-
stantial balance on hand. Of the income
$2,249 was from members' fees. The Do-
minion Government and the Governments of
Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia had
continued their grants, and several of the
leading banks of Canada had taken an ac-
tive interest in the work of the Associa-
tion.

Treasurer's Report.

In bringing in the Treasurer's report
the Secretary pointed out that while the
expenditures had been the largest in the
history of the Association, the income had
been fortunately proportionaely large. He
also pointed out that the total had been
considerably swelled by the handling of the
payments for the Quebec Convention. This
was also true of the grants in aid of the
Victoria Convention which amounted to
nearly $2,000, and which had been imme-
diately paid out at the conclusion of that
gathering. The balance to some seemed
unduly large, but this would be required for
new work to be undertaken during the yettr.

Treasurer's Report for 1912.

The report of the Treasurer, Miss M.
Robinson, which was duly certified by
Messrs. F. Hawkins and T. E. Clendinnen
the auditors, was as follows: —

Eeeeipts.

Balance from 1911 $1,494 51

Membership fees 2,249 70

Copies of Forestry Journal .... 25 00

Advertising in Journal 122 57

Grant for Quebec Convention,

1911 2,386 50

Grant from Dominion Govt 2,000 00

Grant from Ontario Govt 300 00

Grant from B. C. Govt 200 00

Grant from B.C. Govt. — Con-
vention 1,500 00

Grant from Quebec Govt., 1912. . 200 00

Grant from Quebec Govt., 1913. . 200 00

Grant from Traders ' Bank 25 00

Subscriptions to B. C. Conv 'n. —
B. C. Lumber and
Shingle Mf rs. '

Assn 2.50 00

B. C. Mills, T. &

T. Co 240 00

490 00

Refund of Secretary's expenses. 6 00

Interest • 60 33

Total $11,259 61

Expenditure.

Salaries and clerical work $2,304 20

Quebec Convention 530 52

Ottawa Convention 919 65

Victoria Convention 1,454 24

Secretary 's expenses 200 00

Annual report . . . . i 329 65

Printing and supplies 102 76

Forestry Journal 1,076 09

Lantern and lectures 16 80

Addressing machine 20 00

Empress Hotel, Victoria, ban-
quet 1,990 00

Postage 71 00

Commission on cheques 10 33

Balance 2,234 37

Total $11,259 61

Ottawa, Dec. 31, 1912.

Secretary's Report.

The report of the Secretary dealt wholly
with the field of work, suggesting certain
improvements as to how it might be covered.
This included editorial, lecture work, cleri-
cal work, etc. Regret was expressed that
owing to increasing pressure of other duties
the Assistant Secretary and Editor, Mr. F.
W. H. Jacombe, had decided that he could

Canadian Forestry Association.

21

MR. WM. POWER, M.P.,
Vice-Pres. Canadian Forestry Assn.

no longer continue in those offices, and
suggestions were made as to how this work
might be handled temporarily. The advisa-
bility of securing assistance to carry out
the Winnipeg Convention was also sug-
gested.

These reports were
dealt with.

duly received and

Log Rule and Fike Legislation.

Dr. B. E. Fernow (the chairman in each
case presented the reports of the committees
on uniform log rule an«l forest fire legis-
lation.

In regard to the first, the desirability and
difficulty of introducing a uniform log rule
to take the place of the five different log
rules in me in Canada were fet out. The
nee<l of a uniform unit of measurement
for forestry purposes, i.e., for the purpose
of studying rate and amount of produc-
tion of wood material, was state<l. For this
purpose nothing Has so good as the cubic
foot or cubic meter. The only way to bring
this about would be to approach the several
provinces to see if by conference of those
interested one rule might be adopted. No
effort to this end ha<l been made by the
committee. When such a change was con-
templated, however, it would be well to
press at once for the adoption of the cubic
foot or the cubic meter as the standard
measure.

The report on fire protection showed that
gratifying progress had been made during
the year. Particular attention was drawn
to the issue of a most comprehensive order
(No. 16570) by the Board of Railway Com-
missioners of Canada regarding fire protec-
tion along railway lines. This action was
taken after a number of public hearings in
which the different bodies interested in for-
est protection, including the Canadian For-
estry Association, were represented. The
chairman of the committee (Dr. Fernow)
had been asked to formulate the plans on
which the order was based. As a result of
this Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Forester for the Com-
mission of Conservation, had been made
Chief Fire Inspector for the Board of Rail-
way Commissioners, and had organized the
work so that all the railways in the western
half of Canada were patrolled in 1912, and
it was expected that the railways in eastern

'Canada would be patrolled in 1913. A
specially good feature of the organization
was that it linked up the work of the Rail-
way Commission with that of the Dominion
and Provincial Governments, the forest pro-
tective officers of these governments being
made local inspectors of the parts of the
railway lines coming within their jurisdic-
tion. It was stated that this legislation
was the most advanced of its kind on the
continent, covering under one authority
24,000 miles of railway lines. The report
also referred to experiments made in brush
disposal, particularly by lopping the tops,
and also to the extension of telephone lines
both under the Dominion Forestry Branch
and on private limits in eastern Canada.
Gratification was also expressed at the
formation of the St. Maurice Forest Pro-

•tective Association as indicating the most
hopeful line of work yet inaugurated, and
one which the committee hoped would be
wi<lcly imitated.

On motion of Dr. Fernow, seconded by
Mr. r*iche, the reports of the Connnittees
on Tniform Log Rules, and on Forest Fire
Legislation were received, the committees
continued and allowed to ameml their re-
jtorts before printing.

Resolutions.

Moved by Hon. Hewitt Bostock, seconded
by Hon. Sydney A. Fisher, and

Ixcsolved, that in reference to the notice
of motion given by Mr. Southworth this
Association, while thoroughly appreciating
that the aim of Mr. Southworth is wholly
to secure the advancement of the cause of
forestry through the widest publicity, still
believes that the newspaper publicity which
Mr. Southworth desires can be fully secured
while carrying on the Canadian ForcHtry
Jfnirnal, and hereby instructs the Directors
and the Editorial (Committee to endeavor
to develop this bulletin work and at the same
tin:e to make the Journal as effective as the

22

Canadian Forestry Journal, February 1913.

means at the disposal of the Association
' allow.

Moved by Mr. Ellwood Wilson, seconded
by Mr. G. Y. Chown, and
• Eesolved, that the Association regrets the
necessity (caused by increased pressure of
other duties) of the decision of the As-
sistant Secretary and Editor that he can
no longer continue that work; and it desires
to record its appreciation of his faithful
and painstaking labors, in the past five
years, by granting him an honorarium of
fifty dollars.

Moved by Mr. Wm. Power, seconded by
Mr. Hiram Robinson, and

Eesolved, that the Association desires to
express its regret at the illness which pre-
vents the attendance of Mr. William Little,
Director and Past President, and to voice
the hope that he will be speedily restored
to his wonted health and long spared to .
advance the cause which he has so deeply
at heart and for which he has done so
much.

Moved by Mr. Elhvood Wilson, seconded
by Mr. A. H. D. Ross, and

Eesolved, that the Association desires to
express its appreciation of the care, energy
and liberality with which the retiring Presi-
dent, Mr. John Hendry, fulfilled the duties
of that post in the past year. Because of
the desire to make the Victoria Convention
in every way successful he returned from
Europe much earlier than he had intended,
and though in poor health threw himself
into the arrangement of details with the
greatest energy. The Association desires to
express the hope that Mr. Hendry's full
recovery to health will be speedily accom-
plished and that he will be long spared
to throw his great weight as one of Can-
ada's leading captains of industry into the
cause of forest conservation.

Moved by Mr. A. H. D. Ross, seconded
by Mr. Ellwood Wilson, and

Eesolved, that the thanks of the Canadian
Forestry Association be tendered to the Do-
minion Government 'and the Governments
of Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia and
New Brunswick for their grants in aid of
the work of this Association.

Moved by Hon. Sydney Fisher, seconded
by Hon. H. Bostock, and

Eesolved, that the Canadian Forestry As-
sociation desires to convey its thanks to His
Royal Highness the Governor General for his
kindness in continuing as Patron of the As-
sociation; it desires to assure him of the
anxious concern with which the members
have followed the reports of the illness of
Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Con-
naught and of their earnest hope that she
may speedily be restored to hor wonted
health.

Moved by Mr. Piche, secomled by Dr.
Fernovv, and

Eesolved, that the Association send a con-
tribution of twenty-five dollars to each of
the two committees formed to erect a monu-
ment to the memory of Gayer and Broillarjd,
the two celebrated foresters. \

Moved by Mr. E. Wilson, seconded by
Mr. W. G. Power, and

Eesolved, that a committee be appointed
to consider means for the increase of the
membership and the formation of local as-
! ociations.

Upon motion the committee was composed
of Mr. Fa. Wilson (convener), and Messrs.
R. H. Campbell, Zavitz, Piche, MacMillan,
R. B. Miller and F. C. Whitman.

Moved by Mr. E. Wilson, seconded by I)r.
Fernovv, and

Eesolved, that a committee be appointed
to examine the question of the progress in
the several provinces of the exploration or
classification of lands and to report on ways
and means for the furthering of this move-
ment.

Upon motion the committee was composed
of Mr. E. Wilson (convener), Hon. Sydney
Fisher and Mr. George Y. Chown.

Moved by Mr. R. H. Campbell, seconded
by Mr. A. H. D. Ross, and

Eesolved, that the thanks of the Cana-
dian Forestry Association be conveyed to
the general managers of the chartered banks
of Canada which have assisted the Asso-
ciation by making their branch managers
members of the Association, or by direct
grants in aid of its work.

On motion of Mr. Chown, the Secretary
was re-olected and the other elections re-
ferred to the Directors.

Moved by Mr. Piche, seconded by Mr. W.
G. Power, and

Eesolved, that this meeting recommend
to the Directors that the salary of the Sec-
retary be increased by the amount of three
hundred dollars per year.

Moved by Dr. Fernow, seconded by Mr.
E. Wilson, and

Eesolved, that the Directors be instructed
to arrange for the nomination of a slate of
officers through a Nominating Committee
which is to report the slate to the annual
meeting.

Moved by Dr. Fernow, seconded by Mr.
Wilson, and

Eesolved, that a special vote of thanks be
transmitted to the Treasurer, Miss M. Rob-
inson, for her excellent services, in recogni-
tion of the same that a douceur of one hun-
dred dollars be paid her in addition to the
customary honorarium, and that she be re-
quested to continue in office.

Officers Elected.

Patron — H.R.H. the Governor General.
Hon. President — Rt. Hon. R. L. Bordon.
Hon. Past President— Rt. Hon. Sir Wil-
frid Laurier.

Canadian Lumbermen's Association.

23

President— Hoij. W. A. Charton, M.P.

Vice-President — ^Wm. Power, M.P.

Treasurer — Miss M. Kobinson.

Secretary — James Lawler.

Board of Directorss — Wm. Little, Hiram
Robinson, Aubrey White, E. Stewart, H. M.
Price, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southworth,
Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y. Chown, John
Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H. Camp-
bell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr.
B. E. Fernow, Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bos-
toek, F. C. Whitman, G. C. Piehe, Alex.
MacLaurin, Mgr. Mathieu, Bishop of Regina,
A. P. Stevenson, Wm. Pearce, C. E. E.
Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson Booth,
Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve,
W. C. J. Hall, J. S. Dennis, J. B. White,
E. J. Zavitz, Geo. Chahoon, Jr., R. D
Prettie.

Directors' Meeting.

After the annual meeting a meeting of
the Directors was held in the same place
when officers were appointed or elected as
required by the constitution.

Territorial Vi<ie-Presidents — Ont., Hon. W.
H. Hearst; Que., Hon. Jules Allard; N.B.,
Hon. J. K. Flemming; N.S., Hon. O. T.
Daniels; Man., Hon. R. P. Roblin; P.E.I.,
Hon. J. A. Matheson; Sask., His Honor G.
W. Brown; Alta., Hon. A. L. Sifton; B.C.,
Hon. W. R. Ross; Yukon, Geo. Black, Com-
missioner; Mackenzie, F. D. Wilson; Kee-
watin, His Honor D. C. Cameron; Ungava,
His Grace, Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of
Montreal.

Editorial Committee — ^R. H. Campbell,
Thos. Southworth, Avila Bedard, J. M. Ma-
coun, Ellwood Wilson, E. J. Zavitz, F. W.
H. Jacom]>e.

Editor, James Lawler; Associate Editor,
G. C. Piche.

A number of other routine matters were
dealt with by resolution, the Secretary was
authorized to proceed with the arrangements
for the Winnipeg Convention in the latter
part of July, 1913, and questions affecting

office accommodation, assistance, etc., were
referred to a committee composed of the
Directors resident in Ottawa.

THOSE PRESENT AT ANNUAL
MEETING.

Hon. H. Bostock, Monte Creek, B.C.

Horace Boultbee, Canad* Lumberman, To-
ronto.

Hon. W. A. Charlton, Geo. Y. Chown, R. H.
Campbell, Dominion Director of Fores-
try; A. C. Campbell, D. R. Cameron, Do-
minion Forestry Branch, Kamloops.

T. W, Dwight, Dominion Forestry Branch,
Ottawa.

L. N. Ellis, C.P.R. Forestry Department,
Calgary, Alta.

Hon. Sydney Fisher, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean
of the Faculty of Forestry, University of
Toronto.

Frank Hawkins, Secretary Canadian Lum-
bermen 's Association.

F. W. H. Jacombe, Forestry Branch, Ot-
tawa.

Clyde Leavitt, Forester, Commission of Con-
servation; R. G. Lewis, Forestry Branch,
Ottawa.

Douglas Malloch, American Lumberman; B.
R. Morton, Forestry Branch, Ottawa.

Wm. Power, M.P., Quebec; W. Gerard
Power, Manager River Ouelle Lumber Co.,
St. Pacome, Que.; G. C. Piche, Chief of
Quebec Forest Service.

Hiram Robinson, President Hawkesbury
Lumber Co., Ottawa; A. H. D. Ross, Lec-
turer, Faculty of Forestry, University of
Toronto.

Ellwood Wilson, Forester, Laurentide Co.,
Grand Mere, Que., F. Page Wilson, Edi-
tor Pulp and Paper Magazine, Toronto;*
.J. B. White, Woods Manager, Riordon
Co., Calumet, Que.; H. C. Wallin, Forestry
Branch, Ottawa.

E. J. Zavitz, Ontario Provincial Forester,
Guelph, Ont.

Canadian Lumbermen's Association.

The Fifth Annual Meeting of the Cana-
dian Lumbermen's Association was hehl in
the Chateau Laurier, Ottawa, on Feb. 4,
1913, and was the most successful annual
meeting yet held. There was a large and
representative attendance.

In the unavoidable absence of the Presi-
dent, Mr. Alexander MacLaurin of Montreal,
■who wa.s kept away by reason of ill health,
the chair was ti^en by Mr. J. C. Browne
of Ottawa, Vice-President.

There was a large amount of important
business relating to the different aspects of

liimboring at the two business sessions in
the morning and afternoon.

The following officers were elected: —
President, Alexander MacLaurin, Mont-
real; Vice-Presidents, J. C. Browne, Ot-
tawa, J. S. Gillies, Braeside, Ont., His Honor
J). C. Cameron, Winnipeg, and John Hendry,
Vancouver; PJxecutive Committee, Alex. Mac-
Laurin, Montreal, J. C. Browne, Ottawa,
Gordon C. Edwards, Ottawa, J. 8. Gillies,
Braeside, and J. J. McFadden, Renfrew;
l^irectors, W. Power, M.P., Quebec; E. H.
Lomay, Montreal, Arthur H. Campbell,

24

Canadian Forestry Journal, February 1913.

Montreal, D. L. White, Midland, Walter C.
Laidlaw, Toronto, J. G. Cane, Toronto, W.
A. Firstbrook, Toronto, A. D. McRae, Fra-
Fer Mills, B.C., Wm. McNeill, Vancouver, B.
C, and the following new members: A. L.
Mattes, Prince Albert, Sask., Duncan Mc-
Laren, Toronto, C. A. Larkin, Toronto, and
J. Hanbury Wydiffe, B.C.

A vote of thanks was passed to the Sec-
retary, Mr. Frank Hawkins, for the valu-
able work he is doing for the Association.

The proceedings concluded with a banquet
at the Chateau Laurier in the evening when
over one hundred guests were present. The
chair was occupied by Hon. W. C. Edwards.
At his right hand was Hon. Geo. H. Perley,
who ably represented the Dominion Govern-
ment in the enforced absence of Rt. Hon.
R. L. Borden, the Prime Minister, through
press of parliamentary business. Mr. E. M.
Macdonald, M.P. for Pictou, N.S., took the
place of Sir Wilfrid Laurie^ who was indis-
posed.

There were a number of excellent speeches,
but the one which had the most particular
reference to forestry was that by Hon. Geo.
H. Perley. As it well known Mr. Perley
is a member of a family that has been
largely interested in lumbering in the Ot-
tawa Valley for many years. He has always
been a warm friend of the cause of fores-
try, and though his public duties have made
it necessary for him to sever in a measure
his active connection with the lumber busi-
ness, this has not lessened his desire to
assist in the perpetuation of the great in-
dustry and of the forests upon which it is
dependent.

On this occasion Mr. Perley pointed out
that it was clearly evident that a large
part of C'anada should be kept permanently
under timber. The land was not suited for
anything else, and it was a mistake to allow
settlement in such a district. Lands should
be classified and a sharp line drawn around
those suited for forests and unsuited for
agriculture, and no settlement should be per-
mitted therein. This proper <lisposal of the
land affected every citizen, but it particular-
ly affected the lumberman. The lumberman
should therefore, he held, be foremost in the
work of teaching this to the people at large
— that it was for the national wellbeing
that forest lands be devoted to forests and
not ruined in an attempt to farm them.
Canada was a democratic country. The de-
cision in any of these public matters depend-
ed upon the people, the voters needed to be
taught and those interested in forst pro-
ducts should enlighten their neighbors.

Mr. Perley 's speech was brightened by a
number of very apt anecdotes drawn from
his experience as a young man in the lum-
ber woods. He referred to the hopeful and
healthful character of the lumberman's life,
and recalled to all present the waste of
money and human life that all had seen in

the attempt to grow oats and potatoes
where Providence had intended that nothing
but pine and spruce should ever grow.

This part of Mr. Perley 's speech was one
of the best statements of the necessity for
and advantages of forest conservation to a
country like Canada that could be made.
Coming from an experienced and successful
lumberman speaking to leaders in Canada
lumbering, the statement had very great
weight, which was not lessened by the fact
that Mr. Perley has now upon his shoulders
additional responsibilities as a member of
the Cabinet of the Government of Canada.

Senator Edwards, as usual, filled the chair
with tact and ability, and in proposing the
health of Hon. J. G. Foster, United States
Consul, spoke of the place that gentleman
had made for himself in the hearts of Cana-
dians, and suggested that if there was any
danger that the change in the government
at Washington would result in Mr. Foster's
retirement, that prominent Canadians should
start a petition to be forwarded to Wash-
ington praying that Mr. Foster be allowe<l
to remain in his present office at Ottawa.

Mr. Foster made a fitting and feeling re-

The toast to the health of Mr. John R.
Booth, 'the grand old man of the Ottawa
lumber industry,' was received with cheers.

Mr. Douglas Malloch, ' The Lumberman
Poet' of the American Lumberman, Chicago,
in replying to the toast to the Press, made
a very witty speech concluding with the reci-
tation of one of his happiest poems, * Isn 't
it Fine To-day.'

As most of the members of the Canadian
Lumbermen 's Association are also members
of the Canadian Forestry Association a
good many of those present on Feb. 4 re-
mained to the next day to attend the Annual
Meeting of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation.

The City of Philadelphia has just had a
thorough report made on the condition of
shade trees in the city. This showed that
fully fifty thousand trees are in danger of
destruction, and a recommendation was made
that fifty thousand dollars be appropriated
for the purpose of protecting the trees by
pruning an<l by combating tlestructive in-
sects.

It is announced that the City of Ottawa
and the Ottawa Improvement Commission
will co-operate this year in a vigorous and
systematic fight against the caterpillars
which last year ditl so much damage to
the shade trees of the city. The State of
Massachusetts has spent hundreds of thou-
sands of dollars in fighting the pests which
are attacking its trees, and Canada must
be on the alert or she will be placed in the
same predicament.

The Problem of Forestry*

By Henry S. Graves, Chief Forester of the United States.

When this country was first settled there
Mas a forest unequalled anywhere in the
world. It stretched in an almost unbroken
mass from the Atlantic Ocean half across
the continent; there was an extensive forest
on the higher ranges of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and on the Pacific coast a broad band
of forest of unparalleled development. The
original forests were remarkable not only
for their vast extent, but also for the great
number of valuable species composing them,
and their enormous yield in useful material.
The forest contained trees of great fize and
age. Nature working through centuries had
provitled a vast storehouse of timber fully
grown and ready for use when required.
It is upon this supply that the American
people have been drawing for four cen-
turies. It has constituted a source of great
wealth and has been an important element
in the internal development of tW country
and in the extension of its commerce.

When the country was first settled the
effort was to remove the forest for agricul-
ture. With the increase of population there
naturally arose a <lemand for products and
the timber was cut for use and not merely
destroyed. The first lumbering for use took
only the choicest trees in the forest. As
trees were selected here and there, but
little tlamage was done to the forest. As
the demand for timber increased the forests
near settlements and accessible for trans-
portation were cut through again. The pro-
cess went on until the modern methods of
lumbering were introduced, which make
very heavy inroads into the forest, often
removing every tree.

As the country <ieveloped, forest fires be-
came an increasing menace to the forest.
The majority of the hnnbered lands were
burned over and usually at the same time
immense areaH of uncut timber. As long as
there were still vast areas of virgin forest,
but little thought was given to the loss by
fires. But as in one state after another the
original forest was cut away or burned
away, people began to realize that a halt
must be called, and that very vigorously.

Investigations have shown that since 1870
an average of over 50,000,000 acres were
being burned over every year, with an an-
nual Iocs of from 50 to 100 millions of
dollars.

Use of wood and future supplies.

The United States is essentially a wood-
using nation. Lumber has been so plentiful
and cheap that we use wood for many pur-

poses for which other nations use other
material. Our per capita consumption of
wood is seven times that of Germany. Forty
eight thousand sawmills are at work supply-
ing this material. There would be no need
of anxiety about our extravagant use of
timber if there were an adequate supply.
We are drawing on our capital, and through
failure to practice forestry our forests are
not producing by new growth within one
third of \\hat we actually use, let alone

MR. II. S. GRAVES.

the amount lost by fire and by waste. In
other words, we are actually using up our
forest supplies, and that very rapidly.

There is often an impression that there
is a great supply in Canada and in the
West which may be drawn iij)on after v\e
have used up our eastern supplies. No
greater mistake could be made. The forests
of Canada are far from inexhaustible. The
('ana«lians are wasting their resources as
fast as this country is, and they will neeil
their forests to meet their own future re-
quirements. There is also a belief that the
Western mountains are covered with a solid

25

26

Canadian Forestry Journal, February 1913.

mass of unbroken virgin forests. This is far
from truth. The western forests have suf-
fered from fires from time immemorial.
Not only are there everywhere great areas
burned by recent fires, but there is scarcely
a forest in which there are not evidences
of ancient fires. The forests are frequently
broken, the trees scarred and defective, and
the yield deficient because of old fire-in-
juries. Immense stretches are bare or cov-
ered with an immature growth where for-
merly some fire swept off the forest.

We can not count on meeting our needs
by imports from other countries, nor can
the East count on meeting its full needs
from the West. The country should be self-
supporting in forest products, and each
region should have a home supply which
w'ill meet its principal needs. We must
stop our Avaste, reduce our extravagance in
use, and increase our production by growth
by fully 300 to 500 per cent.

Forests and Streams.

1 For many years foresters and others have
i given warning that the forest problem
reaches further than the supply of timber
,and other products. There is an exceeding-
ly intimate relation between the conserva-
tion of forests and the conservation of
water. The forest is the best natural regu-
lator of the run-off water. Any system of
w'ater conservation must, therefore, include
a proper protection of the forest cover at
the head-waters of rivers.

The general public does not appreciate
the results Avhich will follow the destruction
of the cover of the mountains, because in
most instances the process has not yet pro-
ceeded to a point to make its effects felt.
Complaints are common from manufacturers
and other us-ers that the streams are becom-
ing less regular as the forests are cut. Many
measurements conclusively show that there is
such an increasing irregularity, but the fact
is that the mountains in most sections have
as yet not been so denuded as to cause the
worst results that might be feared. This
is particularly so in the East. Thus in
the South the forests may be cleared by
cutting or fire and a new growth quickly
springs up. Until the cover is re-established
there is without doubt an effect on the run-
off, but it is only a temporary effect. The
conditions gradually re-establish themselves.
But let the forests be continually denuded
on the steep slopes; there will be a gradual
change in the physiographic conditions.
The beds of the streams will begin to be
slightly deeper, there will be new channels
formed where during storms the surface
water runs off rapidly in a flood. After a
time there is a swift change — the result
perhaps of some exceptional storm — when
the equilibrium of stream conditions is up-
set. There is a permanent change of condi-
tions of run-off. The channels are all deep-
ened, and torrent conditions exist. From

then • 6n, every storm produces a flood of
greater or less proportions. It is this point
of permanent change of stream conditions
which we most fear, and which will occur
when forests are continually denuded. It
has already occurred in many places in the
West, where the recuperative power of vege-
tation is less vigorous than in the humid
region. It has occurred widely in the Alps
of Europe. When such torrent conditions
are established, the mere restoration of the
trees will not cure the evil. It is an en-
gineering problem to control the water by
artificial means, and as already proven in
Europe this is a task of great magnitude
and vast expense.

What the U. S. Government is doing.

What, then, is being done to protect the
national forests so that they may perform
their functions as water regulators and
provide timber for the people's use? How
far is forestry actually in practice?

The chief work so far is being done by
the Government. A forest policy has been in-
itiated. Nearly 200,000,000 acres of land have
been eet aside as forest reserves. Most of
this lies in the high mountains. Much of
it is as yet undeveloped and wild country,
with few trails or roads. In the past fires
burned so frequently in the mountains that
there was a regular fire season when the
forests were ablaze and the air full of
smoke. When the National Forests were
put under administration these fires were
reduced at once, and for the last five years
the loss on the National Forests has been
exceedingly small. It seemed to the public
as if the fire problem on the public lands
was under way of solution. Those in charge
of the forests realized, however, that a vast
wilderness cannot be organized for perfect
fire protection in a few years, because the
fundamental first necessity to protect a
forest is to open it up so that all parts are
available for patrol and for moving men
and equipment to fight fires. Nevertheless,
the Forest Service, even with only a pitifully
small protective force, has been able to hold
down the fires to a minimum during the
years of normal rainfall.

During 1910 there was exceptional
drought, especially in the Northwest. The
forests became exceptionally dry. Not only
the surface layer of leaves, but even the
humus in the usually damp woods, became
excessively inflammable. In the north-
western forests the situation became criti-
cal as early as June. The early spring had
been unusually dry, and then the summer
rains failed. By July fires were springing
up in great numbers, and in August the
forests of the entire northern Rocky Moun-
tains were threatened by fire. The climax
was reached toward the end of August.
Hundreds of fires had already been put out,
but new ones continued to be started from
various causes. Locomotive sparks, brush

The Problem of Forestry.

27

i

burning, careless campers, lightning, in-
cendiarism, all contributed. The great fires
of Idaho occurred August 20. There were
then many fires burning in the mountains.
Nearly all were under control, that is, they
were trenched, and a force of men were
guarding them and preventing their speed.

With reasonably calm weather, all would
have been extinguished before long, but sud-
denly a terrific hurricane arose, which last-
ed practically a day. So strong was it that
men were unseated from their saddles.
Whole areas of forest were absolutely flat-
tened. Men were killed by falling trees in
front of the fires. Every smouldering fire
was fanned into a conflagration. Sparks
were blown miles ahead of the fires. The
flames rushed through the crowns of the
trees with a fury which was appalling.
Within a day there was a fire a hundred
miles long. Seventy six fire fighters had
been killed, and, if it had not been for the
skill and nerve of the rangers, many more
would have been lost. For a few days all
work was devoted to rescue, and then the
fight on the fires was resumed. It was a
noble fight and the nation should be proud
of the forest officers who toiled day and
night, again and again risking their lives
to save the forests and the towns which were
imperilled.

This is the first instance of an organized
attempt to fight such great fires. It cost
a million dollars, but there was saved pro-
perty aggregating certainly over one hun-
dred million, if not two or three times
that.

The experience clearly demonstrated the
fact that fires can be controlled when the
forests are properly developed and manned
by an adequate force of men, for where
these conditions existed the fires were sub-
dued promptly and with little loss. The
great and disastrous fires occurred where the
forests were without means of transporta-
tion and communication and without ade-
quate patrol. The lesson is also taught that
money must be spent by the government
on construction of roads, trails, telephone
lines, and other equipment of the forests;
and there must be more men for patrol.
It will take time to develop this vast wil-
derness for full protection, but the work
should progress faster than in the past.
European forests are safe becauFe of this
kind of development. Tt has taken many
jears to perfect the organization. We can
make our forests equally safe, but it will
require large expenditures for development
in improvement. This I believe the people
shouhi be willing to expend.

Forestry on Other Lands.

But the government owns only a small
portion of the total forest area of the coun-
try, and very little in the East. Most of
the forests now furnishing the lumber used
in the country are privately owned. The

government forests aro as yet not being
cut to a large extent. They are the most
remote, and in many cases the least valuable
forests. They have not yet been reached
for the market. Four fifths of the mer-
chantable timber is in private ownership.
A few owners are practicing forestry, but
only a few of the larger holdings are han-
dled with a view to the continuous produc-
tion of timber. It is probable that less
than two per cent of the lumber on the
market today has been put under the prin-
ciples of forestry.

We have, then, the great task not only
to perfect the management of the national
forests, but to introduce forestry on the
lands not publicly owned. To accomplish
this requires the combined efforts of the
government, the states and private owners.
A number of states have purchased land
for forest reserves. But in the aggregate
the area is small. These reserves should
be greatly extended. On private lands the
first task is fire protection. Private owners
now hesitate to invest money in forestry
because of the fire risk and because also
they fear that the possible profits will be
eaten up in the taxes now imposed on grow-
ing timber. They should be helped in re-
moving these obstacles to forestry. The
states have a duty to introduce a system
of taxation which will not prevent forestry.
The states have the duty to directly aid
private owners in fire protection. There
should be a thoroughly organized fire-pro-
tective service supported by the states. This
will involve a considerable annual outlay
and the burden will be on the public. But
the benefits from forestry are chiefly de-
rived by the public. The single individual
is unwilling and often unable to invest
money primarily to secure a general public
benefit. I regard this as the first duty of
the states in forestry. It is certain that
forest laws, no matter how perfect in them-
selves, will not be effective unless they carry
ample appropriations to enable organized
practical forestry.

The country has accepted the principles
of forestry. It now demands practical re-
sults. We can produce the results if the
country will meet the necessary cost. Prus-
sia H{)ends .$2 an acre on its public forests.
We spend 2 cents an acre on ours. It is not
unreasonable to expect an increased na-
tional expenditure. Many of our states
spend nothing on forestry. If those for-
ests outside the public domain are to be
protected and the public is to receive the
benefits derived from such protection, the
states must assume their responsibilities and
carry their share of the burden. — The Bul-
letin of the Geographical Society of Phila-
delphia.

[While Mr. Graves ^s remarks apply par-
ticularly to the United States, there is also
much food for reflection for Canadians. —
Ei). I

28

Canadian Forestry Journal, February 1913.

IN ALGONQUIN PARK.

C. W. Young, President of the Canadian
Press Association.

There's days when the fish won't bite;
It's either too oalni, or else too rough;
It's either too warm, or not warm enough;
It's either too cloudy, or the sun's too

bright ;
The wind's the wrong way, or the moon's
not right;
It 's either too wet, or else it 's too dry ;
Or for some other reason, you can't tell
why,
But there's days when the fish won't bite.

There's days when the fish won't bite;
You may try every lure, you may try every

bait,
You may do what you will, and wait and
wait
From morning till noon, and from noon till

night,
But you won 't get a nibble tho ' you try all
your might;
You may grumble or swear.
But the. fish don't care,
For there 's days when the fish won 't bite.

But there 's days when the fish will bite ;
When it ain't too calm, and it ain't too

rough.
When it ain't too warm, but just warm
enough ;
And the big old fellows, oh, joy, how they

fight!
Your rod 's bent double as you keep your
line tight.
How they leap! How they run!
Gee whiz, but it's fun!
On the days when the fish will bite!

At the close of the big game season in
New Brunswick, Lt.-Col. Loggie, Deputy
Surveyor-General, announced that the re-
ceipts from game licenses for the past fiscal
year had amounted to over $51,000, thus
making a new record for receipts from this
source. The preceding year the receipts
were $43,000.

It is to be noted that in the annual re-
ports of the general managers of the lead-
ing chartered banks of Canada specific men-
tion is made of the condition of our forest
industries. Careful reading of these will
show that these financial leaders expect our
forest industries to continue indefinitely.
There is no reason why they should not,
and in fact no reason why they should not
be greatly increased in the time to come if
we only handle our forest lands in a rational
manner. To have this done is the reason
for the existence of the Canadian Forestry
Association.

.AIR. E. J. ZAVTTZ.
RAILWAY FIRE PROTECTION.

Mr. E. J. Zavitz, Provincial Forester for
Ontario, has been appointed Provincial Fire
Inspector by the Board of Railway Com-
missioners, and subject to the general super-
vision of the Chief Fire Inspector will direct
the enforcement in Ontario of the railway
fire regulations of the Board. Similar ac-
tion as to Quebec has been taken by the
appointment as Provincial Fire Inspector of
Mr. W. C. J. Hall, Chief of the Forest Pro-
tection Branch, Department of Lands and
Forests, Quebec. Jt is anticipated that co-
operation with the Railway Commission will
be extendeil to the provinces of New Brun-
swick and Nova Scotia through action by
the respective Provincial Governments.

~ Conservation.

A committee of the British Board of
Agriculture recently held an enquiry as to
the relative value of forests and sheep graz-
ing in regard to the support of population.
The result of the inquiry was that whereas
it took twenty-five hundred acres of rough
broken land to support one shepherd and
his family, the same amount of the same
kind of land would support twenty-five
Avoodsmen and their families. The object
of the inquiry was to show which was the
better industry to foster in a country where
land values are high and the i>opulation
dense. The result is worthy of note by
all interested in forestry.

Constitution and By-laws, Canadian Forestry Assn*

Corrected to Feb. 5, 1913.

T. NAME.
The name o^ the Association shall be:
The Canadian Forestry Association.
II. OBJECT.
Its objects shall be: —

(1) To advocate and encourage judicious
methods in dealing with our forests and
woodlands.

(2) To awaken public interest to the sad
results attending the wholesale destruction
of forests (as shown by the experience of
older countries) in the deterioration of the
climate, diminution of fertility, drying up
of rivers and streams, etc., etc.

(3) To consider and recommend the ex-
ploration, as far as practicable, of our
public domain and its division into agri-
cultural, timber and mineral lands, with a
view of directing immigration and the pur-
suits of our pioneers into channels best
suited to advance their interests and the
public welfare. With this accomplished, a
portion of the unappropriated lands of the
country could be permanently reserved for
the growth of timber.

(4) To encourage afforestation wherever
advisable, and to promote forest tree-
planting, especially in the treeless areas of
our north-western prairies, upon farm
lands where the proporiton of woodland is
too low, and upon highways and in the
parks of our villages, towns and cities.

(5) To collect and disseminate, for the
benefit of the public, reports and informa-
tion bearing on the forestry problem in
genera], and especially with respect both
to the wooded and prairie districts of
Canada, and to teach the rising generation
the value of the forest with a view of en-
liHting their efforts in its preservation.

(6) To secure such forestry legislation
from time to time from the federal and
provincial governments as the general
intere^^ts demand, and the particular needs
of the people f-eem to require.

I If. MEMBERSHIJ\
Its membership shall include all who
pay an annual fee of $1.00 or a life mem-
bership fee of $10.00.

IV. OFFICERS.

(1) The officers Hhall comprise an honor-
ary PreHident, a President, a Vice-Presi-
dent, a Secretary, an Assistant Secretary,
a Treasurer, the editor of the official or-
gan of the Association and thirty direc-
tors.

(2) In addition to the above all i>ast
pref-idents of the Association, from (and
including) the Association year 1909-
1910, shall be exofficio members of the
Board of Directors.

V. ELECTIONS.
These officers shall be elected by ballot
at the annual meeting of the Association,
and shall serve one year, or until their
successors are ejected. Vacancies occur-
ring during the year may be filled by the
Executive Committee.

VI. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

The officers shall constitute an Execu-
tive Committee, and five of the same shall
be a quorum, and they will appoint a
Vice-President for each province and as
far as possible for each provisional dis-
trict of the Dominion.

VII. ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting of the Association
shall be held during the month of Febru-
ary in the City of Ottawa, unless other-
wise determined by the Executive Com-
mittee of the Association and a notice of
one month of the date selected shall be
given to each member by the Secretary.

VIIL SPECIAL MEETINGS.

Special meetings shall be held at such
times and places as the Executive may
decide, a sufficient notice of which shall
be sent to each member by the Secretary.
IX. AMENDMENTS.

Amendments of the Constitution can
only be adopted by a two-thirds vote of
the members present and entitled to vote,
and at the annual meeting of the Asso-
ciation, and a notice of such intended
amendment shall be given with the notice
calling the meeting.

BY-LAWS.
President.
The President shall preside at all meet-
ings of the Associations.

Vice-President.

ill the absence of the President, a Vice-
IVosident shall preside at all meetings of
the Association; and in the absence of all
of them a President pro tempore shall be
elected by the meeting.

Herretary and Assistant Secretary.

Th«» Secretary shall keej) a record of the
proceedings of the Association and of the
Executive Committee, and shall be cus-
to<lian of all documents, books and collec-
tions ordered to be preserved.

He shall conduct the correspondence of
the Association and shall keep a list of
mend>ers with their residences, and shall
notify members of the time and place of
meeting of the Association, and in his
absence his duties will be discharged by
the Assistant Secretary.

29

30

Canadian Forestry Journal, February 1913.

Treasurer.

The Treasurer shall have the custody of
all moneys received, and shall deposit or
invest the same in such manner as the
Executive Committee shall direct, and
shall not expend money except under
direction or approval of the Executive
Committee. The financial year of the As-
sociation shall close on December 31st of
each year.

Order of Business.

At the regular meeting of the Association
the order of business shall be that proposed
by the Executive Committee and announced
by the Presiding Officer. In the absence

of such prepared order of business, the
following shall be observed: —

(1) Calling to order.

(2) Reading and referring or disposing
of letters, accounts, etc.

(3) Reports of Committees.

(4) Inquiries and notices of motion.

(5) President's address."

(6) Papers, addresses and discussions by
members and others invited by the
meeting.

(7) Nomination and election of officers.

(8) Unfinished and miscellaneous busi-
ness.

(9) Adjournment.

With the Forest Engineers*

(Contributed ly the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.)

Forest Engineers' Annual.

The fifth annual meeting of the Canadian
Society of Forest Engineers convened at the
Carnegie Library, Ottawa, at 3 p.m., on
Wednesday, February 5, and also at an ad-
journed session at the Laurentian Club at
8 p.m. There were present Dr. B. E. Fer-
now, president, in the chair, Messrs. R. H.
Campbell, Ellwood Wilson, D. R. Cameron,
T. W. Dwight, L. M. Ellis, A. Knechtel,
C. Leavitt, G. C. Piche, A. H. D. Ross, H.
C. Wallin, E. J. Zavitz and F. W. H. Ja-
combe.

The secretary's report showed forty-two
active members, with one honorary and
three associate members.

Mr. Thos. Southworth, on signifying his
Avish to withdraw from active membership
through having severed active connection
with forestry, was elected an honorary mem-
ber.

Mr. E. Wilson reported progress for the
committee on the stfindardization of forest
maps. On motion the committee was con-
tinued, Mr. Wilson being designated con-
vener. Mr. A. H. D. Ross was added to
the committee, and, on motion of Mr. Cam-
eron, Mr. Wallin was substituted for the
mover on the committee. This committee
now consists of the following: — Mr. Wilson,
convener. Dr. J. F. Clark, Dr. C. D. Howe
and Messrs. Ross, Wallin and Dwight.

Mr. Wilson also reported verbally in re-
gard to the proposed International Society
of Foresters and asked that the committee
be continued. The request was, on motion,
granted.

A motion regarding the qualification for
active membership in the society, of which
Mr. Wilson had given notice, was passed
after amendment. The effect of the motion,
is that future candidates for active mem-
bership nuist not only be graduates of an

approved forest school, but must also have
had two years of practical experience in the
practice or teaching of forestry.

The question of appointing advisory com-
mittees for the various divisions of the Do-
minion Avas introduced and it was resolved
that such committees should be appointed,
each committee to consist of three members,
to be appointed by the Executive commit-
tee. Four committees are to be appointed,
one for each of the following districts: —
(1) Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, (2)
Ontario, (3) Manitoba, Saskatchewan and
Alberta, and (4) British Columbia.

Mr. Dwight Avas appointed auditor.

The ExecutiA'e committee Avas instructed
to look into the question of procuring a
charter for the society to work out a more
satisfactory method of electing officers and
to arrange for a dinner in connection Avith
the next annual meeting.

The thanks of the society are again due
to Mr. Campbell for his hospitality in enter-
taining the members at dinner at the Laur-
entian Club, a courtesy which Avas greatly
appreciated.

Additions to Membership.

The foUoAving have recently been added
to the list of actiA-e members of the society:

Dominion Forest Service — Messrs. D. R.
Cameron, T. W. Dwight, W. N. Millar and
H. C. Wallin.

Quebec Forest Service — A. Bedard.

British Columbia Forest SerAdce — ^F. W.
Beard, R. E. Benedict, O. D. Ingall, H. S.
IrAvin, H. C. Kinghorn, John Lafon, J. B.
Mitchell, E. G. McDougall, T. H. Plumer,
G. H. Prince, H. K. Robinson and W. J.
VanDusen.

Railway Commission — Clyde Leavitt.

University of Toronto— J. H. White.

-A

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES
and shrubs at forest
prices.

Native and foreign tree seeds.

^m

Edye-de- Hurst & Son,

Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

SHIPPERS TO H. M. GOVERNMENT, ETC

Correspondance Franqaise.

FOREST ENGINEERS. |

Forest Surveys

Logging Maps 1

TIMBEIl ESTIMATES |

Water Power

Water Storage. 1

CLARK, LYFORD, & STERLING

1331 Real Estate Trust Bldg.. Philadelphia

CLARK & LYFORD,

LYFORD, CLARK & LYFORD, 1

403 Crown Bldg.

26 Board of Trade Bldg 1

VANCOUVER MONTREAL 1

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SWEEZEY,

CIVIL &

FORESTRY ENGINEER

Timber Surveys, Lumbering 1

and Water Powers. 1

Metropolitan Bldg.

QUEBEC, Canada. 1

THE SMITH STUMP PULLER

This photoCTaph shows the work of the Smith Stump
Puller, pulllne stumps with one horse, stumps that run
from 4 to G feet through, at an average cost of 6 cents
per s tump. Write for our free CataloR.
W. SMITH GRUBBER CO.. 15 Smith Sia., La Crescent, Minn.

UNIVERSITY of TORONTO

FACULTIES OF

ARTS, MEDICINE,
APPLIED SCIENCE,
HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE,
EDUCATION, FORESTRY

The FACULTY OF FORESTRY offers a four year underg^raduate course
leading* to the Degree of Bachelor of Science of Forestry (B.Sc.F ), and after
two years' practical work to the Degree of Forest Engineer (F.E.).

The Faculty at present numbers four instructors in Forestry alone, besides
members of other Faculties of the University and special lecturers.

The courses, laboratories and other facilities of the University are open to
Students of Forestry.

Practice work, following the academic term, in the woods is made a special
feature.

For further injormation address —
REGISTRAR, or B. E. FERNOW, LL. D., Dean,

University of Toronto. Fuoulty of Forostry, University of Toronto.

Toronto, Canada.

Jnivcrsity of
New Bmi]8wick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Established in igo8

Four years' course leading^ to the
Degree of • Bachelor of Science in
Forestry. Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50^00 per annum. Other
expenses correspondingly moderate.

For further information address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. _ _ —

C. C. JONES, Chancellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syra^Guse, Ne'w York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science in Foiestry.
Postgraduate course to Master of
Forestry ; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks and Ranger School
given on the College Forest of
2,000 acres at Wanakena in the
Adirondacks. Forest Experiment
Station of 90 acres and excellent
Library offer unusual oppoitu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For particulars address
HUGH P, BAKER , D. Oeo. Dea^n

BILTMORE,

North Carolina

'T* HE Riltmore Poorest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in the
United States. The Biltmore Forest
School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
near Biltmore; summer quarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, .Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests of Ger-
many. Q The course of instruction
covers ariy and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship o* six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Forestry.

Write for catalog of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing—

THE DIRECTOR. BILTMORE, N. C, U. S. A.

MEyi[RSinFOR[SISWL

NEW HAVEN. CONNECTICUT, U.S.A.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is offered leadings to the
deg-ree of Master ot Forestry.
The Forest School is a g-raduate
department of Yale University
requiring for admission a collefre
training. Graduates of universi-
ties, colleges, or scientific ins-
titutions ot high standing' are
admitted upon presentation of
their diplomas, provided they
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subiects in their under-
g-raduate work : at least one
full year in college or Unive sity
Botany, and at least .one course
in Zoology, Physics, Inorg-anic
Chemistry, Geo Jogy, Econom cs.
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing- mav take examinations
in any subject but ate required
in addition to present evidence
ot a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.
The school year begins in
early lulv and is conducted at

j the school camp at MILFORD,

I Pennsylvania.

For further information address

JAHES W. TOUHEY, Director

NEW HAVEN .... CONNECTICUT

i

«.

try journal

Vol. IX.

Ottawa, Canada, March 1913.

No. 3

CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL,

Published monthly by the

Canadian Forkstey Association,

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canada.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Winnipeg Convention 33

Editorial Notes 33-34

St. Maurice Forest Protective As-
sociation 35-37

Pejepscot Company and Replanting 37

Genesee Valley Forestry Association 38

Sweet and Slow (poem) 38

N. Y. State Forestrv Association . . 39

Directors' Report /. 40-42

Sawdust, Utilizing 43-45

Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight .... 45

With the Forest Engineers 46

THE WINNIPEG CONVENTION.

After consulting a strong local
committee on the subject and taking
into consideration all the factors in
the case it has been decided to hold
the Winnipeg Convention on July 7
to 9.

Meetings will be held in the com-
modious hall of the Winnipeg Indus-
trial Bureau, which is the unique or-
ganization for taking charge of con-
ventions in the Prairie Capital. The
Government of Manitoba, the City of
Winnipeg and the Manitoba Horti-
cultural and Forestry Association
will participate in the Convention.
The arrangements for the program
are now going forward.

This will be an ideal time to visit
Winnipeg as the meeting will take
place just before the beginning of
harvest and during the first two
days of the Winnipeg Exhibition,
when hotel accommodation will not
be so taken up as it will be in the fol-
lowing week.

As there will be a number of dif-
ferent events immediately following

this time in different parts of the
Prairie Provinces, it will be possible
for those desiring to see the prairies
at harvest time to make side trips be-
fore returning home.

Railway arrangements have not
yet been concluded, but it is expect-
ed that they can be announced in the
next issue of the Journal. If those
who intend to be present would
notify the secretary it would greatly
facilitate the work of arranging for
the convention.

Attention is directed to the article
in this issue dealing with the forma-
tion of the St. Maurice Valley Forest
Protective Association. This is con-
sidered by competent authorities to
])e the most hopeful sign in Canadian
Forestry matters at the present time.
At the meeting the hope was express-
ed that the Province of Quebec would
soon be covered by similar organiza-
tions. In fact this is the view of all
who have upon them the responsibility
of caring for our forests, and there-
fore the hope is that like associations
may be formed in all parts of Canada
where there are forests. There is no
doubt that this movement was given
an impetus by the address of Mr. E.
T. Allen, Secretary of the Western
Forestry and Conservation Associa-
tion, (a similar organization) at the
V^ictoria Convention. We have re-
ceived the constitution and the annual
report of the St. Maurice Valley For-
est Protective Association and as soon
as possible will publish the substance
of these in the ('anadian Forestry
Journal.

33

A very significant fact is the for-
mation of new organizations to assist
in the work of forest protection. Two
of these are referred to in this issue.

34

Canadian Forestry Journal, March 1913.

the New York State Forestry Associa-
tion and the Genesee Valley Forestry
Association. There never was a time
when there was so much real interest
in forest protection as the present,
and we propose to keep our members
in touch with the different aspects of
the movement from month to month.

With this in view he urges the planting
of handsome and stately nut bearing trees
in place of the millions of useless willows
and poplars which yield no financial re-
turns.

On March 24 the daily papers con-
tained reports of a number of rivers
in dangerous flood in addition to the
terrible floods of the Ohio Valley.
Those noticed were the Speed River
at Guelph, Ont. ; the Grand at Gait,
Ont. ; the Rideau River, and a num-
ber of tributaries of the St. Lawrence
in Quebec. On this date the streets
in the lowest part of Sault au Re-
collet, Que., were being navigated by
boats, while. the Hintonburgh district
of Ottawa was badly inundated. The
great Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers
were also rising rapidly and causing
apprehension. All this but points the
moral of the danger of deforestation.

NUT GROWING.

Mr. W. C. Bead of Vincennes, Indiana,
in a paper read before the Kentucky State
Horticultural Society urges the planting
of nut trees throughout the Ohio Valley.
He writes of black walnut, hazelnut, but-
ternut, beechnut, the hickories, chestnut
and pecan. He lays special stress on chest-
nut, walnut and pecan. While the chest-
nut is probably suitable for only the south-
ern most parts of Canada, and while the
pecan is perhaps, not suitable for Canada
at all there is a considerable area where
walnuts can be produced to advantage and
to this Mr. Reeds remarks apply. He
holds that English walnuts should be bud-
ded on native stock which adapts them to
a wider range of soils, makes them hardier
and causes them to ripen their wood
earlier. Such trees have stood tempera-
tures of 18 to 20 degrees below zero in
Pennsylvania. Walnut trees require about
the same care as apple trees and should
be planted not less than 40 feet apart. If
planted in orchard form the land may be
utilized for growing field crops or may be
under cropped with quick growing fruit
trees. Mr. Reed claims that there are
many thousand acres of land too rough
to grow ordinary crops which will give
good returns in nuts, and he speaks of
$100 per acre per year as an average re-
turn where the trees are given attention.

THE CAUSE OF THE PEOPLE.

There were a number of important mat-
ters at the third annual meeting of the North
Carolina Forestry Association. The Presi-
dent of the Association is Mr. E. B. Wright,
a leading lumberman, and in his annual
address the President remarked: 'The cause
of forestry is the cause of the people, and
I find ample justification for rejoicing in
North Carolina to-day over the crystalliza-
tion of a healthy public sentiment by all
classes of people in favor of a more intelli-
gent and businesslike application of the prin-
ciples and practice of modern forestry.'

A leading furniture manufacturer said
that unless forests were protected they would
son have to make furniture out of something
else than lumber. The railway men claimed
they were more interested in forests than
the timber owners themselves, and the farm-
ers' and the women's clubs were also repre-
sented. Among the resolution passed was
one recommending further action in co-
operation with the Federal Government un-
der the Weeks Lawj and protesting against
the proposal to turn over the national forests
to the various States. The Association be-
lieves that the Federal Government can han-
dle the forests better than can the States.

FIGHTING THE BROWN TAIL MOTH.

In February a conference was called at
Boston by the State Forester of Massachu-
setts for the purpose of bringing together
those now fighting the gipsy and brown-tail
moths and those who are likely to be con-
cerned in the near future. New York State
was represented at this conference. As
shade tree pests these can be destroyed by
spraying and dstroying egg clusters, but
these methods, expensive as they are, can-
not be extended to fight such insects in for-
est trees. Dependence has to be placed in
the parasites and diseases of these moths
introduced from abroad. As an aid to this
work it is proposed to put a barrier be-
tween affected and unaffected districts.
Trees like the oak, willow and birch are
apparently more favorable to the develop-
ment of these insects, while they are unable
to complete their life history on coniferous
trees. It is therefore proposed to check the
spread of the insects northward into the
Adirondacks by having zones of white pines
and other evergreens from which broad-
leaved trees have been removed. With this
is to go a strict quarantine of cord wood,
lumber and nursery stock shipped from in-
fested areas.

St. Maurice Valley Forest Protective Association

The most hopeful step taken for many years in Canada.

One of the most significant gather-
ings ever held in ^[ontreal was the
annual meeting of the St. ^Maurice
Forest Protective Association held at
the Place Viger Hotel on February
14. This organization, which is just
one year old, marks the beginning of
a new era in forest protection. Hith-
erto the matter of protecting the for-
ests has been one between the indi-
vidual limit holder and the govern-
ment. In this field the advantages
of co-operation are very great, but un-
til the formation of the St. Maurice
Association every lumberman battled
with the fires on his own limits as best

he could. A year ago the limit hold-
ers in' this valley seeing the waste and
inefficiency of individual effort got
together and formed an association.
They appointed a general manager
who took charge of all the fire rangers
and directed them as one army, post-
ing every man where he could be of
the greatest advantage. The Associa-
tion which controls an area one hun-
dred and sixty miles long wdth an
average width of one hundred miles,
embracing in all seven million acres,
taxed itself one quaretr of a cent per
acre, and to the $17,500 thus raised
th(^ government of Quebec added $3,-

r^ONTRB f\L.

Map showing location of St. Maurice Valley, Quebec.
36

36

Canadian Forestry Journal, March 1913.

000. With this money there were
opened or re-opened 525 miles of pack
trails, there were purchased canoes,
axes, shovels, tents, and gasoline mo-
tors for railway patrol, and a begin-
ning made in erecting telephone lines
and in connecting these with exist-
ing telephone systems. The result
was that 97 incipient fires were
promptly extinguished and the asso-
ciation came through the year with
practically no loss. This year it is
proposed to extend the trails, to con-
nect up the telephone lines and to
erect lookout stations from which
watchmen may send out warnings to
headquarters so that a sufficient force
of men may be sent promptly to put
out the fire. The officers for the first
year were: President, ]\Ir. Alexander
MacLaurin, of Montreal; Vice-Presi-
dent, Mr. W. R. Brown, fo Berlin,
N.H., and La Tuque, Que. ; Mana-
ger, Mr. H. Sorgius, of Three Rivers.
Owing to the illness of Mr. MacLaurin
which has necessitated a trip to the
south, and the occupation of Mr.
Brown with other features, these gen-
tlemen (though both are enthusiastic
over the work) retired and the new
officers elected were: President, Jos-
eph Dalton, Three Rivers; Vice-Presi-
dent, S. L. de Carteret, La Tuque;
Manager and Secretary, H. Sorgius,
Three Rivers.

One of the successful features of
the gathering was the banquet at the
Place Viger Hotel when about twenty-
five gentlemen, members of the Asso-
ciation or interested in the work, dis-
cussed an excellent menu and after-
wards listened to a few pithy speeches
dealing with the subject in hand. The
toastmaster was Mr. EUwood Wilson
of Grand Mere, and at the table were
Hon. Jules Allard, Minister of Lands
and Forests, Quebec; and Messrs. W.
R. Brown ; R. H. Campbell, Dominion
Director of Forestry ; Joseph Dalton ;
Lt. Col. Hibbard, Member of the Que-
bec Utilities Commission; E. J. Za-
vitz, Guelph, Forester for the Ontario
Government; Clyde Leavitt, Chief
Fire Inspector of the Dominion Rail-

way Commission ; W. C. J. Hall, Chief
of the Forest Protective Service, Que-
bec; Wm. Power, M.P., Quebec; J.
F. Grant, William Ritchie and Frank
Ritchie, Three Rivers; L. K. Mac-
Laurin, Montreal; B. M. Winegar,
C.P.R. Natural Resources Dept.,
Montreal ; Gustave C. Piche, Chief of
the Quebec Forest Service ; Geo. Dan-
sereau, Montreal; James Lawler, Sec-
retary of the Canadian Forestry As-
sociation, Ottawa; L. N. Ellis, C.P.R.
Forestry Dept, Calgary; H. E. Brin-
kerhoff, St. Jovite, Que. ; D. B. Brown,
La Tuque; M. C. Small, Grand Mere;
and H. Sorgius, Three Rivers.

Hon. ]\Ir. Allard referred to the
good work of the Association and
promised that the Government would
support it more strongly in the com-
ing year.

]\Ir. W. R. Brown told of the suc-
cess of similar associations in the
United States.

IMr. W. C. J. Hall pointed to the
greatly increased efficiency of such
organizations as compared with indi-
vidual effort, and hoped to see the
time when five or six similar asso-
ciations would cover the entire forest
area of the province from the Ot-
tawa Valley to Gaspe.

IVIr. R. H. Campbell said this was
the first organization of this kind in
Canada. It had been a great success
and he hoped to see the plan adopt-
ed not only in other parts of Quebec
but in western Canada.

Mr. Clyde Leavitt indicated that
what the Railway Commission had
done in securing the co-operation of
the railways and federal and provin-
cial governments in patrolling rail-
way lines in the west they desired to
extend to the eastern lines, and in
this way there could be co-operation
in the St. JMaurice Valley of the limit
holders, the government and the rail-
ways and Railway Commission.

Lt. Col. Hibbard brought this out
further by stating that the Quebec
Utilities Commission had considered
the regulations for fire protection of

Private Initiative in Replanting.

37

the Dominion Railway Commission so
good that they had adopted them for
railways with provincial charters. As
Mr. Hall was the provincial officer to
carry out these regulations, and as he
was officially co-operating with Mr.
Leavitt, this linked up the whole work
so that all agencies for forest protec-
tion were working in harmony. Mr.
Hibbard also pointed to large areas
in Quebec which should be reforested.
^Ir. Piche brought his congratu-

lations to those engaged in the work
of protection which was the comple-
ment of his own work of utilization
and reforestation.

It was generally admitted by the
speakers and by those attending the
gathering that the pioneer work of
this the first forest protective associa-
tion in Canada had been so successful
and had resulted in such economy of
effort and money that it would soon
be widely copied throughout Canada.

Private Initiative in Replanting.

What the Pejepscot Paper Company is doing.

In reply to an enquiry from the Secretary
of the Canadian Forestry Association Mr.
Charles P. Cowles, manager of the Depart-
ment of WooiUands of the Pejepscot Paper
Co., writes in regard to the planting opera-
tions of that company in Canada. The com-
pany has established a small nursery for
reforestation purposes at Salmon Eiver, New
Brunswick, and a similar one at Cookshire,
Quebec. These nurseries were established
two years ago and contain seed beds, with
plants one year old and two years old this
spring. It is the intention to make per-

manent plantations With some of the two
year old seedlings as an experiment this
spring, but generally it is expected that the
I)lau of allowing these seedlings to remain
two years in nursery rows before planting
put will be followed. While the company's
plans are not matured it is generally under-
stood that it is the intention to raise a
moderate amount of. seedlings each year
for reforesting vacant and cutover lands on
the company's holdings. The pictures here-
with show the seed beds in the nursery at
Cookshire, Quebec.

Nurseries of the Pejepscot Company at Cookshire, Quebec.

Genesee Valley Forestry Association.

A very significant movement in
different parts of the United States
is the formation of active local fores-
try associations which work in har-
mony with the state and federal or-
ganizations, both governmental and
private. One of the latest and most
promising of these is the Genesee
Valley Forestry Association with
headquarters at Rochester, N.Y. This
was formed on Feb. 15. The officers
are : President, Wm. F. Dunbar ; Vice-
President, Joseph W. Hauser; Secre-
tary, John Dennis, Jr. ; Treasurer,
Norman C. Schlegel. As this subject
is of great interest to the members
of the Canadian Forestry Association
the Secretary, Mr. Dennis, has been
asked and has kindly consented to
write an article for the Canadian For-
estry Journal describing the work of
this Association and its relation to the
New York State Forestry Association.
The following is from the Rochester
Democrat and Chronicle with the edi-
torial staff of which Mr. Dennis is
connected :

Eochester's interest in scientific and prac-
tical forestry was again demonstrated on
Saturday by the formation of the Genesee
Valley Forestry Association, an organization
which plans to extend its influence through-
out the entire valley of the Genesee from
Lake Ontario on the north to the summit
of the Alleganies on the south, where the
Genesee river originates in mountain rivu-
lets. It is understood that for scientific
and educational purposes chapters of the
association will be formed throughout the
valley, whereever interest can be aroused,
and that the association proper will act af-
ter the manner of a clearing house of de-
sirable knowledge regarding theoretical and
practical forest and park practice. It is
very appropriate that Rochester should be
the home of an association of this kind.
Each one of the great parks of the city em-
braces notable examples of the best practice
in modern constructive forestry. In plant-
ing the original park forest the advice and
counsel of the most famous arboriculturists
in this and other countries has been drawn
upon, and this knowledge is available by
way of object lessons and historical re-
cord.

It is also understood that the Genesee
Valley Forestry Association, as a part of
its first practical work, will secure sample
woods from the portion of the Genot^ee
Valley Park forest, which is about to be
sacrificed to make way for the Barge canal.
Something over 400 choice forest and shade
trees, planted twenty-thre years ago, will
of necessity be destroyed. Sample trees
of each species cut from the canal zone
will be utilized for educational cabinets, to
be at the service of the different chapters
throughout the valley.

SWEET AND SLOW.

J. E. Middleton in Toronto News.

Sweet and slow,
Sweet and slow
Sap from the maple tree-ee.
Now flow,
Prithee, show.
Kindly to Bards like me-ee.

Into the bucket consistently flow,
While the spring sun is a-melting the
snow
Into a little sea-ee.

As through my shoes the watery ooze
Seeps.

Stoneboat slow,
Stoneboat slow.
Call at the maple tree-ee.
Gently, Flo,
Haw! Whoa!
Gather the sap for me-ee.

Into the butt pour the watery bliss,
Leaves and small twigs are expected, I
wis.
Now let the old mare Gtee-ee
Through the swale, where about half a pail
out-
Leaps.

Sweet and low.
Night winds blow,
Blow through the maple tree-ee.
Coals glow.
Pots hang low
Boiling the stuff for me-ee.

Give us a taste of the nectar divine.
Better than sherry or Burgundy wine.
Beautiful stuff to see-ee.
Yellow and sweet, we just think we coul 1
eat
Heaps.

The first pulp was made in the new pulp
mills at Dryden, Ont., on March 19. A
number of those interested in the works
were present on the occasion.

38

New York State Forestry Association,

New York State has now an active
forestry association, the same being
formed at a largely attended meeting
in Syracuse on Jan. 16. While this
has been brewing for a long time it
is directly the outcome of the con-
ference held in Albany in May, 1912,
for the discussion of forestry pro-
blems. A committee was then ap-
pointed to consider the organization
of a forestry association, and Dr.
Hugh P. Baker, Dean of the New
York State College of Forestry, was
elected Chairman. During the year
this committee has sent out over a
thousand letters to persons who were
likely to be interested in the subject.
The committee was amazed at the in-
terest shown in the large number of
replies received.

Though the organizing convention
was but a one day meeting it was
packed with more matters of impor-
tance than often go to the making
up of a two days' convention. There

were several hundred people at the
morning session to hear Mr. Gifford
Pinchot. There was a record attend-
ance at the Chamber of Commerce
luncheon, and the new association
started off with fifty-three charter
members.

The officers elected were : President,
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the New
York Botanical Garden and Mu-
seums; Secretary, Dr. Hugh P. Ba-
ker; Treasurer, Albert T. Brockway,
of Syracuse, N.Y., and a strong exec-
utive committee.

Dr. Baker, upon request, has been
so kind as to send an account of the
transactions of the meeting, and these
will be dealt with in future issues
of the Canadian Forestry Journal.

The close supervision now being given to
the game side of forestry in Ontario was
indicated by the arrest and dismissal of a
game warden for breaking the law by having
skins illegally in his possession. He was
fined $450 for the offence.

Another view of the nurseries at Cookshire, Quebec.
39

DIRECTORS' REPORT.

Adopted at thp Annual Business Meeting of the Canadian Forestry
Association, Feb. 5, 1913.

The Board of Directors beg to submit
the following report of business done
during the year 1912: —

According to Section VI. of the Consti-
tution, the following Territorial Vice-
Presidents were appointed:

Ontario.— Hon. W. H. Hearst.

Quebec — Hon. Jules Allard.

New Brunswick — Hon. J. K. Flemming.

Nova Scotia — Son. G. H. Murray.

Manitoba — Hon. E. P. Roblin.

Prince Edward Island — Hon. J. A. Mathe-
son.

Saskatchewan — His Honor G. W. Brown.
. Alberta — Hon. A. L. Sifton.

British Columbia — Hon. W. R. Ross.

Yukon — Oeo. Black, Commissioner.

Mackenzie — F. D. Wilson.

Keewatin— His Honor D. C, Cameron.

Ungava — His Grace, Mgr. Bruchesi, Arch-
bishop of Montreal.

The Thirteenth Annual Meeting was held
at the same time as the Ottawa Convention.
This Convention was eminently successful
?ind resulted in stimulating further interest
in the work of forest conservation, particu-
larly in that part .of it which has to do with
an efficient personnel in the various forest
services. The presence of the Prime Min-
ister, the Leader of the Opposition, and
eminent foresters from the United States,
added to the weight of the meeting. The
fact that the Convention was held at the
same time as the Annual Meeting of the
Canadian Lumbermen's Association, and
that some of the functions were in a measure
of a joint character, increased its interest
and importance.

The President elected 9,t that meeting was
Mr. John Hendry, of Vancouver, who was
at the time in Europe. Mr. Hendry met in
London in the early spring Hon. Richard
McBride, who renewed an invitation that
had been made by the Government of Bri-
tish Columbia to hold a Convention in Vic-
toria, B.C. After considerable correspon-
dence it was decided by the Directors to
meet in Victoria on Sept. 4, 5 and 6. His
Royal Highness the Governor General grac-
iously consented to open the Convention if
it should be held during the time of his visit
to the coast, but, as in the end it was found
that this would be impossible, the Conven-
tion was opened by Sir Richard McBride,
Premier of British Columbia, and was in all
respects successful. There was an unexpect-
edly large attendance from Eastern Canada.

All the provinces were officially represented
except Nova Scotia and Prince Edward
Island, the numbers attending from Quebec
and Ontario being particularly large. The
new British Columbia forest act which went
into force on July 1 was naturally the chief
subject of discussion. Hon. W. R. Ross,
Minister of Lands, outlined the Govern-
ment's position, while representatives of
British Columbia limit holders discussed the
new law very carefully. Besides this the
forest conservation work in other provinces
was dealt with and the resolutions passed
were not confined to British Columbia, but
were of a general character. Here as at
Ottawa particular attention was paid to the
subject of efficiency in the forest service.
The full particulars of the Ottawa Con-
vention have" already appeared in the Annual
Report for 1912, and the full report of the
Victoria Convention will appear in the An^
nual Report for 1913, which will be issued
in a few weeks.

Progress in forest . conservation has been
steady in Canada during the year. The
work of the Dominion and the large forest
provinces has gone on developing for the
most part without any sudden changes. It
Mould appear that the total expenditure in
1912 on forest protection by federal and
provincial governments and by private indi-
viduals and corporations amounted to be-
tween one million and one million and a
half dollars.

The Dominion Forestry Branch in addi-
tion to its protective, tree-planting and in-
vestigating work, made an examination for
the purpose of ascertaining whether certain
areas in the Railway Belt in British Colum-
bia, and others south of Lesser Slave Lake
in Alberta, in northern Saskatchewan and
in south eastern Manitoba should be put into
forest reserves.

In British Columbia the new forest act
which has been in preparation (including
the work of the forest commission) for some
years, went into force on July 1, and the
organization of the forest service under the
same resulted in the employment of a num-
ber of forest engineers, and a largely in-
creased force of rangers.

In Ontario the government and the limit
holders had over one thousand fire rangers
in th^ field during the danger season.

In Quebec the St. Maurice Valley Forest
Protective Association carried out its first
season's work with success, and the plan of

40

Directors' Report.

41

co-operation in fire fighting seems likely to
be widely extended. The Province of Que-
bec made a beginning in the work of plant-
ing up denuded sand lands.

Private efforts in regard to forest pro-
tection were on a larger scale than ever
before. The Canadian Pacific Railway
transformed all its locomotives between
Field and Kamloops from coal burners to
oil burners, and besides a great deal of in-
vestigating, nursery and planting work to-
ward the close of the year, offered prizes
aggregating $2,400 to farmers for the best
plantations in 1914. A number of timber
limit holders, particularly in Quebec, have
erected telephone lines and cut trails to pro-
tect their holdings.

In addition to these improvements the sea-
son, being exceedingly wet, was an excellent
one for forest protection, so that there were
few serious fires.

One of the things for which the Asso-
ciation has pressed, a federal laboratory
where the different woods of Canada might
be thoroughly tested and studies made in
preservation and utilization, has not yet
been secured. The usefulness of such a
laboratory is beyond question and it is hop-
ed that its establishment may be chronicled
before the lapse of another year.

Forestry educational work has proceeded
steadily during the year, and quite a body
of trained foresters, graduates of forest
schools, is now to be found in Canada.
Forestry is beginning to be recognized as a
profession. Another part of' the field of
education has not yet been touched, namely
that of training the rank and file of the
forest protective army, the forest rangers,
for their duties. This training is for men
already in the employ of the forest services
who have passed tests as to their ability
and exj)erience. While every effort should
he made to admit only fit men to
the services it is felt that these would
all be immensely more efficient if they
'ould be given a few weeks' training
under men who know the best methods of
{>rotefting timber, avoiding waste in utiliza-
tion, fighting fires, etc., and who have the
faculty of imparting this knowledge to
others. Ranger schools have proved very
efficacious in other countries in increasing
the efficiency of the men, and in showing
them how to do the work to the greatest
advantage. They have thus developed an
o-prit de corps in the force which has done
much for the whole ffervice, and to rlevelop
the idea of forest conservation among the
y»eople. One of the next things for which
it is felt the Association s'hould press is for
the establiyhment of ranger schools in con-
nection with the federal and provincial for-
est }>er vices.

While the circle ot directors and officers
of the Association has not been broken by

death during the year, yet fhe Canadian
Forestry Association and the cause of forest
conservation have lost warm friends through
the death of Sir Edward Clouston, Vice-
President of the Bank of Montreal ; Senator
Rolland, Mr. R. W. Shepherd of Montreal,
Mr. Otis Staples of British Columbia, and
Mr. H. F. McLachlin of Arnprior.

On the way back from the Victoria Con-
vention the Secretary delivered a number of
lectures, but this work and the work of is-
suing bulletins to the newspapers for re-
production in their columns has been less
than in the year before owing to the great
amount of time which had to be spent on
these Conventions. Towards the end of the

By (lint of imicli porscvcijuict' Kcv. ('. liord, a
ininistcr in Peterboro Co., Ont., has cultivated the
friendship of some of the wild creatures of his
neighlictrhood. In the illustration he has in his
nands one of his wild friends, a chipmunk. — Farm
and Dairy.

year, however, the work of supplying ma-
terial for the newspapers was taken up
again, and in the coming year it is expected
that it will be made one of the leading
features of the work. The newspapers
throughout Canada have expressed a will-
ingnesH to make known to the public what
is being done to further conservation and
what is desired by the Association.

A meeting of the Directors was held on
Dec. 0 to present to the Dominion Govern-
ment those resolutions which related to fed-
eral forestry work. In the absence of the
President and Vice-President, Mr. G. Y.
Chown, Past President, headed the deputa-

42

Canadian Forestry Journal, March 1913.

tion, and along with Senator Bostock and
Mr. Ell wood Wilson, presented the resolu-
tion urging the extension of Civil Service
regulations to the outside forest service.
The deputation was kindly received, and the
members of it were led to hope from the
reply of the Prime Minister that this will
be done in the near future.

The membership of the Association con-
tinues to increase. In the year 116 names
were dropped because of death or resigna-
tion and 191 added, leaving the net mem-
bership at 2,865. The amount received from
membership fees in the past year was
$2,249. While the usual efforts have been
made to let the public know of the work
of the Association, there has been no spe-
cial campaign to increase the membership.
This has been due to two reasons: first, the
lack of time caused by the holding of two
Conventions in the year, and, second, the
fact that it is found that the best means
of increasing the membership is to make
the Association useful. It is hoped in the
coming year not only to do affirmative and
constructive work, but also to make this as
widely known as possible, with the object
of increasing both the membership of the
Association and the funds at its disposal.

The report of the Treasurer which will
be laid before you will show that while the
expenditures in the past year have been the

largest in the history of the Association,
the income has fortunately been propor-
tionately large, and that there is a substan-
tial balance in the treasury. The Dominion
Government has continued its grant of
$2,000 per year, and the Government, of
Ontario has contributed $300, and the Gov-
ernments of Quebec and British Columbia
$200 each. In addition to this the Gov-
ernment of British Columbia made an ap-
propriation of $1,500 toward the expenses
of the Victoria Convention, while the
British Columbia Lumbermen's Association
donated $250 and the B. C. Mills Timber
and Trading Co. $240.

The report of the auditors, which will
also be presented to you, shows that the
funds of the Association have all been pro-
perly accounted for.

On the whole, while the work to be over-
taken is very large and the need of prompt
action to save our forests pressing, your
Directors believe that Governments and
people are beginning to realize the need of
forest conservation, and they therefore urge
the putting into operation of a constructive
program for the coming year, — one that
will show that the ideal of conservation
is not the locking up of resources but theil
wise use by and for the people of Canada.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

In the great timber Province— Hastings Street, Vancouver.

Utilising Sawdust.

The iises of sawdust was the sub-
ject of an interesting article in the
Amencan Lumhennan recently from
the pen of C. W. R. Eichoff!' M.E.
The writer, in his introduction, al-
ludes to the immense piles of sawdust
and other mill refuse to be found
near many large mills, and discusses,
first, the use of this waste for fuel.

'The inconvenient process of burn-
ing this valuable waste,' he writes,
* taking into consideration the fact
that this sawdust, when moderately
dry, has the same heat value as the
wood from which it originates, has led
to the design and construction of
many different styles of furnace,
which in some cases have brought a
betterment and in others failure.
Furnaces of the ''Dutch oven" style
are mostly used in this connection,
and especially with boilers. But there
are other convenient constructions
now in existence. In all these fur-
naces the main effort was directed to
a better distribution of the air neces-
sary for a successful combustion of
the material.

'Abroad, where conservation of the
natural resources has been practised
to a greater extent than on this con-
tinent, experiments have been made
to form this dust into briquettes. At
present a number of briquetting
plants are in successful operation
across the Atlantic, and of later
years lumbermen and other mill-
owners on this side of the Atlantic
have become interested in the briquet-
ting of such sawdust. But the Ameri-
can has not looked favorably on this
utilization. The large lumber con-
cerns considered it more profitable
not to bother with such a process,
claiming that these briquettes can be
used only to a small extent and could
not compete with other fuels in which
this continent is so rich. More inter-
est in the matter was shown by the
smaller concerns, where the loss of

such valuable wood wastes demands
serious consideration. Many owuers
took up the proposal, but dropped it
when they learned the cost of such
sawdust-briquetting plants. Consid-
ering that a product has to be manu-
factured which requires for its fabri-
cation either a suitable binder or great
pressure not using a binder, it is es-
sential that every part of such a plant
be designed and constructed with the
utmost care and skill in all its de-
tails.

'Suitable binders are water-gas,
pitch, tar, rosin, flour, water-glass
and others of the same nature as
used in the briquetting of coal. As
these binders materially increase the
cost of manufacture, their use was
found prohibitive, and machines are
now used that deliver the goods with-
out the application of a binding ma-
terial.

'The sawdust in this process has to
be perfectly dry before being put in-
to the press. From the press the bri-
quettes are transported automatically
into a cooling room, and when cool
they are hard and ready for trans-
portation. Such briquettes are an
excellent fuel for residence use in
fire-places and stoves, do not corrode
and leave very little ashes and soot.
The cleanliness, rapid ignition, in-
tense heat and odorless combustion
make them a fuel preferable to the
best wood. They are also the most
convenient fuel for power-house use
in saw-mills and in logging locomo-
tives, replacing coal or sawdust, which
latter would take considerable space.
They are also very convenient as a
kindling material. The briquettes
are of oval form, to facilitate ventila-
tion when piled up.

' Presses are built with a capacity of
24 bri(juettes a minute, giving 14,400
briquettes in ten hours, each briquette
weighing about half a pound, which
would be equivalent to a daily output

43

44

Canadian Forestry Journal, March 1913.

of 3.6 tons. The power required for
the driers and this press amounts to
about sixteen horse-power. Another
press has a capacity of nine tons a
day, requiring 45 horse-power for the
machine.

Use for Dry Distillation.

*A very attractive process is the
charring of sawdust and subjecting
it to a process of dry distillation. The
remaining charred material (char-
coal) is then briquetted and yields a
briquette of very high heat value,
equivalent to the best anthracite coal.
The process is practically the same as
that used in the distillation of wood.
The resulting by-products are an il-
luminating gas, which can be used to
light up the mill, wood vinegar or
pyroligneous acid, wood spirits or
methyl alcohol and wood tar. The
wood tar can be subjected to further
treatment and yields creosote, benzol,
naphthalin, paraffine, etc.

' Sawdust has been used for the op-
eration of gas producers for power
purposes, in which cases it can be
handled either in the loose form or
in the form of briquettes.

'Related to the briquetting of saw-
dust is the manufacture of artificial
wood. This material is of great tenac-
ity and strength, does not decay and
is less susceptible to the action of the
atmosphere than is natural wood. All
this artificial wood can be sawed,
planed and cut, but not split. The
manufacture of it has become quite
an industry abroad. Decorations for
walls, ceilings and furniture are
manufactured from mixtures the es-
sential part of which is sawdust.
These ornaments rival carved work
and are a great deal cheaper, replac-
ing those made of zinc, papier-
mache and artificial stone or ce-
ment.

'Sawdust is the essential part of a
stone-like material used for building
purposes and also for paving blocks.
These paving blocks are said to out-
last the regular creosoted wood
blocks.

*S?iwdust is pulverized and used

instead of sand. In this state it can
be colored, perfumed and used for
many purposes, such as for sachet
bags and the like.

Miscellaneous uses.

'The writer remembers the time
when this fine sawdust was used in
offices instead of sand and blotters.
Its polishing qualities in the pulver-
ized state for gold and silverware are
well known. Further, from fine dust
of colored wood, such as mahogany,
etc., stains can be made to be used
in imitating other woods. With lin-
seed oils one can make a filler. The
material for this filler is best ob-
tained from the kind of wood on
which it is to be used.

' Sawdust and shavings are used for
packing glassware, porcelain and
other ceramic articles. In this state
it must be dry, so as not to have a
detrimental effect, especially on cera-
mic goods.

, 'The use of sawdust for cleaning
floors is too well known to need men-
tion; not so generally knowTi is its
property of preserving eggs.

'Any person handling oily and
painty tinware should know that it is
an excellent means for cleaning fresh
paint from such tinware, rendering
the vessels perfectly dry and clean.

'Sawdust is used in the manufac-
ture of insulating material for steam
boilers and steam piping, and as in-
sulating filler in fireless cookers, ice
boxes, walls, etc.

'It can be laid in cement floors in-
stead of sand, rendering these floors
warmer and more porous. It is used
for roofiing material instead of sand,
making roofing paper lighter for
transportation and so reducing cost.

'Charred sawdust is an excellent
means for filtration of liquids and
has disinfecting qualities, making it
more suitable for this purpose than
ordinary charcoal. Added to brick
it makes a more porous brick. Mixed
with clay it can be used for the manu-
facture of filtering articles; this has
proved to be an attractive process.

'Sawdust is uspd to absorb mois-

Pennsylvania's Fine Fight.

45

ture in building walls that are ex-
posed to water. In the manufacture
of cheap wallpaper and artificial
flowers it is used in the form of a
fine dust. Other uses are for cementa-
tion in steel mills, for cleaning pur-
poses in the production of gas, in the
manufacture of calcium carbide and
carborundum, and, in foundries, for
pickling.

'Everybody knows of its applica-
tion in the manufacture of powder
and explosives. Further uses are for
floors in gj^mnasiums and riding
schools, for the manufacture of paper,
for slippery streets in winter, and for
bedding in stables. Sawdust improves
soil mechanically^ and, when saturat-
ed with stable manure, it also works

chemically on the soil and so im-
proves it. Sawdust is also used in
sawdust mortar (for moist places)
and in horticulture to protect hot-
beds, etc. With proper manipula-
tion a good wood soil, so valuable in
gardening, can be obtained. In the
manufacture of soap for washing and
cleaning purposes sawdust is also em-
ployed.

' Very promising is the manufacture
of sugar and alcohol out of waste
woods ; but these processes are not yet
far enough advanced to be of com-
mercial value and to justify large ex-
penditures at the same time. Finally,
sawdust is the only material now
used for a cheap production of oxalic
acid. '

Pennsylvania's Fine Fight

Chestnut Tree BlightCommissionBelieve they can Exterminate the Evil

While the following, taken from the
Philadelphia Post, is somewhat en-
thusiastic in its character, neverthe-
less the authorities of the Chestnut
Tree Blight Commission of Pennsyl-
vania state that it is substantially cor-
rect. It is gratifying to know that
such success has attended the efforts
of this commission. It is both an in-
centive and a warning to Canadians
to be on the alert in fighting at the
earliest possible stage the enemies
which threaten our forests.

A current example of the effectiveness
of common-Fen?e, scientific methods is found
in the work of the Pennsylvania commission
now engaged in exterminating the chestnut-
tree blight. This organization is barely
eighteen months old ; but in that short
space of time it has quieted the fears of the
almost panic-stricken landowners and has
got the situation well in hand. The entire
field has been thoroughly scouted, the
centers of the (lisease located and a great
quantity of infected trees treated, destroyed
or rendered harmless.

Chestnut blight is caused by a fungus.
There are two fungous growths that are very
similar in appearance, but it has just been
discovered that only one of them is harm-
ful to the trees. Studies made by the com-
mission indicate that the di^ea^e-creating
fungus is spread in the form of spores, which

are shot out into the air in enormous num-
bers, particularly in wet weather. This
new information is of importance in that
it will modify the existing methods of
preventing the spread of the blight.

Wherever the inspectors of the commis-
sion find blighted trees they cut out the
diseased portions of trunks and branches.
This method had formerly been tried with-
out much success; but improved technic
has made it thoroughly effective. The
diseased wood, after its removal, is burned,
and when the new sprouts come they are
usually found to be healthy.

Just as boards of health quarantine indi-
viduals, modern foresters quarantine dis-
eased trees. Three or four serious outbreaks
of chestnut blight in the western part of
Pennsylvania were traced to infected nur-
sery stock. Since this time the inspectors
have turned their attention to the nurseries
and have examined every individual tree
offered for sale. This is a costly and tedious
process, but it apears to be justified by the
results it produces.

Not the least important researches of the
commission are being devoted to tree medi-
cation and the discovery of a liquid fungi-
cide that can be safely and effectively in-
jected into trunks and branches. In this
field the investigators encounter one oi the
great obstacles of human medication — the
difficulty of finding a substance that will
kill the germs without injuring their host.
In this interesting and important work the
commission has the co-operation of the office
of Forest Pathology at Washington.

With the Forest Engineers*

(Contributed by the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.)

USE OF THE LETTERS 'F.E.'

Editor Canadian Forestry Journal :

Sir, — I am enclosing herewith a
circular letter recently sent to the
various members of the Canadian So-
ciety of Forest Engineers, by direc-
tion of the society at its last annual
meeting. I hope that you may find
room to reproduce this letter in your
columns.

The feeling of the society, which
represents the body of professional
foresters in the Dominion, is disinctly
adverse to the loose use of this desig-
nation, or degree, which has already
been made by certain individuals, and
which finds a certain analogy in the
indefinite use so often made of the
designation 'C.E.' (properly a gradu-
ate university degree). As the letter
points out, the letters 'F.E.' may
rightfully be placed after the name
only when the man has been granted^
this degree by a university.

While the society does not expect
to control the usage of individuals in
the matter of using these letters, it
wishes that its position in regard to
them may clearly be understood and
its desire to restrict the use of the
letters to those who have a clear and
undisputed right to such use.

Respectfully yours,

F. W. H. JACOMBE,
Sec.-Treas. Canadian Society of For-
est Engineers.

The Circular.

The attention of the members of this
society is called to the fact that membership
in the society gives no right to the use of
the letters 'F.E.' after any member's name.
Thus, John Smith does not, simply because
he is a member of this society, acquire there-
by the right to sign his name STohn Smith,
F.E. ', or in any way to so designate him-
self.

These letters can properly be added only
to the names of those who have been grant-
ed the degree of Forest Engineer* by some
university. The University of Toronto, for
instance, gives the degree of Forest Engi-
neer (and so the right to use the letters
'F.E.') to certain of its graduates who have
(1) obtained the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Forestry (B. Sc.F.) and (2) have
also taken several years of practical work
after graduation.

It is, of course, taken for granted that
members of this society, unless they have
gained the degree in the regular way as
aforesaid, will refrain from using the letters
after their names.

The letters 'C.S.F.E.' or 'M.C.S.F.E.'
have been suggested as proper to be used
by members of this society to indicate their
membership therein.

Officers for 1913.

The following have been elected
officers of the Canadian Society of
Forest Engineers for the ensuing
year: President, Dr. B. E. Fernow;
Vice-President, Mr. R. H. Campbell;
Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. F. W. H.
Jacombe ; Executive Committee,
Messrs. Ell wood Wilson and E. J.
Zavitz.

RANGER SCHOOL AT WORK.

During the past winter the students of the
State Ranger School of the New York State
College of Forestry at Syracuse University
have been doing practical work at Cranberry
Lake. The boys have been at work estimat-
ing the timber on snowshoes. The School
authorities believe that by careful manage-
ment the School should be able to make from
$2.50 to $4 per acre per year on the 1,800
acres of the tract.

THE MAILING LIST.

Our mailing list is made up from latest
data at hand and is corrected monthly.
Each member is requested to report to the
Secretary promptly any error in his address,
or any change made or contemplated, that
the Canadian Forestry Journal may reach
every member regularly.

46

Canadian Forestry Association.

47

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES
and shrubs at forest
prices.

Native and foreign tree seeds.

Edye-de- Hurst & Son,

Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

SHIPPERS TO H. M. GOVERNMENT, ETC

CoiTespondance Frangaise.

FOREST

ENGINEERS.

Forest Surveys

Logging Maps

TIMBER

ESTIMATES

Water Power

Water Storage.

CLARK, LYFORD, & STERLING 1

1331 Real Estate Trust Bldg., Philadelphia |

CLARK & LYFORD,

LYFORD, CLARK & LYFORD,

40.^ Crown Bldg.

26 Board of Trade Bldg

VANCOUVER

MONTREAL

R. ©. SWEEZEY,

CIVIL & FORESTRY ENGINEER

Timber Surveys, Lumbering
and Water Powers.

Metropolitan BIdg.

QUEBEC, Canada.

THE SMITH STUMP PULLER

This photopraph shows the work of the Smith Stump
Puller, pulling stumps with one hnrse, stumps that run
from 4 to 6 feet throuch. atan average cost of 5 cents
per 3 tump. Write for our free Catalog.
W. SMITH GRUBBER CO.. 15 Smith Sta., La Crsscant. Minn.

Canadian Forestry Association

The Cana<lian Forestry Association is the
organization in Canarla for the propagation
of the principles of forest conservation.
This it (Ices by means of conventions, meet-
ings, lectures and literature.

It is a popular organization supported by
the fees of members, assisted by some gov-
ernment grants.

There is a vast field of work before the
Association which is only limited by the
funds at the disposal of the Association.

Thofe who are not already members are
invited to join and assist in the work. The
mefnbership fee is one dollar per year, and
this entitles the member to attend and vote
at all meetings and to receive the Annual
Report and the Canadian Forc/ttry Journal.
Women as well as men are eligible for mem»
bership.

Application^ for membership and requests;

for literature and information may be ad-
dressoil to

The Secretary,
Caandian Forestry Association,

Canadian Building, Ottawa, Can.

Objects of the Association.

(1) The exploration of the public domain^^
so that lands unsuitable for agriculture may
be reserved for timber production.

(2) The preservation of the forests for
their influence on climate. Foil and water
supply.

(3) The promotion of judicious methods-
in dealing with forests and woodlands.'

(4) Tree planting on the plains and on
streets and highways.

(o) Reforestation wliere. advisable.

(6) The collection and diss.emination of
information bearing on the forestry problem
in general.

Jniversity of
New Bmi)swick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Established in igoS

Four years' course leading to the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry. Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expenses correspondingly moderate.

For further injonnation address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. — — —

C. C. JONES, Chancellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syrak.Gtxse, Ne'vir York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science in Foiestry.
Postgraduate course to Master of
Forestry ; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks and Ranger School
given on the College Forest of
2,000 acres at Wanakena in the
Adirondacks. Forest Experiment
Station of 90 acres and excellent
Library offer unusual oppoitu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For particulars address
HUGH P, BAKER. D. Oeo. De&n

BILTMORE, - - North Carolina

'J'HE Biltmore Forest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in the
United States. The Biltmore Forest
School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
near Biltmore; summer quarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests of Ger-
many. (\ The course of instruction
covers any and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship of six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Rachelor of Forestry.

Write /or catalog of Biltmore
Forest School ^ addressing —

THE DIRECTOR. BILTMORE. N. C. U. S. A.

1[«NIV[R8IIYF0R[SI SCHOOL

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is offered leading- to the
degree of Master of Forestry
The Forest School ii a graduate
department of Yale Universiiy
requiring: for admission a collegre
training. Graduates of universi-
ties, colleges, or scientific ins-
titutions ot high standing are
admitted upon presentation oi
their diplomas, provided they
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subjects in their under-
graduate work : at least one
full year in college or Univeisity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoology, Physics, Inorg-anic
Chemistry, Geology, Econom cs.
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing may take examinations
in any subject but are required
in addition to present evidence
ot a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
early July and is conducted at
the school camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For further information address

JAnES W. TOUnBY. Director

NEW HAVEN - - - - COMNBOTICVT

V© R A ^~

Canadiltt fop^oplournal

^

ITY OF Ig

m

liS

Vol. IX.

Ottawa,

A, April 1913.

No. 4

CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL,

Published monthly by the

Canadian Forestry Association,

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canada.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Winnipeg Convention 49

Editorial Notes 50

Dominion Forest Service 51

Booth, Mr. John R 53

Pulpwood Statistics for 1912 54

Riordon, Mr. Carl 55

British Columbia Regulations 55

Plantations in Foreign Countries 56

Dwight, Mr. T. AV 57

Work of a Forest Engineer 58

With the Forest Engineers 62

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General.

Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden.

Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

President, Hon. W. A. Charlton.

Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P.

Secretary, Jas. Lawler, Canadian Building,

Slater St., Ottawa.

Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson.

Directors : Wm. Little, Hiram Robinson, Aubrey

White, E. Stewart, H. M. Price, W. B. Snowball,

Thomas Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y.

Chown, John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H.

Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E.

Femow, Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C.

Whitman, G. C. Pich6, Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. O. E.

Mathieu, Bishop of Regina; A. P. Stevenson, Wm.

Pearce, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson

Booth. Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve,

W. C. J. Hall. J. S. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J.

Zavitx. Geo. Chahoon Jr., R. D. Prettie.

T«rritorlal VIce-PrMldents ;

Ontario: — Hon. W. H. Hearst.
Quebec: — Hon. Jules Allard.
New Brunswick:— Hon. J. H. Flemming.
Nova Scotia:— Hon. O. T. DanieUi.
Manitoba:- Hon. R. P. Roblin.
Prince Edward Island:— Hon. J. A. Matheson.
Saskatchewan— His Honor G. W. Brown.
Alberta:— Hon. A. L. Sifton.
British Columbia:— Hon. W. R. Ross.
Yukon: — Geo. Black, Commissioner.
Mackensie:- F. D. Wilson.
Keewatin:— His Honor D. C. Cameron.
Ungava:— His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi. Archbishop of
Montreal.

WINNIPEG CONVENTION.

Arrangements are now rapidly-
progressing for the Winnipeg Con-
vention within the days July 7 fo
10. The exact apportionment of these
days has not yet been decided, but
it is possible that the Convention
will open with addresses of wel-
come and replies on the evening
of July 7, and that the business ses-
sions will take place on July 8 and
9. In any event the meetings will
lie within these four days.

Place of Meeting.

The sessions will be held in one of
the halls of the Winnipeg Industrial
Bureau in the heart of the city at the
corner of Main apd Water streets.
This building, which covers the site
of the famous Manitoba Hotel and
Northern Pacific Railway Station,
has two large assembly halls and a
number of smaller rooms which may
be used for committee rooms, etc.

Railway Arrangements.

Owing to the fact that this meet-
ing will be held during the first days
of the Winnipeg Exhibition, those at-
tending from within the Winnipeg
Fair territory will purchase the
special rate tickets then in force,
and will thus not be required
to secure certificates. The Winni-
peg Fair territory embraces all
the country, in Canada between Fort
William and the Calgary Edmontoji
district. From all stations in Can-
ada east of Port Arthur members at-
tending as delegates can secure a
round trip for a single fare (plus
25c) on the certificate plan, the par-
ticulars of which will be furnished
on application to the Secretary. The

I

49

50

Canadian Forestry Journal, April 1913.

going dates for these tickets will be
July 3 to 6 inclusive.

The certificates signed by the Sec-
retary at Winnipeg will be honored
up to and including July 24 for re-
turn.

These rates are for all rail trips. Where
it is desired to make part of the trip by
steamer across the Great Lakes the rates
will be as follows: —

P^oing all-rail, returning lake and rail,
$9 additional

Going lake and rail, returning all-rail,
$4 additional.

Going lake and rail, returning same
route, $13 additional.

Convention rates have been secured
for delegates from British Columbia
points, particulars of which may be
had upon application to the secretary.

Mr. R. S. Gourlay, President of
the Canadian Manufacturers Associ-
ation, in addressing the Canadian
Club of Ottawa, on March 29, on
'Ontario Present and Future,' drew
attention to some matters which are
apt to be overlooked. People often
spoke of wheat as king, yet timber,
not wheat, was the largest single
crop in Canada. The figures are :
timber, $166,000,000; wheat, $121,-
000,000. Mr. Gourlay also drew at-
tention to the value of the tourist or
sporting value of fish in Ontario.
Ontario was fitted to be the great
holidaying ground of the continent,
if not of the world, and it behooved
her, therefore, to protect these game
and recreation features by protect-
ing her forests. Mr. Gourlay has
long been a friend of forest con-
servation, and this is an aspect that
is coming more and more to appeal
to the business men of the country.

Those who do not believe forest
conservation is making progress on
this continent must keep their eyes
closed to the fact. Even five or six
years ago it was difficult to get ma-
terial dealing with forest conserva-
tion. To-day it is impossible to take
up a newspaper or magazine with-
out finding articles on the subject.

Besides this on every hand organiza-
tions are springing up, or are being
strengthened, to support the cause.
There is much to be done. There is
no time to lose for each year sees in-
roads made by fire into our forests,
one hundred or two hundred years
old. There is much avoidable w^aste.
There is every need for all friends of
conservation to work to have this
progressive sentiment crystallize in-
to action. But at the same time,
while there is the need, there is also
the encouragement that much has
been accomplished and that ground
is being gained every day. It is the
aim of the Canadian Forestry Jour-
nal to give a bird's eye view of the
field, and the result is that articles
have to be shortened in order that
even important happenings may be
briefl}^ chronicled. Our readers are
sending in communications as never
before, and as it will always be the
ai]n to publish first those article";
dealing with our own country and
our own time, the Editor will appre-
ciate the development of this fea-
ture.

The preservation of mine timbers by
chemical treatment has not yet been adopted
by the mining industries of Canada. In
many localities, however, the distances re-
quired to transport mining timbers are be-
coming greater, poorer qualities of woods
have to be used and the annual cost of the
upkeep of mine timbering is becoming
greater. In the United States much has
been done in the treatment of mine tim-
bers and it has been proved that a treatment
of creosote or zinc chloride decreases the
destruction due to decay, fire and insects.
This increases the life of the timbers and
decreases the annual cost of replacing mine
timbers. Timber used in mines has, on the
average, a shorter life than wood used for
any other purpose. The surroundings in a
mine are very conducive to rot, which, after
a period of three to five years, causes the
timber to break, crumble and become use-
less. Experiments have been conducted in
United States mines with a row of untreated
and treated mine props alternately placed.
In one instance, after 18 months, every un-
treated stick was weakened by decay and
broken, while the treated props were sound
and useful. From various practical experi-
ments of this kind with different species
of wood important results have been ob-
tained.

Dominion Forest Service

Outline of Present Organization and Projected Lines of Work.
T. ^y. Dwight, Assistant Director of Forestry.

The Dominion Forestry Branch has, dur-
ing the past three months, been directing
its best energies to a comprehensive con-
sideration of the possible means of taking,
during the coming season, a big step for-
ward in the direction of putting its or-
ganization into definite form. It has been
for some time apparent that radical
changes and elaborations in the general
structure of the organization and in the
methods of handling business were requir-
ed. The urgent necessity for this has been
brought about by large increases in the
area of the forest reserves that followed
the careful examination of the mountain
regions in Alberta and British Columbia.
These reconnaissances have been con-
tinued in the newly surveyed districts ly-
ing in the wooded belt of country ex-
tending to the north of the prairie regions
of the Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatche-
wan and Alberta. They have revealed the
fact that there, too, are extensive areas
that will be great sources of wealth and
benefit to the rapidly growing population
of the unbroken agricultural regions to the
south, if they are managed scientifically
with a view to continuing permanently
on them the production of wood. With
this situation prominently in their minds,
the chief thoughts of the Director of
Forestry and his chief lieutenants have
been directed towards taking the steps
necessary to enable the Forestry Branch
to cope with problems that will be thrust
upon them at a rate all too fast to enable
it to keep pace. There has been, too,
the feeling of the responsibility of the Do-
minion organization to take the leadership
in efficient and progressive administra-
tion, so that their action might serve as
a stimulus to the provincial organizations
in making similar progress towards plac-
ing under wise and provident care the
valuable resources entrusted to them.

The Framework.

A tentative framework for the organi-
zation was outlined at the beginning of
the season of 1912, and preliminary steps
were taken to carry on the work in ac-
cordance with it. The practical problems
immediately encountered when the actual
operation was in effect showed, in innum-

erable instances, the necessity of rapidly
developing, the organization along the gen-
eral lines laid down. The most pressing
details requiring attention were brought
prominently into view, and, with the pur-
pose of considering these, a meeting was
arranged at Ottawa of the Inspectors
having charge of the different divisions
of the work in the field. For the space
of a month there were taken into consid-
eration such problems as the general re-
vision of the regulations governing forest
reserves, the construction of fresh outlines
to indicate the methods by which the busi-
ness of the Forestry Branch should be han-
dled, and the delineation of the present
and future steps necessary to the develop-
ing of an efficient and well-trained person-
nel. The management of forest reserves
for the fullest benefit of the public in-
volves many problems. There is not only
the control in a scientific manner of the
disposal of the timber grown on them, but
also the making available of the grazing
lands in many places intermingled with,
and inseparable from, the timberland. The
disposal of the mining rights, which in
the Rocky Mountain coal areas are enor-
mous in extent and value, must be pro-
vided for. The regulation of the use of
land for railways, summer resorts, towns
and other numerous purposes is a many-
sided problem. Fish and game must also
be protected, so that the forest reserves
may remain a permanent asset to the
general public, not only on a material
basis, but also from the standpoint of
health and recreation. When this is real-
ized, the extent of the problems to be met
may be comprehended.

The subdivision of the organization into
distinct branches to handle the various
lines of work was an initial step. The
duties of the Head Office at Ottawa were
first outlined. Here the general plans
?niiMt be submitted and considered, and the
control and co-ordination of the wrok se-
cured. Detailed recor/ls of all work must
also be kept here, in order that informa-
tion in regard to it may be put before
the public through the agencies of the
press and of government publications, and
•iirectly before the representatives of the
peo[)Ie, the ministers of the Crown and the

51

52

Canadian Forestry Journal, April 1913.

members of parliament. To cope adequate-
ly with the demands of this work, the need
of a large increase in the staff at this
point was apparent.

In the field the work has been placed
under the supervision of Inspectors. For
the administration of forest reserves, dis-
tricts have been outlined in accordance
with provincial boundaries. In each of
them, the staffs in charge of the forest re-
serves are to be under the direction of a
single field-officer. For these positions
men have been selected who possessed
large ability in administrative matters,
and the highest qualifications for forest
administration, and who were calculated t'^
be fitted for developing the work along
the best and most efficient lines.

Protection Work.

The duties of the Forestry Branch in-
clude the protection of the timber on all
lands under the control of the Dominion
government, no matter whether or not it
is included in forest reserves. For the
protection of the lands outside of the for-
est reserves, a special staff has been main-
tained. The work has been put, during
the past year, under the supervision of an
Inspector. A staff of Chief Fire Rangers
have recently been permanently appointed,
and they will be engaged throughout the
year, in familiarizing themselves with, and
planning for, the solution of the problems
to be met in their respective districts. The
advances made in this department of the
work have been greater than in almost any
other. The inauguration, through the
Board of Railway Commissioners, of a pat-
rol by the railway companies of the lines
passing through timbered districts has
enabled the Forestry Branch, which here-
tofore carried out this work, to extend the
protection given by its staff to many new
areas removed from the present railway
lines. The attention of the Inspector of
Fire Ranging during the present summer is
to be devoted, for a considerable time, to
the further extension of the fire patrols in
regions hitherto untouched. A trip has
been planned which will enable him to se-
cure a first-hand knowledge of the vast
needs of the timbered area draining into,
and lying along, the lower reaches of the
Mackenzie river and probably also of the
Yukon Territory.

The increase of the area included in the
forest reserves to take in the non-agricul-
tural areas at present lying in the van of
the rapidly extending settlement is a pro-
blem that is an ever-pressing one. Before
any land is recommended to be included
in a forest reserve a careful examination
is made of it. Not only must the timber
resources that may be comprised in it be
determined, but there must also be investi-
gated the nature and agricultural possibili-
ties of the soil and the relation of the for-

est cover to the maintenance and regula-
tion of the water-flow of the region. The
information furnished in the preliminary
reports made by the Dominion Land Sur-
veyors is made available to the men carry-
ing on these examinations. The decision
as to the ultimate disposal of the land
can then be based on a broad consideration
of the best permanent use that the land
can serve for the community. It is keenly
felt that this examination should be made,
and the decision reached, well in advance
of any settlement in the region, in order
that new settlers may be guided into the
best agricultural regions and may be pro-
tected from attempting settlement on lands
where agriculture cannot thrive. In all
parts of the Dominion, and particularly
in the Western Provinces, where settlement
of new lands has of late progressed so rap-
idly, many unfortunate instances have
come under observation of settlers locat-
ing, through ignorance, on lands unsuit-
ed to their occupation. The result has
been a later abandonment of the land
with a great loss to the individual and
with a greater waste of capital and
energy to the country. It may be seen,
therefore, that this work of the Forestry
Branch has * a much broader scope than
that connected with the mere management
and protection of forest lands, as it in-
cludes the wise regulation of settlement.
This last is one of the most important
duties of the government.

As the areas to be examined are in most
cases removed from the existing centres
of forest reserve management or of fire
patrol, this work is organized as a separate
division. Men with technical training in
forest and soil conditions and in the me-
thods of forest reconnaissance are em-
ployed to carry on the field work. An
agricultural expert with special training in
regard to soils has recently been engaged
to insure the bringing to bear of the most
advanced knowledge on thi^ phase of the
problem. The results of the investigations
are made available to the public in the
form of government bulletins whenever
new conditions and new problems are met.

The areas to receive special attention
during the coming summer are the Peace
River district, the moruntainous regions of
the Railway Belt in British Columbia,
some of the areas of sandy, stony and
swamp soils in the northern portion of
Saskatchewan, and in Manitoba the area
lying between Lakes Winnipeg and Mani-
toba.

Tree Planting.

Another important divi«ion of the work
of the Forestry Branch is the extension
of tree-growth in the treeless settled re-
gions of the prairie Provinces. This is
done by the encouragement of private
planting. Seedlings of hlardwood species

Eominion Forest Servich

53

are distributed to settlers free of cost,
and seedlings of coniferous species are fur-
nished at the cost of growing them in the
nurseries. This work, inaugurated about
a dozen vears ago, has met with great
success from the start. The purpose held
in vieV was the furnishing of a supply of
fuel, fence posts, etc., to the settlers, the
protection from storms of their dwellings
and the beautification of the general land-
scape. The best index of the success of

MR. JOHN R. BOOTH.

On Saturday, April 5, Mr. John R.
Booth, of Ottawa, celebrated his
eighty -sixth birthday, in good health
and in active control of his great
lumber, paper and other interests.
Mr. Booth was one of the charter
members of the Canadian Forestry
A.ssociation, and was for some years
a director, which office is now filled
by his son, Mr. C. Jackson Booth.
At the 1906 Convention in Ottawa,
]Mr. Booth put at the disposal of the
committee of arrangements a special
train which took the delegates out
over the- Canada Atlantic Railway
(Mr. Booth's line) to see the opera-
tions on one of his limits in the Mad-
awaska district. Mr. Booth has al-
ways been a strong supporter of
forest conservation.

this work is the appreciation shown by
the people receiving the benefit from it.
This has expressed itself in a continually
growing demand for the nursery stock.
The extent of this demand led the depart-
ment last year to decide on the establish-
ment of a nursery at Saskatoon to supple-
ment that now established at Indian Head.
The work of putting the nursery under
way is being undertaken this year.

Statistics and Laboratory.

In connection with the head office at
Ottawa, various lines of work are being
undertaken and developed, with the idea
of bringing the general problem of forestry
before the public and of increasing the
knowledge of those directly using forest
products in regard to the material they
are handling.

A technical forester will from now on
devote his whole time to the gathering and
preparing for publication of the existing
knowledge in regard to the forest resources
of the country. This information will also
be made available for use in the public
lectures given at frequent intervals by offi-
cers of the department. The information
used in the past as a basis for these lec-
tures has, to too great an extent, been
based on the experience and data of other
countries. It is intended in future to use
to a much larger extent the knowledge
acquired in this country itself.

For the benefit of the industries using
wood in various forms, statistics of the
quantity and value of the wood so used are
compiled annually. The most detailed
work in this connection is in regard to the
use of wood in its highest manufactured
form by factories of various sorts. This
work is being undertaken by Provinces.
A report will shortly be published, giving
the data gathered in Ontario in 1912, and
a report with regard to the Maritime Pro-
vinces is in an advanced state of prepara-
tion. The Province of Quebec will next
receive attention, and later the western
Provinces.

A most important development of this
work has been the establishment, through
the co-operation of McGill University, of
a wood-products laboratory. In this labor-
atory there will be investigated the
strength and other properties of the vari-
ous woods of industrial importance. One
of the large problems that will engage its
early attention will be the methods of man-
ufacturing wood-pulp for paper and the
suitability of various species of wood for
Huch manufacture.

Another department recently inaugurat-
ed is the making of studies and the giv-
ing of assistance in relation to the manage-
ment of privately owned woodlands, espe-
cially the smaller areas in settled districts.
The Forestry Branch is continually in re-
ceipt of requests from the owners of such

54

Canadian Forestry Journal, April 1913

tracts for information and advice. The
supervision of the management of a small
tract owned by the Y.M.CA. near Lake
Couchiching (Ontario) has been under-
taken by the Forestry Branch. It will be
the object of this management to main-
tain the permanent continuity of forest
cover, and at the same time procure for
the owners of the tract the greatest pos-
sible benefit and revenue. In connection
with this work studies will be made of the
rate of growth and suitability for im-
portation into this country of various ex-
otic trees that might prove of value to
the owners of small tracts of woodlands
who desire to make the most of their wood-
lots and plantations.

The outline given of these lines of
work (still merely in their infancy) will
make clear the necessity for large in-
creases in staff. An especial difficulty
has been experienced in securing the ser-
vices of men properly trained f5r the
duties of planning and supervising the
various activities. The forestry schools of
the country are developing men of the
right caliber and abilities, but at a rate
altogether inadequate. A considerable
number of acquisitions of technical men
has, however, been made recently, which
will allow important development.

Canadian Pulpwood Statistics for 1912

Figures from the Forthcoming Bulletin of the Dominion Forestry Branch.

A total of 1,846,910 cords of pulpwood
were cut in Canada during 1912; of this
866,042 cords were manufactured into pulp
in Canadian mills while 980,868 cords were
exported in the raw or unmanufactured
state. This is an increase of 21.5 per cent
over the total cut of 1911 — an increase of
28.8 per cent in manufacture of pulp and
an increase of 16.6 per cent in export of
raw pulpwood.

The average value per cord of pulpwood
consumed bv Canada's pulp mills decreas-
ed from $6.45 to $6.02. The total value of
pulpwood used in the industry in 1912 was
$5,215,582.

Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick still
head the list of provinces in consumption
of pulpwood. British Columbia, however,
has increased its consumption by some
thirty-four thousand cords bringing it up
to fourth place ahead of Nova Scotia. A
decrease of 18.6 per cent in consumption
is noticed in Ontario during 1912; all other
provinces having increased during the
year.

The use of balsam fir for pulp manufac-
ture has increased from 17.5 per cent in
1911 to 19 per cent, in 1912, and with this
there is a decrease in the proportion of
spruce from 81.6 per cent to 78.2 per cent.
An increase in the proportion of hemlock
used is due to the consumption in British
Columbia where over seventeen thousand
cords of this material were used in 1912.
Western larch was reported for the first
time from this Province.

The mechanical and sulphite processes
still head the list, but the sulphate pro-
cess used practically for the first time in
1912, was employed in manufacturing over
sixty-six thousand cords of pulpwood, put-
ting this process third on the list. This

replaces the soda process, the use of which
decreased by 72.9 per cent.

The export of the finished product, wood-
pulp, has increased by 34.1 per cent. The
proportions of ground wood and chemical
pulp remained practically stationary at
about 85 and 15 per cent, respectively.
In 1911 over 99 per cent, of the export
went to the United States. In 1912 only
about 63 per cent, was exported to that
country, while Great Britain imported al-
most 37 per cent and Japan entered the
market purchasing 1,046 tons of pulp,
mostly chemically prepared. China and
New Zealand also imported small quanti-
ties of Canadian wood-pulp.

Wood-pulp was imported into Canada
from the United States, Sweden, Great Bri-
tain, Germany and Austria-Hungary in
1912, indicating that in some cases these
countries can manufacture pulp cheaper
than Canada or that they produce some
special grade of material desired by Can-
adian paper makers. The total value of
imports of pulp increased by 83.7 per cent
in 1912.

Canada still exports over half the pulp-
wood produced in the country. In fact,
the proportion of wood exported in the raw
state increased from 55.8 per cent in 1911
to 56.1 per cent in 1912.

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia manu-
factured less of their pulpwood in 1912
than in 1911, while the proportions in On-
tario remained the same. British Columbia
was the only Province which reported hav-
ing manufactured all its pulpwood into
pulp in the Province. The effects of legis-
lation restricting the export of raw pulp-
wood are most evident in Quebec, where
43.5 ]>er cent of the cut of pulpwood was
manufactured within the Province in 1912
as opposed to only 38.0 per cent in 1911.

Regulating Gutting in British Columbia

A. V. Gilbert, B. C. Forest Service, Tete Jaune Cache, B.C.

It has occurred to me that some of the
readers of the Canadian Forestry Journal
woula be interested to hear of the suc-
cess which has attended the efforts of the
recently organized Forest Branch of Brit-
ish Columbia with regard to the regula-
tion of the cutting of timber on Crown

MB. CABL RIORDON.

Mr. Carl Riordon, Vice-President
and Managing Director of the Rior-
don Pulp and Paper Co., has been
elected President of the newly form-
ed Canadian Pulp and Paper Asso-
ciation. Mr. Riordon has been for
many years a member of the Cana-
dian Forestry Association, and up
till this year was a Director when
he resigned, feeling that some per-
son who could give more time should
be elected. Mr. Riordon has taken
a deep interest in the cause of forest
conservation. He read a valuable
paper at the 1909 Convention, and
it is confidently expected that the
Association will have the advantage
of his counsel on future occasions.

lands for construction purposes being car-
ried on by the Grand Trunk Pacific Rail-
way Company.

The proper clearing and burning of de-
bris on the rightofway, which is under the
supervision of the divisional fire-warden of
each district, has been carefully looked
after, but as this has always been in-
sisted upon there is little difficulty in hav-
ing it carried out. On the other hand an
innovation, which proved a slight stum-
bling-block at first, was the demand of the
Forest Branch that where any timber for
construction purposes is being taken out
the tops shall be lopped and all brush
shall be piled according to the directions
of the local forest officer, who will also
supervise the burning of this debris at the
proper time, this latter expense to be borne
by the Government This is, I believe, the
first instance in Canada, where railway
contractors have been required to adopt
such measures.

The most extensive cutting being done
in any localized centres is in connection
with the taking out of ties and bridge
timber. The fact that this work is let by
contract would explain why some slight
difficulty was encountered at first by the
forest officers.

When the railway company wishes to cut
on any certain piece of land they must
first apply to the local forest officer who
examines this land and reports to the head
office at Victoria, where the application
is finally passed upon, and if accepted a
;»otinit to cut is granted. On each permit
tlie following instructions are given special
emphasis: 'All tops shall be lopped and
j>iled with all other slash and debris re-
sulting from logging operations in compact
j»ilos, and shall be so piled that when burn-
ed no damage will result to the remaining
standing timber.' The railway company
did not mention this specifically in the
contracts which they let but the contracts
stated that all cutting be done according
to the directions of the forest officers.
Naturally any of the contractors who did
not inform themselves as to the regulations
of the British Columbia Forest Branch
were a little loath to undertaken work
which meant a direct loss to their profits.
As the contractor usually sub-lets the con-
tract and probably the sub-contractor in
turn sub-lets it again, it gave more oppor-
tunity for misunderstandings to occur and
in this way some delay occurred in the
starting of the brush piling. However on
the matter being taken up with the rail-

55

56

Canadian Forestry Journal, April 1913.

way company by the Minister of Lands,
the Hon. W. E. Eoss, who is actively in-
terested in carrying out the policy of the
Forest Branch, the contractors were in-
structed to see that all demands of the
forest officers were carried out, and at the
present time the work of piling the brush
is being carried on by all the contractors,
without exception, in this district.

The contractors endeavoured to get the
tie-makers to pile the brush and offered
them one cent a tie more than they were
getting, but they would not accept this,
and consequently a special crew had to be
engaged to do the work. Of course the
work can be done cheapest by the tie-
maker, and the statement has often been
advanced that the brush can be piled for

one cent a tie if done by the tie-maker,,
but a great deal depends on the nature of
the timber and the country. It is very
doubtful if the work can be done for that
figure in this valley where the timber is
mostly spruce and runs very much to brush.
On one permit the brush has been piled for
one and a half cents a tie, but in this case
four tie-makers took the contract in part-
nership and they are doing most of the
brush piling themselves, which fact would
lead one to believe that they can do the
work much cheaper than it can be done by
a contractor who is hiring day labor. As
a matter of fact, it is very difficult to
secure laborers for this work at all because
it is rather unpleasant when there is much
snow in the bush and the men who do-
take it up seem rather inefficient.

Records and Care of Plantations in Foreign

Countries.

Geo. H. Retan, Forester, Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry, Mont Alto, Penn.

The following notes of an address by Mr. Eetan before a gathering of Pennsyl-
vania foresters were sent by him at the request of the Editor of the Canadian For-
estry Journal. It is hoped to have other articles from the pen of Mr. Eetan in the
near future.

Eecords of plantations, as plantations,
do not exist. On the contrary records are
continuous for every unit of management.
They not only cover the present planta-
tions on the ground but give the complete
history of the last stand occupying the
site. These records are complete in every
feature, typical of the scientific German
character.

Eecords are of two kinds, written and
cartographical. The two show practically
the same thing, the written covering a
longer period of time/ One map may
show geological characteristics and quality
of the soil, age and species of the stand,
units of managament and even sylvicul-
tural plans. The written record adds as
to the plantation in particular, a minute
history of every expense, loss, treatment
and results. There is never a second fail-
ure from the same reason.

Protection in Germany is the result of
several co-operating forces. The chief of
these in their order of importance seem
to be:

Continued period of high relative hu-
midity.

An adequate force.

A large permanent labor force.

A comj)letely developed transportation
svstem.

The sense of individual ownership.

The utilization of the litter.

In the Black forest, Odenwald, Bava-
rian Highlands, and Ehine, there were few
days during the whole fall when a fire
would have been possible. From what I
could learn it was not an exceptional fall,
nor was the actual rainfall heavy. The
air seemed always damp and foggy or
actually misty. To this cause may be at-
tributed the success of the plantations of
the Pacific Coast species in Germany.

Then we have the important fact that
every inhabitant, peasant or prince, has
a more or less concrete sense of owner-
ship in the forest. "Whether he is merely
entitled to a yearly amount of firewood
free or whether he is in a . community
whose taxes are greatly lessened because
of the communal forest, he has the indi-
vidual sense of 'pocketbook' interest
which impels him to protect his own pro-
perty. What a difference this alone would
make in Pennsylvania!

As to the roads, praise cannot be too
great. Whether on the sands of the Ehine
Valley where roads cost little or in the
Saxon Erzgebirge, fully as rocky as the
mountains of Central Pennsylvania, there
is present the same intensity of the road
system. At Tharandt where Cotta in ISll

Records and Care of Plantations in Foreign Countries

57

made the first scientific German working
plans, they are now revising these plans
in entirety in order to develop a more
economic road system. Consciously or un-
consciously German protection is about
summarized in the one word Roads.

Plantations are universally protected
against man. These are the only woods
that the tourist is not allowed to enter.
Everywhere is the sign 'walking forbid-
den.'

Protection from erosion is provided for
in plantations on steep hillsides by ter-
races. These may be only a single or
double furrow made with a plow or the
more elaborate terraces of the French re-
foresting work.

In the shore plantations generally wind-
breaks are erected or grasses planted until
the trees are well started. In the Rhine
valley small cutting areas guard against
the drifting sand.

Sufficient shade for plantations is pro-
vided for in the manner of cutting. This
maj' be the strip system, a strip of planta-
tion alternating with a strip of highwood
or in groups of various sizes adapted to
the species planted. One form of light
protection was most interesting to us here
in Pennsylvania. This was in the trans-
formation of coppice into highforest. In
this all the stump sprouts but one were
cut and the one left was the strongest.
This one sprout absorbs the whole energy
of the stump to prevent more suckers
and at the same time protects the planta-
tion. After the plantation is once estab-
lished these single sprouts are cut out.
This method proved far superior to clear
cutting where the sprouts must be cut
back once or twice at an expense equalling
the first cost of the plantation. This
method is especially to be recommended
in frosty situations with species sensitive
to late or early frosts.

Protection against wild animals provec
a considerable source of expense, due es-
pecially to their hunting laws and game
protection. Against the deer fencing,
either wooden or wire, is used. In spruce
plantations the terminal shoots of every
tree are tarred in some sections. White
pine seedlings at Brettan were bound
with lead strips to prevent barking by ro-
dents.

Protection against insects and fungi is
too large a subject to speak of specifi-
cally. There is a careful watch kept for
the diseased tree and it is removed at once
and precautions taken where an epidemic
is feared. Whole plantations are some-
times sprayed with Bordeau mixture
where shedding disease of the Scotch ])ine
is present. Careful watch is kept in spruce
and pine plantations for the honey fungus,
etc. Plantations are left sheltered for five
years before the adjoining overwood is
cut out. It is claimed that after a five

year interval the usual crop of 'children's
diseases' has been run through with and
an adjoining plantation will not be in-
fected.

But the one measure that is claimed
to be most effective for protection is bird
protection. Birds are offered every induce-
ment to remain in the woods as bird
houses, concrete watering and bathing
tubs, feed huts for winter, feed when the
snow makes their living precarious, etc.

MR. T. W. DWIGHT, B. Sc.F.
Assistant Director of Forestry.

DURABILITY OF TIES.

Tho average life of untreated ties as re-
ported by the steam roads is as follows:
cedar, nine years; tamarack, eight years;
hemlock, seven years; Douglas fir, seven
years; jack pine, six years; spruce, six years.
As recent statistics bear evidence, cedar is
the species principally used, because of its
durability, but the supply of cedar is rapidly
becoming exhausted. Unless preservative
treatment of ties is introduced, the short-
lived sjiecies will have to be used untreated,
which, on account of the necessary frequent
renewal, will increase the cost of mileage
maintenance. If treated ties were used,
which would cost thirty cents extra per tie
for creosoting and equipping with tie plates,
the inferior species, which are very plenti-
ful and cheap in Canada, could be uf-ed with
economy. With sjich a treatment these
woods would last at least fifteen years, and
if protected from wear would probably last
much longer.

The Work oi a Forest Engineer.

By A. H. D. Boss, M.A., M.F., Lecturer in Forestry, University of Toronto.

In the present stage of our civilization,
wood, in one form or another, is an abso-
lute necessity. Our people use enormous
quantities of it for all sorts of purposes.

During the present century Canada's
population is sure to reach the eighty
million mark. Meanwhile enormous quan-
tities of wood will be required for the con-
struction of the railways needed to open
up the country in advance of settlement
and to build homes for the people. The
myth that Canada possesses inexhaustible
supplies of timber is now pretty well ex-
ploded. The fact of the matter is that
there is far less timber in Canada than
many Canadians are willing to admit, and
much of it is of an inferior quality. The
growing scarity of timber has led to a
steady rise in prices -during the last
fifteen years, and the end is not yet. In
eastern Canada the wholesale prices of
pine and spruce lumber have advanced
between fifty and sixty per cent. This is
partly due to the growing scarcity of tim-
ber and the increased cost of logging, and
partly to the enormous quantities of tim-
ber exported to other countries, but mainly
to a knowledge of the limited quantity
still available.

The growing scarcity of timber in other
countries than this and the constantly im-
proving transportation between the differ-
ent countries of the whole civilized world
warrant us in predicting the establishment
of world prices for timljer.

Thus, if Canadians are to avert the
evils which have overtaken other lands
where the forest resources have been al-
lowed to diminish or approach the vanish-
ing point, they must adopt a general and
far-reaching poli(;y for the management
of their timber lands. Such a policy must
be based upon an adequate, scientific and
practical grasp of the whole situation.
Hence there has arisen the necessity for
a class of men with both a training of a
highly technical nature and a clear con-
ception of things wliicli at first sight do
not seem to be related, even in the remot-
est degree. These men must clearly un-
derstand tlio relationships that exist be-
tween the different parts of their work.
Otherwise, they will make many seriqus
blunders and bring their profession into
disrepute.

A forester is not a mere botanist let
loose to air his theories at the expense of
others; neither is he a mere 'lumber-

jack', fire-ranger, sportsman, entomolo-
gist, pathologist, dendrologist, silvicultur-
ist, or any other kind of 'ist'. He
should be all of these rolled into one and
must clearly understand all these phases,
of the general problem of preserving his
property and increasing its productive
capacity. The profession of forestry
touches life at many points, and cannot
safely be entrusted to half-educated men.
It has constantly to deal with questions
of tremendous magnitude and importance,
and its devotees are engaged in a profes-
sion of which they may well be proud.

The professional forester does not aim
to oppose Nature, but to assist her — to
make use of the naturally favourable con-
ditions existing in any given locality and
to hold in check the unfavourable ones.
He exercises his skill in encouraging the
growth of the most suitable species, and
modifies their growth so as to produce the
most valuable timber in the shortest space
of time. All this must be done without
diminishing the value of the soil for the
production of future crops.

Just as the agriculturist is engaged in
the production of food crops, so the for-
ester is engaged in the production of wood
crops. Each carries on his business for the
practical purpose of producing a revenue.
Each must protect his crop from insect
ravages, fungus diseases, fire, trespass, _
etc. Each of them should guard against I
the impoverishment of the soil, and con- "
stantly aim to increase its value. In each
case, the land is the principal capital, and
any part of it either wholly non-produc-
tive or turned to a less profitable use than
it might be represents so much wasted
capital.

Twenty years ago, the science of for-
estry was regarded as an abstract and de-
batable theory, and all knowledge of it
was confined to a few experts and en-
thusiasts whose views were regarded as of
doubtful value. Today the most intelli-
gent and public-spirited members of the
community regard the treatment of forest
resources according to well established
forestry principles as a vital and urgent
economic problem. From what has already
been said, it is surely evident that the
professional forester should be thoroughly
trained in all the branches of his work if
he is to be of the highest service to the
state.

58

The Work of a Forest Engineer

59

Forestry Schools.
The recognition of this fact has led to
the establishment of a number of forestry
schools at leading educational centres on
this continent. In Canada alone we now
have three such schools. In October, 1907,
the Faculty of Forestry in the Uni-
versity of Toronto was established with
two instructors in forestry and eight stu-
dents. The number of students is now 47
and the teaching staff in forestry subjects
has been increased to four. In the Uni-
versity of New Brunswick, a Department
of Forestry was established in October,
1908 with one professor and ten students,
and at Laval University, Quebec, a Depart-
ment of Forestry was established in 1910
with two professors and fifteen students.

Preliminary Training.

The preliminary training for this pro-
fession consists of a four year undergrad-
uate course, supplemented with consider-
able practical experience in the field. A
brief outline of the course at the Univers-
ity of Toronto may be of interest. The
first two years work are mainly along the
line of an Arts course with Science Op-
tions, the last two years being almost en-
tirely devoted to technical forestry sub-
jects. There is also a six year combina-
tion course, whereby a man gets both his
Arts and his Forestry degree. There are
now six students taking this course, and it
is expected that the proportion of men
taking it will increase as time goes on.

In what may be described as the tech-
nical part of the regular four-year under-
graduate and the six-year combination
courses, the students get a thorough drill
in elementary phanerogamic and crypto-
gamic botany, vegetable physiology, phys-
ics, chemistry, mineralogy, geology and
soil physics. More specialized courses are
given in forest botany, biological dendro-
logy, economic forest entomology, and the
fungus diseases of trees. The synoptical
course takes a general survey of the whole
field of forestry science; after which for-
est geography and the history of forestry
are dealt with for the express purpose of
letting the men know what is going on in
different parts of the forestry world and
enlarging their outlook.

Then comes a very complete course in
silviculture, or the art of growing wood
crops to the best advantage; followed by
briefer courses in forest protection, forest
surveying, forest mensuration, forest val-
uation, forest utilization, timber physics
and wood technology, forest regulation,
forest finance, forest management and the
preparation of working plans.

Some of the special lecture courses are
on prairie planting and farm forestry, the
administration of Canadian timber limits,
business methods of the lumber trade, for-

est law, wood preservation, fish culture
and game preservation.

From this outline of his academic train-
ing, it is evident that the young man who
completes his course will have a pretty clear
view of the whole field of forestry science.

As regards the field training, there is
only one way to acquire, it, namely, by
experience in the woods. No amount of
reading or theorizing will give this ex-
perience. It must be learned at first hand,
but there can be scarcely any doubt that
the men who go into the woods with the
broad general outlook that a thorough

MR. A. H. D. ROSS, M.F.

academic training gives them will acquire
this kind of knowledge very quickly, and,
what is of more importance, know how to
apply it in cases where men without sim-
ilar training would utterly fail, and thus
prove themselves thoroughly unpractical.
Before being granted the degree of For-
est Engineer, candidates must give at least
three years' satisfactory service in the
field and present a thesis upon some
practical subject prescribed by the Faculty.

The Forest Engineer's Problems.

It will therefore be in order for us to
examine some of the problems that con-
stantly present themselves to the men in
the field, and how they grapple with them.

In a young and undeveloped country
like this, a considerable portion of the
forester's time is taken up with surveying
and mapping. At times a rough recon-
naissance survey is all that is needed. At
others it is necessary to make a topo;zra-
phic map of the region, showing by what
routes the timber can be most easily re-
moved. If the property is to be placed
under permanent management, it will b«
necessary to make a complete forest sur-
vey of it. This will include (1) A more
or less accurate plane and topographic
survey, (2) An estimate of the amount

60

Canadian Forestry Journal, April 1913.

of timber, (3) A determination of the
rate of growth of the timber, (4) A
study of the conditions of light, moisture,
soil and other factors influencing the
present and future conditions of the for-
est crop and (5) The location of per-
manent roads, dams, bridges and other
structures needed for the removal of the
timber.

In a rough way, every logger is his own
topographer, and has acquired his knowl-
edge by cruising, but unfortunately it is
often very inaccurate, is easily forgotten,
and cannot be transferred to his successor,
who has to acquire his knowledge of the
locality all over again. With a good top-
ographic and timber map of the tract, all
this information can be kept in the head
office, where it is of very great value. In
most cases contours can be obtained with
sufficient accuracy by the use of an aneroid
barometer. A glance at the contour
map will show the probable location of
roads needed, and thus save much time in
the field. On the timber map will be
shown the location and extent of the fell-
ings and the progress of the work as the
tract is brought under management In
short, the maps represent in miniature the
lay of the land and the woods operations
being carried on from one year to another.

In regions where the commercial tim-
bers are good floaters, horse lumbering
and the driving of streams in flood time
will be largely employed and the young
forester will have ample scope for his en-
gineering skill in the laying out of iced
roads, the building of dams, slides, tugs,
alligators, etc., for the movement of the
timber.

The Building of Boads.

When it is pointed out that about
seventy per cent of the cost of producing
lumber is spent in the woods, it will at
once be seen that the first duty of the for-
ester is to provide cheap and efficient
means for the removal of- his crop. This
crop is both bulky and heavy, and gives
him ample scope fqr the exercise of his
ingenuity in adapting means to ends. "Very
frequently he cannot secure the services
of civil or mechanical engineers and has
to work out his own problems on the spot.
His ability to do so at once makes him a
valuable man to his employers.

The object of any road is to provide a
means of transportation from one point
to another with the least expenditure of
power and money. The main principles
governing the location and construction of
the road are: (1) To secure as easy
grades as possible, (2) have direct routes,
(3) avoid all unnecessary ascents and de-
scents, (4) place the centre line so the
cost of construction will be a minimum,
(5) cross obstacles like ravines, etc., as

nearly at right angles as possible, (6)
cross ridges through the lowest pass to be
found.

When good maps can be had of the dis-
trict, the task of locating the road is a
comparatively simple one. Usually, how-
ever, no map at all is to be had, in whjch
case the forester must make a reconnais-
sance survey of the whole belt of country
between the controlling points, to discov-
er the best route. Mountainous country
often appears much worse than it really
is for the building of a road, and rolling
country often appears better than it af-
terwards proves to be. The main thing
is to have *an eye for country' and not
waste time over an unnecessary degree of
accuracy in the preliminary work. Usu-
ally the general location of a large part
of a route is self-evident, or may be de-
termined after a very brief examination.
In most cases direction is determined with
sufficient accuracy by means of a small
magnetic compass, distance by pacing, and
differences in elevation by means of an
aneroid barometer. A good pair of field
glasses will save much unnecessary travel.

The first steam logging ' railroad was
built in Michigan, in 1876, by Mr. W. S,
Gerrish, who was called a hare-brained
enthusiast for proposing such a scheme.
It proved such a success that a few years
later there were 720 miles of such roads in
the state. Now the mileage of logging
railroads in North America is computed
at over 25,000 miles. Their general use
has led to the designing of locomotives
and cars most suitable for that class of
work. To secure cheap construction, cuts
and fills are avoided as much as possible
and the engines must be able to climb
heavy grades and round sharp curves.
This has led to the construction of shay-
geared and other types.

The diflSculty of location and the
amount of care demanded will depend al-
together upon the character of the coun-
try and the grades required. If in the
same valley, or along the bank of a river
or lake too large to be bridged, the loca-
tion is self-evident. If the river is small-
er, has sharp bends and variable banks,
and is easily bridged, both banks should
be carefully examined to determine the
best location and crossing points. The
proper choice of bridge sites is an import-
ant matter. Where possible, the bridge
should be placed at right angles to the
current, be as short as possible, have good
foundations, avoid bends in the stream
and be placed between stable banks so as
to secure a permanent concentration of
the waters in the same bed. Frequently
this means the subordination of the line
of the road to the most suitable crossing
point. When the controlling points lie in

The Work of a Forest Engineer

61

different valleys the location of the line
is often a very difficult matter, especially
■when there are two or more possible
routes. Usually, however, the location
will include the lowest summits and high-
est low points, such as river-crossings, etc.
Hence the elevations of summits and sags
and the distances between them, together
with the constructive character of the
country, must be determined. Low ruling
grades are always desirable, whether the
road is to be for sleighs, wagons, traction
engines or locomotives. Where there is a
prospect of the road being sold later on
as a link in a railway system, it is well
to spend considerable time and money in
securing the best possible location. A few
hundred dollars spent on preliminary sur-
veys will in such cases be repaid an hun-
dredfold. For such work as this it will,
of course, be necessary to use transit,
level and stadia rod.

Logging by Cable.

In the large timber of the Pacific
coast and the cypress swamps of the
South the long logs are hauled in to the
railway or other landing place by bull
donkey engines. A light line pulls out
the heavy cable to be attached to the log,
or string of logs, which are then drawn
in by the winding-in of the heavy cable.
Often each log is capped by a steel cone
80 it will come more easily around ob-
structions and through soft mud. In the
cas^e of cypress, the logs are generally
snaked out to canals along which they are
then rafted — the bull donkey being
mounted on a scow which is anchored or
snubbed at convenient points along the
canal. Where a cableway skidder is used,
the head spar is the mast of the scow and
the tail tree off in the swamp a conven-
ient distance.

In the more mountainous districts, the
cableway skidder is an exceedingly use-
ful device for the bringing in of logs,
pulpwood, tan bark, etc., to the railway
or other road at a minimum cost. In
many cases it is the only practical meth-
od of yarding the timber at all; as for
example, where it is in 'pot holes',
across deep ravines, or up slopes where
the construction or cost of roads or slides
wonld be prohibitive. Even in country
where it is ea.sy to construct railways, the
cableway skidder is coming largely into
use. The princij i objection to it, from
the forester's standpoint, is the damage
done to the young trees by the swaying
and dragging of the logs as they are being
hauled in; but it is an open question whe-
ther the extra growing space due to the
non-construction of roads and the saving
in cost of building and maintaining them
do not balance the injury done to the
young crop.

Loaders.

For the loading of logs on cars, several
devices are in use. The Barnhart loader
moves on a pivot in all directions and will
load from 600 to 800 logs a day, provided
they are within 100 feet of the track. As
each car is loaded, the machine pulls it-
self along rails laid on the cars and loads
the next one. In the Decker Loader, the
empty cars are pulled forward beneath
the loader. In other case* a turn of cable
round the log on a raised platform rolls
it onto the car as the cable is tightened
up b}' means of a drum or 'spool.'

From what has been said, it will be
seen that every forester should be a first-
class logger and be constantly on the alert
to utilize the engineering skill which has
been developed in the logging business.
Not only this, but he should be on the
lookout for new methods, which usually
means the adaptation of old ones to new
problems.

Other Problems.

Besides removing the timber in as
cheap a manner as possible, the forester
must also consider the future condition of
the property. The ordinary logger is a
mere exploiter, who has no concern what-
ever for the future, and is generally frank
enough to tell you so. The forester, on
the other hand, is very much concerned
with the problem of leaving the tract in
the best possible condition for the growth
of the timber left standing and for its re-
moval when mature. This generally means
the laying out of a permanent system of
roads, the disposal of the debris incident
to lumbering and the suppression of unde-
sirable trees. In other words, he must
practice silviculture, if he is to increase
the amount and quality of the timber
grown. Herein lies the most important
part of his work — work calling for a full
knowledge of his subject and the exercise
of rare judgment and skill.

Another phase of the forest engineer's
work is to be met with in the manage-
ment of protection forests, which . do so
much to equalize the stream-flow. With
the transformation of waterpower into
electric energy all over this continent it
will at once be recognized that the maim-
tenaiicc of as even a flow as possible is a
matter of very great importance.

Tn southern Alberta th#re is also a field
for the forester with some knowledge of
irrigation engineering problems. In my
opinion, every forester should know
how to gage a stream quite as well as
the ordinary civil engineer. This knowl-
edge would enable him to hr'tng in accur-
ate information long before it would be
obtained ia the ordinary course of events.

With the Forest Engineers*

(Contributed by the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.)

FORESTRY BRANCH STAFF.

Elsewhere in this issue is given an out-
line of the work being undertaken by the
Forestry Branch of the Department of the
Interior. The men on whom rests the re-
sponsibility for carrying out this work are
mostly forest engineers who have received
technical training in the various forest
schools. The positions assigned to these
men, both old and new appointees, with
the forest school and year of graduation
of the new men, are given hereunder: —

Head Office (Ottawa).

t)irector of Forestry — R. H. Campbell.

Assistant Director — T. W. Dwight.

In charge of Statistics — R. G. Lewis.

In charge of Surveys — H. Claughton
Wallin.

In charge of Woodlots — B. R. Morton.

In charge of Information — G. E. Both-
well (Tor., '13).

In charge of Library and Publications
— ^F. W. H. Jacombe.

Forest Reserve Administration.

B. C. Inspection District, Headquarters,
Kaniloops, B.C.

District Inspector — D. R. Cameron.
Assistant Inspector — W. L. Scandrett.
Forest Assistants — A. C. Parlow (Tor-
onto, '13) and K. G. Wallensteen.

Alberta Inspection istrict. Headquarters,
Calgary, Alta.

District Inspector — W. N. Millar,

Supervisor Crowsnest Forest — R. M.
Brown.

Supervisor Bow River Forest — F. G. Ed-
gar.

Supervisor Brazeau Forest — L. C. Tilt.

Supervisor Cypress Hills Reserve — ^F.
McVickar.

Forest Assistants — S. H. Clark (Toronto,
'13), J. P. Alexander (Tor., '13), C. H.
Nye (Biltmore, '13), E. C. Bleecker (Har-
vard, '13).

Saskatchewan Inspection District, Head-
quarters, Prince Albert, Sask.

District Inspector — G. A. Gutches.

Forest Assistants — E. H. Roberts (for-
merly with the Laurentide Co.), L. Steven-
son (O.A.C.), R. L. Shives (U.N.B., '13).

Manitoba Inspection District, Headquar-
ters, Winnipeg, Man.

District Inspector — F. K. Herchmer.

Forest Assistants — J. R. Dickson, C.
Musante (Biltmore, '12), F. S. Newman
(Tor., '13), F. D. Brown (from D. & H.
R. R. forest department), G. Tunstell
(Tor., '13).

Inspection of Fire Ranging.

Inspector — E, H. Finlayson, headquar-
ters, Ottawa.

The appointment of seven permanent
Chief Fire Rangers has recently been se-
cured, and this will put the work on a
much more permanent basis than hereto-
fore.

Division of Tree Planting.

Chief — N. M. Ross, headquarters, Indian
Head, Sask.

Assistant — S. S. Sadler.

A considerable number of men will be
employed temporarily in connection with
all these departments of the work.

RETURNS TO CANADA.

Many old friends in the Forestry Branch
and elsewhere in Canada will welcome the
return to this country of G. A. Gutches,
who has recently been appointed District
Inspector of Forest Reserves for Saskat-
chewan. Mr. Gutches returns to the Can-
adian service after several years spent as
Inspector in the Forest Service of the U.
S. Indian Department, where he has had
charge of the forests belonging to that
department in six of the southwestern
states of the Union. After such training,
great things are expected of him in his
new capacity.

WHAT THE ASSOCIATION STANDS
FOR.

Mr. R. H. Campbell, Dominion Director
of Forestry, was present at the inaugural
meeting of the Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association in Toronto recently, an<l be-
sides dealing with the work in his own
Branch, spoke by request on the objects
of the Canadian Forestry Association, of
which he was for eight years Secretary.
In this part of his address he said that
two of the things for which the Associa-
tion stood were: First, the protection of

62

Notes

63

the forests from fire by providing a fire
patrol of efficient men, well organized and
well equipped; and, second, the inspec-
tion of the public lands and the separation
of the agricultural from the non-agricul-
tural lands, the latter being included in re-
servations and kept permanently for the
production of timber. These two objects
the Association has kept before the public
by all the means of education which are
available. It has also made representa-
tions to the Government for the improve-
ment of fire legislation, which has done
considerable towards perfecting the statu-
tory authority for the protection of the
forests. Xo matter how efficient the leg-
islation is, however, it needs to be backed
up by a strong public opinion, and the
Association, which is not a Government
institution, but a voluntary institution to
whose membership all the members of the
Pulp and Paper Association will be wel-
come, is doing a great deal to educate
the public and form such a necessary back-
ground of public support.'

Paper journals continue to announce ex-
periments to find materials for paper-
making to take the place of wood. Straw,
bamboo, sugar cane waste, cornstalks are
all considered, but in every case they
are less economical than wood. These
things point to the importance of preserv-
ing our forests which are daily growing
more valuable.

Teacher: Johnny, name the most useful
trees. '

Johnny: 'Walnut tree, apple tree and
axle-tree. '

FOREST ENGINEERS.

Forest Surveys Logging Maps

TIMBER ESTIMATES
Water Power Water Storage.

CLARK, LYFORD. & STERLING
1331 Real Estate Trust Bldg., Philadelphia
CLARK & LYFORD, LYFORO, CLARK & LYFORD,

403 Crown Bldg. 26 Board of Trade Bldg

VANCOUVER MONTREAL

TIMBER CRUISES \

FORESTRY SURVEYS f F«««try Dept.

Montreal Engineering Company, Limited

Consulting & Operating Engineers

211 McGILL STREET, MONTREAL
R. O. Sweezy, General Manager

THE SMITH STUMP PULLER

This photoRraph shows the work of the Smith Stump
Puller, pullinestumps with one horse, stumps that run
from 4 to G feet through, atan avcraere cost of 5 cents
per stump. Write for our free Catalog.
W. SMITH GRUBBER CO.. 15 Smith Sta., La Crescent, Minn.

UNIVERSITY of TORONTO

FACULTIES OF

ARTS, MEDICINE,
APPLIED SCIENCE,
HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE.
EDUCATION, FORESTRY

The FACULTY OF FORESTRY offers a rour year undergraduate course
leading- to the Dejjree of Bachelor of Science of Forestry (B.Sc.F ), and after
two years' practical work to the Degree of Forest Engineer (F. E.).

The Faculty at present numbers four instructors in Forestry alone, besides
merrbers of other Faculties of the University and special lecturers.

The courses, laboratories and other facilities of the University are open to
Students of Forestry.

Practice WQrH, following the academic term, in the wood^ is made a special
feature.

For further inJormcUion address —

REGISTRAR, or B. E. FERNOW, LL. D., Dean,

University of Toronto. Faculty of ForeutrF, University of Toronto.

Toronto, Canada.

llnivcrsitY of
New Brai)8wick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Established in iqo8

Four years' course leading to the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry. Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expenses correspondingly moderate.

For further in/orfnation address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. _ _ _

C. C. JONES, Chancellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syi-ak.ouse, Nodv York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science ; Post-
graduate course to Master of
Forestry ; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks in Catskills.
Ranger School held on the
College Forest of 2,000 acres at
Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Experiment Station
of 90 acres and excellent Forest
Library offer unusual opportu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For particulars address
HUGH P, BAKER.. D. Oec. Dee.f\

BILTMORE, -

North Carolina

'J"HE Biltmore Forest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in the
United States. The Biltmore Forest
School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
near Biltmore; summer quarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests cf Ger-
many. Q The course of instruction
covers aciy and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship of six months in ihe
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Forestry.

Write for catalog of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing —

THEDIRECTOfl.BILTMORE. N.C.. U.S.A.

yiirail! FOREST SCHOOL

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, USA.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is offered leadings to the
degree of Master of Forestry
The Forest School is a graduate
department of Yale University
requiring for admission a collee^e
training. Graduates of universi-
ties, colleges, or scientific ins-
titutions of high standing are
admitted upon presentation of
their diplomas, provided they
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subiects in their under-
graduate work : at least one
full year in college or Unive sity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoology, Physics, Inorganic
Chemistry, Geology, Econom cs.
Mechanical Drawing, French
v->r German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing may take examinations
in any subject but ate requited
in addition to present evidence
of a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
early July and is conducted at
the school camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For further informattpn address

JAnE5 W. TOUHEY, Director

NEW HAVEN .... COirNBOTlOUT

restrv Journal

Vol. IX.

Ottawa, Canada, May 1913.

No. 5

CANADIAN FORESTEY JOURNAL,

Published monthly by the

Canadian Forkstry Associatio\,

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canada.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Winnipeg Convention 6~j

The Late Herbert M. Price t^

Progress in Forestry 69

Forests and Suowslides 70

Eastern Foresters .... 71

How to Prevent Floods 71

Toronto Students in Norfolk 73

An Early Conservationist 74

What 's Doing in the Rockies 74

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General.

Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden.

Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

President, Hon. W. A. Charlton.

Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P.

Secretary, Jab. Lawler, Canadian Building,

Slater St., Ottawa. .

Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson.

Directors : Wm. Little, Hiram Robinson, Aubrey

White, E. Stewart, H. M. Price. W. B. Snowball,

Thomas Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y.

Chown, John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H.

Campbell, J. B. Miller. Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E.

Femow, EUwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C.

Whitman, G. C. Pich6, Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. O. E.

Mathieu, Bishop of Regma; A. P. Stevenson, Wm.

Pearce, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson

Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve,

W. C. J. Hall, J. 8. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J.

Zavitz, Geo. Chaboon Jr., R. D. Prettie.

Tcnil.>rlal Vlce-Pretldentt :

Ontario:— Hon. W. H. Hearst.
Quebec: — Hon. Jules Allard.
New Brunswick: — Hon, J. H. Flemming.
Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. DanieU.
Manitoba:— Hon. R, P. Roblin.
Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson.
Saskatchewan — His Honor G. W. Brown.
Alberta:— Hon. A. L. Sifton.
British Columbia: — Hon. W. R, Ross.
Yukon: — Geo. Black, Commissioner,
Mackenzie:— F, D, Wilson.
Keewatin: — His Honor D, C. Cameron,
Ungava: — His Grace Mgr, Bruchesi, Archbishop of
Montreal.

WINNIPEG CONVENTION.

The fifteenth convention of the
Canadian Forestry Association for
the presentatio.i of addresses and
papers and the discussion of forestry
matters will bo held in Winnipeg,
July 7, 8 and 9, 1913. Pro-'
blems of *':e greatest importance
to the whole of Canada will
be discussed. . While special at-
tention will be given to prairie con-
ditions the program will bear testi-
mony to the national character of the
work in that the problems now press-
ing for solution in both East and West
will be carefully considered. Assur-
ances have been received from the
Dominion and nearly all the Pro-
vinces that they will be officially re-
presented, and a number of the men
in the United States best qualified to
give assistance in regard to our con-
ditions have already signified their
attention of coming to Winnipeg.

"While the exact details of the pro-
gram cannot be outlined for some
little time it is expected that the pro-
ceedings will be opened by His Honor
the Lieutenant Governor on Monday
evening, July 7, at an official recep-
tion in which the delegates will be
welcomed by the representatives of
the Government of Manitoba, City of
Winnipeg etc. The following two
days will be devoted to the work of
the Convention along with such enter-
tainment features as shall be ar-
ranged.

TIk; public sessions will be held in
one of the halls of the Winnipeg In-
dustrial Bureau, which is well adapt-
ed for handling conventions of all
kinds, being centrally located and
having the necessary offices, committee

65

66

Canadian Forestry Journaly May 1913.

rooms, etc. In this connection it is ex-
pected there will be some exhibits of
interest to all interested in trees,
whether as lumbermen or as the grow-
ers of shelter belts and wood lots.

This is the first time the Canadian
Forestry Association has ever held its
convention in Winnipeg, which will
result in there being brought up for
the first time a number of problems
which relate to the great central part
of Canada. These will include that of
the protection and perpetuation of
the great forests of western Ontario,
and northern Manitoba, Saskatche-
wan and Alberta ; the best methods of
handling the forest reserves of Mani-
toba and their possibilities in future
timber production and the supply of
fence posts, poles and cordwood for
the settlers ; the necessary thing to do
in regard to getting under timber the
sand lands which will never produce
any other profitable crop but trees;
the rate of growth in the central parts
of Canada as a basis for deciding the
possibility of the economical growing
of trees by farmers for fuel and build-
ing purposes, and also the possibility
of re-foresting reserves and cut over
lands ; and the practicability of using
hedges and living fences. Along with
all these will go the discussion of the
value of forests on the uplands as
wind breaks, sources of stream supply
and as cover for insectivorous birds.

To discuss these questions men who
have made these subjects a life study
in all the eastern provinces, (but par-
ticularly in Ontario and Quebec) and
in British Columbia have promised to
attend. As representing central Can-
ada there will be the officers of the
Dominion Forestry Branch and the
representatives of the three prairie
provinces. To link this up with the
wider knowledge obtained under sim-
ilar conditions there has been secured
the attendance of federal and state
forest officers in that part of the Un-
ited States contiguous to central Can-
ada. Through the whole Convention
the aim will be to make all papers and
discussions serve the most useful pur-

pose, and to this end they will be as
practical as possible. Representative
lumbermen, agriculturists, railway of-
ficials, business men and l3ankers will
show how vitally interested the whole
community is in the handling of our
forest resources in a rational way
which will permit their best use not
only for the present but for all time
to come. The insect menace has in the
last three years been brought to the
attention of Canadians, and gentle-
men will be present who will give the
very latest information on this dan-
ger and what can be done to avert it.
From present indications it ap-
pears that this will be one of the very
best conventions ever held under the
auspices of the Association. There is
a strong local committee which is co-
operating with the Directors of the
Canadian Forestry Association to
make the meeting in every way suc-
cessful.

The Convention City.

Winnipeg is in many respects an ideal
convention city. In rapidity of growth and
in the handsome character of the city and
suburbs it is one of the marvels of the con-
tinent. It is seen at its best in summer,
and delegates will be able to attend the
Winnipeg Exhibition, which opens on the
closing day of the Convention, and also to
see the early part of the harvest on the
far-famed prairies. The Convention tickets
being good up till July 24, delegates will
have an opportunity to run out through the
country. At this season of the year there
are always a number of cheap rate excur-
sions to different points, of which advantage
may be taken. While the hotels will be oc-
cupied by Exhibition visitors during the
following week, it is expected that there will
be little difficulty in all delegates securing
good accommodation at this time. A list
of the leading hotels with their rates is
given below. The entertainment features
of the Convention will likely be of an out-
door character in which all attending may
participate.

As the capital of Manitoba and the third
largest city in Canada Winnipeg has many
important institutions and other attractions.
It is the central point of three great trans-
continental railway systems with their im-
mense terminals and workshops. Of par-
ticular interest to the visitor are the Pro-
vincial Parliament Buildings, the Univers-
ity of Manitoba, Manitoba Medical School,

(Concluded on page 78)

The Late Herbert M. Price.

Sudden Death of a Director of the Canadian Forestry Association.

Members of the Canadian Forestry
Association and friends of conserva-
tion throughout Canada will learn
with the keenest regret of the death
on April 29 of Mr. Herbert M. Price
at his residence Montmorency Falls,

Qu('])('c. Mr. Price was attacked with
pneumonia while on a business trip
to New York last autumn, and while
he appeared to rally for a time this
resulted in his death.

He was born at Ross, Hereford-

67

68

Canadian Forestry Journal, May 1913.

shire England, on August 21, 1847,
and was consequently in his sixty-
sixth year. On first coming to Can-
ada as a young man he was connected
with banking and was accountant of
the Quebec Branch of the Bank of
British North America, and later the
manager of the Merchants Bank in
that city. About twenty-five years
ago, severing his connection with
banking he went into the pulp and
lumber business, at first in connection
with the extensive interests of the late
Mr. G. B. Hall who had limits and
mills in several parts of the Province
and he continued to develop this busi-
ness. Of late years he was identified
with a number of important affairs
being amongst other things a director
of the Quebec Bridge Co., Lake Su-
perior Corporation, Canadian Elec-
tric Light Co., Quebec Auditorium,
Montmorency Cotton Mills, Co., Riv-
erside Manufacturing Co., Sherbrooke
Lumber Co., Quebec Woodpulp Asso-
ciation. He was also on the Senate
of Bishop's College, Lennoxville, and
was for a time Mayor of Montmor-
ency.

He married in 1877 the daughter of
the late G. B. Hall of Montmorency
Falls. Mrs. Price died in 1907. There
are now left to mourn his loss two
daughters, Mrs. J. Hamet Dunn, Lon-
don, England, and Mrs. Jamieson,
Halifax, and one son Mr. A. Bertram
Price of Montmorency Falls. Mr. W.
C. J. Hall is a brother-in-law and Mrs.
Fred. Peters of Quebec is a sister-in-
law. One son, Lawrence, a most pro-
mising young engineer was killed in a
mining accident in 1909, from the
shock of which tragedy Mr. Price
never fully recovered.

At their home, 'The Cottage,'

Montmorency Falls, Mr. and Mrs.
Price entertained many of the most
prominent people in Canada and the
United States, and also some of the
foremost people from the British
Isles. 'The Cottage' is noted for its
magnificent old fashioned garden in
which Mr.- Price took keen delight. It
was a source of great happiness to him
that while Their Royal Highnesses the
Duke and Duchess of Connaught and
the Princess Patricia were in resid-
ence at Quebec last summer they
spent many pleasant hours in this
famous garden.

Mr. Price was always an en-
thusiast on the subject of forest
conservation and one of the earliest
members of the Canadian Forestry
Association. He was the President of
the Association in 1908 on the occa-
sion of the Convention in the City of
Montreal. There were several burn-
ing issues in the air at that time of a
political nature which were indirect-
ly related to forestry and which some
with good reason feared would result
in wrangling and ill feeling.
The matter looked decidedly ser-
ious, but through the firmness and
tact of the presiding officer the dif-
ficulty was successfully surmounted.

With the passing of Mr. Price an-
other gap is made in the line of the
Old Guard of promoters and charter
members of the Association. The Can-
adian Forestry Association and the
cause of forest conservation loses one
of its most rational and most enthusi-
astic supporters. To his sorrowing
family in their hour of bereavement
The Canadian Forestry Journal de-
sires to convey its deep and heartfelt
sympathy.

Progress in Forestry.

Synopsis of Paper read by J, B. Dickson, B.ScF., Dominion Forestry Branch before the
Manitoba Horticultural and Forestry Association.

In a material sense the support of a
nation is its natural resources. It is a
trite saying that * forestry is the par-
ent of industries, ' but forestry is such
a new tiling in Canada that some may
still be in doubt as to how large this
field is. Forestry is essentially a busi-
ness proposition, and it is for this rea-
son that it should be undertaken. The
chief aim of forest management is to
insure the permanency of lumbering
and its depending woodworking in-
dustries by insuring a perpetual sup-
ply of saw logs, and there are a num-
ber of auxiliary benefits which would
thus be .secured. These include regu-
lation of stream flow for domestic use,
irrigation, navigation or power pur-

poses ; the securing of public revenue ;
the ameliorating of climatic condi-
tions; the conservation of fish and
game ; and supplying the people with
health-giving playgrounds.

Wood is the corner stone of all
modern industrial life. North Am-
erica is to-day cutting three-quarters
of the total lumber production of the
world. On this continent the forests
are being laid waste by fire and axe
three times as fast as nature is renew-
ing them. The market price for all
important species has been increasing
from 50c to $1 per thousand feet for
the past. decade. It now costs about

(Continued on page 76)

Provincial Parliament Buildings, Winnipeg.
69

Forests and Snowslides.

Mr. Arthur Lakes, Sr., Ymir, B.C.

When much of a theoretical nature
is being written and spoken with re-
ference to the influence of forests on
snow and water, it is stimulating to
receive the first-hand impressions of a
man whose many years of practical
experience in mining operations has
led him to some definite conclusions
on the subject.

Mr. Arthur Lakes, Sr., of Ymir,
B.C., writing recently to Mr. H. R.
MacMillan, Chief Forester of British
Columbia, gives a description of a
snowslide in the vicinity of the mine
in which he is interested.

Says Mr. Lakes: —

'I saw yesterday what seemed to me a
striking object lesson in the importance of
conserving and preserving growing standing
timber and the benefit of the forestry policy
in averting or checking great forest fires.
The mountain opposite to the Wilcox Mine,
above Wild Horse Creek, is smooth-faced,
indented here and there by deep furrows or
shallow ravines which during last winter
were the pathways of small snowslides. Yes-
terday after a succession of severe and near-
ly continuous snowstorms which accumulated
«ome six or eight feet of snow on a level,
the entire face of the mountain for a space
of over half a mile and to a height of a
thousand feet above the river slid down
bodily in one continuous sheet or snowslide,
starting at every point simultaneously as
though by preconcerted signal, and cracking
oflf from the snow above, leaving a distinct
irregular or crenated line of cliff apparently
from five to ten feet, high along the zone
where the slide originated, strongly resemb-
ling an irregular brush fence at a distance.
The snow scaled off from the underlying
older and harder snow like the coat of an
onion and plunged down enveloped in white
foam and smoke-like mist, into the river.

Began in Bare Places.

'The remarkable feature, to me, of this
slide was the way in which at its starting
point it avoided all growing or standing
timber. The slide invariably had its incep-
tion and origination point in bare places
just at the lower edge of the timber — never
from within it although the timber occupies
V-shaped depressions well adapted for the
accumulation of snow.

'During the year before last I noted that
none of the numerous individual slides head-
ed from within growing timber areas, but
invariably from bare places burned off by
the forest fires. If the timber covered the
mountain as it did before the fires there
would be no snowslides on that mountain
and no menace to mining houses or plants.
As it is it would be hazardous or impossible,
in case ore bodies (believed to exist) were
discovered, to mine the ore or to erect
buildings.

' This little incident which I doubt not is
common enough and which the foresters
must often have observed in this country,
showed me clearly the protection from snow-
slides that standing timber affords, especial-
ly at their inception and near the summits.
No prudent miner would cut off to any ex-
tent the timber back of his mining plant on
the poor excuse of its being * * handy, ' ' there-
by destroying his best friend and protection
from the attack of his worst enemy, the
snowslide. At the same time he would, no
doubt, clear off a certain space around his
mining plant as security against forest fires.

Deadly to Mining Camps.

*It seems to me that a great forest fire
such as those which have swept these mount-
ains, is one of the greatest conceivable mis-
fortunes to a mining camp. It endangers
the plant. It destroys necessary timber for
future use. It extinguishes the timber pro-
tection against snowslides. It even encour-
ages slides, originates them or makes them
possible, and seriously affects the water
supply.

'The effect of these snowslides is dam-
aging on the water supply. Not only does
it demolish our flumes, as in our own case
at the Wilcox, but it carries away uselessly
a vast amount of snow that should be stored
up for gradual use in the spring, season.
Both lode miners and placer miners realize
this. On the other hand, timber left stand-
ing gathers the snow and lets the water out
gradually — about the time it is most re-
quired in the spring and summer, not in use-
less torrents swept away rapidly in swollen
rivers, but quietly and beneficially. I have
read of several placer mines in Northern
British Columbia being placed hors de com-
bat by the sudden departure of the snows
and water borne away in unavailable tor-
rents.

* To me the sight of the effects of a great
forest fire such as that which swept through
these mountains is a most pitiable one. The

70

Forests and SnowsUdes,

71

only redeeming feature of a forest fire from
a mining point of view is that it clears
away the brush and timber and thus gives
greater opportunity for the prospector to
search for and follow up exposed veins of
mineral. Otherwise the forest fire apparent-
ly misses any law of compensaton. It is a
dead loss in every way, doing no good to
anyone and very great harm. The sight,
too, of a grand old tree that after perhaps
a century has reached its maturity stand-
ing a blackened ruin of stump some six or
eight feet in diameter — and simply because
John Smith forgot to put out his campfire
before leaving for parts unknown — is a
sorry sight indeed.

*I noticed last spring that the mountain
opposite us was gradually becoming clothed
with a low brush of young trees. But how
many /-years will it take to restore that
mountain-side to its former forest glory?
and how many years will it require to pro-
duce a tree comparable in girth and height
to those grand old cedars whose huge black-
ened and charred stumps are crowded along
the road?'

EASTERN FORESTERS.

What University of New Brunswick
Men are Doing.

Mr. R. B. Miller, Professor of For-
estry in the University of New
Brunswick, writes in reply to a letter
of the editor of The Canadian For-
estry Journal that the work of the
academic year has concluded most sat-
isfactorily and that the prospects are
very bright. He encloses the follow-
ing from one of the daily papers of
Fredericton : —

The foresters in the University of New
Brunswick are getting positions for the
summer and it is hoped the majority will
be placed before Encaenia or shortly after-
wards at least. Of the seniors, K. R. Ma-
chum takes a posiAon with the C. P. R.
Forestry Branch, and.H. B. Murray is the
only man to go to British Columbia under
H. B. MacMillan, Chief Forester. B. K.
Shives will go to Prince Albert, Saskatche-
wan, and in his party as assistant will be
H. S. Laughlin, of the junior class. G. P.
Melrose of the same class is also with the
Dominion Forestry Branch as well as A.
M. Gunter and Don A. McDonald. The
two latter will be assigned to the Domin-
ion Experimental Farm where they will
make studies of growth in the arboretum.

Jack Hipwell, Harry Holman, Frank Mc-
Gibbon and Cortland Otty, the latter an
engineer with some forestry experience,
have received positions with the C. P. B.

Forestry Branch, at Calgary, Alberta. All
of these are sophmores. C. L. Armstrong
and C. R. Townsend of the freshmen have
been placed, as well as Sam Weston, '14,
with Mr. Reginald R. Bailey, Plaster Rock
and will be on the Tobique with Foster
Howe and H. C. Belyea, U» N. B. men en-
gaged in cruising for the New Brunswick
Land Co. On account of other men get-
ting ready for examinations, five U. N. B.
men, some of them foresters, were sent to
Nova Scotia for the C. P. R. K. Vavasour,
R. D. Jago, A. M. Brewer, Guy Horncastle,
and C. E. Maimann, left here April 15th.
The Forestry Department at the U.N.B.
is steadily growing in popularity and the
usefulness of this science is becoming more
generally recognized. The number of
students in forestry it is expected will be
largely increased next year.

HOW TO PREVENT FLOODS.

The floods which swept through the
middle western states were more de-
structive this year than ever before.
Not even the awful Johnstown flood
can be said to parallel in loss of life
and property the terrible disasters
which recently took place. The New
York 'Outlook' in 'A Poll of the
Press' on the subject of flood preven-
tion in the light of recent experiences
returns a verdict which should make
forest conservationists more zealous
than ever for their cause. The 'Out-
look' gives first place to the opinion
expressed by the Buffalo 'News.'

Nothing is more familiar in the experi-
ence of mankind than that cutting down
the forests to an unreasonable extent in-
variably leads to floods and to erosion of
soil, and, generally speaking, to enormous
damage to farming country as well as to
cities and villages that lie in the path of
streams.

Hardly any other lesson in our human
experience is more deeply and bitterly
written than that of the folly of neglect
to preserve a certain proportion of forest
lands with a view to security of inhabi-
tants.

Some marvel that in the generations
past, say in the early days of the settle-
ment of the Central West, as well as of the
eastern part of the United States, there
were no such disastrous floods as we have
to-day, but it is all accounted for by
having the land so cleared that as soon as
rain falls or snow melts -it immediately
goes down grade with the utmost speed
into creeks and rivers and begins its work
of doHtruction.

72

Canadian Forestry Journal, May 1913.

Formerly there was enough of forestry
to make a sort of natural reservoir that
should hold back the waters. We shall
have to reforest the country to a reason-
able extent . . .

Hence the first preventive of flood is
Forcstation.

'The wind no man can tame. Like
the earthquake, it is a hazard which
civilization must accept. But floods
are, in part, man-made. Once the
Miami Valley, the pathway of the lat-
est horror of the angry waters, was
tree-clad and root-bound against ex-
cess of moisture. Then man came, saw
gold in the standing timber, and fell-
ed it covetously and ignorantly.' So
asserts the Sault Ste. Marie ' Evening
News,' and asks: 'The greed that
felled those noble trees, the careless-
ness and ignorance that stripped
those narrow watercourses to the fatal
onrush of the raging torrent — shall
they not come under a resolution of
abatement?'

We see examples of forest-destruc-
tion in many parts of the world, not-
ably in China, where, according to the
Sioux Falls 'Press,' to mention only
the most notable floods, in 1833 no
less than ten thousand persons were
drowned by the floods ; in 1888, three
thousand; in 1904, over a thousand;
while last year the floods made China
the scene of a particularly dreadful
disaster.

If floods are frequently reported
from the Chinese Empire, they are
seldom reported from Europe, but
even there, in Paris itself, the people
'who have a most compelling reason
to strive to keep their Seine within
bounds, have not been able to previse
against all contingencies, as witness
the overflow of that stream three
years ago,' the Galveston 'News'
points out. But, as the Knoxville
'Sentinel' comments: 'After the last
Seine flood the French Government
took steps to afforest slopes which
have been injudiciously denuded. It
may be necessary for Ohio and In-
diana to do likewise.' Their own re-
cent disaster has caused French for-

esters to take special interest in ours.
M. Daubray, Inspector of Forests, to-
gether with all the technical authorit-
ies in the French Ministry of Agricul-
ture, agree, so we learn from the New
York 'Tribune,' 'that the destruction
of forests near the sources of rivers
and high plateaus and hills is the
primary cause of the Ohio disaster;'
moreover, this opinion is shared by
our Ambassador in France, the Hon.
Myron T. Herrick, formerly Governor
of Ohio, who states that 'for many
years Governors of States where
floods are now raging have repeatedly
impressed upon Legislatures and the
public the urgent necessity of enact-
ing stringent laws based on the scien-
tific experience of France and Ger-
many for protecting forests from de-
vastation and wholesale destruction.'
The present catastrophe is attributed
by Ambassador Herrick to this waste
of forests, 'which, by timely legisla-
tion, could have been avoided. ' He
urges that no time should be lost *in
taking energetic measures to replant
tracts of land so improvidently de-
nuded of trees.' Finally, the Am-
bassador regrets that 'the wise provi-
sion of law embodied in all leases of
land in the rural districts of France,
requiring the lessee to plant a tree
whenever a tree dies or is removed,
does not apply in Ohio and Indiana.'
Such provision, it is added, ' is merely
one of many precautions to protect
French trees, and if enforced during
the last thirty years in Ohio and In-
diana would have prevented the pre-
sent disaster.'

Turning from France to England,
we find similar expressions of opinion
in the editorials of London newspap-
ers, summed up in the * Daily Mail's'
charge that 'one cause of the floods is
undoubtedly to be found in the de-
struction of forests.' The 'Daily
Mail' emphasizes 'the extreme im-
portance of the campaign now being
carried on in the United States for the
protection of the remaining forests
and the reforestation of denuded
areas. '

Toronto Students in Norfolk*

Dr. Femow's Students Study ing Afforestation Problems.

From the 20th to 26th of April the third
and fourth year students of the Faculty of
Forestry of the University of Toronto un-
der Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean, spent a most
profitable week at the Ontario Gavernment
Forest Nursery near St. Williams in Nor-
folk County. This is the second visit made
to these nurseries by this school and ar-
rangements are now being made by which
it will be possible for all students after
passing their first year to spend the whole
summer there and thus become thoroughly

transplanting tools imported from Germany
and many a student that day found himself
closer to mother earth than he had been
since his mud-pie days.

These tools, complicated and even cum-
bersome though they seem, are yet both
rapid and efficient in the hands of an expert.
They are however, only fitted for the soils
for which they are designed, and while the
students handled them with considerable suc-
cess, it is doubtful whether they will prove
widely applicable in this country.

I i^ .J^'< ▲^

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SNAPS IN THE NURSERIES.

1. Making Seed Beds.

3. Making Growth Studies.

2. Dr. Fernow Shows How to Transplant.
4. Plantation of Jack Pine on Sand Waste.

familiar with the practical 8i<le of the work.
This year the trip wa.s held between spring
examinations and came as a pleafant relaxa-
tion from studies for the eighteen students
who took part in the excursion.

On arrival at the nursery the boys were
met by Mr. E. J. Zavitz, the Provincial For-
ester for Ontario, who conducted them over
the ground, explaining the work and giving
the history of the various plantations in-
spected. The following day, under the in-
structions of Dean P'ernow, they were in-
itiated into the uses of the many mysterious

The reforesting of the waste land is done
in rows, the young trees (mostly Scotch
pine) being set about four feet apart each
way. On grass lands sufficient sod has to
be removed to preclude the possibility of
the young trees being choked out by grass
and weeds. Usually a plot about two feet
square is sufficient for this purpose. Where
conditions permit, the waste lands are
ploughed with furrows about three feet
ai)art, and the men work down these furrows
in groups of two, (one man making the hole
with a spade, the other setting the plant,)

73

74

Canadian Forestry Journalj May 1913.

a single group often setting as many as
3,000 plants a day.

The Forestry students took a hand at all
these methods, some of them realizing for
the first time the full significance of the
curse of Cain.

The necessity for reforesting in this
locality was clearly seen in a ten mile tramp
they took, headed by Dr. Fernow, through
the surrounding country. Such land as was
still being farmed, bore but scanty crops.
In the lee of the snake or stump fences the
sand was drifted like snow, and from one
point, over a square mile of practically bare
sand could be seen heaped in dunes or dug
into hollows by the wind.

That the sand was unfitted for farm crops
was very clearly seen. That it w^as capable
of producing splendid forests was as clearly
indicated, both by the vigorous growth of
the young plantations, and by a stem
analysis of the old stumps of the original
stand of white pine and chestnut which
frequently showed the remarkable diameter
growth of an inch per year. . Walnut and
butternut are indigenous in this region, as
are also many trees such as the black gum
tulip tree (yellow poplar) and chestnut
which are exotics in other parts of Canada.

The students were the guests of the On-
tario Government, though it is doubtful if
they really earned their board for it was
the good old fashioned country fare such
as one reads about, but seldom enjoys. It
may have been for this reason that they
were none too keen to return to the city
after their five day visit, but it is more
likely that the prospect of renewed exam-
inations was the chief reason for this
reluctance.

AN EARLY CONSERVATIONIST.

Sir Richard Scott's Work as Commissioner
of Crown Lands.

In the many fine things that were
said of the late Sir Richard Scott who
passed away at his home in Ottawa
on April 23 in his eighty-ninth year,
there was but little note of what he
did for forest conservation. Sir Rich-
ard was so long in public life that
people are apt to think of him only
as Dominion Cabinet Minister and
Senator and to overlook the fact that
many years ago, in fact in the early
days of Confederation, he was Com-
missioner of Crown Lands for On-
tario. One of the biographical notices
of the deceased parliamentary leader
thus refers to this feature of his work.

'On taking office as Commissioner

of Crown Lands for Ontario Sir
Richard formulated a policy in re-
gard to timber licenses which allayed
the fears of the lumbermen that their
operating regulations were to be ruth-
lessly changed.

'He was afterwards asked to take
up the matter with the Quebec Gov-
ernment, did so and submitted a ser-
ies of suggestions which were adopted
with but few modifications. This was
not the only service Sir Richard per-
formed for the lumber trade, how-
ever. Some years before this the ruin-
ous policy of allowing squatters to
locate on lands chiefly valuable for
the pine and not suitable for settle-
ment had been in operation. Against
this he warred by every means in his
power and was the first to draw pub-
lic attention to the supreme import-
ance of the conservation of the great
national asset, Canada's timber re-
sources. Had his suggestions been
adopted in time it would have meant
the inheritance of immense wealth for
the present generation. '

WHAT'S DOING IN THE
ROCKIES.

Interesting Development in the Work of
the Dominion Forestry Branch.

Number One, Volume One of The
Rocky Mountain Review, the quarter-
ly publication issued by the staff of
the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve
comes smilingly forward in a happily-
chosen green cover. Inside the cover
are twenty mimeographed pages of
the snappiest kind of news and sug-
gestions. The Review marks a new
stage of development in forest admin-
istration in Canada. A few years ago
the Rocky Mountain Reserve was a
vision, a 'hope of foresters and for-
estry enthusiasts. Now there is a
finely organized territory under an in-
spector, five Forest Reserve Supervis-
ors and twenty-four rangers. Fur-
ther, through the Review, they keep
in touch with one another and with
the progress in other parts of the
country.

WhaVs Doing in Rockies?

75

The Historic Gate of Old Fort Garry, Winnipeg.

Says the announcement in this first
issue: —

This publication has a number of pur-
poses, the chief of which may be stated
as follows:

1. To serve as a directory of members
of the Service in the District.

2. To act as a news letter so that each
Reserve may know what is being done on
the others in the District and may com-
pare the progress of work on the various
Reserves.

3. To act as a medium for exchange of
ideas between officers and rangers through-
out the District.

4. To act as a basis of exchange with
National Forests in the United States who
publish similar papers and for exchange
with other branches of the Dominion Ser-
vice and the Forestry Services of the
various provinces. Also to give the mem-
bers of the Alberta District force the bene-
fit of the experience of other Forestry
Services both in Canada and abroad.

5. To act as a periodical catalogue of
Forestry Branch publications and library
accessions.

6. By fulfilling the above functions to
maintain a feeling of unity and solidarity
among the members of the Alberta District
force.

In order to accomplish the object of
furnishing information in regard to th^
work being carried on in the various Re-
serves of the District the Supervisors of
each Reserve have been requested to pre-
pare a short statement each month of the
work done on the various Forest Reserves
under their charge. These news letters
will describe the Forest work under the
following headings: Improvements, Fire,
Timber Sales, Timber Permits, Grazing,
Trespass, Investigations, Miscellaneous Ac-
tivities, and Personal Mention.

It can be readily understood that with
the large body of men employed in this
District various schemes of promoting
efficiency in the work of the Service are
constantly being devised. This is partic-
ularly true on Forest Reserves which have
a large amount of one kind of work such,
for instance, as the settlers permit busi-
ncHH. In such Reserves the wide-awake
Forest Officer generally has devised some
simple scheme for expediting the handling
of this business and contributing to the
convenience of the public as well as re-
ducing the cost to the Forestry Branch.
The same is true of other lines of work.
Also experiments of various kinds in the
line of construction are constantly being
carried on and frequently very good ideas

I

76

Canadian Forestry Journal, May 1913.

are developed. In order to give the entire
force the benefit of this experience it is
planned to run a Department for contribut-
ed articles in the Rocky Mountain Review
and Forest Rangers and other Forest Of-
^cers are requested to forward short
articles of this nature for insertion in the
publication.

i A considerable number of forest publi-
cations from the National Forests in the
United States are received by the In-
spector's Office as well as a number of
lumber journals and forestry periodicals,
in such papers there is generally to be
found a great number of items of interest
tot members of the Forestry Service and
pne of the main purposes of this publica-
tion will be the insertion of items clipped
from exchanges so that they may be
brought to the attention of all of the of-
ficers in the District.

The Canadian . Forestry Journal
jwishes the 'Review' a long,' useful and
ihappy life. In the promotion .r of
efficiency and pleasure among all it
reaches it will do a great work in
teanadian, forestry to-day.

JgliThe officers in charge of the reserve
are: — District Inspector, W. N.
Millar. Supervisors Forest Reserves ;
Crows Nest, R. M. Brown ; Bow
River, F. G. Edgar; Clearwater, Jas.
W. McAbee; Brazeau, L. C. Tilt;
Athabasca, L. C. Tilt, (acting) ;
Cypress HiUs, W. N. Millar, (act-
,ing) ; Cooking Lake, "W. N. Millar,
(acting).

PROGRESS IN FORESTRY.

{Continued from page 69.)

twice as much to 'build a house as it
did in 1900. Fast as our population
in Canada has been increasing since
1890 our wood consumption has been
increasing nearly three times as rap-
idly. Canadians are now the largest
per capita consumers in the world of
wood products. Our timber exports
to Oreat Britain fell off nearly one
million dollars last year. In two or
fjiree decades when we have largely
used up our valuable timber and feel
forced actually to grow our timber
supply the prices will be for the poor
man almost prohibitive.

In view of these facts why do we

still prate about our inexhaustible for-
ests? I have recently heard it stated
that there were billions and billions
of feet of fine saw timber in the part
recently added to Manitoba. I am
not a pessimist in regard to this re-
cent addition, but I feel sure it has a
splendid and wonderful future. Nev-
ertheless as the result of terrible fires
in the past eighty years only a frac-
tion of one per cent, of this territory
to-day has commercially valuable saw
timber, — that is, timber over eight
inches in diameter. But the coun-
try has a thrifty young stand of
spruce, which, if it can be saved from
fire, will in say twenty-five years form
highly valuable pulp wood forests.

Dr. Judson F. Clark of Vancouver,
says: — 'Personally, I think it is be-
yond doubt that the development of
a rational, and therefore practical
and business-like, forest policy, by the
Canadian Provinces and the Federal
Government, will have a greater in-
fluence on the prosperity and happi-
ness of our country half a century
hence, than the solution of any other
problem which is within the power of
our generation to solve.'

If we agree with Dr. Clark the next
question is how are we to go about
this work? To arrive at a just and
correct basis of co-operation is the
crux of the problem, and hence I have
placed it in the centre of the follow-
ing six factors, which I believe will
appeal to you as perhaps the main
elements to be considered in your
working out of such a forest policy,
viz. :

1. Education of Public Opinion, to
provide the authority, the money, the
driving power.

2. Classification, according to its
producing capacity, of all publicly
owned land, including of course
licensed berths, to provide for per-
manence of use.

3. A scheme of cordial and mutual-
ly profitable co-operation, on an equit-
able basis of duties and rewards, be-
tween the sovereign people and the
operating lumbermen.

Progress in Forestry.

77

4. Organization on a strictly non-
partisan basis, of a trained and effi-
cient forest service personnel, to ad-
minister and supervise, and carry
out, all needed field and office work.

5. Provision and equipment for in-
vestigation and research work, deal-
ing with forest problems of every de-
scription, and methods of solving
them.

6. Legislation — Whatever may be
required to give full effect to the will
of the people regarding the manage-
ment of their forest lands, and to in-
sure uniform requirements from
every forest user.

Present Conditions.

'Wise use, wisely regulated,' is the
essence of conservation, and its twin
axioms as applied to Canada's renew-
able resources are, 'Every acre a pro-
ducing acre,' and 'Every acre to its
best use. ' This highly practical ideal
demands as its first step, land classi-
fication, and I am glad to say that the
Dominion Forestry Branch is under-
taking vigorously this most important
work of determining just what por-
tions of these Prairie Provinces are
primarily adapted to the production
of wood crops, rather than food crops.
During the past three seasons many
survey parties in different parts of
the West have been engaged in this
work, and as a result of their work
approximately ten million acres have
been classified as forest land and re-
commended for inclusion in the per-
manent forest reserves, or national
forests, as I prefer to call them. This
addition to the older reserves will give
you a total of some thirty-five thou-
sand square miles, which, however, is
only a good start in relation to the
whole area of the public lands best
adapted to forest purposes.

While it is true that rough timber
land has acre for acre, a lower pro-
ducing power than farm land, still the
enormous area of this non-agricul-
tural land in Canada puts it in the
front rank of her natural resources.
Dr. Fernow's survey of Nova Scotia

classes nearly eighty per cent, of that
Province as absolute forest land. Brit-
ish Columbia has at least as great a
proportion, while in Ontario and Que-
bec probably two-thirds is non-agri-
cultural in character. In 1910 I ex-
amined eight thousand square miles
of the country north east of Le Pas,
now a part of Manitoba, and eighty
per cent, of this territory is absolute
forest land. Taking Canada as a
whole probably fifty per cent, of her
cropable surface is chiefly suited for
growing timber.

Are you satisfied that as a people Can-
adians are giving enough attention to
this half of the national farm ? Upon
its wise management must rest the
future prosperity of the lumber in-
dustry. The forests in controlling
water supply and water power are de-
stined more and more largely to affect
the welfare of farmers and manufac-
turers.

Educational Work.

Grain and stock farmers are be-
ing given a ten million dollar grant to
assist in their work, but lumbermen
(our tree farmers) are given little or
no help to discover the laws which
govern a maximum production of
their crop. Farm crops require only
from fifty to one hundred days to ma-
ture; timber crops require from fifty
to one hundred years. In this long
time element rests the fundamental
difference between agriculture and
silviculture, between farm crops and
timber crops. In general the Govern-
ment is the only institution long lived
enough to practise successful forestry.

TnH Control of Licensed Operators
All are agreed that the Government
should have absolute control of all
lu inhering operations on Crown lands,
iiichiding of course, the licensed berth
lands, simply to insure that your for-
ests shall be cropped, rather than
mined. Yet it is to-day a most dis-
c|ui(,'ting fact, that on all that part of
the forest domain now held by
licensees, the public has actually per-
mitted all effective control to lapse

78

Canadian Forestry Journal, May 1913.

and become, so far as forestry is con-
cerned, a dead letter. The nation is
exercising no supervision over their
work, in the woods — which is the one
only thing that really counts, in for-
estry.

You need to consider the future
more. For instance, in this latest
copy of rules, issued in 1910, to gov-
ern the cutting of timber on your
licensed lands, I find page after page
of 'Thou Shalts' and 'Thou Shalt
Nots, ' all designed to insure, — What ?
Why only that you may get a few
dollars of revenue from the existing
crop of timber. All well and good,
but what about silviculture? What
about applying some actual forestry
methods in the woods, so that in cut-
ting away this old stand of trees a
thrifty new crop may be provided for
by natural reproduction ? What, in a
word, are you doing to make provision
for the cropping of the forest rather
than the mining of it? What are we
doing to build up and safeguard the
future producing power of our for-
ests?

Conclusion.

There are two abuses which menace
the free, equitable, and profitable de-
velopment of our natural resources,
by scientific and business methods.
These are special privilege, and po-
litical influence. If you can see your
way, first, to overcome these twin
evils which are now blocking so large-
ly any efficient progress towards im-
proving and protecting your timber-
land, and second, to co-operate fully
with your lumbermen; I feel safe in
saying that nature herself will pre-
sent no problems which a trained
field force cannot easily solve. Let all
forest officers in the Government ser-
vice, and more especially at present,
forest rangers, be required to pass a
fair test examination in token of their
real fitness and ability; and let all
forest users be treated with absolute
equality regarding the requirements
which shall govern their work in the
woods.

THE WINNIPEG CONVENTION.

(Continued on page 65)

and Manitoba Agricultural College. It ii
the centre of the grain trade and a very
important point in the flour-milling, lumber
and live stock industries besides being the
commercial gateway to the whole Canad-
ian west. There are a number of beauti-
ful suburban districts.

Railway Arraxgements.
Owing to the fact that the Convention
will be held on the day preceding and the
first two days of the Winnipeg Exhibition,
delegates attending from points within what
is called the 'Winnipeg Exhibition District'
will not be required to secure certificates.
They will purchase railway tickets at the
special rates in force during the Exhibition.
It will be necessary, however, that those
travelling on these tickets give their names
and addresses to the Secretary for the pur-
pose of compiling the railway returns. The
Winnipeg District extends from Fort Wil-
liam on the east to the Alberta-British Co-
lumbia boundary. (On the Canadian Pa-
cific Railway these rates extend to Golden
and Cranbrook, B.C.)

From Eastern Canadian Points.

Delegates attending from points in Can-
ada from Port Arthur eastward can secure
single fare rates (plus 25c) on the conven-
tion certificate plan. To secure these rates
delegates will purchase one way first class
tickets which will be sold them at the lowest
one way first class fare, plus 25c. When
purchasing these tickets they must secure a
standard certificate which the agent will fur-
nish upon request, and this certificate when
signed by the Secretary in the Convention at
Winnipeg as showing that the party was a
delegate will be nonored for ticket through
to original starting point free.

Going Dates. — Tickets for going trip by
all rail routes will be sold July 3 to 6 inclu-
sive; days of sale via lake and rail routes
to be announced later.

Returning. — Standard convention certifi-
cates properly filled in and signed by the
Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation will be honored at Winnipeg up to
and including July 24 for tickets to original
starting point free, except that where lake
routes are used addtional payment will be
required as follows:

Lake Arhitraries. — The following addi-
tonal amounts to be paid at Winnipeg when
certificates are honored for return journey
if passengers elect to travel via lake routes,
viz.: — (Via C.P.S.S. line or Sarnia N. N.
Co., and Port Arthur). Going all-rail, re-
turning lake and rail, $9.00 additional. Go-
ing lake and rail, returning all-rail, $4.00
additional. Going lake and rail, returning
same route $13.00 additional.

The Winnipeg Convention

79

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES
and shrubs at forest
prices.

Native and foreign tree seeds.

Edye-de- Hurst & Son,

Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

SHIPPERS TO H. M. GOVERNMENT, ETC

Correspondance Franqaise.

I

From British Columbia Points.

Bate: Certificate plan arrangement; one
way first class tickets and standard conven-
tion certificates to be issued from starting
point to Winnipeg 'at the lowest one way
first class fare plus 25 cents.

Going Dates-. July 4, 5 and 6.

Beturn: Certificates signed by Mr. Jas.
Lawler, Secretary, Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation, to he honored at Winnipeg up to
and including July 12th for free return
tickets back to starting point with a transit
limit of 10 days.

DIEECTOEY OF LEADING HOTELS.

Winnipeg has sixty-five hotels and other

excellent facilities for handling large

crowds.

Albion — Cor. Main and Henry $1.00

Bell— Main and Henry $2 up

Brunswick — Main and Rupert $2

Commercial — Main and St. Mary 's $2

Clarendon — Portage $2.00 up

Corona — Notre Dame $2.00 up

Criterion — 214 McDermot — European

plan $1.00 up

Empire — Main street $2.50 up

Grange — Lombard street $2.00 up

Imperial — Main and Alexander $2.00

Leland— 0pp. City Hall $2.00 up

MacLaren — Main and Rupert $2.50 up

FOREST

ENGINEERS.

Forest Surveys

Logging Maps

TIMBER

ESTIMATES

Water Power

Water Storage.

CLARK, LYFORD, & STERLING

1331 Real Estate Trust BIdg., Philadelphia

CLARK & LYFORD,

LYFORD, CLARK & LYFORD,

403 Crown Bldg:,

26 Board of Trade Bldg

VANCOUVER

MONTREAL

TIMBER CRUISES
FORESTRY SURVEYS

r Forestry Dept.

Montreal Engineering Company, Limited

Consulting & Operating Engineers

211 McGILL STREET, MONTREAL
R. O. Sweezey, General Manager

THE SMITH STUMP PULLER

This photoCTaph shows the work of the Smith Stump
Puller, pulllnK stumps with one horse, stumps that run
from 4 to 6 feet through, atan average cost of 6 cents
per stump. Write for our free Catalog.
W. SMITH eRUBBEB CO.. 15 Smith Sta., La Cre«c«nt. Minn.

Mariaggi 's — McDermot — European

plan $1.50 to $5

Manitoba — Main and Market $1.50 up

Market Hotel — Princess street $1.50 up

Midland — Market- street $1.50

National— 214-220 Logan Ave $1.25

Occidental — Main and Logan. $1.00 to $1.50

Queens-!-Portage Ave $2.50 up

Royal Alexandra — C.P.R. European

l)lan, rooms without bath. . . . $2.50 up;

with bath $3.50 up

Roblin — 117 Adelaide street $1.50 up

Seymour — 275-277 Market street $2

St. liegis — 281 Smith — European plan

$1.50 to $3.50

Stratcona — Main and Rupert Sts $2 up

Vendome — Cor. Portage and Fort Sts. ...$2
West Hotel — Main nad Sutherland $1.50 up

Winnipeg — 214 Main street $2.00

Wolseley — 184-186 Higgins Ave $1.50

PLEASE NOTE.

It will greatly facilitate the work of ar-
ranging for the Convention if those who
intend to be present will notify in advance,
the Secretary, Canadian Forestry Associa-
tion, Canadian Building, Ottawa.

llnivcrsitY of
New Brai)swick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Established in igo8

Four years' course leading to the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry. Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expenses correspondingly moderate.

For further infortnation address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. — — —

C. C. JONES, Chancellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syra^ouse, Neipir York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science ; Post-
graduate course to Master of
Forestry; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks in Catskills.
Ranger School held on the
College Forest of 2,000 acres at
Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Experiment Station
of 90 acres and excellent Forest
Library offer unusual opportu-
nities for research work. : : : :

F(yr particulars address
HUGH P, BAKER., D. Oec. Deo.i\

BILTMORE, - - North Carolina

fHE Biltmore Forest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in the
United States. The Biltmore Forest
School has four headquarters, vjz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
near Biltmore; summer quarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests cf Ger-
many. Q The course of instruction
covers any and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship of six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Forestry.

Write for catalog of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing —

THE DIRECTOfi, BILTMORE. N.C.,U.S. A.

YlllNIVnUTWOl

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT,

U.S.A.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is offered leading^ to the
degree of Master of Forestry.
The Forest School is a g-raduate
department of Yale Universiiy
requiring^ for admission a collefre
training-. Graduates of universi-
ties, collegres, or scientific ins-
titutions ot high standing- are
admitted upon presentation ol
their diplomas, provided ihev
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subjects in their under-
g-raduate work : at least one
full year in college or Univeisity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoology. Physics, Inorganic
Chemistry, Geology, Econom cs.
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing may take examinations
in any subject but are required
in addition to present evidence
oi a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
early lulv and is conducted at
the school camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For further informatipn address

JAHES W. TOUnEY, Director

NEW HAVEN - - - - COWNBCTIOUT

f

^1

CanadlaiLlorestrv Journal

Vol. IX.

— ^,

Ottawa. Canad^June 1913.

IIIN1 g1913

No. 6

L' i ^^^^^^^^W-N .r\.X-i

CANADIAN'

Published'
Canadian Forestry

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canada.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Winnipeg Convention 81

Obituary-^Dr. Hay, Mr! Maurice Quinn 82

Forest Conservation 83

British Columbia Forest Branch .... 85
Should New Brunswick Forests be

Thinned 87

How the United States Lost an Op-
portunity 89

The Problem of Sable Island 91

Dominion Forest Parties . 93

Cross Ties Purchased in 1912 ...... 94

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General.

Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden.

Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier,

President, Hon. W. A. Charlton.

Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P.

Secretary, J as. Lawler, Canadian Building,

Slater St., Ottawa.

Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson.

Directors : William Little, Hiram Robinson,

Aubrey White, E. Stewart W. B. Snowball,

Thomas South worth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y.

Chown, John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H.

Campbell. J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E.

Femow, Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C.

Whitman, G. C. Pich6, Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. O. E.

Mathieu, Bishop of Regina; A. P, Stevenson, Wm.

Pearce, C. E. E. Usshcr, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson

Booth. Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve,

W. C. J. Hall. J. S. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J.

Zavitz. Geo. Chahoon Jr., R. D, Prettie.

Territorial Vice-President* :

Ontario:— Hon. W. H. Hearst.
Quebec: — Hon. Jules Atlard.
New Brunswick: — Hon. J, H. Flemming.
Nova Scotia:— Hon. O. T. Daniels.
Manitoba:— Hon. R. P. Roblin.
Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson
Saskatchewan — His Honor G. W. Brown.
Alberta:— Hon. A. L. Sifton.
British Columbia:— Hon. W, R. Ross.
Yukon: — Geo. Black, Commissioner,
Mackenzie:— F. D. Wilson.
Keewatin: — His Honor D, C. Cameron.
Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of
Montreal.

'WINNIPEG CONVENTION.

By the time this issue of the Can-
adian Forestry Journal reaches our
members the final preparation for
the Winnipeg Convention, July 7, 8,
9 will be in full sw^ing. In order that
there may be no mistake the details
of the railw^ay arrangements are re-
peated in this issue. (Page 92.;

While it is still impossible to give
the program in detail, it is evident
from the names that have been al-
ready received that the most import-
ant subjects in regard to forest con-
servation in Canada will be fully
dealt with by those who are able to
speak with authority. This will be
particularly true of all subjects re-
lating to the forests of Western Can-
ada and of the three prairie pro-
vinces, and of farmers' tree planta-
tions on the prairies. From the re-
turns already received it is expected
there will be a large attendance from
both east and west, but particularly
from the prairies.

The Call to Convention was sent
out before this issue so that it is
doubtless now in the hands of all our
members, and we shall be glad if
those who are intending to go to
Winnipeg will send a note to that
effect to the Secretary.

While the Secretary will be leav-
ing in a few days to arrange the final
details of the convention at Winni-
peg, letters addressed to him at the
Canadian Building, Ottawa, will be
carefully attended to as arrange-
ments have been made either to have
correspondence dealt with promptly
in Ottawa or forwarded at once to
him in the West.

There is no reason why this should
not be one of the best conventions
ever held by the Association, and

81

i

82

Canadian Forestry Journal, June 1913.

there is no hesitation in urging all
who can do so to attend and take
part. Aside from the convention it-
self there will be the opportunity of
seeing Winnipeg and the Central
West under the best conditions.

Make up your mind to come and
notify the Secretary of this fact.

OBITUARY.

The Canadian Forestry Journal has this
month to chronicle the sad news of the
death of two of its oldest members — Dr.
G. U. Hay of St. John, N.B., and Mr.
Maurice Quinn of Saginaw, Mich.
Dr. Hay.

Dr. Hay was known for many years as
one of the educational leaders of Eastern
Canada. His home was at St. John, N. B.,
where he had been successively teacher,
Superintendent of Education for the Pro-
vince, and Editor of the Educational Re-
view. Never a very robust man he had not
only lived out the appointed three score
years and ten but had also accomplished
more than most men of robust physique.
He was a member of many learned societ-
ies and was specially devoted to the study
of nature. Many years ago he became
convinced of the need of forest conserva-
tion and was one of the earliest members
of the Canadian Forestry Association. He
continued closely identified with its work
up to the time of his death. Dr. Hay was
particularly active in the work of arrang-
ing for the forestry convention in Freder-
icton in 1910, and the success of that con-
vention was due in no small measure to
the assistance which he gave the Secretary
and the program committee. In the pages
of the Educational Review he devoted a
great deal of space to judiciously bringing
before the teachers of the Maritime Pro-
vinces the need of forest conservation and
the incalculable loss which the country
would sustain in every way should its for-
ests disappear. His death leaves a sad
gap in the ranks of the foremost leaders
in Eastern Canada.

Mr. Maurice Quinn.
Of an entirely diflferent type was Mr.
Maurice Quinn of Saginaw who died sud-
denly on May 2',i when on a visit to New
York. Mr. Quinn was born in the Province
of Quebec and lumbered in that province
and in Ontario before moving to Michi-
gan. Here he had a most successful career
as a lumberman, and later acquired limits
in the big timber at Alberni, B. C. Strong
and sturdy, Mr. Quinn was the embodiment
of the active, shrewd, kindly race of men
who have developed the lumber business
under conditions of difficulty in regard to
transportation and markets. He was not

a theorist as that term is usually under-
stood, but the rugged native eloquence
with which he warned those who attended
the British Columbia convention of the
danger that lay before British Columbia
unless she handled her forests better than
had Michigan, showed how deeply the
practical teachings of conservation had
sunk into his mind. He told of how men
had laughed at him when he talked of con-
servation when he went to Michigan thirty
years ago, and how he had lived to see
one great river, from which billions, of
feet of timber had been cut, become en-
tirely denuded so that today not a log
floats upon it. In his practical way Mr.
Quinn was a strong worker for conserva-
tion, and his loss will be keenly felt by
supporters of the cause.

WOOD PRODUCTS LABORATORY.

Important Step Taken by the Government
of Canada.

The Dominion Government has decided
to institute a new department in connec-
tion with the Forestry Branch which will
undertake the work of investigating the
possibilities of conserving our forests by
reducing waste in manufacture, by pro-
longing the life of forest products used in
construction, and developing uses for pro-
ducts now wasted for the lack of knowl-
edge as to how they may be employed.

To take charge of this work Hon. W. J.
Roche, Minister of Interior, has selected
Mr. A. G. Mclntyre, at present editor of
the Pulp and Paper Magazine and acting
secretary of the Pulp and Paper Associa-
tion. Mr. Mclntyre is a graduate of Ac-
adia University, and he also graduated
from McGill University in chemical en-
gineering. He was chemical engineer of
the Jonquiere Pulp Company where he had
charge of the water power, water dis-
charge measurements, etc., and he put in
a bleaching system of his own design sav-
ing in the value of the paper. He was
also engineer in charge of construction for
Price Bros, at Kenogami, Quebec, and did
the investigation for the new sulphite mill.
His special qualifications for the work
should assure the successful carrying out
of the project. The work will be carried
on at present in co-operation with McGill
l^niversity.

The various classes of investigation to
be carried out will be as follows: Wood
tests, timber physics, wood preservation,
wood distillation and wood pulp. This is
an advanced step on the part of the de-
partment of the interior. The Forestry
Branch is one in which Dr. Roche has been
particularly interested and this new step
is along the lines of modern scientific for-
estry work in Germany and other Euro-
pean countries. — Ottawa Citizen.

Forest Conservation.

A. Edye de Hurst, Dennyhiirst, Drydeii, Ontario.

The existence of the Canadian Forestry
Association is evidence that Canada is at
last awakening to the awful losses she has
suffered during the last few years through
the destruction of her fast-diminishing for-
est resources. It is probable however that
few of those in whose hands the Govern-
ment of the country at present rests fully
realize the real magnitude of that loss, the
mere figures as to the devastated acreage
convey to small an idea when placed along-
side the square mileage of the Dominion of
the regions still believed to be under grow-
ing timber. Nature is given the credit of
being capable of making good that loss in
years to come. If every generation looks'
at it in this light I would not give much
for the forest assets in the near future.
Nature is not getting half a chance at pre-
sent. 1 am no pessimist, I believe she is
going to get her opportunity; but it will
be in the face of strong opposition. This
will arise because of the indifference of

many of the people to anything beyond their
own immediate interests.

That Canada will always be more or less
liable to forest fires through unavoidable
occurrences must be accepted as a foregone
conclusion ; but not half the present losses
can be said to be occasioned in this way.
It is perfectly fair to base this estimate on
observation in a given district and the de-
meanor of settlers in the matter.

In theory few will oppose forest conser-
vation ; they do not wish to stand in the way
of Tom or Dick getting 75 a month as
rangers. True, neither may know the differ-
ence between a white and black spruce ; but
'that does not affect their suitability for
the berth. ' Besides, the rangers are oc-
cupied on Crown lands and will not molest
people. If the losses were only those started
on the last named — allowing for unavoid-
able accidents — there would not be so much
to complain about; but in a vast number of
cases fires originate on settled lands and

Broadway, One of Winnipeg's Beautiful Streets.
83

84

Canadian Forestry Journal, June 1913.

here is where the people's indifference so
often shows itself. A sense of the beauties
of nature and the capabilities of making
those beauties add to the comfort of the
home and the protection of crops, does not
occur to them, or if it occurs, there is the
thought that it will entail a . little extra
work for which the dollar may not be im-
mediately forthcoming. They may not want
certain trees burnt; 'but there — the land
has to be cleared, let it run. ' * Destroys the
humus, what is that? Nothing better for
the land than wood ashes.' Fire has run
into A 's land, 'Well, A wants his laud clear-
ed up also. ', Fire reaches B's and burns a
few cord of wood. B rather resents this;
but as it has cleared a few acres for him,
* does not want to be unneighborly. ' Reaches
unsettled land, ' well, that will not hurt any-
body.' If Crown officials should ask ques-
tions— nobody knows anything. If these
people want to be free of trees, why in all
conscience do they not go to the prairie?
Why should the welfare of those who are
seeking to make their farms what every
farm in the country is capable of being
made, a place of beauty, a home, a centre
of associations, be constantly threatened?
Why should these be perpetually confronted
with the dread of having all on which their
hopes are fixed swept away?

The vast amount of liberty enjoyed in this
Dominion as compared with that of the
country of origin of many settlers, has de-
veloped into license. The future is nothing
to men with this idea — there is no love of
the land; they live for self. That these
are in a minority, I do not doubt; but
is the country to suffer because of them?
However we may incidently occupy o'lr-
selves, we are a nation of farmers, yet we
cannot confine ourselves to farm subjects.
A greater spirit of patriotism must prevade
us and thought for others.

If tho^e who are causing this annual loss
to the Dominion will not realize their duties
and obligations, those who are in the ma-
jority and can make them, must enforce
the observation of greater care in respect
of fires. Instead of fire rangers we want
an efficient gendarmerie the personnel of
which should, besides their other duties,
take cognisance of every fire possible and
report every case where the same be not
under proper control. The mere knowledge
amongst settlers that they are linder obser-
vation, would cause greater care to be
taken. A force of this kind, should be per-
manent, formed of picked men, and no party
matter. Recruited from the right sources a
body of this kind would form a valuable
nusceus for defensive organization and
would be more highly thought of than Fome
militia units, officered by men leading a
town or village life instead of by yeomen.
I doubt if such a corps would cost more
than the present rangers; but if it did, the
results obtained would, in my humble opin-
ion, justify the expenditure.

It will take many a day yet before the
fertile farms of this northern district can
be thoroughly safeguarded from fire. How
many of thpse men buoyed up with hopes
for the future, will ever attain their object
unless the powers-that-be put their foot
down and not only say that this wanton de-
struction must cease; but see that it does
cease. The political support of those who
would thwart the honest endeavors of a
party determined to enforce the very mod-
erate demands of those who say that the
fire danger has got to stop, is not worth
relying on. The system also of giving ap-
pointments to party heelers (one side is as
bad as the other) instead of selecting the
best men, militates against the proper en-
forcement of the law. Few can count on
holding a berth beyond the life of a Par-
liament, that appointment is coveted by half
a dozen other village Solomons of the same
party, so the holder rests and is thankful
and is careful to look the other way when
there is much smoke about.

The Canadian Forestry Association will
have the hearty backing of all true Canad-
ians in any scheme it may undertake for
the conservation of the forest areas.

There is one point that must not be over-
looked in this question and that is the birds.
These constant fires often at breeding time,
destroy quantities of them.

The balance of nature is so upset in this
district, (Dry den. Out.) that where there
should be thousands of grouse, there are
only dozens. The natural increase is barely
sufficient to keep pace with their destruc-
tion by their various four-footed foes, with-
out counting the pot-hunters.

Give me the trees with hoary frost in

winter-time
And I will call this country mine.
Give me the trees in budding spring
And I will all their beauties sing.
.Bid me to stay where fire has swept and all

must die.
And I will spread my wings and iSy.

EFFICIENCY IN THE CIVIL SERVICE.

Civil service reform, in Canada, has usu-
ally been taken to be synonymous with the
problem of eliminating party patronage
. . . Mt is well to put an end tO the
filling of government offices by irresponsilple
patronage committees, but this is only a
negative reform. It will not of itself ensure
B,n efficient service, and an efficient sei-viee
is urgently required. In a country like Can-
ada where the tasks assigned th6 central
government in the development of omr re-
sources are so great, it is of the first im-
portance to attract men who can measure
up to their work, to reward them fairly
with kudos or with cash, and to organize
them to secure the best results. — Queen's
Quarterly.

British Columbia Forest Branch.

Outline of the Organization of this New Service and Results of the First

Year's Work.

The establishment of the British Colum-
bia Forest Branch under the Forest Act,
framed by Sir Richard McBride and his
confreres, after the investigation held all
over the Province by the Royal Forestry
Commission appointed to look into the mat-
ter of existing forest conditions, was re-
ceived a little over a year ago with the
greatest enthusiasm by forest conserva-
tionists in all parts of the country. Now
that the Forest Branch is approaching its
first anniversary it is interesting to note
the advances which have been made by the
executive staff appointed by the Hon. W.
R. Ross, Minister of Lands.

From the middle of last summer con-
tinuously without a break up to the pre-
sent time Chief Forester H. R. MacMillan
and his board of four lieutenants, have
been devoting themselves unstintedly to the
work in hand, and it may be said that the
results achieved are in keeping with the
enthusiasm with which they addressed
themselves to their task. Whereas under
the administration prior to the establish-
ment of the Branch there were only two
departments which concerned themselves
with the management of the forest re-
sources of the Province, with an executive
staflF of perhaps twenty men, there is now
an executive force of about fifty exclusive of
the the two hundred fire rangers appointed
for the dangerous season.

The organization is divided as follows:
under the Minister there is the Forest
Board of five members, viz., the Chief
Forester, in whom final authority under the
Minister rests, the Chief of Management,
to whom falls the carrying out of the
* timber sales' which have taken place of
the ol<l 'special license' established in
1907 and discontinued in 1909, when the
Government of the Province placed com-
plete embargo upon the alienation of tim-
ber; the Chief of Operation, with whom
rests the work of fire protection; the Chief
of Surveys, who has charge of the various
reconnaissance and other surveys and land
classifications under the Forest Branch;
and the Chief of Records on whom de-
volves the collection of revenue and the
maintenance of statistics in the Branch.

For the purposes of proper admipistra-
tion the Province has been divided into
eleven geographical districts. These are
as follows: In the south from east to west,
Cranbrook, Nelson and Vernon districts.
North of these is the Railway Belt, admin-
istered by the Dominion Forestry Branch.
North of this from east to west are the

districts of Tete Jaune Cache, Kamloops,
Lillooet and Vancouver. The districts
farthest north from east to west are Fort
George, Hazelton and Prince Rupert. The
remaining district is Vancouver Island.

The location of each of these districts is
fairly well given by its name. The areas
in acres embraced in these districts are as
follows: Cranbrook, 7,325,000; Nelson, 5,-
259,000; Vernon, 6,963,000; Tete Jaune
Cache, 4,698,000; Kamloops, 6,619,000; Lil-
looet, 11,431,000; Vancouver, 15,755,000;
Fort George, 28,785,000; Hazelton, 13,786,-
000; Prince Rupert, 18,723,000; Vancouver
Island, 6,463,000.

With the enormous quantity of timber
which the Province possesses (it is estim-
ated that fully three hundred billion board
feet of merchantable material, or half of
that standing in the Dominion is within
the borders of British Columbia) the main
problem is that of protection from fire. To
this end every possible precaution is being
taken by the Forest Branch to keep down
this item of loss. The eonatant effort is to
secure as forest rangers men of ability and
experience in order that the system of
patrol will work with the regularity of a
machine in the dangerous season. Great
anxiety is being felt on all sides lest the
great growth of grass which was the result
of the unusually wet spell at the close of
last summer mav produce conditions of un-
usual danger to the forest growth. This
year will certainly be one Of the most dif-
ficult in the history of the Province.

One of the advanced means of protect-
ing the forest from fire adopted by the
Branch is that of i)lacing eight power
launches on waters adjacent to large bodies
of timber. On the coast, there are to be
four ;{<) ft. launches and two 54 ft. launches
with a power calculated to give ample
speed in cases of emergency. In some
cases it would be impossible to reach by
land a fire in some of the rocky districts
near the sea. Rapid, water transportation,
however, is expected to solve the question
of getting men and supplies quickly to the
point of danger.

The (;hief Forester notes in his annual
report that the scarcity of trails^ telephone
lines, and other permanent improvements
for the use of the fire protective force will
greatly hamper the movements of those to
whom" is entrusted the work of keeping
down fire. In jn&ny parts of the country
where the timber is largest and the fire
risk greatest, there is, as yet, no means
whereby a large force of men can be placed

85

86

Canadian Forestry Journal, June 1913.

in the field upon short notice. With the
development of the Branch and the appli-
cation of even a small part of the moneys
which come into the public coffer from the
forest resource every year, a thorough sys-
tem of patrol equipment may be establish-
ed and maintained, to the very great ad-
vantage of all those who have with them
at all times the anxiety of a forest fire.

So far only a very small part of British
Columbia has been accurately described for
topographical and economic features. The
work which was carried on by the Branch
under twelve parties of reconnaissance
men, as result of which five thousand
square miles were accurately plotted on
maps, was a remarkably good start upon
an enterprise which will be greatly devel-
oped in the course of the next few years.

The timber sales which have been insti-
tuted have already brought to the Gov-
ernment approximately $200,000 without
having alienated any other rights than
that to cut the standing crop of timber.
The method of proceedure adopted by the
Government is to cruise for sale blocks of
timber in various parts of the country
whenever application is made by an oper-
ator. A value is placed upon the timber
and bids are called in order that the Gov-
ernment may receive the highest amount
over the upset price. The successful bid-
der has to comply with all the regulations
of the Government with regard to cutting,
and after the tract in which he operates
has been cleared he has no further in-
terest in the area. The timber which once
belonged to the Government, is now deem-
ed sold and the operator, if he chooses,
may go to another location and buy timber
in the same way again. As market condi-
tions become improved and the demand
for British Columbia timber increases, the
great part of the timber now in Govern-
ment hands will be disposed of in this
way. Of course, all the product, of the
fourteen thousand special licenses which
were issued between 1907 and 1908 from
which the Government at the present time
is receiving approximately $2,000,000 an-
nually, will be dealt with as the licenses
provide.

The institution of the new methods of
administration have caused a large in-
crease in the staff necessary for the com-
piling of statistics and returns in connec-
tion with the timber sales and the moneys
from licenses throughout the Province. The
Chief of Records, therefore, has had a
large office staff installed, and a thorough
double-checking system has been devised
which will ensure the accurate handling
of all that part of the provincial revenue
which comes through the Forest Branch.

Chief Forester MacMillan has happily
combined the scientific knowledge of the
twenty technical foresters whom he has

secured for the service of the Branch with
the practical experience of the timber
cruisers, fire rangers and other executive
officers, to the end that the whole force
can deal with conditions in the best pos-
sible way. The technical men have been
drawn from all parts of the Dominion of
Canada, and it is evident that a strong
force of scientific foresters is already with-
in the borders of this country. The ma-
jority of the school trained men are en-
gaged in survey and timber cruising work.
As time goes on other branches will be
developed, particularly those connected
with the careful utilization of the pro-
ducts of the forest after they have passed
the sawmill. Co-operation with the lum-
bermen of the province in securing an
expert of standing as the head of this par-
ticular branch when established is looked
upon with great favor in all parts of the
Province. It is expected that the lumber-
men and the Forest Branch will work to-
gether in almost every detail of the ad-
ministration of the forest resource to the
end that me greatest possible amount of
value shall be returned to the people of
the Province.

One of the most notable achievements
of the Government, the Railway Commis-
sion and the railways now under coiistruc-
tion in the Province is the adoption of a
system of fire protection which involves
careful patrolling by the Government
rangers and at the same time advanced
measures by the railroads for eliminating
the sources of danger from construction
and locomotive fires. All brush which is
being created by those cutting the right
of way and those making ties near the line
is to be piled and left to the orders of the
District Forester. This and the further
fire preventive measure of burning this
slash upon the right of way are being car-
ried out in the Tete Jaune Cache district
where the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific
is being constructed. That which was
thought impossible and utterly unpractical
a few years ago is being shown to be rea-
sonable and thoroughly economic. It is
a following out of the principle which is
becoming generally recognized, that slash
which is created in the forest is bound to
burn at some time, and it is well to do
away with it when its burning can be con-
trolled than to wait and have swept away
by a large fire originating in this timber
a great part of the forest resource.

There were but few amendments to the
Forest Act proposed in the last session of
the Legislature. All were passed with the
exception of those dealing with the royal-
ties and the use of the Doyle rule. These
questions have been left over until the
session of 1913-14.

*< .

Where the Forestry Convention will he Held — The Winnipeg Industrial Bireau.

Should New Bruns\A/ick Forests Be Thinned,

John D. Howe, St. John, N.B.

In a paper read before the New Bruns-
wick Natural History Society, Mr. John
D. Howe, of St. John, N.B., who has for
many years taken an active interest in
forestry, urged the making of an experi-
ment in 'thinning' to promote growth in
the 'thicket' spruce forests of that Pro-
vince.

Mr. Howe recalled in opening a discus-
sion at the first meeting of the Canadian
Forestry Association in 1900, between Sir
Henri Joly de Lotbiniere, Dr. Robert Bell,
Dr. Wm. Saunders, Hon. W. D. Perley, Mr.
Wm. Little and Sir William Hingston. Sir
Henri Joly and Sir Wm. Hingston contend-
ed that the estimates placed on the growth
of spruce were too high, the former say-
ing that in his experience he had not
found a more favorable average than one
inch in diameter in five or six years. It
was also pointed out that while old field
spruce grew rapidly they branched out

from the bottom and were therefore large-
ly useless as timber trees. Mr. Little
l)ointed out that it was the rate of growth
of the whole forest, not of a single tree
growing in a garden that was important,
and Sir Wm. Hingston said that even in
the same acre of forest some trees would
grow as much in three years as others in
twelve years.

Mr. Howe said he had measured large
quantities of spruce, and though people
argued that the growth, owing to greater
humidity, was greater in New Brunswick
than in Quebec, he had not found the aver-
ago greater than Sir Henri Joly had stated.

This examination disclosed that trees
grow, not regularly, but fitfully. Some
trees would grow rapidly for twenty years
and then scarcely make any progress for
another twenty years, and then suddenly
break into vigorous growth again, putting
on as much wood in two years as they

87

88

Canadian Forestry Journal, June 1913.

had in the preceding twenty. Different
trees of the same species taken from the
same tract would show a totally different
variation.

After discussing all the possibilities of
soil and elevation and climatic conditions,
Mr. Howe gave it as his opinion that these
could not explain variations so great and
so complex. There remained but one other
possible cause the variation of light area
for the crown of the tree.

People interested in spruce reproduction
maintained that the natural spruce forest
could be cut over every ten or twenty
years, the large trees taken out and the
young ones allowed to grow, thus in the
end arriving at a perpetual yield.

This system appeared very alluring at
first, but the original clear boled trees
rapidly disappeared with each cutting. The
only trees to take their place were those
which grew where clearances had been
made sufficient to let the sunlight reach
the ground and these trees were usually
branched to the ground, producing very
rough timber.

Nature's Plan.

Mr. Howe then described the natural
growth of a spruce forest after a fire
had cleared the ground. The trees came
up by millions, ten or twelve seedlings to
a square foot. The ground was completely
shaded and all other forms of plan life
killed. Then the survival-of-the-fittest
struggle coipmenced and; the weaker ones
died by tens of thousands each year. In
a period varying from thirty to sixty years
the survivors reached three or four inches
in diameter, and were then twelve to eigh-
teen inches apart. The others had died
and crumbled to dust. These saplings fifty
feet high with no side branches, straight
as rushes, with a small plume of foliage at
the top, might be called the foundation
of the tall timber forest. This was what
was known as 'thicket growth' through-
out the Maritime Provirices.;

On examining this stand twenty-five or
thirty years later it would be found that
the trees now reduced in number to one
for each four square feet had increased
in size to five or six inches, or at an
average rate of one inch in ten or twelve
years.

The experiences of a number of investi-
gators were here cited to show that often
at this stage, where the forest was very
even, -the light proved insufficient to sup-
port the trees and millions of them died
or they became so weakened that they
became a prey to insects, fungi or wind.
Up to two or three inches in diameter it
might be deemed best to leave this small
growth to natural thinning, but after
reaching this stage if uniformity of size
conditions existed suspended growth re-

sulted. Mr. Howe then called attention to
some specimen sections of spruce. One
section showed that the tree took eighty
years to reach five inches, and then it sud-
denly put on heavy growth and in forty
years expanded to sixteen inches. This
was not an exceptional case, but such speci-
mens were to be had in large numbers from
cut over woods, showing that when the
tree received increased sunlight it rapidly
put on timber.

Mr. Howe argued that the full growth
of foliage was reached at a very early
age, and it could be shown that as large
art amount of wood material was growing
on an acre at an early stage as when larger
sizes were reached. What then became of
all these years of growth between, say, the
three inch and twelve inch sizes? Mr.
Howe had prepared a table showing what
would occur if the growth was not too
even. This table indicated a twenty-five
per cent death rate of trees for every
inch increase in diameter. This he said
would give only sufficient increase to al-
low expansion and the number of dead
trees would show what went to waste
while the big trees were reaching ma-
turity.

Was there not here an opportunity to
assist nature in hastening the growth of
the forest? It would be a most interest-
ing experiment to try the process of thin-
ning on some of these tracts of over three
quarters of a century of suspended growth,
working judiciously so as not to destroy
the forest fringe or, bulwark which pro-
tects the trees from being thrown over by
the wind. With younger trees larger gains
could be made and enormous waste pre-
vented. The present plan of cutting the
best trees would soon make large clear
timber a thiug of the past. It was not
the. 'survival of the fittest' but the sur-
vival of the unfit, the forest growing con-
stantly worse from the removal of the best
trees. He would be a bold projector to
change present methods, but unless this
were done from whence would good tim-
ber be obtained in a few years?

AN ECONOMIC WASTE.

A correspondent writing in the Hailey-
bury Haileyhurian claims that all along the
shore of Lake Timiskaming and tributary
streams, there are millions of dollars' worth
of fine logs rotting because under present
conditions and owing to their scattered char-
acter it will not pay to 'water' them,
that is, to drag them to the water. They
have escaped from drives and been left on
the shore by the receding spring freshets.
He claims that the Dominion Government
should enact legislation to compel the gath-
ering and the floating of these logs to the
mills as a matter of forest conservation.

How the United States Lost an Opportunity^.

. Why the Southern Half of the Turtle Mountain is not a National Forest;

Some time ago before the matter
was understood as it is today there
was an agitation for the throwing
open of the Turtle Mountain Forest
Eeserve in Manitoba for settlement.
It was pointed out by a nimnber of
authorities that the land was unsuit-
ed to agriculture and that to throw
open "the reserve would result in the
stripping off of the timber and the
settlers would soon find they could
not make a living. There would then
follow, as in similar cases in Ontario
and Quebec, the abandonment of these
farms. The settlers would have to
begin over again in some other part,
and the Government would have to
do, as Ontario and Quebec are now
doing^ — plant up these light, hilly
lands with seedlings at the expense
of many thousands of dollars in or-
der to get them back into timber. It
was also pointed out that if well
handled the Turtle Mountain Re-
serve would be in shape in a compar-
atively few years to supply sufficient
timber year by year to keep ten saw-
mills of the average Ontario size run-
ning in perpetuity, besides supplying
the surrounding district with fence
posts and cord wood.

The Turtle Mountain lies partly in
Canada and partly in the United
State.s, and one thing that has
puzzled a good many people is this :
Why did not the United States re-
serve their portion for a National
Forest? The Editors of The Can-
adian Forestry Journal therefore
wrote to Mr. H. S. Graves, United
States Forester, Washington, D. C,
asking him if the Forest Service had
ever had the district examined and
if so, why Avas it not constituted a
National Forest. The reply of Mr.
Graves is virtually to this effect ; that
when the district was examined in
1902 it was found that while it was
wpII suited to form a National Forest

only one twenty-fourth of the area
remained Government land. It is
therefore fair to assume that had the
United States Forest Service been on
the ground a little earlier all the
Turtle Mountain both north and
south of the International Boundary
would have been a permanent forest.
Mr. Graves letter is as follows: —

Your letter of January 7 is received.

I am glad to inform you that a report
is on record in this office covering that
portion of the Turtle Mountains lying
within the State of North Dakota. This
report was prepared in 1902 by Mr. J. H.
Hatton of the Forest Service. From the
report it appears that that portion of the
mountains within the United States is
similar topographically and in cover to
the portion lying in Canada, with which
you are familiar. It will probably, there-
fore, be unnecessary to dwell in detail
about the topography as given in the
report.

The report indicates that a more or less
dense growth of timber and underbrush
once covered all of that portion of the
Turtle Mountains lying north of Township
161 North and between Ranges 70 to 75
West, excepting the foothills on the south
of the mountains and the southern por-
tion of the Indian Reservation.

As a result of fires and cutting, the
extent of the heavy green timber was, S,t
the time of the report, confined to about
one township, and this was being rapidly
removed. The report states that it would
be but a matter of five or six years until
all the heavy timber would be destroyed
or consumed. Reproduction is good on the
fire-kilI<Ml areas. The types consist of oak,
I)Opph', ash, birch, elm, willow, box elder,
and many varieties of undergrowth.

The need of a forest cover to protect
the mountains from erosion is also set
forth in the report. The absence of erosion
at the time of the report is ascribed to
the lionsity of the cover and it is evident
that tlie generally hilly character of the
region will render erosion liable should it
be removed. No large streams flow from
the mountains, however.

The i»rincipal industry of the region was
wood cutting, as this supplied immediate
revenue and resulted in clearings for grow-
ing vegetables and small crops. After the
clearings had been made wood cutting be-
came a secondary industry.

i

89

A Drive in City Park, Winnipeg.

Six portable sawmills having a capacity
of from 4 to 12 M feet per day were re-
ported to be operating during the winter
in the region known as the 'heavy green
timber. ' In order to effect rapid clearings
settlers would sometimes hire a sawmill
and pay the owner $4 to $5 per M to saw
their logs. Lumber sold for about $15
per M.

Grazing was a minor industry. No large
herds were reported to be in the mountains,
though a majority of the older settlers
at that time possessed a few head of
cattle.

It was reported that many of the set-
tlers found it difficult to make a living.
It was found impossible to subsist entirely
on what could be gleaned from wood cut-
ting and small garden patches. Nearly all
settlers are reported to have spent from 4
to 6 months at some other employment out-
side of the mountains.

The dearth of good hay meadows
through the heavily timbered region made
it difficult to winter stock. The hay rais-
ed was an inferior quality.

In discussing the practicability of set-
ting aside a Forest Reserve in the moun-
tains, the report states:

'There are not enough vacant lands ly-
ing contiguous in the region that would be
suitable for reserve purposes.' Only about

one-twenty-fourth of the area between
Ranges 70 to 77 West, north of Township
160 North, was vacant. Nearly all of the
unentered lands were found in the foot-
hills where timber had never grown to any
appreciable extent.

The report concludes with a recommen-
dation that a certain described area be
established as a Forest Reserve, provided
an exchange of lands could be effected with
the settlers owning the lands within the
area suitable for Forest Reserve pur-
poses.

From this review of the report it will be
observed that an area (approximately
560,000 acres) embracing the Turtle Moun-
tains might well have been include<l with-
in a National Forest except for the heavy
percentage of alienated land within the
region and the impracticability of attempt-
ing to solidify the government lands of
the area.

TWO CONSERVATIONISTS.

* Nothing lost here but the squeal, ' de-
clared the pork packer. * Are you as econ-
omical in conducting your business?'

' Just about, ' answered the visitor. * I 'm
in the lumber business. We waste nothing
but the bark.'

90

The Problem of Sable Island.

F. W. H. Jacombe, M.A., M.F.

The Dominion Experimental Farms report
for 1910 contains an interesting reference
to the results of the planting done some
twelve years ago (May and June, 1901), de-
scribed at length in the report for the year
referred to. Unfortunately the final report
is an unfavourable one, only a few of the
trees and plants then planted having sur-
vived.

Sable Island is one of the most dangerous
spots on the eastern Canadian coast-line. It
is formed entirely of white sand, and lies
about ninety miles from the nearest point on
the Nova Scotia coast, and about 153 miles
from Halifax.

Its area has been considerably reduced
by the action of wind and water on the
sand. The present length of the island is
about twenty-one miles, and its width, at
its widest point, somewhat over a mile.
Early surveys gave the length of the island
as forty miles and its width two miles and
more. Dangerous shoals and sand-bars ex-
tend on all sides, and the strong currents
from north and south often carry vessels
out of their cours-e, while, in addition to
this, fogs are frequent; naturally wrecks are
many. The planting was undertaken, at the
request of the Marine Department, chiefly
with the object of preventing the damage
done to the islan<l by the wind. Naturally,
the further the destruction of the island is
carried, the greater becomes the danger
from the shoals and sand-bars.

No trees grow naturally on the island.
The choice of species to be planted was
based largely on observations made by Dr.
Wra. Saunders (then Director of Experi-
mental Farms) on a visit to Brittany,
France, where much work in the reclaiming
of sand-dunes has been done.

The species and numbers of each species
planted on the i8lan<l were as follows:
Pinus pinaster (maritima), (cluster pine),
10,000; Pinus sylvestris (Scotch pine), 10,-
000; Pinus sylvestris rigaensis (Riga pine),
10,000; Pinus laricio nigricans (Austriaca),
(Austrian pine), 10,000; Pinus montana
(Mountain pine), 5,000; Pinus montana
mughus (Dwarf mountain pine), 2,500;
Pinu8 strobus (White pine), 2,500; Picea
excelsa (Norway spruce), 10,000; Abies
balsamea (Balsam Fir), 2,500; Picea cana-
densis (White spruce), 2,500; Picea mariana
(Black Bpruce), 1,000; Juniperus virginiana,
(Red cedar), 1,000; Juniperus communis,
(Common juniper), 1,000; Thuja occident-
alis, (Eastern Arbor- vitae), 500. Of the
broad-leaved species there were used the fol-
lowing: Manitoba maple, (Acer Negundo),
500; Acer platanoides (Norway maple),
500; Betula alba (European white birch),
2,000; Oleditsia triacanthos (Honey locust).

2,000; Salix longifolia (Long-leaved wil-
low), 1,000. Planting was started on May
18th, the trees being found in good condi-
tion, in spite of having been packed up for
six weeks.

The first plantation was made on a sandy
bluff near the north shore, fairly well cov-
ered with the common sand-binding grass
{Arenaria ammophila), the trees being
planted two and a half to three feet apart
each way in a soil composed of pure sand.

One considerable area, to which the name
of Gourdeau Park was given, was found to
be covered to the depth of t-^everal inches
with a black, peaty i?oil, mixed with sand
and underlaid with pure sand. On this were
growing common juniper (Juniperus com-
munis), cranberry (Empetrum nigrum), wax
myrtle (Myrica cerifera), blueberry (Vacci-
niuni), wild rose and other plants. The
X)lanting was completed on June 17. Arti-
ficial fertilizers were used to some extent,
these comprising nitrate of soda, muriate of
potash, superphosphate of lime and quick-
lime. Sea-bird droppings were plentiful all
over the island. In * Gourdeau Park ' the
soil was ploughed.

The climate of the island is not extreme..
During the years 1898 to 1901 (inclusive)
the highest temperature registered by the
thermometer was 78 degrees Fahrenheit and
the lowest 5 degrees Fahrenheit . The winds,
however, are very high and constant and
gales are frequent.

At the End of the First Season.

From August 13 to October 3 the weather
was very dry, and from September 21 to-
September 26 a continuous gale blew,
ranging in direction from southwest to
north, which * burned ' the leaves off the
deciduous trees. All the pines, however,
except the white pine, looked well and had.
made a good growth. Some of the spruces
survived but few looked promising.

A memorandum prepared by Mr. Boutel-
lier, the superintendent of the island, for
the Director of Experimental Farms, on
March 23, 1910, summarized the result of
the plantations: At 'Station No. 4,' where
2,000 trees and shrubs were planted, he
found alive but fifteen Austrian pine, five
mountain pine, sixteen Scotch pine, twelve
maritime (cluster) i)ine, two Norway spruce
an<l one black spruce. 'They were all

spread out on the ground,' the memoran-
dum runs, 'and were about one foot high.
In summer they run up to the top of the
rank grass that grows around them, per-
haps quite two feet.' At 'No. 3 Station,'
where 5,000 plants and shrubs were planted,
the only one mentioned in the report is a

91

«2

•|^^^^. ' Can.

arfia^ Foji^stry Journal, Jlnr^e l$B3\

apecimen of matrimony vine (Lycium
europaeum), this being in the shelter of a-
five-foot board fence. At ' Gourdeau
Park, ^ where the greater part of the trees
were planted, all that remains is a few
specimens of the Scotch broom (Genista
scoparia)y while in the little garden at the
main station, where there is some shelter,
there remained of the trees planted, one
pine (probably Pinu^ cemhra), one Ameri-'
•can elm and one Manitoba maple. The two
last mentioned were less than two feet high
.-and were in the habit of growing up rapidly
•each summer, killing back each winter. The
pine was about six inches high and two
feet broad.

A danger to be apprehended is that the
surface of the island may be wholly swept
away (as has already happened in the case
of a large part of the original island),
leaving an immense area of submerged
:shoals. In that case the danger to passing
■vessels would be as great as now, and the
possibilities of rescue of shipwrecked per-
sons, (with the life-saving station gone)
would be reduced to a minimum.

Is not such a danger worth the spending
of many thousand dollars to avoid? On
similar plantations (similar, at least, as re-
gards the problems presented by natural
conditions) France has spent several mil-
lions of dollars, and the single state of
Massachusetts some hundreds of thousands.

In the problem presented by Sable Island
not only do property considerations enter,
but considerations involving the saving of
human life. At the least the subject is
worthy of continued and persistent experi-
ment, and it is to be hoped that the author-
ities will not rest satisfied, or torpid, in
consequence of the failure of this one at-
tempt

THE WINNIPEG CONVENTION.

Bailway Arrangements.

Owing to the fact that the Convention
-will be held on the day preceding and the
first two days of the Winnipeg Rxhibition,
delegates attending from points within what
is called the * Winnipeg Exhibition District '
will not be required to secure certificates;
They will purchase railway tickets at the
special rates in force during the Exhibition.
It will be necessary, however, that those
travelling on these tickets give their names
And addresses to the Secretary for the pur-
pose of compiling the railway returns. The
Winnipeg District extends from Fort Wil-
liam on the east to the Alberta-British Co-
lumbia boundary. (On the Canadian Pa-
cific Railway these rates extend to Golden
And Cranbrook, B.C.)

From Eastern Canadian Points.
Delegates attending from points in Can-
ada from Port Arthur eastward can secure

single fare rates (plus 25c) on the conven-
tion certificate plan. To secure these rates
delegates will purchase one way first class
tickets which will be sold them at the lowest
one way first class fare, plus 25c. When
purchasing these tickets they mUst secure a
standard certificate which the agent will fur-
nish upon request, and this certificate when
signed by the Secretary in the Convention at
Winnipeg as showing that the party was a
delegate will be uonored for ticket through
to original starting point free.

Going Dates. — Tickets for going trip by
all rail routes will be sold July 3 to 6 inclu-
sive; days of sale via lake and rail routes
to be announced later.

Returning. — Standard convention certifi-
cates properly filled in and signed by the
Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation will be honored at Winnipeg up to
and including July 24 for tickets to original
starting point free, except that where lake
routes are used addtional payment will be
required as follows:

Lale Arhitraries. — The following addi-
tonal amounts to be paid at Winnipeg when
certificates are honored for return journey
if passengers elect to travel via lake routes,
viz.:— (Via C.P.S.S. line or Sarnia N. N.
Co., and Port Arthur). Going all-rail, re-
turning lake and rail, $9.00 additional. Go-
ing lake and rail, returning all-rail, $4.00
additional. Going lake and rail, returning
same route $13.00 additional.

From British Columbia Points.

Bate: Certificate plan arrangement; one
way first class tickets and standard conven-
tion certificates to be issued from starting
point to Winnipeg at the lowest one way
first class fare plus 25 cents.

Going Bates: July 4, 5 and 6.

Return: Certificates signed by Mr. Jas.
Lawler, Secretary, Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation, to be honored at Winnipeg up to
and including July 12th for free return
tickets back to starting point with a transit
limit of 10 days.

NEW USE FOR SAWDUST.

'Son, why don't you play circus? It's

great fun. First you make a sawdust ring.'

'Where '11 I get the sawdust, dadf

'Here's the saw. Just saw some of that

cordwood into stove lengths. You can have

all the sawdust you make.'

These, then, are a few of the problems
to be solved by the forest engineer and I
think you will agree with me in stoutly
maintaining that he may well be proud of
his profession, and that in the practise of
it he will find abundant opportunities for
the exercise of all the engineering skill he
is possessed of.

Dominion Forest Parties

m

DOMINION FOREST PARTIES.

A number of the officers of the
Dominion Forestry Branch left Ot-
tawa during May for summer field-
work in various portions of the West.
The plans for work outside of the
regular work in connection with the
Forest Reserves will take the men
through a large area of country
which has not been previously trav-
ersed by men trained to look for mat-
ters pertaining to forestry.

The most important trip will be
that of Mr. E. H. Finlayson, Inspec-
tor of Fire Ranging. This was brief-
ly referred to in a previous issue of
The Journal. Mr. Finlayson left Ot-
tawa during the latter part of May
and will be engaged for a short time
in administrative work connected
^^'ith the fire-ranging organization
which is under his supervision. About
the middle of June, however, he will
leave Prince Albert on his way north.
Travelling by canoe from the end of
the Big River branch of the Canadian
Northern Railway, he will follow wat-
er routes until he reaches the Beaver
River. This river is one of the main
streams at the head of the Churchill
river which flows into Hudson Bay at
Fort Churchill. A number of large
lakes lie in this district, and some of
them will be traversed by Mr. Fin-
layson's party. They include Lac
Dore, Lac la Plonge, He a la Crosse
lake, Clear lake, Buffalo lake and La
Loche lake. A portage over a low
height of land leads to the Clearwater
River, which will be followed for
about one hundred miles until the
Hudson 's Bay Company 's Post at Mc-
Murray is reached. This is situated
at the confluence of the Clearwater
and Athabaska rivers. The balance
of Mr. Finlayson 's trip will lie along
the regular routes of travel of the
Mackenzie river valley. Mr. Finlay-
son plans to go as far north as Fort
Simpson, situated at the point where
the Liard joins the Mackenzie river.
The route of travel follows the Atha-
baska river to its mouth at Lake Atha-

baska, down the Slave river to Great
Slave lake,- and from there down the
Mackenzie river proper.

The main object of Mr. Finlayson 's
trip is to obtain information in regard
to the country which will make it pos-
sible to organize a staff of fire-rangers
for the protection of the timberlands
of the region. The present organiza-
tion in this connection provides only
protection along the river, although/
of course, that covers the area most
travelled. There will be this summer
two fire-patrol boats, of which one will
operate northward from Fort Smith
and the other in a southerly direction
from that point.

Another matter that will engage
]\Ir. Finlayson 's attention is the herd
of reindeer, which was transported
by the Dominion Government from
Labrador. The herd was secured
from Dr. Grenfell, who has done much
to encourage the introduction of this
useful animal into Labrador and New-
foundland. The Dominion Govern-
ment herd is at present located at
Fort Smith and is under the supervi-
sion of the Forestry Branch. The
reindeer have in the summer been
troubled a great deal by the mosquitos
and flies, and it is proposed to trans-
fer them to an island in Great Slave
Lake.

Tlie reconnaissance survey parties
left for the various districts assigned
to them during the month of May. Mr.
J. A. Doucet with Mr. R. M. Watt as
assistant were the first to start off.
This part}^ will be engaged in an ex-
amination of lands in the valley of
the Peace river. This season's work
will complete the examination of
lands connected with the Rocky
Mountains Forest Reserve upon
which men have been engaged for
the f)ast three seasons.

Messrs. Donald Grieg and T. A.
Trebilcock will be working between
Lake Winnipeg and Lake Manitoba.
Mr. A. B. Council, with Mr. A. M.
Thurston as assistant will examine the
Pasquia Hills in the province of Sas-
katchewan. Mr. G. P. Melrose, of the

94

Canadian Forestry Journal, June 1913.

University of New Brunswick, with
Mr. K. A. R. Campbell as assistant,
and Mr. R. K. Shives with Mr. G. S.
Laughlin will be working in the vic-
inity of Battleford and Prince Albert,
respectively. The men assigned to
this kind of work in the Railway Belt
in British Columbia are Messrs. F.
B. Robertson, C. R. Mills, E. B.
Prowd and H. A. Parker. The two
first-named will be the men in charge
of the parties.

Mr. W. N. Millar, District Inspec-
tor of Forest Reserves for the Pro-
vince of Alberta, has outlined exten-
sive trips in connection with his in-
spection work in the Rocky Mountains
forest reserve. Mr. Millar spent a very
large proportion of his time last sum-
mer in the field, but he was able to
cover only about half of the very large
area under his jurisdiction. The trips
that he has planned for the present
season will complete his personal in-
spection of all the Rocky Mountains
forest reserve lying south of the
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The
most extensive single trip will be a
journey with pack train from Laggan
to Fitzhugh.

Prof. R. B. Millar, of the Univers-
ity of New Brunswick, Dept. of For-
estry, has accepted an appointment to
do consulting work with the Canadian
Pacific Railway forest service during
the summer.

CROSS TIES PURCHASED IN 1912

A very interesting report on the cross
ties purchased in Canada in 1912 has been
issued by the Dominion Forestry Branch.
Statistics were based on reports received
from 51 steam railways and 36 electric
railways operating in Canada in 1912.

The total number of ties, 21,308,571,
were valued at $9,373,869. Part of these
were imported, but the bulk of the ties
used on Canadian railways were cut in
Canada. The imports of ties in 1912 reach-
ed approximately $1,697,431, which would
indicate that less than one-fifth of the ties
purchased in 1912 were imported.

There were purchased in Canada in 1912
a total of 21,308,571 cross-ties; this was an
increase in actual numbers of 6,919,347 or
a 48.1 per cent, increase over 1911. This
increase took place on almost all the rail-

ways in Canada and was especially notice-
able on transcontinental lines.

Nineteen different kinds of wood were
used with jack pine still leading. The use
of each material increased from 1911 with
the exception of Eastern spruce and red
pine. Balsam fir and Western spruce were
added to the list of 1911 and poplar and
black ash were dropped.

The use of the cedar tie has varied
greatly from year to year. In 1908, 1909
and 1910 cedar ties headed the list al-
though the numbers purchased showed de-
creases each year. In 1911 cedar ties form-
ed only 10 per cent, of the total and fell
back to fourth place on the list. In 1912
the use of this material increased by some
1,898,710 ties and this wood moved up to
second place on the list, forming 15.6 per
cent, of the total.

Douglas fir has steadily increased in use
since 1909, when data concerning its use
were first obtained. Oak and the other five
hardwoods — chestnut, beech, maple, birch
and elm — have also increased remarkably.
There seems to be a tendency on the part
of the management of older established
steam railways to reduce the use of soft,
light material for cross-ties, especially
where fast trains and heavy rolling stock
are used. Some of the Eastern roads have
ceased to purchase cedar, pine, hemlock
and tamarack ties and use only the hard-
woods. The use of imported hard pine has
increased with the hardwoods and was used
in making 3.1 per cent, of the ties pur-
chased in 1912. Western larch formed 5.6
per cent, of the total number, over a mil-
lion ties of this wood having been pur-
chased.

The average value of ties, at the point
of purchase, increased from 39 to 44 cents
in 1912.

It is interesting to note the increased use
of hardwoods by steam railway companies.
In 1911 woods such as oak, chestnut, beech,
maple, birch, elm and black ash together
formed only 1.8 per cent, of the ties pur-
chased. In 1912 this percentage increased
to 6.7 per cent, through increased purchases
of 1,148,578 hardwood ties.

Many Canadian railway companies are
now beginning to realize the value of pre-
serving at least a part of their tie material
from decay and insect injury. The prac-
tice of chemical treatment of railway ties
has been carried on by railways in the
United States for some years with appar-
ently satisfactory results.

The practice in Canada is just begin-
ning, but it is increasing rapidly with the
increasing cost of tie material and the
constantly decreasing supply. In 1910
practically no treated ties were used by
Canadian railways. In 1911 some 206,209
ties received chemical treatment before be-
ing placed in the roadbed. This number,
while forming only 1.4 per cent, of the

Cross Ties Purchased in 1912

V

total number of ties used, was, neverthe-
less, an indication of the increase in this
particular form of conservation. In 1912
1,818,189 ties were chemically treated. This
number forms 8.5 per cent, of the total
number of ties purchased. Steam railways
used 1,798,189 of these treated ties and
electric roads used 20,000.

The treated ties were mostly hardwoods,
as it has been fouml more economical to
treat the heavier, stronger woods than
those which are liable to fail from me-
chanical wear before they have time to
decay. The greatest actual saving by pre-
servative treatment is found in the use of
the so-called * inferior woods, ' provided
that these are properly protected from me-
chanical wear. Until the price of the dur-
able woods become excessive the railway
companies will not resort to expensive
treatment of inferior woods on account of
this cost of protecting them from mechan-
ical wear.

TIMBER CRUISES \
FORESTRY SURVEYS j

ForCotry Dept.

Montreal Engineering Company, Limited

Consulting' & Operating Engineers

I McGILL STREET, MONTREAL
R. O. Sweezey, General Manager

I

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES

and shrubs at forest

prices.

Native and foreign tree seeds.

"^m

Edye-de. Hurst & Son,

Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

HlflPPERa TO II. M. OOVKRNMENT, ETC [

CorfMjxmdance Pranqaitie.

ALPINE CLUB OF CANADA.

The extent to which the work of the Al-
pine Club of Canada has grown is shown
in the issue of a hundred page special issue
of the Canadian Alpine Journal, the organ
of the Club. The Club, of which Mr.
Arthur O. Wheeler, F.R.G.S., is the ener-
getic director, has its headquarters at
Banff, Alberta, and the permanent address
of the Secretary, Mr. S. H. Mitchell, from
whom further information may be obtain-
ed, is Sidney, B.C. This issue contains the
reports of the party from the Smithsonian
Institute of Washington, D.C., which col-
laborated with the Club in its 1911 ex-
pedition to the Mt. Robson region of Brit-
ish Columbia and Alberta in the vicinity
of the transcontinental line of the Grand
Trunk Pacific Railway. Those who repre-
sented the Smithsonian Institute were Mr.
N. Hollister, who studied the mammals;
Mr. J. H. Riley, who reported on the birds;
and Mr. Paul C. Standley, who was the
botanist of the expedition. The issue con-
tains a large number of half tone engrav-
ings of photographs of scenes and speci-
mens and a map by Mr. Wheeler of the
region traversed. Every year the work
of the Alpine Club extends and Canadians
are thus being made better acquainted
with their great mountain heritage.

FOREST

ENGINEERS.

Forest Surveys

Logging Maps

TIMBEIl

ESTIMATES

Water Power

Water Storage.

CLARK, LYFORD, & STERLING

1331 Real Estate Trust Bldg.. Philadelphia

CLARK & LYFORD,

LYFORD, CLARK & LYFORD,

40.'? Crown Bldgr.

a6 Board of Trade Bldg^

VANCOUVER

MONTREAL

THE SMITH STUMP PULLER

ThiM photoirraph BhowHtho work of tho Smith Stump
Puller, iiulllriKHmmpRwIfhonohorHP, sUimpH thiit run
from 4 tri (1 frft throuRh. atnn average cost of 6 cents
perHtiinii). Write for our frrnOitaloR.
». SMITH GRUIIER CO., 15 Smith Sta.. Li CriiMnt, Minn.

Jnivcrsity of
NcwBmi)8wick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Established in igo8

Four years' course leading to the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry. Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expen-es correspondingly moderate.

For further in/ormaiion address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. — — —

C. C. JONES, ChArvcellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syrak.ouse, Ne-vv York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science ; Post-
graduate course to Master of
Forestry; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks in Catskills.
Ranger School held on the
College Forest of 2,000 acres at
Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Experiment Station
of 90 acres and excellent Forest
, - Library offCT unusual opportu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For -particulars address
HUGH P, BAKER.. D. OecDea^n

BILTMORE,

- North Carolina

'THE Biltmore Forest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in the
United States. The Biltmore Forest
School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
near Biltmore; summer quarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests cf Ger-
many. Q The course of instruction
covers any and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order fpr' the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship of six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Forestry.

Write Jor catalog of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing —

THE DIRECTOfi. BILTMORE, N.C.. U.S.A.

lEyNI![RSII!fOR[8I«flL

NEW HAVEN. CONNECTICUT. USA.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is oflFered leading to the
deg-ree of Master of Forestry
The Forest School is a g:raduate
department of Yale Universi'y
requiriinf lor admission a college
training'. Graduates of universi-
ties, colleges, or scientific ins-
titutions ot hig^h standing are
admitted upon presentation ol
their diplomas, provided ihev
have taken courses in the fol-
lowi'>g subiects in their under-
graduate work : at least one
full year in college or Unive sity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoology, Physics, Inorganic
Chemistry, Geology-, Econnm cs.
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing mav take examin!4tions
in any subject hut ate requi>ed
in addition to present evidence
ol a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
.early lulv and is conducted at
the school camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For fttrther informatifin address

JAHES W. TOUnEY, Director

NEW HAVEN . - . . CONNECTICUT

A

/If).

Canadian forestry journal

Vol. IX

CANADIAN FORESTItt: JOUR
Published monthV, b^the*
Canadian Forkstry A^
Canadian Buildin
Ottawa, Canada
Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.
Subscription $1 per year.
Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Winnipeg Convention 97

Quebec 's Planting Operations 98

Railway Fire Protection — Clyde

Leavitt 99

Securing the Settlers' Sympathy in

Forest Fire Protection 102

Considerations in Woodlot Growing —

B. R. Morton, B.ScF 103

In British Columbia— H. R. MacMillan 105
Committee on Uniform Log Rule . . . 108
With the Forest Engineers 110

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General.

Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden.

Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

President, Hon. W. A. Charlton.

Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P.

Secretary, Jab. Lawler, Canadian Building,

Slater St., Ottawa.

Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson.

Directors : William Little, Hiram Robin.son .

Aubrey White, E. Stewart W. B. Snowball,

Thomas Southworth. Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y-

Cbown, John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H.

Campbell. J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E.

Fernow, Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C.

Whitman, G. C. Pich^, Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. O. E.

Mathieu. Bishop of Regina; A. P. Stevenson, Wm.

Pearce, C. E. E. Uasher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson

Booth. Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve,

W. C. J. Hall. J. 8. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J.

Zsvits, Geo. Chahoon Jr., R, D. Prettie,

Terrii.>rUl Vice-President* :
Ontario:— Hon. W. H. Hearst.
Quebec:— Hon. Jules Allard.
New Brunswick: — Hon. J. H. Fiemming.
Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels.
Manitoba:— Hon. R. P. Roblin
Prince Edward Island:— Hon. J. A. Matheson.
SAskatcbewan— His Honor G. W, Brown.
Alberu:— Hon. A. L. Si f ton.
British Columbia:— Hon. W, R. Rom.
Yukon: — Geo. Black, Commissioner.
Mackenzie:— F. D. Wilson.
Keewatin: — His Honor D. C. Cameron.
Uncava: — His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of
Montreal.

Convention, which begins
/\fr«Wf^gyafmultaneously with the issue
nr []\u\j0m\\\ I of the Journal, gives every
e of being a great success. Every
quarter of the country is sending a man
of note to address the meetings, and the
invitations which have been issued
throughout the West to those who were
thought most interested in the delibera-
tions of the Association are receiving a
most hearty response. It is evident that
the friends of forest conservation are to
be found in every walk and vocation of
life, and that the active sentiment for an
immediate extension of the work of the
Association is universal.

The list of speakers, even in its incom-
plete state, indicates the advanced nature
of the discussions. So far there is promise
from the following gentlemen: —

Hon. W. A. Charlton, President Canadian
Forestry Association.

Mr. Vere C. Brown, Supt. Central Western
Branches, Canadian Bank of Com-
merce.

Mr. Geo. Bury, Vice-President and General
Manager, Canadian Pacific Railway.

Mr. Avila Bedard, M.F., Professor, Laval
Forest School.

Prof. F. W. Brodrick, Professor of For-
estry, Manitoba Agricultural College,
Winnipeg.

Mr. S. A. Bedford, Deputy Minister of
Agriculture, Winnipeg.

Mr. R. H. Campbell, Dominion Director of
Forestry.

Mr. W. T. Cox, State Forester of Minne-
sota.

Mr. J. S. Dennis, Assistant to the Presi-
dent, Canadian Pacific Railway.

Mr. W. P. Dutton, President, Great West
Lumber Co.

Mr. E. H. Finlayson, Inspector of Fire
Ranging, Dominion Forest Service.

Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Chief Inspector, Rail-
way Commission.

Mr. H. R. MacMillan, Chief Forester, Brit-
ish Columbia.

Mr. O. C. Pich6, Chief Quebec Forest Ser-
vice.

Mr. Norman Ross, Chief of Tree Plant-
ing Division, Indian Head.

Mr. J. M. Swaine, Assistant Dominion En-
tomologist for Forest Insects, Ottawa.

Mr. E. J. Zavitz, Provincial Forester, On-
tario.

97

98

Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1913.

A feature of the convention which it is
expected will be warmly appreciated by
the delegates is the exhibit of specimens
of the woods of Manitoba and of the in-
sects which are parasitic upon them. Mr.
F. K. Herchmer, of the Dominion Forestry
Branch will have charge of the former,
and Mr. J. M. Swaine, of the Dominion
Experimental Farms, of the latter.

A special effort is being made to issue
the full report of the Proceedings within

a couple of weeks after the convention.
This report will contain the discussion as
well as the papers, and will give to those
who will be unable to attend the meeting
the very best alternative possible. In so
far as the edition will permit, copies of the
report will be sent to all who apply, after
the members of the Association and those
attended the convention have been sup-
pUed.

Qucbec^s Planting Operations*

Waste Lands Near Lachute Being Reforested.

About forty years ago near La-
chute, Que., there were fields devoted
to the growing of barley which was
transported to Montreal to be used in
the breweries there. Prices were good
and the farmers raised the same crop
for approximately fifteen years in
succession. Then a plague of grass-
hoppers removed a large part of the
virile green growth, with the result
that the soil, relieved of the great part
of its humus and other binding ele-
ments, began to drift in a south-east-
erly direction under the impelling
force of the prevailing wind. At the
present time these fields resemble a
rolling sea. The sand has been hol-
lowed out in the places in which there
are no trees or grasses and piled up
long distances away to a height of
from 10 to 25 feet.

A description of this locality was
given in the May issue of The For-
estry Journal of last year, and an
account given of the work of reclaim-
ing this land undertaken by the
Quebec Government under Mr. G. C.
Piche, M.P., Director of the Forestry
School and Chief Forestry Engineer
of the Quebec Department of Lands
and Forests. The results of that
work to date and the new operations
which were undertaken this year were
seen by representatives of The Jornal
again last month.

Of the 17,000 two-year-old white
pine which were planted a year ago

13,000 are at present living, and of
the 18,000 two-year-old white spruce
5,000 have come through the year suc-
cessfully. The experimental planta-
tion of 3,000 white ash and 800 elms
was a little more successful, as these,
although slightly frozen, have come
through the winter practically with-
out loss.

This year the company of foresters
who are working on the sand waste
have replaced 4,000 pine and 5,000
spruce which had failed with new
seedlings of Scotch pine (Pinus syl-
vestris). It has been found that it
is practically useless to plant little
trees alone on the hills, as the sand
blows over them and erodes around
them to such an extent that they can-
not live. The remedy for this is to
plant beach grass, which affords ef-
ficient shelter to the young trees to
allow their first year's growth after
plantation to go ahead without set-
back.

Frost injured the pines to a cer-
tain extent, but the greatest damage
came through the severe drought
which prevailed during the first half
of May. At that time the plants had
part of their rootlets enclosed in a
frozen soil. The plants were trans-
piring very much whilst the roots
could not supply enough moisture to
counterbalance the drying action.

Continued on page 107.

Railway Fire Protection.

By Clyde Leavitt, Chief Fire Inspector, Board of Railway Commissioners
for Canada, and Forester, Commission of Conservation.

It is well recognized iu theory that
railways should themselves he requir-
ed to take such measures as may he
necessary to safeguard i)uhlic and
private property from destruction by
fires due to railway operation. This
theory has been translated into prac-
tice to a far greater degree in Canada
than elsewhere on this continent.

It is also becoming recognized by
the more progressive railway officials
that the extension of the Govern-
mental powers of regulation to cover
matters of fire protection is not as a
matter of fact a hardship upon the
companies, so long as only reasonable
requirements are made, but that, on
the contrary, such regulation merely
makes a necessity of what would in
any event be dictated by good busi-
ness policy, having due regard to the
best permanent welfare of the railway
companies themselves. A disting-
uishing characteristic of the modern
progressive railway official is his re-
gard for the future interest of his
company, in contradistinction to the
old-time railroad man, whose sole
thought was in so many cases for the
present, regardless of the future.

The prevention of railway fires
means greatly reduced litigation and
damage claims and, inversely, tends
toward a much more friendly feeling
on the part of the general public to-
ward the companies. It means also
decreased loss of the company's pro-
perty and increased attractiveness of
the line from the tourist point of view,
thus conducing toward greater reven-
ues. Forest growth in proximity to
the track also means in the long run
greater supplies at lower prices, of
the tremendous (|uantities of wood
material necessary for ties and other
uses in connection with railway oper-
ation. It means also that instead of
barren wastes producing no revenue,
large non-agricultural sections of the

country will produce successive wood-
crops forever, thus maintaining num-
erous settlements along the line and
constituting a perpetual source of
business and therefore of freight and
passenger revenue to the railway.

At the end of June, 1912, the total
length of railways operating in Can-
ada was over 27,000 miles, leaving the
Dominion in the unique position of
having the largest railway mileage
per capita of population of any coun-
try in the world, despite the rapid
peopling of the western provinces,
during the past ten years. At the
same time there were approximately
7,000 additional miles of line actually
under construction. A very large
proportion of this 34,000 miles of line
is subject to the Board of Railway
Commissioners.

The powers granted to and exer-
cised by the Railway Commission as
to fire protective measures have been
gradually modified and extended, cul-
minating May 22, 1912, in the issu-
ance of Order 16570, covering all
})liases of railway fire protective work.
The essential requirements of this Oi*-
(ler are as follows: —

(First.) The use of fire-protective
appliances on coal-burning locomo-
tives, calculated to prevent so far as
possible the escape of live sparks oi*
cinders from stack and fire-box.
These appliances to be inspected at
least once each week by railway em-
])loyees. Frequent check inspections
are also made by the inspectors of the
Operating Department of the Rail-
way Commission. The best modern
appliances are prescribed, and ex-
perience shows^that the frequent in-
spections made 'by the railways them-
si^lves result in the early discovery
and rectification of most of the de-
fects in netting mesh or other appli-
ances. In this way the occurrence of
fires is very largely prevented, though

99

100

Canadian Forestry Journal^ July, 191S.

not entirely so, as there seems as yet
to be no satisfactory appliance that
will wholly prevent the escape of live
sparks from stacks under extreme
conditions.

{Second.) The extinguishing of
fire, live coals and ashes deposited up-
on tracks or rights of way outside of
yard limits. Fortunately there now
seems to be very little trouble from
this source.

{Third.) The non-use of lignite
coal. There are vast deposits of lig-
nite in the prairie provinces, and
much trouble has been experienced
in the past through fires caused by
the use of this fuel on railw^ays. It
finally became necessary to prohibit
its use entirely as locomotive fuel.

{Fourth.) The establishment and
maintenance of fire guards in the
prairie sections. The application of
this requirement has so far been lim-
ited to portions of Alberta, Sas-
katchewan, and Manitoba, where
there is danger of grass or stubble

fires. The Chief Fire Inspector is
given full authority to prescribe
how, when and where fire guards
are to be constructed.

{Fifth.) Regulation of burning of
inflammable material along rights of
way. The Railway Act requires that
railway companies shall at all times
maintain and keep their rights of
way free from dead or dry grass,
weeds and other unnecessary com-
bustible matter. It has been found
that a certain amount of regulation
is necessary, in order to prevent the
burning of debris at dangerous times
by irresponsible employees, tlnis con-
stituting a serious fire menace.

{Sixth.) The last of the special
requirements is with regard to the
reporting and extinguishing of fires
by railway employees. Where the
fire danger is not great, the situation
is sufficiently taken care of as a rule,
by the requirement that conductors,
engineers, and trainmen shall take
particular pains to report any fires

Snow fence consisting of row of maple trees along railway right of way. Forest
planting is gradually replacing the old style of wooden fences to protect railway
tracts against drifting snow. Note plowed fire guard to protect trees against fire.

I

Railway Fir$ Protection.

101

Railway right of way previous to clearing. The Railway Act requires that rail-
way rights of way shall be maintained free from combustible matter.

found burning along the right of
way; and that sectionmen and other
regular employees along the track
shall promptly extinguish any fires
reported to or found burning by
them. The railway company must
employ additional labor if such ac-
tion is necessary to the extinguish-
ment of a particular fire. It will be
noted that the whole field organiza-
tion of the railway is made a part of
the fire-fighting machine.

In order to fix definitely the re-
sponsibility for extinguishing a par-
ticular fire, the Order provides that
any fire starting or burning within
300 feet of the track shall be pre-
sumed to have started from the rail-
way unless proof to the contrary is
furnished. The burden of proof is
'thus put squarely on the railway
company. The idea is to get the fire
out first, and then talk about it later,
if necessary.

Where the fire danger is serious,
special patrols are necessary. Here,
advantage is taken of the provision of
the Order that the railway company

shall provide and maintain a force
of fire-rangers fit and sufficient for
efficient patrol and fire-fighting duty
during the fire season, all the details
of the establishment and maintenance
of such force to be subject to the
supervision and direction of the Chief
Fire Inspector or other authorized
officer of the Board.

This requirement for the establish-
ment of special patrols at the expense
of the railways themselves is the most
progressive and perhaps the most
radical feature of the Order, and
constitutes its chief distinguishing
characteristic. So far as known,
neither the National nor any State
Government in the United States has
enacted legislation along this line
which approaches this so far as plac-
ing the burden of fire protection upon
the railways themselves is concerned.

As previously noted, the require-
ments as to the use of fire-protective
appliances are enforced through a
special staff of inspectors in the
Operating Department of the Board.

102

Canadian Forestry Journal^ July, 1913.

P^r the enforcement of the balance
of the Order and the inspection of
the work of the railway companies,
a co-operative plan has been develop-
ed whereby certain officials of the
Dominion Forestry and Parks
Branches, and of the Governments of
British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec
and New Brunswick have been ap-
pointed officers of the Fire Inspection
Department of the Board, with au-
thority to deal direct with the rail-
way companies and to vary the re-
quirements up or down as the local
conditions at any time or place may
require or permit. It is expected that
a similar arrangement will be made
in Nova Scotia. In this way, a per-
fectly elastic system of administra-
tion is provided, so that necessary
protection is assured at a minimum
of cost to the railway companies and
with a minimum of red tape and loss
of time.

A special point is made of reliev-
ing railway companies of the neces-
sity for special patrols when weather
conditions are such that special
patrol is not necessary. This is like-
ly to be the case in the early summer
while vegetation is in a green and
non-combustible condition.

The gradual decrease of fire danger
may be expected to take place
through the extension of the use of
oil fuel on locomotives. The use of
oil-burners has for over two years
been in effect on 115 miles of the
line of the Great Northern Railway
in British Columbia. Along the main
and branch lines of the Canadian Pa-
cific Railway in British Columbia oil-
burners have during the past season
been installed on approximately 838
miles. Similar action has been taken
with regard to the 134 miles of the
Esquimau and Nanaimo Raliway on
Vancouver Island. The present to-
tal of oil-burning passenger lines in
Canada is therefore at the present
time approximately 587 miles. So
far, the use of oil fuel has been con-
fined to British Columbia on account
of the cheap water transportation

from the extensive oil fields of South-
ern California. It is however ex-
pected that the use of oil will be
further extended ift British Columbia
and probably al^ into some portions
of Alberta.

There are two points which should
be emphasized in connection with the
question of railway fire protection in
Canada. These are the requirement
of special patrols by the railway
companies, and the establishment of
a field organization for the adminis-
tration of the Order, with full au-
thority in the hands of the local in-
spectors to take any necessary action
without delay.

During the portions of two seasons
the plan has been in effect, fire pro-
tection has been more efficient along
railway lines than ever before, and
it is confidently expected that still
more satisfactory results will be
secured in the future. One of 4he
most satisfactory and most encourag-
ing features of the situation has been
the fine degree of co-operation with
the Fire Inspection Department of
the Board that has existed on the
part of most of the railway officials
concerned.

SECURING THE SETTLERS' SYM-
PATHY IN FOREST FIRE
PROTECTION.

On the Dominion Forest Reserves, many
of which are more or less surrounded by
settled regions, the fires which most men-
ace these Reserves are those which have
escaped the control of the settlers in clear-
ing land, many of whom underestimate
the fire danger, or do not realize the im-
mense damage (ione by a prairie fire which
sweeps into the forest and destroys all
the timber in the vicinity.

Consequently, to emphasize the import-
ance of this danger and to secure the set-
tlers' co-operation in eliminating it, has
been one of the chief aims of the Dominion
Forest Service. The accompanying cuts
illustrate one of the most successful ways
of achieving this result. These 'fire-post-
ers' as they are called, are printed in a
ilozen different languages so that no immi-
grant, whatever his nationality, can plead
ignorance of the fire danger. The old

Securing the Settlers, Sympathy in Forest Fire Protection

103

Danger! IiOST

MEAN ACTUAL LOSS TO ALL

WHY waste our own Money and impoverish our Land ?

TIMBER PAYS OUR TAXES
If it is destroyed WE PAY the difference

The Dominion Government wants your help in pre-
ventin|{ Forest Fires. The best kind of fire protection is
the Hood will of the people. We want your co-operation.

Get a copy of the law from your local Fireranger and
have him explain it to you, THEN follow its instructions.

REMEMBER. FIRE is your own WORST ENEMY

BE CAREFUL WITH FIRE

style of poster contained merely a digest
of the forest fire act. The new style of
poster asks in a pointed way for co-opera-
tion and gives reasons for so doing.
It is always printed in large type so that
*he who runs may read,' a decided im-
provement on the small-typed posters of
previous issues.

Another method of securing the settlers'
co-operation which has proved successful
consists in supplying the settlers in the
neighborhood of forest reserves with tool
chests, containing in compact form the
shovels and other equipment necessary to
the successful fighting of forest and prairie
fires. Thus, in the event of a fire, no
valuable time is lost searching for tools,
and the settlers can at once throw this
chest into a buggy and proceed to the
scene of the fire.

To furthec facilitate the rapidity with
which this co-operation can be effected, the

A WHOLE LOT of MONEY-MILLIONS

OF DOLLARS YEARLY-CONE UP IN SMOKE
LARGELY THROUGH CARELESSNESS.

BECAUSE :

SOMEONE left a camp fire burning!
SOMEONE dropped a burning match !
SOMEONE dropped a cigar or cigarette butt

or knocked ashes out of a pipe I
SOMEONE vvas careless clearing land !

TIMBER CROWS, VALUE CROWS

Everybody is Careful.

BUT

one fire may sweep out the growth
and the work of years.

EVERYBODY
BE CAREFUL WITH FIRE

•■VUDV DCSTROVIHC OR REMOVIM THIS WILL BE PROSECUTED.

look-out stations now being erected in the
Reserves have telephone connection not
only with the ranger stations, but also
with farming communities in the vicinity
of the Forest Reserves.

As a result of all this, not only are forest
fires more easily brought under control,
but also are there less such fires to con-
trol, and once the co-operation and protec-
tive organization has been perfected to
such an extent that all incipient forest
fires can be nipped in the bud, the pro-
blem of fire-protection on western Re-
serves will be solved.

G. E. B.

Considerations in NA/oodlot Growing.

B. R. Morton, B.Sc.F.y in Charge of Woodlots, Dominion Forestry Branch,

Ottawa.

There is no part of tlie farm which
will pay bigger returns for so little
expenditure of time and labour as the
woodlot, and there is no part of the
average eastern Canadian farm which

is so much neglected. Under proper
management the wood lot will pro-
duce about 0.8 of a cord per acre per
annum . If cut for fuel this quantity
at $5.00 per cord would represent an

104

Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1913.

income of $4.00 per acre, which would
be considerably higher if sold for
special uses such as fence posts, poles,
square timber, etc. Add to this the
profits derived from tapping the
maples, frorn 50c to $5.00 per acre,
depending upon the number of maples
and the flow of sap, and it is safe to
say the annual income from a pro-
perly managed woodlot would aver-
age about $7.00 per acre. It should
also be remembered that the woods on
many farms occupy such waste areas
as steep stream banks and stony hill
sides, from which the returns would
not justify their being used for agri-
cultural purposes.

There is no crop more sure than the
wood crop. Few woodlot owners,
however, have yet begun to look upon
their trees as a crop and although
they may realize that the rapid de-
crease in the supply of hardwoods
must increase the profits from their
property, there are still those who re-
tain an inherent desire to clear land.
It has never occurred to many that
it is possible to determine the amount
of wood that an acre will produce in
a year and that wnth proper manage-
ment this amount can be cut year
after year without deteriorating the
stand.

The typical woodlot of today is not
producing anywhere near the amount
of material that it might and it never
will, until the farmer changes his at-
titude towards it. To- bring the wood-
lot to its highest producing capacity
it is necessary for the owner to keep
in mind a model woodlot and in man-
aging, his goal should be this model.

The woodlot which is producing the
highest annual returns is one that
contains the greatest number of trees
consistent with the most rapid devel-
opment of the quality of wood desir-
ed. The trees should be close enough
together in their youth to force a
rapid height growth and produce
clear trunks. When about five years
old they should be from 3,000 to *5,000
per acre. This number will gradually
diminish until, at ten years of age, the
stand will contain from 1,500 to 3,000

Showing two age — classes— mature and seed-
ling. This is an ideal condition for the owner
intenditig to cut clean and allow his starui to
grow up again. For the farmer^s woodlot the
presence of a great number of ages is desircU)le
so that a few trees may be harvested each year.

trees, and at maturity not more than
150 of the oi'iginal trees will remain.
If left to itself this thinning would
come about in a natural way, but by
proper artifical thinning the growth
can be stimulated and weed-trees,
such as are undesirable and have low
market value, can be removed. The
crown of the trees should always
touch so that little light may reach
the ground and encourage the growth
of grass and weeds. The soil should
be prevented from becoming hard
and baked by the action of the sun.
In thinning, no opening should be
made in the tree tops which cannot
be filled in by the neighbouring trees
in three or four years. There should
be sufficient number of younger trees
which will rapidly fill in any opening
caused by the removal of, or accident
to, a mature tree. The growth about
the exposed margin of the woodlot if
kept dense will do much to protect
the trees within from being over-
thrown by wind.

In British Columbia.

Work of Surveys and Fire Protection Going Forward.
By H. R, MacMillaUy Chief Forester.

Surveys.

When the Forest Branch was started
one of the chief pieces of work was a
forest survey of the Province which would
show the quantity of merchantable timber
in the Province; would establish the
boundaries of the land convenient for
other purposes, which should be set aside
as permanent Forest Reserves and which
would serve to bring to light information
regarding the resources of the Province
which would be valuable for administra-
tive purposes. Last year about 6,000,000
acres were covered by forest survey part-
ies. This year work will be carried out
by the District Forester and P"'orest Assist-
ant in the different Districts as time per-
mits; and in addition the following parties
are being sent out to make an examination
of Districts considering which information
is required.

P. S. Bonney, a Canadian graduate of
the University of Washington Forest
School, is accompanying an exploration
party to the Naas River valley north of
Prince Rupert. Mr. Bonney will be out
until the end of the year, and by covering
thoroughly 1,500 or 2,000 square miles in
this valley, will bring to light important
information regarding the Forest Re-
sources of this section of the Province,
concerning which at present but little is
known.

A. K. Shives of Toronto Forest School,
has left with a party to do similar work
in the valley of the Bella Coola River and
eastwanl along the 53d Meridian. This
District is reported to be timbero<l with
the spruce and jack pine forest similar to
that of Quebec and Ontario; and a spruce
and lodgepole pine forest similar to that
on the eastern slope of the Rockies.

E. G. McDougall has charge of a survey
party covering the District between the
"'Cariboo road and the North Thompson
River from the railway belt north to the
52nd Parallel. Mr. McDougall accompan-
ied an exploration survey party sent out
by the Surveyor-General.

Mr. D. Clark of Toronto Forest School,
will make an examination cruise of the
timber tributary to the Canadian Northern
Railway from Tete Jaune Cache south to
the Blue River, a distance of 140 miles;
from the Blue River south to the railway
belt will be examined and cruised by H.
G. Murray, a graduate of the Forest School

of the University of New Brunswick.
Last year the timber tributary to the
Grand Trunk Pacific was cruised in order
that such bodies of timber as were suf-
ficiently valuable might be reserved from
settlement. Where timber of nierchant.ab'e
value is located on agricultural land with-
in easy access from the railway, such tim-
ber will bo sold by the Forest Branch as
soon as the railway provides a market in
order that the land may be opened for
settloniont.

T. S. Palmer will do forest survey work
in the Nelson District.

Axel Gold left Victoria some weeks ago
to conduct an exploration party and forest
survey of the country from the Nation
Lakes across the water-sheds of the Pars-
nip river to the Peace river. This survey
is being conducted with the idea of secur-
ing definite information regarding the
forest lesources of this northern district.

Arrangements will be made by the For-
est Branch with the Commission of Con-
servation to carry on co-oi)erative work in
completing the forest survey of British
Columbia at as early a date as possible.
The forest survey of British Columbia is
a matter of national im})ortance as it is
popularly supposed that half of the mer-
chantable timber of Canada is in British
Columbia and the administration of Brit-
ish Columbia timber is therefore a matter
of the greatest interest to the population
of all Canada.

Fire Protection.
Fire protection is the most important
work before the Forest Branch this sum-
mer. The Poorest Districts have been or-
ganised chiefly with the idea of improving
fire i)rotection. Previous to this summer
there have been no permanent employees
in the fire protection service of British
Columbia. This summer permanent Forest
Districts have been formed, the areas be-
ing from 6,000,000 to 28,000,000 acres
each. Kach District is in charge of a
District Forester who is assisted by a For-
est Assistant and a permanent ranger.
The permanent staff has been in duty since
the fall of 1912 or beginning of 1913. In
addition to the permanent organisation
Fire Rangers were appointed May Ist to
serve for five months through the summer.
As the danger of the fire season develops
in different parts of the Province arrange-
ments have been made to put on an in-

105

106

Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 19 IS.

creased number of patrol men for shorter
periods of one to three months.

The chief sources of fire risk in British
Columbia are: settlers clearing land; rail-
ways; logging operations; and miscel-
laneous travellers in the words.

The law requiring all the settlers to
secure permits from employees of the
Forest Branch before setting out fires be-
tween May 1st and October 1st has become
part of the custom of the country, and
has produced such excellent results that
the Forest Branch is securing the co-oper-
ation of the settlers of practically all the
districts. The increase in the number of
fire-wardens this year has also greatly
facilitated matters in this respect.

A great source of fire risk during British
Columbia's present stage of development is
the construction of railways; the Forest
Branch is assuming that the expense, fol-
lowing upon the adoption of regulations
framed to reduce the fire risk, is just as
legitimate a part of the expense of rail-
way construction as the expense incurred
in clearing or grading the right-of-way.
The Forest Act and the Railway Act of
British Columbia were drawn up on the
above assumption. The most important
regulations under the two Acts quoted
require:

A. That railway companies in construc-
tion work must clean up all slash within
200 feet of the railway.

B. That railway companies in construc-
tion work must clean up all slash caused
by the cutting of timber; the building of
camps; the construction of 'tote' roads;
or in any other manner

C. That during construction the railway
company must maintain a patrol satisfac-
tory to the Forest Branch and must pay
all expenses of that patrol or of exting-
uishing any fires starting from the con-
struction work.

The Forest Branch has endeavored to
secure compliance 'with the above regula-
tions from contractors throughout the
Province. As a result, contractors on the
Grand Trunk Pacific, Canadian Northern
Pacific and Canadian Pacific Railway lines
have piled or burne<l brush on the areas
logged over by them in securing ties and
other timbers; and have cleaned up in a
satisfactory manner all the slash thrown
off the right-of-way into the timber ad-
joining roads and railway right-of-way.
Where contractors have been unwilling or
inclined to refuse to carry on this work,
they have finally agreed, when faced with
actions in the courts or with cancellation
of their various timber privileges. As
railway contractors have never met with
the enforcing of such regulations elsewhere
in Canada it is not to be wondered at that
some of them rebel.

The Forest Act provides the Forest Pro-
tection Fund for both fire patrol and per-

manent improvements. During the past
winter and spring officers of the Forest
Branch, assisted by two telephone experts
have been locating telephone lines; . the
construction of several lines have been
undertaken chiefly in the Cranbrook and
Vernon Districts. In several instances
the expense is being charged between the
Forest Branch and the owners of timber
lands or companies interested in water-
shed protection. The municipalities of
Armstrong and Vernon have made grants
to assist in the construction of a telephone
line to a 'look-out' i)oint which com-
mands a view of the water-shed upon
which these two towns depend for their
water supply. A similar co-operative ar-
rangement is under consideration at pre-
sent between the Forest Branch and the
Irrigation Companies and the towns of
Kelowna and Penticton.

The Forest Branch has also under con-
sideration at present the opening up and
improving of trails which will increase
fire protection. Motor boats have been
built for fire patrol on Arrow Lake and
Kootenay Lake. Canoes are being pur-
chased for patrol on the Fraser, Columbia
and Thompsbn rivers and ten motor boats
have been secured for fire and timber in-
spection on the Coast.

The Forest Branch has taken up with
the lumbermen of the Province the ques-
tion of slash burning. It has been found
by experiment that slash burning on
logging operations in the different forests
of the Province is practicable; costs very
little money; and greatly increases fire
protection. Arrangements have been made
with a number of the most prominent
logging companies in British Columbia to
have their logging slash burned over this
spring, and such burning as has been car-
ried on up to date has proven very satis-
factory and has greatly decreased the fire
danger. Figures on the cost of slash burn-
ing are being collected and a statement
will be issued this fall dealing with this
subject. It is found that railway con-
tractors who burned their slash after tie
cutting operations this spring <lid so at
very little expense and removed any ser-
ious fire hazards.

A co-operative agreement has been made
with the Dominion Entomologist provid-
ing for an investigation of the economical
forest insects of British Columbia. This
investigation will be carried on this sum-
mer by Mr. J. M. Swaine.

The question of an efficient staff is, per-
haps, the most vital problem that has to be
handled at the pres-ent time — a staff that
understands its business and is prepared to
attend to it. — U. IT. Campbell, Director of
Forestry for Canada, at the Annual Meeting
of the Commission of Conservation,

Qiwbec\s Plnntinfj Operations.

1(»7

Quebec Government plantations at Lachute, Quebec. — Foresters at work plant-
ing trees.

Continued from page 98.
This drought had the effect of *'burn- the tips of the leaves are still vigorous.
ing" some of the foliage in the west- in the leaf axils and in the terminal
em extremity of the plantation. It buds. The main loss to the spruce
is noticeable, however, that the white seedlings, it is thought by the plant-
j)ines, although slightly withered at (Ms, was due to the fact that they

Quebec Government plantation at Lachute, Quebec. — A bunch of beach grass,
which is found useful in holding the soil so that young trees may get a start. Note
the sand around the roots. The Quebec Oovernment has ordered two kilogrammes
of this seed from France.

108

Canadian Forestry Journal, July, 1913

were too young and too tender to en-
dure the hard conditions in which
they were placed. Also, Mr. Piche,
the Chief Forester, thinks that enough
care was not taken by some of the
planters, who exposed to the air the
fine rootlets which should have been
kept under good cover or in a bucket
of water.

Last year a total area of twenty-
one acres was planted. This year
with twelve students working at the
rate of about eight to ten thousand
seedlings a day twenty-five to thirty
acres were planted. Mr. Laliberte,
under whom the work was done, esti-
mates that the cost was approximate-
ly $15 per acre, but as this was in-
curred in a short time and the over-
head expenses were great, it is far in
excess of what can be ordinarly ac-
complished. The cost, if the planting
were undertaken on a large scale,
should be only about five or six dol-
lars an acre. It is well within the
range of possibility that a large sand
area of some thirty-six square miles
near the present plantation may be
planted up in the course of the next
few years by the Government. It is
a distinct menace to the surrounding
countrj^, and the experiments already
carried out, including those of farm-
ers between the bad lands and the
town of Lachute, show that it is quite
possible to prevent altogether the
drifting of the, sand.

The Quebec Government is anxious
to carry on this work for many rea-
sons, chief of which, in addition to
that of subduing the drifts, is that it
provides an object lesson and a con-
siderable amount of encouragement
to farmers who plant up their own,
lands. In the Government nursery at
Berthier, Que., there are millions of
seedlings available for such enter-
prises, and Chief Forester Piche is
anxious to place them in good hands.
At the present time the arrangement
between the farmers and the Govern-
ment is that the Government buys the
land at $1 an acre, plants it with
trees and undertake to return it to

the owner if he cares to buy at the
end of eight or ten years for the cost
of production. In no case is the pur-
chase price in this second instance to
be over $10 per acre.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON UNI-
FORM LOG RULE.

Your Committee on Uniform Log-
rule begs leave to report as follows:

All members of the Committee are
agreed that a uniform unit rule of
measurement of logs is desirable for
the whole Dominion, but the practica-
bility of the introduction of such uni-
form measure at the present time is
considered dou])tful, or at least beset
with difficulties.

The first difficulty in introducing
a uniform log-rule lies in the fact
that, unlike lumber, logs have a local
market, and the market adjusts itself
to the peculiarities of the log-rule in
use in the locality without very ser-
ious detriment to all parties concern-
ed, as long as the price is made in pro-
portion to the greater or less liberality
of the log-rule; there is, therefore,
a natural tendency of conservatism
to keep up the usage.

A second reason rendering uniform-
ity difficult to attain is the fact that
each province has adopted a rule and
its licenses are based on it, hence the
same conservatism animates the gov-
ernments, although there is no doubt
that, for instance, Ontario loses, wher-
ever small logs form an essential part
of the cut, by the adoption of a log-
rule which is illiberal to the seller of
small logs, and Quebec, having a few
years ago changed its usage, gains by
a rule based upon better practice.

There are now at least five different
log-rules in practice, which vary by
from 10 to 50 per cent, and more in
giving contents of logs, according to
the assortment of the latter. It can
therefore happen that a lumberman,
logging in Quebec, Ontario and New
Brunswick at the same time, pays for
the same sized log, say a twelve inch
log twelve feet long, if the stumpage
dues were $2^ ten, twelve or fifteen

Report of Committee on Uniform Log Rule.

109

cents. Of course, the limit-holder
can take care of this difference in the
bonus which he pays additionally.

In order to meet the difficulty in
securing a fair measurement of small
logs the proposition is advanced by
one member of the Committee, to have
all small logs, say below nine inch
diameter at the small end, piled and
measured by the cord, or else to mea-
sure at least by carefully constructed
tables which give the number of logs
of varying sizes, diameter and length,
that go to a cord.

This would result in a great reduc-
tion in the cost of scaling, especially
as small logs form more and more the
bulk of the cut, at least in the East-
ern Provinces.

It should be thoroughly understood
that log-rules are not really actual
measurements, but a mixture of mea-
surement plus a judgment, namely,
as to how much saleable material can
be cut from the given cubic contents.
It is, of course, well known that this
result at the mill depends on a great
variety of conditions, such as the size
and character of the timber, the char-
acter of the mill and saw, the skill
of the sawyer, the kind of lumber to
be cut, and various other variable
conditions.

The only absolute measurement —
as absolute as anything in such a
variable material as logs can ])e — is
the cubic contents.

It would appear, therefore, desir-
able and from many points of view
eminently practicable to make the
cubic foot (or cubic meter) the unit
of measurement, leaving entirely to
the logger the judgment which log
scale fits his case, in order that he may
produce a satisfactory result from a
given cubic log content.

For forestry purposes, i.e., for the
purpose of studying rate and amount
of production of wood material, a
uniform unit of measurement is ab-
solutely necessary, and cubic contents
alone, measured by the cubic foot or
cubic meter, are acceptable. Hence
the present necessity of having to

translate various log-rules into cubic
contents is a very considerable draw-
back and impediment to progress in
developing forestry knowledge.

The only way in which a uniform
log-rule can be expected to be adopt-
ed is by conference of the provincial
governments and their agreement as
to the fairest rule. At least the east-
ern provinces which handle timber of
more or less the same description
could, it seems, very readily come to
an agreement to use one log-rule.

No attempts have been made by the
Committee to bring the matter to the
attention of the provincial govern-
ments.

The effort, however, when any
change is contemplated, should be at
once to press for the adoption of the
cubic foot, or better still of the cubic
meter; tables giving contents of logs
of different diameters and lengths
being now in existence in either mea-
sure.

(Signed) B. E. Fernow, Chairman.
JuDSON F. Clark.

G. C. PiCHE.

Alex. McLaurin.
Ell WOOD Wilson.

In thei^e days when there are numerous
claims of alleged 'rain-makers,' who pro-
pose to bring down moisture from the
clouds by explosions of dynamite, etc., it is
rather interesting to know that Dr. Fernow,
Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, Toronto
University, was the first official rain-maker
of the United States, that is to say. Dr.
Fernow was instructed to investigate the
possibility of causing rain by artificial me-
thods, and he was particularly to investigate
whether it was true that great modern l)at-
tles were always fought in heavy rain-
storms caused by the discharge of artillery.
Dr. Fernow 's investigations led to a report
of an entirely negative character, that is
to say, he found that there was no truth
in the report that great battles were always
fought in rain, nor did he find that the dis-
charge of ordnance or bombs had any per-
ceptible effect on the precipitation of mois-
ture.

With the Forest Engineers*

{Furnished hy the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.)

Mr. EUwood Wilson, Superintend-
ent of the Forestry Division of the
Laurentide Co., Grand 'Mere, Quebec,
reports an interesting budget of news
this month.

It is this company's intention to
plant up its waste lands as fast as
stock can be raised. Buying two year
old stock, the total cost of planting
has not exceeded $8.00 per acre.

Mr. Wilson has just returned from
a visit to the Provincial Govern-
ment 's nursery at Berthierville under
the general direction of Mr. G. C.
Piche and found a most excellent
plant and very interesting experi-
ments. Pinus ponderosa and Abies
nobilis have been grown successfully.
Mr. Roy and a party of students were
busy sowing and are to be compli-
mented on their good work.

Mr. Wilson has a nursery well start-
ed, which will have, next spring, about
50,000 trees (Norway spruce, white
spruce, white, Scotch, jack and red
pine and basswood). Some four years
ago about $2,000 white, Scotch and
jack pine were set out and are now
from four to eight feet high. Last
year 10,000 Scotch pine were set out
and this spring 10,000 Norway spruce
and a few hundred larch and Black
Hills spruce were planted.

Mr. Perrin, of the Shawenegan
Water & Power Company, is consid-
ering planting of some of the com-
pany's lands.

Mr. A. H. D. Ross writes the Sec-
retary in enthusiastic terms of his
work in the West this summer. Much
of the work is along technological
lines.

Mr. J. R. Dickson has been trans-
ferred to the Head Office of the
Branch at Ottawa, and is "getting
the glad hand" from many old
friends in the Capital.

Mr. E. J. Zavitz, Forester of the
Ontario Department of Lands, For-
ests and Mines, has the following to
say of the work he plans during this
summer: — My chief work at the pre-
sent time, and I expect all this sum-
mer, will be organizing fire protection
for the Dominion Railroad Board in
connection with Order 16570. Also T
am spending most of my time travel-
ling in the North Country and becom-
ing acquainted with local conditions
and the men already connected with
the Department. My work this sum-
mer is chiefly in the form of prelim-
inary survey.

Dr. C. D. Howe, of the Faculty of
Forestry, University of Toronto, is
continuing the work carried on under
the Commission of Conservation in
Central Ontario during the past sum-
mer. Dr. Howe is investigating all
forest conditions, paying particular
attention to land classification and
reproduction. Assisting Dr. How^e in
his work are several students in for-
estry in the University.

J. H. White, M.A., B.Sc.F., Fac-
ulty of Forestry, University of To-
ronto, is making an investigation of
conditions on the Dominion lands in
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and
British Columbia, both within and
outside of Reserves, with a view to
ascertaining what methods should be
employed to deal properly with brush
and to secure the best possible silvi-
cultural practice. The work is under
the direction of the Commission of
Conservation. Mr. White's report
will be made in October. Writing
under date of June 8, he says: —
"Leaving this week for a three weeks'
trip through the Clearwater and Bow
River Forests — which during this
month will probably be a wet one. ' '

110

Gov. Snlzer believes in Tree Planting

111

GOV. SULZER BELIEVES IN TREE
PLANTING.

'If I had my %ay I'd make every man
in the State of New York plant a tree
every month, ' ' said Gov. Sulzer at a hear-
ing on bills appropriating $310,000 for
the New York State College of Forestry
at Syracuse University.

'I have always planted trees,' said the
Governor. 'When I was a boy back on
the farm, every rainy day, when there was
nothing else to do, was spent in the woods.
My father taught me to dig up little trees
and to plant them along the road.

'When people pass that farm nowadays
they exclaim at the beauty of the elms
and the maples. My father was forty
years ahead of his time on forestry.
That was practical forestry and that is
what I want the people of New York to
learn and practice. ' — Paper, Inc.

TIMBER CRUISES
FORESTRY SURVEYS

J- Forcotry Dept.

Mintreal Engineering Company, Limited

Consulting^ & Operating Engineers

I McGILL STREET, MONTREAL
R. O. Sweezay, General Manager

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES
and shrubs at forest
prices.

Native and foreign tree seeds.

Edye-de- Hurst & Son,
Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

SWPPKRS TO H. M. OOViSRNMKNT, KTC

Corresp<mdanee Franfaise.

PLACING VALUATION ON YOUNG
TREES.

(Southern Lumberman, Nashville, Tenn.)

For the first time the courts of the
country have placed a valuation upon
young trees on land that has been refor-
ested. The case was not an important one
and there was but little money involved.
But it is a precedent.

The United States Government brought
suit against the Missouri & Northwestern
Railroad for damages for timber destroy-
ed by fires originating from sparks from
a locomotive. A United States District
Court allowed a damage of $12 an acre.
Only ninety-two acres were destroyed.

This is the first time that a court
in the United States has decided
that trees of such immature growth
as thoi-e involved in this case have
a value which may be determined and for
the destruction of which damages may be
estimated and allowed. The basis of the
valuation of the reproduction was the fig-
ures derived from the actual planting op-
erations carried on ^by the Forest Service
in the Black Hills, South Dakota, during
the past season, in which 1,500 acres were
reforested by seeding.

In line with this decision is the recent
settlement by compromise of a case
against the Burlington Railroad Company
for damages caused by fires in the Galena
district of the Black Hills. By this set-
tlement the United States receives the
full amount of the estimated damages,
part of which was for injury to 300 acres
of reproduction valued at $6.66 per acre.

THE WASTE OF WOOD.

We have destroyed the forests that we
might build millions of wooden houFes of a
most flimsy sort, which every now and again
give us a Chicago fire or a San Francisco
holocaust. We burn a greater quantity of
the product of man's labor in America
every year than was destroyed when Nero
celebrated the destruction of the capital of
the world. And we, too, fiddle and dance
through it all. — Toronto Globe.

FOREST

ENGINEERS.

KorcHt Surveys

lA}gg\ug Maps

TIMBKK

p:stimatks

Water I»owor

Water Stor gv.

CLARK. LYFORD. & STERLING

1331 Real Estate Trust Bldft.. Philadelphia

CLARK & LYFORD.

LYFORD. CLARK & LYFORD.

40.1 Crown BIdg.

26 Hoard of Trade Bldg

VANCOUVER

MONTREKL

JnivcrsilY oi
New Bmijswick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Established in igo8

Four years' course leading to the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry. Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expenses correspondingly moderate.

For further in/orntation address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. _ — —

C. C. JONES, Chancellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syra^otxse, Ne-vv York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science ; Post-
graduate course to Master of
Forestry; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks in Catskills.
Ranger School held on the
College Forest of 2,000 acres at
Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Experiment Station
of 90 acres and excellent Forest
Library offer unusual opportu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For particulars address
HUGH P, BAKER. D. Oeo.De&n

BILTMORE, - - North Carolina

'THEBiltmore Forest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in
America. The Biltmore Forest

School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
near Biltmore; .summer quarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests of Ger-
many. Q The course of instruction
covers any and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship of six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of , Forestry.

Write for catalog of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing —

THE DIRECTOfl, BILTMORE, N. C, U. S. A.

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.SA.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is offered leading^ to the
deg^ree of Master of Forestry.
The Forest School is a g-raduate
department of Yale University
requiring for admission a colleere
training. Graduates of universi-
ties, colleges, or scientific ins-
titutions of high standing are
admitted upon presentation of
their diplomas, provided they
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subjects in their under-
graduate work : at least one
full year in college or Unive<sity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoology. Physics, Inorganic
Chemistry,Geology. Econom cs,
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing may take examinations
in any subject but are required
in addition to present evidence
ot a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
early July and is conducted at
the school camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For further information address

JAHES W. TOUHBY, Director

NEW HAVKN - - . - CONNBOTMVT

■\\

Canadian forestry journal

Vol. IX.

Ottawa, Canada, August, 1913.

No. 8

CANADIAN TOREBTWP^lmmKXL^
Published moiiwly by the

CaKADIAK FORBSTft ASSOCI^HMW •• -^ -m^

Canadian Jfoii^g, ^^ ^ ^ ^^•
Ottawa, cl^a^Ifc^
Devoted to the cause of forllt(^^^|^Ta|;io£u ^r^
Subscription $1 per yhtg^iir-:- '
Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Delegates to Winnipeg Convention

(photo) 114

The Convention in Winnipeg 115

Forest Fire Legislation 117

Quebec Forestry Department 119

Government and Loggers Co-operate

in Slash Disposal 120

Havoc by Forest Fires 122

Timber Products Statistics 1912 128

International Bureau of Forestry . . . 124

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General.

Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden.

Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

President, Hon. W. A. Charlton.

Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P.

Secretary, Jas. Lawler, Canadian Building,

Slater St., Ottawa.

Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson.

Directors : William Little, Hiram Robinson,

Aubrey White, E. Stewart W. B. Snowball,

Thomas Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y.

Chown. John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H.

Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E.

Femow, Ellwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C.

Whitman, G. C. Pich«, Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. O. E.

Mathieu. Bishop of Regina; A. P. Stevenson, Wm.

Pearce, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson

Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve,

W. C. J. Hall. J. S. Dennis. J. B. White, E. J.

Zavits, Geo. Chahoon Jr., R. D. Prettie.

Tanit^rlal Vicc-PrMldenta :

Ontario:— Hon. W. H. Hearst.
Quebec: — Hon. Jules Allard.
New Brunswick: — Hon. J. H. Flemming.
Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels.
Manitoba:— Hon. R. P. Roblin.
Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson
Saskatchewan- — His Honor G. W. Brown.
AlberU:— Hon. A. L. Sifton.
British Columbia:— Hon. W. R. Rom.
Yukon: — Geo. Black, Commissioner.
Mackensie:— F. D. WiJson.
Keewatin: — His Honor D. C. Cameron.
Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Bruchest, Archbishop of
MoBUeal.

HON. W. A. CHARLTON.

President of the Canadian Forestry As-
sociation, who presided at the Winnipeg
Convention, and opened the Winnipeg In-
dustrial Exhibition.

HONORED IN WINNIPEG.

At noon on Monday, the openinjjf da}'
of the recent Convention, the Winnipeg
Canadian Club entertained Mr. R. H.
Campbell and Mr. James White, each of
whom delivered a short address on the
resources of Manitoba. Mr. White gave
an outline of the geological formations
and th(? water i)owers, and prognosticated a
marv(dlous increase in the productivity of
the province through the development of
the latter. Mr. Campbell touched on the
forest wealth, and predicted with firm
conviction that if Manitoba would take
reasonable care with her forests, there
could be a revenue as great as that of
the agricultural products, derived from the
wood material.

On Tuesday afternoon, July 8th, the
Uon. W. A. Charlton, performed the cere-
mony of opening the Winnipeg Industrial
Exhibition, one of the great annual fea-
tures of the city. Mr, Charlton delivered
a short address on the subject of Winni-
peg's growth and the general development
of the West.

113

•r»««

-^»»>-v.

,^^«^

The Convention in Winnipeg

Meetings in the Western Metropolis Create Great Interest.

Manitoba has been famed in the past
for her wonderful resources of wheat.
However, if the spirit of the addresses at
the fifteenth Convention of the Associa-
tion held in Winnipeg on the 7, 8 and 0,
of last month can be taken as a criterion
it is evident that the West will also be-
fore long loom large among the sisters of
confederation in the pro«luction of forest
wealth as well. The Convention was a suc-
cess in every way, and was particularly
beneficial to the forestry movement in gen-
eral, in that its first meeting in a coun-
try which was supposed to be less inter-
ested in the problem of forest conservation
than any other part of the Dominion, was
found to be abounding in the spirit which
will go far in the future to make forestry
a live issue in which all legislatures and
the people as a whole can take an active
interest.

The provincial and civic bodies took the
keenest interest in all the proceedings,
and the press of the city and province
devote<l columns of space both in news
and editorial sections to the objects of
the Association.

The meetings were held in the sjiacious
hall of the Industrial Bureau on Main
street just a few steps from the corner
of Portage avenue, the greatest business
street in the West, All the facilities of
the Bureau were placed at the disposal of
the Association and every opportunity
afforded for the proper handling of ar-
rangements.

The subjects dealt with were of the
greatest importance to Central Canada,
and the interest in all the meetings was
unusually well sustained. As the report
of the Convention is now in the hands
of the printer with the object of getting
it distributed to members of the Associa-
tion at the earliest possible moment, de-
tailed reference to each of the pai>ers is
reserved until the next issue of The
Journal.

A feature of the Convention which had
direct appeal and effect among thousands
of citizens was the exhibit of native woods
prepared by officers of the Dominion
Forestry Branch and placed in the main
entrance of the Industrial Bureau. Every
day the Bureau was thronged with visit-
ors, and it was noticed that the woods
exhibit was undoubtedly the centre of

attraction. The remark ** wouldn't have
believed it" was the most common among
the admirers of the collection. There
were twenty different species shown, some
of which were wonderfully well developed.
Burr Oak 33 inches in diameter. Red Pine
19 inches. Jack Pine 19 inches, Cotton-
wood 42 inches. White Spruce 40 inches,
were a few of the larger specimens. There
were some samples also of the finished pro-
ducts, such as lumber, cooperage, excelsior
and pulp.

The exhibit of insects parasitic upon
the woods of Manitoba, in charge of Mr.
J. M. Swaine, was placed in the Conven-
tion Hall and was much appreciated by
all, Mr. Swaine 's paper, which was dis-
tributed during the Convention, gave the
delegates a clear idea of the depredations
of the pests.

The opening session, on Monday even-
ing, July 7th, was attended by a crowd
which completely filled the auditorium.
On the platform were Sir William Whyte
(in the chair) Hon. W. A. Charlton, His
Honor, Lieut. Governor D. C. Cameron,
Hon, George Lawrence, Minister of Agri-
culture for Manitoba, His Worship Mayor
Deacon, Mr. John Stovel, President of the
Winnipeg Board of Trade, Mr. Wm.
Grassie, Vice-President of the Industrial
Bureau, Mr. R. H. Campbell Dominion
Director of Forestry, Mr. James White
Secretary of the Commission of Conserva-
tion aiul Mr. J. E. Rhodes of Chicago re-
presenting the American Forestry Associa-
tion. Following a short speech of intro-
duction by Sir William Whyte, His Honor
the Lieutenant Governor opened the Con-
vention, with words of welcome which
betok(Mied the warmest of sympathies
with the efforts of the Association. His
Honor dwelt upon the extension of the
boundaries of the Province of Manitoba
and (expressed the opinion that the for-
est wealth of the West would rank high
in the country in the future.

Hon. George Lawrence extended a
warm welcome to the Association and
invited all to be guests of the Govern-
ment in a trip to the new Agricultural
College at St. Vital on Wednesday.
Mayor T. H. Deacon added the welcome
of the people of Winnipeg, and wished
the Association every success in its
efforts. His Worship greatly deplored

116

116

Canadian Forestry Journal, August, WIS.

the devastation through fire. "I have
been on every river of importance be-
tween the Lake of the Woods and the
Rocky Mountains and, frankly, I do not
know where the timber is. The Mayor
wished to see the ranging systems of
the country, particularly of Ontario,
whose resources he thought sufficient to
stand considerable expenditure, mater-
ially extended. Mr. John Stovel extend-
ed the welcome of the Winnipeg Board
of Trade, and Mr. Wm. Grassie bespoke
for the Industrial Bureau the interest
which men of the Central West felt in
the progress of the forestry movement.

The Hon. W. A. Charlton, President of
the Association expressed the grateful
feelings of the delegates for the kind-
nesses shown. The wonderful develop-
ments within the country, Mr. Charlton
said, meant great and permanent prosper-
ity if we would only husband properly
our natural Wealth. Mr. J. E. Rhodes,
the distinguished representative of the
American Forestry Association, followed
with greetings from across the border,
and hopes of extensive co-operation be-
tween conservationists the continent
over. Mr. Rhodes paid a unique tribute
to Canada's possibilities in proper man-
agement of her forests. 'We look for-
ward to your practising scientific fores-
try before we do,' said he, 'because of
the method of holding forest lands.'

Mr. E. T. Allen, from the Western
Forestry and Conservation Association
followed: 'The man who stays at home
from a meeting of this kind in the course
of two or three years finds himself in a
sort of backwater' said Mr. Allen. Mr.
R. H. Campbell, Dominion Director of
Forestry, spoke of the 'forest as a bank
account,' 'and,' said Mr. Campbell, 'we
have drawn on our capital very heavily,
and we must make a heavy capital ex-
penditure to get back to the position
where we were and where we can again
draw regularly an income equal to that
which we previously drew.' Mr. James
White spoke of the Work of the Commis-
sion of Conservation in relation to the
forests. He said that our wood supplies
had been greatly over-estimated and
that he hoped the United States would
not look to Canada, as Mr. Rhodes had
suggested.

A letter of regret at inability to be
present was read from Hon. W. J. Roche
Minister of the Interior. Dr. Roche

wrote that he had intended attending,
but was prevented by the accumulation
of work which he found awaiting him at
Ottawa upon his return from England.

On the second day the Association
turned immediately to the program of
papers and entertainment, which was as
follows:

TUESDAY, JULY 8th.
(Morning Session.)

9.30— Hon. W. A. Charlton— President's
Address.

Appointment of Resolutions Committee.

Mr. R. H. Campbell, Dominion Director
of Forestry — "Manitoba a Forest Pro-
vince,"

Mr. E. A. Sterling, Director, American
Forestry Association — "Progress of
Forestry in the United States."

Mr. W. T. Cox, State Fofester of Minne-
sota—"Rate of Tree Growth."

Mr. E. J. Zavitz, Provincial Forester of
Ontario — ' ' Forestry in Ontario ' '

Mr. W. P. Dutton, President Great West
Lumber Co. — "Central Western Forest
Conditions. ' '

Mr. J. M. Swaine, Entomologist for For-
est Insects, Dominion Experimental
Farm, Ottawa — "Insect Problems in
Canadian Forests."

(Afternoon Session.)

2.30 — Mr. George Bury, Vice-President
Canadian Pacific Railway Co. — "The
Railway and Forest Protection."

Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Forester for the Can-
adian Commission of Conservation —
"Brush Disposal in the Adirondacks. "

Mr. H. R. MacMillan, Chief Forester of
British Columbia — "Forestry Progress
in British Columbia."

Mr. E. H. Finlay^on, Chief Fire Inspec-
tor, Dominion Forestry Branch — "The
Fire Acts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan
and Alberta. ' '

(Evening Session.)

8.00 — Mr. J. S. Dennis, Assistant to the
President, Canadian Pacific Railway,
and Chief of Natural Resources De-
partment— "Why the Railroads are In-
terested in Forestry."

Mr. Vere C. Brown, Superintendent of
Central Western Branches, Canadian
Bank of Commerce — ' ' Some Practical
Aspects of the Forestry Movement. ' '

Mr. E. T. Allen, Forester of the Western
Forestry and Conservation Association,
Portland, Oregon — * ' Co-operation and
Extension in Forestry."

WEDNESDAY, JULY 9th.
(Morning Session.)
9.30 — Mr. Norman M. Ross, Chief of Tree
Planting Division, Dominion Forestry
Branch — "Review of the Work of the
Tree Planting Division."
Mr. S. A. Bedford, Deputy Minister of
Agriculture for Manitoba — "Farm
Hedges. ' '
Mr. F. W. Brodrick, Professor of For-
estry, Manitoba Agricultural College —
"Educational Aspects of Forestry."
(Entertainment.)
11.00 — Electric Cars leave Industrial

(Contintied on page 125.)

Forest Fire Legislation^

Final Report of Committee Published.

(At the annual meeting Dr. B. E. Fernow,
on behalf of the committee, presented the follow-
ing report, the printing of which was delayed
until some details loere completed.)

Your Committee on Forest Fire
Legislation can report with gratifica-
tion the developments of the past
year; highly important progress in
all parts of the Dominion in coping
with the fire fiend having been made.

Early in the year the Federal
Board of Railway Commissioners
held a number of public hearings at
Ottawa and Toronto, at which your
Association, your Committee, the
Commission of Conservation, the Gov-
ernment of British Columbia, • as an
important moving spirit, and repre-
sentatives of the various Railroad
Companies were heard.

At the request of the Board the
Chairman of your Committee, acting
at the same time as representative of
the Commission of Conservation,
formulated the principles upon which
the Board should proceed in legislat-
ing for protection against fires aris-
ing from railroads.

The final result of these hearings
was the issuance of a most compre-
hensive order (No. 16570) covering
every phase of the subject, and espec-
ially providing a thorough organiza-
tion with a Chief Fire Inspector at
the head, who acts at the same time
as Forester to the Commission of Con-
servation.

It may be said that this legislation
is the most advanced for this phase
of the subject on this continent, cov-
ering under one authority probably
not less than 22,000 miles of track.

The organization has been vigorous-
ly put in order by the Chief Fire
Inspector. The main principle of the
organization is that it delegates dis-
cretionary power to the Chief Inspec-
tor, which is necessary on account of
the great variety of conditions to be

met with on such a vast territory.
Another feature of the organization
is the co-operation with other agen-
cies like the federal and provincial
forest services or provincial govern-
ments by appointing their officials in
charge of fire protection as local in-
spectors, also to some extent with dis-
cretionary powers, for the Railway
Commission.

It is also to be noted with satis-
faction that the Canadian Pacific
Railway Company and the Great Nor-
thern Railway Company have install-
ed oil-burning locomotives on por-
tions of their lines, and are likely to
extend the operation of such, there-
by reducing the danger from this
source of forest fires greatly.

Unfortunately, the jurisdiction of
the Hoard of Railway Commissioners
does not extend over all the railways,
some of the provincially owned or
chartered and the Intercolonial and
Transcontinental railroads being out-
side of its jurisdiction. As to the
latter, it would appear a most incon-
gruous and illogical situation if these
federally owned or constructed lines
shouhl continue to remain without an
organization similar to that which the
government now imposes upon the
privately owned lines. These roads
are managed by special co-ordinate
commissions, and hence are beyond
the influence of the Railway Commis-
sion. It is hoped that these com-
missions will soon adopt similar
methods as are detailed in Order
16570.

The provincially chartered railways
form only a small fraction of the
railway system, and are subject to
the provincial laws for fire protec-
tion, which in Quebec under the Pub-
lic Utilities Commission's Order is
almost identical with the Railway
Board's Order, and in most of the
othci- provinces this service is quite

117

118

Canadian Forestry Journal^ August, 191S.

well attended to. Nevertheless, the
Chief Fire Inspector has busied him-
self to secure co-operation with the
provincial governments for further
improvement, and such co-operation
has in several cases been already se-
cured. In Quebec, for instance, this
co-operation is now perfected, and all
railways, except the two federal
roads, are under the same rules, with
the Provincial Fire Inspector at the
same time an officer of the Railway
Commission.

This phase of the forest fire pro-
blem — protection against railway
fires — is in a good way of being per-
manently settled, when the two fed-
eral roads are brought under the oper-
ation of a system like that of the
Railway Commission.

Brush Disposal.

In the first report of this Commit-
tee the propriety of looking into the
question of brush disposal in the
slashes of the loggers was intimated.
Since then the Ontario Government
has tentatively licensed some timber
limits with the condition that he
brush be disposed of.

The Committee would accentuate
again that the manner of brush dis-
posal, namely by merely lopping, or
by burning, and the method of pro-
cedure must vary according to condi-
tions in each case, and that there may
be cases when neither of these pre-
cautions are of practical value, or the
cost not in proportion to the bene-
fit. Hence discretion in prescribing
the condition of brush disposal is
needful. It is very easy to bring con-
demnation and the charge of im-
practicability upon the proposition of
brush disposal by injudicious method
of application.

Lately an inspection of the result
of lopping in the mixed stands of
hardwood and spruce in the Adiron-
dacks was made by authorities, in-
cluding members of the federal For-
estry Branch and the Forester of the
Commission of Conservation, and a
report of the satisfactory results and

practicability of the method is to be
looked forward to. a

We may anticipate briefly the in-
formation, that logging slash consti-
tutes the most serious fire menace in
existence; that brush disposal is a
practicable and feasible method of
minimizing fire danger, though sec-
ondary to patrol; that the methods
of brush disposal to be adopted in any
particular case can be determined
only by careful consideration of all
the surrounding conditions; and that
where brush burning is practicable
both financially and silviculturally,
this is the most efficient means of re-
ducing the slash menace, but that
where brush burning is not practi-
cable for any reason, the lopping of
tops may be advisable. The latter is
especially applicable to spruce and
cedar operations in the east, but even
here lopping may not always be neces-
sary.

These precautionary measures
should, of course, be supplemented
by other systematic attempts to re-
duce fire danger and to limit fire dam-
age. There is always room for fur-
ther perfection of any organization.

The Committee also desires to call
attention to the claim of the Dupont
Powder Works, of the value of dyna-
mite for trenching in fighting forest
fires. The claim is that a trench six
feet wide and two to two and one
half feet deep may be excavated by
placing cartridges of dynamite on top
of the soil two feet apart at the rate
of 300 feet in 15 minutes.

A very decided attempt at organ-
izing the protective service was made
by the Forestry Branch, some 300
miles of trail and 100 miles of tele-
phone lines having been constructed.
Extension of the fire ranging into the
Yukon would appear a matter deserv-
ing immediate consideration.

The new forest service of British
Columbia will devote itself for the
present mainly to solving the forest
fire problem.

When the forest fire services of the
provinces which own timberlands

Forest Fire Legislation

119

shall have been perfected for the pro-
tection on their ovn\ limits, there still
remains the necessity for the protec-
tion of municipal and private lands.

For this the organization in part
inaugurated in the Province of Nova
Scotia may be taken as a starting
point, namely a service based on the
payment of a certain tax in propor-
tion to the holdings, local fire-wardens
pwiid when on duty, organized under a
provincial head, and obligation of citi-
zens to assist in extinguishing fires.

More effective, however, under
other conditions, may be found the
organization of local associations for
protection against fire, such as the
Committee referred to in its first re-
port.

One such Association was formed
last spring in Quebec, the St. Mau-
rice Forest Protective Association,
manager, three inspectors, and fifty
rangers extended protection over 7,-
000,000 acres of limits. The cost is
met by an assessment of one quarter
cent per acre upon limit-holders, the
Provincial Government contributing
$3,000. During the first season of

its existence, ninety-seven fires were
extinguished, only one of which run-
ning in a slash assumed any consid-
erable proportion. The construction
of lookout stations, telephone lines
and trails has also been begun by the
Association. The Committee, one of
whose members has been largely in-
strumental in the formation, desires
to record its appreciation of this in-
itiative, and hopes that this method of
meeting the trouble will find wide-
spread imitation as the most hopeful
one.

In conclusion, the Committee ven-
tures to suggest its continuance for
the purpose of assisting in similar ef-
forts and of recording progress from
year to year in the development of
this most important phase of the for-
estry problem.

(Signed) B. E. Fernow, Chairman.
JuDSON F. Clark.

F. Davison.
W. C. J. Hall.

G. C. PiCHE.

Thomas Southworth.
Ellwood Wilson.

MUCH ACTIVITY IN QUEBEC FOR-
ESTRY DEPARTMENT.

Mr. Avila Bedard, assistant to Mr. G. C.
PicW, Chief Forester, left by the Megantic
for Europe, where he will study the man-
agement of forests and measures employed
to combat insects in France, Belgium and
Switzerland.

The engineers of the Forestry Department
are at work as follows: —

Mr. George Boisvert has just returned
from an exploration trip to the sources of
the Kedgwick, Mistigougeche and Metis
Rivers, where he found extensive foreftf,
ar-resHible and easy to develop.

Mr. L. D. Marquis is taking an inventory
of the forestry resources in the basin of the
Assametquagan River in the Metapedia \'al-
ley.

Mr. Felix Laliberte will leave shortly to
go and study the general conditions and
the forestry resources in the basin of the
Mistassini River in the Lake St. John dis-
trict.

Mr. Ernest Menard will visit the basin of
the Peribonka River.

Mr. Picard will go to Abitibi to make and

roviou a study of the Migiskan and Bell
Rivers.

Mr. Henri Roy will continue to make the
clasf'ification of the lands t-ituated north of
the (^uinze River.

Mr. Henri Keiffer, assisted by Mr. Picard,
will classify in the townships and counties
of Terrel)onne and Labelle.

Mr. Barroniee Guerin will work in Beauce
to complete the inspection of lots and to
elasHify vacant lots.

— Fulp and Paper Magazine.

NOVA SCOTIA LUMBERING.

The cut in Nova Scotia this season only
amounts to 60 per cent, of the normal.
Short hauling season and soft weather forc-
ed a curtailment of operations. Mr. W. G.
Clarke, a leading lumV)erman of the province,
state<l recently that Nova Scotia lumbermen
would have to change their methods and
use logging methods not dependent on snow.
The shipments have decreased and prices
stiffened about $1.00.

120

Canadian Forestry Journal, Aitgust, 1913

GOVERNMENT AND LOGGERS
CO-OPERATE IN SLASH DIS-
POSAL.

The Government of the Province
of ]^ritish Columbia is doing much
to create on all sides a full confid-
ence in the idea that the proper dis-
posal of logging slash is essential to
the permanence of the lumbering in-
dustry. Herewith is a letter sent by
Chief Forester MacMillan to all
loggers in the Province.

I wish to request for the Forest Branch
your earnest co-operation in an effort to
solve the problem of the disposal of the
slash resulting from logging operations.

Owing to the great density of the tim-
ber stands on the coast and in portions
of the interior of British Columbia, to the
conditions surrounding the lumber indus-
try which permit of the removal from the '
woods of only a very small proportion of
the stand, and to the methods of logging,
the amount of slash remaining after log-
ging is excessive. Generally also the tim-
ber remaining after logging is without
further value, and, since the slash effec-
tually prevents the growth of a valuable
second crop, slash must be removed first
if the land is to be utilized in producing
another crop of timber.

I need not point out that by far the
greater portion of the land in British Co-
lumbia is, owing to its roughness and lack
of soil, unsuited for agriculture, and the
only possible way in which it can be made
a steady source of wealth is by the grow-
ing of timber. Besides its effect in pre-
venting the production of a second crop
of timber, slash is universally recognized
as the most serious of all fire hazards, and
that it is only a question of time before
every slash area will be set on fire. This
being tne case, the eviden't thing to do is
to burn the "^^lash at such a time and under
such conditions as will, so far is humanly
possible to determine, render it certain
that the fire does not spread to adjoining
timber.

The Forest Act of British Columbia does
not make the burning of slash eomplsory
although in the States of Oregon and
Washington, where the conditions are
identical, such laws are in effect. The
Forest Act does, however, empower the
Minister of Lands or the Forest Board to
require owners to construct a safe fire-
break about any area of slash, and where
necessary to protect valuable timber this
provision of the Act will be enforced.

To be at all safe or effective against
July or August fires, fire-breaks must con-
sist of a strip 5 to 10 feet wide cleared to
mineral earth and a strip 10 to 30 feet

Slash on logged over area piled so as to reduce fire danger. All

the contractors working on the 2,000 miles of railroad being

constructed in B.C.^^are now required to pile slash.

\ui

id f#

fM

s ^ -■ JB

811

^Bf ''«^'»<'-'

^^^^^^H

^K'-.. ^. ,-»?^"^^.-^;.,

'^ifl^^l

^^Bl^^^'"-^-"!".:: _'_.>'.'*^>**'* ' ''/''■'^

^^H

Showing where slash has been burned on logged over area.
No danger of fire now.

wide cleared of brush, inside which all
dead snags standing within a distance of
100 feet must be felled.

As long as the slash remains, however,
the danger from fire is still serious, and
it is felt that it would be far better to
burn the slash itself than to construct such
fire-breaks, the cost of which is as much
or more than that of slash burning.

A number of loggers in British Columbia
have already adopted the practice of
burning their slash every year either in
the spring or in the fall, and I hope that
you will decide to apply the plan to your
operations and take up the matter im-
mediately with your superintendent. The
present spring is backward, and except in
high winds slash burning may be safely
carried on until the first or second week
in June. During April no permit to burn
is required, and after May 1st permits
can be obtained from the local forest
officers. While it is impossible to specify
the conditions as to weather when burn-

Government and Loggers Co-operate in Slash Disposal.

121

ho^in^ slash before burning. A most dangerous fire trap

Showing where slash has been burned on logged over area.
No danger of fire now.

ing can be done safely, or the methods by
which the burning can be most effectively
accomplished, these matters being best

I determined by your superintendent, the

following general rules may be of assist-
ance:—

(1) Always construct a trail or a light
fire-break around the slashed area before
starting fires. This will serve to confine
the fire and also permit men to get around
the fire quickly.

(2) Be sure and have enough men on
hand when you start a fire to control the
fire if it threatens to spread beyond the
slash.

(3) Never start a fire in the morning
unless you feel certain a strong win<l will
not arise. The best time to start a fire
is after 4 o'clock in the afternoon on a
calm day; if the weather is warm and the
slash dry all the better.

(4) If the slash area is surrounded by
timber start fires first on the leeward side
if there is a breeze, or on the uphill side

if on a slope. When the danger of fire
spreading beyond the area to be burned
is past, set fire on the windward side or
at the base of the slope; also whenever
possible take advantage of a breeze blow-
ing away from green timber.

(5) Burn over the area as quickly as
possible. This can be done by starting
fires in a large number of places.

(6) Keep a watchman on the area
burned until all fires are out. Cut down
any snags which may be burning. All
fires should be completely out before June
15.

Experience has shown that slash can
be burned safelv at the cost of 5 to 20
cents an acre, and that this expense is
fully repaid by the resulting added safety
of the camps, equipment and surrounding
timber. The cost can be materially re-
duced if the policy of annual burning is
definitely adopted, since by a little fore-
thought the superintendent and foreman
can arrange to have drag and skid roads
serve as fire-breaks. When it is known
where the boundary of an area to be burn-
ed will lay, it is also a material help to
have the trees felled away from the
green timber.

I would appreciate it very much if you
would report what action you take, if any,
with respect to burning your slash this
Sluing, giving the area burned, the weath-
er conditions, methods of controlling the
fire, and the cost. At the end of the sea-
son this information will be collected in
the form of a bulletin and mailed to all
the lumbermen.

It is also desired that the owners of
timber be prepared to discuss the subject
thoroughly at the International Fire Pro-
tection Convention which will be held in
Vancouver next December.

NEW LEASES TAKEN UP.

Premier Flemming of New Brunswick re-
cently stated in connection with the new
Forest Legislation that of the 10,000 square
miles of Crown timber lands 7,000 have al-
ready been applied for under the terms and
conditions of the new leases.

As our readers are aware the new laws
recently passed provide for two forms of
license, — a saw mill license of twenty years
renewable for a further period of ten years,
and a pulp and paper license of thirty years
renewable for two perio<lH of ten years each
at the option of the Government.

It is expected that less than five hun<lred
will remain out, and not elect to come in
under the provisions of the new law as the
law provides in this case the limits will be
[)ut up at auction in 1918 as the former
leases provide.

Havoc by Forest Fires*

Damages Heavy in All Parts of the Country.

The losses from forest fires this year have
already reached great proportions. During
the month of June there were serious con-
flagrations in many parts of the country,
the most serious being in the vicinity of
New Liskeard. Bush fires harassed the set-
tlers, and lumber mills were saved with great
difficulty. One million feet of rough lumber
were destroyed on June 16th.

The conditions of drought which prevail-
ed all over the country, in the first week
in July started the flames on their work of
devastation once more. In New Brunswick
the month of June was an unusually dry
month, as showed by the statistics pre-
pared by the Dominion Meteorological Sta-
tion at Fredericton. As against an average
rainfall for the month of 3.6 inches for the
last thirty-nine years, there was this year
only 1.86 inches.

The worst fire was at Cedar Brook, Vic-
toria County, where over 5,000 acres of
Crown timber lands were burned over, and
a lumber camp with $3,000 worth of sup-
plies. Another bad blaze broke out on the
lands of the Inglewood Pulp and Paper
Company.

Another large fire is reported this seasoai
in the province of New Brunswick. This
was set in the McLaughlin limits in the
upper St. John River by two unknown pros-
pectors. They had been warned by the fire
warden, but neglected the caution. Camps
and camp supplies to the extent of $4,000
and 200 square miles of spruce timber land,
half of which had been logged over, were
burned.

In Northern Ontario the worst losses so
far recorded this year occurred following
a series of small blazes throughout the
whole Northland, which for the period total-
led higher than for any preceding year.

The town of Biscoe, 6'0 miles west of
Chapleau, was completely destroyed on
June 13, and its 500 inhabitants rendered
homeless. The mills of the Booth and Shan-
non Lumber Company at Thief River Falls,
Minn., on the Soo line of the C.P.R., were
burned out, at a loss of $250,000.

Fires of immense proportions broke out
during the latter part of June in the vicin-
ity of Cochrane, Ont., and on the 20th of
the month it appeared that the whole coun-
try would be swept. Settlers were sending
their effects out of the danger zone, and
many hundreds of people Avere almost suffo-
cated by the acrid smoke. A rain which
came as a godsend began to fall on the
31st and saved the territory which seemed
doomed.

At South Porcupine the wind died down
at a critical moment, which gave the fire-
fighters an opportunity to do effective work.
At Hearst, which is surrounded by bush and
which has no water supply, the lack of wind
helped in the fight to confine the flames to
the bush.

Among the losses reported were a dwell-
ing valued at $2,000 just outside Cochrane,
500 cords of wood belonging to the Foley-
O 'Brian mine at South Porcupine, 100,000
logs owned by a saw mill company at Jack-
sonboro; a lumber mill, 30,000 feet of lum-
ber and eight dwellings at Charlton, $20,000
worth of property owned by the T. & N.
O. Railway at Englehart. This in addition
to the loss at Earlton, ten miles south of
Englehart, which was practically wiped out.

According to the official reports received
by Chairman Englehart of the T. & N. O.
Railway, the fires extended intermittently
from Sudbury to Kenora, principally in the
spruce and pulpwood districts. By an al-
most inestimable stroke of fortune the gov-
ernment reserve, extending from mileage 42
to mileage 82, and embracing the great pine
region, escaped notwithstanding the fire
which raged all about it. Outside of the
spruce forests the heaviest loss reported was
practically confined to the town of Earlton.
It was at this point alone that the railway
directed its relief operations, and Mr. Engle-
hart reported that everyone was cared for.
South and southwest of Cochrane the fire
was raging in the marsh and muskeg, and
the residents of the town had to steadily
fight off the flames.

All down the Ontario Government Rail-
way line from this point to Matheson for-
ests were on fire. The town of Matheson
seemed doomed for a time, but it eventually
escaped. Swastika and Kirkwood Lake were
not touched, though the fire had been bad
in the woods nearby.

The long jump down the line to Earlton
was reported as practically fire free. Thorn-
loe for a time was seriously threatened, but
hard work saved the town. Fires raged
around Heaslip, but not in the immediate
vicinity of buildings. Of the spruce and
the pulp wood wiped out by the fire, it is
estimated that one-third belonged to the
Government and two-thirds to settlers or
land-holders. A large amount of the fire-
swept territory belongs to militia veterans
who received it in land grants.

Reports from the West show that toward
the end of July a bad fire laid waste about
twenty-five miles of territory between Tete
Jaune Cache and Fitzhugh, Alta.

122

Lumber, Lath, Shingle and Square Timber
Statistics for 19 J2.

New Bulletin of Forestry Branch, Ottawa Shows Great Decrease

in Production.

The most noteworthy fact brought to
light by this new bulletin on the lumber
prothu'tion of Canada was the 10.7 per cent,
ilecreafe in cut in 1912 as compared with
that of 1011. All provinces- except Saskat-
chewan showed a substantial falling off in
production and, although only 2,558 firms
operating saw mills reported in 1912 as
against 2,871 in 1911, yet, as the bulletin
points out, it was mostly small mills which
failed to report, and the fact that mof^t of
the larger mills reported a decrea^^^e in their
output, in<licates that the decrease in pro-
duction actually took place and was not a
result of incomplete returns.

The total value of the lumber, laths,
{•hingles and square timber produced in Can-
ada in 1911 was $76,540,897, the amount
of each being as follows: —

Lumber . . 4,389,723,000 ft. b.m . . $69,475,784
Shingles .1,578,343,000 pieces. . . 3,175,319
Laths ... 899,016,000 pieces.. . 2,064,622
Sq. timber 65,906 tons 1,825,154

Ontario still leads the provinces jn lum-
ber production, cutting 31.6 per cent, of
the total. Britii-h Columbia makes a close
second, cutting 29.9 per cent, of the total,
and as the percentage of production in this
latter province is increasing while that of
Ontario is falling off, it is likely that the
position of these two provinces will be seen
to be reversed when the 1913 figures are
available.

For the last five years the four principal
species in order of importance have been
spruce, white pine, Douglas fir, and hemlock,
but the production of white pine has re-
mained about stationary during this period
and is now on the decrease, whereas the pro-
duction of the other three species has enor-
mously increased, especially spruce, which
now makes up a third of the total cut of
lumber, in spite of the fact that it also is
the principal Avood used in the manufacture
of pulp, making up 78.2 per cent, of the
total amount of pulpwood. The huge
amount of spruce now being cut for pulp-

A^nuce

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Production by species 1912 of himber, lath, shingles and square timber
with quantities in thousands of feet.
123

124

Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 19 IS.

wood may account for the 11.9 per cent,
decrease in the amount of spruce lumber cut
in 1912.

Coniferous Avoods made up 92.9 per cent,
of the lumber sawn in Canada in 1912, the
hardwoods forming 7.1 per cent, of the cut,
a somewhat greater percentage of the total
than the amount cut in 1911. While it is
true that the supplies of more valuable
hardwoods of southern Ontario and Quebec
are nearing exhaustion, yet the increase in
cut of the more widely-spread birch, beech,
maple and basswood should be noted because
these species are common to the farmer's
woodlot. Birch is Canada's most important
hardwood.

The average mill prices of lumber in Can-
ada in 1913 rose 41 cts. above that of the
previous year, becoming $15.83 per M. ft.
B.M. The local variations in these prices
show in some cases a much greater increase
as in Ontario where there was an average
increase of $1.52 over the price of 1911
directly due to the decrease of 19.3 per cent,
in the production of lumber for 1912.

In the prairie provinces the greatest ex-
tremes of increased and decreased produc- »
tion are to be observed. Saskatchewan was
the only province in Canada to report an
increase in cut, this being 16.7 per cent,
greater than the cut of 1911. The average

capacity of the Saskatchewan mills is second
only to those of British Columbia, being
nearly seven million feet of lumber a year,
99.2 per cent, of lumber cut in these mills
being spruce, Manitoba showed a decrease
in production of 26.4 per cent., but this de-
cline can be only temporary, for the exhibit
of Manitoba woods at the recent Canadian
Forestry Association Convention in Winni-
j)eg showed great latent possibilities in this
province as a lumber producer.

The production of shingles in Canada in
1912 was 14.1 per cent, less than that of
1911. Spruce, white pine, hemlock and jack
pine are being increasingly used for the
manufacture of shingles. The production
of lath also showed a decrease of 1.9 per
cent, from 1911, spruce making up over one-
third this product.

One of the most remarkable facts brought
out by the bulletin is the extraordinary in-
crease of 89.9 per cent, in the production
of square timber in 1912 over that of 1911,
this being the first increase since 1877. This
increase was largely due to the largely in-
creased amounts of white pine and birch
exported in this form, white pine making up
5.3 per cent, and birch 28.5 per cent, of
the amount exported. 97.5 per cent, of
the square timber cut was exported to the
United Kingdom.— G.E.B.

International Bureau of Forestry.

Permanent Comrnission Decided Upon by the Forestry Congress

at Paris.

Probably the most important result of
the International Forestry Congress held in
Paris last June was the creation of an In-
ternational Forestry Conmiission, having for
its object the furthering of forestry prin-
ciples and the convoking, when necessary,
of International Fores^try. Congresses at
which legislative and administrative ques-
tions pertaining to the forest shall be
brought up for discussion.

The temporary officials, consisting of a
President, Vice-President, Secretary-Treas-
urer and Executive Committee, were chosen
largely from the French foresters and legis-
lators who were present at the Convention,
while forty-two of the representatives of
foreign countries, who were present at the
Convention, made up the body of the Com-
mission. The Touring Club of France, one
of the most influential bodies of private
citizens in Europe, offers their hotel in Paris
as a temporary headquarters for the Com-
mission.

It is likely that this Commission will take
over the publication of International For-
estry statistics now being occasionally is-

sued in the bulletins of the International
Institute of Agriculture, which was estab-
lished at Rome in 1910. This latter insti-
tute, publishing monthly statistics of the
world 's agricultural crops, has more than
justified its existence, and the International
Forestry Commission will prove justifiable
for similar reasons. Moreover, it will make
possible the spreading and co-ordinating of
scientific forestry knowledge which is at
present largely restricted to and put to most
practical application in Europe.

The Commission will also facilitate the
assembling of forestry congresses, interna-
tional in their scope, at which questions
of present concern to all foresters, may be
discussed, -such as the right of the Govern-
ment to expropriate misused private lands
when their reforesting is necessary for the
protection of the watersheds of navigable
streams. Such a congress might profitably
be held in Canada and would be justified by
the impetus they would give to forestry in
Canada and by the great importance of the
forest resources of this country.

The Convention in Winnipeg

125

THE CONVENTION IN WINNI-
PEG.

(Continued from page 116.)

Bureau for Civic Luncheon at Assiui-

boine Park, returning to Union Depot

at 2 o'clock.
2.00 — Special C.N.R. Train leaves Union

Depot for New Agricultural College,

returning will arrive at Union Depot

at 5.15 p.m.

Wednesday morning's proceedings
went briskly forward until eleven
o'clock, when they were pleasantly in-
terrupted by the arrival of special cars
chartered by the city which conveyed
all the delegates to Assiniboine Park
where a magnificent luncheon was
served. In the unavoidable absence of
the Mayor the chair was occupied by
Alderman Wallace, chairman of the Re-
ception Committee. Short addresses were
given by civic officials and replied to by
representatives of the Association.

Immediately after luncheon the party
betook themselves to the cars again and
were conveyed to the Union Station. As
guests of the Government of Manitoba
they were then taken by special train to
view the new Agriculture College now
being constructed at St. Vital, one of the
suburbs of Winnipeg. Manitoba's first
Agricultural College, planned on what
was thought to be a generous scale was
opened seven years ago. It has been
completely outgrown and as a result the
Government is erecting this new insti-
tution which will cost when complete $3,-
000,000. It will be opened in September.
The visitors, who were personally shown
over the buildings by Hon, George Law-
rence, Principal W. J. Black and Mr. F.
W. Brodrick, Professor of Forestry,
were astonished and delighted with the
provision that has been made for agri-
cultural education in Manitoba. It had
been expected that the program would be
completed at the Wednesday morning
session, but the desire to discuss different
features was so strong that the conclud-
ing session had to be postponed to Wed-
nesday evening. The Resolutions Com-
mittee was appointed at the first session
as follows: Messrs. R. H. Campbell,
(convener,) Archibald Mitchell, W. P.
Dutton, H. R. MacMillan, A. P. Steven-
son, F. W. Brodrick and A. L. Mattes.
This committee reported on Wednesday
and after considerable discussion the fol-
lowing resolutions were passed: —

Besolutions.

(1) Resolved, that the Executive Com-
mittee take into their consideration the
a^lvisability of appointing: (a) A central
committee at Ottawa and sub-committees
at important points in different sections

of Canada to formulate a national for-
estry policy; and (b) Advisory boards at
each centre where a sub-committee is
formed.

(2) Resolved, that this Convention ap-
proves the action of the Dominion Gov-
ernment in extending the areas included
in Forest Reserves on watersheds and
non-agricultural lands, and would urge
on the Governments of the Dominion and
the provinces the necessity for continu-
ing the extension of such reservation un-
til all lands of that character are includ-
ed.

(3) Resolved, that before any lands
bearing timber or lands contiguous to
timbered areas are opened for settlement
an examination of such lands should be
made to determine whether they are best
suited to the growth of timber or whether
their opening would endanger the timber.

(4) Resolved, that this Convention
would urge upon the Dominion Govern-
ment the necessity for the afforestation
of the sand lands throughout the prairies
and the setting apart of such lands for
this purpose.

(5) Resolved, that the Fire Ranging Ser-
vice should be extended and made more
efficient and that the rangers should be
selected on the basis of their special
<|ualifications for the work and should
hold office so long as they render effi-
cient service.

(6) Resolved, that the Canadian Fores-
try Association express its approval of
the energetic policy which is being fol-
lowed by the Dominion Commission of
('onservation in investigating the import-
ant forest problems of Canada.

(7) Resolved, that the Canadian Fores-
try Association express its appreciation
of the effective manner in which the Do-
minion Board of Railway Commissioners
and the officers of the leading Canadian
railway companies have worked together
for the prevention and control of forest
fires arising from operating railroad
lines.

(8) Resolved, that this Convention
again records its approval of the work of
the Tree Planting Division of the Do-
minion Forestry Branch, not only in the
i'rv.e distribution of trees to settlers and
the supervision of their growth, but also
in thereby providing practical demon-
strations to settlers in all parts of the
country of the possibility of forest
growth on the prairies.

(S)) Resolved, that this Convention re-
<()tnmend that experiments be carried out
by the Dominion and provincial govern-
ments affected to obtain data regarding
the best disposal of debris resulting from
lnnd)ering operations.

(10) Resolved, that in view of the
great importance to Western Canada of
the wise administration and use of the

126

Canadian Forestry Journal, August, 1913,

forest resources of British Columbia the
Canadian Forestry Association express
its strong support of the policy which
has been announced by the British Co-
lumbia Government that there shall be
established in connection with the Uni-
versity of British Columbia a Forest
School designed to train young men of
Western Canada for work in the Govern-
ment forest services and in the different
branches of the timber business.

(11) Resolved, that the Convention
heartily approves of the establishment of
ranger schools for the training of forest
rangers for the government forest ser-
vice and would urge that this question
be given early consideration by the federal
and provincial governments.

(12) Resolved, that in view of the im-
mense importance of impressing the
younger generations with the importance
of tree growth on the prairies, this Asso-
ciation commends the action of the De-
partments of Education and Agriculture
in the three prairie provinces in provid-
ing instruction in tree planting, horticul-
ture and agriculture for the school chil-
dren, first through their teachers, by
means of special classes, institutes, and
summer schools, and secondly direct to
the scholars through special instruction
provided by" these departments; and,
further, that, while expressing its ap-
proval of the work already done, this As-
sociation would point out the importance
of such means of disseminating informa-
tion, and commend it still further to
their consideration.

(13) Resolved, that this Association
recognizes the importance of planting
shelter belts and other trees and shrubs
in the school grounds of the prairie pro-
vinces, and that, to encourage this work
in a practical manner, it recommends to
the attention of the Departments of Edu-
cation and Agriculture of the provinces,
and through them of the Governments,
the making of special grants for such im-
provements of a sufficiently substantial
nature to encourage school trustees to
undertake such work, and the making of
such regulations as will require that
school grounds shall be an area of not
less than two acres, and this convention
would favor an area of five acres or
more, surroun<ling or in the vicinity of
the school.

(14) Resolved, that in view of the fact
that many of our prairie cities, towns,
and villfiges are now considering the
planting of parks for the rest and recre-
ation of their citizens, this Association
commends to their consideration, and
also to their citizens individually who
are thinking of undertaking such plant-
ing, the example of landscape work af-
forded by the lawn and shrubberies at

the headquarters of the Tree Planting
Division at Indian Head.

(15) Resolved, that the thanks of this
Convention be and are hereby tendered
to His Honor the Lieutenant Governor
for his kindness in opening the Conven-
tion, and to the Government of the Pro-
vince of Manitoba and to the Mayor and
Corporation of the City of Winnipeg for
their kindness in entertaining the
delegates; also to the President and
Directors of the Industrial Bureau for the
facilities granted in the use of their com-
modious hall and committee rooms, and for
the assistance given by the Commissioner,
Mr. Chas. F. Roland in planning the ar-
rangements foT the Convention.

(16) Resolved, that the thanks of this
Convention are due and are hereby tender-
e<l to the Press of Canada, and particu-
larly of the City of Winnipeg for
the publicity given the Convention and
the excellent report of its proceedings.

(17) Resolved, that the thanks of the
Convention be tendered the Railways of
Canada, and to the Eastern, Western and
Transcontinental Passenger Association
for their kindness in granting Conven-
tion rates for this meeting.

LOSS TO CONSERVATION CIRCLES.

Mr. M. J. Patton, Assistant Secretary
and Editor of the Commission of Conserva-
tion since the organization of the Commis-
sion in January, 1910, has been appointed
Treasurer of the Publishers Association of
Canada, Limited, Toronto, and will as-
sume his new duties early in September.

Mr. Patton is an honor gradiiate of
Queen's University and gold medallist in
political science. Besides filling the duties
of Assistant Secretary he has had charge
of the publicity work of the Commission.
During his term of office with the Com-
mission he was charged with the direction
of several investigations of the natural
resources, and his reports on the oyster
fishing in the Maritime Provinces were
partially responsible for an agreement aa
to jurisdiction being reached by the Do-
minion and the Provinces, with the result
that oyster farming is now being exten-
sively engaged in.

The Publishers Association of Canada is
chiefiy engaged in publishing works on re-
sources and history of Canada, and Mr.
Patton 's knowledge acquired while with
the Commission will be of value to him in
his new position. Conservation work

loses a careful investigator and able ex-
ponent in the departure of Mr. Patton for
his new work, and his many friends, while
they will regret this loss to the public ser-
vice, wish Mr. Patton every success in his
new field.

Biltmore^s Program,

127

BILTMORE'S PROGRAM.

The Biltmore Forest School has made
arrangements to have a camp in the for-
ests of British Columbia a year hence.

One of the interesting features of the
notice to prospective students embodying
the above announcement is the evident
emphasis laid on the development of the
young forester along lines of logging and
milling.

Students admitted to the Biltmore For-
est School in the coming fall or in the
winter 1913-14 will be placed in the woods,
to work a prenticeship in logging and
milling, under the auspices of a graduate
of the Biltmore Forest School. They will
be required to work for common wages
and will be dismissed mercilessly unless
they perform the work expected from
them with the utmost diligence and
energy. Every week, a written report is

TIMBER CRUISES
FORESTRY SURVEYS

Forestry Dept.

Msnfreal Engineering Company, Limited

Consulting & Operating Engineers

I McGILL STREET, MONTREAL
R. O. Sweez^j, General Manager

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES
and shrubs at forest
prices.

Native and foreis:n tree seeds.

'^IW

submitted by the prentice to the director
of the Biltmore Forest School, together
with a certificate signed by the foreman
testifying to the prentice's efficiency.
Such prentices as have stood the test suc-
cessfully will be assembled by the direc-
tor in March, 1914, and will be taken to
the school's western camp in Oregon, there
to join the junior and senior students of
the school who have spent the winter in
the western lumbering operations. The
spring, summer and fall of 1914 will be
spent by the entire school in British Co-
lumbia, Washington, Oregon and Cali-
fornia. By October 1st, 1914, the students
will be allotted to various western lumber-
camps, there to spend the winter 1914-15
under the auspices of the Alumni of the
Biltmore Forest School. The students join
the teachers in March, 1915, in the Adi-
rondacks, to spend the spring, summer and
fall in the eastern camps of the Biltmore
Forest School, receiving, on October lat,
1915, the degree of Bachelor of Forestry
provided that they have stood the testa
l)rescribed.

The students attending the Biltmore
Forest School at the present time will not
be allowed to participate in the tour,
through the German wods. The participa-
tion (restricted to fifty members) is in-
vited of all graduates of the Biltmore For-
est School, all graduates of other American
Forest Schools, all national, state and
niuuicipal forest officers, all lumbermen
;irid all owners of timberland.

There will be visited the state, commun-
al and private forests situated in Prussia,
Bavaria, Hessen and Baden, including such
famous forests as the Black Forest, the
Sjx^ssarts, the forest of Frankfort, of Heid-
elberg, of Baden, etc

The tour will occupy, from New York
<'ity and back to New York City, eight
consecutive weeks, from January to March
15)14. Total expense, from New York City
and back to New York City, $350 every-
thing included.

Edye-de- Hurst & Son,

Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

•HIPPSRS TO H. M. OOVBRNMKNT, BTOi

Cforre^jxmdanee FranfaiMk.

FOREST

ENGINEERS. |

I^'orest Surveys

Logging Maps

TIMBER

ESTIMATES |

Water Power

Water Storage

CLARK

&

LYFORD

403 Crown Building

, VANCOUVER

JnivcrsilY of
New Bmi]swick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Estabitshed in igoS

Four yearh' course leading' to I he
Dej^retr of Bachelor of Science in
Fori'slry. Special facililios for practi-
cal forest woik.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expen-cs correspi>ndingly moderate.

For further in/or mation address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. — — —

C. C. JONES. Chancellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syra^ouae, Ne'vir York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science ; Post-
graduate course to Master of
Forestry; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks in Catskills.
Ranger School held on the
College Forest of 2,000 acres at
Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Experiment Station
of 90 acres and excellent Forest
Library offer unusual opportu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For -particulars address
HUGH P. BAKER. D. Oeo. De&n

moMiiRi Fi[si aoi

BILTMORE,

North Carolina

'y HE Biltmore Forest School is for
the time being- the only technical
school of lumbering- and forestry in
America. The Biltmore Forest

School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
nt'ar Biltmore; summer quarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the 'forests of Ger-
nKiny. (\ The course of instruction
covers aiiy and all branches of forestry
and lumbering-. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship o' six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Forestry.

Write /or catalog of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing —

THE DIRECTOR. BILTMORE. N. C. U. S. A

!ll[[UNIIf[IlSIIYFOR[SI SCHOOL

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT. USA.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is offered leadin|<- to the
degfree of Master of Forestry
The Forest Scho«>l i« a graduate
department of Yale University
requiring for admission a colK-Ke
training?. Graduates of univer^i.
ties, colleg-es, or scientific ins-
titutions of high standing are
admitted upon presentation «>l
their diplomas, provided they
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subjects in their under-
graduate work : at least one
full year in college or Unive sity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoology. Physics, Inorganic
Chemistry, Geology, Econom cs.
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing may take examinations
in any subject but are required
in addition to present evidence
of a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
early luly and in conducted at
the school camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For further information address

JAHES W. TOUHEY. Director

NSW HAVEN ■ - . - CONNBOTKUT

Canadian forestry journal

Vol. IX. Ottawa, Canada, Septembei

WRAf^

CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL,

Published monthly by the

Cahadian Forkstry Association,

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canada.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Editorial 129

The Peace River Valley 131

Dry Weather Causes Fires 133

Commission of Conservation Active.. 134

Death of Hon. John Sharpies 135

Exhibit of Native Woods (picture) . . 136

Dominion Forestry Branch Doings. . . 137

Quebec Forestry Notes 138

With the Forest Engineers 139

Work in the Rocky Mountain Reserve 142

Douglas Malloch's New Book 142

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General.

Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden.

Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

President, Hon. W. A. Charlton.

Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P.

Secretary, Jab. Lawler, Canadian Building,

Slater St., Ottawa.

Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson.

Directors : William Little, Hiram Robinson,

Aubrey White, E. Stewart W. B. Snowball,

Thomas Southworth. Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y.

Chown, John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H.

Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E.

Femow, EUwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C.

Whitman, G. C. Pich«, Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. O. E.

Mathieu, Bishop of Regina; A. P. Stevenson, Wm.

Pearce, C. E. E, Ussher. Denis Murphy, C. Jackson

Booth. Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve,

W. C. J. HaU, J. 8. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J.

Zavits. Geo. Chahoon Jr., R. D. Prettie.

TMTlt.>rlal Vlcc-Prealdenta :

Ontario: — Hon. W. H. Hearst.
Quebec:— Hon. Jules AUard.
New Brunswick: — Hon. J. H. Flemminc.
Nora Sootta: — Hon. O. T. Daniels.
Manitoba:— Hon. R. P. Roblin.
Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Maiheson.
Saskatchewan-— His Honor G. W. Brown.
AlberU:— Hon. A. L. Sifton.
British Columbia:— Hon. W. R. Ross.
Yukon: — Geo. Black. Commissioner.
Mackensie:— F. D. Wilson.
Keewatin: — His Honor D. C. Cameron.
Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Brucheei, Archbishop of
MoBUeal.

THE IR^I^IPEG CONV,

SEE 27 ]

passed, ^^^t^l
steadying

TION.

of

attendance, in inteteTri;ni a prairie
centre not previously known to be in-
terested in forestry) and in the tone
of the papers and discussion; and
steadying, humbling if you will, in
drawing attention to the smallness of
the work yet done in the vast field
that ought to be covered.

The Winnipeg Convention was the
first attempt to carry the war of for-
estry propaganda into central Can-
ada. This is not overlooking the suc-
cessful meeting at Regina in 1909 but
that was rather a gathering of work-
ers than an attempt to awaken the
general public to the need of conser-
vation. This, then was the first or-
ganized campaign, and on the whole
the results were encouraging. The
numbers were not as large as those
at Quebec or Ottawa or Victoria but
then, up to the present, Winnipeg
has been looked upon as anything
rather than a timber or forestry cen-
ter. It was not easy to fix a date for
tlie meeting and the one selected had
as its chief disadvantage the fact that
it came in the same week as the Win-
nipeg Exhibition. Some people were
k(»pt away by the fear that the hotels
would be overcrowded but the chief
difficulty to be apprehended was that
of the newspapers being so crowded
with Exhibition reports that forestry
matters would get scant space. As it
turned out, however, the Winnipeg
daily newspapers, weeklies and trade
journals took up forest conservation
with energy, and during and preced-
ing the convention scores of columns
of well-informed and appreciative

129

130

Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1913,

articles were published. It is, perhaps,
not too much to say that through the
publicity secured by and through the
convention the people of the Central
West have begun to be aroused to the
fact th^t the forests of the prairie
provinces are of great importance to

every person in the community.

)

The aspect of the importance of west-
ern forests to the western community
was brought out . in the address-
es of His Honor the Lieut. Governor
and the other speakers at the open-
ing session; while the importance to
the individual was brought home by
the address among others of the Pre-
sident and the papers of the Mr. R.
H. Campbell, and Mr. W. T. Cox.
The title of Mr. Campbell's paper
'Manitoba: a Forest Province,' was
one which at once arrested attention. .
The exhibit of native woods of Man!
toba had apprised people of the fact
that timber trees do grow in Mani-
toba, and Mr. Campbell's paper sup-
plied the information as to districts,
species and quantities. Mr. Cox
boldly challenged old figures and stat-
ed that the rate of growth was more
rapid than formerly estimated.

The President pointed out as a
most encouraging sign that, whereas
some years ago the railways had look-
ed askance at the work of the Associa-
tion, views had so changed that men
like Sir William Wh'yte, Mr. George
Bury and Mr. J. S. Dennis attended,
took part in the meetings and told
what the railways were doing in for-
est protection.

The success of tree-planting on the
prairies was a most encouraging fea-
ture. Nearly twenty-five million trees
have been planted by prairie farmers.
This number of trees would not, it is
true, make much of a showing in the
forests of the timber provinces but on
the prairie these trees mean added
comfort and happiness. At present

they add chiefly to the content, rather
than to the extent of prairie life.
This makes for permanence of occu-
pation and of aim, a thing mucH
needed on the prairies. In the future
it doubtless will mean a very consid-
erable addition to the local supply
of fuel, fencing and building mater-
ial. Only a beginning has yet been
made and tree planting is bound to
go on at a greatly accelerated pace.

Fire protection continues to be the
burden of most of the addresses at
conventions. This is both satisfac-
tory and unsatisfactory. It is satis-
factory to know that so many people
are thinking about this subject and
that in some cases new methods are
being experimented with, but it is un-
satisfactory in that we are always
talking about it and making such slow
progress.

It was in this connection that the
address of Mr. Vere C. Brown was
applicable. He virtually held that the
Association had reached that danger-
ous time of which the Scriptures give
warning when all men speak well of
us. He pointed out that at conven-
tion after convention there was un-
animous agreement that such and
such things were necessary; the pub-
lic and the press have concurred in
this, and yet nothing was done.

These conventions in the aggregate
cost a lot of time and money. Their
object is to arouse the public mind
in order to get something done. Not
a little has been done in the past but
the time seems to have arrived for a
review of methods in order that re-
sults accomplished shall be more near-
ly commensurate witli the effort put
forth. This is the steadying result of
the convention and it is to the solu-
tion of this problem that all officers
and members of tlie Canadian Fores-
try Association should devote them-
selves during the coming winter.

Conditions in the Peace River District*

Interesting Letter from a Vice-President of the Association.

For a good many years Mr. Francis D.
Wilson has been the territorial Vice-Pre-
sident of the Canadian Forestry Associa-
tion for the territory of Mackenzie. Mr.
Wilson was the representative of the Hud-
son's Bay Co., at Fort Vermilion. In
replying to the letter of the Secretary
notifying him of his re-election and in-
quiring about forestry work in the district,
Mr. Wilson writes tendering his resigna-
tion owing to the fact that he is being
moved by the company to Moose Factory,
James Bay District. This does not mean
that Mr. Wilson has lost interest in for-
estry, and he promises to write for the
Association an account of forest condi-
tions near his new post. Accompanying
his letter Mr. Wilson sent some notes of
conditions in the Lower Peace River
Valley, which are published below. It
should be noted that postal facilities in
that part of the Dominion are very poor.
Mr. Wilson's letter is dated May 20, so
that it was dispatched before the Domin-
ion Forestry Branch began any work in
that district this season. It should also
be noted that Mr. Wilson's reason for
thinking it will not be necessary to lay
out forest reserves in that district, is that
the land now covered by forests is wholly
unfit for agriculture. However, with the
advent of the inexperienced settler, and
still more of the 'fake' settler, it will
probably be just as well to have these
marked out as forest reserves as early as
possible. — Ed.

There is very little settlement go-
ing on in the lower part of the Peace
River, the settlers at Fort Vermilion

are, with two or three exceptions, re-
tired servants of the Hudson's Bay
Co., or their descendants. Peace River
Crossing, Grande Prairie and the up-
per Peace River are attracting all the
incoming settlers at present, and any
settlement going on here at present is
not adversely affecting the forests.
We have had a period of four or five
very dry years, and last summer and
the summer before there were a num-
ber of forest fires that destroyed a
quantity of spruce timber. It is dif-
ficult to suggest an adequate system
of fire protection, the distances are so
great and the country wholly unset-
tled between Peace River Crossing
and Chipewyan (a distance of 557
miles) with the exception of the Fort
Vermilion settlement which is situat-
ed about halfway between these two
points.

There is a Sergeant of the R. N. W.
M. Police stationed here. If he had
one or two Constables with him they
could render effective service for at
least six months of the year, which
are the danger months, by a system
of patrol on the Peace River. They
could meet a patrol from Peace River
Crossing the first part of the month
and return to Vermilion and go down

Skidway of Logs on Peace Slver.
131

132

Canadian Forestry Journal^ September, 19 IS.

■k^.'m

Hudson's Bay Company's Logging Camp on the Peace River.

the river and meet a patrol from
Chipewyan, by thi^ system the whole
of the Peace River could be covered
by a patrol twice a month, and if an
arrangement could be made with the
Forestry Branch for extra pay, this
patrol could be made to serve the
double purpose of police and fire
patrol. I am sure that if an arrange-
ment as outlined could be made with
the Commissioner of the R. N. W. M.
Police we would have a much more
effective service at less expense than
the appointment of three or four for-
est rangers.

In granting permits to saw-mill
owners for cutting timber on the
Peace River, I do not think it wise
to prohibit cutting on the Islands, as
the majority of the Islands on the
Peace River have a quantity of over-
ripe timber about 10% of which is
already affected by stump rot which
in some cases extends up the tree five
or six feet. Permits could be granted
to responsible parties with the stipu-
lation that no timber should be cut
under a certain size, making the limit
an inch or two larger than timber cut
on the main land. None of those
parties sent out by the Dominion For-
estry Branch to examine the country
in the vicinity of Lesser Slave Lake

have, as far as I can learn, been on
the Peace River.

The land covered by any of the
timber areas in this part of the coun-
try is wholly unfit for cultivation and
I do not think it will be necessary to
have any of it reserved for timber
production.

New Museum.

The New York State College of Forestry
at Syracuse is developing what promises
to be the most complete Forest Museum in
this country. Besides a solid Kedwood
plank, with dimensions of 7 x 11 feet and
the section of a giant Ironwood over two
feet in diameter, it is securing trunks of
trees from the Adirondacks and Catskills,
which will represent all of the native for-
est species of New York. It has just re-
ceived unusually large trunks of the Moun-
tain Ash and Shadbush or Juneberry from
the Catskill Forest Experiment Station near
Tannersville. These two trees are really
forest weeds and seldom reach a large size,
but they are of interest because they are
weeds of the forest and because they have
an ornamental value not ordinarily ap-
preciated. The College is anxious to make
its Forest Museum the most complete of
its kind in the country and is anxious to
learn of large or peculiar trees throughout
the State. • * *

One quail killed in Kansas last fall had in
its stomach the remains of twelve hundred
chinch bugs. This shows one of the useful
points of the quail. And keeping forests
on lands that are not fit for agriculture will
protect the quail, which in turn will protect
the farmer.

Dry Weather Causes Fires^

Severe Outbreaks in all Parts of the Country.

The extended drought which was felt
throughout the length and breadth of the
country this year was particularly severe
in the eastern part of Canada, and worst
of all in Ontario. The Metereological
Bureau at Toronto has kindly supplied
figures for the precipitation in the last
few months.

Thirteen of the fourteen meteorological
stations throughout Canada report a great
decrease in precipitation in May, June,
July and August, 1913, as compared with
the amount recorded in the same months in
1912. By stations the figures are as fol-
lows:—

De-
1912 1913 crease
Station Inches Inches 1913

Vancouver, B.C 12.03 10.90 1.13

Calgary, Alta 13.68 11.49 2.19

Prince' Albert, Sask... 12.62 8.42 4.20

Winnipeg, Man 12.25 10.60 1.65

Port Arthur, Out. . . . 9.29 14.97 5.68*
Parry Sound, Out. . . . 11.78 9.34 2.44

Cochrane, Out. 11.16 7.35 3.81

Stonecliffe, Nipissing

Dist., Ont 12.10 8.67 3.43

Toronto, Ont 13.59 7.33 6.26

Ottawa, Ont 15.90 9.24 6.66

Montreal, Que 13.85 10.33 3.52

Quebec, Que 21.53 14.14 7.39

St. John, N.B 19.89 10.51 9.38

Halifax, N. S. ...... 17.30 12.52 4.78

•Increase.

This is the worst drought in many years,
not since 1885 has there been felt such tre-
mendous need for moisture. Wells in all
parts of the country were wholly dried
up, springs ceased to flow, and practically
everywhere the crops were retarded and
the pasture of stock gravely injured. Dur-
ing the latter part of the month of June,
all July and the great part of August,
there was practically no rain to support
the herds which supplied milk to the great
urban centres.

Needless to say, this condition of dry-
ness made the woods like tinder, and
everywhere upon very slight cause fires
sprang out which spread rapidly through
the undergrowth and consumed vast quant-
ities of young trees, mature timber and
houses, lumber yards and mills. The worst
fires of the month in Nova Scotia took place
about the 21 st of August. Fires fairly
honeycombed the district round about Bed-
ford and Sambro, Purcell's Cove and Bear
Cove. Cinders rained down everywhere

and vast areas of timberland were destroy-
ed, houses were abandoned by the score,
and a company of militia was called out
near Halifax to aid the settlers in their
efforts against the fire demon. Between
Hammond's Plains and Upper Sackville
the forests of excellent timber were com-
pletely destroyed, at a loss to the limit
holders of at least $50,000. In Halifax
County where there had been not the
slightest drop of moisture, the fire was
under way for two weeks, and communi-
cation was cut off between Liunenburg and
Halifax through the burning down of the
telephone and telegraph lines. Many small
settlements were completely surrounded by
fire, and there was no chance to secure any
intercourse between them and the more
thickly populated centres. Beachville,
Clearland and East Dover were all grave-
ly threatened at one time, but luckily es-
caped any serious loss. Chief Fire Ranger
Penny, of the Government service estim-
ated that 3,000 acres of land were burnt
over at a loss of from $70,000 to $100,000.
In central Ontario hardly a district was
without some loss through bush fires.
Worst of all were those which swept
through the central part of the country be-
tween Sudbury and Kingston. In Hali-
burton County the flames held sway well
over a week. In Apsley Township the set-
tlers were in a desperate way and were
removing their effects and fleeing before
the flames. Peterborough, Lindsay, Fene-
lon Falls and Bobcaygeon were all centres
of great havoc. In Minden the Digby fire
had not only reached the settlement at
Moore's Falls, but was burning along the
west side of the road near the summer cot-
tages at Moore's Lake, creeping on its
way to Norland. Another branch of this
same fire, which was one of the most de-
structive in all the series of conflagrations,
came out toward the neighborhood north
of Deep Bay and Gull Lake. To head this
off a settler set a back fire, but the result
was more disastrous than the original
flames would have been, as it got away
and burned over a great area. Another
fire running through the district near
Longford not only destroyed great areas
of forest land, but got into the farmers'
hay and destroyed vast quantities. In
Hnowdon Township the fire swept the en-
tire lumbering district from Lochlin and
Gelert to Irondale and Gooderham. It
burned its way to Furnace Falls, destroy-

133

134

Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1913.

ing in addition to the young forest growth
and the j-^oung standing timber, 200 cords
of fire wood. In many cases the settlers
protected their farm houses by ploughing
fire guards around them. At Hastings
Village the danger was so great that three
hundred men were called out to fight the
flames, and finally succeeded in controlling
them. Just outside of Peterboro a blaze
which required the efforts of fifty men to
put it out, ran unchecked for two or three
days. At Gravenhurst the flames made
terrible inroads upon the forest and the
property of citizens, and it was not until
the fire brigade and the citizens of the
town had worked for forty-eight hours
that the danger was really overcome. The
town of Orillia was enveloped with smoke
for many days on account of numerous
blazes round about. At Parry Sound the
settlers, lumbermen and railway men were
fighting the flames day and night. The
villages of Ardberg and Boakview were
saved only after prodigious efforts on the
part of the fire fighters. Superintendent
Bartlett of Algonquin Park reported a fire
of very serious proportions raging in Liv-
ingstone township. Details of the destruc-
tion are not to hand however.

The Ottawa Valley was visited by a
great number of fires of sizes of greater
or less magnitude, some of which did great
destruction. The Mer Bleue at Carlsbad
Springs was the centre of raging forest
fires. At Constance Creek, Aylwin, Kazu-
bazua, Wilson's Corners, and many other
points, there were blazes which seriously
damaged property and wholly destroyed
the young growth in the wooded area.

Belief from the terrible drought did not
come until the 20th of August when rain
fell to the extent of from 1 to 3 inches
over practically the whole East. In North-
ern Ontario particularly its blessings were
felt. Many localities were blessed with
heavy thunderstorms, and the period of
cold weather immediately following added
to the effectiveness 'of the rain through
preventing rapid evaporation of the mois-
ture which had entered the soil. It is im-
possible to estimate the benefits from this
single period of precipitation, but un-
doubtedly had the rain not come, or had
the wind risen, the losses would have been
apalling.

The prairie district suffered more or less,
although Chief Forester Leavitt, of the
Commission of Conservation, who made an
extended trip West in the month of July,
reported that the losses were not as great
as in many other years. A greater degree of
moisture was felt in the mountainous
provinces of Alberta and British Co-
lumbia, and no great amount of destruc-
tion was wrought. However in Vancouver
Island great anxiety was felt on the part
of the lumbermen holding timber limits
because the dry weather had been respon-

sible for several bad outbreaks, and the
forest wardens were forced to work night
and day with all the help they could pro-
cure.

Until some regular system of compiling
the losses from forest fires throughout the
Dominion can be instituted, it will be im-
possible to state the actual loss which has
taken place during the danger season. It
is fair to estimate that this season's havoc
amounts to fully half a million dollars.
Further reports from the Province of Que-
bec and British Columbia will serve to
indicate to what extent the forest wealth
was depleted.

COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION AC-
TIVE.

The Commission of Conservation and
the Department of Lands of British Colum-
bia have entered into a co-operative ar-
rangement for a study of the forest condi-
tions and forest resources of British Co-
lumbia. Dr. H. N. Whitford has been
employed by the Commission of Conserva-
tion to begin the work of collecting in-
formation along the above lines from all
available sources. Dr. Whitford was for
years a member of the Forest Service of
the Philippine Islands and has published
a bulletin on their forest resources.

The large amount of material which has
been collected by the British Columbia
Forestry Branch will be supplemented by
information to be secured from all other
possible sources including the Forestry
Branch of the C.P.R. and statements by
timber cruisers, limit holders, surveyors
and others. The C.P.R. Forestry Branch
has collected a great deal of valuable in-
formation with regard to forest conditions
and forest resources of the southern part
of British Columbia, and much of this in-
formation is to be made available through
a co-operative arrangement between the
Commission of Conservation and the au-
thorities of the C.P.R.

This work is part of a general study
which has been undertaken by the Com-
mission of Conservation, having for its
object the approximate determination of
the amount of timber in each of the var-
ious provinces of Canada.

In the Prince Albert District of North-
ern Saskatchewan, a similar study of for-
est conditions and forest resources is be-
ing carried on for the Commission of Con-
servation by Mr. J. C. Blumer. This part
of the work is being conducted in co-
operation with the Dominion Forestry
Branch.

Mr. Blumer first took up forestry work
as a student in 1901, and studied forestry
at the University of Michigan in 1905-6.
For the past three years he has been a
resident of Saskatoon, Sask.

Death of Hon. John Sharpies,

135

DEATH OF HON. JOHN SHARPLES.

C.P.R. PUBLICITY.

The death of Hon. John Sharpies, mem-
ber of the firm of W. & J. Sharpies, timber
merchants of Quebec, occurred at the
family residence in that city on July 30.
Mr. Sharpies was a native of Quebec, hav-
ing been born there is 1847. He was edu-
cated at Quebec and Montreal and became
within a few years of going into business
with his brother one of the leading lum-
bermen of the province. Mr. Sharpies
was prominent in public affairs. He was
a member of the Legislative Council of
Quebec, honorary president of the Union
Bank of Canada, and, during recent years,
had occupied the post of member of the
Quebec Harbor Commission, director of the
Quebec Bridge Company, director of the
Quebec Railway, Light, and Power Com-
pany, director of the Prudential Trust
Company, director of the Quebec Steam-
ship Company and vice-president of the
Quebec Northern Railway Company.

In religious and social matters he was
also very active. He was vice-president
of the Anti-Alcholic League, past presi-
dent of the Canadian Club and a few years
ago he established a special children's
ward in the Hotel Dieu hospital of Quebec.
In 1907 in view of his distinguished ser-
vices and in recognition of his Christian
character he was created a Knight of St.
Gregory by his Holiness the Pope.

The funeral services were held at St.
Patrick's Church, Quebec, on Aug. 1 and
were attended by leading citizens of the
province. One of the chief mourners was
Mr. Wm. Power, M.P., vice-president of
the Canadian Forestry Association, whose
partner the late Mr. Sharpies was. The
Secretary attended on behalf of the Asso-
ciation.

TIMBER PRICES SOAR.

Some idea of the recent advance in the
price of lumber may be gathered from the
fact that E. A. Dunlop, M.L.A., of Pem-
broke, has just paid the record smashing
price of $14.40 per thousand feet for the
timber on a limit measuring 15 1-2 square
miles in the township of Gooderham, Dis-
trict of NipisHing.

The limit, which was bought from the
Ontario government by Mr. Dunlop for the
Pembroke Lumber Company, contains all
white pine. Tenders for the purchase
were called for, and Mr. Dunlop 'a was the
highest.

For the past few years the average price
paid per thousand feet for timber cut off
similar limits has been between $10 and
$11. About a year ago, however, J. J. Mc-
Fadden, of Renfrew, paid $13.50 for a
limit near the Jock river. — Citizen.

One of the best publicity features in the
interests of forest conservation which has
appeared yet is the following notice which
appears in the Western Lines Time Table
of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The
folder is issued by the hundreds of thou-
sands and the notice is displayed in such
a fashion as to attract widest attention.

S AVE THE FORESTS

Canada's timber preservations are assets
the value of which can only be conjectured.
To wilfully neglect to take ordinary precaution
to insure them against destruction from forest
fires is to commit a crime against the safety
and prosperity of our citizens.

CAREFULLY EXTINGUISH
SMALL FIRES

Those who go into the woods — hunters,
fishermen, campers and canoeists — should con-
sider it their duty to exercise every care to
prevent loss from fire. Passengers on trains
should not throw lighted cigar or cigarette ends
out of the car windows. Besides the danger to
lives, homes and property to settlers, every
acre of forest burned means labor turned away,
reduced market for our crops, heavier taxation
on other property, streamflow disturbed and
liigher lumber prices.

FIRE AT BOOTH'S MILL.

During the first week of September the
mi lis of Mr. John R. Booth at the Chau-
(iioro Falls, Ottawa, suffered damage by
fire to the extent of over $110,000. The
first fire occurred on Sept. 1 in the carrier
which conveys the sawdust and refuse to
the burner, resulting in a loss of over
$10,000. This caused the closing down of
tlic mills for a week, and on Sunday, Sept.
7, when the equipment was repaired suf-
fi(i<Mitly to permit of resuming operations,
a second fire destroyed the part of the
plant known as the timber mill, with a
loss of approximately $100,000. This was
a wooden structure situated between the
.sMwniiil and the Chaudiere Falls. By dint
of hard work on the ])art of the city fire-
nicti and the mill fire brigade the fire was
kc|)t from reaching the sawmill, a stone
structure, and the other parts of the plant,
as the pulp and paper mills, etc. The tim-
luM- mill was a total loss. About three hun-
drcil hands were employed in this part of
the |dant. Decision has not yet been made
MM to rebuihling, but any structure erected
to replace this one, will, it is stated, be
lilcc the more recent parts of the plant, of
steel and concrete.

PfBJiWih

Black Willow (Salix nigra Marsh).
Diam. 20 in.

White or American Elm (Ulmus
americana, L.). Diam. 20 in.

Canada Balsam {Ahies balsamea,
MUl). Diam. 24 in.

Black Spruce (Picea mariana, B.,
S. & P.). Diam. 12 in.

Aspen (PoptUus tremuloides,
Michx). Diam. 27 in.

Balm {Populus haXsamifera, L.).
Diam. 30 in.

Cottonwood {Populus deltoidea.
Marsh). Diam. 42 in.

White Cedar or Arbor Vitae {Thuya
occidentalis, L.). Diam. 15 in.

f. ass wood (TUia americana, L.).
Diam. 22 in.

Black Ash {FroJeinus nigra, Marsh) .
Diam. 18 in.

Burr Oak (Qttercus maerocarpa,
Michx). Diam. 33 in.

White Spruce (Picea canaderutis,
B, S. & P.). Diam. 40 in.

Tamarack (Larix laricina, Michx).
Diam. 19 in.

White Birch {Betula papyrifera,
Marsh). Diam. 19 in.

Jackpine (Pinus divaricata, Du
Mont de Courg). Diam. 22 in.

Red or Norway Pine (Pinus rest-
nosa. Ait.). Diam. 23 in.

Manitoba Maple {Acer negundo,
L.). Diam. 18 in.

Notes

137

DOMINION FORESTRY BRANCH DO-
INGS FOR JULY.

Mr. R. H. Campbell, the Director of For-
estry, is continuing his tour of inspection
in the West, being at present in British
Columbia, but expects to be home in the
early part of September. During his ab-
sence Mr. T. W. Dwight occupies the posi-
tion of Acting Director.

Mr. Lewis has returned from his trip
to the Maritime Provinces, where he was
gathering statistics for his bulletin on the
Wood Producing Industries of these pro-
vinces.

Forest Nursery Stations:

Mr. Norman M. Ross reports satisfac-
tory progress, with increasing interest
manifested by settlers, 1595 letters being
received in July. Eight inspectors of tree-
planting are now at work under the gen-
eral supervision of S. S. Sadler.

The Branch nursery at Sutherland is be-
ing brought rapidly into shape by Mr.
Walter B. Guiton.

Forest Administration.

Mr. F. K. Herchmer, the District In-
spector in Manitoba, reports having made
a general survey of the Reserves along
with Mr. R. H. Campbell, everything be-
ing found satisfactory. A steel lookout
tower was recently erected by Supervisor
Stevenson on the Riding Mountain Re-
serve. Mr. Tunstell is making a survey of
the region around Clear Lake, which will
be opened up as a summer resort.

On the Duck Mountain Reserve, Mr.
Wellman reports seven miles of fire line
and eleven miles of wagon road construct-
ed. Mr. Newman is engaged in laying out
lots for a summer resort at Madge Lake.

In Saskatchewan, Mr. G. A. Gutches, the
District Inspector, after attending the For-
estry Convention at Winnipeg and the
Bangers' convention at Roblin, made a
tour of the Reserves, where very satisfac-
tory work is being done, many miles of
trails and fire-lines being cut. Permitees
are reported to be piling brush satisfac-
torily.

There has been a considerable change
in Alberta, due to Mr. Millar's desire to
have his men acquainted with the varied
conditions existing in the different divi-
sions of the Rocky Mountain Forest Re-
serve. Mr. Alexander has been trans-
ferred from the Brazeau Forest to the
Crowsnest Reserve, exchanging localities
with Mr. Clark, who is now Acting Super-
visor of the Athabaska Forest Reserve.
Mr. Edgar has resigned the supervisorship
of the Bow River Forest and Mr. Green-
wood been appointed Deputy Forest Super-

visor, Mr. Millar taking control tempor-
arily.

On the British Columbia Reserves, Su-
pervisor Scandrett reports the construc-
tion of trails, bridges and ranger-stations.

Fire Banging:

Mr. Finlayson, the Chief Inspector of
Fire Ranging reports arrival at Fort Mc-
Murray, after an adventurous canoe trip
down the Athabaska River. Few of the
July reports of the Chief Fire Rangers
are in, but owing to the abundant rain,
there has been little danger or damage
from fire in Western timber areas.

Mr. D. Roy Cameron, District Inspector
of British Columbia, has arranged for a
system of check inspections of fire-protec-
tive apparatus on locomotives, which
should eliminate the possibility of further
negligence. The Trans-continental Rail-
ways have so far, kept their rights-of-way
in fairly satisfactory condition.

Forest Surveys:

Mr. Donald Greig, in charge of the Lake
Manitoba Survey, reports good merchant-
able stands of aspen and jack pine in the
eastern part of the surveyed region.

Mr. A. B. Connell has completed the re-
connaissance of the northern slope of the
Pasquia Hills, and will continue work on
the Carrot River.

Mr. C. H. Morse reports that in the
ui)per valleys of the Maligne and Atha-
basca Rivers 'practically no merchantable
timber exists.'

Mr. E. H. Roberts has completed the
survey of the Birch Lake region near
I'rince Albert and will continue the work
around Green Lake.

Mr. Lionel Stevenson, the soil expert,
has made an examination of the soils of
some of the areas reserved from settle-
ment in Saskatchewan and has found them
in general suited only for forest crops.

Other survey reports have not yet been
received. — G.E.B.

NEW PEST IN QUEBEC.

'Lo Naturaliste Canadien' for the
month of July contains the regrettable
announcement that the San Jose Scale has
been found in the province of Quebec.
This insect, as is well known, has done a
tremendous amount of damage in the
United States and in some parts of On-
tario. In Quebec it was found first of all
on the bark of a young mountain ash tree
near Stc. Anne do Bellevue. Quebec
scientists believe that the insect was
brought in with a young tree from an On-
tario nursery. A careful watch is being
maintained to prevent the further infest-
ing of trees in Quebec.

138

Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1913

QUEBEC FORESTRY NOTES.

There are now fifteen township forest re-
serves in the Province of Quebec. These
are chiefly scattered over the Lake St.
John district and on the south shore of
the St. Lawrence. Altogether there are
now 220,000 acres in these reserves and
the work has been so successful that there
is a steady demand for the setting apart
of more reserves. These reserves are in
ungranted and unlicensed lands and before
the formation of the reserve every man
took what suited him regardless of the
consequences. Now each reserve is, as
far as possible, divided into twenty parts,
one of which is to be cut over each year.
Each reserve is in charge of a resident
ranger who grants permits, directs the cut-
ting operations and sees that the rej.]:ula-
tions are obeyed. One of the most grati-
fying features of the establishment of the
reserves is the spirit of community owner-
ship which has been developed. Township
residents feel that the reserve is theirs
and assist the ranger in enforcing cutting
regulations and in preventing waste.

The provincial forest nursery at Ber-
thiervilie continues to grow. This year
78,000 seedlings were supplied by this
nursery to provide for the planting of sand
lands in Lachute and elsewhere as de-
scribed in th* May issue of the Canadian
Forestry Journal. So far white pine and
spruce have been the chief species grown.
The department is studying Scotch pine
and European larch with a view to their
use if found suitable. Farmers are sup-
plied with seedlings for planting wood lots
at a nominal price and the demand for
these keeps pace with the growth of the
nursery. Much more interest is now taken
in replanting work than a few years ago.
Colleges, convents and institutions are fol-
lowing the work and adopting methods
found successful. The city of Three Eivers
was not greatly interested in trees when
the nursery at Berthieyville was estab-
lished; now the work there has shown what
can be done the citizens are working out
a comprehensive plan for the beautifying
of their streets. ^

Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief of the Quebec
Forest Service, has purchased 4,500 acres
of waste land near Shawinigan Falls. It
is a cut over and burned over tract, com-
ing up to hardwoods. Mr. Piche is going
to see what is the best method of handling
such a tract in this locality. It is likely
he will permit the use of it as an experi-
mental ground by the students of Laval
University Forest School.

The railways are now co-operating with
the Forest Service of the Government of
Quebec in regard to the use of permits to
ship wood on railways. In rural Quebec
lands are either patented to farmers,
licensed to lumbermen, or unpatented; that

is to say, still in the hands of the Crown.
Holders of patented and licensed lands, of
course, have the right to ship timber and
wood, but in the past there has been a
great deal of trespassing upon Crown lands
by men of no substance. Consequently
when wood stolen from Crown lands was
shipped out there was no way of recover-
ing dues or fines. Now every one must
have a permit to cut wood on Crown lands
and if this permit is not produced the rail-
way agent will refuse to receive wood for
shipment. Thus the professional trespasser
is being checked and the Provincial trea-
sury enriched.

PUT OUT YOUR FIRE!

When you are camping, put out your
fire! Near Peterboro, in the region of
the Pigeon and Bald lakes, a disastrous
fire was started last week by a party of
campers leaving behind them an unex-
tinguished fire. Their fun over, they left
the place apparently without thought of
the danger. The result was that a large
territory was burned over and much pro-
perty destroyed. Most forest iires orig-
inate in this way. Carelessness with camp
fires is a major cause. A very little pre-
caution would save a fortune in Canada.
It only takes a minute or so to drench
one's fire until only steam is visible and
all danger is passed. Nearly every camp
fire is close to the water, making the oper-
ation of little trouble or exertion. When
next you camp, and your fire has served
its purpose, put it out. — Ottawa Citizen.

Douglas fir has an average of five years
life when untreated; treated, it lasts twelve
years. Hemlock, lasting as a natural wood
five years, doubles its term of life when
treated, as does tamarack. Spruce is one
of the species which when untreated decays
most quickly, lasting only three years. If
treated it will last twelve years, its life
being thus increased 300 per cent. To sum
up, wood preservation not only prolongs the
life of durable timbers, thus decreasing their
annual consumption, but also permits the
substitution of inferior species, who^e use
considerably reduces the drain upon the
more desirable kinds.

WINNIPEG CONVENTION RE-
PORT.

The report of the Winnipeg Con-
vention has been completed by the
printer and it is expected that with-
in a week or ten days after receiving
this copy of the Journal members of
the Canadian Forestry Association
will have the report in their hands.

With the Forest Engineers^

{Contributed by the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.)

The plan inaugurated during the past
month by the Secretary for obtaining from
members news of their doings has met
with gratifying success. In response to
the letters addressed to members several
interesting replies have been received,
some of which are quoted in full below.

Almost the first reply received was from
the President of the Society, which it is
only fitting should be given precedence.
Dr. Fernow's note is as follows: —

Dr. Fernow has spent his vacation in
his summer home at Point Breeze, N. Y.,
U.S.A., revising or re-writing, at least in
part, his Economics of Forestry, the book
having become thoroughly antiquated,
especially in its statistical data and in the
chapter on * The Forestry Movement in the
United States. ' In July he attended the
forestry conference in Sunapee, N. H.,
U.S.A., and delivered an address on 'A
Plan Adequate to Meet Our Needs for
Wood and Timber,' in which he argued
that forest planting on a large scale, sys-
tematically, is alone capable of meeting
the future demands for timber in the
United States, and proposed a plan by
which twelve hundred million dollars were
to be spent in that direction during a cam-
paign of sixty years, or, as he expressed
it, *two Dreadnoughts a year.' Dr. Fer-
now is now (Aug. 13) on an excursion
to the West with the International Geo-
logical Congress.

Quebec Forest Service.

Avila Bedard, M.F., is back from
Europe. He has visited Great Britain,
France and Belgium.

The Province of Quebec has now six-
teen forest engineers in the Forest Service.
Two (Piche and Bedard) from Yale and
the other fourteen are graduates of the
School of Forestry of Quebec.

The Forest Service is devoting much at-
tention to the forest inventory. All the
parties in the field are covering different
strips, etc., so that a very good know-
ledge of the forest conditions will soon bo
obtained. '

The appropriation of the Forest Service
i« now $100,000 per annum, whereas it was
only $55,000 in 1909. It means that the
Gouin government is desirous to give all
the necessary funds to obtain a good and
progressive service.

The revenues of the Department of
Lands and Forests for the fiscal year end-

ing June 30th last will exceed $i,"50,000,
a substantial increase over the preceeding
years. Since 1908, every year has seen the
revenues increasing steadily.

Advances in B. C.
H. K. MacMillan, Chief Forester of Brit-
ish Columbia, writes in part as follows: —
'Mr. Price is now with us and we are
working on general re-organization of our
work. One of the most important features
from a forestry standpoint is that regula-
tions for brush disposal, fire protection,
and reproduction of valuable species are
now being included in all Forest Branch
timber sales. One hundred and fourteen
timber sales are now under consideration,
aggregating a value of $460,000. Timber
is sold only for immediate cut. One hun-
dred and eighty-eight miles of telephone
line and 134 miles of trail for fire-pro-
teetive purposes are now under construc-
tion for the Forest Branch.'

Fire Protection in Quebec.

W. C. J. Hall, Superintendent of Fire
Protection for the Province of Quebec,
writes as follows: —

'The fact of all railways in this pro-
vince, except the Intercolonial Railway
and the National Transcontinental Rail-
way, being controlled by the Dominion
Board of Railway Commissioners and the
Quebec Public Utilities Commission, and
by having been appointed by both bodies
as Provincial Fire Inspector renders my
duties particularly interesting.

* I was surprised to see the readiness
with which the railways met the provi-
sions of Orders 16570 (now replaced by
Order 107) and 72, respectively, and
co-operated with the Inspector in Chief
for Canada, Mr. Leavitt and myself. I
had all the lines inspected for hazardous
sections and established special patrols
thereon, which I may say have been regu-
larly maintained. These special patrols
consist of motor-cars, velocipedes, and
track-walkers, according to the tastes of
the various railway superintendents. Fires
on or off the rights of way are reported
to me promptly, as a rule. I have a staff
of seven lnHi)ectors travelling over the
railways, not devoting the whole of their
time to this object, but a considerable
part of it.

'Up to the time of writing we have had
no serious fire on any of the railways, ex-

139

140

Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 19 IS,

cept one, and this one came from a fire
which started about three miles distant,
from a settler's slash. A very interesting
bit of work is being handled now, name-
ly, burning the right of way through tim-
bered lands, and so far my Inspector has
handled this work with great success. We
have several miles of this to attend to;
if we get through with it successfully it
will be an object lesson. We burn at night
with a good force of men handling it, first
seeing that the slash is separated from
the forest by lanes each side. The In-
spector superintends the whole work and
no burning can be undertaken without his
consent.

'The relations between the Quebec Gov-
ernment and the Federal authorities, i.e.,
the Board of Railway Commissioners, are
most cordial; we have joined forces for
the public good, and work hand in hand,
with the result that railway conditions in
Quebec province are probably more ad-
vanced in the line of protection than in
any other province; at all events the pro-
tection is more complete owing to action
of the Quebec Public Utilities Commission.
We hope to obtain control over the Inter-
colonial Railway and National Transcon-
tinental Railway before long.'

A Mountain Climb in B. C.

D. Roy Cameron writes under date of
Aug. 12:—

'Mr. Clyde Leavitt and myself made an
interesting trip, towards the end of July,
from Ashcroft to the summit of Cairn
Mountain (elevation 7650 feet) situated
in the Hat Creek Forest Reserve. The
idea I had in making the trip was to
show Mr. Leavitt some very fine sheep
range available on the summits of the
Clear Mountains above timber line.

'Starting from Ashcroft early in the
morning by team, we reached the Amphi-
theatre Ranger Station on Oregon Jack
Creek, seventeen miles distant, for an
early lunch. Here we changed to saddle
horses, and, accompanied by Forest As-
sistant Alan E. Parlow with a pack-horse
in tow, set out for timber line, which we
made about six o'clock. Parlow was left
here to cook supper, while Leavitt and I
proceeded to the summit. From this point
a magnificent view is obtainable of the
Cascade Range, which rises 8,000 feet
straight out of the Fraser Canyon. Un-
fortunately the setting sun threw the
mountains into shadow so that details
were lacking, but even at that the scene
was well worth the climb.

'On returning to timber line a demon-
stration of gastronomic ability was given
by all, after which we retired to a shelter
improvised out of a pack-cover.'

The change from the stifling heat of
Ashcroft to the chilly winds of timber-line
was very acceptable.

In the morning we found that one of
the horses, supposedly gentle, had decided
antipathies to making the descent, pro-
bably thinking 10,000 acres of fine range
enough for his simple needs. Then ensued
a Wild West Show during which it was
discovered that the combined roping abil-
ity of the outfit was 0.00%. A thorough
test of this made a change of tactics seem
desirable. Snaring was decided on, and,
when this was finally managed after much
patient (or impatient) manoeuvering, the
very much disgusted horse was finally
snubbed around a small white-bark pine,
and the incident closed. Fuller details and
additional color can probably be obtained
from the Chief Fire Inspector for the
Railway Board, on request.

A record trip to town completed an en-
joyable two days' trip.

Some fine pictures were obtained by Mr.
Leavitt but the finest of all was unfor-
tunately never taken.

In Southeastern British Columbia.

J. D. Gilmour, District Forester at
Cranbrook in the B. C. Forest Service,
writes: — "Since December, 1912, I have
been stationed at Cranbrook as District
Forester in the Provincial Forest Service.
The work includes all business in connec-
tion with the Forest Branch in this dis-
trict. This season we are laying emphasis
chiefly on fire protection, and are build-
ing trails and telephone lines for that pur-
pose. The summer so far has been favour-
able. The dangerous periods have been
short, and there have been few fires en-
tailing extra expense, and all these have
been discovered and extinguished before
they had much start. The total area burn-
ed over is negligible. We are also work-
ing to obtain co-operation with lumber-
men in the burning of slash, and have met
'with some success; we look for more in
future. Already over one thousand acres
of slash has been successfully burned in
places where it constituted a grave danger.

Top-lopping and Dynamite.

Ellwood Wilson, chief of the Forestry
Department of the Laurentide Co., Ltd.,
has sent some interesting notes as to his
doings and experiences of the month, to-
gether with interesting additional notes.

On July 14th, Mr. Wilson took Mr.
Kieffer, of the Forestry Department of
the Quebec Government, to inspect an area
of about three square miles which had
been lumbered by the Laurentide Co., Ltd.,
and on which all tops had been lopped to
the tips of the trees. The results were
very satisfactory; the brush lying flat on
the ground and many of the branches al-
ready beginning to decay. The woods, it
was found, were left in good condi-
tion and were much easier to travel
through; there was much less risk of fire,

With The Forest Engineers

141

and, if fire should start, it would be much
easier to extinguish.

On July 15th Mr. Wilson left to attend
the meeting of the Society of Eastern For-
estors as the guest of Dr. Hugh P. Baker,
Dean of the forestry Faculty at the Uni-
versity of Syracuse. Foresters from all
the Eastern States were present, as well as
professors from Yale, Cornell and Syra-
cuse Universities. The meetings were held
at the fine new Ranger School at Wana-
kena, on Cranberry Lake, and were of the
greatest interest, the discussion on top-
lopping being especially so. It was agreed
that top-lopping was absolutely essential
from the standpoint of fire protection and
reproduction, both in soft woods and hard-
woods and it was the general opinion that
it was not feasible or necessary to pile or
burn the brush. The cost derived from a
number of experimental plots and from the
experience of the Adirondack lumbermen,
who are compelled by law to lop their tops,
was from 20 to 30 cents per thousand feet,
board measure.

A very interesting experiment was tried
by representatives of the Dupont Nemours
Powder Company for the benefit of the as-
sembled foresters. In an old lumber slash
piled with debris, which had once been
run over by fire, dynamite cartridges were
placed in the ground for a distance of over
250 feet, spaced about two feet apart and
set by making a hole, by hand, with a
crow-bar and putting in the cartridge,
then tamping with earth rammed down
with a piece of broomstick. The depth
of the holes was about 15 to 18 inches. It
took about an hour to set the cartridges.
The slash and ground were then sprinkled
with kerosene oil from watering cans and
set on fire. As the flames reached the line
of dynamite, the latter was exploded by
electricity, and when the smoke had clear-
ed away the fire was found to be stopped
by a trench about three feet wide and
nearly three feet deep, blown right down
into the mineral soil, and leaving the soil
so loose that, had it been necessary, earth
and sand in any quantity was available
for throwing on the fire. Dead and-down
logs and stumps were blown out of the
way. For all but a very bad top fire this
method would have proved eminently sat-
isfactory for stopping it and by going
sufficiently far ahead of a forest fire and
laying dynamite the fire could either be
completely stopped or could be narrowed
down very quickly, cheaply and surely.
Experiments were tried by laying the
dynamite on top of the ground, but the re-
sults were without value.

Mr. Wilson then went to the meetitag
of the Society for the Protection of New
Hampshire Forests in connection with the
Directors of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation at Soo-nipi Lodge, Lake Sunapee,
N.H. This was a most interesting and in-

sa'uctive meeting and many notable peo-
ple were present and spoke, including the
Governors of Vermont and Maine, the
Bishop of New Hampshire, Drs. Fernow
and Roth, Profs. Tourney and Chapman, Dr.
Rothrock and S. B. Elliot, of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Commission, Dr. Henry S.
Drinker, President of the American For-
estry Association, and members of the
U. S. Government Service and foresters
from several States.

Dr. Fernow 's address in which he advo-
cated planting rather than natural repro-
duction was very important and interest-
injT. He discussed this question at length,
(luoting German experience on the subject
and concluded that it was the duty of the
National and State Governments to take
up planting on a large scale, and that vig-
orously.

Dr. Roth's address on conditions in
Michigan and Wisconsin was very inter-
esting, as was that of Professor Toumey
on European conditions.

Mr. Wilson spoke on Commercial For-
estry, and advocated planting for large
corporations and especially for pulp and
paper companies, and discussed the future
supply of pulpwood and the increasing use
of balsam fir in pulp-making. He also de-
scribed the planting experiments of the
Laurentide Co., Ltd.

Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief of the Quebec
Forestry Service, Mr. Wilson reports, has
fourteen parties at work making estim-
ates and growth studies. A report has
been made on forty square miles show-
ing the amount of timber, the different
species and their rates of growth, etc.,
and is a very important piece of work.
The report shows that we must modify our
ideas as to the amount of standing timber
and lower them considerably.

LUMBERMEN AND FORESTRY.

Lumbermen are eonietimes accused of hos-
tility or at least indifference towards scien-
tific forestry, but this, as everyone knows
who is acquainted with the facts, is not
the case. At a recent meeting of the North
Idaho Forestry Association, composed of
lumbermen and timber owners, the sum of
$58,000 was placed to the University of
Idaho for a new forestry building and
equipment. Officials of the University de-
(!lare that sixty per cent of the timber now
wasted in manufacture may be saved, and
it is to devise methods to show this that
the new building is required. The equip-
ment includes a saw-mill plant for the use
of students in learning the i)ractical side
of the industry. This is in harmony with
the action of the Massachusetts Lumber
Manufacturers' Association in supporting
a chair of applied forestry and practical
lumbering in the Yale University Forest
School, for which the Association has votejl
$100,000.

142

Canadian Forestry Journal, September, 1913.

WORK IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN
RESERVE.

In the July issue of 'The Rocky Moun-
tain Review' whose appearance was men-
tioned in these columns a couple of months
ago, there are evidences of efficiency
and careful management on the part of
the officers of the Rocky Mountain Forest
Reserve. A series of tables indicate brief-
ly the exact extent of the work carried
on, the difficulties encountered and the
business transacted. Fires are divided in-
to three classes, of which class A are small
fires, such as spreading camp fires, not cov-
ering more than a few square rods; class
B, fires requiring assistance and extra ex-
pense, generally not covering more than
five acres; class C, large fires requiring ex-
tra help and expense. The figures in
these classes for the quarter ending on
June 1st are as follows: — 21, 3, and 9, a
total of 33 fires. Of these 2 were started
by railroad construction, 22 by locomo-
tives, 1 through clearing land, 4 through
camp fires, 1 through lightning, 1 through
dropping burning match, and of two the
causes were unknown. Of permanent im-
provements there were constructed the fol-
lowing :-roads 7^ miles, costing $1,-
032.13, standard trails 112 miles, costing
$4,086.87; secondary trails, 215 miles, cost-
ing $3,161.97, telephone lines, 51 miles,
costing $5,367.47, fire guards 330.5 miles,
costing $304.11. There were also erected 2
district ranger stations, at a cost of $2,-
313.09, 13 ranger cabins, costing $3,891.42,
8 barns, at a cost of $1,633.48, 6 bridges,
costing $4,074.34, and one lookout tower,
costing $28.31. There were also uncom-
pleted projected with a total value of $4,-
860,72. In timber and hay receipts the re-
serve officers took in $31,221. This sum
was divided as follows: — Crow's Nest, $8,-
979.39; Bow River, $20,428.28; Brazeau,
$1,436.50; Cooking Lake $28.45; Cypress
Hills, $348.38.

with such commonplace subjects as lum-
bering should read this book. They will
get new views on poetry and on lumber-
ing. The first volume *In Forest Land'
was good: * The Woods' is better and it
proves, both that Mr. Malloch is a real
poet, a poet with good red blood in his
veins and in his verse; and that he has
the strength to resist the current^ miscon-
ception that strength consists in coarse-
ness. Some of the subjects he handles are
not parlor themes but somebody ought to
handle them, to make them live, to make
the careless world see at what cost of
labor and lives the world's comforts are
secured, \vnile there is no imitating of
any other poet some of the lines remind
one of the strongest phrases in * The Sons
of Martha.' And through it all the poet
never loses his moral bearings or his op-
timism. There are nearly fifty poems in
the volume many of which we would like
to quote such as 'Children of the Spring,'
' The Pine Tree Flag, ' ' Down Grade, ' ' The
Soul,' 'The Sky Pilot,' 'Brothers and
Sons,' but lack of space forbids the pre-
sentation of more than two ' Possession '
and 'Today,' which are here given.

POSSESSION.

There's some of us has this world's goods,

An' some of us has none —
But all of us has got the woods,

An' all has got the sun.
So settin' here upon the stoop

This patch o' pine beside,
I never care a single whoop —

Fer I am satisfied.

Now, take the pine on yonder hill:

It don't belong to me;
The boss he owns the timber — still

It's there fer me to see.
An', 'twixt the ownin' of the same

An' smellin' of its smell,
I've got the best of that there game,

An' so I'm feeJin' well.

DOUGLAS MALLOCH 'S NEW BOOK.

Douglas Malloch has written another
book and the American Linnbcrman has
published it. In case some do not recall
the work of this writer we reprint the
real foreword which appears on the protec-
tion cover. 'Douglas Malloch' is a western
poet who has spent much time in the for-
ests, writing songs for lumbermen. His
poems have travelled by word of mouth
from pioneer to pioneer. In this volume
appears ' ' Today ' ' which has been reprint-
ed a hundred times, and has been attribut-
ed to many and diverse sources.'
-Those who think poetry cannot deal

The boss in town unrolls a map

An' proudly says 'It's mine'
But he don't drink no maple sap

An' he don't smell no pine.
The boss in town he figgers lands

In quarter-sections red;
But I just set with folded hands

An' breathe 'em in instead.

The boss his forest wealth kin read

In cent and dollar sign;
His name is written in the deed

But all his land is mine.
There's some of us has this world's goods

An' some of us has none —
But all of tis has got the woods,

An ' all has got the sun.

Notes

143

TODAY.

Sure this world is full of trouble —

I ain't said it ain't
Lord! I've had enough, and double,

Reason fer complaint.
Rain an' storm have come to fret me,

Skies were often gray;
Thorns an' brambles have beset me

On the road — but, say,
Ain't it fine today!

What's the use of always weepin';

Makin' trouble last?
What's the use of always keepin'

Thinkin' of the past?
Each must have his tribulation.

Water with his wine,
Life it ain't no celebration.

Trouble? I've had mine —
But today is fine.

It's today thet I am livin'

Not a month ago,
Havin', losin', takin', givin',

As time wills it so.
Yesterday a cloud of sorrow

Fell across the way:
It may rain again tomorrow,

It may rain — but, say.
Ain't it fine today!

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES
and shrubs at forest
prices.

Native and foreign tree seeds.

Edye-de- Hurst & Son,

Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

nniPPERfl TO H. M. OOVKRNMENT, ETCX

Cforrespondanee J^an^aiM.

SAWDUST BRIQUETTES.

A new industry may be successfully
combined with the planing mills — that of
making of the sawdust briquettes to be
used for firing under the boilers, thus con-
siderably decreasing the cost of the fuel
to the mill owner. According to a note in
a recent issue of the Scientific American,
this is being very advantageously done in
Germany. The sawdust is automatically
gathered and conveyed to a place near the
presses. From here it is carried over a
heated belt-conveyer to a drying-room. This
is a cylindrical revolving drum about two
feet in diameter and twenty feet long. In
this drum the sawdust is partially dried,
the pitch contained in the wood is softened,
acting hereafter as a binder. From here
the sawdust is conveyed over an incline to
the after-dryer of the same shape as the
first dryer, which forms a part of the press.
Here it is svibmitted to a higher tempera-
ture to drive off all the moisture, and kept
running forward toward the end of the
after-dryer by rotating paddles. At the end
of this after-dryer, the sawdust falls through
an opening into the trough of the press.

At the end of each pressing operation,
which takes place about twenty-four times
a minute, a briquette is made about 5^
inches by 2% inches by 1% inch, weighing
between one half and three quarters of a
pound. From the press the briquettes are
carried by another belt-conveyor to a cool-
ing room, and are then ready for use. —
Paper Inc.

TIMBER CRUISES )

FORESTRY SURVEYS/ Fo^^^^yDept.

Montreal Engineering Company, Limited

Consulting & Operating Engineers

*2ii McGILL STREET, MONTREAL
R. O. Sweezay, General Manager

S:"^ STUMP PULLER

^sWSmith Grubber Co

CATTiLOB FREE-DEPT. 8. LA CRESCENT, MINN;

FOREST

ENGINEERS. |

Forest Surveys

Logging Maps 1

TIMBER

ESTIMATES |

Water Power

Water Storage

CLARK

&

LYFORD

403 Crown Building

, VANCOUVER

UnivcrsilY of
New Brai)swick

FREDERICTON, N.B,

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Eftabltshtd in igoS

Four years' course leading to the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry. Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expenses correspondingly moderate.

Ffir further infortnation address'. —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. — — —

C. C. JONES, Chancellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syrcsk.cuse, Ne-vv York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science ; Post-
graduate course to Master of
Forestry ; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks in Catskills.
Ranger School held on the
College Forest of 2,000 acres at
Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Experiment Station
of 90 acres and excellent Forest
Library offer unusual opportu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For particulars address
HUGH P, BAKER. D. Oeo.Dea.r\

BILTMORE,

North Carolina

'THE Biltmore Forest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in
America. The Biltmore Forest

School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
near Biltmore; summer quarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests of Ger-
many. Q The course of instruction
covers any and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship of six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Forestry.

Writ* /or catalog of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing —

THE DIRECTOR, BILTMORE. N.C.. U.S. A

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is offered leading to the
degree of Master of Forestry.
The Forest School is a graduate
department of Yale University
requirini^ for admission a collesre
training. Graduates of universi-
ties, colleges, or scientific ins-
titutions ot high standing are
admitted upon presentation ot
their diplomas, provided they
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subjects in their under-
graduate work : at least one
full year in college or Univeisity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoology, Physics, Inorganic
Chemistry, Geology, Econom cs,
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing may take examinations
in any subject but are required
in addition to prestnt evidence
ot a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
early luly and is conducted at
the school camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For further tMformatien address

JAHES W. TOUnEY, Director

NEW HAVKN - - . - CONNBOTMUT

^^

/<<>

Canadian forestry journal

Vol. IX.

Ottawa, Canada, October, 1913.

CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL,

Published monthly by the

Canadian Forkstry Associatio\,

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canada.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Editorial 145

An Adequate Plan: Dr. Fernow 147

Quebec Provincial Nurseries 149

Forest School Notes 150

Norfolk County Replanting 151

Protection Along Railways 153

Dominion Forest Branch Notes 154

Forest Products Laboratory 154

British Columbia Work 155

Reserve Regulations Revised 157

U. S. National Conservation Congress . . . . 157

With the Forest Engineers 158

Quebec Forest Service 159

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General,

Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden.

Honoraiy Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laubieb.

President, Hon. W. A. Charlton.

Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P.

Secretary, Jab. Lawler, Canadian Building,

Slater St., Ottawa.

Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson.

Directors : William Little, Hiram RobinsoDi

Aubrey White, E. Stewart W. B. Snowball.

Thomas Southworth. Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y-

Chown, John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H.

Campbell, J. B. Miller. Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E.

Femow, Ellwood Wilson. Senator Bostock, F. C

Whitman. G. C. Pich6, Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. O. E.

Matb!eu, Bishop of Regina; A. P. Stevenson, Wm.

Pearce, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson

Booth, Wm, Price, J. W, Harkom. A. S. Goodeve,

W, C. J. Hall, J. 8. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J.

Zavitx. Geo. Chahoon Jr., R. D. Prettie,

TefTlt>rtal Vice-Presidents:

Ontario:— Hon. W. H. Hearst.
Quebec: — Hon. Jules Allard.
New Brunswick: — Hon. J. H. FlemmiDg.
Nova Scotia:— Hon. O. T. Daniels.
Manitoba:— Hod. R. P. Roblin,
Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson
Saskatchewan — Hb Honor G. W. Brown.
Alljeru:- Hon. A. L. Sifton.
British Columbia: — Hon. W. R. Ross.
Yukon: — Geo. Black, Commissioner.
Maekenris:— F. D. Wilson.
Keewatin: — His Honor D. C. Cameron.
Ungava: — His Grace Mgr. Brucbesi, Archbishop of
Montr eft].

145

WINNIPEG MEET

The report of the
vention has now been
our members. While
some previous reports it is oi
most important issued
years, and all our members
read it carefully. It should be in the
hands of every member before this
and any who have not received it, or
who would like an extra copy to
send to some one who might be in-
terested in forestry should notify the
Secretary. Address The Secretary
Canadian Forestry Association, Can-
adian Building, Ottawa.

FOUNDATION WORK.

In taking stock of the forestry
l)Osition it is seen that there has been
a good deal of activity along certain
lines with delay and hesitation along
others. There is more machinery
than ever before, more money being
sf)ent. The effort must now be to so
balance the effort as to keep the cart
behind the liorse. What is needed is
organization, co-ordination and the
doing of first things first.

The statement was made at a recent
meeting that there were thirty-six
forestry schools in the United States,
juid that now nearly every state had
its state forester. In some respects,
tlierefore, forestry is coming on with
a rush, so that there is need of direct-
ing this force into right channels.
This large body of men talking about
and working in forestry will awaken
interest. The state foresters in their
efforts to 'make good' will develop
many projects that should have been

146

Canadian Forestry Journal, October 1913

started years ago. The graduates of
forest schools will open out useful
work in directions that at present
are not thought about. The case for
forestry is so good that the more it is
talked about the mor^ progress is
going to be made.

But while progress is being made
on the popular side foundation
work must not be overlooked.
The whole art is so new on this con-
tinent that however sure conserva-
tionists are of the necessity and pro-
fit of forestry, the man in the street
has yet to be convinced. People
would be aghast if told by responsible
men that in so many years agriculture
or manufacturing would come to a
stop, but the public either does not
believe the forests will disappear in
the periods named for different
areas, or it does not realize the econ-
omic results of that disappearance.

As to how close we are to the time
when our virgin forests will be de-
pleted, while there are differences in
details there is a general agreement
that it will not be long. For the
United States the National Conserva-
tion Commission put it at thirty
years from 1907 and subsequent in-
vestigation has not materially alter-
ed their conclusion. In Canada some
industries are largely existing on
second growth timber, while indus-
tries in our old hardwood belt are im-
porting five times as much hardwood
as we produce. It takes from sixty
to one hundred years to grow a tim-
ber tree. If our virgin timber is go-
ing to disappear in less than half a
century then, even if we start refor-
esting now, there is going to be a
gap between the old and the new.
And we have not started reforesting
either by natural regeneration or by
planting.

But even more serious than this is
the fact that the thing we say we
believe we ought to do we are not
undertaking as if we meant it.
Everybody is agreed there should be

fire protection, that our existing sup-
plies should be harvested without
waste, and that cut over areas that
are absolute forest land should be
allowed to grow up again into tim- .
ber, even if we do not go the length
of seeding or planting.

One of the most vital things re-
quired to get efficiency in carrying
out work, all agree to be necessary,
is the extension of civil service re-
form to the outside services federal
and provincial. The Ottawa Citizen
dealing with this matter says:^ —

The position of the outside government
servant, not appointed by the Civil Service
Commission, is demoralizing and humiliat-
ing to a degree. No matter how efficient
the outside government servant may be,,
merit is not taken into consideration when
the question of promotion comes under
review. The permanent officials at head-
quarters are not allowed to appoint, dis-
miss or promote an outside servant with-
out the approval of the political hierarchy.

The newspaper is here discussing
the customs service but the argu-
ment applies with even more force to
the forest services because the men
are miles away from the eye of
superiors and from the restraining
and correcting force of public notice
and public opinion. Urging the ex-
tension of civil service regulations to
the outside services is not as pleasant
and popular work as opening for-
estry schools or securing the appoint-
ment of state or provincial foresters
but it appears to be the most neces-
sary work now before the Canadian
Forestry Association and indeed be-
fore the Canadian people. There is no
reason to doubt the intention of the
Dominion Government, to extend
civil service reform to the outside
services but the pressure against this,
is tremendous on the part of party^
workers and it is only fair to the-
Government and to governments,
generally that the friends of forest
conservation should throw their
weight on the scales that the balance
ma}^ be in favor of reform.

A Plan Adequate To Meet Our Needs

For Timber.

Synopsis of an Address by Dr. B. E. Fernow at the Annual Meeting of the Society
for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests.

Dr. Fernow began by stating that there
was probably now nobody who had not
grasped the idea that the fundamental ob-
ject of forestry was to reproduce the for-
est crop which we had used, and, if pos-
sible, in better form. Looking over the
United States there was little attempt at
reproduction. The population was still
growing, and while a reduction in con-
sumption, from the present 250 cubic feet
per capita per year to something like the
consumption of European countries, was
inevitable this change would not be made
readily.

Dr. Fernow then quoted from the report
of the National Conservation Commission
to the effect that the cut was more than
twice the annual growth and that there
was then (1907) hardly thirty years sup-
ply in sight, so there was no time for dilly
dallying.

He urged that fire protection and con-
servative logging would not meet the need
as these were concerned with the utiliz-
ation of the existing crop but did nothing
to insure a new crop.

It was true that fire protection was
essential to forestry as no one would in-
vest money with a high fire hazard but
fire protection had been so much improv-
ed of late years that the time was more
propitious for pressing for reforestation.

Holding that, in spite of substitutes,
timber would continue to be used and
would continue to increase in price, and
also that the natural regeneration method
of timber reproduction would be found
nearly as costly and far less effective than
replanting he wished to go on record as
holding the opinion that 'our future needs
can not be satisfactorily and adequately
provided for until we take recourse to
planting operations on a large scale..'

Within twenty years the United States
would have reached the point where vir-
gin timber in which natural regeneration
might still be practiced would be near its
end. The country's needs must then be
supplied chiefly from the so-called second
growth and volunteer growth; and the
area capable of restocking only by arti-
ficial means would have increased prob-
ably to 250,000,000 acres, over half the
remaining forest soil. (Dr. Fernow estim-
ated that in 1907 the forest area of the
United States was 580 million acres). Then
the people would be forced to plant
whether they believed in that method or
not.

It was useless to expect private enter-
prise to undertake this task owing to the
long time element involved. The railways,
needing a constant supply of ties, and
paper companies, whose big plants were
built with the idea of continuous forest
supplies, might embark in tree planting,
but Dr. Fernow was afraid that for the
rest they would have to abandon the idea
of individual endeavor and learn that
community interests must be attended to
by the community. In the end only the
state and the municipality could be ex-
pected to provide for a distant future.
There were foolish notions abroad as to
the distance of that future and how long
it took to grow a log tree. With most
species in most localities nothing could be
expected in less than 60 to 100 years.

He had no cut and dried plan for this
except to set every state forester, state
commission and forestry association think-
ing, to make them realize that their busi-
ness was not only to conserve existing re-
sources but to create new ones, and to
recognize that this was a more serious
matter than could be met by the distri-
bution of a few thousand trees to private
planters; that it required systematic pro-
cedure on a large scale.

Each state forester should make a can-
vass of his state to ascertain what lands
could be left to private planting and what
to municipal or state enterprise. He

should work out a plan of state co-opera-
tion which might take the form in the case
of municipalities, besides furnishing plant
material and advice, of pledging the
state's superior credit for raising the
necessary funds by bond issues for acquir-
ing and reforesting waste lands and in re-
turn securing supervisory power for the
state. For New England municipal action
was perhaps t^ie most promising although
in general direct state control might be
preferable.

Dr. Fernow gave the following example
to illustrate the method of procedure.

* Let us assume that a town has bought
5,000 acres of waste lands, which it could
secure for say $15,000, borrowing the
money from the state at 'i%; the 5,000
acres to be planted in a 25 year campaign;
that is at the rate of 200 acres per year,
at a cost of $8 per acre; the annual outlay
of $1,600 to be furnished by the state from
year to year, when the interest charges
will be $450 on the original investment
and a series of interest payments of $48,

147

148

Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1813

increasing annually by $48. The loans
will then in the twenty-fifth j'ear have ac-
cumulated to $55,000 and the interest ac-
cumulations to $26,870 or $1,075 per year,
and the highest last annual charge $1,650,
amounts not difficult to raise. After the
planting is finished the annual interest
charge remains stable at $1,650. Now
each year 200 acres may be thinned and
every five years the thinning repeated. A
net result of $2 per acre for the first thin-
ning (at that time wood prices will be
higher) $3 for the second, and $3.50 for
every subsequent thinning would be a rea-
sonable assumption. In other words for
the first five years after loans and plant-
ing have been completed the interest
charges are met to the extent of $400, in
the second quinquennium to the extent of
$700 and in the third quinquennium a sur-
plus begins to appear. Now arrangements
for refunding the load may be made at
once, or else merely interest may be con-
tinued to be paid out of returns for thin-
nings, the town receiving small incomes
until the sixtieth year, when the first 200
acres may come to harvest yielding not
less than"^ $120,000 (likely much more at
that time) wiping out the loan and leaving
a property worth several million dollars
producing annual revenue.

'AH that the state has done is to lend
its credit, not one cent is given in charity,
and the town has made no expenditure ex-
cept for the care of the property.

* That these calculations are not chimeri-
cal may be learned from the experiences of
France.

* Here the state reforested during the
last century 200,000 acres of sand dunes
at a cost of $2,000,000. Of this 75,000
acres were sold reimbursing the total cost
of the 200,000 acres and $140,000 to boot,
and leaving a property now valued at
$10,000,000.

'In the Landes the state, municipality,
and private owners planted nearly 1,-
750,000 acres at a cost of $10,000,000, the
value of the recovered properties being
now placed at $100,000,000 based on their
annual production.

* Some 200,000 acres of poor land, un-
healthy useless waste, in La Sologne was
planted by a private association at a cost
of $5 per acre. These lands which fifty
years ago could not be sold at $4 per acre
now bring in over $3 per acre annual
revenue, being valued at $18,000,000.

' These are actual results achieved and
not fancies or forecasts. '

Dr. Fernow went on to apply this to
larger areas. In New England he esti-
mated there were five million acres im-
mediately ready for planting. This on a
twenty-five year campaign would necessi-
tate planting 200,000 acres per year. Some
planting was now being done but in the
face of these figures did present work not
look amateurish and inadequate?

Such an area (which was twice the for-
est area of Bavaria and Baden combined,
producing $10,000,000) planted with white
pine at $10 per acre and properly man-
aged would produce annually its 2,000,000
M feet of lumber worth even at present
ptumpage prices $20,000,000 and be an
ample supply for any population that
might then be located in New England.

Finally Dr. Fernow applied his figures
to the United States and pointed out that
now the federal government wa^ giving
aid to reclamation schemes, good roads,
waterways, etc., it would not be out of the
way to include reforestation in this list.

In 1970, by which time the most ad-'
vanced of the forests planted now would
begin to mature, Dr. Fernow estimated
that the population of the United States
would have become 225,000,000, and as-
suming that the per capita use of timber
had decreased to that of England, 14 cubic
feet per year, this would require the cut
of close to 1,000,000 acres per year of first
class forest growing for sixty years at the
rate of four hundred feet B M per year.
To keep up a continuous supply 60 million
acres must be in that producing condition.
The probability was that not less than
100 million acres would be required to sat-
isfy all needs for wood materials.

Since less than $20 per acre would be
required for planting and interest account,
an annual loan of $20,000,000 for sixty
years, — two dreadnoughts a year — would
be ample provision. Dr. Fernow 's con-
cluding summary of his plan was as fol-
lows:

(1) Each state to ascertain its quota
of planting area, classified for systematic
procedure in its recovery.

(2) A co-operative financial arrange-
ment by which municipalities may secure
the credit of the state, and states the
credit of the federal government for the
purpose of acquiring and recovering their
quota.

(3) State planting to be done on a large
scale.

'If I have not developed a very definite
and adequate plan to meet our need for
wood and timber in the future I hope I
have at least opened up a line of thought
which mav tend to its formulation. '

ME. MALLOCH'S POEMS.

Some requests have been made for in-
formation in regard to Douglas Malloch 's
new book of poems * The Woods ' which
was reviewed in the September number
of The Vnundian Forestry Journal. Mr.
Malloch ia the Associate Editor of the
American Lumberman, 431 South Dear-
born St., Chicago, 111. The American Lun\-
berman Co. are the publishers of the book,
and inquiries in regard to it may be ad-
dressed to them.

Quebec Provincial Nurseries*

Description of the Forest Nursery Station at Berthierville.

The Secretary recently paid a visit
to the Quebec Government Forest
Nursery near Berthierville. This
nursery, which consists of about
sixty acres, is situated on the north
bank of the St. Lawrence River near
the town of Berthierville, and nearly
opposite the city of Sorel. The site
is well chosen both as to the charac-
ter of the soil and for convenience
in shipping the little trees by rail
and water. The farm house and
barns have been fitted up for the use
of the resident forester, and accom-
modation is provided for the stu-
dents who in the spring do the work
of preparing the beds, sowing the
seed and transplanting the seedlings
into the nursery rows.

The species chiefly grown are pine
and spruce. White and red pine oc-
cupy a large place, and the nursery
is also making a thorough test of
Scotch pine, w^hich promises to do
particularly well in the Province of
Quebec. Tamarack and European
larch are also grown extensively,
and another conifer that promises

well is the red fir, the seed of which
was brought from Idaho. Of de-
ciduous trees, the ash, elm and maple
are the chief representatives, black
walnut six years from the seed is
about nine feet high, and some
Eui'opean walnut planted two years
ago is also making good growth. As
an experiment there are some speci-
mens of tulip trees or yellow poplar
being grown, and while this tree has
been frozen down the last two wint-
ers to about three feet above the
ground, it is hoped eventually to ac-
climatize it.

The Secretary w^as shown over the
nursery by Mr. G. C. Piche, Chief of
the Forest Service, who pointed out
that the nursery had now" reached a
size of five hundred beds. In these
there were a few failures, but in
nearly every case the reason for
these was known, and as the work
proceeds these can be avoided in
future. The nursery has also been
equipped with a water system which
will materially improve the working
conditions.

View in Quebec Oovernment Nurseries Berthierville, Que., looking toward St. Law-
rence Eiver.

149

150

Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1913

FOREST SCHOOL NOTES.

The opening of another college year
finds professors and students returning to
work, fresh and enthusiastic.

BIR. G. C. PICHE, Chief Forester of auebeo.

From this nursery there are sent
out, first the trees for the planting
of the sand lands in settled districts,
which is becoming an important fea-
ture of Quebec work; and also the
trees furnished to farmers for the
planting of their woodlots. These
latter are sent out at a nominal cost,
and the nursery will be enlarged as
rapidly as the demand from these
two sources increases.

TREES.

I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;

A tree that looks at God all day.
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

A tree that may in summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;

Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.

Poems are made by fools like me,
But onlv God can make a tree.

JOYCE KILMER.

While definite information is not yet to
hand it is expected that the number of
students at the Faculty of Forestry, Uni-
versity of Toronto, will be about the same
as last year.

The Quebec school reports a somewhat
decreased number of students this year,
owing to higher standard for entrance.
The wisdom of so raising the standard,
however, will certainly be shown in future
years. Mr. G. C. Piche, the Director,
writes: —

The Forest School of Quebec has re-
opened with a new class of nine students,
of whom three are Bachelors of Arts. The
direction having raised the standard of
the examinations for entrance, very few
candidates were able to satisfy the new
requirements, hence the diminution in the
number of new students; yet the number
in attendance, comprising the other class-
es, will be about thirty-five.

Prof. R. B. Miller, of the Forestry De-
partment, of the University of New Bruns-
wick writes: We have about thirty-five
students enrolled in forestry, viz., four
Seniors, five Juniors, fifteen Sophomores,
and eleven Freshmen. Out of a Fresh-
man class of thirty-six in the University,
eleven enrolled for the forestry course. The
men returning from the West are full of
enthusiasm and new plans to be carried
out, and this promises to be a very suc-
cessful year. Among the new lines which
will be attempted will be a small lumber-
ing operation on the college lands, the
building of three miles of telephone line
to the camp, the making of trails and
roads, a continuance of the work in estim-
ating on the college lands, with a rough
working plan for the same, a topographic
survey of the college grounds b}' the Sen-
iors and, possibly, a new course in forest
entomology given by the Provincial En-
tomologist. The woods are in fine condi-
tion this fall, as there has not been much
rain, and until cold weather a large
amount of field-work will be carried
through. The cutting of cordwood and
logs will allow a further chance for work
in the winter months. The Seniors have
been assigne<l the new Victoria Mills of
Donald Fraser and Sons, Limited, upon
which they are to make a report. This
mill is equipped with a double-cutting
band-saw and all the modern appliances
for manufacturing lumber, lath and
shingles.

Replanting in Norfolk, Ont.

The following article is abbreviated
from the London Free Press which news-
paper also kindly loaned the accompany-
ing engravings.

There is perhaps no other section of
country in Ontario which has gone through
the successive changes that may now be
traced in the lower part of Norfolk
County, in the famous sand-blown lands
near St. Williams. Nor, possibly, any-
where in Ontario, is there a movement that
has more of interest in the results that are
being produced than this joint w^ork of re-
forestation and producing treelets for the
whole province that is being carried ou
here. For the work that the Ontario Gov-
ernment is carrying on at its nursery sta-
tions here is of a double character, being
applied not only to sand ridges of Norfolk
County but made also the center from
which go out all over Ontario the little
trees that some day will be turned into
wealth for this province.

From this Norfolk nursery station there
are now being sent out each year hundreds
of thousands of little treelets. These go
to farmers, to municipalities and to com-
panies owning timber lands. The City of
Guelph two or three years ago set out
property a few miles outside the city. It
is the belief of the Guelph waterworks
board that eventually they will have a
steady revenue coming in from their forest
area. On the property there was consid-
erable standing timber when it was pur-
chased. A certain amount has been cut
out and sold at intervals and this will be-
come a regular practice when the forest
area has been further developed.

Norfolk County Changes.

Norfolk County, where the Government
work is carried on, was one of the earliest
settled counties of western Ontario. There
were settlers in this district at the opening
of last century, many of them United Em-
pire Loyalists. The men who came in first
found the whole country a forest and faced
the task of clearing up their land before
they could grow anything. It was a task
the nature of which is hard to appreciate
in these days w^hen the older counties are
so well cleared up. The farm which now
forms the center of the Government's
operations was settled as early as 1804, yet
in 1908 it was bought by the forestry
branch for $5 an acre, and other near-by
farms have been sold at a figure equally
low. The reason is that in the century of
its existence this farm property had under-
gone changes which made the price paid
all that it was really worth. From forest
to farm was the first transformation, then
followed many years of tilling, during
which its occupants 'never allowed any-
thing in the nature of a crop to get above
the ground without taking it off. ' The
result was inevitable. Year by year the
productive power decreased; eventually
there were fields that did not return suf-
ficient to pay for the labour put upon
them, then the owners and tenants moved
elsewhere or took up some other work. The
abandoned farm followed, saddest sight of
all in this land of good farms and rich or-
chards and gardens.

The Sand Ridges.

Those who travelled through South Nor-

IN NORFOLK COUNTY.

Wf^'^^V

This gives an idea of how tlie soil has disappeared since the forest was cut away
and shows how young trees are again taking root.

151

152

Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1913

folk 10 years ago, along the branch of the
Grand Trunk Railway that runs from Sim-
coe to Port Rowan, saw stretches of al-
most absolutely barren sand ridges, stumps
of trees showing up above the drift, once
in a while an old shed or a wagon half
buried in the sand. It was a dismal pros-
pect after passing through the lovely farm
and orchard country further north in .this
county. Yet it was the very prospect that
one day was to attract the attention of a
man who could see the possibilities of im-
provement.

That man came in the person of Prof.
E. J. Zavitz, who had charge of the for-
estry work at the Ontario Agricultural
College, and who was sending out from
the nurseries connected with the college
the little treelets that were required by
the farmers of the province to restore
their wood lots. He saw the possibilities
of a work in Norfolk County that would
restore in considerable measure the use-
fulness of these stretches of abandoned
sand lands. When the situation was set
forth to the provincial department he was
authorized to move the Government's for-
est nurseries from Guelph to the new sta-
tion at St. Williams and to begin the
planting of these sandy tracts with trees
suited to the locality. The idea in the
minds of the officers of the department
was that such a plantation would demon-
strate to the farmers of Ontario how best
to proceed with the reforestation of such
lands elsewhere, in large or small tracts,
and would also demonstrate that reforesta-
tion of considerable blocks of these lands
could be profitably undertaken by muni-
cipalities or by individuals who could wait

the time required for returns. For refor-
estation does not give its return at once;
it is a slow process to build up a forest
that has disappeared.

Large Tracts Treated.

The work began with the purchase by
the department of 300 acres of ridge land.
This has been increased until now there is
five or six times this area in process of
reclamation. Seedbeds and nursery rows
have been set out, and some of the worst
hills those whose tops were blowing into
the adjacent valleys and coveriug up the
fairly good land there, have been planted
out. These small trees, though planted in
what seems a veritable sandbank, without
a blade of grass to be seen for acres, have
done well, and, small as they are, have
held the sand from blowing. Fields fairly
level and available for nursery beds have
been sown to rye, cowpeas, clover, etc., and
the soil enriched by turning in the crop.
The results have been astonishing in many
cases.

From these nursery beds hun(ireds of
thousands of seeding trees go out to On-
tario farmers and others. The demand is
increasing year by year as the value of the
work becomes known and the experiments
which are constantly under way at the
station are bringing together information
that materially assists in the whole fores-
try movement. The trees set out in per-
manent location on the plantations include
black locust, jackpine, Scotch pine and
white and red pine, while experiments are
also being conducted with ash, walnut, oak
and butternut. It has been found that the
black locust thrives best of all on these
Norfolk sand hills, though jackpine and

Planting Seedlings in Nursery Bows.

Protection along Railways

153

Scotch pine are close seconds. The black
locust has the very useful power, like
clover in this respect, of enriching the soil
in which it grows by the colonies of bac-
teria which adhere to its roots. Thus,
quite outside of its use as timber, it is
useful as a culture plant. The wood,
though not well known in Canada, is high-
ly valued for work requiring toughness
and firmness. Insulator pegs, vehicle and
railway car timbers and fence posts are
uses to which it is now put.

On a recent visit to the station at St.
Williams, Hon. W. H. Hearst, Minister of
Lands, Forests and Mines, expressed him-
self as astonished and delighted with the
work that was under way and the progress
that was shown. He further declared that
the movement would have his still warmer
sympathy and support since he had seen
for himself what was being done.

PROTECTION ALONG RAILWAYS.

One of the things that is demanding
attention is the protection of forests along
railway lines by the clearing of debris
from a strip two hundred feet wide on
each side of the right-of-way. Mr. Clyde
Leavitt, Chief Fire Inspector for the Can-
adian Railway Commission writes of this
subject:

* Provision should be made, by either
legislative or administrative action or
both, of all the Provincial Governments of
Canada, for the enforced removal of in-
flammable debris on lands adjacent to
railway rights of way. This is absolutely
essential to a reasonable degree of safety
from fire, of forests and other property
along railway lines. The Dominion Rail-
way Act requires that railways operating
under Dominion charters shall maintain
their rights of way free from dead and
dry grass, weeds and other combustible
matter. The Railway Commision enforces
this provision. It also requires the use
of the best fire-protective appliances on
the engines and also that the railway com-
panies maintain patrols and take adequate
steps in reporting and extinguishing rail-
way fires.

' Engines still throw some sparks, how-
ever, and fires along railway rights-of-way
are started as well by smokers, tramps,
and numerous other agencies, either care-
less or malicious, llnless imme<liatoly «lis-
covered and extinguished, fires starting on
the right-of-way quickly spread to a<ljac-
ent lands, where, in the ease of forest
lands, the almost Universal presence of
large quantities of dea<l, inflammable ma-
terial, facilitates the rapi<l spread of the
fire, and renders extinguishing difficult,
if not impossible. This situation is
especially bad in the case of the large
areas of cut-over lands, which so gener-

ally parallel the railway lines in the non-
agricultural sections.

* If the laud or timber owners removetl
this material on a strip two hundred feet
wide outside the right-of-way, on each side
of the track, it would enormously increase
the efficiency of the measures which the
railway companies are required to take,
and would without question decrease to a
remarkable extent, the destruction from
fires along railway lines. Not only would
the destruction of much private property
be avoided, but large quantities of young
forest growth on cut-over lands would be
given a chance to reach maturity, instead
of being burned over periodically and so
being kept in a perpetual state of unpro-
ductivity.

THE FIRE BUG AND THE EAST WIND.

E. T. Allen, Forester, Western Forestry
and Conservation Association.

'It's time to hit the trail again,'

The careless camper said.
And left his little fire ablaze

Within its leafy bed.

'I'll light another cigaret,'

The idle loafer said,
And chucked his old snipe in the brush

One end still glowing red.

'No, I'll not burn my slash this spring,'

The moss-back logger said,
'I'll trust to God and luck again;

Expense is what I dread.'

'Let's punch the screen out of the stack,'

The donkey fireman said,
And so he did, and all the sparks

Sailed blithely overhead.

'Come on, we'll <lump our ashes now,'

The railroad trainmen said,
The train soon fanned tliem far and wide

As on its way it sped.

'Good time to fire my slashing now,'

The thrifty rancher said,
And touched it off without a thought

Of how far it might spread.

'I'll think I'll blow an hour or two,'

The rcHtless east wind said,
Then liked it so he changed his mind

And blew a week instead.

'Millions in lives and timber lost,'

The nowHpaj)ers next said.
What made those fires all start at once.

We wondered as we rca<i.

'It wasn't us, it was that wind,'

The fools in chorus said.
So they're alive and loose this year,

— We hope the wind is dead.

154

Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1913

DOMINION FORESTRY BRANCH.

Notes of Work and Workers.

The reconnaissance surveys are now
nearly all complete and the students in
charge are preparing to return to the Uni-
versities to complete their course in For-
estry. The forest surveyor must be a man
of parts for many unforseen difficulties
have to be met and over come in penetrat-
ing the tangled tree-growth and brule of
the muskegs and mountains of Western
Canada. Mr. Doucet, in charge of a party
near Smoky River, writes: 'A forester
needs to be here, besides all other profes-
sional titles, a real bushman, an all-man
and a jumper.' C. H. Morse, who crossed
the outer mountain ranges to explore the
hinter lands of the Rockies in Northern
Alberta, had great difficulty with the
snow in the passes, and on one occasion
while returning to camp, the party was
caught in a canyon by a blizzard and were
forced to spend the night there; an experi-
ence one seldom gets the opportunity of
repeating.

* * «

Mr. Lionel Stevenson has completed an
examination and soil-analysis of the sand
lands temporarily reserved on the Sas-
katchewan prairies by the Dominion Gov-
ernment, and with the exception of the
area around Good Spirit Lake, has found
them unsuited for agriculture. H6 also re-
commends that the strip of rough hill land
bordering on the Saskatchewan River be
set apart for forestry purposes, as the thin
soil and porous gravel subsoil make agri-
culture impracticable, while if tillage is
permitted, erosion will result and naviga-
tion be impeded in the river by the forma-
tion of bars and islands. •

Owing to the increasing efficiency of the
fire protective patrol on the timber areas
of the Dominion Government in Western
Canada, the fire-loss this year is probably
the smallest ever recorded. It is the in-
tention of the Forestry Branch to prepare
statistics on forest fire losses in Canada in
1912.

• • •

There are now twenty-seven technically
trained foresters in the permanent employ
of the l^ominion Forestry Branch.

The Forest Nursery Station at Indian
Head has already this season distributed
nearly two and three-quarter million trees
to prairie farmers, making a total of
twenty-three million trees distributed up
to date. The demand has so increased
that the Forestry Branch found it neces-
sary to establish a branch nursery near
Saskatoon which will have seedlings ready
for distribution next spring.

FOREST PRODUCTS LABORA-
TORY.

Mr. A. G. Mclntyre, who is in
charge of the Dominion Government
Forest Products Laboratory at Mc-
Gill University has been visiting the
United States Forest Products La-
boratory at Madison, Wisconsin. He
reports a satisfactory and profitable
visit. This laboratory and its sub-
sidiary laboratories were established
in 1910 at a large cost, $100,000 hav-
ing been spent on work on ground
wood problems alone. The two great
achievements to the credit of this in-
stitution are the adaptation of the
sulphate process to the southern
pines and in mechanical pulp. Mr.
Mclntyre is back in Canada and be-
ginning work in his new office.

AFFORESTATION IN BRITAIN.

In an article on 'Afforestation in the
United Kingdom' in Science Pro{jresf<, it is
shown that only 3,071,047 acres of land in
the United Kingdom are in forests or 4
per cent, of the total area, or .07 acre per
capita. In only one European country is
the percentage as low, namely Portugal,
but the area per capita here is larger.
Even Hollamd has 7 per cent, of her area
in woodland, while France has 18 per
cent., Germany 26 per cent., Russia 37 per
cent., and Sweden 48 per cent. Finland
leads the European nations with 63 per
cent. Thus it is that practically all of the
timber used in England must be imported
and the imports of hewn and sawn timber
in 1909 amounted to 140,000,000.

ANTICOSTI ISLAND.

Henri Menier, the French chocolate
manufacturer who died recently, was
chiefly known to Canadians because of his
purchase of the Island of Anticostj in 1895
for $125,000. The island which lies in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence is 135 miles long
and 40 miles wide. Mr. Menier spent large
sums of money in developing the island
and in recent years a large amount of pulp-
wood has been produced which has been
shipped to Ontario mills.

British Columbia Forest \A/ork.

Bird's Eye View of Conditions in the Pacific Province.

Mr. H. E. MacMillan, Chief Forester of
British Columbia writes as follows: —

* Following up your excellent system of
securing information from the different
forest organizations each month I am send-
ing herewith a short synopsis of our work
this last month. You will probably re-
ceive information as to different details of
our work from other members of our staff,
therefore, I shall only refer shortly to gen-
eral policies.

*I have just returned from a series of
meetings which have been held by the
Minister of Lands to discuss with the lum-
bermen and timber owners of the Province
an equitable system which might be adopt-
ed for the increase of the rates of royalty
charged on timber cut from Crown land.
It is purposed to increase the rate of
royalty as it is believed that the timber
now being logged is worth more to the
public than the 50c royalty now collected.

'Many different systems of increasing
royalty were brought forward by the lum-
bermen, among them being the grading of
the timber and the increase of the rate on
the high grades and the collection of the
royalty as a percentage of the value of the
timber sold. At these meetings oppor-
tunity was taken to discuss with the lum-
bermen the fire protection work of the
Forest Branch and arrangements were
made to have the timber owners of the
Province appoint advisory committees who
would work with the Forest Branch in
improving and supervising the fire pro-
tective work.

'The past fire season has been most suc-
cessful. The Forest Branch has had at
work 41.5 men in addition to 60 men who
are employed by the railroads under the
supervision of the Forest Branch. The
expenditure for patrol has been over $200,-
000, the highest expenses per month being
about $50,000. Arrangements were made
for the employment of 100 extra men
through the fire season, but owing to the
weather it was not necessary to call out
this emergency force. Thirty-seven boats
were used by the Forest Branch in fire
protection this summer.

'Improvement work is being carried on
throughout the Province and at the pre-
sent moment nearly 600 miles of telephone
line are under construction and 1,200 miles
of trail. Most of this is being paid for
from the fire protection fund; in some
cases lumbermen are contributing towards
the cost of work which is being carried
on by the Forest Branch. The most not-
able fire protection improvement under

construction is the cable telephone line
connected with the heavily timbered is-
lands between Vancouver Island and the
mainland north of Vancouver in which dis-
trict is at present the heaviest timber cut
in Canada, the output over a small area
being about one billion feet per year, also
a telephone line which has been construct-
ed to a lookout point on the summit of
Mount Baker near Cranbrook; this line
reaches an altitude of 7,200 feet and is
believed to be the highest telephone point
in Canada. From its terminus may be se-
cured a view of an area of over 2,000
square miles in the water-sheds of the Co-
lumbia, Kootenay and St. Mary rivers. A
lookout will be stationed at this point
throughout the fire season and will be able
to send to the office of the District For-
ester at Cranbrook first intimation of any
fires occuring in the most valuable timber
holdings of the Crows Nest District.

*A complete system of trails and look-
out points connected with telephone is be-
ing completed in the irrigation districts
around the Okanagan Lake; this system
will be perfected this fall and should pre-
vent any further fires in the important
watersheds in this region.

'Arrangements have recently been made
whereby the Forest Branch undertakes the
inspection of lands before they are open
for settlement in order that timbered and
non-agricultural lands may be kept in re-
serve for forest purposes. About a dozen
parties are now in the field engaged at this
work. All lapsed timber licenses and
leases are examined by the Forest Branch
before action is taken towards their dis-
position and all areas on which there is
merchantable timber or which are unfit
for agriculture are reserved for forest
purposes. Field examinations have recent-
ly been made of the watershed of Sey-
mour and Capilano Creeks north of Van-
couver, from which Vancouver and sur-
rounding municipalities derive their water,
and recommendations have been made that
the forested watersheds of these creeks be
set ui)art as forest reserve.

'The fire season which is now about over
in the Province has resulted very favor-
ably. There are about 1,800 miles of rail-
roa<l under construction through timbered
land in the Province. Construction was
carried on clearing right of way and work-
ing in the timber through the summer and
although a large number of fires were
started they were all extinguished by for-
est officers before any damage resulted.
The total area burned over by fires start-

155

156

Canadian Forestry Journal, October, 1913

ing from railroads under construction was
less than three square miles, similarly fires
resulting from operating railroads were
kept under strict control.

'There were between ten and eleven
thousand permits issued to settlers for the
clearing of land; in all cases the areas to
be burned over were first inspected by fire
wardens and no fires resulted from this
cause. The sentiment in British Columbia
towards the permit law is extremely fav-
orable and this law has worked out so sat-
isfactorily that it is to be recommended
to the other provinces of the Dominion.
Between 800 and 900 fires occured during
the past summer, all but 95 were exting-
uished by the fire wardens without any
extra cost; the average cost of extinguish-
ing the 95 for which assistance was re-
quired was less than $50.00 per fire. This
small cost of fire fighting is due to the
system of patrol employed in all districts
where the fire danger was great, to the
use of boats on all water ways which en-
abled wardens to get to fires rapidly, and
to the fact that the fire hazard is being
constantly decreased through the cleaning
up of roads, burning of slash and the mak-
ing of fire breaks which is lieing carrie'd
on under the direction of the Forest
Branch.

'The Forest Branch still continues to re-
ceive applications for the purchase of
small areas of timber; eight parties are
now in the field cruising timber for sale.
During the past two or three months the
dullness of the lumber business has inter-
fered with logging on several of the tim-
ber sales and has made it advisable to de-
lay the completion of pending timber sales
if the timber is to be sold for its possible
market value. The largest transaction
now pending is the sale of 500 million
feet of timber chiefly hemlock to the Brit-
ish Columbia Sulphite and Fibre Company
for the manufacture of chemical pulp, the
cutting period on this sale will be between
twenty and thirty years and the officers of
the Forest Branch are finding it difficult
to devise a system of revising the stump-
age price periodically in order to protect
the Government interests and to be fair
to the Company. A very careful exam-
ination is being made of the tracts to be
cut over in order to render possible the
framing of regulations which will protect
and encourage the reproduction of the
forest. This sale when completed will
embody practically all forest regulations
and should be of interest in Eastern Can-
ada where sales of pulp timber to compan-
ies are frequently taking place. •

* The Government has recently inaugur-
ated a new policy of handling grazing on
public lands by the permit system, the
administration of grazing on all unalien-
ated public lands in the Province has been
placed in the hands of the Forest Branch.

There are large areas in different portions
of the Province where there are almost un-
limited possibilities for summer grazing
and some possibilities for winter stock in
the open. An investigation is now being
made of this by the Forest Branch and
reports will soon be issued.

'Dr. H. N. Whitford has recently ar-
rived in Victoria and will co-operate with
the Forest Branch in completing a recon-
naissance of the Forest reserves of the
Province.

'J. M. Swaine, Assistant Dominion En-
tomologist, has in co-operation with the
Forest Branch examined the chief lumber-
ing regions of the Province in order to ob-
tain if possible information of any dam-
age by forest insects. This investigation
has resulted in the discovery of serious
damage by bark beetles in yellow pine but
up to date no other timber of commercial
importance has been found to be affected.

'All logging operations in British Co-
lumbia are carried on under authority
from the Forest Branch and in order that
forest officers may keep in sufficiently
close touch with the work in the different
operations, prevent trespass, undue waste
and illegal handling of timber, instruc-
tions have recently been issued to have all
logging operations inspected at least once
in three months and reported to the Chief
Forester. '

THE DANGEROUS CIGAEET.

A leading Ottawa lumberman, whose
firm has suffered rather heavily from fire
in the past season, in speaking to The Can-
adian Forestry Journal called attention to
a new danger which threatens not only the
timber owner but also the owner of pro-
perty in towns and cities. This danger is
the great increase of the cigaret habit.
Our railways are now practically wholly
constructed by foreign laborers who are
inveterate cigaret users. The cigaret re-
quires much more constant lighting than
the old fashioned pipe, and the burning
matches are thrown carelessly down
wherever the man happens to be with the
result that fires get into the slash and
from that into the green timber along the
line of the railway. An even greater
danger arises from the fact that when the
man is through with the cigaret he throws
the glowing stub down with equal care-
lessness, and fires start as a result. In
towns and cities cigaret smokers throw
burning stubs down gratings, over fences
or into boxes or barrels. Inflammable ma-
terial is likely to lie in such places and
thus our flre losses in towns as well as in
the forest rise to a proportion that is noth-
ing short of criminal.

Reserve Regulations Revised.

More Adequate Provision for Grazing and Fire- Protection.

The new Regulations for Dominion For-
est Reserves, which became law in August,
1913, are in some respects much superior
to the oM regulations of 1906. These
latter maile no adequate provision for
grazing, in fact, it was prohibited except
bv special permit from the Director of
Forestry, and could only be obtained by
an actual settler in the vicinity of a For-
est Reserve in Manitoba, Saskatchewan
or Alberta, and then only for fifty head
of cattle. But the new Regulations are
framed to encourage grazing rather than
discourage it, for, not only settlers, but
also ranchers and non-resident land-own-
ers, can now obtain permits from the local
forest officer to graze cattle to the full ex-
tent of the range capacity of such Re-
serves, as determineil by the Director.
The number of head which each cattle-
owner is allowed to pasture, is determined
by the number of applicants for permits
and the range capacity of the Reserve, the
minimum number being fixed by a ' graz-
ing unit ' based on the number of cattle
which can be carried through the winter
by a homestead or small ranch. The min-
imum dues for cattle and horses shall be
five cents per head per month and the max-
imum shall be ten cents per head per
month, the dues for sheep being one-fourth
of those for cattle. As many applications
have already been received for grazing

permits, it is likely that the revenues of
the Dominion forest reserves will be sub-
stantially augmented by this "new law.

Quite as important from the standpoint
of the forester are the improvements in
the regulations regarding fire-protection on
Dominion Forest Reserves. Previous laws
provided for the maintenance of plowed
fire-guards and the clearing of rights-of-
way within Reserves, and also for the
maintenance of fire-rangers by the rail-
ways during the construction of the same,
but in the case of railways not subject to
the control of the Board of Railway Com-
missioners, no regulations had been made
previous to those of 1913, for the main-
tenance of fire-patrols by railways in ac-
tual oiieraiion within Reserves.

These new regulations also requires that
all timber-cutting upon the Reserves shall
be done under the control of the forest-
officers, permittees and existing licensees
being required to dispose of tops, of
branches and other debris, to prevent, as
far as possible, the danger from fires.
Lopping of branches and piling of brush
is already required of all settlers and
others cutting small lots by permit.
Whether licensees lumbering large areas
wnthin the Reserves, can be induced to
take similar precautions against fire is con-
jectural.—G. E. B.

United States National Conservation Congress.

Washingrton, Nov. 18-20, 1913.

The Fifth National Conservation
Congre.ss has been called to meet in
Washington, D.C., Nov. 18-20, 1913.
While the Congress will take up the
whole subject of conservation,
special attention is to be given this
year to the subject of forestry. It
has been decided that at least two
full sessions of the Congress will be
devoted to forestry matters. Special
committees have been at work since
the last Congress under the direc-
tion of the Forestry Committee, of
which Chief Forester Henry S.
Graves is the Chairman, investigat-
ing subjects of importance to for-
esters and lumbermen, and these
committees are to make their report
at the meeting. The President of the
United States is expected to address

the Congress. Members of the Cab-
inet, Senators and Representatives,
the Chiefs of the government bur-
eaus and the representatives of prac-
tically every State, will be heard.
There will be a number of important
social functions, including a recep-
tion by the President of the United
States. The headquarters will be
the New Willard Hotel, Washing-
ton, in the assembly halls of which
most of the sessions will be held. The
President of the Congress is Mr.
Chas. Lathrop Pack and the Secre-
tary Mr. Thos. R. Shipp, New Will-
ard Hotel, Washington, D. C, from
whom information in regard to rail-
way rates, registration, membership,
etc., may be obtained.

157

With the Forest Engineers^

{Contributed by the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.)

In Northern British Columhia.

H. S. Irwin, District Forester at Prince
Eupert, writes: —

'For the last seven months I have been
stationed in Prince Rupert, and have been
attempting to cover a district over three
hundred miles in length wnth several thou-
sand miles of shore line, by means of a
''dinky'' motor-boat. There are innumer-
able small logging outfits scattered along
the coast, and this, with the fire patrol,
keeps us pretty busy.'

H. C. Kinghorn writes as follows from
Hazelton: —

'At present I am holding down the posi-
tion of Forest Assistant in the Hazelton
Forest District, — which takes in all the
central part of northern British Columbia.
I arrived here the latter part of May, 1913,
having been transferred from Fort George,
where I spent the previous nine months on
reconnaissance and general timber-admin-
istration work. Our chief work here so far
has been forest fire-protection, — and
thanks to the weather conditions and the
good generalship of the District Forester,
Mr. R. E. Allen, lately District Fire Ward-
en of Revelstoke, the season has been very
successful from that standpoint, as fires
have been very few and occasioned little
expense. We are now working on per-
manent improvements for a better system
of fire-protection, and plan for the con-
struction of several short trails, a tele-
phone line and several cabins for our
guards' permanent head-quarters, and for
a place in which to keep our fire-fighting
equipment. This district is not over-stock-
ed at present with merchantable timber,
on account of forest, fires having swept
over a large area of it, but many places,
especially the watersheds are still
covered with a good growth of young trees.
If our forestry principles are carried out
this will be protected for the future wel-
fare of the country. This is an immense
country, most of which is still undevelop-
ed, and its real value is still unknown.'

In the Rockies.
W. N. Millar, District Inspector of Do-
minion Forest Reserves for Alberta, sends
a brief note suggestive of the strenuous
life of the West. He writes, under date
of August 28th, as follows: — 'I am at the
same old thing — three weeks in the moun-
tains on bacon and beans, and one week
of double time in the office, trying to

avert the wrath to come. I leave for my
final long field trip of this season in a few
days, and will be out for six or seven
weeks on the Bow, Clearwater and Bra-
zeau, if three high passes I must cross
don't snow up before I get to them. The
season has been fairly successful so far.
Practically no fires as yet, but verv dry
weather for the past two weeks, which I
am now beginning to get anxious about;
it is bound to break in the next two weeks
with the annual September big snow, but
there may be trouble in the meantime.'

Southern British Columbia.

From Cranbrook, B. C, G. H. Prince
writes: —

'In June, 1912 I was assigned to special
examination work in the interior of the
province, working at Creston, Waldo,
Cranbrook and Aspen Grove. In Decem-
ber, 1912, I was appointed Forest Assist-
ant in the Cranbrook District, working
with J. D. Gilmour, District Forester.
During last winter I examined over one
hundred logging operations, travelling a
great deal on snowshoes, and enjoved the
work very much. The greater part' of this
season has been spent in land and timber
examinations, trail, telephone and lookout
construction, besides a small amount of
office work.

I have found the work very interesting
and very full of good experience which
should prove of great value to me in the
future. '

R. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry,
recently returned to Ottawa after a trip
of inspection in the Western provinces,
occupying nearly three months.

A. H. D. Ross, of the Faculty of For-
estry, University of Toronto, paid a short
visit to Ottawa recently on his return
from his summer's work as Consulting
Forester of the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way's Department of Natural Resources,
most of his time being spent in Calgary.
On his return he spent a short time at the
United States Forest Service Forest Pro-
ducts Laboratory at Madison, Wis., where
research work of much interest is being
carried on.

R. B. Miller, professor of forestry at the
University of New Brunswick, paid* a short
visit to Ottawa recently after his season's
work with a numbier of his students in
the woods in the Maritime Provinces.

158

Quebec Forest Service Notes

159

QUEBEC FOREST SERVICE NOTES.

Most of the forest engineers in the em-
ploy of the Department are now return-
ing from their field explorations.

Mr. B. Guerin, F.E., has completed the
examination of seven townships, making a
complete inspection of all the lots which
have been sold or patented, and classify-
ing the lands still vacant. This is the
first time thai; the Department of Lands
and Forests has inspected the patented
lots, as well as those still unpatented, in
the endeavor to ascertain with more exact-
ness what is the movement of colonization
and the need of more lands to be occupied.

Mr. Geo. Boisvert, F.E., after visiting
several townships in the counties of Mont-
magny and L 'Islet, is now completing the
exploration of a portion of the upper basin
of the River St. John, in the county of
Kamouraska, in order to determine the
forest value of these tracts and what sec-
tions of them should be set aside for col-
onization purposes. He reports very good
forests and a small area of arable land
which will allow of the creation of a new
parish.

Mr. L. J. D. Marquis, F.E., has spent
the summer making an inventory of the
basin of the Assemetquagan river, cover-
ing over three hundred square miles.
Though some sections are burned, the rest
consists of a good stand of spruce and

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES
and shrubs at forest
prices.

Native and foreign tree seeds.

Edye-de- Hurst & Son,

Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

8HIPPERB TO H. M. GOVERNMENT, ETO

CorrespoTidance PranJgaise.

balsam fir of very good size. Mr. Marquis
has also done good work in the control of
operations of local saw-mill owners and
wood-buyers.

Mr. Ernest Menard, F.E., has just arriv-
ed from his exploration of the upper basin
of the Peribonka, where he has found some
good forest land, very suitable for pulp
and paper mills.

Mr. Laliberte, F.E., who is working iu
the upper basin of the Mistassini, which is
next to Peribonka, on the northern shore
of Lake St. John, will not return till the
end of next month. He sends word that
the work is going on well and all the mem-
bers of his party are in good health.

Mr. H. Kieffer, F.E., has completed the
inspection of Eolland township, on the
Kouge river, and of Robertson township,
on the Lievre river, which were requested
by settlers.

Mr. Henri Roy, F.E., after making a
brief reconnaissance of the forest condi-
tions in the townships of Remigny, Mont-
reuil, Villars, Beauneville, Caire and Belle-
combe, has sent back part of his party
and is now on his way to Lake Victoria,
whence he will return by the beginning
of November.

Messrs. Sicard & Lavoie, Forest En-
gineers, after having inspected the forest
conditions of the upper basins of the
Harricanaw and Bell rivers, are now mak-
ing a preliminary survey of the Megiskan
river.

All these data will be tabulated and
some of the reports will eventually be
published in bulletin form.

TIMBER CRUISES
FORESTRY SURVEYS

|- ForCotry Dept.

Montreal Engineering Company, Limited

Consulting & Operating Engineers

211 McGILL STREET, MONTREAL
R. O. Sweezay, General Manager

T«iTH"ifcSTUMP puller;

WSmrrH Grubber

GATALOe FREE-DlPT. 8. LA CRESCENT

FOREST ENGINEERS.

Forest Surveys Logging Maps

TIMBER ESTIMATES
Water Power Water Storage

CLARK & LYFORD

403 Crown Bulldiag, VANCOUVER

llnivcrsil^ of

New Bmi]swick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Established in igoS

Four years' course leading to the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expenses correspondingly moderate.

For further information address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. — — —

C. C. JONES, Ch&r\cellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syrak^cuse, Ne-w York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science ; Post-
graduate course to Master of
Forestry; and one and two-3'^ear
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks in Calskills.
Ranger School held on the
College Forest of 2,000 acres at
Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Experiment Station
of 90 acres and excellent Forest
Library offer unusual opportu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For parti-culars address
HUGH P, BAKER.. D. Oec.Dea.r\

BILTMORE,

North Carolina

'J'HE Biltmore Forest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in
America. The Biltmore Forest

School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring q 'arters in North Carolina,
near Bihmore; summer quarters in the
lake .states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests cf Ger-
many. Q The course of instruction
covers any and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship o^ six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Forestry.

Write for cataU>g of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing —

THE DIRECTOR, BILTMORE. N.C., U.S. A

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, USA,

A two years' course in fo-
restry is oflFered leading- to the
degree of Master of Forestry.
The Forest School it a graduate
department of Yale University
requiring for admission a collefre
training. Graduates of universi-
ties, colleges, or scientific ins-
titutions of high standing are
admitted upon presentation of
their diplomas, provided ihev
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subjects in their under-
graduate work : at least one
full year in college or Unive sity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoology. Physics, Inorganic
Chemistry, Geology, Econom cs.
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing mav take examinations
in any subject but aie required
in addition to present evidence
of a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
early luly and is conducted at
the ^chool camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For fur t fur information address

JAHES W. TOUHEY, Director

NEW HAVBN - - - - CONNBCTICUT

.\

Canadian

Vol. IX. Ottawa, Canada, November, 1913. No. 11

TABLE OF CONTENTS : Pafte 169.

THE FIELD OF WORK.

The following opinions are selected
because they seem to signify where
the work of the Canadian Forestry
Association lies. Some people tell us
that the public is enthusiastically and
overwhelmingly behind us and that
all that is necessary is to bring that
public opinion to bear to make govern-
ments and corporations do right.
The indications are that we have
with us a respectable and growing
body of pubhc opinion but that the
great bulk of the people do not know
anything at all about the need of
conserving our forests and consequent-
ly do not care. It is not a case of
hostility but of lack of knowledge.

The great work, therefore, of the
Association must be publicity and
education. The writers of some of
the above letters would have these
ends secured by making the Asso-
ciation a government department and
providing it with ample funds from
the public purse. It would be easier
on the officers of the Association to
get their funds in a lump grant than
to collect them in the form of one
dollar bills for membership fees from
Atlantic to the Pacific. Some of the
letter writers below think the Asso-
ciation is of precious little use (and
their candor is valuable in keeping
us humble and active) but the best
friends of the Association agree that
it would be of no use at all if it were
a government department. Govern-
ment departments exist to carry out
the orders of departmental heads;
independent associations exist to let
heads of departments know how the
people view their policy and their
administration. In that way an
association performs a real service

which is appreciated and respected
by the elected rulers of the country.

The Association has never adopted
the attitude of being perpetually
'agin the government' because it
has always found governments open
to argument and ready to advance as
fast as the people.

In order to perform this function
toward governments an association
must get the people to express their
opinion and no one can express an
opinion on a subject he knows
nothing about. So we come back to
the point that the chief work of the
Association is education. There is an
immense field before it. It is hamp-
ered by conditions. It spends half
its time in collecting funds to enable
it to spend the other half in propa-
ganda work. It fails to collect enough
and so it must do its work badly in
comparison with what ought to be
done. Still it works on lines strictly
in harmony with our British and
Canadian institutions, and it is per-
forming a work which no other body,
governmental or private, is perform-
ing to-day.

The greatest obstacle to the saving
and utilization of our forests for the
good of the whole community is the
lack of knowleelge of the people that
the forests need saving, or, indeed,
ar(j worth saving. We need therefore
to rally to the cause leading men and
institutions in every community not
primarily to strengthen the Asso-
ciation but to show their neighbors
that forest conservation is not a fad.

Some Opinions.

From an Insurance Manager.

'Enclosed find the writer's cheque for
$3.(X). The matter has been entirely over-
looked and I am pleased that you have this
tactfully and pointedly called my attention
to my remissness. While I have overlooked

161

162

Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1913

my indebtedness I have not been overlooking
the splendid work in the country's interest
that is being done by the Canadian Forestry
Association. Please excuse brevity as I am
hurrying to catch a train. Yours for Canada.'

From an M. P. P.

'Have no interest whatev^ in this question
and I desire that my name be effaced from
your list.'

From a Merchant.

'Enclosed find $2. I wish you every
success, although have not had the pleasure
of attending any of your meetings for some
time.'

From a Financial Agent.

'I find on my desk a reminder from you
of some overdue fees to the Canadian Forestry
Association. I am sure that more than a
year ago I sent you notification of my
desire to discontinue my membership. I
have come to the conclusion that after we
have saved the country the big fellows or
those with a "a pull" will get it anyway,
so what's the use ?'

From a Manufacturer of Campers' and Lum-
bermen's Supplies.

'We acknowledge your favor of the 29th
drawing our attention to a membership
fee of $2.00 for the years 1912-13, which
has not been paid.

'With reference to same, would advise
that we wish our name taken off your mem-
bership list, as we cannot see that being a
member of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation is of any benefit to us. The work
which you are doing is a splendid work, but
we do not think it should be subscribed to
and carried on by private individuals. Our
impression is that it is of sufficient importance
to be supported by the Governments of our
country.

From a Lumberman.

'It is with pleasure that I acknowledge
receipt of your announcement of the Cana-
dian Forestry Convention to be held in
Winnipeg commencing July 7th. I heartily
appreciate vour kindness and regret that
business will not allow of any furlough at
this time.

'Being an old resident of Ontario I have
had considerable experience in the planting
and growth of trees.

'The conservation of our timber lands;
the replanting of devastated areas not suit-
able for cultivation and the planting of
trees on the farms and in the towns and
cities, especially of the prairie provinces, are
propositions that have my warmest sympathy
Owing to the pressure of other matters it would
not be worth while becoming a member of the
Association.'

From one in the Bush.

'In looking over my papers I found this
letter which does not appear to have been
answered.

*I paid one or two years subscription to
the Forestry Association but dropped it
because I saw no chance of any good - except
to the grafters - coming out of it.

'There is only one way to check the ravages
of fire in our woods, and that is to burn the
brush.

'This is perfectly feasible if done in the
right way, and at the proper time. The
result would be to lessen by 90 per cent the
damage done by fire. The expense would
average $1.00 per M on lumber board
measure, and if the Ontario Government
had reduced the fees by that sum 20 years
ago, and compelled the licensees to do clean
work, it would have saved the country an
enormous sum.

'I have, by writing to the press and to
men in a position to influence the Govern-
ment, done my best to get something done,
but it is useless. Living in the lumber coun-
try myself, I am in a pssition to say that
four dollars out of every five paid for fire
protection is pure graft.

THE PATRONAGE EVIL.

The Toronto News in a recent
issue had the following editorial on
the need of extending civil service
reform to the outside service: —

There is reason to think that the Borden
Government is moving towards reorganiza-
tion of the departments. There is urgent need
to relieve Ministers of many petty and vex-
atious duties. Still there are grave defects
in the classification of the inside service.
The abler officials are underpaid. Many
persons in the service, appointed only for
political reasons, are filling places to which
they are unequal. The lack of a system of
superannuation embarrasses Ministers and
heads of departments in dealing with crowded
pay rolls and inefficient officers. In the out-
side service radical reform is necessary to
ensure justice to public servants and efficient
management of the public business.

It is not true that devotion to public affairs
must necessarily be stimulated by office
and emoluments. The civil servant ia
entitled to the same security of employment
the same chance of promotion, the same
reward for industry and efficiency as the
rest of us enjoy in our various pursuits.
This he cannot have while the public offices
are treated as the spoil of party and the
high places of the service are reserved for
untramed politicians who must be fitted for
their duties by the very men whom they
supplant. At best the area of patronage can
omy be restricted, for judicial appointments,
the appointments to pubUc commissions,

Ontario Forests

163

to lieutenant-governorships, and to various
other places of great trust and dignity can be
made only by Government and in these poli-
tical considerations will always be more or
less influential But it is seldon that

scandal arises out of this class of appoint-
ments. It is not here that the chief evils of
patronage exist. They lie in general partisan
control of the outside service, in the activity
of patronage committees, in the manage-
ment of party caucuses and party conven-
tions by the office hunting element.

It is true that all the evils of our politics
will not be eradicated by the establishment
of a permanent, non-partisan civil service

and the disappearance of patronage as a
stimulus to political activity. But there
would be a great increase of independent
action in the constituencies. Public men
would be relieved from dependence upon
the mercenary element which now exercises
a baneful authority in the political organiza-
tions. The civil service would be greatly
strengthened in character and efficiency.
The independence of Parliament would be
materially enhanced, and the great and
serious problems of administration and high
political debate upon broad questions of
policy and principle would become the
chief business of statesmen.

Ontario Forests

Extracts from the Report of the Minister of Lands Forests and Mines.

The importance, of the forests of Ontario
to the welfare of the Province and the Dom-
inion are brought out in a few figures in the
report of Hon. W. H. Hearst, Minister of
Lands, Forests and Mines, for 1912, which
has recently been issued.

'The revenue collected on account of woods
and forests in 1912 was $1,985,662.78, or
$274,225.91 in excess of the revenue collected
last year (1911).'

'The principal increases were in timber dues
$166,673.37, and in bonus $113,884.14.

'The mileage under license last year was
996 miles less than that of the previous year.
The reason for this was that certain licensees
had not paid up their ground rent or were
indebted for dues, which prevented the issue
of their licenses. 307 miles were also surrender-
ed as havirg been cut cut, and were with
drawn from license.

'The output of pine sawlogs, boom timber
and square timber brought into feet board
measure equalled 487,838,666 feet board
measure, which is 96,425,439 feet below the
output of 1911.

'The output of timber other than pine
showed an increase of 24,093,160 feet over
last year. There was also an increase in the
pulpwood of 49,612 cords. The most notable
expansion was in railway ties. The quantity
taken out last year was 4,270,832 ties. The
^antity taken out this year was 6,704,459
ties, showing an increased output for the
year of 1,433,627 ties.

'Several berths in the Rainy River,
Thunder Bay and Kenora Districts that
had been damage^l bv fire or cut over in
previous years were sold by tender.

'The only other timber sale held during
the year was of two berths on the Jocko
River, each having an area of 25 miles,
which were in a dangerous position and on
which the timber had reached its maturity,
and it was considered wise to sell them so as

to get the value of the timber. The sale of
this timber established a record for price.
The pine timber on Berth No. 1 was sold for
$13.26 per thousand feet board measure in
addition to $2 dues; and the pine timber
on Berth No. 2 was sold for $12.10 per thou-
sand feet board measure in addition to $2
dues. In the disposal of these berths it was
determined to insert a conditin in the terms
of sale requiring the licensees to remove all
limbs, brush, and other debris arising from
the lumbering operations under the direction
of an officer appointed by the Department
of Lands, Forests and Mines. A deposit
was required of $1,000 per mile in each case,
which deposit is held as security for the
performance of all conditions of sale. The
Forester for the Province, Professor Zavitz,
was requested to visit the locality, and a
special ranger was placed in charge of the
cutting to see that the conditions with respect
to the disposal of the debris were carried out.
The timber will be culled and measured by
scalers appointed by the Department.'

'There were on duty last summer (1912)
in forest reserves 228 fire rangers; on rail-
ways 193; on lands of the Crown 111; which
with 10 chiefs makes a total of 542 fire rangers
employed.

'The timber licensees are required to
I)lace ranj^ers on their limits and pay them.
Under this arrangement there were on duty
on Hcensed lands during the summer
350 rangers and 8 supervisors, making a
tx)tal staff in the forest last summer of 900.'

Among the cost figures given arc: wood
ranging $91,753; exploration of timber berths
$1,062; fire ranging $124,483; forest reserves
protection $83,605. These figures make a
tatal of $300,903 for this part of the work
in Ontario in 1912, and of course they do not
include the amounts paid by the timber
licensees for their 350 rangers.

New York State Forestry Association

By Mr. F. F. Moon, Professor of Forestry Engineering N. Y. State College of Forestry.

A highly successful meeting of the New
York State Forestry Association was held
at the New York Botanical Garden on
October 17.

The regular program was somewhat
curtailed on account of the absence of Mr.
Pettis so that the State^wide Fire Law was
not discussed nor was the Jones Bill taken
up to any extent. Professor Mulford of the
Department of Forestry, Cornell University
gave an interesting talk on the possibilities
of the Farm Woodlot. In the discussion
that followed it was brought up that co-
operative marketing is in many cases as
important as Community production and
efforts should be made that will enable the
small wood-lot owner to market limited
quantities of his products at the prevailing
market price instead of letting them go at .
cut rates.

The question of a forest inventory of New
York State was discussed by Professor Moon
of the New York State College of Forestry.
It was stated that New York State while
previously a large producer of timber has
at the present time slipped back to 23rd

in the list of the States in timber production
in spite of the fact that it has enormous
areas of natural forest land. New York
State consumes more lumber viz. one and
three-fourths billion board feet and more
pulp viz. over one million cords per annum
than any other State in the Union but out
of the total annual lumber bill of $54,000,000,
approximately $20,000,000 are sent outside
of the State each year to purchase raw mate-
rial.

The report soon to be issued by the New
York State College of Forestry in connection
with the United States Forest Service on the
Wood Utilizing Industries of New York State
indicates that the Empire State has 14,000,-
000 acres better suited to the growing of
timber than agricultural purposes. This
enormous acreage should be made to yield
a revenue instead of lying absolutely idle
or at best producing but a fraction of its
capacity.

It was tentatively decided to hold the
January meeting in Albany and plans for
a vigorous campaign to increase the member-
ship were made.

USES OF SAWDUST.

Flour for trade purposes from saw-
dust is now in common use. It .is an
ingredient of dynamite, linoleum,
xyolite, etc. The wood flour is ground
in a mill, very similar to those which
grind corn and rye. Pine and spruce
sawdust is used, and after being pass-
ed through the stones 'and the bolt-
ing chest, it is sacked or baled for
shipment. It is then worth 48s. to
52s. a ton. The flour has a number
of uses. It is the absorbent for nitro-
glycerine, which is the explosive in-
gredient. Wood-flour dynamite is in-
ferior to that made with infusorial
earth as the absorbent; but it serves
many purposes and is cheaper. But
dynamite is one of the smallest pros-
pective uses for the product. Linol-
eum makers mix it with linseed oil
and give body to their floor coverings.
It is not considered quite equal to
ground cork for this purpose, as it is

less elastic, but it is cheaper and meets
requirements for medium grades. The
flour fills an important place in the
irtanufacture of xyolite, a kind of arti-
ficial flooring, resembling wood in
weight, and stone in other respects.
It is used for kitchen floors, and in
halls, corridors, cafes, restaurants and
public rooms. It is impervious to
water, and is practically fireproof. It
is used as floor material in some of the
German war vessels. It is so used be-
cause it is not liable to take fire or
splinter if struck by shells.

Many owners of woodlands in Massa-
chusetts, in addition to making a careful
selection of trees to be cut, are replanting
in every case where their lands are not
sufficiently wooded, and many areas that
for a century perhaps have been what are
known as run-down pasture lands are be-
ing planted with suitable trees, either
pines, maples or other woods that are
best adapted to peculiar local conditions.

164

Dominion Forestry Branch Work

The Director of Forestrj', now has a per-
manent staff of thirty-eight in the head
office of the Forestry Branch at Ottawa.
Eight of these are technically trained forest-
ers engaged either in administrative work or
in the preparation of Branch bulletins. Now
that the fire season has come to a close, the
tedious work of checking fire-rangers' diaries
is practically over. Fortunately many of
the rangers possess the gift of brevity to a
remarkable degree as well as considerable
versatility in phraseology, which makes
even their diaries interesting in places. One
ranger, evidently Irish, reports having
'canaped on an island with twenty other
Indians.' In another place he 'broke camp
at God's Lak^in the morning and made
HeU's Gate by night.'

The Reserves being actively administered
by the Forestry Branch have had a most
successful year. On the sixteen Reserves in
the four western provinces, from which com-
plete returns have come in for the fire season
from April to September, inclusive, the area
burnt over this year amounted to only.06 per
cent of the total area. The mature timber
burnt covered hardly fifty acres, or approxi-
mately .0002 per cent of the total area of
these Reserves, the loss being but a few
hundred dollars. The chief loss was the
partial destruction of about 2,700 acres of

}roung timber, which was, however, potential-
y valuable. A great part of the area burnt
on these Reserves consisted of grass lands
around the shores of sloughs, or natural
meadows, settlers and campers being re-
sponsible for most of the fires. That these
fires were, in the great majority of cases,
extinguished before reaching the timber and
that too, with a total extra cost of little
over $200.00, reflects great credit on the
administration of these Reserves.

The fire-record in the Fire Districts out-
side the Reserves, has been even more remark-
able, for there the Fire Rangers are not aided
in the fighting of fire by trail, telephone
line, lookout station, or fire-guard. Ther?
are eleven of these Districts each in charge of
a chidf Fire Ranger and it is to the initiative
of these men tnat much of the season's
success is due, the total estimatecl damage
done to merchantable timber by the several
hundred fires reported being less than $1,(X)0.
Co-operation m firo-protection has been
secured from the campers, packers and
Indians, to whose carelessness with camp-
fires many of the fires of other years were
due. The Chief Ranger in northern Mani-

toba was recently at Norway House when
treaty money was being paid to between
800 and 900 Indians. He writes: 'The Chief
and councillors assured me that they stood
firm for the protection of the timber.' The
fire rangers in this district, many of whom
are Indians, average 16^ miles, by canoe,
each day rain or shine, not excluding Sunday.
That patrol work alone can be made effect-
ual when conscienciously performed, is
shown from the fact that in the Coast Fir
Ranging District, in British Columbia of
the 124 potential forest fires occurring in the
period from Apiil to August, only one ex-
ceeded ten acres in extent before being
extinguished by the Rangers, who, in only
four cases, had to call in extra assistance.

Of the eight forest survey parties doing
reconnaissance work in western Canada this
Summer, all but two have completed their
work, as a result of which it is not unlikely
that substantial additions will be made next
year to the areas now included in Dominion
Forest Reserves.

Mr. Melrose examined approximately
1,800 square miles of forested land situated
north of Battleford, and consisting principally
of low sand and gravel ridges with numerous
sloughs which towards the north gave place
to muskeg. The poplar type covered 40
j)or cent, of the area giving place to white
spruce on th? better drained soils, spruce
being the ultimate type. Few of the trees
have attained full growth for almost the en-
tire area has been burnt over in the last 75
years and on over 100 square miles, as a re-
sult of repeated fires, tree-growth has been
entirely wiped out.

Mr. Connell, who had charge of a party
in the Pasquia Hill region north of the Por-
cupine Reserve in eastern Saskatchewan,
examined over three thousand square miles
of country most of which was hilly and cov-
ered with boulder-clay (consisting mostly of
boulders), making it unfitted for agriculture
but very suitable for forestry purposes.
There are some fine stands of poplar and
spruce although fire had done great damage
here, too.

Mr. Roberts, in charge of a party operat-
ing northwest of Prince Albert, examined
about eighteen hundred square miles of
hilly or rolling sand-lands containing tlio
head- waters of several large rivers flowing
towards Hudson Bay. The growth is
mostly young poplar and spruce which, if
protected from fire, will soon be providing
timber to the settlers in that region. G.E.B.

165

A Forest Insect Survey in British Columbia.

By Mr. J. M. Swaine, Assistant Entomologist for Forest Insects, Dept. of AgricuUure, Ottawa.

The Forest Branch of British Columbia
and the Division of Entomology of the
Dominion Department of Agriculture work-
ing in co-operation have this summer com-
menced a Forest Insect Survey of the timber
hmits of British Columbia.

The investigation was made by Mr. J. M.
Swaine, Assistant Entomologist for Forest
Insects in the Division of Entomology,
Ottawa. This Summer's work was primarily
a survey to determine the location and
extent of forest insect injuries and to decide
upon proper control measures for the more
serious outbreaks. The territory covered
included the Kootenay, Okanagan, Simal-
kameen, Lower Coast and Vancouver Island
regions. Several destructive outbreaks of
bark-beetles were located and studied, and
much practical information was obtained
for future control work with a variety of
forest insects. A large collection of forest
insects and their work was made, which will
be of great practical and scientific value.

Much work remains to be done. Inform-
ation was obtained of several extensive bodies
of dying timber which could not be visited
this season.

||^ The timber of the Lower Coast and Van-
couver Island is not at present suffering
froni extensive insect outbreaks; but there
are incipient attacks which need to be kept
under careful observation. Cedar and yellow
cypress are quite generally hollow-hearted
and stag-headed. These affections are prob-
ably always of a fungous origin. No serious
insect injury to these trees was found in
this Summer's work. In many places the
western white pine, Pinus monticola is being
killed by the mountain pine bark beetle,
Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk. It was found
killing green timber, particularly at Cowit-
chan Lake and the district about Campbell
River. Wherever valuable stands of white
pine are held a watch should be kept for
attacks by this destructive beetle. Clumps
of 'red tops' and scattered 'red' and 'yellow
tops' with the bark bearing numerous tubes
of gum surmounting vertical tunnels between
the bark and the wood, are danger signals,
and should receive prompt attention jf the
timber is to be saved.

The Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensia is
subject to attack by a destructive bark
beetle, Dendroctonus sp. near Menzies' Bay
this beetle had bored in fire-injured trees a-
bout a burn and was this Summer attacking
and killing nearby green timber of large size.

The spruce gall insects of the genus
Chermes are commonly found on the Sitka
spruce, and are seriously destructive to

isolated trees or clumps, particularly in
lawns and parks of towns and cities. Stanley
Park at Vancouver is suffering from a serious
outbreak of these pests.

The balsam fir Abies grandis is attacked
and killed by two species of bark beetle,
Hylugops sp. and Eccoptogaster sp. This
injury was more noticeable at Alberni and
about Campbell River.

The Douglas fir, which forms the bulk of
the timber of the region, is generally in fine
condition. Several incipient outbreaks of
the Douglas fir bark beetle, Dendroctonus
pseudotsuga, should be kept under observation,
but we know of no considerable body of
dying timber. At Cowitchan Lake and
Campbell River isolated red top fir had been
killed by this species, and it is everywhere
abundant in slash and dying trees.

The spruce budworn, which was very
abundant in many places a few years ago, is
now hardly to be noticed.

Ambrosia beetles of the genus Gnathotrichus
and Trypodendron are excessively abundant
in dying trees. Their small black tunnels
pierce the sap wood, but rarely penetrate
more than five inches. The most injurious
of the Ambrosia beetles belongs to the genus
Platypus of the family Platypodidae. It is
very abundant throughout the Lower
Coast and Island districts in freshly cut logs
of Douglas fir, hemlock, spruce and balsam,
and drives its tunnels seven inches and over
into the wood.

The lower part of the Interior, from the
railway belt south to the boundary, harbours
a large number of destructive forest insects.
The bull pine, westerri white pine, or mount-
ain pine, lodgepole pine, Engelmann's
spruce, western larch and Douglas fir are
seriously affected by destructive pests.

The bull pine is subject to attack through-
out its range in British Columbia by three
destructive bark beetles.

The western pine bark beetle, Dendroc-
tonus brevicomis Lee. is particularly destruct-
ive. The mountain pine bark beetle is almost
as serious an enemy to the bull pine as to
the white pine from which it receives its
name; The red turpentine bark beetle,
Dendroctonus valens Lee, is also abundant
about the base of green pines attacked by
the two more destructive species just men-
tioned. Serious injury by these species is
evident in many places but the most destruct-
ive outbreak appears to be about Princeton.
The clumps of red-tops, containing from five
to thirty-five trees have already become
very numerous, although the dying trees have

166

Forestry in Quebec

167

only been noticed two years. These red-
tops are, of course, dead trees, the majority
of which were killed last season. In the
surrounding green trees many trunks were
studded with the pitch-tubes of the borers
which had left the red tops to attack the
green timber. From 1500 to 2000 pairs of
beetles were working in the lower fifty feet
af attacked trees examined. These trees
will add greatly to the size of the red top
patches by next Spring. Hundreds of trees
have already been killed and the fine timber
in the valley of the Simalkameen and Tula-
meen Rivers, is threatened with widespread
destruction. Similar outbreaks, as yet of
lesser importance, are starting in several
parts of the bull pine country.

The western white pine is seriously affected
by the mountain pine bark beetle. An out-
break has been running in the Sugar Lake
and Mable Lake regions for about eight years
and a large body of fine timber has been
killed. The killed trees have since been rend-
ered valueless bythe tunnelling of the larger
wood borers. At the time of the visit there
in July the beetles were leaving the red tops,
attacked last season, and entering the green
timber in large numbers. The same species
was killing lodgepole pine in that district.
Unless control measures are undertaken very
soon the white pine of Sugar Lake will be
very largely killed.

There are outbreaks by destructive bark
beetles in Douglas fir and lodgepole pine.
The Douglas fir bark beetle is killing a moder-
ate amount of fir in the Creighton Valley.
Lodgepole pine is subject to attack by bark
beetles, which in many places kill more or
less timber. The most serious outbreak
known to us at present is in the Shookum-
chuck valley above Wasa.

Considerable injury to reproduction was
located. The most seiiotis cases were attacks
on cones of Douglas fir and bull pine by
caterpillars. A small species feeds largely
within the seeds of bull pine cones, leaving
them entirely filled with powder-like excre-
ment. A large species feeds irregularly cutting
tunneb around the green cones destroying
many of the seeds. Such injury was found at
various places in the Interior and also to
Douglas fir on Vancouver Island.

The control of the destructive bark
beetles is discussed at length in the Report
on the Summer's work shortly to be published.
The most important control measure is to
fell and bark the recently infested trees and
in xjertain cases to bum the bark. The
methods to be followed in each case depend
upon the habits of the beetles concerned,
and should be conducted according to the
advice of a forest entomologist.

It is a mistake to strip the woods off from
steep land and then plow it. Better bv far
keep timber growing on it. It is wortn far
more for forest culture than for cultivation. —
Farm Journal.

FORESTRY IN QUEBEC.

The Secretary' racently visited the City of
Quebec and later on other parts of the pro-
vince and there learned that forestry is
making steady progress.

The policy of township forest reserves to
which reference was made in the September
issue of the Journal is becoming coastantly
better understood, and this promise.! to soon
become an important feature of the work.
One of its most valuable aspects is the interest
which it arouses in tho. peopL'i of the township
and their determination to protect and im-
prove their own property. Anything which
gives the people of the country a direct
knowledge of and interest in forestry is one
of the most valuable aids to forestry progress,
and the effect of this system of township
reserves will soonn be perceived far beyond
the borders of the community in which they
are situated.

The method of dealing with sand lands in
old settled parts of the province is proving
its valu?. In case any of our readers have
forgotten how this is done it may be explained
that Quebec has adopted what has been
termed the 'Massachusetts system' of dealing
with those lands in settled communities
which are fitted only to produce forest trees.
By this system the province pays a nominal
price of SI per acre for all the lands in a
given district which it is intended to re-
forest. The Provincial Forester then examines
the tract, decides what trees it is advisable
to plant, and arranges for their planting.
The plant material is suppUed by the pro-
vincial nursery and the government pays
the cost of the work. The care and necessary
cultivation of the plantation devolves upon
the government for fifteen years from the
time of purchase, at the end of which time
the origmal owner may regain possession
of his lands upon payment of the cost of
planting and cultivation. In order, however,
that the owner will have a definite basis,
it is agreed that no matter what the cost has
been to the government, the re-purchase
price by the original owner will not exceed
1 10. per acre.

This is not a compulsory law, but so far
there has been no difficulty in securing lands
to be planted under these conditions. In
fact at present the Department cannot
begin to overtake the work that is offered
in different parts of the province..

There seems Ukely to be a development of
this line of very great promise, which is the
acquirement by municipal organizations,
particularly by towns ancl cities of the com-
l)letc areas of these sand portions and the
maintenance of these as municipal forests.
This could be done by one of several methods.
For instance, the city night purchase the land
outright from its present owner, and then
turn It over to the government for the fifteen
year period; or it could act under the advice
of the Forestry Department, do its own

168

Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1913

planting, and receive the profits from the
same as soon as the thinning process began.
In any event in order to secure continuity
and uniformity the government would prob-
ably regulate the general direction of the
management and cutting of the timber.

PROF. RECKNAGEL'S BOOK.

A book which has merited notice long ere
now but of which a review has been delayed
is ^The Theory and Practice of Working Plans'
by Professor A. B. Recknagel, of the Forestry
Faculty of Cornell University — New York,
John Wiley & Sons; Montreal, Renouf Pub-
lishing Co., $2 net.

The author, who is a graduate of Yale
Forest School, has been in important positions
in the U. S. Forest Service and has lately
spent a year in Germany, studying at first
hand the systems of forest organization in
that country, is by his experience specially
fitted to deal with the complicated subject.

The presentation of the theme is logical
and clear. Following his title faithfully, the
author takes up first the theory of manage-
ment under 'Foundations of Working Plans,'
and follows it with 'Practice of Working
Plans'. In Part I, after discussing the ideal
of the forester, the 'Normal Forest', Professor
Recknagel describes methods of forest
reconnaissance which would lead to the
first essential in any proper forest manage-
ment, viz., that the manager should know
accurately what he has within the boundaries
of his tract. In this connection some very
interesting tables and plots are shown.

Having arrived at a trustworthy estimate
of his forest, the forester's next step is to
determine the sytem under which he will
manage it. The next portion of the treatise
is therefore given to a consideration of the
three conditions governing all systems of
management, viz., the unit of organization,
the silvicultural method of management,
and the final object of management.

The statement of the principles of the
various methods (some twenty in all) which
have been worked out in Europe is most
lucid, and will be a delight to the American
student of forestry, to whom, on account of
the difficulties of forei^ texts, many of the
leading points of contmental practice have
been denied.

Realizing that American forests are in
very poor condition for management to-day
Profe^or Recknagel next speaks of the regu-
lation of yield in special cases. He then
presents the working plan document, which
contains the various plans which will have
to be followed in the course of the regulation,
and whose keynotes, says the author, are sim-
plicity and brevity, and may embody merely
the silvicultural management, or may cover
all the activities in a forest. In the 'Outline
of American Practice' which he suggests,

the author follows this latter plan, and
embodies all the uses to which the forest may
be put in addition to lumber and by-products.

From his wealth of reading and European
experience Professor Recknagel is able to
present in the latter portion of the book,
•The Practice of Working Plans' a most
complete synopsis of the state of manage-
ment plans in Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony,
Wurttemburg, France and Austria. These
pages bring home to the reader the practical
advantages and disadvantages of the plans
outb'ned in the theoretical discussions.

Passing to American conditions the author
describes the work of the United States
Forest Service in the development of the
basis of working plans. The reproduction
in the book of many of the forms used in
reconnaissance gives the reader a clear
conception of the actual operations of today.

All in all, the book should prove of great
value to the student and practising forester
for whom Professor Recknagel says he has
written. In Itself through the appreciation
which will doubtless be accorded it by Ameri-
can foresters it should do much to dissipate
the fear expressed by the author in the pre-
face that the application of the most advanced
methods of management 'is of the far distant
future, if ever.'

R. L. C.

C. p. R. FORESTRY WORK.

Mr. A. H. D. Ross, M. A., M. F., Lecturer
in Forestery in the University of Toronto,
and Consulting Forester for the Canadian
Pacific Railway, reports a most interesting
Summer's work.

During the last two years the Company
has had reconnaissance parties at work from
Vancouver to Halifax, and now has on file
much valuable information regarding the
timber resources of the country tributar}'
to its lines which could not be obtained from
the provincial authorities. It is hoped that
the good example set by the C. P. R., under
the energetic leadership of Mr. R. D. Prettie,
Superintendent of Forestry for the Company
with headquarters at Calgary, will spur
others on to a systematic method of stock-
taking and a study of the best methods of
making provision for future supplies of ^m-
ber.

In southern British Columbia, the Company
has twelve tie-and-timber reserves aggregating
over half a million acres, and during the past
summer had made detailed reconnaissance
surveys of more than half the area at a cost
of less than ten cents per acre. The character
of the work done equals the best done any-
where on the continent and has been highly
commented upon by some of the leading
foresters of the U. S. Forest Service,.

Notes

169

CANADIAN FORESTRY JOURNAL,

Published monthly by the

Canadian Forestry Association,

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canada.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Rates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Editorial 161, i62

Patronage Evil 162

Ontario Forests 163

N. Y. State Forestry Association 164

Dominion Forestry- Branch 165

Forest Insects in British Columbia 166

Forestry in Quebec 167

Prof. Recknagel's Book 168

C. P. R. Forestrj- Work 168

Notes 169

:!ommercial Forestry — Mr. Ell wood Wilson 170

Slash Disposal 171

Western Farmers and Trees 172

With the Forest Engineers 173

Development in British Columbia 174

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Patron, H. R. H. the Governor General.

Honorary Pres., Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden.

Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

President, Hon. W. A. Charlton.

Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P.

Secretary, Jab. Lawler, Canadian Building,

Slater St., Ottawa.

Treasurer, Miaa M. Robinson.

Directors : William Little, Hiram Robinson

Aubrey White, E. Stewart W. B. Snowball,

Thomaa Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Geo. Y.

Chown, John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H.

Campbell, J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E.

Fanow, EUwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C.

Whitnum, G. C. Pichi. Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. O. E.

MathJeu, Bishop of Regina; A. P. Stevenson, Wm.

Pearce, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson

Booth, Wm. Price, J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve,

W, C. J. Hall, J. 8. Dennis, J. B. White, E. J.

Zavits, Geo. Chahoon Jr., R. D. Prettie.

TefTlt>rial Vice-President* t
Ontario:— Hon. W. H. Hearst.
Quebec: — Hon. Jules AUard.
New Brunswick:— Hon. J. H, Flemming.
Nova Sootia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels.
Manitoba:— Hon. R, P. Roblin.
Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson.
Saskatchewan — His Honor O. W. Brown.
Alberta:— Hon. A. L. Sifton.
British Columbia: — Hon. W. R. Roes.
Yukon: — Geo. Black, Commissioner.
Mackenzie: — F. D. Wilson.
Keewatin: — His Honor D. C. Cameron.
Ungava:— His Grace Mgr. Bruchesi, Archbishop of
Montreal.

REPORTS OF WINNIPEG MEETING.

Copies of the detailed Report of the Win-
nipeg Convention were mailed to all our
members over a month ago. Those who
have not received their copies should notify
the Secretary as soon as possible as there is
a large demand for this Report and copies
are going rapidly.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS.

Since the Canadian Forestry Journal is
no^y issued monthly our mailing lists are
revised with like frequency. Members who
have changed their addresses, or who do
not receive the Journal regularly and prompt-
ly are requested to write to the Secretary.
Do this now before you forget it.

THE BROILLIARD MONUMENT.

At the 1913 Annual Meeting of the Cana-
dian Forestry Association the sum of $25.
\yas voted toward the monument to Broil-
liard the eminent French forest engineer.
The Secretary is in receipt of a letter from
the President and Secretary of the Committee
announcing the inauguration of the monu-
ment at Morey (Haute-Sa6ne) France on
Oct. 1. The function was carried out on a
large scale and in a manner worthy of the
man and the profession.

TO PROTECT OTTAWA'S WATER
SUPPLY.

In connection with the decision of the
City of Ottawa to take its water supply
from Thirty-One Mile Lake in the Gatineau
country lying north of Ottawa in Quebec,
th(; character of the watershed becomes of
importance. The report of Sir Alexander
liinnie the consulting engineer on the possibil-
ity of the water being contaminated in the
future shows that the whole drainage basin
Ih well wooded, not more than three per
cent being cleared and the total population
does not exceed one per square mile. With
th(; selection of this scheme out of several
proposed the necessity for the creation of a
park on this drainage basin becomes apparent.
Th(; land is not suitable for agriculture. It
is necessary that settlements be kept away
from it if Ottawa's water supply is to be
kept pure, so that here is the best reason for
the establishment of a permanent forest.
The matter should be taken in hand at once
and go on with the development of the
water works project.

Commercial Forestry

Synopsis of Address by Mr. Ellwood Wilson, Forester of the Laurentide Paper Company
before the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests.

All large industries Mr. Wilson said, were
accustomed to look at the financial side,
and the chief question the forester
was asked was 'Will it pay' ? Paper manu-
facturers had till within the last few years
paid little attention to forestry but had
regarded the woods more as mines than as
agricultural holdings. Up till a few years
ago no manufacturer would use anything
but spruce, but now in some districts they
were using practically as much balsam fir
as spruce.

Mr, Wilson pointed out that the conditions
were so different in America from those in
Europe that it was impossible to apply here
methods used there. On this continent the
large paper companies either owned their
holdings outiight or leased them for long
terms from the government, and the first
question which every forester was asked was
how long would the present supply last. In
some cases this was a very difficult question
to answer by making an inventory because
there were no maps and no information as to
the exact size of the holdings, which ran all
the way from one million to four million acres.
There was then, of course, the necessity of
overcoming the antagonism of the old ideas
as to forest utilization, but the constant
trend of affairs had convinced the holders
of the necessity of knowling about the supply
for the future.

Another point that had held back the
forestry movement among these concerns
was the fear that some other material than
wood might be used to make paper, or that
some other country like Japan or India
might make paper from some quick growing
wood like bamboo. However, after considering
these things Mr. Wilson felt that wood would
continue to be used for a long time to come,
and that it would pay to operate the forests
on that expectation.

There were two types of men managing
companies. One looked only to the earning
of as large dividends as possible without
much regard to the future; while the other
one saw his work as a part of a broad scheme,
and who was willing to look ahead and plan
for the future. He was happy to say that in
the paper industry this latter type was often
found, and that paper companies especially
in Canada had to a great extent urged govern-
ments to do their duty in regard to the
forests.

Mr. Wilson pointed out that they had now
by an inventory of a good part of the wood-
lands in Quebec, come to the conclusion that

the supply available by the streams and
present means of transportation was good
for fifty or sixty years more. His hearers
might say that forests grow, but Dr. Fernow
had just told them that there was no increase
in the amount of timber in a virgin forest as
the decay and death of trees balanced the
new growth.

He was positive after his experiments in
this matter that there was only one way to
handle this question, and that was to begin
to plant on a large scale. Mr. Wilson on
this point said, 'I am quite sure that the
financial return will be adequate, and when
you think of the huge cost of these plants
which must be situated where water power
is cheap, where there is an easy way to get
the wood out of the forests, namely by
floating it on the rivers, and that it is neces-
sary to provide them with raw material, it
seems that their dependence on wood, their
interest will soon bring them to this con-
clusion and that they will soon begin to plant
on a large scale.'

The company by which he was employed
used one and one half million trees per year.
They had been for four years experimenting
with species which grow quicker than our
native ones, and while it was too soon to
say what the results would be, still he hoped
that in a few more years they would have
begun to plant as many trees as they cut.
His hearers might say that it took a long
time to grow trees, but he did not think the
time element would play such a very im-
portant part in this question, because these
immense plants, owned by large and self-
perpstuating corporations which would en-
dure as long as other human institutions,
should go on practically in perpetuity.
And planting even without considering the
sure rise in the value of timber would give
a proper financial return. They had now
planted nearly 100 acres and found that it
could be done as low as five or six dollars
per agre. Of course they did not know as
yet whether the native species would do as
well in pure stands as they did when growing
naturally mixed in the woods. They were
also trying plantations of different kinds of
trees in pure and mixed stands and on dif-
ferent soils. He felt that when
the forester learned the practical
bearing of his work and when he could show
the lumberman and the paper manufacturer
that there were actual returns in dollars and
cents from forestry then the field would be
enormously increased.

170

Slash Disposal

171

The great question of fire protection was
the first one to be met and that had practi-
cally been settled in the Province of Quebec
by the formation of the pioneer co-operative
society, the St. Maurice Valley Forest
Protective Association, and the broad-
minded and helpful attitude of the Minister
of Crown Lands, Hon. Jules AJlard, and his
Chief of Fire Protective Service Mr. W. C. J.
Hall. This Association had charge of over
seven million acres and had two successful
years behind it.

Canada was well placed in regard to care
of her forests. These for the most part were
still Crown Lands, the right to cut the timber
being licensed to companies and individuals,
and the cutting carried on under the super-
vision of the government. The immensity of
the territory, the lack of trained men and
the difficulty of dealing with settlers had
hampered the work. A new era was dawning,
however, and the Dominion Forest Service
and those of the provinces of Quebec and
British Columbia were doing splendid service.
It was hoped there would be no backward
steps and that the government would take
the lead in conserving the forests and look-
ing after fire protection. At present in
Quebec the licensee paid not only the annual
rental and stumpage dues, but bore all the
expense of fire protection, stock taking and
measurement.

Another interesting question was the
amount of growth after lumbering. It had
been found over large areas that the average
cut per acre counting all territory good and
bad was about 3 cords or 6M f aet b.m. per acre.
The government regulations did not allow
the cutting of any trees under certain diameter
limits. The result was the smaller trees had
been left under the supposition that they
would supply the seed necessarj' for natural
regeneration. But measurements in many
different sections showed that not enough
timber was coming on to make a second
trip into this cut-over section profitable.
A second cut would amount to only one, or
at the very most two cords per acre after
thirty or thirty-five years, so that from the
standpoint of the future crop the diameter
limit and natural reproduction were not
efficient. Another drawback was that
under this sytem only soft woods which
could be floated were taken out, leaving the
large harwoods which were really weeds,
to grow and propagate. For this reason
planting was a necessity and should be
begun at once. Mr. Wilson concluded,
I think that the only methmi of perpetuating
a sufficient supply of timber, and I agree
with Dr. Femow that the government is the
agency which should take it up'.

SLASH DISPOSAL.

At the Winnipeg Convention the
question of slash disposal was keen-

ly debated. Mr. W. R. Turnbull of
fvotliesay, N.B., an old and enthusi-
astic member of the Association was
prevented from attending at Winni-
peg, but felt so strongly on this sub-
ject that he sent the subjoined letter
giving his views: —

According to a recent bulletin of the
Canadian Forestry Association 'Canadians
are cutting timber each year at the rate
of about 100 board feet per acre/ 'The
fire loss is estimated to be 950 board feet
per acre per annum.' In other words
nearly ten times as much timber is de-
stroyed by fire as accrues to the benefit
of the country.

I have been in the New Brunswick
woods a good deal and I believe this
enormous loss can be prevented in just one
way and that is by compelling the lum-
bermen by law to burn the tops and all
the branches of every tree that is cut
down, and at the time the tree is cut down.
The practical lumberman will doubtless
object to this, saying that the green
branches will not readily burn, and that it
would cost too much money to employ men
to do this work.

In the first place the green branches and
tops will burn, provided a large fire of dry
wood is first started, and the green branch-
es gradually fed on the fire and kept well
packed down by attendants that under-
stand the proper methods. In the second
place it would cost money, no doubt, but
the lumberman could be compelled by law
to expend this money and the resulting
saving would accrue not only to the coun-
try as a whole, but eventually to the
lumberman himself.

I would propose that at every lumber
camp in Canada, a government employee
be stationed, during the cutting months,
to see that the law of burning tops and
branches at once, be carried out. Or
what would suffice as well, and be less
costly to the Government, would be travel-
ling inspectors who could possibly visit
twcnity or thirty camps in a given district
and report at once the negligence of any
lunihcrnian who had not destroyed his tops
and branches — the negligent lumberman to
l)ay a heavy fine, many times the cost of
doing the work of burning.

If such a law was made and enforced
large forest fires would soon be things of
the past. In woods that have been cleaned
of «icad wood and old cuttings, and con-
tain little but living green trees it is
almost impossible to start a fire in any
month of the year, and the country would
lose little by hunters and careless campers
if tlie lumberman were compelled to do his
duty by the country and by himself.

172

Canadian Forestry Journal^ November, 191S.

WHY EVERY WESTERN FARMER
SHOULD GROW TREES.

By Mr. J. J. Ming, Crystal City, Man.

Protection is one of Nature's first laws,
and seems to be the first law of nations.
Then, why not protect our homes by plant-
ing trees for windbreaks and shelter belts.
They add to the comfort of the home by
providing surroundings of a restful and
beautiful character.

We can not over-estimate the value of
tree planting in the prairie provinces. The
economic value of the shelter belts cannot
be expressed in dollars. For many reasons,
an ample, properly located windbreak
should be grown around the farm home. Its
protecting arms embrace the dwelling house,
and the barns, stables and sheds. The
strong, hardy, beautiful trees are set for
defence, and when the winter blizzards come
charging across the prairies and find the
farm home intrenched behind a living ram-
part of trees, the fierce breath is robbed
of power to worry and destroy. The wind
rolls over; the snow is held back in the lee
of the shelter belts; the farm-yards are free
of snow banks. Who can put a money value
on the shelter belts?

If possible they are of more value in the
summer. When the dry, blighting hot winds,
and the fierce cutting sandstorms attack
our homes, we are comparatively safe be-
hind the invicible, swaying home-guard of
trees. Can a price be put on the comfort
and enjoyment our families and friends re-
ceive from the cool refreshing shade and
shelter of trees?

The farm animals, poultry and our wild
birds enjoy the protection. We find from
long experience that we can raise better
and finer flavored garden vegetables in the
shelter than in the open. To get the best
results from small fruits, flowers and shrubs,
we must have shelter.

TREE PLANTING IN NORWAY.

The western coast of Norway was heavily
wooded a few centuries ago, but now this
coast strip has become bleak and desolate
with the passing of those forests. To restore
the forest glories of the west coast the Bergen
Tree-Planting Society was founded in 1900.
It has set itself a tremendous task demanding
vast expenditures of money, time and labor
but, nothing daunted, the society has en-
listed the aid of the Government and wealthy
citizens and has already made substantial
progress. In the thirteen years of work
carried on this society has planted nearly
37,000,000 trees, two-thirds of them on a
tract of 10,000 acres in the two Bergenhua
counties. Stimulated by such an exanaple
144 smaller societies have been organized
in these counties, and last year they set out
2,276,00 trees.

THE UNTHINKING MATCH.

A match doesn't think with its head.
When you use it, your head has to do all
the thinking. Don't trust the match to fall
where it cannot start a fire and thus make
you responsible. The progeny of matches —
cigarette or cigar stubs and camp fires —
have no heads at all. Do not trust them,
either. Do the thinking. Put them out.

RAILWAYS AND FORESTS.

Every acre of forest land in North Caro-
lina is worth more to the railroads for the
timber value than the people who own the
land. The railroads get more from hauling
the timber than the man who owns the tim-
ber receives from selling it. . . . The
railroads try harder to prevent forest fires
than the people do. — Mr. B. E. Bice of the
Norfolk Southern Railway at North Carolina
Forestry Conference.

REVENUE FROM FORESTS IN U. S.

Receipts from the national forests of the
United States were nearly $2,500,000 for
the year ending June 30, 1913. About half
of the receipts were for timber. During the
year the Government let contracts totaling
$4,000,000 for the sale of timber to be cut
at once or in the future. Of the gross forests'
receipts, 35 per cent, go to the States in
which the forests are located, to be used for
schools and roads.

WASTE FROM WOOD.

The possibility of more thoroughly util-
izing the enormous quantity of waste re-
sinous wood produced in the lumbering
industry has been disclosed by an investi-
gation just completed by the bureau of
chemistry of the United States Agricul-
tural Department. The annual waste, it
is estimated, is not less than 8,000,000
cords. This, according to the investiga-
tors, can be manufactured into paper pulp,
turpentine, resin oils, pine oils, wood al-
cohol and other products to a value of
nearly $300,000,000. The investigation
shows that the industries of paper making,
wood distillation and resin oil production
can be developed in combination.

'Their development not only will open
a profitable field of industry,' says the
bureau '^s report, 'but should prove a big
factor in the conservation, of natural re-
sources. In addition, by the utilization of
waste and fallen timber, the injury to the
forests by fire and insects will be ma-
terially reduced.'

With the Forest Engineers*

{Contnhuted by the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.)

Mr. E.G. McDougall (Toronto,'ll) has been
engaged in reconnaissance work for the
British Columbia Government along the
Cariboo Road and the 52nd parallel. The
eountr>- here is a plain or plateau, flanked
by ranges of hills adjacent to the Fraser
and Clearwater Valleys. The plain is
semi-arid, with many alkali lakes in the
southern part, except for some small patches
of prairie, and some rocky barrens in the
higher ranges; the country is all wooded,
but contains little saw-timber of present
commercial value, apart from local uses.
Yellow pine finds its limit just north of the
Bonaparte River; north of that point the
forest gro\\-th consists of fir and lodgepole
pine on the plain and spruce and balsam
at higher elevations with aspen very abun-
dant on the bums. Much valuable timer has
been destroyed by fire, while on the othei hand
the lodgepole pine appears to have en-
croached considerably on land that was
formerly prairie.

As the country is largely covered by sur-
veys, the plane table is not used, and as a
map holder it is replaced by a common
checker-board. A vest pocket premo is the
camera used, but on many occasions a pan-
cram Kodak would have paid for its trans-
port. Mr. McDougall has one assistant as
cook and packer, and four horses.

Subsequently to \\Titing the aove, Mr. Mc-
Dougall writes: Since writing you last, I
haven't seen much new country, and most of
the side incidents have been distressing rath-
er than amusing in character. Pack rats
and field mice have levied toll on our pro-
visions. Can anj' of your correspondents
describe a mouse-proof cache that can be
quickly constructed for use in a temporary
camp? Has anybody tried the experiment
of packing a cat or a ferret? A settler here
says he had luck with a tame weasel, but
such an asset is not available to us campers.

In The St. Maurice Basin.

Mr. Ellwood Wilson writes of the work of
the Laurentidc Company as follows: 'During
August and September the Forestry Depart-
ment of the Laurentide Company nave
pushed nearly to completion a close exam-
matiion of 370 square miles of timber limits.
These maps have been made in great detail,
showing the boundaries of all bums, muskegs,
and standing timber. In the stands of timber
strips have been mn, covering 3 to 6 per cent,
of the total stand, calipering trees and mak-
ing close estimations.

'In addition to this, somewhat over two
acres of jack pine, with an average diameter
of about 3!/^in., have been laid out in an
experimental plot. A fire-line has been cut
around it; one half has been left in its present
cond'tion as a control; the other half has been
thinned, basing the thinnings on the size of
the crowns, so fhat the trees would have
sufficient light, but the stand would not be
opened too much. It is desired to see what
effect these thinnings will have on the timber.
Each tree has been calipered and listed
and it is proposed to repeat the calipering
each year and keep careful records of growth.
This work will be extended to other areas dur-
ing the coming year and various methods of
thinning will be tried.

'Over a portion of their limits, toplopping
will again be tried by the Company. Careful
cost records will be kept and the effect on
reproduction and rapidity of decay on the
brush will be watched.

'This Department has just brought to com-
pletion the first accurate and detailed map
of the valley of the St. Maurice River covering
some seven million acres. Of this nearly two
million acres have been surveyed by this
Department; the balance has been compiled
from work of the St. Maurice Industrial
Company, under Mr. de Carteret, and the
rest from Government surveys.

'This Company now has a nursery, covering
over half an acre, with 40,000 seedlings ready
for planting next spring. These comprise
Norway and white spruce, red, white and
jack pine, with a few Colorado blue spruce.
Experiments are being carried out with dif-
ferent species of trees. The Laurentide
Company has planted this year about thirty
acres, bringing its total plantations now to
8om(; fifty acres.

'In September Messrs. Small and Wilson of
this (company made a trip to the site of the
prop<)S(id dam, which the Quebec Govern-
ment intends to build on the upper St.
Maurice River. This will form a lake some-
wh(;re in the neighborhood of 303 square
miles, will control the flow of this important
river, making it uniform at all times of the
year, and will do much to increase the pros-
perity of the region.

'The country on the head-waters of the
St. Maurice River is very flat, and mostly
muHk<*g, and the timber begins to be of the
sub-arctic type. White pine, cedar and
whiU; spmce are absent, the timber consist-
ing almost entirely of small black spmce and
jack pine, with some balsam fir. Black

173

174

Canadian Forestry Journal, November, 1913

spruce will proabbly average six to seven
inches and is of very slow growth indeed.

'Examinations showed that it took balsam
from seventeen to twenty-seven years to
make one inch, black spruce from seventeen
to fifty years to make one inch. There is a
very large burnt area but reproduction is
good.

'The St. Maurice Fire Protective Associa-
tion has had a very successful year. Over
275 forest fires were extinguished with prac-
tically no damage; seven lookout towers
have been constructed and telephone lines
have been commenced. The success of co-
operative forest fire protection has been es-
tablished beyond a doubt.'

NUT GROWING.

The National Nurseryman of Rochester,
New York, gives considerable attention to
nut growing in the northern states. In a
recent issue it recommends for planting in
these states the American chestnut, the
shagbark hickory, the American black wal-
nut, the butternut and the American hazels.
The English walnut has been little tried,
but there are several very successful planta-
tions in Pennsylvania. Nearly all of these
do well in the Maritime Provinces and in
southern Quebec and southern Ontario, but
so far very little has been done in develop-
ing this industry.

Developments in British Columbia.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Mr. MacMillan, Chief Forester for the far
western province, writes:

'We have recently succeeded in putting
into effect here one of the recommendations
of the Canadian Forestry Association, that
is, that all land before settlement should be
examined by the Forest Branch to determine
whether it should be opened up for settle-
ment or reserved for timber purposes. Be-
fore applications for land are dealt with in
the Coast District they are now referred to
the Forest Branch for examination. We
anticipate that this policy will not only save
a great deal of wasted effort and misery by-
preventing people from settling on non-agricul-
tural land but will also prevent the taking up
of valuable merchantable timber under the
guise of settlement.

'At the present time the members of the
Forest Board are spending a great deal of
their time in the investigation of the royalty
situation. As you know the Government is
now arranging to revis'e the royalties paid on
timber held under license with a view to
adopting a policy which will ensure that the
pubhc will receive, when the timber is cut,
a fixed proportion of its stumpage value.'

Mr. F. W. H. Jacombe,in charge of the library
of the Forestry Branch at Ottawa, has
accepted the appointment of head of the
Canadian responsibility district (or. for
short, 'district head for Canada') of the
Special Libraries Association. The mem-
bership of this association includes represen-
tatives (to the number of some three hun-
dred) of the libraries of Canada and the
United States connected with banking, in-
surance, manufacturing and other industrial
concerns^ government departments and
commissions, municipal and legislative refer-
ence libraries and various other classes of
libraries.

The Canadian Forestry Association is the
organization in Canada for the propagation
of the principles of forest conservation.
This it does by means of conventions, meet-
ings, lectures and literature.

It is a popular organization supported by
the fees of members, assisted by some gov-
ernment grants.

There is a vast field of work before the
Association which is only limited by the
funds at the disposal of the Association.

Those who are not already members are
invited to join and assist in the work. The
membership fee is one dollar per year, and
this entitles the member to attend and vote
at all meetings and to receive the Annual
Eeport and the Canadian Forestry Journal.
Women as well as men are eligible for mem-
bership.

Applications for membership and requests
for literature and information may be ad-
dressed to

The Secretary,
Caandian Forestry Association,

Canadian Building, Ottawa, Can.

Objects of the Association.

(1) The exploration of the public domain,
so that lands unsuitable for agriculture may
be reserved for timber production.

(2) The preservation of the forests for
their influence on climate, soil and water
supply.

(3) The promotion of judicious methods
in dealing with forests and woodlands.

(4) Tree planting on the plains and on
streets and highways.

(5) Reforestation where advisable.

(6) The collection and dissemination of
information bearing on the forestry problem
in general.

/7

The UNIVERSITY of TORONTO

AND

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

WITH WHICH ARE FEDERATED

ST. MICHAEL'S, TRINITY AND VICTORIA COLLEGES

FACULTIES OF ARTS, HOUSEHOLD
SCIENCE, MEDICINE, EDUCATION,
- APPLIED SCIENCE, FORESTRY -

For information, apply to the Registrar of the University, or to the Secre-
taries of the respective Faculties.

HARDY NORTHERN

FOREST TREES
and shrubs at forest
prices.

Native and foreign tree seeds.

'^W

Edye-de- Hurst & Son,

Dennyhurst, via Dryden, Ont.

SHIPPERS TO H. M. GOVERNMENT, ETOv

Cknrespondanee Prangaiat.

TIMBER CRUISES
F ORESTRY SURVEYS

|- Forestry Dept.

Montreal Engineering Company, Limited

Consulting & Operating Engineers

164 ST. JAMES STREET, MONTREAL
R. O. Sweezey, General Manager

Sr"!fcSTUMP PULLER

SMITH

J/V. Smith Grubber

CAlTirOGFREE-DlPT.S. LA CRESCENT, MiNN.

FOREST

ENGINEERS. |

Forest Surveys

Logging Maps 1

TIMBER

ESTIMATES |

Water Power

Water Storage

CLARK

&

LYFORD

403 Crown Building

, VANCOUVER

llnivcrsilY of
New Brai]8wick

FREDERICTON, N.B.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

Established in igo8

Four years' course leading- to the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Forestry. Special facilities for practi-
cal forest work.

Tuition $50.00 per annum. Other
expenses correspondingly moderate.

For further information address: —
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

University Calendar furnished
on application. _ _ —

C. C. JONES, Chancellor

THE NEW YORK STATE
COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

at

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

Syra^o«sc, Neiv York.

Undergraduate course leading to
Bachelor of Science ; Post-
graduate course to Master of
Forestry; and one and two-year
Ranger courses. Summer Camp
of eight weeks in Catskills.
Ranger School held on the
College Forest of 2,000 acres at
Wanakena in the Adirondacks.
State Forest Experiment Station
of 90 acres and excellent Forest
Library ofifer unusual opportu-
nities for research work. : : : :

For particulars address
HUGH P, BAKER., D. Oeo. Dea.n

BILTMORE, - - North Carolina

'pHE Biltmore Forest School is for
the time being the only technical
school of lumbering and forestry in
America. The Biltmore Forest

School has four headquarters, viz, —
spring quarters in North Carolina,
near Biltmore; summer quarters in the
lake states, near Cadillac, Michigan ;
fall quarters on the Pacific side ; and
winter quarters in the forests of Ger-
many. Q The course of instruction
covers any and all branches of forestry
and lumbering. The auxiliary courses
are cut to order for the benefit of the
students. No attempt is being made
to give a thorough training in general
science. The course comprises twelve
months at the school, followed by an
apprenticeship of six months in the
woods, and leads to the degree of
Bachelor of Forestry.

Write for catalog of Biltmore
Forest School, addressing —

THE DIRECTOR, BILTMORE. N.C., U.S. A

lEUmSIIY mi SCHOOL

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A.

A two years' course in fo-
restry is offered leadings to the
degree of Master of Forestry.
The Forest School is a graduate
department of Yale University
requiring for admission a college
training. Graduates of universi-
ties, colleges, or scientific ins-
titutions of high standing are
admitted upon presentation of
their diplomas, provided they
have taken courses in the fol-
lowing subjects in their under-
graduate work : at least one
full year in college or Univeisity
Botany, and at least one course
in Zoology, Physics, Inorganic
Chemistry, Geology, Econom cs.
Mechanical Drawing, French
or German and the completion
of Mathematics throngh Trigo-
nometry.

Candidates for advanced
standing may take examinations
in any subject but are required
in addition to present evidence
of a specified amount of work
done in the field or laboratory.

The school year begins in
early luly and is conducted at
the school camp at MILFORD,
Pennsylvania.
For further information address

JAHES W. TOUnBY, Director

NBW HAVBN .... CONNBOTMVT

"7,

Canadian f ore$^^ournai

Vol. IX. Ottawa, Canada, December, 1913.

No. 12

INDEX for 1913 in this issue.

Published monthly by the

Cakadian Porkstky Association,

Canadian Building,

Ottawa, Canada.

Devoted to the cause of forest conservation.

Subscription $1 per year.

Advertising Bates on Application.

CONTENTS: Page.

Editorial 178-9

Fire Prevention Organization 180

Northern Ontario's Timber Resources . . 181-3

B. C. Fire Season 184

U. S. National Conservation Congress . . 185-6

Forest Protection in Canada 187-9

New Brunswick, Brush Disposal in . . . . 190

Quebec's Record Revenue 191

Booth, Mr. John R 191

Forest Engineers 192-3

Empire State Forest Products Assn 194

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

Patron, H. R. H. the Govebnor General.

Honorary Pres.. Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden.

Honorary Past Pres., Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

President, Hon. W. A. Charlton.

Vice-President, Wm. Power, M. P.

Secretary, Jab. Lawlbr, Canadian Building,

Slater St., Ottawa.

Treamirer, Miss M. Robinson.

Directors : William Little, Hi'ram Robinson

Aubrey White, E. Stewart W. B. Snowball.

Thomas Southworth, Hon. W, C. Edwards, Geo. Y«

Chown, John Hendry, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H-

Campbell. J. B. Miller, Gordon C. Edwards, Dr. B. E-

Femow, EUwood Wilson, Senator Bostock, F. C-

Whitman, G. C. Pich6, Alex. MacLaurin: Mgr. O. E.

Mathieu. Bishop of Regma; A. P. Stevenson, Wm-

Pearoe. C. E. K. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson

Booth. Wm. Price. J. W. Harkom, A. S. Goodeve,

W. C. J. Hall, J. 8. Dennis. J. B. White, E. J.

Zavits, Geo. Chahoon Jr., R. D. Prettie.

Twrli^rial VIce-PrMldents :
Ontario:— Hon. W. H. Hearst.
Quebec: — Hon, Jules Atlard.
New Brunswick: — Hon. J. H. Flemming.
Nova Scotia: — Hon. O. T. Daniels.
Manitoba:— Hon. R. P. Roblin.
Prince Edward Island: — Hon. J. A. Matheson.
Saskatchewan- — His Honor G. W. Brown.
Alberta:— Hon. A. L. Sifton.
British Columbia:— Hon. W. R. Rom.
Yukon: — Geo. Black. Commiasionor.
Macksnsie:— F. D. Wilson.
Ksewatin:- His Honor D. C. Camsron.
Uncava:— His Graos Mgr. Bruchsd, Archbishop of
Montreal.

177

ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING.

The annual meeting of the Canad-
ian Forestry Association for the re-
ceiving and considering of reports
of Standing committees consideration
of matters arising out of the Winni-
peg convention, election of officers
and other business affecting the
cause of forest conservation will be
held at the Chateau Laurier, Ottawa,
on Wednesday, February 4, 1914. It
is expected there will be two sessions
and that during the day a delegation
of members will wait on representa-
tives of the Dominion Cabinet to pre-
sent resolutions properly coming be-
fore that body.

Those desiring to bring forward
motions of which notice is required
should notify the Secretary at once
that these may be included in the
official call.

The annual meeting and banquet
of the Canadian Lumbermen's Asso-
ciation, according to custom, will be
held in the same place on the pre-
ceding day, Tuesday, February 3,
and members of the Canadian Fores-
try Association desiring to attend
the banquet may obtain tickets from
the Secretary.

Further information will be con-
tained in the official notice sent out
to members, or may be obtained by
writing the Secretary, Canadian For-
estry Association, Canadian Building,
Ottawa.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS.

Since the Canadian Forestry /ournoZ fis
now issued monthly our mailing lists are
revised with like frequency. Members who
have changed their addresses, or who do
not receive the Journal regularly and prompt-
ly are requested to write to the Secretary.
Do this now before you forget it.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

There has probably never before
been such a strong effort on the part
of maple sugar makers to protect
their pure product. The Chief An-
alyst for Canada recently analysed
128 samples of maple syrup and
found 55 adulterated. It is reported
that the adulterated samples were
wholesome and palatable and a con-
troversy has arisen. Some hold that
as these adulterated samples are
cheaper than real syrup and yet
wholesome there is no reason why they
should not be sold so that the poor
man might get his 'maple' syrup and
sugar as well as the rich man. The
Pure Maple Syrup and Sugar Asso-
ciation of Quebec does not object to
the sale of wholesome syrup made
from cane or beet sugar, flavored with
coal tar products, but what it does
object to is the use of the word
' maple. ' The controversy is going on
warmly just now and the maple sugar
men will undoubtedly make an effort
to have a change made in the law and
regulations to restrict the word
'maple' to products wholly of the
maple tree.

The interest of the Canadian Fores-
try Association comes in to this con-
troversy in this way: Maple sugar
making is carried on in Ontario, Que-
bec and the Maritime Provinces and
its centre is the Eastern Townships.
Much of the land devoted to maple
groves is fit for nothing but tree
growth. A good maple grove pro-
perly worked and cai;ed for is the most
profitable use to which this land can
be put provided a fair price can be
got for the product. The claim is
made that owing to the ease of making
up substitutes for maple spgar and
syrup, substitutes that contain noth-
ing whatever of maple, the real pro-
duct has been saleable with great dif-
ficulty. Many farmers have cut
down and sold their groves for cord-
wood and the land is totally unpro-

ductive. This is a state of affairs to
which conservationists are opposed.
They want to see such land put to
the best use, and the best use at the
present time is a profitable maple
grove. Maple syrup is a luxury and
the people who buy it want to get
'maple' not syrup. They pay for
'maple' and they ought not to be
humbugged with sugar cane or beets,
no matter how life sustaining a com-
bination of beet sugar and coal tar
may be. The friends of forest conser-
vation want to see the land devoted
to its best use and will do what they
can to keep rocky and non agricultur-
al lands covered with trees instead of
becoming barren wastes.

Readers of Canadian publications
of all kinds and particularly readers
of agricultural journals, have had
dinned into them the dangers in the
decline of population in rural On-
tario— Ontario being the province in
which the tendency is most marked.
Rev. John MacDougall, Spencerville,
Ont., has issued a book 'Rural Life in
Canada,' on this subject. He estim-
ates that in the decade 1901-11 rural
Ontario lost 373,567 people. One of
the chief causes of this decline in
population noted by Mr. MacDougall
is the farming of soil unfit for culti-
vation. The invariable rule is found
to be that rural depopulation is great-
er from those localities with the less
fertile soils. Many of these soils are
splendidly adapted to forestry, and
Mr. MacDougall regards it as a duty
of the nation to see that such soiLs
are reforested and that further de-
nudation of such soils be prevented.
This is not a new story to the forest
conservationist but evidently other
people are arriving at this conclusion
from another starting point. Some
of the counties that have lost most
heavily have large areas of abandoned
sand lands and it would be interesting
to follow this out county by county.

178

Editorial Notes

179

It was very significant that Hon.
W. H. Hearst in addressing the Ot-
tawa Canadian Club appealed for the
support of lumbermen and the gener-
al public in his work of administering
the forests of Ontario. This bears
out what was said in these columns
last month that the most important
work before the Canadian Forestry
Association was to arouse and educate
public opinion. The propsals of for-
est conservationists are so self-evident
that their clear presentation gen-
erally means their acceptance but
the people are busy and they are
many and the subject must be preach-
ed without ceasing. A synopsis of
Hon. Mr. Hearst's address on another
page will be read with interest and
profit.

One subject that will not down is
that of brush disposal. Almost every
mail brings letters or manuscripts or
printed artcles on this matter. Burn-
ing has many advocates and others
propose piling or lopping. Evidently
the old method of doing nothing can-
not long continue.

-^> -^>

It is significant that not all the
states' delegates at the National Con-
servation Congress at Washington
were in favor of handing over the
United States federal forests to the
several states in which they are locat-
ed. A specific and marked instance
is the conclusion of the Oregon State
Conservation Commission appointed
by the Governor under legislative au-
thority. This body after deliberating
on this question came to this conclu-
sion *It would seem that everyone ex-
cept those directly interested in pro-
fiting thereby has all to lose and noth-
ing to gain by a transfer from nation
to state. In our opinion the proposi-
tion is wrong in principle and would
be disastrous in results.'

When Hon. J. K. Flemming, Prem-
ier and Surveyor Qeneral of New
Brunswick was in Ottawa recently he
stated that the new Crown Timber

Act of that province which went into
force this year was working out very
satisfactorily. It will be recalled that
under the old Act all the timber leases
ran out in 1918, and as practically all
Crown Timber lands in New Bruns-
wick are under lease that lease ter-
mination affected every limit holder.
Under the present Act new leases are
granted for twenty years, with the
privilege of renewal for ten years
more, rentals, stumpage, etc. to be
readjusted every ten years. In the
case of pulpwood the new leases are
for thirty years renewable for a fur-
ther period of twenty years. Hon.
i\Ir. Flemming stated that practically
all lease-holders under the old Act
had taken out leases under the new
and that he believed the new Act
would prove satisfactory all around.
^::> ^^>

The movement in favor of the ex-
tension of civil service regulations to
the outside service grows constantly.
The Ottawa Citizen says 'A great ser-
vice could be done to Canada by the
inauguration of a civil service effi-
ciency campaign, as the result of
wliich all offices in the public servicee
would be taken out of politics, and a
merit system introduced which would
guarantee that the best man for the
job got it'

^o <^

The Toronto News thus concludes
a thoughtful article on 'Forestry in
Ontario.' 'In 1830 when forest con-
ditions were less favorable than in
Canada today the forests of Prussia
l)roduced less than 200 board feet per
acre; per year, giving the state 44
cents per acre net revenue. In 1907
this annual production had reached
427 board feet, with a revenue of
$2.52 per acre. Forestry has paid
well in Prussia. It should pay in
Ontario.

During the past ten years, forest fires
have cost Minnesota $3,968,418.51. The
fires burned over 1,682,669 acres. One
great loss was recorded in 1908, when 405,-
748 acres were swept by fire, entailing a
loHH of $2,003,633.

New Fire Prevention Organization*

Ottawa Branch of the Ontario Fire Prevention Association formed.

On Nov. 29 Mr. Franklin H. Wentworth
of Boston, spoke before the Ottawa Can-
adian Club on fire prevention and immedi-
ately at the close of his address a further
meeting was held at which an Ottawa
branch of the Ontario Fire Prevention As-
sociation was formed. The Canadian For-
estry Association has always been strongly
in favor of this work and the list of of-
ficers of the newly formed association re-
sembles a partial list of the Ottawa mem-
bers of the Canadian Forestry Association.
Last year just after the Ontario Fire Pre-
vention Association was formed with head-
quarters in Toronto the Secretary of the
Canadian Forestry Association was asked
to act with the Grass and Timber Commit-
tee of the Fire Prevention Association in
securing the insertion of warnings against
careless handling of fire, in railway time
tables, etc. The Secretary found the rail-
ways very favorably inclined. In fact the
Canadian Pacific Eailway had for the past
ten or twelve years been inserting a warning
to tourists and campers in all its folders
dealing with this traffic. This was due to
forethought of Mr. C. E. E. Ussher, Pass-
enger Traffic Manager of the C. P. R. and
one of the charter members and now a
director of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation. This it is believed made the Can-
adian Pacific the first railway in America
to issue these warnings in its tourist and

settler literature. The Grand Trunk Rail-
way System, it was found had also for
some years under the care of Mr. H. R.
Charlton, General Advertising Agent, in-
cluded such warnings in its campers' and
tourists' literature. The General Manager
of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada,
Mr. C. F. Sise, Jr., also gladly consented
to place a warning about forest fires, and
the name of the person who should be noti-
fied by telephone of the breaking out of
fires, in all telephone directories covering
forest territory, Mr. Percy Robertson of
Toronto, secretary of the above committee,
of which Dr. Fernow is a member, com-
municated direct with the head office of
the Canadian Northern Railway at Toronto
and found the officers of that company
ready to assist in the work.

Fire loss is dead loss whether it be in
the forests or in the cities and the aroused
public opinion that lessens this criminal
waste in the one will lessen it in the other.
The Canadian Forestry Association there-
fore urges on the efforts of the Ontario
Fire Prevention Association.

The officers of the Ottawa Branch are
as follows: —

President, Hon. W. C. Edwards; 1st vice-
president, C. Jackson Booth; 2nd vice-
president, H. K. Egan; secretary, E. D.
Hardy; treasurer, T. E. Clendinnen.
(Continued on page 183.)

Erecting Abitibi Pulp Co. plant, Northern Ontario.
180

Northern Ontario's Timber Resources

Synopsis of an Address by Hon. W. H. Hearst, Minister of Lands, Forests and
Mines for Ontario, before the Ottawa Canadian Club.

A large and distinguished audience, in
which were many lumbermen, greeted
Hon. W. H. Hearst on the occasion of his
first visit to Ottawa in his public capacity
when he addressed the Canadian Club after
the luncheon held in the Chateau Laurier
on Nov. 8.

In opening his address Mr. Hearst point-
ed out that by the addition to Ontario in
1912 of the District of Patricia, with an
area of 157,400 square miles, the province
now had an area of 418,262 square miles.
Of this large area the province had parted
with less than 10%, leaving in the Crown
in the neighborhood of 375,000 square
miles . Ontario was now the second largest
province in the Dominion, being exceeded
by the Province of Quebec with an area of
706,000 square miles, and followed by Brit-
ish Columbia with 357,000 square miles.
About thirteen million acres of land was
under cultivation, which amounted to less
than 6% of the total area of the province.
The field crops of the Dominion for 1912
were worth $511,000,000, of which Ontario
contributed $192,000,000 worth or fully
37% of the total field crops of the Domin-
ion, exceeding the two largest provinces of
the West by over $26,000,000.

Mr. Hearst dealt in detail with the min-
eral output of Ontario, and then took up
the question of timber. He showed that
since Confederation (1867) the province
had received a . revenue from timber of
over $47,000,000, and the revenue for 1912
from this source was $1,985,000.

The value of forest products in the Do-
minion in 1911 was $166,000,000, about
$22.00 per head of the population of which
Ontario contributed a large part. Mr.
Hearst illustrated one important aspect of
the timber industry in that every year
northern Ontario required in farm produce,
and other supplies needed for the men in
teams engaged in the north country, over
two and one half million dollars worth. He
also pointed out that besides its initial
value in the rough, timber went into almost
every kind of manufacture, and that in
1912 Ontario used over $19,000,000 worth
in her manufactures, of which 82% was
produced in the province itself.

Onatrio's Standing Timber.

As to what standing timber Ontario had,
they had not as full a record as they wish-
ed, or as they hoped to have in the near
future. But the reports of the experts of

Scene on National TranBcontine ntal Railway, Northern Ontario.

181

182

Canadian Forestry Journal^ December, 1913

the Department indicated that the Pro-
vince of Ontario had on lands of which the
whole title both to land and timber re-
mained in the Crown, at least thirteen and
one half billion (13,500,000,000) feet of
red and white pine; and on lands licensed
to lumbermen about seven billion feet of
red and white pine. Of spruce pulp wood
the stand on Crown lands was at least
three hundred million cords. Turning
these into dollars they had an asset in
timber of three or four hundred million
dollars, and that was without taking into
consideration the hardwood or any wood
outside of red and white pine and spruce.

One of the steps that had been taken
with reference to the conservation of tim-
ber was the formation of forest reserves
and national parks. These were as fol-
lows: — Temagami Forest Reserve 5,900
square miles, Mississaga 3,000 square miles,
Nipigon 7,300, Algonquin Park 2,066
square miles, Sibley Reserve 70 square
miles. Eastern Reserve in Frontenac Coun-
ty 100 square miles, Quetico Forest Re-
serve 1,700 square miles, and Rondeau
Park, a small park on Lake Erie.

In all the province had over 20,000
square miles in forest reserves and provin-
cial parks, and in these reserves they had
at least ten billion (10,000,000,000) feet of
pine, and possibly twenty million (20,-
000,000), cords of pulpwood. These re-
serves and parks were lands that were not
adapted for settlement, and it was not in-
tended to let settlement into them, or to
endanger the preservation of the timber.
In Algonquin Park they had received back
into the Crown a number of licenses that
originally existed for the cutting of tim-
ber, and they hoped in the near future to
have all the title to the timber in that
park.

Mr. Hearst pointed out that conservation
did not tolerate the waste that would re-
sult from locking up timber. Trees ripen-
ed just like other crops, and unless cut
within a reasonable time they began to
decay and were eventiially entirely lost.
So, one of the problems they had was to
arrange to harvest the ripe .crop so that
the most might be obtained from it for
the province and for commerce and indus-
try, and still retain the unmatured trees so
that the benefit from them may be reaped
by the generations that come after. In
this problem he asked the hearty sympathy
and co-operation of the lumbermen of On-
tario.

So much for lands not suited to agricul-
ture. On lands fit for settlement the pro-
blem was to find the best method of get-
ting off the timber to get the most out of
it and at the same time benefit the incom-
ing settler. The only practicable solution
that he knew was to encourage the estab-
lishment of industries that would manu-
facture the timber from the settler's land.

This would aid the industries of the coun-
try and would give a market to the set-
tler so as to enable him to get some re-
turn from his work in clearing his land.

Already considerable had been done in
that line in saw mills and related indus- .
tries. On the north side of the Height of
Land pine ceased and the timber of great-
est importance there was spruce and other
soft woods. There had been established at
Sault Ste Marie, Spanish River, Sturgeon
Falls, Fort Frances and Dryden large pulp
and paper plants which would work up this
timber, and at the present time a very
large plant was being constructed in the
Abitibi district. In the near future they
expected to have more similar plants.

Reforesting Sand Lands.

This was the situation in regard to tim-
ber lands unfit for settlement, and those
fit for farming and into which settlement
was being directed. There was a third
class of lands, namely, those not fit for
settlement but which owing to mistakes
in the past (and he was not blaming any-
one) had been cleared and cultivated. In
the old part of Ontario a careful estimate
indicated that about 9% was in woodland
of a more or less inferior character, and
that probably as much more might be bet-
ter employed in growing timber than for
any other purpose owing to the character
of the soil. In other words they had in
southern Ontario approximately ten mil-
lion acres of wood land or land which was
only fit for timber. These lands were pri-
vately owned, and the Province was en-
deavoring to encourage the owners to de-
velop their woodlots and reforest the
waste places that were now totally unpro-
ductive. It was to be expected that they
would make rather slow progress in this
educative work, for even in Germany, per-
haps the most advanced country in the
world in forestry, the privately owned
woodlots were in anything but a satisfac-
tory condition. In 1906 an Act was passed
permitting municipal councils to pass by-
laws exempting woodlots from taxation,
but so far as he knew this had never yet
been taken advantage of.

In 1905 a forestry station was estab-
lished at Guelph under the Department of
Agriculture, which acted as a bureau of
information for the province generally.
Last year this station was transferred to
his own Department of Lands, Forests and
Mines, and since then the work had been
carried out on a somewhat larger scale.
The nurseries had been removed to St. Wil-
liams in Norfolk County. Here they had
acquired about sixteen hundred acres of
sand lands for forest plantations, where
they were carrying on perhaps the most
extensive exemplification of forestry that
was to be found in the Dominion. They
were doing this to show by actual demon-

Northern Ontario^s Timber Resources

183

stration what could be done bv reforestry
for these sand plains that had become ab-
solutely useless for any other purpose. The
staff of experts there were giving infor-
mation by bulletins and by lectures to en-
courage farmers to take up this work, and
from the nursery over one and one half
million forest seedlings had been distrib-
uted to woodlot owners in all the southern
counties of the province.

So far as northern Ontario was con-
cerned, artificial reforestation was not now
a practical question. Nature was doing
more than they could in an artificial way
in northern Ontario. It would cost any-
where from six to fifteen dollars per acre
to plant up these lands, and they could ex-
pend the money to much better advantage
in acquiring lands on which there was con-
siderable growth at the present time.

Cost of Fire Protection.

But the great question in the north was
to secure proper cutting and protection
from fire. He doubted whether they fully
appreciated as a people the immense areas
of timber land that Ontario had in its
absolute possesison. Only a small area of
land had been alienated from the Crown,
leaving tens of millions of acres for the
Province to use as it thought best. As to
fire ranging, a few years ago a new ar-
rangement was made with the lumbermen
whereby they bore the total cost of the
fire ranging on their limits. The Province
placed over these supervising rangers who
had authority to compel limit holders to
put the necessary number of men on these
limits. Then upon Crown timber lands and
forest reserves the Province employed its
own rangers. They had also provincial
patrols upon railway lines and other places
where there was special danger. Last year
there was a staff of 925 rangers on On-
tario's timber lands. The cost of fire
ranging to the province was $233,000. If
to that was added what he was informed
was paid by the limit holders, namely,
$92,000, it would be seen that the total
cost of fire ranging in the province last
year was $325,000. They were gradually
strengthening and perfecting the system
of fire protection in the north. This in-
cluded the erection of telephone lines and
lookout stations. It was impossible to to-
tally prevent fire in these millions of acres,
but the Government was endeavoring to
minimize that danger as much as possible.
But the Government could not do all this
itself, it required and asked the co-oper-
ation of lumbermen and citizens generally.
Last year he had had an Act passed in
regard to the making of ties, Dy which
the Government might suspend this work
during the danger season from April to
August, or might make such regulations as
it deemed proper.

It seemed to him that perhaps the time
had now come when they might require
railway companies to treat these ties so as
to extend the life of them as long as pos-
sible, and thus conserve that kind of tim-
ber.

Mr. Hearst then gave a review of the
timber regulations in Canada from the
earliest time, and pointed out that a num-
ber of the gentlemen that he saw before
him whose names were household words in
timber districts all over Canada, had them-
selves experienced a number of these
changing regulations.

In closing Mr. Hearst said they some-
times heard too much of the differences be-
tween the manufacturing East and the
grain-growing West. Perhaps one of the
things that had helped to keep these two
sections apart was the hitherto unoccupied
portion of northern Ontario. To his mind
that north land with its wealth of timber,
minerals and water powers was bound to
become one of the great manufacturing
centres of the continent. It might be the
home of millions of people in the not far,
distant future, and would thus bridge over
the gap between East and West. In future
there would be neither East nor West, but
a united Canada from Atlantic to Pacific.
He concluded, 'This is the object I have
before me as a public man. This is my
ideal that I have in view. Then I hope
we shall perform our duty as citizens of
this fair province of Ontario so that we
shall make this great Dominion of Canada
not only a source of strength to, but the
dominating influence in that empire whose
flag encircles the globe, whose standard
is righteousness, whose path is duty.'

NEW FIBE PBEVENTION ORGANIZA-
TION.

(Continued from page 180.)

Executive committee — Sir H. N. Bate,
Cecil Bethune, R. H. Campbell, W. H.
Dwyer, H. L. *Drayton, C. D. Findlayson,
Chief Graham, Frank Hawkins, Controller
Kent (as fire commissioner), J. A. Mach-
ado. Col. C. P. Meredith, P. D. Ross, Walt-
er Ross, W. H. Rowley, W. M. Southam, E.
Norman Smith, H. I. Thomas, Mayor Ellis,
J. R. Booth, Chief Ross, City Engineer
(^nrrie, Mr. A. Alford, Ex-M.P., Dr. Cha-
bot, M.P., E. J. Laverdue, Controller Par-
ent.
The following constitution was adopted:
The objects of this association shall be
to promote the science and improve the
methods of fire protection and prevention,
to obtain and circulate information on
these subjects and to secure the coopera-
tion of its members in establishing proper
safeguards against loss of life and property
by fire.

The Fire Season in British Columbia^

The Vancouver News- Advertiser re-
cently had a very appreciative article
of the work of Mr. H. R. MacMillan
and the British Columbia Forest
Branch of which the following is a
condensation :

The forest fire damage of 1913 is the
smallest in the history of this province.
While the weather is responsible for a
share of the credit, it is the efficiency and
the organization of the Forest Branch
which has been the big factor of this
splendid record.

The Forest Branch has a staff which, in-
cluding forest guards and patrolmen on
duty, numbered 415 during the summer.
Thirty rangers and 280 guards protected
the forests from the fire, while eleven dis-
trict foresters and twenty-three forest
assistants were largely occupied with these
duties. Fifty-one of this staff of 415 were
railway patrolmen, part of whose wages
are refunded to the Government by the
railroads, and in addition there were about
sixty railway employees who were employ-
ed on patrol duty.

Telephone Lines.

The enormous area of merchantable tim-
ber which this small army was able to
supervise was practically honeycombed
with a system of telephones and look-out
stations. The telephones are built by the
forest branch for protection in places
where it is certain that commercial lines
will not be established in the near future.
The majority of the lines are tree lines,
poles being eliminated as far as possible
on account of expense. The work is car-
ried out under the supervision of expert
linemen, but a large part of the labour is
supplied by forest guards.

There are two classes of telephone line
for fire protection. One is a long line built
from some central point through heavily
timbered country such as a river valley.
The object of this class is to make quick
communication with headquarters possible,
so that assistance and supplies can be sent
at the shortest notice.

The second class of telephone line is that
built from some headquarters of the fire
patrol service to a look-out point command-
ing an extensive view of timbered country.

Of these the Mount Baker Look-Out Sta-
tion is perhaps the most interesting. In
this station, at an elevation of over 7,000
feet, the Forest Branch has the honor of
having the highest telephone line in Can-
ada. From this station a view is possible

in every direction of over thirty miles, and
a fire in any part of that area can be im-
mediately reported directly to the District
Forester at Cranbrook.

The B. X. Mountain Look-Out Station,
in the Vernon district, commands the
largest single body of licence timber in the
district, and fires can be reported directly
to the District Forester at Vernon. The
Vernon City Council showed their apprecia-
tion of this project by voting $300 contri-
bution towards it.

Trail Building.

The policy of the Forest Branch in trail
building is firstly to open up important'
bodies of timber both for patrol and to
make them accessible in case of fire; and
secondly to connect up existing trails or
roads so as to allow round trip patrol.
Whenever horses are available, horse trails
are built. Heavy grading and rock work
are avoided wherever possible, but, on the
other hand, excessive grades are also
avoided, the idea being to obtain as great
a distance as possible of practicable trail
for the money. The trails are, as a rule,
built by small crews working under the
direction of a Forest Guard or Forest
Eanger. Made somewhat roughly at first,
they will be improved each year by the
Forest Guards during patrol and slack
times. In no case does the Forest Branch
build a trail where it is probable that one
will be built soon by other interests for
other purposes.

Slash Burning.

The chief slash burning carried on in
the province so far has been done in rail-
way construction, where all the debris is
piled in the centre and burned clean. In
addition, all those railroads under con-
struction have been required to pile all
slash resulting from the cutting of ties,
bridge timber and other construction tim-
ber. This work has been carried on by the
G. T. P., C. N. R. and P. G. E., etc., under
the direct supervision of officers of the
Forest Branch, with results on the whole
very gratifying.

Less has been done in this direction by
loggers, but, nevertheless, an encouraging
start has been made. The Forest Branch
has used every opportunity to encourage
loggers to dispose of rheir slash with the
result that mis year over 15,000 acres of
slash were burned by private parties. It
is confidently expected that a much larger
amount will be burned next year, because
this was an unsually wet season and the
slash, therefore, difficult to burn.

184

National Conservation Congress

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Gathering at Washington, D. C.

The Fifth Annual National Conservation
Congress of the United States was held
in Washington, D.C., Nov. 18, 19 and 20,
the main meetings being held in the ball-
room of the New Willard Hotel, and the
sectional meetings in smaller rooms of that
and other buildings.

It was intended that the main interest
on this occasion should centre in forest
and water power conservation, and as it
turned out the time of the meeting was
nearly wholly taken up with the latter in
its relation to State versus federal rights,
and the danger of monopolistic control of
water powers.

The chair at the opening session was oc-
cupied by Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, the
president, and the first speaker was Hon.
David Houston, Secretary for Agricul-
ture in President Wilson's cabinet. Mr.
Houston while instancing the great need
of better farming, held that the most press-
ing need was an improvement in methods
of distribution that would give the farmer
for his products a larger share of what the
consumer paid for them.

Hon. James Wilson, ex-United States
Secretary for Agriculture, spoke on soil
conservation, and Mr. James White, As-
sistant Chairman of the Canadian Com-
mission of Conservation, told of the work
of that body, particularly in regard to
forest fire prevention along railways
through co-operation with the Canadian
Board of Railway Commissioners.

The Waterpower Battle.

The committee on watcrpowers, which
had been at work all that morning and
all the preceding day, presented three re-
ports in the afternoon. The first report
presented the resolutions on which all the
committee were agreed, the second was of
the majority and the third of the minority,
which latter was signed by Hon. H. L.
Btimson, former Secretary for War, Joseph
N. Teal of Portland, Oregon, and Dr. Gif-
ford Pinchot ex-Chief Forester of the
United States.

The unanimous report stated that com-
pensation for privilege of waterpower use
should be reserved to the government,
state or federal, from which the privilege
came. Both majority and minority re-
ports agreed that the three essentials of a
sound waterpower policy were: Prompt
development. Prevention of unregulated
monopoly, Good service and fair rates to
the constuner.

The majority favored the indeterminate
franchise with no fixed term limit. The
minority would allow a period not exceed-
ing thirty years during which the franchise
would be irrevocable except for cause. The
minority specified ownership by an unlaw-
ful trust, or in restraint of trade as suf-
ficient for immediate termination of the
franchise. The minority report stated the
central fact in the waterpower situation
today was that of concentration of con-
trol. Ten groups of individuals controlled
65 per cent, of the waterpower of the Un-
ited States, and the amount of concentra-
tion had nearly doubled in the last two
years. The fight for the conservation of
waterpowers was first of all a fight against
monopoly. The second prime necessity was
to forbid and prevent the speculative hold-
ing of power.

The majority report stated that it was
essential that capital should be attracted
to these enterprises, and while they must
fully protect the interests of the public
both present and future, they were not con-
servationists if they advocated the imposi-
tion of terms which restricted rather than
encouraged progress.

Senator Shaforth, one of the early speak-
ers in the debate on the motion to adopt
the unanimous report, said, *I have never
been impressed with the idea that down
here in Washington you can control water-
powers or anything else as well as wo can
in our own States.' He declared there
could never be any danger of monopolistic
control of waterpower because under the
United States statutes the transmission of
l)0wer between states brought the com-
j)anies under the Interstate Commerce
Act, and the federal government Ijad as
much right to fix their rates as it had those
of the railways.

Several other speakers took this atti-
tude, while Mr. Pinchot, Mr. Stimson and
others replied by urging the activity of
the waterpowers trust, and stating that
the United States could control compan-
ies and monopolies which were so strong
that they could control state legislatures.

The vote was on the question of sending
the unanimous report to the resolutions
committee. This was finally, defeated by
a majority of 434 to 154, and the report
adoj^ted by the Congress without roll call.

The States Bights Question.

This first vote took place on Wednesday
afternoon, Nov. 19. On Thursday the Reso-
lutions Committee in rei)orting on the ma-

185

186

Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 191^.

jority and minority reports referred to it
submitted that the matter had been taken
from its hands by the action of the Con-
vention in adopting general principles on
which the whole committee were agreed.

When the report had been read, Dr. Gif-
ford Pinchot, former forester of the United
States, and father of the minority water-
ways report in the congress, moved as an
amendment to the resolutions committee's
report a declaration of principles on water-
way control simlar to the ideas in the min-
ority report signed by himself. Henry L.
Stimson, former Secretary of War, and
Joseph N. Teal of Oregon.

This amendment was adopted by a vote
of .317 to 96 after one offered by Repre-
sentative Burnett of Alabama, which pro-
posed to insert the words 'state control'
wherever 'public control' appeared had
been defeated, 378 to 132.

It was upon these motions that the con-
vention was brought to a stormy climax,
and at one time some of Mr. Pinchot 's
friends, including the president of the con-
gress, urged him to consent to an adjourn-
ment. Motions to adjourn were made be-
fore the final roll calls, but were hooted
down by the convention.

Among those who led in the fight for
federal as opposed to state control were
Messrs. Gifford Pinchot, Hon. W. L. Fish-
er, ex-Secretary of the Interior, Hon. H.
L. Stimson, ex-Secretary for War, and Hon.
James R. Garfield, also an ex- Secretary of
the Interior.

Delgeates from the District of Columbia
supported the motion while the state dele-
gates were not all for states' rights. The
delegates who spoke and voted against
federal control came chiefly from Alabama,
Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, South
Carolina, Tennessee and Washington
State.

The Points at Issue.

As \\iQ matter, so to speak came into the
Congress on a slide wind, the situation
may perhaps best be explained by quoting
the words of the leaders on both sides after
the contest was over.

Mr. Pinchot said:

' The vote this afternoon was on two per-
fectly clear issues. Although the so-called
Pinchot amendment had nothing to do with
states' rights, the states' rights men in-
jected that question and were defeated by
three to one. The other issue was whether
or not the National Conservation Congress
should take strong ground as to the charge
of monopoly in waterpower, or whether the
waterpower interests at the congress
should prevent it from doing so. The wat-
erpower interests failed to bottle up the
congress, and again were overwhelmingly
defeated.

'Now that the fight is over, all of the
friends of conservation should be glad of
the victory for the public control of this
great public necessity and should get
squarely behind the movement to open the
waterpowers to full development without
delay and on terms fair to the power in-
terests as well as to the public. We took
a real step forward in conservation this
afternoon. '

Mr. Walter Powell, chairman of the Ar-
kansas delegation said 'I have been dele-
gated by the representatives of twenty-
three states of the middle west, and south,
to call a separate convention, which will
take up only the subject of waterpower
and irrigation. It will be composed of
practical men, not of government officials
and former cabinet officers, and will try
to come to some definite conclusion o^ the
subject of conservation from the practical
and not the theoretical standpoint. This
convention will be held in about a month,
and states from Maine to California will
be represented. It will probably be held
in Washington, though it might possibly
be held in St. Louis.'

The Pinchot Amendment.

The Pinchot amendment declared that
monopolistic control of waterpower in pri-
vate hands was swiftly increasing in the
United States 'far more rapidly than pub-
lic control thereof; that increasing 'con-
centration of waterpower in some hands
was accompanied by growing control over
the power consuming agencies, the public
service companies of the country.' It con-
tinued:

'Whereas this concentration, if fostered,
as in the past, by outright grants of public
powers in perpetuity, will inevitably re-
sult in a highly monopolistic control of
mechanical power, one of the bases of
modern civilization and a prime factor in
the cost of living.

'Therefore, be it resolved, That we re-
cognize the firm and effective control of
waterpower corporations as a pressing and
immediate necessity urgently required in
the public interest; that we recognize
there is no restraint so complete, effective
and permanent as that which comes from
firmly intrenched public ownership of the
power site, and that it is the solemn judg-
ment of the fifth National Conservation
Congress that hereafter no waterpower
now owned or controlled by the public
should be sold, granted or given away in
perpetuity, or in any manner removed from
the public ownership, which alone can give
sound basis of assured and permanent con-
trol in the interest of the people. '

Officers Elected.

The congress elected Charles Lathrop

Pack of Lakewood, N.J., as president to

succeed himself; Mrs. Emmons Crocker,

Fitchburg, Mass., vice president; N. C.

P or est Protection in Canada, 1912

is?

McLoud, Washington, D. C, recording sec-
retary; Dr. Henry S. Drinker, South Beth-
lehem, Pa., treasurer, and Thomas F. Shipp,
Indianapolis, corresponding secretary.

Other Business.

Miss Mabel Boardman, President of the
National Red Cross Association, read a
paper in which she proposed that the
N. R. C. Association should provide $500
for $2,500 provided by lumbermen in a
given locality to defray the salary and
expenses of a physician to teach the men
in lumber camps first aid to the injured
and the prevention of accidents.

Mr. E. A. Sterling held that when the
virgin timber of the United States was
used up forest supplies would have to come
from national and state forests. He held

that present tendencies in private forest
management were now logically develop-
ing the fire protection and natural regen-
eration aspects, and that after this would
come more intensive forestry.

Mr. H. S. Graves, Chief Forester of the
United States, read a paper on Federal
Forestry. The policy ahead was the de-
velopment of the present plans of delimit-
ation, classification, segregation of agri-
cultural from forest lands and the hand-
ling of the latter under permanent policies
based on full recognition of lasting public
interests. He showed how the present
United States forest policy was steadily
winning out in every way.

These and other addresses will be dealt
with more fully in future issues of the
Canadian Forestry journal.

Forest Protection in Canada, 1912*

Report of Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Chief Forester, Commission of Conservation and
Chief Fire Inspector Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada.

The report of Mr. Clyde Leavitt, M.Sc.F.
Chief Forester of the Commission of Con-
servation of Canada, and Chief Fire In-
spector of the Board of Railway Commis-
sioners which has just been issued is a
document of 175 pages illustrated by num-
erous engravings which add to the clear-
ness of the letter press descriptions.

The report is divided into six parts and
three appendices dealing with specific as-
pects of the subject.

Protection from Railway Fires.
Part I. is devoted to Protection from
Railway Fires. It first deals with the
passing of Order 16570 by the Board of
Railway Commissioners for Canada which
directs the railways to provide fire pre-
ventive appliances, fire patrols, etc., and
places the authority for seeing these car-
ried out under the Chief Fire Inspector,
Mr. Leavitt. He points out that the three
railways which are not subject to the regu-
lations of the Board of Railway Commis-
sioners are the Intercolonial and National
TranscoDtinental Railways (owned by the
Dominion Government) and the Timis-
kaming and Northern Ontario Railway
owned and operated by the Ontario Gov-
ernment. As soon as this order was passed
Mr. Leavitt undertook the work of organ-
izing the inspection of appliances, fire
guards and patrols in Western Canada. The
Dominion Forestry Branch had already pre-
pared a plan of patrols over the railway

Mr. ClydelLeavltt.

lines in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Al-
berta and in the Railway Belt in British
Columbia; and the Government of British
Columbia had prepared a similar plan cov-

1^8

Canadian Poresiry Journat, December, l^lS

ering all other lines in Briitsh Columbia.
These bodies and the Department of Lands
and Forests for Ontario provided inspec-
tors for all the railway lines from Lake
Superior to the Pacific Ocean.

Forest Fires and Brush Disposal.

Part IL deals with settlers' slash and
lumbering slash. It is recommended in re-
gard to the former that the time of burn-
ing be fixed and that there be a sufficiently-
large force of rangers to see that the law
is carried out. Regarding lumbering slash
it is stated that while patrols and other
measures would continue to be necessary
the root of the problem could best be
reached through disposal of the slash. In
the case of unleased lands held by Domin-
ion and Provincial Governments. Mr.
Leavitt holds no trouble should ensue,
since when new areas were leased the new
requirements in regard to brush disposal
would be taken into consideration by the
lumbermen in bidding on the limit. In the
case of renewal of licenses, while not so
easy, still the growing value of the stump-
age and the need of protecting the hold-
ings were all factors in making the new
price.

Then follows a review of methods in
the Adirondacks, in the United States Na-
tional forests in Idaho, Montana and Min-
nesota, in Oregon and Washington, and in
Minnesota State forests. The general trend
of this review is to show that everywhere
there was a growing recognition that brush
must be disposed of and that there is a
disposition to try different methods and
to adopt those best suited to each condi-
tion and locality.

Top-Lopping in the Adirondacks.
Part III. continues this brush disposal
problem by discussing top-lopping in the
Adirondacks. It is se. out that in 1908
very severe fires swept the Adirondacks
and as a result a conference of lumber-
men and the State Forestry Commission
decided that the best way to check these
fires was to lop the tops, of all coniferous
trees cut for commercial purposes. This
was crystallized into law in 1909 and since
that the fire loss had been greatly reduced.
Owing to fewer losses and the feeling that
the financial burden was too great lumber-
men protested in 1912 against the contin-
uance of the practice. A series of field
investigations was held to reconsider the
question. Mr. Leavitt attended these for
the Commision of Conservation and Mr. T.
W. Dwight, Assistant Director, for the Do-
minion Forestry Branch. The matter was
fully gone into and as a result it was de-
cided that where brush burning was prac-
ticable this was the most efficient method
of slash disposal; where it was not prac-
tical the lopping of tops might be advis-
able. The beneficial effects of top-lopping
it was held outweighed the disadvantages

due to any possible injury to soil, repro-
duction or old growth. Lopping to only a
three inch diameter materially reduced the
cost. Since the preparation of this report
the New York Legislature had changed the
law so as to make compulsory only lopping
to down to three inches in diameter.

Oil as Locomtive Fuel.
Part IV. deals with the use of oil as
locomotive fuel. Mr. Leavitt states that
in 1912 oil was used wholly as fuel on
20,910 miles of railway in the United
States and 587 miles in Canada; and used
in conjunction with coal on 4,720 miles
additional in the United States. All the
railways using oil fuel in Canada were in
British Columbia; and were: Canadian Pa-
cific, 338 miles; Esquimalt ' and Nanaimo,
134; Great Northern, 115. As to effective-
ness it is stated that the use of oil practic-
ally eliminates all danger of forest fires
due to locomotive operation. The use of
oil was increasing on the west coast where
convenient supplies made it cheaper than
coal.

Forest-Planting in Canada.

Part V. takes up the subject of forest
planting. Investigations of the Dominion
Forestry Branch indicated that half of the
original forest of Canada had been destroy-
ed by fire. This timber would if cut have
yielded not less than a billion dollars to
the revenue of the country. There were
enormous areas of non-agricultural land in
Canada which however, were very suitable
for the growth of timber and should be
put to that use.

The subject is then dealt with geo-
graphically from east to west. Mr. H. R.
Christie of the B. C. Forest Branch deals
with the situation in British Columbia and
comes to the following conclusions: I. For-
est planting in British Columbia is silvi-
culturally possible. Hardwoods may be
grown as well as soft woods. 2. Forest
regeneration in B. C. is financially practic-
able, and possibly also forest planting.
3. But forest planting is now, in general,
neither necessary nor the most profitable
way to spend time, energy or money in
British Columbia.

The statement regarding tree planting in
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba was
prepared by Mr. R. H. Campbell, Dominion
Director of Forestry. The work of farm
planting was begun in 1901 wiiu tne send-
ing out of 58,000 trees from the Experi-
mental Farms at Brandon and Indian
Head. In 1912 this output of trees from
the Forest Nursery Station had increased
to 2,729,135 trees to 3,618 farmers. The
total sent out to the end of the planting
season of 1912 was nearly 22,000,000 seed-
lings. These were planted for shelter belts
and wood lots and consisted chiefly of Man-
itoba maple, elm, ash, cottonwood willow
and Russian poplar. In 1911 distribution of

Forest Protection in Canada, 1912

189

coniferous trees began. The species were
white spruce, Scotch pine and tamarack.

A beginning has been made in planting
on the Spruce Woods Keserve near Bran-
don and on the Turtle Mountain Reserve
in Southern Manitoba. On the former over
50,200 trans-plants were living, and on the
latter a plantation of 14,000 Scotch pine
was doing well. Preparations for much
larger planting operations on the Spruce
Woods Reserve were under way. Seven
thousand five hundred transplants on the
Riding Mountain Reserve were doing well.
Planting had not been considered neces-
sary on the Rocky Mountains Reserve as
natural reproduction was excellent. Seed-
ing had not been successful except in cer-
tain spots on the Turtle Mountain Reserve.

The Canadian Pacific Railway of which
company Mr. R. D. Prettie is superintend-
ent of Forestry had planted 1,356,200 trees
along its main line between Calgary and
Winnipeg. These trees were grown at the
company's nursery at Wolseley, Sask. The
object was to form windbreaks and thus
do away with the necessity for maintain-
ing portable snow fences to prevent the
difting of snow across the railway tracks.
The loss and renewal of these trees had
not exceeded ten per cent. The company
also had set out 25,000 tamarack trees near
Wolseley to determine the feasibility of
growing railway ties and fence posts. The
average height of trees in this plantation
in 1912 was 9 ft. and the diameter 18
inches from the ground 1^ inches. The
height growth for the season of 1912 was
1 ft. 8 inches. The company was also giv-
ing prizes to induce settlers on its lands
to grow trees about their farm buildings.

Forest planting in Ontario is described
in the report by a statement taken from
the report of Mr. E. J. Zavitz provincial
forester of Ontario. It was estimated that
about 10,000,000 acres in Southern Ontario
was suited only to forest growth. As much
of this had been cut off the Ontario Gov-
ernment had embarked on a scheme of co-
operation by which advice and planting
material were furnished free of charge to
parties planting wood lots. Up to 1912 1,
500,000 trees had been sent out from the
Provincial nurseries. The planting had
been chiefly on waste soils, such as sand
formations. The forest nursery station in
Norfolk county contained 1,500 acres in
1912. This station was being planted up
with experimental plantations, and was
also being used as the source of supply for
nursery stock. Legislation was passed in
1911 permitting counties to acquire and
operate land for forest plantations. The
county of Hastings had sceured 2,200 acres
of cut over lands and the purchase of addi-
tional lands was contemplated. Fire pro-
tection and natural restocking from seed
trees would be the policy pursued for the

present. Other counties were looking into
the matter.

The statement in regard to Quebec was
prepared from the report of the Minister
of Lands and Forests and from a state-
ment by Mr. G. C. Pich6, chief of the Que-
bec Forest Service. The Government had
a nursery station at Berthierville where
seedlings were supplied to farmers to plant
their woodlots and where seedlings were
also grown to plant up sand land areas,
such as at Lachute, acquired by the Gov-
ernment. These were acquired at the rate
of $1 per acre with the agreement that the
former owners might reacquire them upon
paying the cost of the planting which it
was guaranteed would not exceed $10 per
acre. Twenty-five acres at Lachute were
reforested in 1912. It was intended to
assist the rural communities by establish-
ing township reserves where the inhabit-
ants might cut wood required for their real
wants.

Mr. EUwood Wilson forester for the
Laurentide Company furnishes the data
for the planting of that company which
in 1912 had reached fifty acres. The trees
used were Scotch, white and jack pine,
white and Norway spruce, hemlock and
basswood. The company expected to plant
200,000 trees per year and would plant up
its waste lands with the object of supply-
ing wood for making pulp and paper. Dif-
ferent methods of cutting were being tried
with the object of testing reproduction.

On account of the excellent natural re-
production in the Maritime Provinces the
necessity for artificial planting had not
been strongly felt iuere up to the present.
The great need was instruction in the best
methods of handling existing timber lands.
Nothing in the way of encouraging re-
planting had been done by the govern-
ments but there had been some planting
under private initiative.

With the assitsance of Mr. R. B. Miller,
Professor of Forestry in the University of
New Brunswick, Dr. A. R. Myers had
planted fifteen acres of white pine near
Moncton, N.B. The Pejepscot Paper Com-
pany had a nursery at Salmon River, N.B.
and another at Cookshire, Quebec, with the
idea of planting its cut over lands.

The Rhodes-Curry Company of Amherst,
N.S., had planted about fifteen acres of
Norway spruce seedlings on smoe of its
burnt over lands near Little River, N.S.
The object of these plantations was to get
(lata as to the probable success of larger
efforts.

Committee on Forests.

Part VI. embodies the report of the
Committee on Forests made to the Commis-
sion of Conservation in 1912. A synopsis
of this was published at the time. The re-
commendations are as important as they
then were and include the following: that

190

Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1913

the Dominion Government establish fire
protection service on the Intercolonial and
National Transcontinental Kailways; that
the Governments of New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia be urged to form forest fire
protection services; that brush disposal be
carefully considered by all forest owning
governments; that co-operative fire protec-
tive associations be approved; that Do-
minion and Provincial Governments be
urged to make a systematic study of the
extent and character fo the forest re-
sources within their bounds, etc.

The remainder of the report is taken up
with three appendices. These embrace a
study of the extension of the Dominion
Government Forest Reserves and the re-
port of Mr. J. H. White on the district
lying between Sudbury and Port Arthur.
The general summary of this report is that
the whole of the area between Mattawa
and Nipigon and south of the Clay Belt
should be made a forest reserve. Opinions
on oil fuel given by railway men, forest-
ers, and mechanical experts conclude the
report which is well prepared and provided
with a copious index which renders all
parts readily available.

BEUSH DISPOSAL IN NEW BRUNS-
WICK.

Views of the Deputy Minister of Lands
and Forests.

Lt.-Col. T. G. Loggie, Deputy Minister
of Lands and Forests for New Brunswick,
writes in the current issue of the Canada
Lumberman :

I have read Mr. Allen 's able articles in
your two editions of October 1st and 15th
and quite agree with all he says regarding
waste in logging operations. To get the
top out of the woods is something many
of us have been striving after, for a great
number of years. The Timber Regulations
of this Department for some time have
contained a provision that all logs must
be taken out up to 5 inches in diameter,
and, while I do not claim that it is wholly
carried out in practice, our lumber oper-
ators are gradually seeing that an era has
arrived when less wasteful methods must
be followed to get the true value from our
forests.

Mr. Allen in his two articles has not
touched upon the more important aspect
in the removal of the tops, viz., the lessen-
ing of the fire danger. I am quite con-
vinced that, if the land owner were to al-
low the operator to remove these tops with-
out stumpage cost, with a further provi-
sion that the crowns of the trees should
have their under branches lopped off, it
would, to a large, extent, minimize the fire
danger, and be a tremendous advantage to
our forests.

I also quite agree with what Mr. Allen
says about more forest supervision in the
actual work of lumbering. These matters
have been repeatedly advocated at meet-
ings of the Canadian Forestry Association
and the time is assuredly coming when .
wasteful methods such as he speaks of will
be, to a large extent, if not altogether,
eliminated from forest operations.

I will say for Mr. Allen's information
that I have leased some lands of my own
for a considerable spruce operation which
required the log-getter, not only to pay the
same stumpage for the tops as for the mer-
chantable, but to remove everything up
to five inches and to underlop all the
crowns. All trees are sawn down at the
swell of the roots and sawn up into
lengths. I have placed competent over-
seers to see that the conditions are carried
out and I expect to have good results. Ten
years ago I would have been laughed at,
were I to have exacted these conditions.

I am sorry I cannot agree with Mr. Allen
in his statement that after virgin growth
is cut away, quite as good never follows.
This statement is something new to us, and
upsets the principles of nature. If one
were to follow this reasoning, as well
might he say that when you break up labd
and sow it to wheat, you will never have
so good a crop as the first one. My theory
is in lumbering: remove the merchantable
log at maturity; let in the air and light,
and the same process will rotate, resulting
in a bountiful nature supplying as good a
log as the virgin one that was cut away.

DAMS VERSUS FORESTS.

The waterworks commissioners of the
city of Brantford, Ontario, have instructed
the city engineer to prepare plans for a
dyke to protect the waterworks property
and the lowlying lands between the canal
and the river. The city of Brantford has
been building dams for twenty years to
protect its lower parts from the floods
of the Grand River. Mr. Thomas South-
worth, when Clerk of Forestry for the
Province of Ontario, was consulted on this
matter and told the people of the lower
Grand River Valley that they had begun
at the wrong end, and that, instead of
building dams at Brantford and Gait, they
should have kept trees on the hillsides of
the upper waters of the river. This, is also
the conclusion of Mr. W. H. Breithaupt
C.E. in his paper read at the Victoria
Convention, wherein he pointed out that
the forest at the headwaters of the Grand
River which regulated its flow, had been
ruthlessly cut off to make farms, with the
result that floods now occurred nearly
every spring, while on the other hand this
particular land was, much of it, not even
third rate farming land.

Notes

191

QUEBEC'S RECORD REVENUE.

A despatch from Quebec states : In
his annual report submitted to the
Quebec Legislature, Hon. Jules Al-
lard, Minister of Lands and Forests,
states that the receipts of the De-
partment for the year amounted to
$1,760,466.25, the greatest revenue
ever received by that department.
Part of this amount was derived
from the sale of land, but the chief
revenue comes from the woods and
forests department, the cutting licen-
ses alone giving $1,134,147.19, the
rent $330,203.09, and penalties, in-
terest, etc., bringing the total up to
$1,510,171.41. The fire protection
system was successful in preventing
all but a few fires. Seventeen sta-
tions were established for observing
the water-powers of the province at
all seasons, for the purpose of noting
their adaptability for industrial pur-
poses.

MR. BOOTH'S PHILANTHROPY.

Mr. John R. Booth, Ottawa's vet-
eran lumberman, has donated a new
wing to St. Luke's Hospital, Ottawa,
at a cost of $125,000. Mr. Booth has
been president of the Board of Dir-
ectors of the institution for many
years. Mr. Booth is now very large-
ly recovered from the serious injury
which he recently suffered when he
was struck by a falling timber at
one of his mills which had been de-
stroyed by fire.

THE HARDY CATALPA.

Warning Issued against planting in
the North.

The New York State College of
Forestry has issued a warning to
farmers against planting the Hardy
Catalpa tree in New York State, ex-
cept for experimental purposes. A
college bulletin states that many
land owners have been induced to

plant this tree because of statements
regarding its growth and durability,
and that without doubt much plant-
ing has been done that will result
in failure. It points out that the Cat-
alpa is a native of river bottoms in
the middle west of the United States,
where, under favorable conditions it
makes exceedingly rapid growth.
Because of the ease with which the
nurseries grow it from seed it has
been exploited very widely through
the country, and it is believed has
been planted too widely in New
York State. This bulletin goes on to
point out that the Catalpa is a spec-
ialized forest crop requiring good
agricultural soil and more care than
the ordinary farmer cares usually to
give it. As the college authorities do
not want to see land of any value for
agriculture used for forestry, they
urge farmers to plant Catalpa only
in very limited quantities and as an
experiment. If there are idle lands
in the State in the form of hill sides
or ridges it would be better to grow
quick growing ever-greens, such as
red and white pine or Scotch pine, or
such hardwoods as the common black
or yellow locust. Experience with
the Catalpa in States to the west of
New York does not promise success
with it in the latter State.

As there has been considerable at-
tempt at exploitation of the Hardy
Catalpa in Ontario it may be well to
say that the view of persons of ex-
perience is that these warnings in
regard to New York State would ap-
ply with equal force to this Province.

A writer in the Toronto Daily Star
urges the Province of Ontario to go
into fur farming as a public business.
lie argues that Ontario is one of the
greatest producers of fur in the world.
Strict laws have caused the increase
of the fur bearing animals, notably
beaver, and yet the beneficiaries of
this protection are chiefly two private
fur companies.

With the Forest Engineers*

{Contributed by the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers.)

The formation of local forest En-
gineers' organizations is projected in Ot-
tawa and Victoria, B.C.

Advisory Committees.

The following are the Advisory Commit-
tees, a,ppointed in accordance with the
resolution passed by the last annual meet-
ing:— .

Quebec and Maritime Provinces — G. C.
Piche, R. B. Miller, R. R. Bradley.

Ontario— C. Leavitt, A. H. D. Ross, T.
W. Dwight.

Prairie Provinces— N. M. Ross, W. N.
Millar, L. M. Ellis.

British Columbia— Dr. J. F. Clark, H. R.
MacMillan, D. R. Cameron.

Quebec Forest Protective Service.

Mr. W. C. J. Hall, superintendent of the
Quebec forest protective service, writes: —

*We have had a very successful season.
Though there were lots of fires, as the
weather was very dry up to the middle of
October, we succeeded in extinguishing
them all with very little damage done.
The only exception was one bad fire on the
upper Ottawa, which we are getting de-
tails about now. The railway work was
most satisfactory.'

The St. Maurice Valley.

Mr. Ellwood Wilson, forester for the
Laurentide Company, writes: — 'Mr. Clyde
Leavitt has just been on an inspection trip
through the logging operations of the
Laurentide Company with me. The sec-
tions where top-lopping was tried last win-
ter were visited, and Mr. Leavitt made
some very valuable suggestions for the
conduct of the work thjs year. Cuttings
of other companies were also visited and
the contrast was very marked. One com-
pany had left pine logs twenty two inches
in diameter in the woods and had used
large pine and spruce for skids and left
them to rot. Tops eight inches in diameter
and even larger were common. The condi-
tion of such cuttings from the point of
view of fire protection is very dangerous
and it might be mentioned that this is the
only company which has refused to join
the Fire Protective Association,

'Mr. M. C. Small is continuing his ex-
periments with top-lopping on the limits of
the Laurentide Company. Last year this
company, for the first time in Canada, tried
top-lopping and found it so successful that
it is to be continued this year and experi-

ments undertaken to show the exact cost
and the best and cheapest way to do it.
By an efficient system of inspection Mr.
Small has reduced the woods waste to the
lowest possible point and very materially
reduced the fire risk. As an instance of
this, two thousand logs were made this
fall from the tops of trees used in building
a log flume. '

Wide-Awake Western Foresters.

Mr. R. D. Craig, of Vancouver, writes: —
'This summer I made a trip from Kam-
loops to Tete Jaune Cache along the line
of the Canadian Northern, as it follows the
North Thompson, and came out to civiliza-
tion at Edmonton (if you consider the
prairies civilized). I wrote a description
of this trip for the last issue of the West-
ern Lumberman.

'I spent two weeks up the Toba river,
150 miles north of Vancouver, last month.
This is one of the finest valleys of timber
in British Columbia. We went up in a
canoe over thirty miles, all through excel-
lent fir, cedar and spruce. The firs aver-
aged about 8,000 feet, board measure, to
the tree, with 125 feet of log length. The
cedar and spruce were also very fine. This
timber is owned by the Canada Timber
and Lands, Ltd., of which Mr. E. Stewart
is managing director. The river is driv-
able throughout th€ timbered area, and in
the summer is navigable for launches for
over twenty miles. It is a hunter's par-
adise for mountain goat, deer and bear.'

Mr. D. R. Cameron writes from Kam-
loops: — 'I have just returned from an in-
spection trip of the Lower Eraser country,
made in company with Mr. R. E. Benedict,
of the Briitsh Columbia Forest Branch.
Our object was to work out a basis for
more co-operation in forest protection. The
intention is for the Dominion forest rang-
ers to take over the issuing of burning per-
mits, thus preventing duplication of staflP
and giving the Dominion service better
control of the fire situation.'

Mr. E. G. McDougall writes again, dat-
ing his letter from Clinton, B.C., (on the
old Caribou Road) and describing his
work in the valley of the Bonaparte river
(which joins the Fraser at Ashcroft). He
says: — 'I am still at work in the plain
drained by the Bonaparte river, and hope
to be able to keep the field until well into
December. The Bonaparte plain is settled
to some extent, and, at a pinch, shelter

192

With The Forest Engineers

193

for the party and horses can be obtained.
Forage, however, is abundant, and in good
weather the horses can still pick up a liv-
ing.

'Timber is nowhere abundant, black
pine and a little fir, spruce and poplar
forming straggling stands. Except where
wind-falls have accumulated, the woods
may be travelled in any direction with
pack-horses. The country depends chiefly
on stock-jraising, but there appear to be
good possibilities for dry-farming in the
future. At present the cost of clearing
land is a serious hindrance to development.
Even to the rancher, the forest growth,
and particularly the litter of wind-fall, is
a detriment rather than a resource. The
suggestion is repeatedly made that such
sections of country should be burned over
until the forest has been reduced to a suf-
ficient quantity of wind-break, although it
is admitted that to withdraw the rangers
entirely and permit indiscriminate firing
would be a course involving grave danger
to property, if not to human life. Possibly
some plan of co-operation between the Gov-
ernment and the settlers, for the safe re-
moval of forest debris, may be evolved in
the near future; the expense to both
parties would be considerable, but the
benefits would be certain and commensur-
ate with the outlay.'

In the Bookies.

Mr. W. N. Millar writes from Calgary
under date of Nov. 26: —

'I was out so long on my last trip that
I am pretty hard pressed to catch up, par-
ticularly as I have to make short trips for
special cases every few weeks. I had a
very successful trip, covering 850 miles,
and have practically completed my exam-
ination of the Rockies south of the Atha-
baska river. In another season we shall
have the fundamental improvements well
along toward completion, a complete revi-
sion of the map with all blanks eliminated,
sufficient ground work in the line of
volume and growth-tables and primary
traverses on which to start intensive re-
connaissance, if desired, comprehensive im-
provement, fire and administration plans
for which nearly all of the data has been
assembled, a scheme for game preservation
completely worked out, and a reasonable
start toward a field organization. All we
lack is properly equipped men to furnish
the motive power and make the things go.

'There's great activity here now in the
cabin-building line. We expect to com-
plete at least twenty six during the winter
— maybe a couple or three more, all by
ranger labor. We have one reconnaissance
crew at work on the Athabaska under
Clark, examining a large proposed sale,
and another going to work in a week on
the Brazeau on several proposed mine-
prop sales. We will n)"o "tart: a crew tak-

ing volume and growth figures on pine and
spruce under McVickar next week.

'We collected thirty bushels of spruce
cones and fifty of lodgepole pine cones for
the Indian Head nursery, pine on the
Clearwater and spruce on the Cypress Hills.
This was a most prodigious year for spruce,
both white and Englemann,'throughout the
Rockies, and I rather think throughout the
entire West this side the Divide. Nothing
unusual in pine or black spruce.

'We had a fire season remarkably free
of fires. The Bow River head-} the li&t
^^'i^.h only one fire, and that a very small,
iiu'lpiont, "class A" one. Wo had only
four "class C" fires, one on Clearwater,
one on Athabasca and two on Brazeau. . . .
Am going to Vancouver next month to the
Western Conservation and Forestry Asso-
ciation, and perhaps I'll give you some
rotes about that.'

University of Toronto Notes,

The Faculty of Forestry of the Univer-
sity of Toronto reports a comfortable in-
crease in its registration, there being
twenty new-comers, which brings the total
number of students up to fifty. This makes
the distribution for the different years, be-
ginning with the first year, twenty, nine,
ten and five, respectively, besides one in
each of five years of the six-year course.
The graduating class next spring -v^ill count
only six.

Mr. Asa S. Williams, a graduate from
the original New York State College of
Forestry at Cornell in 1903, has been giv-
ing a short course of lectures on logging
operations. Mr. Williams, after serving
two years with the Berlin Mills Company
in New Hampshire, one of the largest oper-
ators in that state, as forester supervising
tlie lumber camps, with a view of intro-
ducing more conservative logging, thon eu-
^'.iged as forester to the Lidgerwood Ma-i-
ufttcturing Company, who are manufactur-
'"^ logging machinery. Mr. Williams'
bnsiness consists in surveying the situa-
tion of proposed logging operations and
determining what method and machinery
are to be used. For the last three or four
years he has been engaged in the same
business in Canada, mostly on the Pacific
coast.

Several of the men in the field were pre-
vented by snowstorms from returning in
l>roper time, but all of them eventually
turned up all right.

Mr. Frank Stanley Newman, who had
been employed by the Dominion Forestry
Branch as forest assistant in the Duck
Mountain Forest Reserve, Manitoba, has
accepted a position as assistant to Mr. E.
J. Zavitz, forester for the Ontario Gov-
ernment, and will probably be placed in
charge of the nurseries at St. Williams.

194

Canadian Forestry Journal, December, 1913.

EMPIRE STATE FOREST PRODUCTS
ASSOCIATION.

The Empire State Forest Products As-
sociation held its 8th annual meeting and
banquet in New York, Nov. 13. Mr.
Frank L. Moore of Watertown, N. Y., the
president, in his address said that the two
greatest problems that confronted the peo-
ple of New York were the practical man-
agement of the forests and the regulation
of flood waters. He referred to the foolish
law of the State of New York by which
not even the dead and mature timber on
the 1,600,000 acres of state forest could
be cut or utilized in any way. He sug-
gested a carefully chosen board might be
given the power to decide what trees might
be cut in the state forests.

The forestry committee recommended: —
Efforts to secure larger appropriations for
fire protection. A larger appropriation to
the extent of one million dollars annually
for additional forestry purposes. And the
investment of several million dollars for
starting new forests on cut-over lands.

Mr. Clifford R. Pettis, Superintendent of
State Forests, estimated that the 1,600,000
acres of state forest preserve was worth
thirty million dollars. He pointed out that
under proper forest management the an-
nual growth could be taken each year and
the necessary forest maintained. The an-

nual growth on this he estimated at 250,-
000,000 board feet, or one-quarter the en-
tire cut of lumber in the state. At the
present time the interest on the cost of
this preserve, which was about four mil-
lion dollars, was $200,000 per year, the
taxes which the state pays were $150,000
per year, the cost of fire protection was
$15,000 per year, making a total carrying
charge of $365,000 a year. The utiliza-
tion of the ripe timber would change this
deficit of $365,000 into a net revenue of
$635,000.

CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

The Canadian Forestry Association is
the only popular organization in Canada
having for its object the conservation and
development of our forests through wise
use. It holds conventions and lectures and
publishes the Annual Report and Canadian
Forestry Journal (monthly).

All friends of the forests are eligible for
membership, the fee for which is one
dollar per year. Members receive without
extra charge all the publications of the
Association.

All who have not done so are invited to
become members to help extend the work.
Address The Secretary,
Canadian Forestry Assn.,
Canadian Building, Ottawa.

SPREADING THE WORK

'TEE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION wishes
all its members and friends a Happy and Prosperous

New Year.

In 1914 it hopes to do more than in any previous year

in the protection of the forests, which means the protection

of the interest of every Canadian citizen.

In this work it requires the assistance of every member.
One of the best means of spreading the work is for members
to interest their neighbours. A very efficient way of doing
this is to send the names of those likely to be interested.
The Secretary then communicates with these persons, and
experience shows that a good percentage become members.

Help on the work by sending in a list of names to
THE SECRETARY,

Canadian Forestry Association,

Canadian Building, OTTAWA, Ont,

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