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THE

VOL. v.]

JANUARY, 1882.

[No. 1.

THE GLADIOLUS.

The beautiful colored plate which adorns this number will enable our readers
to form a very correct impression of the perfection in form and coloring which
has been attained in the cultivation of a flower which, perhaps, many of them
will well remember under the name of Sword Lily. If our readers have not
recently noticed the progress that has been made in the production of new forms
and brilliant colors, they will thank the Directors of the Association for calling
their attention to it again by giving them this colored illustration, and the
opportunity of seeing it flower in their own gardens, by offering them as one of
the premiums which they can choose, three bulbs of this interesting flower.

Our climate is well suited to the growth and culture of the Gladiolus, much
better than that of England or France, and it is as easily grown and cared for as
the potato. It is only necessary to avoid soils that are wet, and therefore cold,
which means ground that is badly drained, and plant in such ground as one
would select in the expectation of raising a good potato crop. In enriching the
bed where it is proposed to plant them, do not use fresh or partially fermented
manure, as this tends to produce disease in the bulbs. The best is that which
has been thoroughly decomposed and composted with old sods and ground bone.
After the weather has become settled in spring and the ground in good working
condition, the bed should be dug over and the manure thoroughly mingled with
the soif. Then as soon as all danger of severe frosts is passed the bulbs may be
[)lanted out about ten inches apart each way, and four to five inches deep.

A nice bed of Gladiolus ls a most showy and attractive feature of the after
midsummer flower garden, and is particularly desirable on account of the blooms
aj)pearing at a time when flowers are less abundant. The colors are so bright
and showy, and withal so varied, the form of the flowers so elegant, and these
borne so conspicuously upon their tall spikes that they never fail to produce a
most beautiful effect. The cut blooms are also particularly useful for large
boquets and table decoration, for if the spikes are put into water, though only
the lower flowers are open, the buds above will all expand in succession as
perfectly as if they had never been severed from the plant.

*>

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

In the autumn, when severe frosts begin to appear, the bulbs should be taken
up, the stalks cut down to about an inch from the bulb, then after allowing
them to dry for a" few hours they can be stored in a box in the cellar, where
they will be free from frost until they are wanted for planting in the spring.
Small bulblets will be found adhering to the bottoms of the large bulbs ; if these
are saved, put into a paper bag and kept out of the ground for one whole season,
and then sown in good rich soil in the spring of the second year, they will grow,
increase in size, and the following year will produce flowers like those of the
parent bulb. It is also important to keep the bulbs away from mice for they
are very fond of them.

Our climate is so much better suited to the cultivation of the Gladiolus than
that of Europe that there is great inducement for those who are fond of expe-
rimenting to raise new varieties from seed, all of which will be more or less
beautiful, and some of them possibly better than those for which our European
raisers are so fond of charging us five dollars a piece. It only requires two, or
at the most, three years to grow nice blooming bulbs from the seed, so that one
does not have to wait very long before reaping the reward of his labours. It is
something to have learned how to " labor and to wait."

The colored illustration which has been kindly supplied at cost to our readei*s
by Mr. James Yick, of Rochester, N.Y., represents flowers selected from his
collection of named varieties on account of their fine form and contrast in color,
and yet he says they are not superior to scores of others. It is not necessary
that the planter confine himself to named varieties, many of the unnamed are
quite as pleasing and far less expensive, and those who wish a quantity of bloom
can obtain mixed sorts at little cost.

A FEW HINTS ON GRAPE GROWING.

Great attention is now being given
to the growing of grapes in this country.
It is not very long ago that we had only
two varieties of grapes in cultivation,
and neither of these were suited to the
cjimate of any large part of the Pro-
vince. The Catawba would ripen its
fruit only in the most favored spots,
such as the Lake Erie shore or some
specially warm and sheltered nook. The
Isabella, in favorable seasons, ripened
over a somewhat larger area, but that
was but a limited territory as compared
with the whole. The arrival of the
Clinton extended the limits of pos-
sible grape culture, but in our climate

the heat did not continue long enough
or was not sufficiently intense to develop
its saccharine properties so as to make
it a popular table grape. But within
a short time the number of varieties
has been greatly multiplied, resulting
in the production of several possesing
great excellence, capable of enduring
our climate and of ripening their fruit
in almost every part of the land.

Since the advent of these varieties
adapted to general cultivation, our
people have not been slow to appreciate
what a grand addition nice, rich, juicy,
sweet grapes are to our list of fruits ;
nor slow to find out how much sooner

THE CANADIAN nORTICDLTDRIST.

they come into bearing than the most
of our fiuit trees ; that instead of wait-
ing tive, six, eight or ten years for fruit,
they are sure of gathering a nice supply
the third season. Nor have they been
slow to find out that the product of a
few vines was not only a beautiful and
toothsome addition to one's home com-
forts, but a [)rofitable source of money
revenue. It was soon found that an
acre of grapes would yield five tons of
fruit, which, if sold at the moderate
price of four cents per pound, brought
to the producer the comfortable item
of four hundred dollars, which left him,
after making liberal allowance for labor
and capital invested, a better income
than any, even the most favorable, yield
of grain. Hence it is that to-day the
planting of grapes has reached such
vast proportions, and that new kinds,
which promise to be well adapted to
our climate and to take in the market,
are so eagerly sought after. Hence,
also, it is that inquiry as to the methods
of pruning, training and caring for the
grape is so active, and everything
throwing light upon the subject so
eagerly sought.

To help those who are thus seeking
information upon a matter so important
and interesting these hints on grape
growing are given, believing that, in
as much as they embody an experience
extending now over many years, they
will be found helpful to those especially
who are but beginners, those who are
just trying their prentice hand at the
mystery of grape growing, nor will they
find the lesson at all hard to learn.
The grape-vine is a very patient plant,
yielding generously her luscious fruits
under even very crude treatment. But,
as in everything else, he will reap the
finest fruit an*! the most money who
gives his mind to the business, attends
CJirefully to every detail, and never
allows any item of the work to suflfer
through neglect. There may be "no

royal road to learning," but there is a
royal road to success in grape growing,
and none may travel it but those who
have royal blood in their veins ; those
who, though they claim not descent
from regal sires, are nature's noblemen ;
men of earnest purpose, who, with head
and heart devoted to the culture, will
watchfully supply every want and guard
against every foe. To such there will
be truly golden harvests.

THE SOIL, AND PREPARATION FOR
PLANTING.

One of the first questions that arises
in the mind of the intending vine
planter is whether the soil at his com-
mand is suitable, and' what the prepara-
tion it requires. Fortunately the vine
is not very fastidious in its choice of
soils. I have planted it on gravelly,
sandy and clay soils, and find it to
thrive vigorously, and to bear profusely
on them all. One thing it requires, and
if this be given it, there is hardly any
soil in which it will not yield generous
returns ; but that one thing is essential
to healthy and permanent growth.
That thing is this : the soil must not
be wet. If the drainage be not such
that the soil is dry at all tim(?s, that
the water does not stand in it at any
season of the year, it must first be made
dry by thorough underdraining. When
this is attained, the character of the soil
in other respects seems to be of little
moment.

We may take it for granted that the
vine will flourish on soil suit;ible for an
apple-orchard; and may proceed to plant
on such soil with every expectation of
success.

Nor does the soil need such long and
expensive preparation as many writers
would have us to believe. Soil that
has been de^ly and thoroughly tilled ;
soil that has been tilled as it ought to
be to yield a good crop of Indian com,
will be in a suitable condition for the

THE CAJJADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

planting of grape vines. The deep
trenching and heavy manuring advised
by some writers I believe to be not
only unnecessary, but positively injuri-
ous. It causes an undue and unnatural
growth of wood ; it causes the texture
of the wood to be less firm, and the
vine becomes less able to resist extremes
of temperature.

I conclude, therefore, that any soil
that is well drained and in suitable tilth
to produce a good crop of Indian corn,
is suitable for the vine.

PLANTING THE VINE,
After considerable experiment and
much personal observation, I have been
fully convinced that we ought to give
more space to our vines than has been
usually given. Not less than twelve
feet apart each way is required for the
best development and most economical
and profitable culture. Parties in-
terested in the sale of vines may urge
closer planting ; but experience and
^)und reason, based upon a knowledge
of our climate and of the habits of the
vine, conspire to indicate this distance
as the best for us to adopt, especially if
planting a vineyard. If planting but
a few viues in the garden, where space
is limited, they may be set as close as
eight by ten feet.

Of the manner of planting, it can
surely not be needful to write. Any
one that has set out a tree or a cabbage
plant, knows enough to set out a grape
vine. It is a living plant, not a post,
and should be treated accordingly. The
hole should be made large enough to
allow of the roots being all spread out
in their natural position, and then care-
fully covered with finely pulverized soil.
Nor is the season of much importance.
At any time after the leaves fall in
autumn, and before the buds burst in
spring, and the soil is in condition to
be worked, the vine may be planted
>with success. TJae measure of success

will depend much on the care and
judgment of the planter. A covering
of coarse litter upon the ground over
the roots, usually called by gardeners a
mulch, will well repay the trouble of
putting on.

Plant them in fall or spring, as may
be most convenient; plant carefully,
and mulch after planting.

PRUNING AND TRAINING.

First Year.
When the young vines in a new-
plantation begin to grow, all the shoots
but one — usually all but the one near-
est the ground — should be rubbed off.
If, however, the one from nearest the
ground seems to be very feeble, or from
any other cause unsuitable, then the
shoot next higher
on the cane should
be preserved and all
the others rubbed
ofi". A small stake
—a strip of lath will
answer — should be
thrust into the
ground at each
plant, and the vine
carefully tied to
that, as it grows
during the summer.
None but slovenly
cultivators will
allow the weeds to
grow and choke the
young vines ; and
such persons should
never plant them.
This will be all the
care that the vines
will need during
the first season.

At the end of
the first season's
growth the young
vine will have the
appearance shewn
vmK o^^nE^R TRANS- m Figurs No. 1.

FLANTBD.

^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Second Year.

The next sprimg — usually in March
— the vine should be cut back to two
or three buds. After the shoots get
fairly started two of the strongest may
be selected, and all the others rubbed
off. As the growing shoots lengthen,
they should be tied to the stake, and
treated precisely as in the preceding
summer.

During the summer, preparations
should be made for permanently staking
and trellising the vineyard. And here
we come to a point upon which there is
great diversity of opinion and practice,
— I mean
the method
of training.
There is not
space enough
in these hints
to describe
the various
methods that
have been re-
commended.

I will de-
scribe the two
methods most
successful in
our climate,
and my read-
ers can choose
the one most
convenient for
them to adopt.
At the end
of the second
year the vine
will have the
ap p earance
shewn in Fig.
No. 2. Now,
if the trellis
system be
^ „ . adopted in the

Figure No. «. • f ^V,

HNE TWO YEABS TRAM3PLANTED. SpriUg Ot tlie

Third Year

these two canes should be stretched
horizontally in opposite directions, and
fastened in that position by being tied
to the lowest wire or horizontal bar of
the trellis. The vine will then have
the appearance shewn in Figure No. 3.

When the buds start into growth the
shoots should be trained upwards, per-
pendicular to these arms at a distance
of about six inches apart, and all other
shoots nibbed off.

Some difficulty may be experienced
in making the eyes nearest to the vine

6

THE CANADIAN H0RTICUI-TDEI8T.

to break well and form strong canes, as
the tendency is to make the strongest
growth at the extremities. This may
be overcome by bending the ends of
the horizontal canes to the ground and
fastening them there until the growth
in the eyes at the base has become
vigorous. This may be greatly helped
by pinching back the two canes several
times during the second season's growth,
which will cause the lower buds to be
very strongly developed.

These upright canes will bear fruit
this year, and in the autumn the vine
will present the appearance shewn in
Figure No. 4.

Subsequent pruning will consist
merely in cutting back each of these

alternate canes which were left standing
to the top of the trellis are allowed to
bear fruit on the lateral branches which
will grow from each bud. As many
laterals are allowed to grow and bear
each one bunch of grapes as the strength
of the vine will admit ; all the others
are rubbed off, and, after the first bunch
appears, the lateral is pinched off so as
to leave two or three leaves only beyond
the bunch of fruit. The next year the
upright canes that bore fruit the pre-
vious season are cut back to one eye
above the horizontal arm, and a new
upright trained up to bear fruit the
following year. Thus the canes are cut
back alternately.

The other system of training is called

Figwt No. 4.
THREE-YEAR OLP VINE IN FRUIT.

upright canes to the first strong, plump
bud above the horizontal arm, and train-
ing up a new fruit-bearing upright cane
each year. Some cultivators cut back
every other one of these upright canes
to within one bud of the arm, and cut
the others back merely at the top of
the trellis. Those canes which are cut
down to within one bud of the arm are
not allowed to bear any fruit, but the
new shoot is trained upright to the
ti'ellis to bear fruit the next year. The

the Arbor System. Stout poles are
set in each row of vines midway be-
tween the vines. To these poles are fas-
tened other and lighter ])oles, reaching
from pole to pole, at such height from
the ground as the size of the vines may
require ; also other light poles reaching
across to the poles of the next adjoin-
ing row. Upon these horizontal poles
light sticks are laid and fastened, form-
ing a sort of lattice over the space be-
tween the first and second row, the third

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0ULTDRI8T.

and fourth row, the fifth and sixth row,
and so on ; thus covering each alternate
space. Then the vines on the first and
second row are trained upon this lattice ;
the vines of the first row running
towards the second, and those of the
second towards the first row, — those of
the third towards the fourth, and those
of the fourth towards the third row, —
until each alternate space is covered
with vines, trained horizontally upon a
lattice or support of light poles. The
height of this lattice from the ground
is increased each year with the increas-
ing size of the vines, until it reaches
about seven feet from the ground, at
which point it is permanently main-
tained. When the vines have reached
this height, no branches, leaves or
shoots, are allowed to grow within five
feet of the ground.

The pruning in this plan of training
consists in cutting back the previous
season's growth to one or two buds, and
occasionally cutting out the old wood,
so that there may be a constant supply
of young fruit-bearing wood, and the
vine upon the top of the arbor not be-
come too thickly matted, but always so
thinu'^d out that tlie air can circulate
freely through the overlying foliage.

SUMMER PRUNING.
The only pruning that the vine should
receive during its season of growth will
be the nipping off of the ends of shoots
that should be stopped, in order to
throw the strength of the vine into the
fruit. The idea that the leaves of the
vine must be cut away to allow the sun
to shine upon the fruit is wholly ei-ro-
neous, and in practice leads to injurious
conserpr^nces. The leaves ebiborate the
sap, au'l ripen the fruit. In order to do
this office effectually, the leaves need to
be fully exposed to the sun and air ;
and that thr\v may he so exposeil, fully
and freely, all superfluous wood is cut
away in the Spring, and thus the foli-

age and fruit kept in due proportion to
each other, and to the space to be occu-
pied. How much to cut away, and
what to cut away, can not be taught
by written instructions. Something
will depend upon the vigor of growth
of the variety, and can be learned only
with pruning shears in hand. One
principle lies at the foundation of all
successful pruning, — that is, to replace
the old wood with new, the fruit being
borne on the wood of the curi-ent year,
which grows from buds formed on the
wood of last year. Only by so priming
as to keep a sufficient supply of strong,
healthy, well-ripened young wood, may
a crop of fruit be secured.

MANURES.
The best for a young vineyard not
yet come into bearing, is well-rotted
barn-yard manure. With most farmers
there is not much danger of applying
too much at this stage of growth, yet
it can be overdone. Judgment must
be used in this as in all things else;
and the best judgment is always the
result of practical experience. Some
varieties, such as the Delaware, will
bear considerable manure, not only
without injuiy, but with positive bene-
fit; while such as the Isabella and
Diana can be over-fed to their injury.
When the vines begin to bear, in addi-
tion to a moderate quantity of well-
rotted barn-yard manui-e, ground bones,
lime, ashes, salt, and even iron tilings,
if to be had, may be api)lied with great
benefit. In soils deficient in lime there
will be need of supplying lime in larger
proportion ; and as the country is re-
mote from the sea, the use of salt, sown
broadcast upon the ground, will, in
some measure, supply the defect.

DISEASES OF THE VINE.
The most common disease in this
country is the mildew, which attacks
the leaves and fruit, and sometimes

8

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

extends to the young shoots. It is a
parasitic plant, and I am disposed to
believe that those fungoid or parasitic
plants are not only not a disease, nor
even the first cause of a disease in the
vine, but only a consequence of disease.
It is not in the healthy vine, growing
in vigor and normal condition, that
these parasitic plants find the conditions
favorable to their development. It is
when the vine has received some shock,
has become in some degree unhealthy,
or been placed in some condition that
is abnormal, that these plants, ever
ready to fasten upon enfeebled and fail-
ing vegetation, finding conditions more
or less favorable to their development,
begin to show themselves, and then
effect becomes cause, and the sickening
vine becomes morje sickly by reason of
the preying parasite. There are some
vines of so delicate and feeble a consti-
tution that they are naturally inclined
to be unhealthy. Upon these we may
expect to find the parasitic fungi known
as mildew and rot. But they are not
to be expected upon vines of a robust
constitution, Such as the Concord, and
when they are found, we may at once
conclude that there is something more
to pay than any accidental so-called
disease. Over-bearing is one great
cause of sickly and enfeebled vines.
Injudicious pruning is another, and
probably the most common cause, for
even over-bearing is the result of inju-
dicious pruning. But most especially
is excessive summer pruning and defo-
liation a fruitful cause of disease, mil-
dew, and death. An abundant supply
of foliage, well exposed to the action
of air and light, are essential to the
health of the vine and the ripening of
the fruit. When mildew begins to
make its appearance, it can be fre-
quently prevented from spreading by
dusting the vine, leaves and fruit, with
flour of sulphur, and scattering it upon
the ground under the vines. Better

still, if there be reason to apprehend
mildew from the experience of previous
seasons, to apply the sulphur before
the mildew appears, and in this way,
it may be, prevent it wholly.

The grape vine of Europe {vitis vini-
fera) seems to be unable to bear the
extremes of heat and cold, drought and
moisture, incident to our climate. In
a short time it becomes so enfeebled as
to fall an easy prey to the mildew, and
it is found that those varieties of grape
which are crosses with the European
are more or less subject to this disease.
Hence, in planting vines, especially in
vineyard planting for commercial pur-
poses, it is of the utmost importance
to ascertain beforehand whether the
vine possesses a robust constitution.

INSECTS.
There are some insects which are
sure to be found upon sickly vines, very
rarely and sparsely upon vines that are
perfectly healthy. Of these are the
Aphis and Red Spider. In some sec-
tions and in some seasons, however,
there are other insects which attack
perfectly healthy vines ; and what is
the worse feature in the case, some take
particular delight in feeding upon the
grape flowers, and so destroy the crop
outright. The worst of these is the
Rose Bug {Macrodacti/lus subspinosa).
When these make their appearance in
large numbers they make fearful havoc
in the vineyard, eating first the flowers
and then the foliage. There is but one
method of efiectually getting rid of this
pest, and that is the simple one of
catching and killing. It is easily and
rapidly done, but it needs to be made
a business of, and all in whose
grounds they appear should
join in a work of utter exter-
mination. The annexed cut,
Figure No. 5, will enable
Fig. No. 5. those who are not familiar
RosEBua. with this little mischievous

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

9

beetle, to form an idea of its appear-
ance, and so to recognize it if it should
visit their vines.

There are a few other insect enemies
which have been found in Canada prey-
ing upon the vine, but thus far they

ters of fruit. Figure No. 6, c?, shews the
perfect beetle. Should the beetles be-
come numerous, so that they threaten
serious damage to the vines, the follow-
ing method of destroying them may be
adopted :

Figure No. 6.
The Grape Vine Flea-beetle.

{Haltica Chalyhea).

a shews a leaf of the vine perforated by the larvae, which are at work on the under side, b is the larva mag-
nified, the line at the right indicating the natural length, c is the cocoon, and d the perfect beetle enlarged,
the line at the left being intended to shew the natural size.

have not appeared in sufficient quanti-
ties to do much harm.

The Grape Vine Flea-Beetle is a little
greenish-blue, jumping fellow, that
should be carefully looked after when-
ever he makes his appearance, lest the
number should multiply so as to become
formidable. It feeds on the grape-vine
in both the larva and the beetle state.
Figure No. 6, a, shews the insect in the
larva state, and its manner of feeding
upon the leaves. At this time there is
no difficulty in gathering and destroy-
ing them, but in the beetle state they
are so active as to make it difficult to
catch them. If anything they are more
destructive in the beetle state, eating
into the bursting buds, and devouring
the entire embryo branch with its clus-

Take two pieces of common cotton
sheeting, each being two yards long and
half as wide; fasten sticks across the
end of each piece to keep the cloth
open, and then drench with kerosene.
Give the sheets thus prepared to two
persons, each having hold of the rods
at opposite ends of the sheets. Then
let the persons pass one sheet on either
side of the vine, being careful to unite
the cloth around the base of the vine ;
then let a third person give the stake
to which the vine is attached a sharp
blow with a heavy stick. Such a blow
will, in nearly every case, jar the beetles
into the sheets, where the kerosene kills
them instantly.

This process, after a little experience,
can be performed almost as rapidly as

10

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Figure

The Spotted Pelidnota.

a represents the full grown larva,

the persons employed can walk from
one vine to another. The expense
necessary is very trifling, and boys can
do the work quite as well as men.
Warm, bright afternoons are the proper
times for this work to b3 done, and it
should be performed faithfully every
sunny day until the vines are out of
danger. This mode of combating the
beetle promises to be much more eftec-
tual than any other which has been
hitherto suggested ; for it can be used
early in the season before the vines are
seriously injured and before the insects
have b3gun to multiply. In connection
with the above, the remedies which
have been recommended often should,
if necessary, be used. These are as
follows : First, all rubbish should be
removed fi'om the vineyard, and the
stakes and trellises which support the
vines be well cleaned of bark and
splinters, so as to afford the beetles
little chance for hibernating in the
vineyard. Second, if the larvae appear
in great numbers, lime should be sifted
over the vines.

The spoited Pelidnota, shewn in
Figure No. 7, feeds on the leaves of
the vine, and it is just as well to kill

No. 7.

{Pelidnota punctata).
6 the pupa, c the perfect beetle.

the beetles when you find them,^ lest
they should multiply suthciently to
commit serious damage, though I am
not aware that they have yet been so
numerous as to become seriously trouble-
some. (To he continued).

THE CEDARS OF LEBANON.
The once famous and extensive cedar
forest of Lebanon, according to a writer in
the Politkchz Correspond :nz, has dwindled
down to the dimensions of a mere thicket,
numbering about four hundred trees. To
save it from complete destruction, and
preserve it at least in its presejit extent,
Rustem Pacha, the Governor-G^aieral of
the Lebanon, has issued a special ordi-
nance, containing a series of stringent
regulations calculated to check, if not
quite put a stop to the vandalism and
carelessness of most travelers. It is ex-
pressly forbidden to put up tents or other
kinds of shelter within the district of the
trees, or to light fires or cook any provi-
sions in their vicinity. No one is allowed
to break oflf a bough or even a twig from
the trees. It is forbidden to bring any
beasts of burden within the district.
Should oxen, s leep, goats or other pas-
turage cattle be found within the pre-
scribed limits they will be irredeemably
confiscated.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

11

GRAPE GROWING AT LINDSAY.

BY JOHN KNOWLSON.

In February last I addressed a short
note to you giving an account of my
commencement of a small vineyard,
consisting of sixty varieties of vines,
planted in the spring of 1879, and
intimated that I expected to be able to
report my success with them by the
end of the current year. Out of that
number (averaging eight vines of each
variety) tliirty kinds fruited this season.
I may mention that, when I made my
selection of plants, my aim was to get
early and hardy sorts, with the ex-
ception of four or five late-ripening
varieties, which I determined to risk as
an experiment. Out of the thirty kinds
that fruited, twenty-five of them were
quite ripe by the middle of September,
indeed it was on the fifteenth that we
had these twenty-five pulled andhoused,
and a few of these had been ripe a full
week previous, viz. : The Champion (a
variety which has been introduced into
the Province of Quebec under another
name, viz Beaconsfield), the Hartford,
Tolman, Janesville, Telegraph, Massa-
soit and Eumelan. Of the late kinds,
the Concord, Clinton and Agawam
ripened about the twenty-fifth of same
montli. and the Diana and Cynthiana
the first week in October. Of the
Cynthiana, the great red wine grape of
Missouri, the bunches and berries were
very small, and the berries generally
througliout the vineyard were, I think,
smaller than they otherwise would have
been but for the long-continued droujrht
throuL,di a orreat portion of the summer
months. If we had had an occasional
copious rain-fall during that extremely
hot and dry period, I imagine the fruit
would have l)een larger ; whether that
long continuation of parching weather
had tiie effect of producing early ripen-
ing, I do not undertake to determine ;
possibly it had, so that, taking into
consid- ration the exceptional character

of the season, I do not pretend to decide
that the present year's production is a
fair test of the results that may be
expected in the future ; however, I am
thoroughly convinced that the ground
on which my vines are planted is well
adapted to their cultivation. The sur-
face Hoil is a clay loam, mixed with
numerous small roundish lime-stones,
from twelve to fifteen inches in depth,
resting u\)on a sub-stratum of the same'
sort of stones, say from an ounce to
four or five pounds weight, five to six
feet deep, with little or no soil mixed
through them.

I planted about 800 more vines last
spring, principally Concord, with a view
to make a fair and cheaj) drinkable
wine. I have had several varieties of
grapes ripen in Lindsay four seasons
out of five for the last eigliteen years,
although grown on a hard clay soil ;
but the vines I have been referring to
above are planted about ten miles to
the north of here, and are about fifty
miles north from the town of Port
Hope, situate on the shore of Lake
Ontario, at which latter place, as also
about the neighbouring Town of Co-
bourg, the attempt to grow out-door
grapes has not been successful, although
the soil seems quite well adapted to the ,
purpose.

A few of the varieties I have planted
I should have no desire to repeat —
the Champion for one, as I consider it
of very poor quality, and if the people
of Quebec have a relish for it I for one
do not envy them their enjoyment of
it ; the Hartford is not much better,
besides it is objectionable on account
of dropping its berries as soon as ripe ;
the Janesville is only four or five days
later than the Champion, and I think
of better quality than either it or the
Hartford ; the Massiisoit I like if pulled
at the proper stage of maturity ; if

12

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

allowed to hang too long on the vine it
loses its flavor, particularly should wet
weather prevail at the time.

I have made a few gallons of wine
each year for the last five years from
the Clinton, and find it improves very
much with age, and thus makes a wine
not to be despised. I would grow more
of the Clinton were it not that the
robins are so destructive on the crop ;
it is impossible to protect the fruit until
it gets properly ripe ; they also devour
large quantities of strawberries and
other small fruits, and I have never
discovered that they are of much value
in destroying pestiferous insects. It
is not at all uncommon to find cater-
pillars and insects of different kinds
swarming on the same tree with the
robin's nest, while hatching and rearing
its brood, and not one of the insect
tribe disturbed.

I may mention here that the Rev.
Mr. Logan, of Fenelon Falls, which is
about six miles still further north than
my plantation, has been quite successful
in ripening several varieties of out-door
grapes, and the late Mr. Hooey, of
Rosedale, a few miles still farther north,
grew fine specimens for several years
in succession. I visited his place in
1879, and found his soil, both sur-
face and sub- soil, quite similar to mine.

I may refer to another fact which
. serves to give me confidence as to my
future success, viz., that the wood of
nearly all my vines was hard and
thoroughly matured by the 25th of
September, and a few varieties even
much earlier.

I am persuaded that there are large
areas of land in the Counties of Victoria
and Peterborough well suited for the
cultivation of the grape, and I am
sanguine enough to believe that Canada
ere long will be found to be a wine
producing country, and I hope to see
efforts made to make it such ; for if we
desire to do away with the common use

of bad whisky and other spirituous
compounds, a substitute must be pro-
vided; we must encourage by every
legitimate means the production of a
wholesome, exhilarating, non-inebri-
ating beverage made from the juice of
the grape ; cheap, pure, light wines to
be used by all classes, young and old,
as it is in France, where amongst the
rural population, as well as that of
many of the large towns, a drunken
person is a vara avis. Here let me
say that although I by no means under-
value the work that has been done, and
the great efforts still making by tem-
perance advocates (notwithstanding, to
my mind, some very illogical arguments
often escape the lips of the most sincere
pleaders of the cause), for strict tem-
perance has long been and still is my
motto, yet I am persuaded that if such
wines as I have alluded to can be pro-
duced and become the common bever-
age, as in France and other portions of
Europe, it would prove the capsheaf to
all the temperance movements that
have yet been inaugurated. 1 have but
little faith in the doctrine of Prohibition
of the spirituous liquor traffic, unless a
refreshing and harmless substitute is
provided, neither do I concur in a de-
cision that was recently given by a
debating club a few miles from here,
". That the moderate use of liquor is a
sin." In my collection of vines I have
four or five white varieties, one of
which is the Elvira, said to make a
good white wine. From its manner of
fruiting this season it has not proved
all I was led to expect from it ; the
bunches, though numerous enough,
were small, and the berries so closely
compacted that their size was not half
developed, besides they ripened un-
evenly, a few of the largest on each
bunch taking the lead and either
cracked open or the skins were punc-
tured by wasps, which seemed to con-
fine their depredations to this variety,

THE CANADIAN HORTICUmURIST.

13

besides many ants joined them in the
feast. This is my experience with the
Elvira so far ; they may do better as
the vines get older. Any of the white
kinds that I have proved so far has not
come up to the standard of what I
desire. In quality the Rebecca pleases
me best. My Delawares, planted
with the others in 1879, have not
borne fruit yet, and seem slow growers,
although I alloted them, as was neces-
sary, the richest part of the soil ; the
six lonas I planted in the spring of
1880 have given me as yet no proof of
what they will do in the way of ripen-
ing ; my Prentiss, Duchess and Lady
Washington were only planted last
spring, so that I am unable to speak
for them, and am now patiently waiting
for a few vines of the Niagara, which
is generally expected to eclipse all com-
petitoi'S. I hope it may. All Rogers'
Hybrids I have planted give promise
of good results. My first planted vines
are eight feet apart in the row, and the
rows nine feet apart, and my trellises
are constructed with four horizontal
No. 12 galvanized iron wires, placed
about eighteen inches asunder and fas-
tened with wire staples to the sides of
cedar posts, which were cut eight and
a-half feet long and about four inches
and upwards in diameter, sharpened as
a stake at the thick end, and one placed
midway between each vine; a hole
being first prepared with a crow-bar,
and the post driven down two and a-
half feet with a heavy maul, the driver
standing on a raised platform ; these
were put down in 1879, and so far have
shown no signs of heaving by frost, but,
should they ever do so, a little pounding
occasionally will put them right. The
posts at the end of each row are braced,
and small holes bored through for the
wires lo pass through where they are
fastened to the posts, but at one end
of each row only, by bringing the end
of the wire half round the post and,

meeting the wire on the other side,
twisting them together ; at the other
end of the row the wires also pass
through similar holes in the post, and
here I use a strip one inch and a-half
square, ripped out of one and a-half
inch dry oak plank, thirteen feet long,
each length cut into three equal parts
of four feet three inches each ; through
this strip is bored four small holes cor-
responding in spaces with the four
holes in the post ; these strips are placed
vertically on the outside of the post,
first placing three small wedges, four
or five inches in length, and from an
inch to an inch and a-half thick at the
large end, between the strip and the
post at convenient distances ; the end
of each of the four wires is then
brought through the holes in the stiips
and tightened with the stretcher or the
claws of a good hammer, a turn taken
half round the strip to meet the wire on
the opposite side and twisted together.
This method I have adopted to provide
against contraction and expansion of
the wires ; possibly there are simpler
and better plans for this object, but I
have had no opportunity of making
their acquaintance. In the fall I slacken
or remove the wedges altogether. When
the wires again require tightening, ail
that is required is to give a few taps
of the wedges. T intend in future
to set my posts twelve to sixteen feet
apart.

1 am desirous to plant eight or t<^n
acres more, in addition to my present
three acres, but find myself too f:ir
advanced in years (now bordering on
four-score, for nearly sixty-five of whieli
I have made Canada my home) to under-
take such an extension. However,
between now and next spring I intend
looking out for a practical vine-dresser
and experienced culturist, or one dis-
posed to invest some capital, to join me
in carrying out the project to the de-
sired extent.

u

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

PRESERVING PLUMS FROM THE
CURCULIO.

BV J. W. JOHNSTON, CAMPBELLFORD.

Last spring, as usual, I had a pros-
pect of a large crop of plums, if the
cure alio would only let — say half of
t^em alone. For years back I tried
every remedy I heard of, including
smoking with coal tar, jarring trees on
sheets, &c. ; but with very indifferent
results, as every one who has tried it
knows that large trees can not be suc-
cessfully jarred.

So last spring I resolved to put in
practice a theory I have had in my
mind for a long time, viz. : to coat the
plums over with some substance that
would not in any way injure the fruit,
and yet be imj^ervious to the attacks of
the curculio. I had not long to wait.
The fruit was no sooner set than the
curculio began to work in a lively
manner. If I meant to do anything I
had to hurry up. Well, early in the
morning I went out with a pail of dry
air-slaked lime and threw it thoroughly
through the trees, using up two pails-
ful on six trees about seven years
planted. Every leaf, twig, and plum
was thoroughly coated with lime.
When the sun dried the dew off, the
trees were dazzling white. This coat-
ing I repeated three times, as winds
and rains took it off. The result was
the trees were overloaded. The cur-
culio would not bite the lime off to get
at the plums. They could be seen
running along the twigs during the day
with their long noses elevated at an
angle of 45 degrees, while on the other
trees not so treated they were positively
travelling with their noses down. The
lime did not injure either the fruit or
the foliage. I had about one hundred
bearing trees, and only those limed
escaped ; on the latter not a plum was
stung. That this remedy will prove
successful wherever faithfully applied,
I have not the slightest doubt j but if

he is allowed a day or two tlie start, \
the plums will be all stung before you ^
know where you are. Before the fruit
is ripe the wind and i-ustling of the
leaves will have taken all the lime off
the fruit. As soon as the curculio egg-
laying season is over, say four weeks
after fruit sets, the trouble is ended.

Remedy No. 2 is another pUm I had
thought of for some time, but have not
yet tried it, as I found the first so suc-
cessful. It would consist of a balloon-
shaped net of any cheap material, such
as cheese-bandage cloth, costing four to
six cents per yard ; and as each net
could be used several seasons, it would
not be expensive. It would only re-
quire to be on the trees about four
weeks, and would save the entire crop.
One side of the net would require to be
left open, with small hooks (and eyes
or not) sewed down the edge to close it
when the tree was enveloped, and then
closely tied at the bottom to prevent
any curculio effecting an entrance.
The trees would require to be well
jarred first to make sure of none of the
enemy being left within. The cloth
netting might be made very durable by
soaking in oil of some kind. I hope
the members of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association will try one or
both of these remedies next spring and
report success.

REPORT ON TREES, &c. RECEIVED.

I submit the following report of the
trees, &c., received from the Fruit
Growers' Association, with the results :

1872. McLaughlin Plum grew well,
is a fine tree, in good bearing. This
plum as a dessert plum is in every
respect first-class, of the finest flavor,
but too tender to send to market except
in small baskets packed like straw-
berries.

1873. Grimes Golden Pippin— Tree
dead when it came ; evidently had been
badly heeled in and winter killed.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

15

1874. Downing Grooseberry and
Salem Grape — Both very satisfactory.
The gooseberry is perfectly free from
mildew, bears well, and in my opinion
is one of the best small gooseberries I
have seen, being nearly double the size
of the Houghton Seedling, and just as
hardy and prolific. The Salem Grape
is so well known much need not be
said. It ripens well here, and we
esteem it one of the very best out-door
grapes for the table, being sweet and
luscious. The vine, like most of Rogers'
Seedlings, is a very strong grower,

1875. Swayzie Pomme Grise Apple
and Flemish Beauty Pear — The apple
tree was very poor, being nearly gnawed
through by mice when it came ; with
care it has lived but not borne any
fruit yet. The Flemish Beauty Pear
is hardy. The fruit needs no descrip-
tion, but with me it has a tendency to
fire-blight. There is no pear has suc-
ceeded so well with me as the Buerre
d'Anjou ; it passed last winter — the
severest we ever knew here — without
injury, when almost every variety were
hurt. The fruit is jSrst-ckss, and
ripens at a season when fruit is getting
scarce in the market.

1876. GlassSeedling Plum— A hardy
tree and good grower. The plum, being
late, is a good market plum ; preserves
well.

1877. Diadem Raspberry — Straw-
berries— The plants received were rul>
bish ; the raspberry a shoot broken off
an old root, and two strawberries,
apparently third or fourth runners.
Neither grew, as might have been ex-
pected.

1878. Burnet Grape — The vine re-
ceived in good order has grown well,
fruited a few bunches last year, but not
sufficient for a test. The grape does
not appear to set its fruit well, — some-
thing like the Creveling and Eumelan.
The vine being now strong, this year
will probably test its quality in that

rpsi ect as well as the flavor and time
of ripening.

1879. Arnold's Ontario Apple — Re-
ceived in good order, lias grown fairly
but of course not yet fruited.

1880. Saunder's Seedling Raspberry.
No. 72 — A good plant, made good
shoots this year. Will not be able to
form an opinioir of the fruit till next
summer.

1881. Dempsey Potatoe — A strong
grower ; the excessive drought this
season, causing a failure of crops in
most places, prevents mo giving an
opinion respecting their p.oductiveness
or quality.

Yours respectfully,

GiioRGE Elliott.

THE GRAPE.

{From the address of the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Prt'
sident of the American Poirwlogical Society, at its
last session, Sept. lU, 1S81.)

In the order of discussion I have
placed the Grape first on our roll. No
other fruit, unless it be the strawberry,
is now attracting so much attention;
and perhaps no other, if we except the
apple, is of more importance as a source
of revenue, or as an article of luxury
for our tables, as the Grapa. No other
country possesses such a vast extent of
territory, or possibilities for its success-
ful culture, and in no other section of
the globe is there, at the present time,
such encouragement thereto. In fact,
it seems as though Providence had de-
signed many parts of our continent
especially for its cultivation. The
Scandinavians, as the Sagas have it,
eight hundred years ago, here found
the vine growing so abundantly that
they gave to our coast the name of
Vinland. Chamj)lain, in his voyages
on our coast about five hundred years
afterwards, saw vines in abundance.
The Pilgrim Fathers, at Plymouth,
found grai^es, ** white and red, and very
strong," and should the phylloxera con-

16

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

tinue its devastation in the vineyards
of the Old "World, our country may
become the most favored vineland of
the world.

In the whole circle of our pomologi-
cal progress there is no fruit which ex-
cites so much enterprise and interest,
whose culture is being so rapidly ex-
tended, or which gives so great promise
of success as that of the Grape ; and
should this same enterprise continue
for fifty years to come, we can hardly
estimate its value as a revenue in our
country. All localities are not equally
suited to its growth, but where our
wild species are fouild, other new and
improved sorts, produced by hybridiz-
ation, will be found equally well adapt-
ed. With every succeeding year new
and valuable varieties are coming to
notice, either adapted to special loca-
tions or purposes, or for general culti-
vation. Nor is it too much to hope
that ere the close of this century, with
our present zeal and skill, we shall
produce varieties that will rival the
choicest kinds of the most favored
climes. Even now we have those which
compare favorably with our foreign va-
rieties, and we believe the time is not
distant when the aroma of our native
sorts, now so much despised by some,
will become, when chastened down as
as it has been in the Brighton, Duchess,
Rochester, and Monroe, one of the ex-
cellent characteristics of our American
grapes.

How potent the influences of this
art ! Little did Mr. Bull think what
a blessing he was conferring on the
world when he sowed the seed which
produced the Concord grape, the mother
of so many improved varieties. See
the number of white varieties (not to
speak of others) which have been pro-
duced mostly from this : the Martha,
Lady, Pocklington, Lady Washington,
Hayes, Ann Arbor, Prentiss, Duchess,
and still another soon to be within our

reach, which is heralded like Niagara
herself as one of the wonders of the
world.

The illustrations of this improvement
are manifested in the numerous seed-
lings obtained by crosses on the Con-
cord, some of which are of a very re-
markable character, possessing great
size and beauty, and whose vigor and
productiveness are declared to be even
greater than that of their mother. We
see this improvement also in the crosses
of a wild Grape with the foreign species
by Rogers, as shown by the ameliora-
tion of the native aroma in the Barry,
Wilder, and Lindley, the last named,
like the Jefferson of Ricketts, possess-
ing a peculiar rich flavor, which might,
with propriety, be denomirated, and
may yet be distinguished as the Muscat
of America. Nor do I doubt that we
shall in time produce varieties which
will compare favorably with, and per-
haps be equal in size, beauty, and ex-
cellence, to the Cannon Hall, or other
Muscat, now so highly praised for their
peculiar aroma. The Pocklington, in
size and beauty, is an approach to this.
Nor is it unreasonable to suppose but
we may have a Grape, if we have it
not now in the Duchess, that is as well
adapted to exportation as the White
Malaga, and of much better quality.
What has been done can be done again.
Nature has in her laboratory infinite
stores of the same elements which have
produced our finest fruits, and we have
only to knock at her portals and pro-
nounce the SESAME, when she will open
to us the secrets of her wonder-working
power. These predictions may be con-
sidered as the fantasies or vagaries of
imagination' or as indications of a too
ardent desire for progress. No, no,
neither are they the results of chance.
They are founded on those immutable
laws which govern all sciences, in the
control of mind over matter, and the
power of man to assist nature in her

THE OA-NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

17

onward raarcli to higher and higher
states of perfection. That we shall pos-
sess such improved varieties as we have
predicted we have no reason to doubt.
Our country is large and varied in cli-
mate and soil. Though we of the
North cannot expect to grow tropical
fruits— nor may we grow a Grape of
the excellence of the Black Hamburg
suited to out-door cultivation — -yet we
can produce fruits of great importance
to ourselves, and of inestimable value
to other portions of our country, as we
have seen in the Baldwin, Rhode Island
Greening, and Roxbury Russet apples,
in the Diana, the Concord, the Rogers
Grapes, tlie Bartlett pear, and other
fruits which have been sent out from
New England.

FARMERS AND SMALL FRUITS.
In travelling about the country among
he farmers I have often wondered why
' few of them raised small fruits. Not
le in five, on an average, tastes any
^ind of small fruit of his own growing
from one year to another. Formerly a
few currant bushes struggled with the
2;ra.ss and weeds in the fence corners and
'ave an abundance of small but whole-
jome fruit, but, with the worm as a foe,
:he bushes were unequal to the contest ;
he gra.s.s waves triumphantly over their
lead remains, and the farmer is entirely
vithout small fruit. Why this great
;carcity ] Certainly not because farm-
ii-s do not love fine fruit. Ask any one
)f them into your plat, and you will be
lurprised to see what capacity he has
or stowing a large quantity in a small
ipace. Nor is it because he is too stingy
or he will send the boys and girls, and
ven go himself, miles away to a few
'raggling wild bushes to pick a few
•or berries that cost him two or three
. lines as much as it would to grow those
rery much better on his own farm.

There are three reasons to which we
•an attribute this lack of small fruits
2

on the farm : First comes carelessness.
The farmer sees the fruit in its prime
and resolves to raise plenty for his
family, but before planting time comes
he has partially forgotten his good pur-
pose, and lets the proper season go by.
Second, the mistaken notion that pre-
vails as to the great labor and expense
of growing: what would be needed to
supply his family. The last and best
reason is that the Farmer does not
appreciate the value of the small fruits
to his family, both as food and as medi-
cine. When he looks at the early straw-
berry blushing and nodding amid the
dew-laden leaves, and his mouth waters
for a taste, he does not realize that na-
ture is yearning within him for the acid
contained in the fruit, to help relieve
the system from the accumulations of
winter, and prepare it to endure sum-
mer's heat. He does not consider that
each of the fruits in its season contains
some principle that is just adapted to
the wants of the body at that time, and
that many times the free use of each
would save large amounts in doctor's
bills, as well as much suffering, and
many times the life of a beloved one.
The average American farmer is not
yet educated up to the full enjoyment
of his high calling and God given pri-
vileges. He does not yet realize that
he is near the fountain-head, and is en-
titled to partake first and of the best of
everything that grows, and that when
he neglects to provide himself and
family with these health-giving neces-
saries he is culpably responsible for the
bad results.

To correct these false impressions,
and to cause him to provide and enjoy
these, his rights as the tiller of the soil,
would be conferring on himself and
family a great &n\} lasting benefit. One
acre of good land, properly divided and
cultivated, would furnish any ordinary
farmer's family all the fruits, fresh and
canned, needed from the earliest ripen-

IS

THU CANADIAN HORTTOTTLTITEIST.

ing of the strawberry to its coming
again. To what other use could an
acre of land be put that would add so
much of health, comfort and enjoyment.
In planting, the farmer should not .fall
into the too common error of using
small beds or plats here and there scat-
tered about, but let the rows run the
whole length, and so place them that
the main cultivation can be done with a
horse. This will save much hard work
and valuable time in hoeing. Another
fact he should remember : " The easiest
cultivation is thorough cultivation" —
no half-way business. It is much easier
to keep the land entirely clean than to
keep it half overrun with grass and
weeds. He should remember this acre
is worth two in corn or potatoes and
give it good care, allowing nothing but
fruit to grow. Of kinds, it should
contain at least strawberries, raspber-
ries (red and black), currants, black-
berries and grapes. — Rural New Yorker.

JELLIES AND PRESERVES.

Currant AND Gooseberry Jelly. —
The currants are beginning to ripen,
and those housekeepers who want nice
jelly must take them in time before the
juice begins to grow thin, else they will
have trouble to make their jelly "come."
Look them over carefully, crush and
strain through a jelly-bag, then measure
the juice, and for every pint allow a
pint of best white sugar. Put the
juice over to boil in a porcelain-lined
kettle, and boil twenty minutes or more,
according to quantity and thickness of
the juice. It is better to boil little
juice at a time if you want your jelly
very nice, as the less time it is over
the tire, the lighter-colored it will be.
Skim off carefully all the refuse that
rises to the top. Put your sugar in the
oven and heat it hot, being very care-
ful not to scorch it ; then add it to the
boiling juice and boil three or four

minutes, or until a few drops taken out
on the tin will make jelly readily, then
turn into jelly-cups and set away in a
dry, cool place. Gooseberries make a
nice tart jelly, delicious with meat.
Pick the berries clean, cover with cold
water, and boil till soft; strain through
a jelly-bag, then proceed the same as
in making currant jelly.

Though I am fond of canned fruit
(when it is properly put up and comes
out from the can fresh and free from
mould or must), there are some fruits
which, for variety, I like " done up" in
the old-fashioned ways, and as I have
some receipts which I think will please,
I give them for the benefit of other
housekeepers who like an occasional
dish of preserves, spiced fruit, jam or
marmalade.

To Preserve Plums. — Look them
over and pick out all that are imperfect
or unsound. Make a syrup of clean,
brown sugar and clarify it. When per-
fectly clear and boiling hot, pour it over
the plums. Letthemremain in the syrup '
two days, then drain it off, make it
boiling hot, skim it and pour it over
again ; let it remain another day or
two, then put over the fire and simmer
gently till the syrup is thick and rich.
Use one pound of sugar to each pound
of fruit.

Peach Butter. — Pare and stone
good peaches and cut them in quarters.
Cook them two hours ; then to each
pound of fruit add half a pound of sugar,
and cook two hours longer, stirring
almost constantly.

Spiced Currants. — To 5 ft) of fruit,
add 3 ft) of sugar (either white or good
clean brown), 1 pt. of good cider vine-
gar, 2 large tablespoonfuls of ground
cinnamon, 1 tablespoonful of ground
cloves, and 1 tablespoonful of ground
allspice. Heat all together in a porce-
lain-lined kettle ; skim out the fruit,
and boil down the juice till it will make
jelly ; return the currants, and let it

TfiE CANAt>IAJ^ HORTICtJLTtJBIBT.

19

boil up once ; then pour into your fruit
jar. "When cold, tie or paste a thick
paper over the top, and set where it is
dry and cool.

Spiced Grapes. — Get ready 5 B)
of fruit, 4 5) of sugar, 2 tablespoon-
fuls each of cinnamon and mace, and 1
pt. of the best vinegar. Boil the sugar,
spices and vinegar together about one
hour, or until thick. Heat the grapes
and rub through a colander. Add the
syrup to the fruit, and let it boil up
once.

Currant Preserves. — To each lb
of fruit, add one S) of good white
sugar, and set it on the stove. Let
it come to a boil ; skim out the cur-
rants, and boil the syrup down till it
will make jelly ; put back the fruit,
and dip into bowls. When cold, paste
paper wet with white of egg over the
top, and set away.

Crab-Apple Marmalade. — Boil the
apples in a kettle till soft, with just
enough water to cover them. Mash
and strain through a colander ; then to
a pound of fruit take three-fourths of
a pound of sugar, and boil half an hour.
— Susan Busybee, in Country Gentle-

HARDY PEACHES.

In such portions as are favorable to
the growth and bearing of the peach,
we have not discovered much difference
in the endurance in winter of the dif-
ferent varieties, the temperature rarely
passing lower than 1 2° below zero. As
the shoots of most of the sorts are never
winter-killed, no material difference can
be seen in the hardiness of the varieties.
But in many places at the West, where
the growth is more luxuriant, the ripen-
ing of the young wood not so perfect,
and where the thermometer often sinks
to 20° below zero, the case is different.
D. B. Wier, of the Prairie Farmer,
says the past winter was very useful to
the fruit-grower in indicating hardy

sorts for future propagation. He men-
tions two well-known peaches, both
great favorites, known as Crawford's
Early and Oldmixon Free. The Craw-
ford is large, handsome and popular,
and sells at the highest price, but the
tree and fruit buds are easily injured
by severe cold. The Oldmixon, although
not so large and handsome, bears in that
State four bushels of fruit to one borne
by the Crawford, and notwithstanding
the former sells at a lower price, it gives
the grower twice as much money tree
for tree. The Crawford bears well in
good seasons when prices generally are
down, and the Oldmixons sell at much
higher prices in scarce years than the
Crawfords in the plentiful seasons when
they bear. For this reason it is recom-
mended in all localities where this differ-
ence occurs, as the most profitable and
worthy of more extensive planting. —
Country Gentleman.

BLACK RASPBERRIES.
We expect to add to our raspberry
plantation by setting out this fall
twenty-five acres more of black caps,
and these will be in about the follow-
ing proportions : Three acres in Thorn-
less, five acres Tyler, five acres Mam-
moth Cluster, twelve acres Gregg.
This gives good pickings, first to last.
The Davidson Thornless are so very
early that we get twelve to fifteen
cents per quart for bulk of crop. The
Tyler is very near as early, and yields
larger and a much longer crop, taking
the place of the Doolittle — which sort
is so much afliected by the rust the
country over. The Tyler is a rank
grower, and has never shown rust with
us ; and were we to be confined to but
two black raspbemes for market pur-
poses, we should choose Tyler and Gregg
— though the Mammoth Cluster is
needed to fill in well between the two,
as the Tyler is about gone when the

THE CANADIAN HOB TICULTCEIST.

Gregg gets into good picking, and such
pickings we never saw in the black
raspberry line. The bushes are liter-
ally covered over with clusters.

Our best pickers would average ten
to twelve quarts per hour of the Gregg.
The bush is a rank grower and perfect-
ly hardy with us. With black rasp-
berries dried, quoted at twenty-seven
to thirty cents per lb., we see no danger
of overdoing the business for years to
come. — A. M. Purdy, in Fruit Re-
corder.

THE NEWER STRAWBERRIES.

Finch's Prolific. — Originated in
Southern Ohio, and thought to be a
cross of Russell's Prolific with W^ilson.
We have only tested it one season, but
are strongly impressed with its value
as a very productive and firm market
berry; plant strong and healthy; fruit
large, good form and color; medium
quality, very firm ; think it should be
tested by every one growing fruit for
market.

Bid WELL. — A very valuable early
variety; plants strong and vigorous
even on light soil; very productive,
fruit of large size; long and conical
in shape, with an occasional coxcomb
berry; color, a glossy crimson; superior
quality.

Marvin. — A cross between Wilson
and Jucunda. It will not thrive on
light, dry soil ; on heavy clay soil it is
of gi-eat value ; fruit of large size, dark
red, veiy firm and solid, good quality ;
and what is best of all, the very latest
to ripen.

Mount Yernon, or Kirkwood. —
Originated in Southern New Jersey,
and said to be the most profitable mar-
ket berry ever grown there. The plant
is one of the most vigorous on our place ;
very productive, fruit of medium size
and quality ; moderately firm ; ripens
very late, and valuable for market on
that account. — Fruit Recorder,

MOORE'S EARLY GRAPE IN THE
PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

The Fruit Committee of the Montreal
Horticultural Society, in the Report
for 1880, say of this variety that it is
fully equal in quality to the Concord,
that it ripens before the Hartford
Prolific, or as nearly as possible with
the Champion, known there more re-
cently as Beaconsfield, but quite sur-
passing it in flavor, and add, " we
believe this variety will prove of great
value to our Province on account of its
early ripening, and because, as we are
informed, the vine is vigorous and
healthy. It has been fruited in Ontario,
and is there much esteemed. The
Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
after testing this grape for several years^
awarded it a prize of sixty dollars as
the best new seedling grape."

THE WILDER GRAPE IN THE
PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

At the recent exhibition of the Hor-
ticultural Society of L'Islet County,
Province of Quebec, latitude 47° noi-th,
Mr. Auguste Dupuis exhibited this
grape, grown by him in the open air,
perfectly ripe and of-fii'st quality. W^e
are fully pei-suaded that this grape will
prove to be one of the most valuable of
the Rogers varieties in our climate.

PACKING GRAPES.

I wish to offer a few suggestions to the
grape growers in reference to packing
grapes for shipping to niaiket. The
manner of packing has much to do with
the condition in which they arrive in
market, and the condition has much to do
with the price obtained.

In the first place, grapes should never
be gathered when wet with dew or rain.
The best method that I have tried for
gathering grapes is to take a sharp pair of
shears (pruning shears answer well) or a
sharp knife with hooked blade : take hold
of the buach with one hand and cut the

THE CANADIAN HOBTICOtTDEIST.

31

stem of the grapes with the knife or shears
held in the other hand, and take off all
green and decayed berries, then lay in
carefully in a basket, then proceed to the
next ; when the basket is full, carry it to
the place of packing, which should be
under roof ; the next operation is to pack
them in boxes, which should be both
light and strong ; twelve by eighteen
inches, and four or five inches deep, is a
convenient size and will hold from sixteen
to twenty pounds if properly packed ; to
do this right it will take some experience.

I would recommend that the box be set
on a table of convenient height, having
the back end of the box elevated three or
four inches by placing something under
it, then commence at the end next to you
and lay the bunches in carefully, pressing
them together gently, but not hard enough
to break the berries. When the bottom
of the box is covered one layer deep, com-
mence at the front again, put in a second
layer, placing the larger bunches in the
low places and the smaller bunches on the
high places, thus keeping them as level as
possible ; proceed in this manner until the
box is full, being careful to have the box
as level as possible when done. Cutting
bunches to fill up cavities is not a good
practice, as large bunches sell best.

When the box is full set it aside and
proceed to fill another, and so on until all
are full. The boxes thus filled should be
allowed to stand until the stems of the
grapes are wilted and become pliable,
which will take from six to twenty-four
hours ; then take a board and cover the
box, placing one hand under the box and
the other on the cover ; then set the box
on end holding the cover securely in its
place with one hand, then shake or jostle
the grapes till they settle compactly toge-
ther, which is easily accomplished after
the stems are wilted ; this wiU cause a
cavity at the upper end of the box, which
should be carefully filled with grapes that
have had stems wilted in order that they
may pack closely.

Great care should be taken to avoid
rubbing the bloom off the grapes, as it
injures their appearance, and it is thought
they will not keep so well. Care should
be taken to hide the stems .of the last
layer and have the berries look even or
level oil the top. Grapes should not be

allowed to stand in the sunshine after they
are gathered. Grapes packed according
to the above directions can be transported
a long distance without injury. — E. P.
BoTHWELL, in Fruit Recorder.

THE CORWIN'S COLLECTIONS.

The collection of specimens and relics
brought back from Arctic regions by the
Arctic cruiser Corwin is described as large
and interesting. Lieutenant Myrick and
Doty have accumulated a rare assortment
of models of weapons and boats used by the
tribes inhabiting the extreme northern
limits of the habitable portion of the globe.
These models include boats of various
shapes and character, hunting weapons,
pipes, bird traps, nets and other trinkets
which would prove invaluable to a col-
lector of the curious in any portion of the
world. Dr. Ross, of Washington, who
accompanied the exf%dition, has a col-
lection of very rare specimens from the
Alaskan and Siberian coasts, as well as
from Herald Island and Wrangell Land.
Among these are specimens of the flora,
vegetation, soil, and minerals of the newly
acquired territory. New Columbia. Among
the flora may be seen some of the most
delicate and beautiful flowers, and while
all are void of brilliant colors, the leaves
and blossoms, all of delicate tints, are very
beautiful and extraordinarily curious as
coining from an unexplored land so close
to the North Pole. The grasses are also
delicate, and resemble both the common
bunch and "foxtail" variety of California
and the blue grass of the Eastern States.
The rock from Wrangell Land is a coarse
blue sandstone, a fine slate, and some
pale drab sandstone, all good building
material. The specimens of coal from
Cape Lisbume, on the north coast of
Alaska, are of a deep black color, soft and
bituminous. It is easily ignited, and
emits a strong sulphuric odor. From
Herald Island the Corwin brings some fine
specimens of granite, which is susceptible
of a high polish. It is gray in color, and
resembles the granite of Lake Superior
and the coast of Maine. Among the cu-
riosities in the possession of Mr. Haloran,
the boatswain of the Corwin, is the tooth
of a mammoth found upon the shores of
Siberia. It ia as large aa a 20-pound can-

TfiB CAiTADIAN HOBTICULTUEIST.

non ball, and being petrified, is equally
as heavy. The collection of curiosities
brought down from the Arctic by the Cor-
win is, perhaps, the most interesting of
any brought to San Francisco.

A NEW GARDEN IMPLEMENT.
Mr. Oren Stoddard, of Busti, N. Y.,
has patented a combined hand seed plant-
er and fertilizer distributer, which has a
very perfect action and separates the fer-
tilizer from the seed in the ground. In
this device, a central box in which phos-
phate or other fine fertilizer is placed has
combined with it outer side boxes for re-
ception of the corn or other seed. Fol-
lowers terminating in or connected with a
handle above, serve, by a suitable con-
struction of the interior of the boxes, to
discharge, as they are thrust downward,
the fertilizer and seed in measured quan-
tities into the gMpnd, the same passing
out through or oetween elastic plates,
which form the necessary openings in the
soil, while the bottom of the boxes act as
a stop to insure the seed being planted at
a uniform depth. By this construction
the seed for each hill will be divided, and
the fertilizer will be deposited in the space
between the parts of the hill without
being in contact with the seed, so that
the seed will not be injured or killed by
the fertilizer. Connected with the fer-
tilizer follower are levers, having attached
covering plates which, as said follower is
drawn upward, force the soil into the
openings in which the seed and fertilizer
have been deposited, and cover the seed.
— Scientific American.

THE TOLMAN- CHAMPION-BEACONS-
FIELD GRAPE.
This grape originated within two miles
of where 1 now sit writing, some twelve or
fifteen years ago, and was first named
the Tolman. After having proved worth-
less under that name, certain Rochester
parties bought plants of Wm. Day, of Syra-
cuse, and re-named it' the Champion, and
by a series of misrepresentations they have
succeeded in scattering it broadcast over
the country. It has been especially re-
commended for the latitude of Canada,
but I am pleased to read that one Canada

gentleman, at the meeting in Boston,
reported that it could not be sold at one
cent per pound in the streets of Montreal.

Some of our Canada brethem — evidently
encouraged by the succees of our Rochester
friends — have again re-named it, and this
time it is the Beaconsfield. What success
it will have under this last name remains to
be seen, but name it as you will, it will still
remain a worthless thing. There have
been more lies told about this grape than
about any other fruit that has been offer-
ed to the public in the last twenty years,
and it is now time that these false state-
ments should be discontinued.

It is true that a very few grape-growers
have made it pay, by selling it to people
who had not yet learned its worthlessness,
but this was only a transient profit. A
few years ago this grape sold in our mar-
ket at fifteen cents per pound wholesale,
but from year to year the price declined,
and this season the growers of it were
peddling the fruit from house to house at
two and three cents per pound. Now
they find themselves burdened with vines
that are practically good for nothing.
When will people learn that it pays best,
in the long run, to grow good fruit ? If I
have been rather severe upon this subject
it is because, in my opinion, plain talk
is best in this particular case. — Nelson
RiTTER, in Country Gentleman.

CANKER WORMS.

This is how I got rid of them on four
hundred apple trees : I took one barrel
and a half of tar, warmed it in a pail with
half rain-water, and applied it at about
four o'clock in the afternoon with a large
paint brush. I made a ring around the
body of the tree, about half , way up to the
limbs, and repeated it every day for 31
days, having commenced on the 3rd of
April.

The habits of these destructive woims
are peculiar. The miller that lays the egg
for the worm commences coming out of
the ground as soon as it begins to thaw in
the spring, and immediately crawls up the
tree and lays its eggs in and on the buds,
which hatch as soon as the tree begins to
leaf, when its work begins. These mil-
lers are hardly ever seen in the day-time,
and they never climb the tree except at

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTURIST.

night. From a half an hour after sundown
they appear to pop out of the ground and
start straight for the tree. The female
has no wings and gets stuck in the tar,
and that is the end of it.

I had a man who tarred the four hun-
dred trees in about two hours ; some of
the trees had been only four years set out.
The tar was applied to the bark. No
harm resulted from it to the trees, but
the worms were exterminated. This was
done some six years ago. My trees had
been stripped for five years of fruit and
leaves, but not a canker worm has been
seen since. — C. W. Palmer, in German-
town Telegraph.

LACKAWANNA CAULIFLOWER.

This is a new, early, large heading
variety, which was first oflFered by Mr.
Tillinghast, of Pennsylvania, last spring.
Although the past season has been ex-
tremely unfavorable to the growth and
development of cauliflowers, which require
more moisture than cabbages, the reports
received thus far from this have been
highly satisfactory. A gardener residing
upon a tract of Long Island which annually
produces thousands of barrels of cauli-
.flowers for market, writes that this proved
one of the most profitable market varieties
introduced. It is somewhat later in the
season than the Snowball and Erfurt
varieties, but grows much larger, and is a
remarkably sure header. It should be
sown very early so as to mature before the
summer droughts come on.

SHEEP AND TREES.
The wash recommended by me last sum-
mer is a sure preventive of sheep bark-
ing or gnawing fruit or any other trees.
Take soap, the dirtier and more ofiensive
the better, and make a very strong suds ;
dissolve one-fourth pound whale-oil soap
in every six gallons, and into this stir
sheep-manure until it is as thick as good
whitewash, with a brush or old stub of
broom, and with this mixture wash the
trees as high as the sheep can reach, and
no sheep will come near enough to rub
against them for at least two months, the
time depending upon the amount of rain.
We keep the mixture handy and repeat

the application as often as necessary,
usually not more than twice in a summer.
Sheep running among fruit-trees should
have plenty of good, fresh water ; it is
thirst that first induces them to gnaw the
bark, but after they have once got a taste
they eat because they like the bark. The
above mixture will eflfectually keep them
away, and besides is a very good appli-
cation for the health of the trees, keeping
the bark smooth and fine, and killing any
insect that it comes in contact with. — J.
S. Woodward, in New York Tribune.

FORCING THE LABURNUM.

The pendant spikes of the Laburnum
would come into excellent play in many
forms of floral decoration. The London
Gardener's Chronicle says of an attempt to
force it :

" Among forced flowering plants, the
Laburnum takes a prominent position,
though it is not so generally seen grown in
this fashion. Geo. Buck, the gardener at
Castle Ashby, finds it invaluable in early
spring, and his forced plants yield him
splendid wreaths of yellow flowers, which
are much prized for house decoration. Late
in autumn the plants are lifted from the
open ground, and the roots thrust into
suitable sized pots sans ceremonie ; but the
plants flower well when introduced into
heat, notwithstanding the summary charac-
ter of the potting process. After they
have done flowering, they are planted out
in the open ground for the summer, and
in the autumn again potted and placed
in warmth as stated above." — Gardener's
Monthly,

Apple Marmalade. — Apple marmalade
is a sunple and excellent preserve, and
ofiers a change from the ever present cider
apple sauce and stewed apples, seen on so
many country tables. Take seven pounds
of late fall pippin and stew them in a pint
of water. Put them through a sieve, add
the juice and the grated rind of three
lemons. Boil about one hour ; ten minutes
before it is done add three ounces of gin-
ger root. This may be made of one-third
quinces and two-thii-ds apples, when the
ginger root and lemons should be left
out.

24:

THE CAITADTA.N HORTIOULTtJRTST.

SPAKROW-GRASS.
Dear Brother,
You've asked me in terms to relate
How to grow Sparrow-grass to have it first-rate ;
You ask what I do, and how it is done.
To insure in the quality letter A. one.
I'll disclose to you all you desire to know,
To be happy at dinner and win at the show.

Be firm in the thought and prompt in the deed,
Persist in destroying each insolent weed :
Let no such intruder e'er rob of its food
A plant that is worthy of everything good.
Yes, root out the weeds whenever you pass.
If you wish for a crop of the very best grass.

When autumn arrives, and the growth is done brown,

Take a terrible knife and cut it all down ;

Then fork the beds lightly ; don't injure the roots.

Or you ought to do penance with peas in your boots ;

Make tidy and clean, remove all the litter,

Then take a short rest and a mugful of bitter.

Now, refreshed by the essence of hops and of malt,
Bring forth your supplies of soot and of salt ;
Spread the black stuff to cover the bed like a pall.
Then sprinkle the salt to make white over all ;
Some stercus (politely so called) from the stable.
Lay two inches thick, or three, if you're able.

Leave all alone now to the mellowing light.

The rain and the frost, and the dew of the night ;

But at times you must drench the bed freely with

sewage.
And for this you need only the household brewage.
Put it on as you get it direct from the house.
And, if needful, be secret and sly as a mouse.

When winter sets in leave the whole thing alone.

If you sewage in frost you will soon be undone ;

In times when the rain kills the flowers and midges.

Put sewage on laud that is laid up in ridges.

When the grass has done growing it needs a long rest.

So withholding the stimulants now is the best.

Once more the bright spring, with her elegant tresses.
Her laughter and tears, her green and gold dresses.
Will skim o'er the land to make us all merry.
And put on our faces the bloom of the cherry ;
Then, then, my Sparrow-grass grower, look out :
There is work to be done, if your sinews are stout.

Your loins must be girded, your head in its place.
Your feet firmly shod, and your knife in its case ;
Spread straw or rough litter all over the bed,
To screen off the wind, or your grass will rise dead :
By "dead" I mean dull, dry, shriveled, and shrunk.
Like a man who much tipples, yet never gets drunk.

Once again pull the weeds, let the salt-box be found ;

Give a dusting like snow to cover the ground ;

Do all this before a green top shall appear.

And you'll have your grass right for the rest of the

year.
But beware of great haste in removing the sticks ;
Let them grow to four inches or even to six.

Then pull— do not cut— and the crop will be fine ;
You will say to your cook, " I desire to dine " ;
Rich and tender, full-flavoured 'twill be, if cooked

right —
Pill the stomach with food and the soul with delight !
Oh, the world must be good tliat in plenty produces
A grass so abounding in delicate juices !

Once in for this pastime, bravely go on.

Fill the basket each morn in advance of the sun ;

But on June seventeen the tables must turn—

You must cease to take grass, though your fingers

may burn.
One more merry pull, 'tis the last you may have,
Unless for your grass you'd be digging a grave.

Be content, let it grow, make an end of your feast ;
Be wise like a man, do not waste like a beast ;
Thus, season by season, as weeks and days pass,
You must manage the work as yon wish for good

grass.
If you think the name vulgar you may, without

malice.
Just call it Asparagus ofilciualis.
— The Gardener's Magazine.

BOOKS AND PERIODICALS.
Hand-Book of Practical Landscape Gar-
dening. By T. R. Elliott. Second edi-
tion, enlarged and improved. Published
by D. M. Dewey, Arcade Hall, Rochegter,
K Y., U. S. A.

This is just what it claims to be, an
eminently practical book, containing
pUns drawn to a scale, and the places
where trees and shrubs are to be planted
so numbered that any one can carry out
the plan. We commend it to every
one wishing to lay out his grounds,
however small, and plant them in a
manner that will be a source of pleasure
to him ever after. School Trustees
will also find useful hints for planting
the grounds around the school-house —
a matter sadly neglected, and that de-
serves attention. The book only costs
a dollar and fifty cents.

Ves^nor's Almanac for 1882. Published

by J. M. Stoddart & Co., Philadelphia,

Penn, U. S. A.

Contains Mr. Yennor's prognostica-
tions of weather for the year, besides
other matter interesting to weather

students.

Vick's Floral Guide, 1882.

Of the many Guides and Seed and
Plant Catalogues sent out by our Seeds-
men and Nurserymen, and that are
doing so much to inform the people
and beautify and enrich our country,
none are so beautiful, none so instructive
as Vick's Floral Guide. Its paper is
the choicest, its illustrations handsome,
and given by the thousand, while its
colored plates are gems. This work,
although costing but ten cents, is hand-
some enough for a gift book, or a place
on the parlor table. Published by
James Vick, Rochester, N. Y.

PRINTiCO AT THE STJSAJi P»«a8 B8TABLISHMKNT OF COPP, C1,ARH fc CO,, OOtiBORNfi STREET, TORONTO.

Summer Radishes

Painted For VI CK'S Monthlt.

Note. — When this Number went to press ive were under the imprtasion that the Colored
Plate of *' EVERLASTING FLO WEES " which we (yrikred had been received. It turm out
that it cannot be supplied, and therefore we present our readers toith a very pretty plate of
Summer Radishes instead. This change has catised some delay in the mailing of this number,
and toe hope that our Subscribers vnll accept of this apology. In future toe expect to be able to
mail the Magazine promptly on the Jir.^t day of the month.

SUMMER RADISHES.

Through the courtesy of Mr. James
Vick we present our readei-s with a
colored plate of Summer Radishes.
They are among our most handsome
vegetables, and when nicely grown are
not only an acceptable relish, but a very
pretty ornament to the table. Our
readers will notice that the different
varieties are numberefl. The two num-
bered 1 and 8 are known as the red
turnip radish, No. 1 having a white
tip. No. 8 red throughout. When well
grown the flesh is white and crisp, and
the radishes about an inch and a half
in diameter.

No. 2 is the French Breakfast radish,
olive-shaped, light scarlet with white
tip, a very pretty radish, and at the
same time one of the earliest and most
tender. ^ It is usually esteemed to be
the best of the radishes.

No. 3 is the White turnip, and No.
4 the Yellow turnip radish, very much

the same as the red turnip variety, the
diflTerence being mainly in the color,
which admits of a more pleasing variety
foi- table ornament.

No. 5 is the Scai'let olive-shaped, a
very fine sort, of excellent quality, ami
much esteemed. It does not ditfer
materially from No. 2, except that it is
not ornamented with the white tip.

No. 6 is known lus the Long White
Naples. It is a beautiful clear white,
and an excellent sort, coming in after
the olive-shaped varieties.

No. 7 is the favorite market radish,
known as the Long Scarlet, a beautiful
root, in use at the same time iia the
White Naples, with which it fomis a
pleasing contrast when nicely arranged
in a glass.

Radishes should' be grown in a light,
warm soil, well sheltered from chilly
winds, where they will grow fast, so
that they may be crisp and tender.

THE

VOL. v.]

FEBRUARY, 1882.

[No. 2.

EYERLASTING FLOWERS.

The beautiful colored plate which is
given to our readers in this number
will shew them how abundant are our
floral resources, and though we may not
be able to have a green-house or con-
servatory from which we can gather
flowers during the bleak winter days,

open, else the centre is apt to be dis-
colored. There is also a pure white
variety. The Helichrysum flowers are
also conspicuous, the one brownish-red,
and the other dark-red, with purplish
shade. These are easily grown from
seed in the open border and attain a

yet we need not be without our bou- height of about two feet. Their colors

quet for table or mantel decoration.
These brightly- colored flowers can be
grown in summer, and gathered at the
projier time, laid away in a drawer,
where they will retain all their fresh-
ness of coloring, until wanted to en-
liven the rooms whence the perishing
beauties of flora have vanished.

Those of our readere who are fa-'
miliar with these everlasting flowers
will readily recognize each flower in
this charming bouquet. That beauti-
ful Acroclinium Roseum, with pink
margined petals shading to white at
the base, is a tender annual that should
be started in a pot or box in the house
to secure quick germination of the
seed. It will grow to about eighteen
inches in height, and yields a large
number of its pretty daisy-like flowers.
These should be gathered the first day
they open, or even before they are fully

are white, yellow, and various sliades
of brownish-red. The flowers should
be cut just before they are fully ex-
panded. The Xeranthemum is also
easily grown ; it flowers abundantly in
colors of purple, blue and white, grow-
ing hardly a foot in height. Just above
that white Helichrysum, and a little
to the left, will be seen that old-time
friend, the Globe Amaranth. It is
best to sow the seed of this in a pot
in the house, or in a hot bed, as it
does not germinate freely in the open
ground. They are pure white, flesh-
colored and purplish-crimson. These
should be gathered in the autumn after
the flowers are fully developed. Just
above this are the yellow and purple
Statice, which, though not everlastings, .
are easily dried, and retain their color
when in that condition. At the top of
the bouquet are the white and rose—

26

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTtJBlST.

colored Bhodanthe, with their lovely
bell-shaped flowers. It is necessary to
cut these before they are fully open, so
that they may not lose their pretty
bell-like form. Sow the seed of these
also in a hot bed, if you have one ; if
not, in a pot or box. Next to these is
Helipterum Sanfordi, a gem of beauty,
with rich, yellow, star-like flowers,
'.which will retain their beauty for many
years. It grows about a foot high, is
i easily -cultivated, and bears an abun-
dance of flowers. The clusters should
be cut just as the flower-buds are open-
ing, tied in bunches, and hung in the
shade; the flowers will expand while
drying and retain their bright color.
Those little flowers at the right, which
look so like little button daisies, are
grown extensively in France, where
they are dyed all colors, or bleached
white, and shipped all over the world.
At the left hand, near the base,: is a
spray of the Hartford Fern (Lygodium
Palmatum), a most elegant plant, the
leaves of which will retain their form
and color for years, if kept from the
dust. Intermingled with these are those
beautiful grasses, at the left the little
Briza Minor, above it the Brizoeform
Biomus, at the top the Nebulous Agros-
tis, and near the bottom, on the right,
the well-known quaking grass, Briza
Maxima. Just below the yellow He-
lipterum is that airy, graceful, little
Gypsophila, and below it a frond of the
native Holly Fern.

Thus have we endeavoured to sejb
V forth the various flowers and plants of
^ which this pretty bouquet is formed,
..that our friends may know how to make

preparation in time and lay in a sup-
ply for another season. Then when the
winter winds are howling and the gar-
den is bleak and bare, you can bring
forth your store of everlastings, grasses
and ferns, and with a few evergreen
sprays, deck your Christmas tables in
spite of Jack Frost. To dry these
nicely, the flowers should be tied in
small bunches by the stems, and hung
up with the heads down in the shade
until dry, when they can be carefully
stowed away in a drawer, or on the
shelves of a dark closet, until wanted.
There is another grass that deserves
to be men tioned here, which the writer
has found most useful, and most beau-
tiful too, for winter decoration. It is
the striped Eulalia, which seems to be
perfectly hardy, and whose graceful
plumes, so like the Prince of Wales
feather, lend such a charm to any at-
tempt at winter decoration. It is a
perennial, whose leaves, striped with
white and bending in graceful curves,
give so much beauty to the garden in
summer, and its autumn plumes to the
house in winter.

REPORT ON FRUITS,

The Grimes Golden Apples, also the
Pomme Grise, have done very well
with me. The Flemish Beauty Pear
has done very well also. The Clapp's
Favorite appears healthy, grows well,
and blooms profusely, but has produced
no fruit. Glass' Plum has done well,
but I am, I fear, going to lose it with
black-knot. Salem Grape did very
well, but the Eumelan does not stand
the winter's frosts.

B. GOWANLOCK.
Maple Hifl, /*». 2, 1882.

THE OANADIA.N HORTICULTURIST.

27

A FEW HINTS ON GRAPE GROWING.

• ( Concluded from page 10. )

The Green Grape Vine Sphinx also
feeds on the leaves of the grape vine,
as likewise does the beautiful Wood
Nymph, shewn in Figure No. 8, and

Figure No. 8.
"The BEAU<tiF0L Wood Nymph. (JExidryas grata).

though they have not as yet become
very numerous, should be treated as
possible enemies.

The Thrips, shewn in Figure No. 9,
often becomes so numerous as to de-

Figure No. 9.
The Thrips. (Tettigonia vitis).
Pere shewn highly magnified, the lines at the left in
dicating the natural size, in the one with the wings
extended, in the other at rest.

Btroy the leaves of the vine by preying
upon their under-surface. This is par-
ticularly the case if too much wood is
left on the vine when pruning, causing
the foliage to become very dense and
matted. This insect is more injurious
to those vines whose leaves are thin
and smooth, than to those whose leaves
are thick and woolly. It is a very
troublesome insect when it becomes
abundant, and is not easily destroyed ;
but, fortunately, it does not follow that
because they are abundant in one sea-

son, they will appear in like numbers
the next.

WHERE GRAPES CAN BE SUCCESS-
FULLY GROWN.

In Europe it is thought that the
lowest summer temperature in which
the vine succeeds is 65 degrees Fahren-
heit ; that is, the mean temperature for
the four months of June, July, August
and September, must be equal to 65
degrees. Whether our native grapes
are bound to the same limits of tem-
perature, I cannot say ; but we know
that quite a number of varieties will
grow and ripen their truit at Ottawa,
and at Peterboro', and Barrie. Hence
it may be inferred that in any part of
Canada not colder during the summer
than those places just named, those
sorts which ripen as early as the Dela-
ware may be planted with every ex-
pectation of enjoying ripe fruit.

The Champion, Creveling, Eumelan,
Merrimack, Moore's Early, Worden,
Brighton, Massasoit, Martha and Lady,
have been found to ripen as early, antl
some of them ewlier than the Delaware,
and hence may be expected to ripen their
fruit wherever the Delaware will ripen.

Along the shores of Lake Huron
and the Georgian Bay, the climate is so
far modified by those large bodies of
water, that many varieties rij)ening
later than the Delaware succeed per-
fectly. There is a belt of land lying
adjacent to those waters, the width of
which has probably not yet been fully
ascertained, where not only the varieties
above mentioned will ripen, but also
the Concord, and even tlie lona and
Isabella. At a certain distance from
the water, the climate becomes less fa-
vorable, though the latitude is lower,
and it will be found necessary to plant
only those that ripen as early as the

28

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Delaware. But the most favored lo-
calities for grape-growing are to be
found on the southern shore of Lake
Ontario and the northern shore of Lake
Erie to and up the Detroit Eiver, and
on some of the islands lying in Lake
Erie. There the ameliorating influence
of the water is felt ; spring frosts do not
occur so late as at places farther in the
interior, nor do the autumn frosts show
themselves as early. The melting ice
of the upper lakes continually flowing
through Lake Erie, keeps the tempera-
ture of the water at a foot below the
surface at about forty degrees of Fahren-
heit during the month of May, so that
the atmosphere is cooler than it is in
the interior, and the buds do not burst
as early as they do farther inland. By
the latter part of July the temperature
of the water rises to that of the atmo-
sphere, in August the water b(icomes
warmer than the air, in September the
water is three degrees warmer, and in
October six degrees warmer than the
surrounding air. But the water is
continually giving out its heat into the
atmosphere, thereby, keeping it at a
higher temperature near the Lake than
it is in the interior, and so preventing
early autumn frosts. Elevation also
has its influence \ipon the temperature.
There is a line of altitude where the
autumn frosts do not fall as early by
many days — and sometimes weeks — as
in the valley below. Many a farmer
living in a rolling section of country,
has noticed that Indian corn on the
flats and in the bottoms has been se-
verely injured by frost when that on
rising ground and hill-sides has entirely
escaped. This is owing to the fact that
cold air is heavier than warm ; it rolls
down into the valleys and bottoms,
while the warm air ascends the hill-
sides and slopes. It is in such favored
portions of the country that numerous
varieties of grapes can be grown ; there
they not only ripen, as it is usually

understood, but there they can be al-
lowed to hang upon the vine, and de-
velope all their saccharine properties,
becoming much sweeter than the same
variety becomes when the season is of
shorter duration. And fortunately this
embraces a large portion of Western
Ontario, all that part lying between
the two Lakes —Erie and Ontario —
and that portion lying between a line
running through Hamilton, London,
Chatham and Sarnia, southward to.
Lake Erie.

There is another influence to be con-
sidered, and one which has a natural
effect upon the growing of grapes in the
highest degree of perfection, and indeed
of all other fruits. I refer to the quan-
tity of summer rain. It is true the
amount of rain-fall in each year cannot
be depended upon with the same cer-
tainty as the annual return of heat, yet
in a series of years the average rain
through the summer can be determined
with considerable accuracy. The region
of these great lakes, from the Thousand
Islands of the St. Lawrence to the
western extremity of Lake Superior,
is favored with a smaller rain-fall than
other parts of the country. Taking
this entire region together, the average
summer rain-fall is about ten inches of
rain.

Within this belt or zone, where the
average summer rain does not exceed
ten inches, the cultivation of the vino
has been attended with the greatest suc-
cess ; and wa confidently predict that
with favoring soil and exposure the
choicest vines will be grown within this
same area. Surely the land-owner who
is so fortunate as to be located within
these favoring limits need not delay to
plant his vines. With the same care
and attention that commands success in
any undertaking, he may be reasonably
certain of reaping a rich return for all
his labor and enterprise. Within this
favorod region, the vine itself is more

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

29

vigorous and healthy, and the fruit of
superior quality; and the days will
come when the grapes of this part of
Ontario will be in as great repute as
the apples and pears are now. And
these are growing in estimation every
year, for experience is teaching the
world that the apples of this region will
keep better, bear transpoi-tation better,
and are of better flavor than those of
any other part of America. A bearing
apple orchard of five acres now yields a
better return than all the rest of a
hundred acre farm ; and with the in-
creasing supply comes a yet larger
demand. So will it be with the vine-
yards and their fruits. Grapes in France
cfommand to-day a higher price than
they do in Canada. And when the
vineyards of this region shall have be-
come perfected, the excellence of tlie
grapes and wines understood, and the
production sufficiently considerable to
command attention, the prices received
will be in correspondence with the ex-
cellence of the products. There need
be no fear that fruit raising in Ontario
will ever, or can ever, be over-done.
There is a bushel of strawberries raised
now for every quart that was grown
ten or twelve years ago, and the price
of a quart of strawberries is certainly
not any less now than it was then.
There are probably a hundred barrels
of apples sent to market now for every
barrel sold twenty years ago ; yet the
price has not diminislied, but of the
two has increased with the increased
production. How many bu.shels of
tomatoes were raised and sold a few
years ago, and what was the price paid
then 'I If the lamj) of experience sheds
any light upon the path of the fruit
grower, that light reveals a consump-
tion and demand more than keeping
pace witli tli«' pirluction,

CULTURE IN GARDENS.

There are some inconveniences attend-
ing the cultivation of the grape in town

and village gardens, owing to the gi-eat
amount of shade from adjacent build-
ings, and the want of free circulation of
air. But these are in a great degree
counterbalanced by the increased pro-
tection and heat from reflection, so that
the fruit usually ripens earlier than in
the open vineyard.

It is a very common mistake to plant
the vine directly against the bottom of
a wall or high fence, and to train it
close to the wall. The proper method
is to plant two or three feet from the
wall, and "train the vine rip at that dis-
tance from it, thus giving space for the
circulation of air between the vine and
the wall or fence. The training and
pruning should be conducted with refer-
ence to giving as much air and light as
can be done. The wood should be vv'ell
thinned out in spring, and the foliage
exposed as fully as possible to tlie sun,
while the fruit is kept wholly in the
shade.

MANURING THE VINE.

Manures should be supplied with
care, avoiding the use of coarse and
unfermented materials, which usually
tend to produce a rank growth of wood,
and give a watery character to the fruit.
Old and thoroughly-rotted barn -yard
manure, ashes, ground bones, and a
little salt, may be used as required.
The practice of drenching the vines
with soap-suds is very often injurious,
always injurious unless the soil be very
porous or otherwise most thoroughly
drained. Those grapes which are forced
into an unnatural size by excessive
manuring and drenching are often \imv
showy and pleasing to the eye, but very
watery and flavorless to the palate.

GATHERING AND PUTTING UP FOR
MARKET.

It is surprising that there should be
60 much carelessness manifested in the
simple matter of getting fruit to mar-
ket after it has been grown and ri]>f'no<I.
There is no part of the busines- 1 it

^0

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

needs to be attended to with more care
and nicety than the condition in which
the frnit reaches the consumer, and no
part of the business yields as great a
return as the attention bestowed upon
this apparently little matter. Were
our farmers to assort their apples into
first and second quality, putting up as
first quality only those apples which
were of full size for the particular va-
riety, and that were free from every
blemish, and putting up as second
quality those that could be fairly classed
as such, rejecting altogether or selling
for cider-making all else, they would
frequently receive more for the first-
class apples alone than they now obtain
for the entire crop, besides establishing
a reputation for their brand that would
enable them always to command a ready
sale ; and what is true of apples is true
of every description of fruit.

If grapes are torn roughly from the
vines, tossed into two bushel baskets
and hurried in a lumber waggon to the
nearest market, no wonder that the
bruize^d, dripping beiries are passed by,
and if sold at last, sold for almost no-
thing. Were the same grapos brought
to market in a clean and attractive con-
dition, they would sell without trouble
at the full market price.

In order to have the grapes reach
market in the best possible condition,
and particularly when they must be
transported to some considerable dis-
tance, they should be gathered only
when they are dry, the clusters cut
carefully from the vine, and laid into
shallow baskets without handling more
than is absolutely necessary, so as to
preserve as much of the bloom upon
the berries as possible. They should
not be piled up, but kept spread out
thinly, so that the weight of the fruit
shall not break the berries beneath.
After gathering they should be taken
to some cool, well-aired room for two
or three days, and some of the super-

fluous moisture allowed to evaporate.
This will toughen the skins no that
they will not burst so easily upon being
slightly pressed. The clusters should
be lifted up carefully by the stem, and
all unripe or defective, bruized or
broken berries cut off" with sharp-
pointed scissors. They may now be
laid into the boxes in which they are
to be transported to market. These
boxes should not be large nor deep, but
shallow, and made to hold only a few
pounds. The best boxes for this pur-
pose are made of a thin veneer of elm
or whitewood or bass wood. They are
made of various forms and sizes, some
are round and some are square. I
prefer the square form, for the reason
that they can be packed more com-
jiactly into a case, and a given weight
of fruit will occupy less space. The
grapes should be packed in these boxes
as compactly as possible without break-
ing any of the berries, and so that when
the lid is closed upon them they will
be lightly pressed. This will prevent
the fruit from shaking about in the
boxes. Cases should be made so thnt
these boxes when filled will fit snugly
into them, and made as light as is com-
patible with the needel strength, and
of a size that a man can handle one of
them without effort when filled with
the boxes of fruit. When tliese cases
are filled and closed, there should be no
space for the boxes of fruit to rattle
about, but each box should be held
firmly in its place. In this condition
the grapes can be sent to any market
within ieach of rail or water communi-
cation, and will arrive in good condition
and sell for the best price.

It is usual in filling these boxes to
fasten the top on the box and o])en the
bottom, and then pack the finest-looking
and most showy clusters first, using
smaller clusters if need be in filling up,
but not putting in any berries of in-
ferior quality. When the box is full

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

31

the bottom is fastened securely, and
when tlie dealer opens the box to ex-
hibit the fViiit to his customers it pre-
sents a fine, attractive appearance.

When these boxes are properly made
they are very light, and ai-e sold by
weight witli the fruit. In this way the
purchaser has a convenient package in
which to carry home his fruit, and when
properly regulated will have paid the
cost of the box. Frequently these
boxes will be found convenient, and to
secui-e the sale of the fruit at a better
price, even when it is not necessary to
transport them by railway, and the
grower carries them in his own wagon
to the nearest market.

It makes considerable difference to
the grower whether he gets four or six
cents i>er pound for his grapes. Up to
the day of gathering the fruit he will
have expended a given sum upon his
vineyard, and now if he harvests and
markets his crop in such a way that it
sells for only four cents per pound, when
he might have got six cents, he is a great
loser. If he have an acre of grapes,
yielding him say only three tons, or six
thousand pounds, the difference between
four and six cents per pound is one
hundred and twenty dollars, which will
pay for considerable extra labor, a
gi-eat deal more than the cost of the
difference between careful and slovenly
harvesting.

PROFITS OF GRAPE CULTURE.

The question is often asked by those
who are thinking of planting for market,
will it pay ] To this inquiry it may be
truthfully replied that the raising of
fruit for market is like every other
business, the question of profit depends
mainly upon the energy, attention and
skill of the grower. An acre of gi-ape
vines in full bearing will yield five tons
of grapes, or ten thousand ])ounds, If,
then, the grower realizes only four cents

per pound, he will have received four
hundred dollars from his acre. But if
a judicious selection of varieties is made,
so that there shall be a continual supply
of fruit from the time that the earliest
ri[)ens to the end of the season, the price
will be more likely to avei-age at least
six cents per pound, in which case the
acre's crop will be six hundred dollars.
A grower near Hamilton, who takes
good care of his vines, realizes ten cents
per pound for his entire crop. And
why may not you 1

CHOICE OF VARIETIES.

The following list embraces most of
the varieties now in cultivation which
can be successfully grown in any part
of Ontario. I frankly state my own
opinion of their qualities, in the hope
that my experience and observation
may be of service to those who desire
to plant :

Adirondac. — Ripens early, usually
a few days before the Hartford Prolific.
In size of bunch and berry, it much
resembles the Isabella. The color is
black. The flesh is soft and breaking,
sweet and agreeable flavor, bearing more
resemblance to a Black Hamburg than
any other hardy grape that I have yet
seen. And yet such is its lack of vigor
and endurance, that I cannot advise
any one to plant it who is not willing
to give it great care and attention.

Agawam. — Also known as Rogers*
Number 15. The best flavored of all
his red varieties, bunches variable in
size, berries large, dark red, tender and
juicy, with a pleasant, somewhat musky
flavor. Ripe a little after the Concord.
In unfavomble seasons the vine is apt
to mildew, otherwise it is hardy, vigor-
ous and productive.

Allkn's Hybrid. — This grape is one
of the best in quality, but the vine is
not hardy, and very subject to mil-
dew.

32

THE CANADIAN IIORTICULTURTST.

Alvey. — The berry is quite small,
the vine only moderately productive,
and the variety not desirable,

Anna. — I only name this variety for
the purpose of cautioning Canadians
from purchasing it ; for it is vi^orthless
in our latitude.

Blood's Black. — This is wholly un-
worthy of cultivation, and he who pur-
chases it wastes his money.

Barry.— Rogers' Number 43. An
excellent black grape, large, sweet, and
nearly free from pulp. Bipe at the
same time as the Concord. Vine
hardy, vigorous and productive.

Brighton. — A valuable variety ;
hardy, vigorous, ripens its wood early,
very productive, berries large, dark
crimson when fully ripe, sweet, aroma-
tic. Bipe as early as the Delaware.
Worthy of a place in every garden.

Catawba. — Will not ripen thoroughly
in most of Canada, requiring a longer
season than we possess. He who plants
largely of this sort here will surely
regret having done so, unless he plant
on the Islands of Lake Erie.

Champion. — A very vigorous, ex-
ceedingly hardy and productive grape,
capable of enduring great severity of
climate, and succeeding everywhere. It
is a })ioneer variety for the coldest parts
of the country, ripening early, and
yielding fruit under most adverse cir-
cumstances. It has been very profitable
on account of its earliness and gr.eat
productiveness ; yet it is not of fine
quality, and will eventually give way
to better grapes ripening as early. The
berries are large, black and attractive,
borne in medium-sized clusters. If you
have not been able to grow grapes in
your locality, this will surely succeed
and ripen a fine crop of fruit.

Clinton. — This variety is planted
chiefly for wine. The bunches and
berries are small ; when thoroughly

ripe a very pleasant, refreshing grape.
The fruit can be easily kept in any cool
place free from frost, and improves in
flavor. The vine is perfectly hardy
and very productive.

Concord. — A most profitable market
grape; large bunch and berry, black,
covered with a beautiful bloom. In
Missouri and Southern Ohio, it is
planted extensively for wine. It is
one of the most hardy and most pi-o-
lific soi-ts we have, giving a generous
return of fruit to the cultivator. It has
been largely planted for market, and,
notwithstanding that the price rules
low, such is the yield and certainty of
crop that it is one of the most profitable.

Creveling. — An early ripening va-
riety of excellent quality ; bunch and
berrry about the size of the Isabella.
The berries frequently set very poorly,
making the bunches straggling. Were
it not for this defect it would be highly
valued for its fine flavor and early
ripening.

Cuyahoga. — Ripens too late to be
valuable.

Delaware. — I do not hesitate to say
that this is one of the best hardy grapes
that I have yet fruited. It is hardy —
very hardy — enduring our winters well.
It is very productive. The flavor is
sweet, delicious, refreshing The vine,
when once established, is thrifty, making
a growth nearly equal to the Clinton. It
will bear higher cultivation than most
other sorts, and well repays the generous
treatment. Yet I have seen it in a sod,
wholly neglected, bearing an immense
crop of beautiful fruit. Some complain
that it does not succeed with them ;
but the fault is probably in the treat-
ment or soil, not in the variety. This
grape, while excellent for the table, is
equally valuable for wine, and is largely
planted for that i)urpose.

Diana. — This variety will yield the
most satisfactory results in a very dry,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

warm and rather poor soil. In a rich
soil it runs to wood, and in a damp or
cold soil will not ripen its fruit. It
ripens very late. When ripe, the fruit
is very sweet, and has a flavor peculiar
to itself; and when wine is made ex-
clusively from the juice of this grape,
the peculiar Diana flavor is distinctly
perceptible in the wine.

Duchess. — The quality of this grape
is excellent, but as it ripens a little
after the Concord, it will not be suit-
able for the colder parts of Ontario.
Besides this, the vine seems to be easily
affected by adverse influences and lack-
ing in constitutional vigor. However,
it is a new sort, not yet thoroughly
tested, and time will be needed fully to
ascertain its value for us. It is pale
greenish yellow when ripe.

Early Victor. — A very hardy,
healthy variety, which gives promise of
being very valuable for us, on account
of its vigorous constitution, great pro-
ductiveness and early ripening. The
bunches are above medium size, com-
pact ; berries medium, round, black,
with a heavy blue bloom ; juicy, sweet,
free from foxiness ; ripe fully a week
before the Hartford Prolific.

Early Dawn. — The quality of this
grape is very good, but I have found
the vine very subject to mildew, and
lacking in vigor of constitution. The
bunches and berries are of medium
size; berries black, with a thick bloom,
juicy, rich, sweet and good ; ripe fully
a week before the Hartford Prolific.
Were tire vine only healthy, and not
subject to mildew, it would be a desir-
able variety.

Eldorado. — Thus far tliis \ inc lias
been healthy and vigorous. Tlie clus-
ters are large, berries full mediuTu size,
white, juicy and high-flavored, llipens
aj3 early as the Hartford Prolific.

EuMELAN.- — This vine has not proved
to be as desirable in our climate as was

hoped. It has not seemed to possess
sufficient hardiness of constitution to
adapt itself to many localities, and the
fruit is lacking in richness and flavor.

Hartford Prolific — This was at
one time the earliest grape we had. It
is of poor quality at best, the berries
drop from the bunch when ripe, and,
although it sold well on account of its
earliness, we have now so many that
ripen as early, and some even earlier,
that it will soon be superseded,

Herbert. Rogers' No. 44. — A
large black berry, grown in large, long
bunches ; sweet, rich and fine-flavored ;
one of the best in quality of the Rogers'
Hybrids. It ripens early, and the vine
is hardy and productive.

Highland. — A new hybrid variety
not yet tested in our climate. Berries
large, black, and of fine quality.

Israella. — Has gone out of sight
since the introduction of earlier ripen-
ing sorts. It is not a fruit of high
quality. Ri})e just after the Hartford
Prolific.

Ion A. — Did this grape ripen well in
our climate it would deserve a foremost
position in every garden. I esteem it
one of superior quality; juicy, sweet
and high-flavored ; but it is too late
for general cultivation in this Province.
Only in the warmest sections can it be
relied upon to ripen. The bunch is
large, long and loose ; berries red, me-
dium size.

Ives Seedling. — Not worth growing
in this climate. It is used in some
sections for wine, but the berries have
such a hard pulp and foxy flavor that
they are not fit for table use.

Janesville. — Another variety of
poor quality, but which ripens early,
and enjoys a very robust constitution.
The vine is very hardy, healthy and
productive; the berries black and
medium in size. It can be planted
with Champion in the colder sections.

u

THP: CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Jefferson. — A new variety raised
bj crossing the Concord and lona.
Thus far it has proved to be very
healthy and vigorous, with large, thick
downy leaves. It is a large, handsome
and showy fruit, light red, covered with
a thin lilac bloom, juicy, sweet and
rich, with a sprightly aromatic flavor;
much resembling the lona. and the
nearest approach to its delightful flavor
of any yet introduced. It ripens with
the Concord, and should be tried by
every one who finds the Concord to
ripen. It promises to be a most valu-
able market sort on account of its
showy appearance, superb flavor, and
maintaining its sprightliness for a long
time after being gathered. {<See Cut. )

Lady. — The earliest ripening white
grape. The bunches are only of me-
dium size, berries about as large as
the Concord, of a light greenish-yellow
when ripe, very sweet and pleasant.
The vine is quite hardy, vigorous and
healthy. It is well deserving of trial
in our climate.

Lady Washington. — Certainly the
most magnificent looking hardy grape
I have yet seen, and as tine in flavor as
it is beautiful in appearance. The vine
appears to be perfectly healthy, the
leaves are large, thick and dovvny, pro-
mising to endure well the extreme
changes of our climate. The bunches
are very large, berries medium, ])ale
yellow, with a delicate pink tinge on
the exposed side; jucy, sweet, slightly
vinous, and fine quality. It ripens just
after the Concord. If this grape on
further trial should succeed well in our
climate, it will be a most noble acqui-
sition, and a most pi"ofitaV)le market
sort. I trust everybody will give it a
trial who lives where the Concord will
ripen. (See Cut on Page 36.)

LiNDLEY. Rogers' Number 9. — A
strong growing, healthy vine, and re-
markably productive. Both bunch and

berry are of medium size; color red
when ripe; sweet, juicy, and somewhat
aromatic. An excellent variety, ripen-
ing j ust before the Concord.

Martha. — A very hardy, healthy
and productive vine ; the bunches and
berries are about like those of the Con-
cord ; the color is a light greenish yel-
low; flavor sweet, with considerable of
the muskiness of the Concord ; but
ripening a little earlier.

Massasoit. — The earliest ripening of
all the Kogers Hybrids, and known as
his Number 3. The bunches and ber-
ries are of medium size, red, good fla-
vor, and ripe as early as the Hartford
Prolific. The vine is hardy and vigor-
ous.

Merrimack. Rogers' Number 19. —
This also ripens earlier than the Con-
cord, the fruit is black, large, rich and
sweet, and the vine is productive and
vigorous. Very like the Wilder in
quality and flavor, and ripening about
the same time.

Moore's Early. — A most valuable
grape for our climate on account of the
early ripening of both wood and fruit.
It will grow as far north as any, and
ri}»en its fruit perfectly. It is a black
grape; in bunch and berry about the
same size as the Concord, and fully
equal, if not better, in flavor. It is
ripe some time before the Hartford
Prolific; and will doubtless prove to
be a most profitable very early market
grape. It should find a place in every
garden. (See Cut on Page 37.)

PocKLiNGTON. — A very large, showy,
white grape; sweet, rich, with tlie
musky flavor of the Labursca fiimily.
The vine is healthy, vigorous, hardy
and productive. It would seem to
ripen fully just after the Concord. It
will doubtless prove to be a profitable
market grape on account of its large
size of bunch and berry and showy ap-
pearance. (See Cut on Page 38.)

THE CANADIAN HORlICUf/rUKIST.

35

JEFFERSON, i educed One-third.

|!g^\,,^,=^

iri

LADY WASHINGTON.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

37

MOORE'S EARLY.

THE POCKLINGTON.

THE CANADIAN HORTtOtJLTURlST*

40

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Prentiss. — Another new white grape
of excellent quality, and promising to
be valuable where the Concord will
succeed. The vine so far has proved
to be hardy and very productive. The
bunches are of good size, very compact,
berries medium size, yellowish-green
when ripe, sweet, juicy and of pleasant
flavor. It will bear transportation un-
usually well, and keep in fine condition
for a long time. It ripens about with
the Concord. {See Cut on Page 39.)

Rebecca. — A delicious little grape,
but very difficult of cultivation, not
enduring well the extreme changes of
our climate. Only those who are willing
to orive it most careful cultivation should
ever plant it in this climate. It is a
light-green when ripe, sweet and ex-
cellent.

Salem. Rogers' No. 22. — A very
popular grape, on account of the large
size of bunch and berry, good quality
of the fruit, and the healthy, hardy and
vigorous character of the vine. It is
nearly a maroon color when fully ripe ;
sweet, juicy and somewhat aromatic ;
ripe a little before the Concord.

Senasqua. — A showy black grape of
good quality, but ripening too late for
general cultivation.

Yergennes. — A very handsome red
grape not much earlier than the Con-
cord, but ripening its wood very early,
and therefore likely to be very hardy.
The leaves are thick and leathery ; the
vine exceedingly productive, vigorous
and healthy. The fruit will keep a
long time, retaining its fresh, sprightly
flavor. It is well worthy of a trial in
our climate.

Walter. — A red grape, ripening at
the same time as the Concord, of good
quality, but it has not been planted
sufficiently in Ontario to test its value
in our climate, and it has not gained
any great popularity elsewhere.

Wilder. Rogers' No. 4. — Probably
this variety is the most popular of all
the Rogers Hybrids. It has been very
widely distributed, and everywhere is
highly prized. It is large both in bunch
and berry; black, sweet and very
pleasant flavor. It ripens a very little
earlier than the Concord, is a better
grape and more showy. It is now be-
ginning to receive the attention which
it deserves as a market grape, and is
being extensively planted for that pur-
pose. The vine is vigorous, hardy, and
productive.

WoRDEN. — A black grape resembling
the Concord, but ripening some ten days
earlier. The bunches are large, com-
pact and handsome ; the berries are
also large and showy. The vine is ap-
parently as healthy, hardy, vigorous and
productive as the Concord. In quality
it is generally regarded as better than
the Concord. It is valuable on account
of its earliness and hardy character.

Instead of having only two or three
varieties of grapes to plant, we are now
becoming truly embari-assed by the
number we have from which to make
our selection. Each year adds some
new varieties for trial, and so the num-
ber will go on increasing from year to
year. Let us hope that increasing
numbers will bring increased improve-
ments, until we shall have at last found
the grape that combines all excellences,
and satisfies all expectations. Then may
grape-growers bring forth the silver
trumpet, proclaim the year of j ubilee,
and, sitting beneath the perfect vine,
enjoy that rest for which the heart is
ever sighing.

Cumberland Triumph (H). — A very
fine berry in all respects ; of very large
size, fine form, beautiful color and ex-
cellent quality, and is gi'owing into
general favor. At the Nurserymen's Con-
vention, held at Cleveland in June last,,
it was pronounced by good judges the
finest appearing variety on the table.

A. M. PURDY.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

41

WINTER BLOOMING PLANTS.

All the Geraniums are excellent
window plants, but some of them are
shy winter bloomers, yet many of them
are handsome enough in their foliage,
even if they are destitute of flowers.
The most constant bloomers of any I
have grown are Jean Sisley, a lai-ge,
dazzling scarlet, with a distinct white
eye ; Master Christine, a single pink,
and Loarine, a light scarlet, but the
trusses are very large and full. These
three are almost constant bloomers.
Give Geraniums plenty of sunshine
and fresh air, a moderate amount of
water, to which there should be occa-
sionally added some liquid manure, and
abundant room to grow in, and they
generally behave very satisfactory.

A few of the Fuchsias, or Lady's
Eardrop, as they are sometimes called,
are good winter bloomers. They are,
however, strong feeders, and will starve
to death on a soil in which a Geranium
would grow luxuriantly, and more
manure should be used with the soil in
which they are potted. The following
varieties have bloomed well for me all
winter through : Arabella, tube and
sepals pure white, corolla red ; Speciosa,
pale red sepals, corolla pale rose; and
Lustre, waxy white tube and sepals,
corolla tinted crimson and orange. I
have never yet had a double variety
that bloomed well in winter.

We have a magnificent class of plants
in the Begonia. I will divide them
into two classes, namely : the flowering
and leaf varieties. Although the former
all have handsome foliage, they are
mostly prized for their beautiful flowers,
which are produced in great profusion.
They do best in a loose soil composed
mostly of leaf mould and sand, and re-
quire a warm and partially shaded
situation. Sandei-sonii and Hybrida
Multiflom are tl»e best winter bloomers.
The former bears scarlet, and the lattei*
2

rosy pink flowers. The leaf varietieH
are only grown for the beauty of the
foliage, and the most prominent is the
variety known as Begonia Rex.

Begonia Rkx.

The leaves of this grow very large.
I have one plant of Kex and one of
Queen of Hanover, which have been
growing in a log hanging basket for
over three years, and some of the
leaves have measured over 14 inches
across.

The largest leaves of some others do
not measure more than six inches in
diameter, all of which are variegated
and margined with silvery and metallic
colors of different hues. They should
never be planted out in our hot summer
sun as bedding plants, but for window
plants, or for wardian cases or ferneries,
they cannot be excelled. Some think
that Begonias are hard to grow, but it
is an erroneous idea, as after you once
understand their nature, their culture
is very easy, and they all make capital
window plants.

The Calla, or Lily of the Nile, is a
fine house plant, and all it requires is

an abundance of war'^i water, and plenty
of sunshine, and if jiven the requii-ed

42

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

rest in summer, will not fail to pro-
duce its large white flowers all winter
through. — Primrose, in Western Hor-
ticulturist.

HOW TO PLANT TREES.

BY N. R0BRRT80N, GOVERNMENT GROUNDS, OTTAWA.

A great deal has been written and
said about tree planting. Some advise
one way, some another. I will give
you my method, with which I have
been very successful, and, as it differs
somewhat from the usual mode, may
be interesting to some of your readers.
I go into the woods, select a place
where it is thick with strong, young,
healthy, rapid-growing trees. I com-
mence by making a trench across so as
I will get as many as I want. I may
have to destroy some untiLI get a right
start. I then undermine, taking out
the trees as I advance ; this gives me
a chance not to destroy the roots. I
care nothing about the top, because I
cut them into what is called poles ei^ht
or ten feet long. Sometimes I draw
them out by hitching a team when I
can get them so far excavated that I
can turn them down enough to hitch
above where I intend to cut them off;
by this method I often get almost the
entire root. I have three particular
points in this : good root, a stem with-
out any blemish, and a rapid growing
tree. This is seldom to be got where
most people recommend trees to be
taken from — isolated ones on the out-
side of the woods ; they are genemlly
scraggy and stunted, and to get their
roots you would have to follow a long
way to get at the fibres on their points,
without which they will have a hard
struggle to live. Another point re-
commended is to plant so that the tree
will stand in the direction it was be-
fore being moved ; that I never think
about, but always study to have the
longest and most roots on the side

where the wind will be strongest,
which is generally the west, on an
open exposure.

For years I was much against this
system of cutting trees into poles, and
fought hard against one of the most
successful tree planters in Canada about
this pole business. I have trees plant-
ed under the system described that have
many strong shoots six and eight feet
long — Hard Maple, Elm, &c. — under
the most unfavorable circumstances.
In planting, be particular to have the
hole into which you plant much larger
than your roots ; and be sure you draw
out all your roots to their length before
you put on your soil; clean away all
the black, leafy soil about them, for if
that is left, and gets once dry, you will
not easily wet it again. Break down
the edges of your holes as you progress,
not to leave them as if they were con-
fined in a flower pot ; and when finish-
ed, put around them a good heavy
mulch, I do not care what of — sawdust,
manure, or straw. This last you can
keep by throwing a few spadefuls of
soil over ; let it pass out over the edges
of your holes at least one foot.

I have no doubt that the best time
to plant is the fall, as, if left till
spring, the trees are too far ad-
vanced before the frost is out of the
ground ; and by fall planting the soil
gets settled about the roots, and they
go on with the season.

Trees cut like poles have another
great advantage. For the first season
they require no stakes to guard against
the wind shaking them, which is a ne-
cessity with a top ; for depend upon it,
if your tree is allowed to sway with
the wind, your roots will take very lit-
tle hold that season, and may die, often
the second year, from this very cause.

All who try this system will find out
that they will get a much prettier
headed tree, and much sooner see a

THE CANADIAK HORTICULTURIST.

43

ti-ee of beauty than by any other, as,
when your roots have plenty of fibrous
roots, and are in vigorous liealth, three
years will give you nice trees.

THE CUTHBERT RASPBERRY — ITS
MERITS AND DEMERITS.

BY T. C. ROBINSON, OWEN SOUND.

No fruit seems to have been so well
received, and so nearly to have mono-
^polized the attention given by fruit
growers to its class of late years, as the
Cuthbert with our American neigh-
bora ; and now that it is putting in an .
appearance on this side of the line, a
few words of critical description may
be in order.

It is not a fruit of unqualified ex>
cellence any more than any of our
choicest apples or plums or pears,
though the almost unqualified praise
it has met with would perhaps lead us
to think so. The truth is, we needed
a good raspberry that would grow any-
where, and both eat and sell well,
more than any other kind of fruit ex-
cept perhaps the gooseberry, that so
many points of excellence combined in
this raspberry fully account for its
popularity without assuming for it per-
fection, as many seem inclined. We
have had, it is true, raspberries of fine
size and delicious flavor, like Clarke
and Kne vet's Giant, but to a lack of
hardiness has been joined a softness
which unfitted them: for market uses.
The grand old Franconia, so good for
both market and home use, would not
grow large enough to bear a paying
crop on light soils, -and would grow so
large and soft on heavy soils as to win-
ter-kill in most parts of the country.
Philadelphia, the acme of productive-
ness, and sufliciently hardy, was too
soft and dark-colored and poor-flavored j
to stand the test ; and so on down the I
list, pausing at that model of raspberry j
hardine.S8, the Turner, to note- that '

its sweetness, hardiness and vigorous
growth, and adaptability to light soils,
do not quite make up for a slight lack
of firmness, size, and uniformity of
ripening, necessary to a first-class mar-
ket variety, while its earliness leaves a
great want still for a good late variety.
Just here the Cuthbert steps in, and
hence its welcome. Its size is all that
can reasonably be asked — not mon
strous, you know, as some representa-
tions make it appear, unless extra cul-
tivation is given, when it no doubt can-
be grown over an inch in longest diam -
eter ; but with fair market culture, it
will run I to I of an inch by the quart.
In shape it is much longer than the
raspberries we have been used to — a
cone, more pointedly conical than even
Turner, which is quite long for a I'asp-
berry. It seems about as firm as Fran-
conia, that is, as firm as a market rasp-
berry needs to be ; and its color is rich
enough and bright enough, as grown
with me, to satisfy the most exacting.
How it will grow on poor, light land I
cannot say, as I only have it on good
land, or on poor, light land, so close to
a richer, heavier strip that the roots
have made themselves at home in the
good soil on one side of the plant ; and
right here let me say that this question
of its behavior on poor soils is one to
which I do not propose to extend my
experience. I have had enough of
fruit growing on land not fit to grow
even white beans, and think too highly
of the Cuthbert to subject it to such a
test. I have Franconias of three yeai-s'
growth on such land that after the dis-
couragement of last June's frost (clip
ping foliage, not blossoms), refused in
such a dry season to give one c^uart to
every twenty or thirty plants, even
with the stimulus of a good mulch of
manure. No doubt n\any fruit growei-n
have just such land, and for their en-
coui'agement may serve the experience,
of American fruit growers who clainv

44

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

to have succeeded with Cutbbert on
light soil, but that is a point on which |
I stand aside. But as to productive-
ness I have no doubt personally. I do
not like to say it is as productive as
Philadelphia, simply because I should
like a little more experience with it
before praising it so highly. With it
on my place three seasons — in only one
of which it had growth enough to bear
a full crop — I am not going to write
as if I knew all about it ; but, taking
into account the mutilation of the roots
to remove the suckers for planting, I
have no hesitation in placing it second
only to Philadelphia in bearing quali-
ties, out of a dozen red raspberries
tested so far.

But what are its faults 1 A distin-
guished American horticulturist and
nutseryman says that is just what he
has been trying for years to find out —
and can't. Such excellence as this in
the Cuthbert is more than I can see,
but its demerits are certainly neither
great nor numerous. Such as they are
on my grounds, however, I state them,
as we need to look on both sides of a
question of fruit as of anything else.

And first, the canes do not seem quite
stiff enough for the load of fruit. The
stems shoot up with g:sat rapidity in
spring ; in late summer they grow
slower and mature innumerable fruit
buds, and the stalk, of course, thicTiens
up, but does not appear to acquire that
toughness and rigidity of fibre we note
in the Philadelphia and Turner. With
the long laterals which summer pinch-
ing causes, of course the effect is to let
some of the fi-uit get splashed in the
event of a heavy rain, and if deep
snows come in winter these laterals are
apt to be broken off. Older experience
may show a stiffening up of the cane^
and different application of pinching
favor a growth of laterals too high to
be broken down by snows, but I simply
state what I have seen so far.

Then T have not been able to quite
gauge its hardiness. The first winter
the yearling plants, together with
foreign sorts, were badly killed — per-
haps, indeed probably, because of too
vigorous late growth — but frozen they
were, and the fact must be faced. Last
winter they came through smiling in
spite of that cold dip that almost
brought the thermometer down from
the peg and the oldest inhabitant to his
memory's end. But Clarke and Fran-
conia came through too, nearly as well.
And this winter, January 13th, they
are gi^en to the tips, except where very
late fall growth was made — but the
foreign sorts are not far behind.

( >n the whole, I do not think in this
climate it is any hardier than Franconia,
Clarke, &c., on one year old plants, but
rather moi-e so when full grown ; but
I do not regard the moist favorable
climate of Owen Sound fit to decide
the question, and I look eagerly for
reports of my brother fruit growers in
other districts to fix its value as to
hardiness for the Province, conscious
too that Cuthbert did not get a fair
relative trial with me, because 1 had it
on rich soil that caused quick soft
growth, while the other sorts were on
poor soil that caused closer grained
hardier wood.

Lastly, it has a large hollow — per-
haps not wider than other sorts ; Init
that long crimson cone fits on to a long
stem, and fits pretty tightly too, though
not so as to break in the picking, and
when it comes off and lies with its
neighbors in a quart basket, I should
expect, after jolting in the express ear,
or standing thirty lioui-s in a shop win-
dow, a sinking down in the basket that
would cause a distinct murmtir at the
purchaser's end' of the line.

That's the Cuthbert. Tliere's room
for a better l>erry — a little better — and,
as usual, a number of claimants for
public favor are ready to step in ;

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

45

among which Lost Rubies stands first
perliaps. But these are untried, and
may turn out good or the reverse. If
any man knovjs any raspberry that is
better than Cuthbert, let him speak
up ! It must be good indeed ! 1
don't ; and if any man wants rasp-
berries without too much trouble and
plants the Cuthbert, I shall expect him
to get lots of large handsome berries
that are very good to take — internally
or to market — and to feel about as
satisfied as he can well expect to be in
the fruit business.

EVERCxREENS FOR HEDGE, &c.
ClintoH, Jan. 20th, 1882.

Dear Sir. — I. What kind of ever-
greens is suitable for a low hedge in a
garden or cemetery that will stand
trimming and not break down with
the snow 1

2. What kind of evergreens are suit-
alile for a lawn as trees for ornament ]

J. What time of the year should
they be pruned to make them grow
close {

4. Is there any particular way of
trimming them?

5. Is any book published with dia-
grams showing the proper way 'i

♦?. Will it hurt trees twenty years
old to cut them back . to make them
grow close 1 A Subscriber.

ANSWER.

1. The best are the dwarf Arbor
Vitftis, which are of easy culture, can
be trimmed in any form, and seldom
get broken by the s^now.

2. The Hemlock Spi-uce, White
spruce, Norway Spnice, Austrian Pine,
Scotch Pine and White Pine, are all
hue lawn trees, especially in grounds
of considerable size. The American
Arbor Vitae, Siberian Arbor Vitae,
Sweedish Juniper, Prostrate Juniper,

Savin Juniper and American Yew, are
suitable for smaller grounds.

3. The best time to prune them ifv
the last of May or first of June, when
the trees are beginning to make a new
growth,

4. The best method of pruning the
Pine and Spruces is to rub off the
terminal buds of the branches it is
desired to make more dense just as they
begin to push. If this is done when
the trees are small, and kept up as
occasion may require, it will never be
necessary to use the knife, an<l tlie trees
can be kept compact and symmetrical
with ease. The Arbor Vitses and
Junipers can be trimmed witli the
shears and brought into any desired
form. In all cases it is desirable to
commence the pruning when the ti-ees
are small, so that but little cutting
away will be needed.

5. We have never seen any such
work.

7. No, if tlue pruning be not too
severe. It will require more time to
bring such a tree into a (\enso form
than one that is young, but by patient
shortening in every season, cutting off
the ends of the branches, and waiting
for the tree to grow more dense from
year to year, the object will at length
be accomplished witho^it cutting off
large branches, which would make the
tree unsightly for some time..

The Cumberland Strawberry. — Ch;u.
Hurd, of Michigan, says : The Cumber-
land Triumph is the largest and moHt
deliotfchj flavored berry on my groimds.
It is a beiTy to delight the amateur, is a
rank grower and an abundant bearer. A
few days since I received a letter Iroui.
Mr. Miller, the originator, in which he
says that from IJ aorea this season he
obtained 270 bushels. I consider it
among the finest cultivat(jd. — Fr;iiJ: Re-
corder.

46

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

FIVE RASPBERRIES COMPARED.

I have been myself daily picking
among the following named red rasp-
berries during the last week, comparing
points, which count in estimating the
value of varieties, and hand you here-
with, in a tabulated form, the results.
My land is a sandy loam, and that
occupied by the raspberries is about
uniform in quality, about right to pro-
duce forty bushels of dent corn per
acre.

In this scale of points I give ten, not
as perfection, but as the highest yet
reached by any variety — as for instance,
Thwack is the hardiest, Reliance most
productive, while Turner is generally
conceded a standard in respect to flavor
of the berry :

NAME OF BERRY.

so

a

Productiveness.

Firmness of
Fruit.

1

8
10
8

9
8

11

II

. 10
8
9

7
9

>>

1

1

Thwack

lieliance .t

10
9

8 10
in Q

L

8! 54

8, 8 8

8! 9 7
9 9 8

1

10 51

Cnfhbert. or " Queen of

Market"

Wiaant

1

8 48

9 52

1

Remarks.— Those who grow berries solely for mar-
ket will pay no attention to quality, for— I regret to
say — quality tiount.s zero in the market, while attrac-
tiveness (inf'luding size and color) counts everything.
Those, on the other hand, who grow berries for their
own use only will look at good quality, h<<rdiness,
and productiveness, rather than for large size and
brightness of color.

There are some characteristics of the
above named varieties not noted in the
table which should have an influence
in determining upon a selection. The
Turner is a few days earlier in ripening
than either of the others. It is followed
in two or three days by Thwack and
Winant, then comes Rtdiance, and latest
the Cuthbert. The Reliance continues
in bearing a little longer than any other
sort of red i-aspberries. The crop of
Reliance is but two-thirds ripened at
this date (July IS), whereas Turnera

gave their last picking for the season
two days since.

All these varieties sprout from the
roots plentifully, and the young plants
coming up between the rows must be
mercilessly destroyed, or the " patch "
will soon "run to waste."

Of black-cap raspberries, the Gregg
still takes the lead, though the canes
were sadly damaged last winter — a rare
exception to its hitherto uniform hardi-
ness.— 0. B. Galusha, in Prairie
Farmer.

BOOKS AND PERIODICALS.
The Montreal Witness

Is presenting a picture to each sub'
scriber to the weekly edition, and two
to each subscriber to the daily. They
are stirring pictures of military life — •
the one a battle scene, and the other a
verv suggestive after the battle roll-call.

E. P. Roe's Catalogue of Small Fruits
AND Grape Vines for the Spring of 1882 —

Gives a concise description of a large
number of Strawberries, Raspberries,
Blackberries, (currants. Gooseberries
and Hardy Grapes. He speaks in veiy
high i)raise of the Bidwell Strawberry.

American Agriculturist.

The January number of this long-
established monthly, which now entei'S
upon its fortieth year, is promptly to
hand, full of illustrations and infonna-
tion interesting to every farmer and
gardener. Issued by the Orange Judd
Company, 751 Broadway, New York,
at $1 50 per annum.

Journal of the American Agricultural

Assoc fation

Is published quarterly. The last num-
ber that has reached us is the one for
July and October, 1881. It is full of
interesting papers, on such topics as
Agricultural Instruction for the Young;
the Railroad and the Farmer ; Pre-
ventable Losses, &c. It is published
by the Association, at 127 Water St.,
New York, price $2 00 per aiinum.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

47

The American Monthly Microscopical
Journal, edited and published by Romyn
Hitchcock, F. R. M. S. , No. 53 Maiden Lane,
New York, at one dollar per annum —
Is replete with information for the
microscopical student, and some of its
articles full of interest to the general
reader.
The Gardener's Monthly.

The January number for 1882 of
this valuable horticultural journal is to
hand. It is replete as usual with in-
teresting information concerning new
and rare plants and fruits. Published
byChas. H. Marot, 8 14 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, Penn.
American Wine and Grape Grower.

Devoted to the culture of the vine,
wine-making, and kindred industries.
Is published monthly, at 20 Vesey St.,
New York. Subscription price, $2 00
a year. The December number has a
very interesting paper on the pomo-
logical resources of Texas.

NoTRS FROM SuNNYLAND, on the Manatee
River, Gulf Coast of South Florida.

A very interesting little book, of
some eighty pages, by Samuel C.
Upham, of Braidentown, Flor., giving
some stirring incidents in the early
history of that region, and an account
of the climate and fruit productions of
that i)art of the State. He tells us that
the first pound of coffee grown in the
United States was raised at Fogarty-
ville, Flor., in 1880, by Madame Julia
Atzeroth. Also that the fruits grown
there are the orange, lemon, lime,guava,
pomegranate, persimmon, olive, almond,
<fec. The lowest temperature was 38°,
and the highest 96°, during the year
1880. He claims that South Florida
will one day supply the world with
oranges, and that of better quality than
those now brought from the Mediter-
ranean.

Tlie little j)eople have no reason to
complain that they are overlooked by

writers or publishers now-a-days. We
have before us four publications especi-
ally designed for their amusement and
instruction, published by D. Lothrop tk
Co., Boston, Mass. They are — " Wide
Awake," an illustrated monthly maga-
zine, for $2 50 a year, intended for the
larger young people ; " Baby land," a
monthly at 50 cents a year, for the very
little ones ; " Little Folk's Eeader," a
monthly at 75 cents a year, for primary
schools and kindergartens ; and " The
Pansy," which is issued weekly at 50
cents a year. These are all beautifully
illustrated, and printed in the best
style, and abound with interesting
stories that cannot fail to please the
young readers.

The Southern Cultivator.

We have received the January num-
ber of The Southern Cultivator and
Dixie Farmer, the oldest, as it is the best,
agricultural journal in the Southern
States. It is now published by Jas. P.
Harrison & Co., of Atlanta. Dr. W.
L. Jones, for years the editor of this
popular journal, retains his position ;
Dr. J. S. Lawton is the associate.
Under this management, The Southern
Cultivatcn- will not only maintain its
former high standard, but, with the
assistance of ample capital and increased
facilities, and contributions from the
most eminent and popular writers on
Agriculture in this country, will attain
a higher standing than ever.

The number before us is a gem. No
journal of its kind can excel it in the
value of its reading matter, the beauty
of its illustrations,, and its adaptation
to the demands of progressive Southern
agriculture. The illustrated title page is
the finest of the kind we have ever seen.
The Southern Cultivator and Dixie
Farmer should be read and studied by
every farmer and planter in the South.
The terms, $1 50 a year, with special
rates for clubs, are remarkably low.

48

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURTST.

THE USE OF FLOWERS.

God might have made the earth bring forth

Enough for great and small,
The oak-tree and the cedar-tree,

Without a flower at all.

We might have had enough,— enough

For every want of oufs.
For luxury, medicine, and toil,—

And yet have had no flowers.

The ore within the mountain mine

Reqnireth none to grow,
Nor does it need the Lotus flower

To make the river flow.

The clouds might give abundant rain,

The nightly deM^s might fall.
And the herb that keepeth life in man

Might yet have drunk them all.

Then wherefore, wherefore were they made

And dyed with rainbow light,
All fashioned with supremest grace,

Ui>springing day and night ?

Springing in valleys green and low,

And on the mountains high,
And in the silent wilderness.

Where no man passeth by ?

Our outward life requires them not,
Then wherefore had they birth ?

To minister delight to man —
To beautify the earth.

To comfort him, to whisper hope

Whene'er his faith is dim,
For whoso careth for the flowers

Will much more care for Him

Mary HowiTT.

Paper Bags for Grapes. — George W.
"Campbell says that further experiments
with paper bags of thin manilla on grapes
during growth and ripening, show that
they preserve against birds and rot. The
bunches should be previously thinned out,
to make the bagging easy. The grapes
ripen perfectly. — Country Gentleman.

The Mammoth Pearl Potato.-— We
cut into single eyes and planted one-half
bushel of Mammoth Pearl potatoes last
spring, after the middle of May, and
the first of October we dug from same
36 bushels of very large, smooth, white
potatoes. All who saw them growing
were astonished at the vines, which com-
pletely covered the ground, but when
they saw the yield they opened their eyes
in wonder. Such beauties had never
before been seen in this or any other
country. The beauty of these potatoes
is this : there is not a hollow or rotten
one in the lot, and they are such rank
growers the bugs can't catch them. — A.
W. F. , in Fruit Recorder.

Squashes to keep well must first be
well ripened ; second, they should be
gathered before heavy frosts come ; third,
should be well dried ; fourth, the shell
should be Well glazed over, and while it
need not be thick it should be hard ;
fifth, they should be kept where the tem-
perature is very even, never very cold, or
very hot ; sixth, in handling, great care
should be taken not to bruise them —
this is of the highest importance.

We are informed by G. H. Miller, of
the ad-interim committee, that the Cum-
berland strawberry, in addition to its
large size, handsome form and good
quality, has been successfully shipped
from Barnesville to Chicago (some 400
or 500 miles), arriving in fine order, and
selling as high as $9. 60 per bushel. As
it has commonly been supposed to be too
soft for long conveyance, this fact gives
it additional value. — Country Gentleman.

Strawberries in Iowa. — A corres-
pondent of the Prairie Farmer, in
Southern Iowa, says the Sharpless, Great
American, Col. Cheney, Lincoln and
Longfellow have all failed with him,
while the Charles Downing, Kentucky
and Crescent succeed well, and the old
Monroe Scarlet, raised by Ellwanger &
Barry, of Rochester, holds its own
against weeds and neglect, and has borne
well every year for twenty-five years. —
Country Gentleman.

Improvements in Fruit Dryers. —
Mr. David Britton, of Jonesborough, 111.,
has patented a fruit dryer, which has
superior drying facilities and oflers in-
creased conveniences for inserting, chang-
ing, and removing the fruit. It consists
of a drying house having a separable strip
in its roof to provide for the escape of the
moist air and to promote circulation of
the heated air, a furnace for heating the
incoming air ; guiding, and distributing
plates for the air to, at the sides of, and
above the furnace ; a series of tracks of
ways on opposite sides of the interior of
the drying house and arranged one above
the other to support tiers of drawers which
hold the fruit to be dried ; and separable
end frames having crossbars and hinged
doors to provide for the entry and re-
moval of the drawers with very little
waste K)f heated air. — Scientijic American.

PRINTED AT tHE STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, CLARK » CO., COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

Painted Foti Vicks Monthly

Chinese Primrose.

K«rle& to. «oi-hcstiT,\'Y.

THE

VOL. v.]

MARCH, 1882.

[No. 3.

THE

The colored plate presented to our
readers with this number will enable
them to become acquainted with this
pretty flower, if perchance they have
not already become familiar with its
bright, cheery face. Of all the window
plants we cultivate, none repay so
profusely the care bestowed by their
abundant flowering all the winter long
as this, and we have often wondered
that it is not more generally grown by
those who are fond of winter-blooming
plants. Mr. Tick states in his monthly
magazine that the reason why the
Chinese Primrose has not come into
more general use is that it requires
several months to bring it to perfection
from the seed, and that care and atten-
tion are needed during this period of
the plant's life to keep them in a healthy
condition; just as though any true lover
of flowers was not willing to give all
the attention needed to the perfect
development of his favorite flowers.
Has it not been rather a want of know-
ledge of the requirements of this par-
ticular flower, than any unwillingness
to give the required care which has
prevented it from becoming a general
favorite. Believing this to be the true

OHINESE PRIMROSE.

state of the case we give our readers
Mr. Vick's directions for its cultivation,
assuring them that there is no better
authority on this subject on this side
of the Atlantic :

" Seed should be sown any time from
February until the first of June, and, if
sown at different times, the plants will
come into bloom in succession. Soil for
the seed is best prepared by taking some
good leaf-mold and about twicai^as much
fibrous loam, made pretty fine, mix them
together, and add enough sharp, fine sand
to make the whole light and porous. A
five or six-inch pot may be used ; fill in
the bottom with coarse drainage, and then
the soil to a height within an inch or an
inch and a half of the top, and press it
down. Over this sprinkle a layer of fine
sand, and then water it througli a fine
rose ; after the pot has stood awhile to
drain, the seed may be sown on the sur-
face, and have the lightest possible cover-
ing of fine sand. Place a pane of glass
over the pots and stand it where it will
get the light, but not the sun, and wliere ^
a pretty steady temperature, ranging near
65**, will be maintained. If the atmos-
phere is moist, but little water will be
needed until the plants appear, but if the
pot should become dry, water it by stand-
ing it in a dish of water, allowing the
moisture to aoak upwards into the soil,,

50

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

thus avoiding any disturbance of the sur-
face. In about two weeks the little plants
will begin to make their appearance, and
after the third leaf has appeared the plants
may be pricked out into other pots, pro-
vided with soil the same as described.
Cover the plants with glass, and keep in
a light, shady place, as before. Water as
may be required, but only enough to keep
the soil gently moist, and be careful to
avoid wetting the leaves. After a few
weeks growing in this way, transplant the
plants singly into quite small pots, using
the same soil as before. Keep the plants
in the same temperature as at first, and,
if the season admits of it, place them in a
cold-frame ; give a little air every day to
prevent the plants from becoming drawn.
In potting, the plants should be set low in
the pot, for, as they grow, they stretch
up above the soil and require a little more
to be placed about them. As soon as the
plants begin to grow well, repot. into five-
inch potsr, adding a third part of old cow-
manure to the soil, and keep them in the
cold-frame or a spent hot-bed until they
show their flower-stems. The sing] e varie-
ties are much the best for house or window
culture."

Such are the freshness and beauty,
the naturalness and air of vivacity about
these fllowers, that one never tires of
them. To-day you look at them with
pleasure, to-morrow they greet you with
a look of welcome, and you linger even
longer than yesterday to admire their
winsome grace.

One thing more should be said of
their cultivation, and it is this, do not
expose them to the full blaze of our
summer's sun, but during the summer
keep them on the north side of a high
fence or of some building. When the
flower buds have formed, be careful not

to wet them when watering, as when
kept too damp they may decay.

We trust our readers will be able to
grow this beautiful flower abundantly,
and may experience the pleasure which
the writer has enjoyed from December
till May in the possession of its con-
tinuously charming bouquets of bloom.

ROAD SIDE FENCES.

The Committee to whom was re-
ferred the Report of the Committee on
Fences at our last winter meeting, with
instructions to furnish such facts, figures
or circumstances, as led them to the
conclusions arrived at in that Report^
now respectfully submit :

1. That every farm of 100 acres,
divided in the usual manner, will have
about 1,200 rods of fence thereon.

2. That one of the best and most
economical fences now coming into
general use is a straight one, made of
cedar rails and posts. It is usually
built five rails high, the ends of the
rails being inserted into augur holes in
the posts, which are set firmly in the
ground in line, twelve feet apart.

3. The cost of such a fence for a farm
of 100 acres will be about as follows :

8,250 Rails at $52 per 1,000 $429 00

1,650 Posts at 18 cents each 297 00

Digging holes and setting Posts at

10 cents each 165 00

Boring holes in Posts at $1 per 100

holes 82 50

Cutting and turning Rails at f 1 per

100 82 50

Setting up the Rails at 10 cents per

len^h of 5 Rails 165 00

16 Gates, hung and painted at $6

each 96 00

Total $1,317 00

or about $1 30 per rod. Such a fence
is estimated to last about 25 years.
The gates about 10 years.

4. The annual charge for permanent

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

51

maintenance of such a fence would

therefore be :

Interest on (say) $1,300 at 6 per

cent $78 00

Estimated average annual charge

for repairs and for permanent

maintenance at 6 per cent 78 00

Extra do., do., for gates at 10 per

cent 9 60

Kent of land lost by fence 6 feet

wide = 4. 36 acres at $5 per acre . 21 80

Total $187 40

The foregoing estimate has been made
with the assistance of a thoroughly prac-
tical farmer in the Township of East
Whitby; and we are of the opinion,
that although the cost of such a fence
must necessarily vary much in different
localities, the cost of material and labor
here submitted may be regarded as a
fair average for the whole Province.

5. Your Committee are of the opinion
that the kind of fence as usually con-
structed in the back country, involves
a much greater annual expenditure than
the one here described. A common
snake fence of the same length will
require about 26,000 rails, and are
usually made of Basswood, Pine, Elm,
Ash, &c. Supposing these to be hauled a
distance of one mile, they will cost about

$30 per 1,000, or $780 00

Labor in setting up at $4 per 100

rods 48 00

Preparing and setting 16 sets of

Bars at $2 per set 32 00

Total $860 00

Such a fence is estimated to last about
10 years. The bars about half that
time. The annual charge for such a
fence would therefore be :

Interest on $860 at 6 per cent $51 60

^timated average annual charge

for repairs and for permanent

maintenance at 15 per cent., or. . 129 00
Extra do., do., for Bars at 20 per

cent 6 40

Rent of land lost by fence 12 feet

wide = 8.72 acres at $5 per acre . 43 60

Total $230 60

Showing an annual expenditure on a
farm thus fenced of $43 20 for perma-
nent maintenance greater than on the
fence as first described.

6. The estimate, therefore, in the
second paragraph of the previous Report
of two dollars per acre per annum seems
a moderate one, and your Coinmittee
are of the opinion that if farmei*s were
not compelled to fence against their
neighboui-s' cattle, they could protect
their crops and their own cattle by live
fences, the trees forming wind-breaks, by
the use of hurdles and otherwise, (which
would add much to the general beauty
of the country, and thereby greatly
enhance the value of the land), at less
than one quarter of the yearly expendi-
ture above shown, or — in other words —
that the farmer of every 100 acres of
land in Ontario could realize a clear
yearly profit over and above wli;at he
is now doing (if every owner of stock
were compelled by law to keep them
enclosed) of $150.

7. That the foregoing figures, show-
ing the unnecessary but compulsory
annual expenditure of $1 50 per acre
for all cultivated land by the unwise
laws at present in force in this Pro-
vince, have been carefully prepared,
and therefore, by applying them to
communities of farms, we find that the
annual loss from this cause to the large
Township of London, in the County of
Middlesex, having a cultivated area of
nearly 70,000 acres, is over $100,000.
The Township of Mariposa, in the
County of Victoria, having cleared land
to the extent of neaily 48,000 acres,
loses $72,000 annually. The Medel
Farm at Guelph loses by the same
means annually about $800. These
figures when applied to the whole Pro-
vince assume gigantic proportions, for
we find from Official Rc^ports that there
are at the present time between eleven
and twelve millions of acres under

52

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

actual cultivation. The total loss there-
fore to the farmers of Ontario must be
upwards of $16,000,000 per annum.
Thos. Beall, Chairman.

P. E. BUCKE.

Thos. Halliday Watt.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ENGLISH SPARROWS.

Toronto, Jan. 28, 1882.
I enclose you an article taken from
an Australian paper concerning the
destructiveness of the English sparrow
in that Colony, and would suggest that
some steps be taken immediately to
suppress their increase in this country,
as the destruction by birds in this city
is beyond conception. Chap. 29, Sta-
tutes of Ontario, sec. 81, enacts that
" persons may destroy the robin and
cherry bird on tlieir own premises
during the fruit season." Now these
birds are harmless in comparison with
the sparrow, and yet least harmless
during the fruit season ; therefore by
adding the sparrow it would not meet
the requirements necessary, as the
sparrow is most harmful in winter and
spring before the blossoms have burst
There should therefore be added, after
the words cherry bird, "and may des-
troy the English sparrow at any time."
I thinlj: if the above suggestions were
made to some member of t\Q Ontario
Parliament now sitting, who is inter-
ested in horticulture, there would be
no difficulty in introducing the. amend-
ment. Yours, &c.,

J. NewhalIi.

To the Editor of The Canadian Horticulturist

Sir, — Herewith I send you an ab-
stract Meteoi-ological Report for Lind-
say for the winter of 1880-81, compared
with abstracts from the reports issued
from the Observatory at Toronto for
that place.

If similar reports could be obtained
from several places — say from St. Ca-
tharines, Hamilton, London, Goderich,
Guelph, Owen Sound, Orillia, Peter-
boro', Belleville, Kingston, and Ottawa
— would it not furnish data whereby
almost positive information would be
furnished to intending fruit-growers as
to the success or non-success of culti-
vating certain fruits in their neighbor-
hood 1 For if given kinds of fruit are
successfully grown in a locality where
the climate is known, surely the same
kinds of fruit may be grown in any
other neighborhood having like climatic
conditions ; and, if experts fail to grow
certain fruits successfully in a given
neighborhood, novices may not expect
to succeed with the same varieties un-
der similar conditions elsewhere.

Perhaps the publication of this re-
port may cause others to view this
subject in the same way, and possibly
induce others to furnish similar reports.

I hope soon to see this subject taken
up by our Association, and accorded
that consideration its importance de-
serves, and an application made to the
Dominion Government to cause a re-
port, compiled from the reports, from
all important points, not only in On-
tario, but throughout the Dominion, to
be issued periodically from the Meteo-
rological Office at Toronto. A know-
ledge of the climate of our vast Do-
minion, and its possibilities for Agricul-
ture, Horticulture, Pomology, and pos-
sibly for Stock-raising, can only become
general by this or some kindred means.

Much valuable information may now
be obtained from the Observatory at
Toronto, and is always willingly given
by the obliging officers of that institu-
tion, but it is scarcely probable that a
periodic report as indicated could be
issued by that already over- taxed insti-
tution.

Lindsay, Ont. Thos. Beall.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

53

GENERAL METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER FOR THE WINTER OF 1880-8L

LiKDSAY. — Lat. 44° 19' 15" North. Lon. 5h. 15nu West. Approximate elevation above the
Sea 876 feet. Compared with

ToKoNTO. — Lat. 43° 39' 4" North. Long. 5h. 17m. 33s. West. Approximate elevation above

the Sea 350 feet.

Placks.

1 .
o2

s

1

c

IS

li

ti

Mean temjierature

Toronto . .
Lindsay ..

45.0
42.32

30.3
26.10

21.4
16.0

16.7
9.6

20.0
15.9

30.1
27.9

40.0

43.4

Toronto ..
Lindsay , .

75.4
79.0

67.0
58.6

48.5
42.0

37.7
36.1

42 9
45.8

42.1
49.2

80.6

Highest temperature for month

76.6

Date of highest temperature for month

Date of highest temperature for month

Toronto . .
Lindsay . .

11
11

5
5

5

5

13
18

10

27

9
16

26
24

Toronto ..
Lindsay . .

26.3
17.4

3.7
— 9.9

— 8.3
-16.0

— 4.8
—24.4

—15.1

-27.8

10.8
3.4

13.9

Lowest temperature for month

6.6

Date of lowest temperature for month

Toronto . .
Lindsay . .

28
28

24
14

30
10

15

24

1
2

11
12

2

6

Toronto ..
Lindsay . .

3

5
5

6
5

13
13

10
9

17
16

24

Warmest da}' of the month

24

Mean temperature of warmest day of the month.
Mean temperature of warmest day of the month.

Toronto . .
Lindsay . .

59.97
33.6')

50.53
62.80

36.52
33.15

33.32
32.50

37.93
39.58

36.52
37.22

61.58
60.8

Coldest day of the month

Toronto ..
Lindsay . .

28
28

22
23

29
29

14
14

2
2

1
1

Coldest day of the month

4

Mean temperature of warmest day of the month.
Mean temperature of warmest day of the montli.

Toronto . .
Lindsay . .

32.47
26.80

10.85
.30

— 0.82

— 7.75

5.25

— 8.48

- 7.07
—10.45

15.95
9.30

20.37
15.16

Toronto . .
Lindsay . .

52.86
53.72

35.93
33.81

26.74
21.57

23.80
19.19

26.99
25.00

35.53
35.48

48.73
49 13

Mean maximum temperature

Mean minimum temi>eratnrc

Toronto . .
Lindsay . .

37.17
34.06

23.78
18,85

16.40
9.10

7.89
— 2.50

11.28
3.95

24.65
20.83

30 40

Mean mininuim temperature

25.94

Mean daily range

Toronto . ,
Lindsay . .

15.69
19.30

12.15
26.10

11.34
12.48

15.91
21.70

16.71
20.60

10.88
14.06

Mean daily range

23 '^9

Greatest daily range

Toronto . .
Lindsay . .

29.1
39.7

22.6
31.1

23.9
27.1

27.8
47.8

-29.2
:<8.9

19.4
31.2

40 9

Greatest daily range

36.5

Least daily range

Toronto . .
Lindsay..

4.9
6.4

6.3
4.5

2.3
2.7

4.6
5.4

4.7
5.3

2.4

2.3

80
ll.S

Least daily range .* .'

Monthly range

Toronto . .
Lindsay . .

49.2
61.6

53.3

68.5

56.8
58.0

42.5
60.5

58.0
73.6

31.3
39.5

06.7
69.8

Monthly range

Day on wluch the greatest amount of snow or
rain fell

Toronto . .
Lindsay..

4
24

6
6

1

1

21
22

9
12

19

4

26

27

Day on wluch tlie greatest amount of snow or
ralnfell

Quantity of snow or rain on that dav in inclies .
Quantity of snow or rain on that day in inches .

Toronto ..
Lindsay . .

.96
1.11

1.01
1.11

.37
.70

.63
.70

.57
.46

1.72
1.10

.05
.28

Number of days on which snow or rain fell

Nunib«!r of days on which snow or rain fell

Toronto . .
I^mdsay . .

14
IS

22
17

20
9

19
14

15
18

15
10

7
5

Total depth of rain and melted snow for month
in in<he8

Toronto . .
Lindsay . .

3.54
4.03

2.65
3.87

1.11
1.95

2.13
3.00

8.44

1.67

8.67
166

.09
.78

ToUl depth of ram and melted snow for month
in inehea

54

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

BLACK SPOTS ON APPLES.

Prescott, Jan. 10, 1882.
\ I have no doubt that I wrote the
article mentioned in your letter of the
9th for the Canada Farmer. The fruit
of several of my apple trees had been
affected with a black taint when they
were about half grown ; they then
shrank and became worthless. I re-
membered a remedy I had read when
a boy for caterpillars and other worms
on apple trees, and I thought I would
try it on my trees, as I was of opinion
that the taint was occasioned by some
kind of poison in the sap, and not
from the attacks of moths in the fruit.
Since that time my apples have been
perfectly free from the taint — indeed
the change took place the first season
after applying the remedy. I inserted
the sulphur early in the spring, before
the sap began to ascend into the
branches. I cannot see that the trees
have been injured by the holes having
been bored into them ; yet I think
grafting wax is preferable to wooden
plugs — anything to exclude the vmter.

The only enemy that has baffled me
is the Codlin Moth, and until last season
I had almost given up in despair, for
he is an insufferable nuisance ; and if
these moths cannot be conquered we
shall lose in quantity and quality im-
mensely.

For the tent caterpillar I tye a cotton
swab to the end of a long pole, dip it
in a pail of pretty strong lye, and
easily wipe the tents off in the morn-
ing. Last spring I found only tivo
tents on all my trees.

The apple tree Borer must be looked
after, otherwise he will destroy the
trees — ornamental as well as fruit.

My only enemy now, as I said
before, is the Codlin Moth. However,
I think I have a remedy for him also.
Last spring, early in April, I tried the
experiment on two trees — Duchess of

Oldenburgh and McLean — of tying
tightly around their trunks, about 18
inches from the ground, with twine, a
piece of cotton cloth about three inches
wide ; then I daubed the cloth thor-
oughly with printer's ink, so that no
insect could crawl up the trunk with-
out sticking fast in the ink. Although
heretofore my Duchess had been affect-
ed as much as the other trees, every
apple was sound and perfectly mature,
and the largest crop I ever had. The
McLean tree had a few wormy apples,
which I could account for : I was taken
sick and could not attend to more.
And here let me say that the Duchess
of Oldenburgh is the surest and most
valuable early tree for the locality — the
Brockville Beauty next. The Red
Astrachan, although hardy, will not
hold its fruit, and the apples burst as
soon as ripe. The Early or Yellow
Harvest is too tender for this climate.
These trees have all been thoroughly
tried. Farneuse, if kept clean of
borers, in my opinion stands above a\\
others as a fall dessert apple. Rhode
Island Greening, Baldwin, and Fsapus
Spitzenburgh — all magnificent apples^
and superior winter apples to all others
that I know — are not reliable, being
too tender. They have all been grown
here, and are not now to be found.

The only enemy I notice to the
Plumb is the black knot. I have lost
a number of the old Blue Plumb
family by it. By the use of coal and
wood ashes, and washing with salt
brine and sometimes lye, I have kept
the black knot off uiy Jefferson and
Egg plumbs pretty well ; but I am not
sure yet that I have fully succeeded.
I have not yet discovered the cause of
the black knot. If I knew the cause
1 would not rest till I found out a cure.
No doubt it is *a fungus, and not the
effect of insects. ^I think it is a poison
in the sap, which, perhaps from over-
stimulation with manr-" bursts the

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

55-

bark, and then, unless cut out at once,
increases from one tree to another until
the tree is destroyed. When the black
knot begins on the main trunk of the
tree it is difficult to arrest its progress.
I have a dozen or more very fine plumb
trees — all very superior — which I in-
tend to nui-se and cultivate so as, if
possible, to bi-ing them up to the stand-
point of fifty years ago.

I have tried pears of various kinds,
but all have failed. A few year's ago
I obtained from New Hampshire six
young chestnut trees. They all died
the first year.

To conclude, if any member of the
Fruit Growers' Association, or any one
else, can tell us why the Codlin Moth
lays its egg in the apple blossom —
whether it goes there to extract honey
or for any other purpose — I think we
could soon invent a scheme to circum-
vent him. Next spring I intend to try
the cotton rag and printer's ink on all
my apple trees, and if successful again
shall not fail to report.

Yours very truly, S. B. Merrill.

The above was received from Mr.
John Croil, who remarks that Mr.
Merrill's plan is this : — " Early in
February, with a three-quarter inch
augur, bore half through the trees
diagonally about two feet from the
ground, fill the hole with sulphur, and
cover the orifice with grafting wax or
with a wooden plug."

BEST CODLIN MOTH TRAP.

I set two traps on the 20th of last
August and caught over one thousand
moths in one night. The trap is a glass
lantern set in a tin pan of water an
inch or more deep. The light attracts
the moths and they fly around the
lantern, and when they strike the
water they are caught, as they are help-
less when they once get in the water.

In trimming the lanterns use less or
more oil, according to the length of
time you want them to burn. They
should be set on something two feet or
more from the ground.

I intend to use a number of the
traps tliis season, commencing when
trees are in blossom, for the moths are
numerous and destructive.

W. C. Raymond.

Dickinson's Landing.

LETTER FROM THE HON. MARSHALL
P. WILDER.

PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

" The present number of the Cana-
dian Horticulturist is not only in-
creased in pages, but its contents are
of a very useful character. This may
be called the Grape Number, as it
illustrates in a very lucid manner a
system of training that any cultivator
may understand. Plan and system are
the foundations of success in every
well ordered effort in life. You have
done well to give us so much in one
issue on this important branch of
pomology, creating as it will even more
interest in the future than it has in the
past. I am glad to see that the Wilder
grape succeeds so far north as the 47th
parallel. I have ever had a good
opinion of it, and it was my choice
out of all Mr. Rogei-s' hybrids to have
my name affixed to. Also am glad to
see that the Champion is being properly
depreciated. We must keep up the
standard of quality, and when we can
have a grape as good and as early as
Moore's Early, we can dispense with
the Champion, as I have done. We
were very glad to see your President
Dempsey at Boston, and your honoi'ed
former President, Rev. Burnet ; also,
I am gratified that you thought well of
what I said in my addn^ss before the
American Pomological Society on the
Grape. No country luis such good
promise for its successful culture.

56

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

REPORT ON FRUIT TREES, &c.

Appin, Feb. 5th, 1882.
As it seems to be the general prac-
tice to give a short history of the trees
and plants received by the members of
the Fruit Growers' Association, I will
do so. The pear trees are doing well,
excepting the Beurre Clairgeau; Clapp's
Favorite blossomed nicely last spring,
but bore no fruit; Beurre d'Anjou
has fruited twice ; Flemish Beauty is
growing nicely. My apple trees are
growing nicely; Grimes Golden has
not fruited as yet. My Burnet grape
vine makes but poor growth as yet ;
my other vines are all dead long ago.
My Hales peach was dry and withered
up when it came to hand, being taken
up as I believe in the fall of the year
before it was sent out, and never started
into growth at all. My Blackberry
never came to anything, nor the Rasp-
berry either. The last Raspberry has
made a good growth since planted.
My Gooseberry bush never started into
growth in the spring. Planting small
fruits in the fall should be avoided.
All nursery trees and plants should be
dug up with more care than is gener-
ally bestowed on them. In taking up in
the nursery, all the fibrous roots are
as a general rule left in the ground and
only the stock sent out. I would pre-
fer a smaller tree or plant, provided it
had a good root left to the tree. This
is a serious fault with many nursery-
men. My Hydrangea Paniculata grew
■ well in the first part of the season ; it
put out buds for flowei^, but the dry
weather prevented it from flowering,
and in September its leaves dried up.
1 do not know if it is dead or not.
-Mr. Lotan's tree has done well ; his
Raspberry is doing nicely ; his potatoes
have turned out well. I have given a
brief resume since my last report. My
Glass seedling plum has not fruited
yet; the blossoms have dropped off";
this tree is a very free grower ; if the

fruit can compare with the growth of
the tree it will be a great acquisition
to the plum orchard. I am glad that
the Directors allow of a choice ; it is in
the right direction.

The Horticulturist is getting to be a
very useful pamphlet to me. I begin
to look for it regularly every month
with its discussions and notices of
fruits, besides its being so handy a
reference book, with its index to the
yearly volume. It is worth more than
the whole cost to have the opinion of
those who are in a position to know
the merits or the demerits of those new
trees, fruits, &c., peddled around
through the country by unscrupulous
men. If there were more copies of the
Horticulturist taken by the farmers
around here there would not be such
big shaves got from them for new fruit
trees at enormous prices.

Yours truly, John McIntyre.

ALGOMA.

Bhnd River, Dec. 17, 1881.
My Wealthy Apple which came to
me fi-om the Association has done well,
although it was about two weeks on
the way in the mail bags before I got
it, and I give thanks for the good con-
dition it was packed in so as to stand
the long mail transit. We have had a
good year for wild fruits. Oanberries,
blue berries, raspberries and straw-
berries were all very plentiful this year,
which has been of great benefit io the
new settler of this out of the way part
of the world. We also have had good
crops of all kinds of gi*ain and roots.
Corn has done well, and I tried a few
rows of the Early Amber sugar cane,
which was planted too late — the second
of June — and grew nine feet high and
looked well, but was killed with frost
the middle of September ; but we had
plenty of tomatoes, pumpkins, and
squash, which matured well. I planted

THE CANADIAN HOETICDLTUKIST.

57

a few apple trees last spring, which
grew very well this summer, and I
hope to report that they have stood the
winter well.

Yours with respects,

W. Warnock.

GRAPES - POTATOES- CHERRIES.

The Delaware is the best grape grown
around here. Creveling has done well
with me. The Burnet has not had
fair play, but promises well. The Con-
cord, if it is the Concord, has never
ripened. I have about a dozen other
kinds not tested : Moore's Early, Salem,
Wilder, Champion, Telegraph, Rogers'
No. 3, 9, Brighton, &c.

My taste is depraved enough to like
the Hartford ; one advantage it has,
at least, it always ripens. We always
winter cover our vines with a few
inches of earth.

Gooseberries I used always to train
on a single stem ; many recommend
five or six stems, renewed yearly ;
would like your advice on this. Mr.
Tait says he uses sulphur to prevent
mildew with success.

The Dempsey potato did well with
me, from a barrel on sod, no manure,
I had 70 bushels (we are using them
now, excellent). Beauty of Hebron
good, very early and prolific.

I let the Early Vermont take the
place of the Early Rose with me.
Very like it, but I think a little earlier
and more productive. Peerless I find
good for spring use, and a fair cropper.
I have seed for a tiial of the Late
Rose next spiing ; neighbors speak
well of them.

Cherries which used to be with us a
sure crop till the birds claimed them,
have been entirely barren the last lew
years. Is this geneml 1

John Croil.
Aultsville.

REPORT ON TREES, &c., RECEIVED.

With reference to Mr. Geo. Elliott's
report on the trees, <fec., he has re-
ceived from the Association (Vol. V.,
No. 1, p. 14), I beg to observe that I
have succeeded in raising every one of
the various trees received from the
Association since 1874, the year that I
joined.

The Salem Grape does not bear
much fruit, and the bunches are small ;
what there are are very good to eat.
Swayzie Pomme Grise (1875) is now a
handsome young tree, and fruited
twice, two or three each year ; rather
small, but good. Glass Seedling Plum
(1876) arrived nearly dried up and
dead, but budded out at last into many
branches, though so late that they were
mostly winter killed ; it is, however,
now a fine tree, and I trust will bear
this year. Diadem Raspberry and
Strawberry (1877) grew well, but
neither had much fiavor. Burnet
Gmpe (1878) has gi-own well and
fruited twice ; bunches small, and
most of the berries not larger than
peas, a few only on each bunch full
size ; a little sharp, but very nice
flavor. Arnold's Ontario Apple (1879)
growing well ; bore three apples in
1881 ; small, rather sour ; trust they
may improve. Saundei-s' Rasi)berry,
No. 72 (1880), made fine shoots, like
a black cap; fruit rather small.
Brighton Grape (1881) made one small
shoot.

When gathering Asparagus is it

(even) possible to pull the stalks up,

as recommended in the poetical efiu-

sion on page 24 (third, h'lst stanza) 1 I

should think it would injure tlie crown

of the root. I always cut mine with

a shai-p knife, but ciirefully, so as not

to destroy any not yet above the

surface. ^^

G. (Cobourg).

68

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

CULTIVATION OF CELERY.

Dear Sir, — I noticed in the reports
of the proceedings of the late meeting
of the Fruit Growers' Association,
that one of the subjects under discus-
sion was the best method of the culti-
vation of celery.

It was remarked by one of the mem-
bers that the ravages of the insect was
one of the difficulties to be encountered
in raising it.

I have the same complaint to make.
For several years I endeavored with
great care to raise this delicious vege-
table, but was unsuccessful in conse-
quence of the destruction caused by an
imperceptible insect^ so I gave up the
attempt.

The year before last I saw a remedy
given in the Fruit Recorder, edited by
A. M. Purdy, Esq., of Palmyra, N. Y.,
and was determined to make another
effort, which, I am happy to say, has
proved entirely successful for the past
two seasons.

The remedy is to water the celery
once a week with soap suds from the
wash tub, and afterwards dust the
plants with a little of the flour of
sulphur, which will entirely destroy
the enemy. This should be continued
throughout the season.

Yours truly,
William M. Murray.

Niagara, Ont.

MULBERRIES.

Will you be kind enough to give me
all the information you can about the
Mulberry tree, as to its hardiness (1),
productiveness (2), and quality of
fruit (3).

Jesse Weldon.

Oakwood.

1. The Black or English Mulberry
is not perfectly hardy in all parts of
Ontario. It will do best where the

peach is successfully cultivated. The
new American Mulberry promises to
be much more hardy. The Russian
Mulberry should be hardy as far north
as Sault Ste. Marie.

2. All varieties are exceedingly pro-
ductive.

3. There is some difference in the
flavor of the different sorts, but the
three sorts named above are highly
esteemed for fine quality.

WHAT OUR SUBSCRIBERS SAY

OF US.

I highly prize and esteem your
periodical, and consider it well worth
the money without any premium.

Wm. Hood.

Valleyfield, Pr. of Que.

I was well satisfied with the Potatoes
I got last spring. I had foui; heaped
pails full from the pound.

Wm. S. Inkster.
Maxwell.

Please tell your Association to still
continue to agitate the prohibition of
cattle being allowed to run at large.

John Bothwell, Sen.
Springville.

I am very much pleased with the
Canadian Horticulturist, it contains
information very useful to a fruit
grower,

William A. Wallis.

Humber.

I am very glad to welcome the Cana-
dian Horticulturist in its new and
enlarged shape, and hope that the in-
creased information it affords will prove
a benefit to the Association, and be the
means of enlarging the number of its
subscribers, as it so much deserves.

G. WiLGRESS.
Cobourg.

IHE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIBT.

59

1 am glad you have seen your way
to the enlargement of the paper. It
will help to popularize and extend the
usefulness of the Association.

T. C. Wheatley.

Sarnia.

Have received the January number
of the Horticulturist, with which I
am greatly pleased. It has been the
means of diffusing much useful informa-
tion both for the garden and orchard,
and I much wish the usefulness of your
periodical greatly extended. I have
been much benefited myself, and am
sure others also have profited by its
perusal.

Geo. Strauchon.
Woodstock.

Enclosed is my subscription for the
Canadian Horticulturist. It is a
little book I am well pleased with, and
consider the money well laid out, for
the information to be got from it is
very valuable to those who take a
delight in gardening, and I should be
very glad to see it grow larger, even if
it cost more. I look upon it as a cheap
Dollar's worth.

Allen Chapman.

Cayuga.

I will say that I think more and
more of the good work done by the
Fruit Growei-s' Association by every
number of the Canadian Horticulturist
I receive, and I look for it anxiously
every month. I think it will be more
interesting this year than ever, as it is
80 much larger than formerly ; and it
will help us to make our liomes beau-
tiful by what is shewn us in those
colored plates. A great many of us
must see to be convinced, and I be-
lieve there are a great many who have
seen the plate in the January number
who will appreciate the Gladiolus a
deal more than they ever did before.

What I have received from the Asso-
ciation has done well.

William Jones.
Box Grove.

Your valuable " Report " duly to
hand, also the Canadian Horticul-
turist. These excellent publications
are brim-ful of important information
for the horticulturist, fruit grower and
entomologist. Our Southern people
know but little of the capabilities of
the Dominion of Canada. Even the
Northern States are excelled by you,
especially in the keeping qualities of
fruits.

James Fritz.

Albermarle Co., Virginia.

I was very much pleased with the
January number for this year, and T
trust the Society will meet with further
success. I wish I could make more
fanners believe it is to their interest to
subscribe. As the Society has now
taken up the subjects of growing flowera
and shrubs, I think the old members
might make an effort and get a few
ladies to join, or better still, subscribe
for an extra copy, and make some lady
friend a present of it.

Chas. Jas. Fox.
Delaware.

I am glad to add my testimony with
others to the great good the Fruit
Growers Association of Ontario is doing
throughout the country. The enlarge-
ment of the Horticulturist is a step
in the right direction, and the Directors
are to be congratulated in their efforts
to popularize it. Some of the articles
on various subjects are of no mean
order, and reflect credit on the contri-
butors. The valuable hints given and
experiences related through tlie Hor-
ticulturist cannot fail to be justly
appreciated by those who take an in-
terest in a department so varied and

60

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

replete with the choicest of God's pre-
cious gifts. Sometimes one is a little
puzzled to arrive at a conclusion as to
" what to grow" &c. The evidence as
to what is the best is often very con-
tradictory. Still there are a great
many considerations which have to be
weighed, such as soil, climate, drainage,
<fec A certain kind of apple which
would be quite successful at Toronto
might be a failure at Barrie, or a Burnet
Grape Vine fruitful at Niagara might
be barren at Ottawa. In view of the
extended operations of the Association,
it might be in order for the Legislature
of Ontario to increase the grant from
Government. A sum of money voted
for such purposes and objects as are
propagated by the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation of Ontario for the benefit of the
people is money well spent. I am of
opinion that the time will come when
such a grant will be unnecessary.
When the aims and objects of the
Association are better understood by
the people of this Province, then the
Association can easily become self-sus-

James Stephen.

Toronto.

ELECTRO-HORTICULTURE.

" As regards the chemical products,
carbonic acid and nitrogenous com-
pounds, it was thought these would
prove rather beneficial than otherwise
in furnishing the very ingredients upon
which plant-life depends, and, further,
that the constant supply of pure car-
bonic acid resulting from the gradual
combustion of the carbon electrodes
might render a diminution in the sup-
ply of fresh air possible, and thus lead
to economy of fuel. The plants did
not, however, take kindly to those in-
novations in their mode of life, and it
was found necessary to put a lantern
of clear glass round the light for the
double purpose of discharging the chemi-
cal products of the arc and of inter-

posing an efiectual screen between the
arc and the plants under its influence.
The effect of interposing a mere thin
sheet of clear glass between the plants
and the source of the electric light was
most striking. On placing such a sheet
of clear glass so as to intercept the
rays from the electric light from a por-
tion only of a plant, for instance a to-
mato plant, it was observed that in the
course of a single night the line of de-
marcation was most distinctly shown
upon the leaves. The portion of the
plant under the direct influence of the
naked electric light, though at a distance
from it of nine to ten feet, was distinctly
shrivelled, whereas that portion under
cover of the clear glass continued to
show a healthy appearance; and this
line of demarcation was distinctly visi-
ble in individual leaves. Not only the
leaves, but the young stems of the
plants soon showed signs of destruction
when exposed to the naked electric light,
and these destructive influences were
perceptible, though in a less marked de-
gree, at a distance of twenty feet fi'om
the source of light. A question here
presents itself that can hardly fail to
excite the interest of the physiological
botanist. The clear glass does not ap-
parently intercept any of the luminous
rays, which cannot therefore be the
cause of the destructive action. Prof.
Stokes has shown, however, in 1853, that
the electric arc is particularly rich in
highly refrangible invisible rays, and
that these are largely absorbed in their
passage through clear glass. It there-
fore appears reasonable to suppose that
it is those highly refrangible rays be-
yond the visible spectrum that work
destruction on vegetable cells, thus con-
trasting with the luminous rays of less
refrangibility, which, on the contrary,
stimulate their organic action." — Dr. C.
W. Siemens, in The Journal of the
American Agricultural Association for
October.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

CI

ASPARAGUS CULTUEE.

To judge from the fact that we re-
ceive more inquiries about Asparagus
than almost any other vegetable, it
seems that although the mysteries and
secrets which were formerly considered
necessary for its cultivation have long
since been uncovered and proved to be
detrimental mther than otherwise,
there still clings to the popuhir mind
some mysterious halo connected with
the idea of Asparagus culture. And
yet it necessitates less labour and ex-
pense than almost any other garden
vegetable. The roots cost hardly more
than the seeds for other vegetables
occupying the same space, and the first
expense is the only one. While Peas
and Lettuce and the whole list of vege-
tables have to be sown every year,
Asparagus yields its delicious crop year
after year, without replanting, for
generations.

The most frequent cause of failure
with Asparagus is too close planting.
Favorable soU and good roots are, of
course, necessary to obtain good re-
sults, but these can amount to but
little unless sufficient space is given
for theii* development. A deep, light,
sandy loam is best, but with proper
preparation any garden soil can be
made to produce a good crop. If so
heavy and wet that water stands on
the ground during winter, under-drain-
ing and deep working will be necessary
before planting. On ordinary garden
soil, deep plowing or spading and the
working in of enough stable manure —
a coating of four or five inches would
not be too much, although less will do
— is sufficient. If this can be done
during the fall or winter previous to
planting, so much the better. Where
practicable, it is far better to plant the
roots in long rows on one side of the
gaixlen than in short beds. A single
row of one hundred and fifty or two

hundred plants, set eighteen inches or
two feet apart, will give an ample sup-
ply for a family of half a dozen, and,
during the height of the season, some
to sell or give away to neighbors who
are not so fortunate as to delight in an
Asparagus-bed. When more than one
row has to be planted, they should
never be nearer together than three
feet, and unless forced into very nan-ow
limits, a distance of four feet is to be
preferred.

After the rows are marked out and
the line stretched, a ditch with one
side slanting and about twelve inches
deep is dug with a sharp spade.
Against the smooth side of the ditch
the plants are placed, and the roots
spread out so that the crowns are four
or five inches below the level of the
ground. A handful of soil is then
drawn over the roots and firmly
packed down ; more soil is then raked
in, so as to fill the ditch to within two
or three inches of the surface. In a few
weeks the sprouts will appear ; the
gi-ound has then to be loosened with
a cultivator or a hoe, and kept mellow
and clean during summer. At each
cultivating some soil should be drawn
into the remaining ditch, so as gradual-
ly to fill it entirely.

Often it becomes desirable to plant
Asparagus without sufficient prepara-
tion having been given to the soil. In
such cases, a trench may be dug
eighteen inches deep and twelve or
fifteen inches wide. Rich stable-manure
is put into the trench and trodden
down so as to fill it one-half. A layer
of three inches of fine surface-soil is
thrown on the manure and shaped into
a ridge, with its highest point in the
center of the ditch ; on this ridge the
roots are placed at the proper dis-
tances, the rootlets evenly spread out
toward the sides and covered with
about one inch of soil, which has to be

62

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURiST.

firmly packed down, especially over the
lower ends of thfe roots ; one-half of
the remaining ditch is then filled in,
and the rest not before the shoots
have grown several inches above the
level of the ground. The subsequent
cultivation is the same as given above.

During the second year, no care is
required except to keep the bed clear
until the stalks cover the entire ground.
The tliird year, and not sooner, the
cutting may commence, but if there
are any roots which have not made a
very strong growth it is best not to cut
from these, and in fact as soon as any
plants show lack of vigor the cutting
should be discontinued. Many Aspara-
gus-beds are ruined by too long-con-
tinued cutting. We have found it a
good rule to commence cutting as
soon as the first stalks appear, and
stop with the beginning of Strawberry
picking.

Immediately after the cutting season,
when the roots are enfeebled by the
severe tax of having produced many
times more than their natural require-
ment of stalks, is the best time for
manuring ; yet an application of fer-
tilizers does not come amiss at any
time.

The stems, which, after the cutting
iseason, shoot up with great rapidity,
should not be disturbed until they die
off naturally, when they should be cut
and burned. Salt is, by general con-
sent, considered a special fertilizer for
Asparagus. We have during several
years applied salt to one part of our
bed, and not to the other, without per-
ceiving the least difierence in the res-
pective yields. At any rate, salt can
do no harm, no matter how liberally
applied. Stable-manure, bone-meal,
superphosphates, and in fact almost
any kind of fertilizer, and plenty of it,
are beneficial to Asparagus. — American
Garden.

PURE NATIVE WINES.

On the occasion of the recent meet-
ing of the Fruit Growers' Association,
held in the city of Hamilton, we were
invited with several of the members
to visit the wine vaults of Messrs.
Barnes & Haskins. We were quite
surprised to find that this enterprise
had attained to such extensive dimen-
sions, and that already there was a
varied stock of old native wines pro-
duced from grapes grown in their own
vineyards near to the city. It would
seem that these gentlemen have been
quietly perfecting these wines for some
years, until now they compare favor-
ably with the best imported, with this
decided advantage that they are pure,
free from adulteration of every sort,
and not strengthened by the addition
of spirits. We all know how difficult
it has long been to get unadulterated
wines, and that much of the so-called
wine of commerce is only spirits colored
and flavored to imitate the wine whose
name it bears; and now that the
phylloxera has made such wholesale
destruction of the vineyards of Europe,
and thereby caused such an immense
decrease in the quantity of wine pro-
duced, it will be next to impossible to
obtain a gallon of pure wine from those
countries. Indeed, the importation of
American cheap spirits by the wine
producing countries of Europe, to be
manufactured into counterfeit wines
and sent back for consumption in
America, has reached gigantic propor-
tions.

We were assured by Mr. Haskins
that the chief object of his firm is to
produce wines that shall be pure and
free from all adulteration, made from
the juice of the grape only, and that
for several years they have annually
pressed many tons of grapes, all of
which were of Canadian gi'owth. Their

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

63

experiments in wine making have now
extended over a period of some twenty
years, so that they are able from the
experience thus gained to make a really
good wine from our Canadian gi*apes.
The wines which were sampled on this
lion were pronounced by those who
)mpetent judges to bear evidence
iving been carefully handled and
>ing well matured. Until recently,
growing and wine making by this
has been a labor of love ; but the
lence of theii* products has won
bhem such a favorable reputation
their business has already assumed
dderable commercial importance,
lis industry is doubtless but in its
icy. French wine makers, driven
the ravages of the phylloxera to
more favorable opportunities, are
rning their attention towards Canada
probable place for the establish-
^nt of vineyards and the manufacture
wine. It is highly probable that
fore many years Ontario will produce
pure and wholesome wines in sufficient
quantity to supply the markets of our
Dominion, for we possess both the soil
and climate eminently suited to the
(SUltivation of many varieties of the
^a.\^L\ A wonderful impulse has re-
Otmtly been given to the cultivation of
this luscious and healthful fruit by the
introduction of new and choice varie-
ties, some of them of surpassing excel-
lence. The work thus auspiciously
begun will doubtless go on, and each
year will add some new variety of ex-
cellence, until we have native sorts
rivalling in every valuable requisite
ihe best grapes of the Old World. If
le of the results shall be to give to
ir people a pure, undi*ugged wine in
ice of the fabricated wines now on
5, the thanks of our people will be
[tly due to these pioneers in grape
[wing and wine making who have
^n the possibility of making a pure
'palatable native wine.

THE CULTIVATION OF FOREST
TREES.

There is no more profitable use to
which rough ground, that cannot
be profitably plowed, can be turned
than to plant it to timber. But the
profit depends greatly upon the kinds
of timber planted. Some timber trees
are of quick growth ; some grow slowly ;
some are valuable and some Avorth little ;
some will best succeed on dry soil, and
some best on wet ground, and some
require certain conditions of climate.
Thus, in swampy places, white cedar,
tamarac, spruce and balsam fir will
thrive excellently, but the last men-
tioned is valueless for its timber, while
the others are salable at good prices
for various purposes. Again, in some
localities the otherwise useless white
birch is in demand for manufacturing
purposes, and will there pay better than
any other kind. Hard maple of the
bird's eye or curly varieties will grow
best on rocky ground in a cold climate,
while black walnut requires a warmer
climate and rich soil to thrive well.
Usually the timbers required for manu-
facturing purposes pay the best ; such
as walnut, chestnut, cherry, maple, and
birch, which are in demand for furni-
ture ; elm, oak, ash, hickory, basswood,
and some others, are bought by wagon,
carriage, and sleigh makers ; cedar,
chestnut and locust are valuable for
fencing, and in some places an acre of
swamp covered with white cedar has
yielded nearly a thousand dollars for
the fence posts and rails taken from it.

Cultivated timber is worth much
more than that which has grown wild,
as much so as a crop of cultivated pota-
toes is more valuable than one self-sown
and neglected. The timber grows more
rapidly and in better shape, and there
are more trees on the same quantity of
ground. Thus, one acre of cedars,
planted four feet apart each way, would
contain 2,722 trees. These trees, so

64

THE CANADIAN HOUTICULTDRIST.

closely planted, would grow tall and
straight, and when four to six inches
in diameter might be thinned to eight
feet apart, and would yield about 2,000
poles, some of which would make fence
posts, and the rest hop poles, the value
averaging at least twenty-five cents per
tree. This would produce $500 to the
acre, leaving 680 trees to continue to
grow until they become worth fifty cents
to a dollar per tree for various purposes,
such as fencing, vineyard stakes, &c. By
(Cultivating the young trees the growth
would be very much advanced, so that
at five or six years the first thinning
might bo made, and a handsome income
derived from the plantation, while, by
ordinary natural growth, twenty years
would probably elapse before any in-
come would be realized, and then only
a very small one. It is the same with
other trees — at eight years old a plan-
tation of chestnut timber has begun to
pay a good profit, in addition to the
whole cost, by the thinning of the trees
for fence posts and rails. While the
remaining timber is growing, the cut
stumps sprout again, and by the time
the former is ready to cut the latter are
prepared to occupy the ground, and so
an alternate growth may be procured
without any planting. A grove of large
chestnitt trees, with about forty trees
to the aero, has paid $120 yearly per
acre, for many years, from the fruit
alone, which usually sells at $3 a bushel,
while trees so grown yield much larger
crops than the wild trees ; so with
special kinds of timber, such as white
birch, that is grown for making thread
spools and toothpicks, and hickory,
that is in demand for light buggy tires
and bent furniture work, and other
timbers required for furniture, as bass-
wood for wooden seats for chairs and
for the bent dashboards of pleasure
sleighs, and birch and maple for the
frames of chairs and tables. The fact
is, one can scarcely go. wrong if he will

only plant such timber as will thrive
in the soil and situation he can devote
to the culture, and this point is the
most important to be considered in
entering into the enterprise. The first
thing to be done is to prepare jt!
ground. This should be by
ing, if possible, or in some wa
breaking up the surface. If no
way can be found, this should be
by grubbing a place for the young
or the seed. Some kinds are not easilj^
transplanted, and grow better when thre
seeds are sown where the trees are to
stand. Chestnuts, walnuts and hiekd
ories succeed better when the nuts aa»
planted in this way, and it is easy to
plant the nuts and loosen the surface
around them with a grub-hoe or a sp
if the ground is too strong, or too rouk,-,
or too steep for plowing. In plantii^
nut-bearing trees, it is best to securr n
supply* of the nuts in the Fall,
plant them at once, if convenioiir,
otherwise, to bury the nuts in the
ground in a sheltered spot, and plant
them early in the Spring. Trees of
other kinds are best raised in ih
nursery. The seeds are sown in b( ^h.
in rows eighteen to twenty-four incliejj
apart, and when the young plants ai^e
a year old they are taken up, the ta*
root cut off, and are then planted in
their permanent places, in such a way
as that they may be cultivated as a cix)p
of corn should be, if the ground admits
of it. Evergreens — -as cedars, pines,
spruces and hemlocks — require special
care in the planting. The seeds should
be sown in beds of fine soil upon the
surface, and fine mold is then si:
upon them until they are covered
more than a quarter of an inch dee
The beds are then shaded with a scree;
of evergreen boughs and leaves^
need to be kept moist by frequ
watering in dry weather. Whe
yeai- old the plants are very small,
may be pricked out from the seed

THE CANADIAN HORTTCULTURIST.

65

to the nurseiy, and planted a foot apart
each way, and still shaded by a scr^n
of boughs laid upon laths or light poles,
elevated a foot or two above the sur-
face. When of proper size the young
trees may be removed to the permanent
plantation, and the frequent removal
will ciuise them to throw out a m.'iSvS of
fine fibrous roots which very much
tends to secure their safe transplanting.
For these trees close planting is advis-
able. This causes a straight, upright
growth without lower limbs, and pro-
duces the most valuable kind of timber
for use when it is small. For bean
poles, hop poles, vineyard stakes, lad-
der poles, and many other such uses,
straight, smooth spruce or cedar is
worth much more than short, crooked
branchy treas ; indeed, it is difficult to
say what use such trees as these are
fit for, excepting firewood, and for this
they are worth very little indeed.

There are some newly introduced
timber trees which are considered very
valuable. One of these is a species of
cataljm {C. Speciosa), or the showy
catalpa. This tree has a large leaf,
and produces remarkably large, showy
blossoms. It ia hardy in the Northern
States, Western Canada, Wisconsin,
and Michigan. It is a rapid grower,
and the timber is remarkably durable,
of fine grain, and takes a handsome
polish. The ailanthus is another valu-
able timber tree which is easily grown.
This tim>>er is very durable, and is
especially valuable for railroad ties, as
it holds (A spike with great tenacity and
bears a great strain without crushing.

The popular impression is that one
who plants timber will never live to
reap the benefit. Tliis is a grand mis-
take. Profit, benefit and advantage
are not always the personal securing of
pecuniary results. One owes something
to his children, to his neighbours, and
to his countrymen. If there were no
other advantages secured than the
2

benefiting of these, it would be one's
positive duty to plant timber wherever
he could do it with advantage or suc-
cess. But a comparatively old man
may plant and live to reaj) the profits
of his enterprise. Ten or twelve yeai-s
will return the full outlay made with
a larger interest than could be secured
as safely in any other manner of invest-
ment. Five years may begin to return
the beginning of the harvest, and once
begun the harvest is continuous for
many years. We have seen fine saw-
logs cut on the western prairies, where
sixteen yeais before not a bush broke
the view of the whole horizon ; and in
the Eastern States we have seen pine
logs cut on ground that still shewed
the traces of former corn-hills when the
ground was abandoned to a natural
growth of timber. Canada is too new
a country yet to shew many such ex-
♦amplos, but we have seen there trees of
various kinds, fit for marketable uses,
which had grown up during the occu-
pation of the present owners of the
land. So that for every reason the
planting of timber should be made a
business by those who have conveni-
ences for it. — Weekly Sta/r.

CLIMBING PLANTS.

There is a charm about these plants
that alwiiys conunends itself to the lover
of the beautiful, and wherever wo see
a lover of flowers we are sure to see
climbing plants, from those gems that
greet us in the morning (morning
glories), to the stately cobeas, bignonias,
passion vines, or climbing ro.ses. The
number of sorts that cjin be grown is
legion, and many good things have
scarcely yet got into cultivation that
are worthy of it, amongst which ntay
be mentioned the Apios tuberosa or
ground nut. This is a little gem ; in
July and August it is one mass of
chocolate-colored, pea-shaped flowers,

ee

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUEI8T,

which is a very unusual color in Jflowers.
Its leaflets are very pretty also. It
grows upon the low bushes of the
Northern woods, and often lends a
beauty to a hazel bush, which is rarely
very fine itself. The Apios has a tuber,
or a number of them, to one plant, like
a potato, but smaller. They are nutri-
tious, and would be a good substitute
for some of the things we eat. This
can be grown in a window, and would
be a fine ornament if the tubers were
started late in summer so as to throw
its flowering season late in the fall, but
as a garden climber it would be fine
planted amongst tall-growing summer
roses, as it would do them no harm, but
lend a beauty to them after they had
done blooming. Most people make a
mistake in trying to grow climbing
plants. They put up the most unna-
tural things for them to twine or climb
up, and they have to be tying, nailing,
and otherwise fixing their climbers all
the time, when, if they paid some atten-
tion to these plants in a state of nature,
they would learn a lesson. A few
straight sticks, if placed upright in the
ground amongst twining plants, will
lead them up to other things, so thA,t
they can twine and go higher. A
barbed wire fence can be made pretty
if morning glories, or even the echino-
cystis (wild cucumber), is sown along
it, and a few sticks put so that the little
plants can reach the wires above them.
The best thing for making a fence of in
a garden, to be ornamental, and for
climbers or twiners to grow upon, is
wire netting, with about four-inch
meshes. This can be bought for about
fifty cents a yard, and yard wide. It
makes an elegant low fence if everlast-
ing or sweet peas are sown along it ; or
it is improved by mixing in the taller
kinds of nasturtiums or ipomea coccinea
(scarlet morning glory). Everlasting
or sweet peas do best when they are
sown in the fall.

The Celastnis scandens (Rocksbery
wax work), or commonly known as the
bitflersweet, is one of our best twiners,
and to find a fuM-grown plant of it in
its glory of fruit, in the winter, in oiir
woods, is enough to make everybody
want to grow it who sees it. Occasion-
ally one can be seen in the woods north
of Evanston,that the woodman's axe has
spared. It has grown up some trees
twenty feet or so, and has spread as
wide. It will be loaded with its bright
red berries, which is simply a sight to
gratify all ' lovers of the beautiful, if
seen when snow is on the ground. The
bright, glossy leaves of the Celastrus are
another recommendation for growing it
as a choice out-door twiner. It grows
abundantly on the Illinois Central rail-
road from Thirty-fifth street, south of
Chicago, but is rarely seen in fruit until
we reach Indiana. Our old stand-by,
the Virginia creeper, or Ampelopsis, is
a valuable plant to put upon walls or
trellises, but it finds difi&culty in getting
up if it cannot find something like a
piece of wire or nails to take hold of.
The Rhus Toxicodendron, or poison ivy,
is often found as a climber, and were it
not for its poisonous nature it would be
a good thing to plant against painted or
brick walls, as it will cling like the
English ivy. Its poison is more feared
than is needful, for if it affects any part
of a person's skin it is instantly neutral-
ized if a little soil and spittle, or a drop
of water, with a little ammonia in it, is
rubbed on the parts affected. (The
writer has collected fifty pounds of
leaves at one time, and cut tl>em up
fine for medicine, but did not suffer,
though all was done with the hands
bare.) Hoping the reader will excuse
him, the writer wishes to say that most
vegetable poisons on the skin, the sting
of bees or wasps, can be instantly ren-
dered harmless, or the pain removed,
by rubbing the parts affected with any
kind of soft mud.

THE CANADIAN HORTrCULTTTRTST.

er

The tender aristocratic twiners and
climbers, such as cobea scandens, eccre-
mocarpus, Madeira vine, maurandias,
physiantlius albens, lophospermiiins,
and the solanum jasminoides, are very
fine, but ought to be in conspicuous
places, as they are choice, and ought not
to be subject to the rough winds that
we sometimes get here. These, not be-
ing hardy, have to be kept in-doors in
winter. There is one of the ipomeas
that blooms at night, and has flowers as
large as a saucer, or six inches wide.
They are pure white, and very fragrant;
it is called Noctophyton, or Bona Nox.
The seeds of this will grow if sown, in
a window about May first, and be ready
to plant out about June 10th, which is
early enough. It grows to a great
height, and is very interesting when in
flower at night in the summer months.

Both our native and the Chinese
Wistaria are splendid twining plants,
and ought to be grown more than they
are. They are hardy enough, but the
most climbers that the writer has seen
growing about residences are cheated,
and the growei*s have " sunk the ship
for a bucket of tar." They have not
given their plants a fair chance, for
most of these plants, in a state of
nature, grow in good beds of vegetable
mould, and we see them trying to grow
near Iiouses in the poorest of stuff", like
trying to make a silk purse out of a
sow's ear. The Celastrus, and many
vines, will grow in the sand and gravel
of the lake shore, but see the same
vines growing in the rich woods and
they will surprise many who are fond
of climbing plants.

Our various park commissioners have
an opportunity to show what can be
done with twining and climbing plants,
instead of going in the old ruts of [)ut-
ting a plant or two in (^ases or on trel-
lis work. Let them devote an acre or
two to these kinds of plants. The thing

could be done in an ornamental man-
ner, without much expense, if the
right spirit was put in the matter.
Many of the residences of gentlemen
would be made more attractive if there
were a greater number of twining and
climbing plants about them. It is not
always the wisest plan to crowd a
place with the showy things. Many in-
teresting twiners grow in the woods
not a great distance from Chicago.

Our farmei-s could easily have lots of
interesting places about their homes,
especially near wood lands. A pile of
old stumps can be covered with creep-
ing, twining, or climbing plants, and
though it brings nothing back to the
purse, it will often give more pleasure
than money can buy to their wives,
little ones, and friends.

Many kinds of climbing plants have
some curious things about them. One
of the Pftssifloras opens its flowers with
loud noise, hence probably its name.
The menispermum, or moon seed, has
a curious shell that partially covers the
seed. It looks like half of a hazel nut
shell with the nut in it. The ladies of
the South collect them to make rustic
frames for pictures. The Aristolochia
has a curious pipe-like appendage to
the flower, hence it is called Dutch-
man's Pipe. The Loasa is covered with
hairs that will sting like a bee's sting
if touched by any tender part of a per-
son's body.

Our climbing roses are known to
everybody, but they, strictly speaking,
could not be called climbing, for in
their native state they have to work
their way over other things, even their
own old limbs. They are, more strictly
speaking, reclining plants, and the
writer would like to see some one who
would have the courage to ti*eat them
as such. Any one who has seen Rosa
setigera, or the wild Michigan rose, so-
called (it grows in many parts of lUi-

68

THE CANADIAN HORTrCULTUEIST.

nois), that our " Prairie Queen Rose "
was raised from, must have been struck
with its great beauty when growing in
a state of nature. The writer saw one
bunch of it thirty feet through, or in
diameter, the past year, with thousands
of flowers upon it. If the writer pre-
vails upon some one to try and grow
the Prairie Queen as it grows wild, he
will feel thankful.

In concluding this paper, it is wished
that some one may take pity upon our
woodbines or honeysuckles. Though
not all climbers, they are worthy our
attention, and deeper, better soil than
we usually see them in, in gardens.
— A Perambulating Gardener, in
Prairie Farmer.

LETTUCE.

Among the many vegetables which
are usually found growing in any well-
stocked kitchen-garden, there are none
that are more highly prized t];ian one,
two, or three varieties of Lettuce. This
vegetable is always in season, and al-
ways a welcome relish for those who are
fond of the choicer productions of the
vegetable garden. The wonder is that
a vegetable so easily grown, and one
that is so highly valued, is not more
generally seen in the gardens of the
many, instead of the few, for this 8eem§
to be the case. In large centers of
population, the demand for Lettuce ex-
tends the year through, and it is one
of the leading crojis raised by market
gardeners, in the winter under glass,
and in the spring and summer as an
out-of-door crop. In former years, the
bulk of the winter production of Let-
tuce was raised in hot-beds and cold
frames, for the winter and early spring
supply. But now a large part of the
winter supply is grown in houses, con-
structed and heated in the same way
that the ordinary greenhouses are; and
this latter plan is a great imi)rovement
on the old-style method. In these

houses there are three crops of Lettuce
raised between the first of December
and the first of May. This plan en-
ables large hotels and first-class restau-
rants to have Lettuce on their bill of
fare at all times through the year. For
family use, an early spring supply can
easily be raised by planting in a hot-
bed at any time that the bed is ready,
setting out sixty plants under each sash
of 3 X 6 — the usual size — giving air in
mild weather, and frequent waterings
with tepid water. The market gar-
dener always sows the seed for the fol-
lowing year's crop in September. In
November, these young plants are
"pricked" out close together in an
ordinary cold frame, where they are
kept until planting time, in March or
April.

The plants for the crop of early cab-
bages are set out in rows two feet
apart, and a row of lettuce is set be-
tween each two rows of cabbages. The
lettuce comes to maturity and is mar-
keted before the cabbages are half
grown, and, by economizing ground, a
large quantity of produce is raised from
a comparatively small surface. When
the lettuce plants have not been kept
over through the winter, then sow a
small quantity of seed in a hot-bed at
the time of sowing tomatoes, egg-plants,
and other seeds wanted to stock the
garden. Seeds sown in this way may
be planted in the open ground, in the
latter part of April, and, unless checke<i
by cold, frosty weather, will grow
rapidly, giving some for table use in
five weeks from the time of planting.
Cold-frame plants can be set in the open
ground three or four weeks earlier than
hot-bed plants ; and to gain this advan-
tage in time, and lengthen the season,
it is a good j)lan to buy two or three
hundred of plants from some market
gardener or seed-store. These can be
planted in the garden as soon as the
ground is fit to work, and as a matter

THE CANADIAN HORTTCULTURIflT.

of course, will give lettuce for table use
four or five weeks earlier than hot-bed
plants. There is one fact that should
be borne in mind, that is : to grow crisp
and tender head-lettuce, the soil must
be mellow and rich. One of the plea-
sant features of raising lettuce for
home use is to have it come in succes-
sion, and this can only be attained by
planting at diflfei-ent times, three or
four weeks apart. The way to get early
lettuce has been briefly outlined. The
later crops come from sowing the seed
in the open ground, in some sheltered
sfKJt, as early in the spring as it will
do to work the ground. The seed-bed
should be made mellow and smooth,
and the seed may be sown broadcast or
in shallow drills, covered veiy lightly
by raking over the bed with a wooden
rake, drawing the rake in the direction
of the di-ills. The latter method is
preferable, from the fact that, while
the plants are small, the spaces between
the rows may be disturbed with a hoe,
and the growth of the plants hastened,
as well as the weeds kept down.

There is now a long list of varieties,
and, unless one hiis had some experience
in raising lettuce, it is rather difficult
to choose and not make an error in the
choice. Among the very best soi-ts to
select for family use, one that is widely
and favorably known is the " Early
Curled 'Simpson." This lettuce ii a
favorite with market gardeners, and is
extensively grown in the vicinity of
New York for that market. When
planted on rich ground it grows into
a large head, that on the table will be
found crisp, tender and of good quality.
Another and very exc^illent variety is
the " Hanson " lettuce, which groww to
a largo size, forming a solid head, crisp
and of fine flavor, and very popular
among the consumers. " Tennis Ball,"
'* Boston Market," " Early Butter," and
other sorts, are i)ri2ed on the table,
when grown on ground that is in good

heart. There is neither profit nor
pleasure in attempting to grow lettuce
on poor, thin soil. In planting in the
garden, set the lettuce one foot apart
each way, and then keep the ground
mellow and free from weeds — Ame'*"ican
Garden.

GAS TAR WATER FOR INSECTS.

BV D. M. DEWKY, BOCHE8TEB, K. Y

In conversation to-day with a farmer
mend, I got from him what I think
every planter should know. As he is
a reliable man, I give you his state-
ment, believing you will confer a favor
on many of your readers by publish-
ing it :

Gas Tar Water Sure Death to Potato
Bugs. Mr. S. R. Hart, of Brighton,
N. Y., near Rochester, has for two
years pa«t used on his potato vines
water which has been impregnated
with gas tar. One gallon of gas tar in
a tifb, and fill the tub with water ; stir
it up well, and let the tar settle. Then
sprinkle the vines with the water from
a sprinkling pot. This has proven
more effective than Paris green. He
has also tried it on currant bushes, and
finds it equally effective. It is inex-
pensive and perfectly reliable, and will
prove equally sure deuth to insects of
every kind on trees. This gas tar can
be had at 75 cents a gallon, and one
gallon would suffice for many aores of
})otatoes or a nursery for the season.
I give you this information believing
your readers will find it a gi*eat de-
sideratum in these days of insect peste.

It hji8 long been known that tar ap-
plied to trees destroys the worms ; but
until now there has been no method of
applyiuf]; it to shrubbery or vines. Gas
tjir possesses chemical ])roj)erties not
found in ordinary tar. Water, strongly
impregnated with gas tjir, is found to
be sure <1">0> fn injects, worms and
bugs.

ro

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

FAMILY SUPPLIES OF FRUIT.

The Country Gentleman replies to
those who wish to know how they can
obtain an early supply of fruits for
their families, and for what portion of
the year these sujDplies may be obtained
by means of a suitable selection, as fol-
lows : —

In the Northern States, the first
ripening sorts begin early in June with
strawberries. Of these there will be a
dijfference of about a month in theii'
season, the earliest productive sorts
being the old Wilson, and the newer
Crescent, Duncan, and not always pro-
ductive Crystal City. These are fol-
lowed by the Cumberland, Seth Boy-
den, Sharpless, Kentucky, &c. As far
north as New York City, these different
sorts should give a good supply every
day for the table, from the first of June
until early in July, with beds well cul-
tivated, covering three or four square
rods of ground. Half a dozen or more
of cherry trees will begin to furnish
ripe fruit from the middle of June till
the middle of July, if they can only be
allowed to remain on the trees till ripe —
which, between the birds and the family,
is rarely done. Early Purple G-uigne
and Belle d'Orleans are the earliest;
then Coe's Transparent, Black Tartarian
and Bockport; and later the Dukes and
Morellos. Early Bichmond is generally
reckoned an early sort, but if allowed
to hang a month it is greatly improved.

Then come the currants and goose-
berries, the raspberries, and blackber-
ries ; but before these are all ripe the
early pears and apples are on hand, and,
where they will succeed, those delicious
early fruits, the apricots. The first
peaches and plums are not much behind,
jtnd the first grapes ripen before the end
of summer.

Plenty of delicious fruits run through
the entire autumn. We have peaches
and plums till frost ; and apples, pears

and grapes throughout. There are so
many sorts, and of such ranging quality
and character that every person may be
suited. Grapes and pears may be kept
through winter, and apples into June.
No one who has an acre or two of land
to plant need be without a plentiful
supply for a single day in the year. He
will need, however, to observe three re-
quisites— first, to make a good selection
of sorts for his particular locality, much
of which may be learned from his suc-
cessful or experienced neighbours, if he
has any; secondly, to give his garden
and orchard the right cultivation ; and
thirdly, and very important, to have a
good, cool fruit room to keep his winter
sorts and long keepers in. Carelessly
thrown into a common cellar, apples
may all rot by the first of April ; in a
carefully attended fruit room (without
ice) we have kept such common sorts
as the Baldwin fresh into July.

It will be borne in mind that while it
is necessary for profitable marketing on
an extensive scale, to select the most fa-
vorable localities for soil, aspect and
other influences which shall gi^^e uni-
formly good crops, a good home-garden
may be had almost anywhere, which
will give satisfactory returns, with a
proper selection of kinds adapted to it,
and with good cultivation. It is always
safest to choose dry upland, and to
avoid low or mucky soil. If necessary,
it must be well underdrained, and be-
fore planting, especially for small fruits,
it should be made mellow by previous
cultivation, in order that the young
plants may be easily set and kept clean.
Some enriching by manure is nearly al-
ways essential, but at least a part or the
main portion may be applied afterwards
by successive autumnal top-dressings.
For standard fruit trees, this top-dress-
ing is better than trying to make the
ground very rich on the start, a clean
and mellow surface being the great re-
quisite for young or newly set trees,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

71

In order to facilitate frequent culti-
vation afte* the plants and trees are set
out, everything should be placed in rows
so as to admit the passage of a horse in
doing the work. There is nothing more
essential to success with small fruits, and
with large fruits, while the trees are
young, than constant clean mellow cul-
tivation. If the work is to be all done
by hand labor, it will be sure to be neg-
lected, and a hard crusted and weedy
surface will result in nearly total failure.
If annual manuring is given in autumn,
crops of vegetables may be taken from
among the larger trees.

The inquiry will natui*ally be sug-
gested by occupants of new places :
"How many years must I wait before I
can have plenty of fruit T Under the
usual management you may have a good
supply of strawberries next year from
plants set out this spring, and rasp-
berries will begin to bear next year,
and more freely a year later. Currants
and gooseberries will require about the
same length of time, and grapes will
come into moderate bearing nearly as
soon. Dwarf pears will begin to fur-
nish a fair supply the third year, if you
select early bearers. Even standards
of some sorts will be nearly as soon
in coming into bearing — such, for in-
stance, as the Bartlett, Washington,
Summer Doyenne, &c. Much will
depend on the treatment they receive.

SEEDING ORCHARDS.

As to the treatment of Apple or-
chards, we know that when they are
established on light gravelly or sandy
soils they require periodical applica-
tions of manure, that the ground
should also be kept loose by shallow
plowing, and afterward to be surface-
stirred with the harrow or cultivator —
all of which is re(piisite to maintain a
proper degree of fertility.

We have learned that to sow grass
on the surface of the orchard planted
in such soils is simply the first step
toward the destruction of the trees, so
far as regards their fruit-bearing capa-
cities. Of course, we are now con-
sidering ordinary condition and man-
agement, for it is quite practical,
merely considering it as a question of
possibility, to so enrich the surface of
even the liglitest of soils as to obviate
necessity of further surface culture.

On the other hand, we may imagine
the case of an orchard placed in a con-
dition of things very much the reverse
of the one we have considered. In this
the soil is a strong, rich loam, perhaps
with a preponderance of clay in its
composition, and the trees are growing
vigorously, and for some years have
been making a great quantity of wood
and but very little fruit.

When a case of this kind occurs, we
know that in order to produce fruitful-
ness we must, by some means, weaken
the growth, and the most available
means, is to cover the orchards with
grass. This will have a tendency to
check the growth of the shootc, and as
a consequence favor the production of
fruit. This is in accordance with the
general law that " whatever tends to
weaken a plant favors the production
of flowers and fruit, and whatever tends
to the luxuriant growth of leaves and
branches is unfavorable to the produc-
tion of fruit."

Therefore it is that the question as
to whether orchai-ds should be kept in
grass or cultivated like a corn-field
cannot be answered with regard to
orchards in general ; but when the
question is applied to any particular
orchard it admits of a definite answer,
the condition of the trees (and soil)
indicating what the answer will be. —
William Saunders, be/ore the Foto-
mac Fruit-Grower 8.

72

THE OiiNADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

ADVENTURES OF AN ACORN.* •

The following lines were written by a
Scotch horticulturist, to illustrate how curi-
ously seeds are sometimes scattered over the
earth. The story in this case is literally
true, and what makes the circumstance the
more interesting to Scotch botanists, is the
fact that the oak thus strangely introduced
into that country is of a kind different from
any hitherto growing there :-

In the far off wilds of Canadian woods,

Where the red man lives and dies—
Where the wild turkey hatches and rears her broods

Unseen to the white man's eyes —
There fell to the shot of a gun one day,

To the sportsman a glorious prize,
A turkey, whose flight lay over his way,

A bird of a royal size.

This turkey was sent to old Scotia's shore,

As a Christmas treat to a brother.
And never on Christmas board before.

Had the Scotsman seen such another.
And deep in the " crop " of the bird he fotmd

(Now here is the pith of the story)
A seed of a tree whose name is a sound

Of renown in old England's glory.

The acorn was planted in mother earth.

And soon to new life awoke,
And fresh from the ground there Issued forth

A sapling of royal oak.
Now wise men all, I pray you please,

To mark the curious ways
By which the seeds of plants and ti'ees

Are scattered in our days.

* These lines, by " Patriarch Peter " penned,
My less romantic tale amend. W. M.

Discovery op Extensive Pine For-
ests.— The recent exploration party of
Colonel Mercer up the Spanish River, in
the province of Ontario, is said to have
discovered vast pine forests, containing
upward of 24,000,000,000 feet of a supe-
rior quality of pine lumber, with facilities
for getting it to market equal to the best.

Keeping Apples. — G. F. Newton, in a
paper read before the Ohio Horticultural
Society, describes an experiment in keep-
ing apples, by which he had Tompkins
King with fresh flavor and bright color in
April, and Rambo and Peck's Pleasant in
July. The secret of success was a con-
stant low temperature. They were
gathered in September, heaped on the
bam floor till cold weather, carefully as-
sorted, barreled, and kept in a cold cellar.
The uniformly low temperature was pre-
served by opening the ventilators of the
fruit-room in cold, and closing them in
warmer weather. — Country Gentleman.

Shortenino-in the Peach. — Those
who have made an actual trial with short-
ening in the shoots of the p^ach, do not
find it to require the amount of labor
which the inexperienced suppose neces-
sary. A. C. Younglove, of Vine Valley,
N. Y. , shortens back his orchard of 600
trees, performing the work expeditiously,
and he finds it profitable, greatly improv-
ing the fruit. In answer to the frequent
inquiry as to the best time for performing
the work, late summer and early spring
may be given. If done late in autumn
the trees are made tenderer for with-
standing the cold winter. If done be-
fore the leaves drop and while there is
still some growth, the wood ripens well
and is prepared for the cold. — Country
Gentleman.

Preserving and Marketing — Over
Production. — If any one will take the
trouble to look into the facts about the
comparative price of the different kinds of
fruit grown in this country they will see
how foolish is the idea that the country is
in danger of being overstocked. The price
of apples, peaches, pears, strawberries,
grapes, etc., for forty years, dividing
that time into four periods of ten years
each, and statistics show that on an aver-
age the price of fruit has constantly in-
creased. In strawberries and other small
fruits this has been very marked. Pro-
duction has grown rapidly in that time,
but prices have constantly advanced. Oc-
casionally we have a year of great abun-
dance of apples, and prices are low. But
farmers generally do not seem to have
realized yet that the surplus in apples may
be very profitably utilized in fattening
both hogs and cattle. The best of meat
may be made with a little com and plenty
of apple food. In older countries it is
well known that this kind of feed cooked
and mixed 'with ground grain is very
healthful for all kinds of stock, and it is
doubted that hogs would have the disease
known as cholera if fed this kind of ration
frequently. So we see that in years of
abundance the siu'plus fruit, • when the
price is low, may be profitably fed to
stock, and thus we may realize a good
price for it. There is no danger of plant-
ing too many orchards, or of getting too
much fruit. — Indiana Farmer.

PEINTKD AT THB STBAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, OLARK ft CO., OOLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

•KRAPIA'

THE

VOL. v.]

APRIL, 1882.

[No. 4.

THE GIN

The beautiful group of flowers with
which this number is adorned will give
to our readers a very good representa-
tion of the form and coloring of these
very showy ornaments of the gi'een-
house. There is nothing more gay than
a fine collection of Cinerarias, whether
massed together so as to display their
striking contrasts of color, or distri-
buted among other plants to give an
air of cheerfulness to the whole. A
well grown plant when in bloom makes
a most elegant subject for dinner-table
decoration, while its hawthorn-like fra-
grance fills the room with most agree-
able perfume.

These lovely flowers can be had in
bloom from early in February to the
middle of April, though usually they
are in the fulness of their glory during
the month of March. They are easily
propagated from seed, which should be
sown in light sandy soil, in pots or
boxes. The soil can be best prepared
by using one half good loam, and the
other half a mixture of leaf mould and
sand in equal parts, the whole having
been run through a fine sieve. Fill
the pot or box with the soil, having
first provided for drainage, and moisten

ERARIA.

it with water from a very fine rose*
Then sow the seed upon the surface,
sift over it the slightest covering of
soil, and press it firmly with the bot-
tom of a pot so that the seeds may be
in close contact with the earth. Cover
the pot with a pane of glass and set it
in the shade, that is, where the direct
rays of the sun will not fall upon it.
We usually sow the seed the last of
June or first of July.

As soon as the plants are well up,,
the pane of glass should be removed
and the plants exposed fully to the
light, but not to the direct rays of the^
sun. When the first rough leaves ap-
pear, the little plants should be care-
fully pricked out into thumb pots filled
with soil such as has been already de-
scribed. They can remain in these
little pots until the roots have filled
them, when they should be shifted into
three-inch pots. If more convenient
to use boxes than thumb pots, they
may be pricked out into boxes, setting
them about an inch apart, and allow
them to remain until they grow so aa.
to touch each other.

When they are shifted into the three-
inch pots^the soil should be made richer

74

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

than that described, by lessening the
quantity of sand, using only half as
much, and supplying the deficiency
with well rotted sods. When these
pots are filled with roots, the plants
should be again shifted, and as they
increase in size and fill the j)ots with
roots, they should be shifted into larger
pots until you have them in as large
pots as you desire : a six-inch pot will
be large enough. At each shift make
the soil richer and rougher, using more
manure that has been most thoroughly
rotted and turfy loam. When the
plants become established in the largest
pots it is intended they shall occupy,
they should be freely watered with
manure water, applying it until the
flowers begin to open, then withhold it
entirely and use only soft water. These
plants require an abundant supply of
water during their entire season of
growth, and to be kept in a cool place,
where they can have plenty of air and
light, but very little sun. The best
place is on the north side of some
building, sheltered from drying winds,
but not under the shade of trees. In
watering, sprinkle with a fine water-
pot rose in the morning and evening,
and shelter them from heavy rains.

When it becomes necessary to take
them in on account of danger from
frost, put them where they will have
plenty of light and air, and only the
morning and evening sun, keeping the
temperature as low as possible, so long
as it does not fall below thirty-five de-
grees ; and never let it rise above fifty.
It will now be especially necessary to
bo on the watch for green fly, to which

they are very subject. In the green-
house they can be fumigated with cold
tobacco-smoke, which should be done
frequently, so as to prevent the green
fly from getting a lodgment. It is
important to have the smoke cold, for
hot smoke is injurious to the plants.

It is not easy to grow Cinerarias as
window plants unless the window be
enclosed with glass doors from the heat
and dryness of the room. In such an
enclosed window the temperature and
moisture can be regulated to suit their
requirements. But it may not be con-
venient to fumigate with tobacco, in
which case it will be necessary to dip
the plants in water in which tobacco
has been steeped until the liquid is of
a light brown color. This can be done
by placing the hand over the earth
while the plant is inverted and plunged
into the liquid; do not wet the soil
with the tobacco water, but let the
plant drip thoroughly before placing it
again in an upright position.

When they have done blooming, the
plants may be thrown out on the rub-
bish heap, unless there be some so very
beautiful that you are anxious to pre-
serve them. In that case cut the plant
back to within a few inches of the pot,
place it in some cool, shady place, see
that it does not sufier from lack of
water, and when it has sprouted again,
usually in the month of August, take
it out of the pot, pull off" the rooted
sprouts, and pot each singly in a small
pot, and treat them in the same way
as if they were seedlings.

We trust that these directions for
growing Cinerarias will be easily un-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

75

derstood, and that many of the readers
of the Canadian Hortieidturiat will
have the pleasure of growing plants
having heads of bloom two feet across,
and the individual flowers measuring
two inches and over in diameter. The
magnificent display will well reward
their care.

QUESTION DRAWER.

For how many years are young fruit
trees improved by being transplanted,
and how often ?

Also, why are nectarines so difficult
to raise ? We never see any here.

W. W. R.

The improvement of young trees by
transplanting consists in causing them
thereby to throw out a large number
of roots within a given space, so that
when they attain to the size required
for orchard planting they may be so
well furnished with small fibrous feed-
ing roots that they will not feel the re-
moval from the nursery row to the
orchard. An apple tree is taken from
the seed bed when it is two years old,
the tap root cut ofi*, then grafted, and
planted in the nursery row. When it
has grown two years in the nursery row,
it would greatly increase the number of
small roots near the trunk if it were
again taken up, the large roots shorten-
ed, and planted once more in nursery
row and allowed to remain two years
longer before being planted in the or-
chard. There is nothing to be gained
by again transplanting the tree. Ever-
green trees are benefited by being trans-
planted a greater number of times, be-
cause their comparative slower growth
gives better opportunity, and their
leaves being not deciduous there is the
greater necessity.

There is no greater difficulty in grow-
ing nectaiinea than plums, save that

the tree is no more hardy than a peach
tree, hence requires a mild climate.

MULBERRIES.

Will you be kind enough to give
me all the information you can about
the mulberry tree, as to its hardiness
(1), productiveness (2), and quality of
fruit (3) 1 Jesse Weldon.

Oakwood.

1. The Black or English Mulberry
is not perfectly hardy in all parts of
Ontario It will do best where the
Peach is successfully cultivated. The
new American Mulberry promises to
be much more hardy. The Russian
Mulberry should be hardy as far north
as Sault Ste. Marie.

2. All varieties are exceedingly pro-
ductive.

3. There is some dijGference in the
flavor of the different sorts; but the
three sorts named above are highly
esteemed for fine quality.

SAUNDERS' RASPBERRY.

I beg to report my success with the
Saunders Raspberry, received in the
spring of 1880. It threw out four or
five long, spindling shoots, four or five
feet long, that I laid in a circle around
the plant. One or two took root from
the tip. However, I let them lay, and
last spring it leafed out and blossomed
finely and fruit set. I protected them
from birds as much as possible. Fruit
large and ripe. First picking, one
quart of fine berries ; picked twice
more, in all about two quarts. I think
very highly of the berry on account of
its fine size and immense crop. I am
propagating all I can, and intend to
plant freely, as 1 think it will be one
of our best paying berries. Soil, high
dry sand. C, H. Bigoar.

Drummondville.

76

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

"BUHACH" ON CABBAGES.

A REMEDY FOB THE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.

Last summer I recommended a friend
of mine who grows cabbages on a large
scale, and who has been a great loser
by the cabbage worm, to try the Cali-
fornian insect powder, '' Buhach." I
obtained some for him from Mr. Miles,
of Stockton, Cal., and, thinking a few
notes of the results may be useful and
interesting to your readers, I send them
to you.

My friend was growing about 3,000
head of cabbages, so that their protec-
tion was an object of considerable im-
portance to him. In the beginning of
September the plants were much in-
jured, some of them nearly destroyed.
The first application of the powder was
then made in the form of a mixture of
ten parts of flour to one of the Buhach.
This was found to be rather too weak.
Its effects were evident on those worms
which were touched at the moment of
application, but many of those not ac-
tually so touched were not injured.
The experiment was made on 800
plants, and the time required was two
hours.

A second application was made on
September 7th to 1,000 plants in two
h,ours. This time a mixture of one
part of Buhach to eight parts of flour
was employed, and the effect was much
more lasting and complete.

On September 21st a third applica-
tion was made to 1,000 plants, also
requiring two hours. This time a mix-
ture of one part of Buhach to eight
parts* of lime was employed. This was
found the most successful compound of
all. The lime formed a better dust-
spray than the flour, and adhered to
the plants equally well. The plants
all formed new heads, ami an excellent
crop was the result.

It was, of course, not necessary to
do more than to poison the outer rows

of the patch. In so large a number
the inner portion is not visited by the
butterfly, which rests upon the plants
which it first meets.

The three applications mentioned
above were consequently made upon
the outer rows entirely, some of the
plants receiving two and some three
dustings.

My friend informs me that he con-
siders himself a gainer by the presence
of the worm this year, as its ravages
threw the heading of the cabbages later
in the season, and they were not fully
matured until the cold weather set in.
He was therefore at no trouble or ex-
pense in preserving them through the
last few warm weeks of autumn.

E. W. Claypole.
YeUow Springs, Ohio.

P.S. — I sent you some time ago a
few notes on my treatment of the po-
tato beetle last summer with London
purple, which appeared in your num-
ber for September. In order to make
that account complete, I will add that
as a consequence of preserving the tops
from injury, I had the pleasure of dig-
ging from an acre of gi'ound more than
eighty bushels of good, large potatoes,
worth at the time $1 25 or $1 30 a
bushel. ' This was in spite of the in-
tense drought, which destroyed almost
all the potatoes in this district. Many
of my neighbors, acting towards the
beetle on the principle of " live and let
live," did not get more than ten, or in
some cases five bushels of small pota-
toes from the same quantity of land.
Not a few failed to obtain even their
seed.

I may add to the experience of my
friend given above, that in my own
garden I find the poison dust of Lon-
don purple much more effective and
much easier of application to cabbages
in the early stages; but, in spite of
many assertions to the contrary th::t

THE CANADIAN HORTI0ULTUKI6T.

77

have appeared in print, I hold to the
opinion that its use after the cabbages
have begun to head would be very-
hazardous.

STRAWBERRIES— WHAT TO PLANT
AND HOW TO GO ABOUT IT.

BY T. C ROBINSON, OWEN SOUND.

Winter is the time to plan, especially
for the fruit garden. Many persons
buy a few quarts of inferior berries,
and do without a great many they would
like to have, for want of planning at
the right time ; and the planning is put
off because a knowledge of the best
varieties and the easiness and cheapness
of raising them is not realized.

Any man who can look back on the
strawberry bed in the home garden,
when he was a boy, and the pleasant
memories that cluster around it, will
need little urging to add this attraction
to his children's love of home, even
with the memory of the trouble of hoe-
ing and weeding in his mind. But if
it can be shown that hoeing and weed-
ing can be reduced to a tithe of what
they were under the old system of cul-
tivation, surely no man who has suit-
able land, and cares for his family, will
be without strawberries — " the best
fruit God ever made !"

And suitable soils are of great variety.
Any land that will raise wheat, or
potatoes, or corn — especially the last —
will raise strawberries.

Planting can be laid out best while
looking at the land. Let us take an
imaginary trip, reader, into your gar-
den, and if it is as bare of snow as mine
is jiLst now we may talk to the best
purj)ose.

Your garden is from a quarter of an
acre to an acre in size, I suppo.se, and
you want enough berries for a family

of four to eight persons, twice a day,
for as long a season as possible, with a
sufficient surplus to entertain occasional
company, and to preserve or can for
winter. And if you can have that
without its narrowing much that preci-
ous cabbage and potato patch, or cost-
ing much for the plants, or taking too
much time and trouble for hoeing, or
much bother at any other time, " well,
you wouldn't mind," etc. I see ! All
right — very sorry I can't promise you
the ben-ies without any trouble at all,
except planting and picking, but I'll
show you what can be done.

Any part of your garden will do that
is level or not too steep, and not shaded
by trees ; but if it is the same to you
let us take that patch in the north-west
corner, because the snow drifting over
the fence will protect the plants in
winter. Is your house or orchard in
that corner 1 All the better then, per-
haps. By planting immediately south
or east of the trees the snow will fall
deeply and evenly with still more cer-
tainty. Now let us have rows at least
fifty or sixty feet long, because it will
take less trouble in moving and setting
your line to plant by, and if at any
time you bring a team on with manure,
or take a notion to cultivate with a
horse hoe, you have less turning and
less chance of injuring the plants at the
end of the row. We will set fifty
plants in a row about a foot or fourteen
inches apart, and the rows two feet
apart, because a strawberry plant needs
about two square feet of land to do
well on, and at that distance a horee
cultivator can work with facility, if
desired.

Now lis to varieties. Do you expect
me to advise you to stick in 500 or
1,000 Sharpless, or Bidwell, or Golden
Defiance, or other sorts that you only
know of from the headings of flaming
advertisements in nurserymen's cata-

78.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

4ogues or advertisements. No ! You
know you wanted something reliable
and not too dear ; and these novelties
are, many of them, untested and high-
priced — except Sharpless, which is find-
ing its level. Just take something first
that you can depend upon. On your
clay loam, Wilson's Albany will do its
best, and probably some of your neigh-
bors have it in abundance, and will
readily let you have it for " Thank
you." Just put out two rows of it,
however, because its season, though
quite early, is short, and one hundred
plants will give you plenty for cooking,
considering that you are likely to leave
most of them for that purpose if you
can get a sweeter berry to eat fresh.
Put your Wilson's on the levellest strip
in the patch, if there is any difference,
and the heaviest land, and if you have
any spare well-rotted manure that you
don't know what else to do with give
it to them ; for the Wilson plant is not
nearly so vigorous as some others, and
in a dry season sometimes shrivels up
— leaf and berry — if the land is poor
and too sandy, or too stiff. " But this
patch is tit to raise fair potatoes and
" cabbage," you say 1 It's all right then.
Wilson will smile sweetly and give you
a crop of fruit, or of runners — if not
pinched — ^that will surprise you. But
you would like something a little earlier
than Wilson] Well, as your soil is
■ rather heavy, you may try a row of
Duncan. Not being a new sort it is
pretty cheap, and it will come in nearly
a week before Wilson, and give you a
fine crop of large, sweet, rather soft,
berries that will be about done when
the main crop of Wilsons comes on.
^iTou must not expect as large a crop
from the Duncan's ; but the peculiar
high flavor of the berries will leave
little or no demand for Wilson's while
they last; and they are really good
yielders.

Now try one row of Prouty. It is

th e handsomest berry I ever saw. Long,
you know, something like a Kittatinny
blackberry in outline, almost as uniform
as if cast in a mould, with a smooth,
shining surface, and a beautiful tint of
scarlet, merging into pink on the shady
side. Its quality is fine, and it some-
times out yields Wilson, size and season
medium. But if your land is sandy,
or poor, you must not think of trying
it. It is such a great bearer — such a
determined bearer — that on anything
but rich loamy soil it runs all to fruit,
and is apt to die as soon as the crop is
gathered, or before.

Well, you must have some Sharpless,
of course. It is so large and handsome,
so late, and so good to take — put out a
couple of rows and astonish the natives
with berries as large as plums. But
you will astonish no one but yourself
unless you keep the runners off and the
weeds down. Allowing it to mat up
with runners and young plants will
give you a miserable return of insipid,
soft, pink-and-white medium berries
that will not half pay for the labor of
planting. Sharpless can get along
without rich soil if you give it room
enough ; but its constitution — the re-
verse of Prouty — insists on plenty of
sap in the leaves and stalks, and the
fruit is fed afterwards. If the roots
have room and the runners are checked,
the immense vigor of the plant pumps
the sap into the fruit, and you get fine
berries and lots of them.

And lastly, we will finish the patch
with one row of Glendale. It's not as
large as Sharpless, or so good in quality
or color. In fact it is very dark when
fit to eat, and if you taste a berry that is
" not ripe but only red," you will wish
you had a Wilson instead. But the plant
is of a wiry vigorous habit that can stand
abuse. The blossoms seem better able
to stand a frost when in bud than
Sharpless, and it yields later pickings.

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUEI8T.

79

It is well, too, to have one row in hand
for preserving in case a frost in early
blossoming time cuts short the Wilson's,
which are very susceptible to frost.
Besides, when thorotighly ripe, many
people seem to relish the peculiar flavor
of Glendale.

But some man with sandy land would
like to raise strawberries ! Then, sir,
keep your Wilson's for fertilizing, be-
cause most of the common sorts suit-
able for sandy land differ from those
already named in being deficient in
pollen to fertilize the blossoms. Then
Instead of Duncan and Prouty set two
rows of Crescent which will yield an im-
mense crop from very early till after
the Wilson's, and be of better flavor
than if grown on clay loam, and substi-
tute one row of Champion (or what is
either the same thing or something
better, Windsor Chief,) instead of one
of your rows of Sharpless. Retain the
row of Glendale, and your patch is
again filled up. These two kinds,
Crescent and Windsor Chief, are not
so sweet and rich as the kinds recom-
mended for clay loam, but they make
up for it in size of the crop, and both
ai*e very handsome. Windsor Chief
is the largest, and like Glendale and
Wilson, is not ripe enough for eating
till quite dark in color.

Now you have seven rows containing
altogether three hundred and fifty
plants, that take u]) a space of ground
fifty or sixty feet long, and say sixteen
feet wide, allowing for paths at the
outside, or a little less than four square
rods in extent, and costing you from
three to four dollai-s for the plants laid
on the ground, if you buy all of them ;
or not more than $2.50 if you get the
Wilsons for nothing ? Is not that
within your limits of space and means 1

But you want to know what returns
to expect. Well, my friend, that de-
pends mostly on how you treat the

plants. If you leave them to run races
with grass and weeds after a hoeing or
two, all except Wilson and Glendale,
(or these with the addition of Crescent
and Windsor Chief, on sandy land),
will go to the dogs, and you will prob-
ably get some thirty to eighty quarts
of little sour berries — to grumble over
and declare strawberry growing doesn't
pay. If you give about three hoeings
and runner cuttings each year, on good,
fair garden soil, you ought to get one
hundred to one hundred and fifty quarts
of fine fruit, while with first-class treat-
ment and very rich soil you need not
be surprised at over three hundred.

Any man who thinks this won't pay
him on four rods of ground, has a call
from fate to eat pork and potatoes, and
had better be satisfied with a diet of
that description !

But perhaps your means and tastes
incline you to try some of the new
varieties that come out every season
with bounce and hurrah enough to cast
in the shade the modest tested sorts
we already have. Well, you will find
it very interesting — indeed fascinating
— to test some of them. But nibble
cautiously at that sort of bait, my
friend ! I have been bitten over and
over again in this line, by poor per-
formances allied to grand promises —
which, for a poor man, is unpleasant.
Let me give you a good rule. Don't
buy an article that only one nursery-
man, or even two or three without
much reputation, may recommend — no
matter how highly they may praise it.
But if several men whose good name i&
worth something to them, e. g., Dowi^
ing, Roe, EUwanger and Barry in the
States, and our own Dempsey, Beadle,
Arnold, «kc., 8})eak in favor of a new
variety, it is safe to try it. Buy a few
plants, and if gooii, you can easily in-
crease your stock. Of all the new
varieties now before the public, Kirk-

80

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

wood, Jersey Queen, Gipsy, Orient,
Satin Gloss, Primo, Longfellow, War-
ren, Shirts, Brilliant, &c., &c., how
many will survive the third seasoi)
from now 1 Without a doubt most of
them will disappear, to be replaced by
others of as high sounding pretensions.
There are two new sorts now claiming
attention that seem to be above all
■others in the uniform praise bestowed
by men who have seen and tried them.
They are Bidwelland Manchester — the
former early, the latter late. Bidwell
has been out longer, and its record is
exceedingly good. After these Jersey
Queen and Primo are of considerable
promise. I expect to test Bidwell
thoroughly next season, and Manches-
ter slightly, and I have consider-able
hopes of both. One thing is certain,
there is wide room for improvement
yet in the strawberry. That some of
the new sorts will fill the bill better
than the old ones, all must hope who
believe in the improvement of fruits,
but which will be the variety to da so,
is a question that needs considerable
testing yet to determine.

SAUNDERS' HYBRID RASPBERRIES.

My Saunders hybrid is a great suc-
cess. It stands the winter without
protection, and is a heavy bearer of
fine flavored berries, and is a strong
grower. I noticed some complaint of
it being difiicult to propagate ; mine
must be diflerent from the rest, as it
threw up shoots for three or four feet
around the old plant ; I got eight good
strong plants from it. The Bui-net
. grap3 has not turned out well with me.
It had only a few very straggling
bunches on it, with a large proportion

• of the berries the size of peas. How-

• ever, it made a great growth of wood
last summer and may do better this

vyear. R. B. Whyte.

^ Ottawa.

SHAFFER'S COLOSSAL RASPBERRY.

From all accounts this must be a
most remarkable raspberiy. It is said
to have originated in the State of New
York in the year 1869, and that the
original plant, now over twelve yeai-s
old, is yet growing with wonderful
vigor, and yields extraordinary crops
of fruit. Plants raised from it, with-
out receiving any special care or high
manuring, have grown to the height of
ten feet, with corresponding breadth.
And M^hat is particularly surprising in
a plant of such immense and rapid
growth, it is claimed for it that it is a
perfect iron-clad, surviving the most
severe winters, unprotected, without
the least injury. Its season of ripen-
ing is the same as the Gregg, yet con-
tinuing somewhat longer. Some who
have grown it say they have no hesita-
tion in claiming for it as it appears on
their ground that it is the largest rasp-
berry in the world on the average, as
gathered by the bushel from the field.
It is also very productive. The color
is a rich, reddish purple. It belongs
to the black-cap family, being propa-
gated from the tips.

Of course it remains to be ascer-
tained by actual trial whether this new
variety will prove to be hardy under
the severity of our Canadian winters,
and whether, with all its wonderful
size and productiveness, it will prove
to be a profitable market berry.

A Hardy Raspberry. — The severe
winters of the West afford a strong test
of the hardiness of raspberries. D. B.
Wier, of Illinois, says he has found from
experience that the old Seneca black-cap
is the hardiest of all the black raspberries,
and able to withstand the most intense
cold. The handsome, glossy appearance
of its fruit, and its excellent flavor, in
addition to its hardiness, should give it
more attention than it has received of
late years. — Country Gentleman.

IHE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

81

SHAFFER'S COLOSSAL RASPBERRY,

82

THE CANA.DIAN HORTICULTURIST.

BEPORT OF SEEDLING AND NEW
FRUITS FOR 1881.

In some of the departments of fruit
culture this season, the supply has been
most abundant and plentiful, more so, I
believe, in this section than in some of
the other sections of our province. As
I have previously reported, for this sec-
tion the small-fruit crop of this season
was most encouraging and abundant.
And now again, I am most happy to be
able to report a magnificent crop of fine
apples and luscious grapes. These crops,
1 believe, were quite exclusive and sec-
tional as far as our province is concern-
ed, being much larger and finer than
in many other sections. For these ex-
pressions of benevolent favor, we should
be more and more thankful than ever
to the Great Fountain of good, "who
supplies the need of every living thing. "
Without further preliminaries then, I
shall at once take notice of the staple
fruits as they occur in their order of im-
portance, commencing with

APPLES.

In these the old standard sorts as
Rhode Island Greenings, Baldwins,
Northern Spys, and Russets, are as
popular as ever and lose nothing of
their real value and importance as do-
mestic and marketable fruits. As T
have previously intimated, our crop of
this fine popular, standard fruit for this
season was not only abundant, but
liandsomely developed, and much to
the pecuniary profit of our growers.
The demand for our apples this year
was better than ever before, and our
growers sold the whole of autumn and
winter fruit to dealers who came to
the orchard and supplied the packing
for the whole. The price paid was
from 80 cents to $1.00 per barrel for
autumn, and $1.00 to $1.50 for winter,
and it was astonishing to see the quan-
tities shipped at our ports. The con-
sequence is our people are very much

encouraged in their eflforts at apple
growing, and are already planning for
the extensive planting of new and much
improved orchards, as they now see in
the light of a keen market where they
have previously erred, and are deter-
mined to rectify these matters. We
have no indigenous apples of any im-
portance whatever, as our natural
specimens are too small and repulsive
in flavor and texture in the light of
better sorts. We have, however, seen
some new sorts lately introduced that
are likely to be of great value in our
future stock of winter apples, and three
of the best of those are Mann Apple,
Grimes Golden, and Smith's Cider.
The first is large, fine, and a good
keeper, and the second and third are
beautiful in color and relishable in tex-
ture and flavour ; they are doubtless
great acquisitions to our present envi-
able stock. We had early Harvest this
year and in good condition Aug. 6th.
and the beautiful new Russian apple
Tetofsky, Aug. 8th. We are now grow-
ing a few western varieties that may
ultimately be of great service to us,
and valuable additions to our stock.
These are Walbridge, Haas, Perry
Russet, Utter's Red and Wealthy,
mostly from Minnesota, and they are
making splendid progress. In a few
more years therefore, we hope to have
something more splendid in the apple
line to report.

PEARS.

This season was unfortunately an off
year in our pear orchards, if the few
scattering trees generally planted in
this county, can properly be so desig-
nated. For growing this fruit we have
a country well adapted both in soil and
climate, and yet there are lamentably
few and poor specimens grown, that is,
compared with our capabilities. Why
this is so is something like a mystery,
but must be accounted for on the prin-
ciple of reckless indifference. For

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

83

those produced the demand is good, and
the price rules high, good samples
readily bringing from $2.00 to $3.00 per
bushel, according to quality. We are
mostly satisfied with the old standard
varieties as Bartlett, Flemish Beauty
and Bon de Jersey, as we can hear of
nothing better. And it may be some-
time before anything better is produced.
Clapp's Favorite, so largely disseminated
by our society some few years ago, is
now beginning to come intofruitfulness,
and thus upsetting the popular objec-
tion against j)ear pbinting, that you
must wait a lifetime before they come
into bearing, this fallacy is now being
timely exploded. Well, the fruit of this
pear is fine, large, handsome and good,
but very soft at matui-ity. The destruc-
tive blight of the pear tree so bad in
some sections, is scarcely known here,
even in those orchards that have been
some time planted. We think suitable
soil and careful preparation and drain-
age, with good culture, will largely
overcome this diflSculty in the culture
of this a fine popular fruit.

PLUMS.

As far as soil and climate are con-
cerned, this whole region is well adapt-
ed to the culture of fine plums; but it
is very rarely that such is ever seen of
late years. "What is the matter ?" you
ask. Oh, the same old disheartening
story, "The Curculio takes them all;"
and really this is the fact, scarcely a
sample being left to show us what they
would be like. Years ago we used to
find a large, handsome and relishable
plum on our rich creek bottoms in the
woods, but like many other good things
of olden time they have fled witli the
Indians, and now their place knows
them no more for ever. What native
varieties are left are few and far be-
tween and ai*e small and astringent.
This season a large nursery firm. Par-
sons & Co., New York, sent to us for a
large quantity of native plums, to be

used solely for their seed, supposing we
had any quantity here ; but we had ta
report in answer, "No plums to be had."
The sorts we attempt mostly are Blue
Orleans and another blue plum, but
much smaller, and in some favored sec-
tions Lombard, but in the main plum
growing is at a discount among us. I
may say in passing, that Black Knot is
also very commonly seen on old fruit-
less plum trees in our fence corners and
other places.

CHERRIES.

I am very sorry to report that we are
not by any means so successful in grow-
ing cherries as we are in growing some
other fruits. As a matter of conse-
quence a country that is famed for fine
apples, pears and i)lums, cannot be
equally noted for fine and beautiful
cherries. The fruits in their very
nature require different conditions of
soil and climate. In our forests are
some of the finest samples of cherry
trees that eyes ever looked upon, and
yet their fruit is not the beautiful,
luscious, European cherry, but a small
jet black fruit, strung on their stems
like a cluster of red currants. We
have frequently tried to plant the trees
of those beautiful foreign sorts, we used
to have in such plentiful abundance
when we were at home, but in most
cases we have sadly failed. Last
winter made sad havoc among our fine
trees, 15 or 20 feet high, and 6 or 8
years' growth, that we were fondly plac-
ing our expectations upon. Now they
are lifeless spectres, that we can only
uproot as so many cumberei-s of the
ground. This experience is not uncom-
mon, and is very discouraging indeed to
us of so sensitive nature, llie soi-ts
mostly attempted are Black Eagle,
Black Tai*tarian, for this color, and for
red, May Duke, and early Richmond.
The late Richmond or common sour
cherry, as it is called, is largely grown
and easily propagated, and gives on the

8-i

THE CANADIAN HOETICULT CRIST.

whole good satisfaction, as it grows
readily in almost any sort of soil, and
bears neglect and hardship very patient-
ly. A good hardy, serviceable cherry
is much needed for our common, every
day wants.

QUINCES

Are not to any appreciable extent
grown among us, as our people do not
feel the need of them, not knowing any-
thing either of their nature or qualities.
It is, however, very doubtful whether
our county, in climate especially, would
in any degree suit them for develop-
ment.

PEACHES.

The growing of this fruit in this sec-
tion is getting to be quite an import-
ant industry, and thousands of trees are
annually being planted for their fruit.
The reason of this is the very general
satisfaction the crop has given the culti-
vators for the last few seasons past in
its quantity and in its quality. Our
soil and climate seem not unadapted to
the successful production of very fine
peaches. This last season, however,
was an unusual exception to our gener-
ally large and fine show of peaches
The reason of this was undoubtedly the
unusual severity of the preceding win-
ter, the high winds and the severe
freezing having killed the peach fruit
buds, and in some localities even the
wood was positively frozen to death.
This may not likely occur again for
sometime, but it should be a valuable
lesson to our peach growers generally,
to be careful to provide screens or wind
breaks, to their fruit plantations, for in
every case the crop is benefited by it.
Our crop therefore from about 150
trees did not amount to more than 20
bushels, which sold readily for a very
.high price in the market. I need not
say tliat the peach is not indigenous in
our country, but we have any quantity
of seedlings produced annually, some
good and some good for nothing. Mr.

Geo, Ott, of Arkona, has a very fine yel-
low-fleshed seedling, called Ott's beauty,
that is really very valuay>le, as it is of
very fine flavor, good size, ships well,
and comes true from its own seed,
needing not to be budded. These, you
know, are good points and our people
know how to prize them, and peaches
will likely be planted largely, Mr.
Ott himself having the finest orcliard
of about 2,000 trees that I have
ever seen. The sorts mostly grown
here are Early York ; Stump the
World ; Crawford's Early, and some of
the very early varieties lately intro-
duced ; but Crawford's is the best, and
the largest planted. There was quite a
stir made by the tree agents about
Early Canada, and some of them effect-
ed large sales at good prices for the
trees, but the fruit is not coming up to
the expectations raised by the itinerants.
It is true, it is early, maturing with us
Aug. 5th. but it is nothing better than
Amsden's June, being small and so
intensely cling that it can scarcely be
used. Mr. River's Early Louise is
good, very early, and very tine, an accep-
table fruit. It should be largely plant-
ed as it is as hardy as our seedlings.

GRAPES

Are a very popular fruit, and fast be-
coming increasingly interesting. Our
country seems well adapted to their
successful culture, and the probabilities
are that many large vineyards will be
planted all over where favorable locali-
ties can be secured. The crop last
season was immense, and all found a
ready market at the time of maturity.
Our people however, are very slow in
planting out the vines, as they are much
afraid there is sOme secret in their
management, and they could not possi-
bly do it, but still manv are experiment-
ing in small quantities. Black sorts
are most popular, as our people are
somewhat careless or suspicious of red
or white varieties. The sorts most

THE CANADIAN HORTICtlLTCRIST,

8S

grown are old, well tried kinds, as Isa-
bella, Clinton, and Concord, which is
by far the best of them all. On our
creek and river bottoms there is a
small, black frost grape that grows
very luxuriantly over the trees, but
the fruit is valueless for anything ex-
cepting for wine purposes. For a fancy
grape among us the Delaware is the
most popular, and the people treat it
with becoming respect. It succeeds
remarkably well. The new sorts that
aresbeing introduced are Pocklington,
Brighton and Burnet, so named after
our honoured President. Of these
Brighton is likely to become a popular
and general favorite, and its introduc-
tion last season by the F. G. A. will
largely hasten this result, as the stock
was before held as scarce and dear.
Burnet, introduced by the F. G. A.
two years before, is also likely to he-
come a great acquisition, as it is a re-
markably fine grower, and what fruit
we have yet seen is very good indeed.
Of the whites we had this season a
remarkably fine crop of Marthas. This
is really a very fine vineyard variety,
and for our climate perhaps as good, all
things considered, as we need wish.
The vine is very hardy and a good
grower, the bunch is large and com-
pact, and the berry is large and of very
fine flavor, that hangs well to the
bunch. The fruit sold well and at
good prices. Champion was ready this
season August 28th, Hartford Prolific
Sept. 4th, and Concords Sept. 9th, but
on account of the prolonged summer
droughts fruits ripened a few days ear-
lier than usual.

OUR GRAPE CROP.

Perhaps it may not be uninteresting
or out of place here to give a synopsis
of our beautiful crop of grapes this sea-
son, as they appeared on our grounds.
It was certainly the finest sight of the
kind I had ever seen, and it was diffi-
cult to realize that such a crop of fine

fruit could be produced. Many came
to witness it and testified to its unusual
excellence. The plantation consists of
250 vines, and their net product was
5,000 lbs., of first-class fruit, that sold
for $400 in the market. The average
product per vine was 20 lbs. At the
same rate of planting, an acre of ground
would contain 544 vines, and their
united product would be 10,880 lbs.,
5J tons, or in value $870, an excellent
showing doubtless for grape-growing in
this country, with all its disappoint-
ments and frigidity. According to the
late report issued by the Commissioner
of Agriculture, at Washington, U. S.,
1880, on grape growing and wine mak-
ing for that country, the highest yield
per acre for that county, Kent, in the
State of Michigan, was 10,000 lbs., and
the average for the counties of the
State was 45.23 lbs. per acre. At the
present time wine making is not at-
tempted among us, the market readily
absorbing the whole crop of grapes, as
soon as it is matured.

SUGGESTIONS.

1st. As the American people at the
present time are deeply concerned
about their grape culture and wine-
making as a national industry, and are
earnestly collecting official statistics
relating to them, would it not likewise
be well for us also to be awake in this
matter, and more earnestly encourage
and assist grape growing amongst us 'i

2nd. Would it not be a most suc-
cessful means of modifying the exces-
sive use of ardent stimulants amongst
us, and prove a great national blessing
to so encourage a supply of home made
wines, the pure juice of the grape for
general and domestic purposes.

3rd. Can any good substantial reason
be successfully urged why this should
not be done, seeing our facilities are so
favorable 1

4th. I would most respectfully sug-

86

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

gest and advise that this subject be
taken up and thoroughly discussed in
public assembly, at the next winter
meeting of our associations.

All of which is most respectfully
submitted.

B. GoTT.

Arkona Nurseries, Nov. 21, 1881.

TREE PLANTING.

A DUTY OBLIGATORY ON THE STATE !

A Paper read before the . Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-
oiatioH, by B. Gott, Arkona, Ont.

Our theme, you say, is again tree
planting y and perhaps you will feel in-
clined to call it hackneyed, stale, &c.
But after much mature and sober con-
sideration of the subject in its various
phases, we are increasingly impressed
with the validity of our position con-
cerning it. The very nature of the
work in its importance and extent at
once invests it with this high pre-
eminence. We hope, therefore, that
while we quietly pursue the line of our
argument to its close you will kindly
give us your calm and candid attention,
and that we and our subject may be
treated at once with becoming manliness
and Christian grace. The proposition
though somewhat startling and devi-
ating slightly from our accustomed
notion of things is still at once simple
and very plain, viz. : That it is . the
duty of the State to encourage tree
planting wherever the need exists. The
force of the statement may be made
more clearly to appear from the follow-
ing very proper considerations : 1st.
Nothing so promotes the best interests
of a country's healthfulness, beauty
and utility, like extensive and judicious
tree planting, and it is the recognized
duty of the State to encourage, and in
every possible way, secure these much
valued properties to her people. 2nd.
It is the duty of the State to aid and
encourage national agriculture, and our

proposition is analogous and closely
related to it. That the encouragement
of agriculture is a duty of the State is
clearly apprehended in the customs of
all civilized and progressive nations ;
witness Old England, H'rance, Germany,
the United States of America and
Canada. T)ie leading and honored
countries annually lay out millions of
the public monies of the State for the
support and encouragement of their
national agriculture. And by this
means have perfected the highest and
best systems of popular agriculture
known. Why is this encouragement
found needful and beneficial 1 Because
simply that it is a well known demon-
strable fact that stability and perman-
ency of the state cannot exist without
it. In some countries, as ours for
instance, this is absolute because it is
the main source of production and the
treasure house of the wealth and ma-
terial greatness of the State. In many
respects these remarks will forcibly
apply to general tree planting and
forestry. Those noted centres of power,
of wealth and of civilization already
mentioned, not only acknowledged the
general truth of our proposition, but
are generously and studiously acting
upon it in the millions of acres of noble
forest wealth to be inspected on their
borders. Are we doing anything in
this direction? But, 3rd. It is the
duty of the State to protect and en-
courage her educational interests. This
as a measure of increased efficiency and
wealth is also closely allied to our posi-
tion with respect to tree planting. The
duty of the State to foster educational
interests among her people is a position
now generally accepted, and needs but
little attempts at proof. The force of
this practical truth is abundantly ex-
emplified in every day transactions of
all great and prosperous people, and
indeed it is itself the great foundation,
the ** chief corner stone " of all great-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

87

ness and prosperitj. But again the
burden of general and extended tree
planting is work, at once so ponderous
and so exhaustive, that individual and
isolated effort is inefficient and pales
away into utter insignificance before it.
Also the tastes and personal opinions
of men with respect to any great public
matter are in themselves so varied and
in some cases opposite, that but little
real progress can be effected in any one
direction. This may be greatly modi-
fied and much better results become
apparent when the overruling wisdom
of the State presides. But further the
individual life of man is in itself found
to be too short and too uncertain for
any great public endowment requiring
length of time and great concentration
of active forces. All acknowledge that
tree planting for the good of themselves
and their posterity after them is their
duty, and that it should be done, but
individual effort, if it happens to be in
the minority, is singularly and pain-
fully unavailing. If men have the
assurance that their work in any one
direction is appreciated by those in
authority over them, and that it would
eventually overcome all hostilities and
be a great and pleasant success in the
future destinies of their country, there
is little possible doubt of the astonish-
ing results. Self-interest, too, being in
the general direction would render the
task less imposing and very greatly
assist in the matter. But we must very
briefly proceed to consider the nature
of the question, and the nature of the
obligation the State is laid under to
encourage it. By tree planting we
would of course be understood to mean
the planting of living trees for ultimate
results, as for timber, for finiit, or for
ornamentation. All tree planting may
be properly included as regards the
results under the head of one or other
of these three great classes or depart-
ments. The latter two classes of tree

planting are easily got along with, and
require but little from the State in the
way of assistance and encouragement,
as the prevailing and powerful motor
and stimulus, self-interest, as we have
before said, is in the line of this direc-
tion. It can always be appealed to,
and is always capable of great results
if a moderate amount of encouragement
can be secured. By this means the
prosperous farms and beautiful and
happy homes all over this favored
country are secured. The most obvi-
ous encouragement here required from
the State will simply be good and
efficient measures for the best possible
protection of the products after they
are attained. These, I suppose, we
ought to consider, we assuredly have
at least in Canada, as the man who
dares to enter our orchards and tread
or cut down our fruit or ornamental
trees is most severely punished if we
can catch him. And so of the man
who carries off our fruit by the bagful.
We, however, sometimes think accord-
ing to our experience in this matter
that the moral sense of wrong that is
stamped upon the minds of our peram-
bulating youth is but very feebly made,
and that if we had them securely in our
hold we should much relish the duty of
impressing it more efficiently upon
their shouldere. The fact undoubtedly
remains that orchard protection in this
country, as at present understood, is
not considered satisfactory either for
purposes of encouragement or safety.
But though those classes of the subject
are so easily managed it is not by any
means just so with the first, for al-
though the principle of self-interest
may also, to some extent, exert an in-
fluence, here it is at a much further
distance away, and consequently is
neither so active or so potent in accom-
plishing good results. Other effectual
motors must be applied. "We realize as
a fundamental principle in the govern-

88

*

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTDEIST.

ment of nations that the vital interests
of the State is in the hands of her
ministers, and that these should, as in
duty bound, be thoroughly alive and
wide awake to those interests. We
would humbly suggest, therefore, that
the influence to be brought to bear
on a people for the advancement of any
great public improvement might be :
1st. Limited measures, bearing mildly
on the subject to be advanced, may be
I)assed in the Legislature of our country
advising and offering inducements.
2nd. Statistics and reports as to the
actual state of the country in this par-
ticular might be authorized to be made
and sent in to the minister of the de-
partment, effected at greater or less
intervals of time. Other forms of in-
ducement and encouragement we shall
further consider subsequently, but it is
evident that simple means backed up
might sufficiently influence to move in
the proper direction. We will now in
the meantime, as briefly as possible,
proceed to consider some of the advan-
tages of tree planting.

And these will appear to be : 1st. To
embelish and beautify the landscape.
Of the force of this statement we are
all more or less keenly sensible whose
homes are happily cast in the midst of
the attractions. The converse of this
is to be witnessed by the denizens of the
trackless prairies of Central America.
2nd. To provide for the use of the in-
habitants timber and fuel for mechanical
and domestic uses. For these purposes
alone an abundance of fine timber may
be the means of saving to a country
many millions in value annually. 3rd.
To regulate and modify the climate of
the country. That forests have an
effect upon climate is abundantly at-
tested by the best of proofs. See for a
full and satisfactory statement of this
whole matter ^Hhe report upon forestry''
made to the department at Washington,
1877, by F. B. Hough, Commissioner.

We are indebted to this admirable and
exhaustive work for much of our sub-
ject. A work that should be in the
hands of every studious citizen of our
country. Though it is not meant that
trees alone make the conditions of the
climate of a country, yet it is meant
that they are important recognized
factors in the distribution and modifi-
cation of climate. 4th. To encourage
and distribute rainfalls. This phase of
the subject has had given to it much
scientific and mature attention of late,
and it is a subject that is in every way
worthy of attention, for what matters
it though our country be never so fer-
tile if our rainfall be insufficient or very
poorly distributed 1 These and each of
them should be inducements or argu-
ments abundant to the inhabitants of
any country to be studious and lavish
in their efforts at tree planting in their
midst. Surely none of us wish to have
brought upon us by our own efforts the
converse of this state of things ! For
a moment we will now look at the na-
ture and the extent of the obligation to
plant trees, and we can get perhaps the
best view of this kind of obligation by
considering it as 1st, pecuniary, 2nd,
physical, and 3rd, moral. The pecuni-
ary argument is the money view or
estate argument, and of course is at
once a very potent one. It may in-
clude all the direct advantage to be got
from the trees in the shape of fruit,
and its immediate effects, also, in the
shape of beauty. This is a very ex-
tensive consideration, and yet it is
lowest of all the arguments, and con-
sequently we bring it on first, and also
because it is the argument that is most
readily appreciated. It is endless in
its relations to our material interests,
and is therefore a fit and proper subject
for the highest encouragements of the
State, for if it is not, then what isl
The second or physical argument gi'ows
out of the firsts and is somewhat de-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

89

pending upon it. It has reference
to the pure animal or physical enjoy-
ment growing out of the duty and
following the practice of tree plant-
ing, and may be considered in its effects
aside from its money value. In plant-
ing trees we are regaled, invigorated
and satisfied by their fruits, we are pro-
tected, warmed and comforted by their
timber, or we are instructed, pleased and
delighted by their nobility, grandeur
and beauty. This argument is very
extensive in its import, most readily
appreciated and very forcible in its
chumcter. The third or moral argu-
ment is the product of the two former
ones and their consummation. It has
reference to the effect on the character
of a people thus enriched and ennobled
by their wealth of profitable and beauti-
ful trees. To say that tree planting
has no moral side to it, nor can have,
is to run contrary to our experience,
and is bordering on the absurd. It
has ! The people who are so abundantly
eniiched, both pecuniarily and physi-
cally, by an abundance of fruitful and
profitable trees are capable of higher
developments of moral character than
the people who have not these advan-
tages. Their trees have the effect upon
them of supplying their needs and of -
inspiring their hearts with gratitude.
Not the gratitude merely of the un-
tutored Indian who roams in nature's
boundless forests, unconscious of the
true character of the benefits surround-
ing him, but rather the gratitude of
reflection, of enlightenment and of a
hightened devotion. As we have already
hinted, we must now very briefly glance
at the nature of the encoui*agements
looked for in this particular. This may
be best stated in the following order :
1st. Government premiums should be
offered for the most extensive, best kept
and best bearing orchards in different
part« of the country, and to be decided
by a Government appointed visiting
2

committee. These premiums may be
in cash, or they may be in diplomas,
or in both, as the end and object is
best furthered. And the effect would
be very influential and marked on the
destinies of the country. The princi-
pal influence may be ascribed to com-
petition, which is a most powerful
motor in human affairs. 2nd. A com-
mutation of taxes or statute labor should
be granted from time to time for trees
planted by the roadside, to be deter-
mined according to the number and
value of the trees planted, and properly
cared for, by an officer appointed for the
purpose. The influence of this kind
of tree planting is very marked in the
annals of a country, and even the
traveller will tarry to bless his country
for this generous and rich provision of
his nature. On account of the difficulty
and danger of this sort of tree planting
it needs and should get special protec-
tion for its successful issue. 3rd. To
encourage forest tree planting on a large
scale over the country, assurance of
special favors and rewards should be
publicly made known. These may con-
sist of commutation of all taxes for
more or less years, according to the
extent, variety and perfection of the
plantation, to be determined as before
by a visiting committee. Further
special premiums should be offered at
stated periods to the owners of most
approved forest ti*acts, to be deter-
mined by efficient judges appointed for
the purpose. The influence of this
kind of tree planting on a country is so
great and so lasting and widespread
that we lay special stress upon it.
Moreover the expenses, difficulties,
hinderances and discouragements are so
constant and so form idablei that special
inducements and helps must be sup-
plied by the State, even at some^ sacri-
fice, in order to accomplish telling re-
sults. By these or similar means many
tracts of fine, thrifty forestry would.

90

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

soon spring into being over the face of
our beautiful Canadian landscape to
replace the sites of those old primeval
forests so rapidly disappearing from
the scene. The objections to this
kind of tree planting may be stated
in brief to be : 1st. Your teach-
ing would depreciate and ultimate-
ly destroy private enterprise. This
objection misinterprets the force of our
teaching altogether. We do not mean
to assert that the State should do all
the work and the citizens nothing. No,
no ! We rather mean simply that it
is the duty of the State to encourage
private enterprise, and in every possible
way to help the citizen. 2nd. Life is
too short for such extended operations,
and we should never see the results of
our labor and care. In part we
acknowledge the force of this objection,
and in a larger part we do not, for
though life is short, as we all sadly
feel, yet many fine results have been
seen by the operators in this direction.
Besides, the objection has much of its
point from a well known selfish prin-
ciple influencing very many to leave as
little as possible to those who shall
come after us for fear our children will
never thank us for it. 3rd. Our farm
is too small to spare land for tree plant-
ing, as we want all our soil for grain
raising and grazing. This objection is
positively absurd on the very face of
it, as any one traversing this country
over hill and dale will readily see.
How many thousands of such acres of
Canadian soil are now lying in a state
of comparative uselessness that might
advantageously be used for purposes of
tree growing li I stop not to answer ;
we all know they are immense. 4th.
Our nursery men have not turned their
attention to the matter of extensive
forest tree growing, and consequently
trees are difficult to obtain, and beyond
our limited means. The force and

pungency of this objection can be
readily dispelled, like the morning
cloud that passeth away. Only let the
want be felt, or gently hint that the
demand is likely to occur, and the stock
can be supplied by the million, and on
the most liberal terms ; and we have
every confidence in the supply if there
is only likely to be a good demand.
5th. Trees planted by the roadside
have a tendency to impede ti-affic and
to harbor wet, fungus, &c. This objec-
tion, though pretty well rooted over
this entire country, is mainly resting
on misrepresention, and is contrary to
our experience. If proper kinds of
trees are properly planted by the road-
side, and moderately proper attention
can be given to them, they will grow
up to be the beauty and adornment of
our country, and a source of everlasting
blessing, and consequently cannot be
charged with the detriments objected
to. But 6th, and lastly. Trees in
blocks exhaust the soil, and by their
shade exhaust neighboring fields. In
answer we would ask, " Exhaust what
soiH" for they cannot exhaust the
neighboring fields to any perceptible
extent, and they positively enrich the
soil on which they are now standing
by their gaseous and vegetable deposits.
As for the shade complained of, this is
so meagre that it is scarcely worthy of
a passing consideration. With these
objections and their answers, we shall
now close our paper, and confidently
leave the resultant consequences to the
mature judgments of your mind. We
only regret that it was not in our
power to bring better and more
thorough ability to bear on a question
at once so interesting and so important.
We hope yet to see the day when the
measures here recommended shall be
recognized by the authorities of this
country.

January 18th, 1882.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

91

THE MAYFLOWER TOMATO.

Those who have seen the Tomato
grown as a garden vegetable only, to
supply the wants of the family, can
hardly be aware of the important posi-
tion which it now occupies among mar-
ket crops. In some localities, in fact,
it rates in importance before any other
product of the soil. This is owing to
the immense quantities used in the
canning factories, amounting in some
establishments to over a million of cans
a year.

The principal points to be desired in
a Tomato are earliness, firmness, good,
uniform size and shape, bright color,
})ure flavor, perfect ripening, good
keeping quality and productiveness.
To unite all these in one variety has

The Mayflower Tomato.

been the aim of originators of new
seedlings.

The Mayflower is the latest compe-
titor among these claimants. It was

raised by Mr. F. H. Hosford of Ver-
mont, and after several years* trial,
considered superior, in several respects,
to any of the older kinds. It is very
early, ripening but a few days later
than Little Gem, and averaging in size
about one-third larger than Acme. It
is of a glossy, bright red color, ripens
evenly and completely up to the stem,
is perfectly smooth and almost globular,
slightly flattened ; flesh solid, with few
seeds, and of a rich pure flavor. Its
productiveness and shipping qualities
are claimed not to be equalled by any
other variety. The Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society, at its last exhibition,
held in connection with the American
Pomological meeting, awarded the first
prize for the best new Tomato to the
Mayflower.

THE ESSENTIALS FOR SUCCESS IN
PEACH GROWING.

A good degree of special knowledge
of the business, and a taste suited for
the work.

Selecting suitable land upon which to
plant. Land upon which the peach has
grown within 15 or 20 years is unsuit-
able; wet land is not good ; but moderate-
ly rich corn land upon our high hills is
quite suitable.

Continuous good culture, with hoed
crops (if desired), for two yeai^s, after
which clean culture continuously, and
no crop but the peach.

A moderate dressing of unleached
wood ashes, ground bone and slacked
lime annually. The orchards should
not be forced to make a heavy growth
or a late growth in autumn ; therefore,
keep mellow and clean in early summer,
and stir the soil as little as need be after
August 1.

Guard well against the peach borer.
To do this, in May supply a wash of
this nature: Use 10 pounds of good
lump lime and 1 pound of sulphur, slack

92

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

to a proper whitewash consistency; then
add 2 quarts of soft soap, or its equiva-
lent of whale oil soap, and if convenient
thin down as required with a strong
decoction of tobacco. Having this, lay
bare the collar and main roots of the
trees, forming a sort of basin around
each tree; then with an old broom wash
the exposed roots, collar and trunk of
each tree. This will be too oflfensive an
application for any insect, and is also
healthful. And in November mound
up the earth about the tree in a small
cone, with one or two quarts of wood
ashes on top as a protection against
mice, removing the same in May, — and
thus year by year, repeat.

If possible, mulch with some coarse
manure or other material at setting in
of winter, not around the trunk of the
tree but under the outer branches, as a
safeguard against severe winters and
premature spring.

Proper pruning, and this should em-
brace judicious shortening in.

As I have already hinted we should
avoid a late growth by not cultivating
after July, and also by only a moderate
cultivation. The peach tree should
neither be stinted nor forced into ex-
cessive growth. Avoid also heavy crop-
ping first, by previous cutting back and
thinning out of superfluous branches,
and again, if necessary, by thinning out
fruit. But by no means allow exhaus-
tion of the trees. Hence, feed the
young orchard moderately, and the
bearing orchard fully. Excessively rich
soil should not be selected for the peach,
for rapid growth is quite likely to be
followed by early decay. — P. M. Augue,
in iV. U. Homestead.

Early Pears. — The following varieties
give a successive supply at the North
from late in July till the middle of Sep-
tember : Doyenn6 d'Et6, Bloodgood,
Giffard, Rostiezer, Petite Marguerite,
Tyson, Washington, Bartlett. — Country
Gentleman.

CELERY GROWING.

One of the most successful garden
crops that I raise is celery. I raised
the past season about 5,000 heads, of
which I lost about 1,000, owing to the
winter setting in so unexpectedly. The
4,000 heads saved will bring, when all
sold, about $125. This was all raised
as a second crop following peas, and it
did not occupy more than one-fourth of
an acre. I also sold about $25 worth
of celery plants. I raise very nice
plants in the following way :

I sow the seed in a cold-frame about
the middle of April, and when about
an inch and a half high, I transplant to
beds four feet wide and sixteen in
length, setting the plants two inches
apart each way. As soon as the bed is
finished, I have frames made of narrow
strips of board and lath, the lath being
their width apart. These I place over
the bed about eight inches from the
plants on the top of the stakes, three of
which are driven on each side of the
bed. By the use of these frames the
plants enjoy a free circulation of air,
and are just half the time in the shade
(while the sun shines \ and will not
wilt or need watering, except at time
of setting out. The frames may be left
on until the plants become well-rooted.
Plants treated in this way become very
fine and stocky in from four to six
weeks, and may then be taken up with
a ball of earth as large as a man's fist
adhering to each plant.

I transplant to the trenches from the
1st of July to the 1st of August. The
trenches I make very shallow, about
two inches below the surface after the
plants are set out, some kind of fertilizer
being below the plants. I have seen
the best results from well-rotted stable
manure. I commence to earth up as
soon as the plants begin to spread, so
as to keep them growing in an upright
position, taking care not to choke them

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

93

with too much earth at one time. I
raise the dwarf varieties, and have found
the London Red the best for late keep-
ing, also the best flavored according to
my j udgment. I have the trenches four
feet apart, and the plants six inches
apart in the trench. This, I think, is
as near as is convenient for earthing up.
Before I commence to earth up I
loosen the earth on each side of the
trench with a hoe. I then get down
on my hands and knees astride of the
row, and, while holding the stalks of a
plant together with one hand, I draw
the earth up with the other, pressing it
down firmly around the plant. The
best time to do this is when the ground
is a little moist, but not wet. This
process is called "handling," and by
many it is called hard, disagreeable
work ; but there is no work in the
garden that gives me more genuine
satisfaction. This first handling brings
the plants up nearly level with the sur-
face, and before the second earthing up
I run a cultivator between the rows.
I commence to harvest the celery for
winter about the first of November.
My way of storing is to make large
beds of it on the cellar bottom, setting
the celery upright, and not too close
together, and using earth enough to
cover the roots well. If the cellar is
dry the beds may be watered occasion-
ally, but in a damp cellar it would not
be necessary, and would be apt to induce
rot. — Rural New Yorker.

THE CALLA LILY.

This old plant is too well known to
require any extended notice. If the
bulbs or tubers of this lily be potted in
good soil about the middle of September,
and given a liberal supply of water at all
times, it will quickly start into growth
and give out its fine, large flowers from
December to May. Manure water is
very beneficial to this plant. After

flowering, gradually withhold water, and
when the foliage shows signs of decay,
lay the pots on their sides and give no
further care until time for repotting,
when the tubers should be cleansed of
the old soil and repotted into new.
When grown in the sitting room the
leaves should have an occasional spong-
ing to prevent the accumulation of dust.

THE TUBEROSE.

fPoliantfies TuberosaJ.

The original, single variety is a
native of India, and has for many years
been grown in large quantities in
Southern France, where the flowers are
used for manufacturing perfumery.

The double variety, which is now
almost exclusively used for garden pur-
poses, is very much superior to the
single one in the size and appearance
of the flowers. Owing to the easy
manner in which they can be culti-
vated, they are found in almost every
garden, while their rich perfume and
clear white color have made them very
desirable for all sorts of floral designs.

To make the flowering of Tuberoses a
success, it is indispensable to procure
sound bulbs, of good size. If the center
of the bulb, or " flower-germ," is not
perfectly sound, it is hopeless to expect
flowers ; and any bulb, be it ever so
large, that has flowered once, will not
bloom again.

It is a common mistake among
amateurs to select the largest bulbs,
when buying. Frequently, the flower-
germ in large bulbs has been so far
advanced as to get kilhnl or injured by
the drying process which the bulbs
have to undergo to keep them sound
over winter. A medium-sized, well-
formed bulb, with a hard, sharp-pointed
neck, is the kind to be recommended,
as these can, with proper treatment, be
depended upon to flower successfully.
There is no way of telling, in the dry

94

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

bulb, the difference between the single
and double variety ; the buyer is de-
pending solely on the honesty of the
dealer. I think it well, however, to
remark here that it is not always the
fault of the dealer if what is sold as
the double comes single. The double
variety is only a sport of the single one,
originally produced by garden cultiva-
tion ; and it is not a very uncommon
occurrence to see them running back
again, especially if the bulbs are grown
in the same ground a number of years.

Before planting the bulbs, all the
little bulblets, or '"sets," which are
always attached to the main bulb,
should be removed, as well as the
sprouts or eyes that may be showing
on the sides of the bulb. By this opera-
tion all the strength and nourishment
that are contained in the bulb will be
preserved for the development of the
flowers.

The proper time for planting, in this
vicinity, is the latter part of May or
beginning of June. It is of no advan-
tage to plant Tuberoses before the soil
is thoroughly warm. The bulbs should
be placed at least three inches under
the surface of the soil, and will do best
in rich, warm, sandy ground, exposed
to the full sun.

If wanted for early flowering, the
bulbs may be planted about the first of
March, in small pots, with clear sand
or sandy soil, placed in a hot-bed, and
replanted in larger pots, with rich soil,
as soon as started. They must not be
planted out, or left uncovered, before
the end of May.

The ^' Pearl " Tuberose, a variety of
later introduction, and in general re-
spects similar to the old double, bears
somewhat larger flowers, on consider-
ably shorter and stronger stalks. Al-
though the flowers of this variety do
not keep as long as those of the old kind
— a consideration of some importance

to the professional florist — its dwarf
habit makes it most valuable for green-
house cultivation. — American Garden.

LOST RUBIES, THE MONARCH OF
MARKET RASPBERRIES.

Few varieties of fruits have called
from the press and the people such
attention as Lost Rubies. Its sugges-
tive name, the uncertainty hanging over
its origin, and its remarkable qualifica-
tions lead speculative minds to a wide
and suggestive field for thought and
controversy. We have fruited it six
years, and every season it was a surprise
and a wonder to us ; an enigma which
we sought to unravel by submitting it
to leading pomologists, but their evi-
dence all went to convince that Lost
Rubies is a choice seedling of which they
have no record. Coming to us, a few
scattering plants with dark, purple
polished, almost thornless canes, with
evidences of aristocracy, mixed help-
lessly with a mass of bastards — wild
vagabond varieties that never set one
single berry, good or bad — the counter-
parts of those thorny barren pests grow-
ing in the wild underbrush by the acre,
we had reason to believe we had a choice
seedling, but having no absolutely posi-
tive evidence as to its origin, and wish-
ing to stand fairly on the records, we
stated from the first that its origin was
involved in obscurity, and offered it on
its merits alone. We are willing to
withdraw the cognomen if proof is given
that it should be withdrawn. Here is
a red raspberry possessing many of the
qualifications of foreign sorts, livalling
the grand old Franconia in size, quality
and beauty, yet in other respects giving
evidence of being a native, ranking in
hardiness and vigor next to the iron-clad
Turner. Ask any fruit man if he knows
of a bright, firm, large and superior
flavored red raspberry that will endure
winters when mercury marks 10 to 20

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

9*5

degrees below zero. No, he will say
there is no such variety. Well, Lost
Rubies is just the berry that fills the
bill. Plant it in a field apart from all
other varieties, and it will not exhibit
its remarkable productiveness, yet it
will yield well there. But plant it in
blocks, with a row of Cuthbert every
ten or twenty-four feet, and if your soil
is anything like mine you will see the
largest yield of fine fruit imaginable.
I have not found anything to equal it.
It ripens with the Brandy wine, and con-
tinues in bearing several weeks in fa-
vorable seasons; not a few scattering
berries, but large pickings for market.
One need not wait a year to see its fruit.
If a few inches of the old cane is left
on at planting it will bear fine specimens
the season planted — an indication of its
vitality and productiveness. Having
tested almost every popular variety, the
Lost Rubies takes the lead over all for a
profitable market berry. — Fruit Grower.

T. C. Robinson, of Owen Sound,
says : " No one can convince me that
Lost Rubies is akin to foreign sorts ;
the leaf and cane are as plainly native
as our Canada thistle. I want to plant
more of it."

BOOK NOTICES.

In Press. Hough's Elements of Fore.stry.
Designed to aflford information concerning
planting and care of Forest Trees for orna-
ment or profit, and giving suggestions upon
the creation and care of woodlands, with
the view of securing the greatest benetit
for the longest time. Particularly adapted
to the wants and conditions of the United
States. By BVanklin B. Hough, Ph.D.,
Forestry Division, Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D.C. 1 vol., 12mo.,
illustrated.

This work is designed to present a
concise outline of the general subject of
Forestry in its various relations, and
e8i)ecially to afford directions for the
planting and care of trees in groves, or
as windbreaks, or for ornament.

Although the range and capabilities
of species will be noticed, with reference
to the whole country, and the special
interests of other regions will be inclu-
ded, particular attention will be given
to the subject of tree-planting in the
Western States, and on the borders of
the great plains, with suggestions as to
the methods best adapted for securing
success under the difficulties there en-
countered.

The work will be illustrated by en-
gravings in the text, as the subject
may require. Technical details will be
avoided, and the greatest care will be
taken that the definitions and terms
used are concise, plain, and easily under-
stood. No theoretical discussions wil[
be introduced, and no statements but
those founded upon approved authority.

The author has been several years,
and is now, engaged under an appoint-
ment from the General Goveniment in
investigating the subject of Forestry in
the Department of Agriculture, and his
reports, published by oi-der of Congress,
have received the approval of the high-
est authorities upon Forestry in Europe.
They were awarded a Diploma of Honor
at the International Geographical Con-
gress at Venice last autumn. Robert
Clarke & Co., Publishers, Cincinnati, O.

Blackberkies. — The Snyder is gaining
popularity on account of its great hardi-
ness and productiveness. Ellwanger &
Barry regard it the best for family use,
for although only moderate in size, it
ripens thoroughly throughout without the
unripe core of some other sort.«i, and it is
very pleasant in quality. The Kittatinny
had become a general favorite before it
was known to be so liable to the yellow
rust, the fruit being better and the canes
hardier than the Rochelle. Wilson has
long been the great market blackberry of
New Jersey, but farther north it does
not endure the winter. Our plants, after
bearing a few times a large and not very
good berry, gradually perished during the
successive winters. — Country Oentleinan.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

SHELLING PEAS.

Pink sun-bonnet hanging down ;
O'er a fair face lialf a frown ;
Basket tipped up on her knees-
Maiden busy shelling peas.

Looking o'er the garden wall,
Youthful figure, straight and tall,
Lounges with a careless grace,
Straw hat pushed off sunny face—

And a pair of lazy eyes
Look with cool and calm surprise
On the lingers jjlump and white
Shelling peas with ail their might.

"Such a busy little bee
Puts to shame poor thriftless me !"
And a yawn, half made, half real.
To these words gave sign and seal.

Pink sun-bonnet nods assent.
Fingers give the pods a rent.
As though saying, " Were these you,
I'd soon show you what I'd do I"

" So you think I ought to be
Quite ashamed of this 'poor me,'
Who bewails his lazy lot
And to better it tries not?"

Pink sun-bonnet gives a nod.
Cracks a fresh new glistening pod.
Which, exploding, seems to say,
Answering for her, boldly, " Yea."

Lazy-eyes dart a quick look.
Naught but silence will they brook ;
Bending closer they peer down
'IS oath the bonnet's clumsy crown —

" I would toil and strive each hour.
Working with a will and power.
Had I aught to work hard for—
Some sweet bright reward in store."

Pink sun-bonnet laughs out now.
And the face is all aglow.
As she answers, pointing down
To her basket with a frown —

" Lots of shell and little peas ;
Words are well and sometimes please ;
But words are shell— it's fruit we need :
Talk is easy— prove by deed ! "

Quick the lazy eyes flash fire.
And the owner bends down nigher.
Till the color in his cheeks
Fades and flickers as he speaks—

" Ah, but 'tis within the shells
That the perfect fruit first dwells :
All my words I'll prove quite true.
If my REWARD may be you ! "
Pink sun-bonnet's still and dumb ;
Busy fingers quite o'ercome ;
l)r.»p the basket off the knees.
And down roll the half-shelled peas.
*' See, you work in vain alone—
Without HELP nought can be done ;
May I then through our lives be
Helpmate to you loyally ? "
Two brown hands clasp fingers white ;
Lazy-eyes grow clear and bright ;
Pink sun-bonnet 'gainst her will.
Looks up with cheeks pinker still,
And again it gives a nod —
Then a noise ! Was it a pod?
Something sounded. Aa you please.
It all happened— Shelling Peas.

DOMESTIC RECIPES.

Orange Syrup. — To one cup of the
juice of ripe thin-skinned oranges add
one and a half cups of powdered sugar,
boil and skim, when cold bottle and put
in a cool place. Fine for flavoring cus-
tards or pudding sauces. — Aaron's Wifb,
in Prairie Farmer.

Lemon Jumbles. — Ingredients : Eggs,
one ; sugar, one teacup ; butter, two-
thirds teacup ; milk, three teaspoonsful ;
cream tartar, one teaspoonful ; soda, one-
half teaspoonful ; lemons, two ; flour.
Use the juice of both lemons and grated
rind of one ; mix rather stiff, roll out, and
cut with cake cutter.

Baked Tomatoes. — Sprinkle a layer of
bread crumbs into a yellow nappy or a
baking dish, and spread over it a layer of
chopped raw tomatoes, seasoned with pep-
per and salt, and bits of butter. Fill up
the dish, having the upper layer of bread
with bits of butter. Bake for three-quar-
ters of an hour. An excellent breakfast
relish.

Apple Pancakes. — Ingredients : Ap-
ples, twelve ; eggs, twenty ; cream, one
quart ; cinnamon, two drachms ; nutmeg,
two drachms ; ginger, two drachms ;
crushed lump sugar, six drachms. Peel
the apples, cut in round slices and fry in
butter. Beat up the eggs in the cream,
add the spice and sugar and pour over
the apples.

French Vegetable Soup. — To a leg
of lamb of moderate size take four quarts
of water. Of carrots, potatoes, onions,
tomatoes, cabbage and turnips, take a tea
cup each, chopped fine ; salt and pepper
to taste. Let the lamb be boiled in this
water. Let it cool ; skim off all fat that
rises to the top. The next day boil again,
adding the chopped vegetables. Let it
boil three hours the second day.

Cranberry Roll. — One quart flour, one
heaped teaspoon baking powder, sifted to-
gether ; mix into a soft dough with sweet
milk ; roll thin and spread over it a pint
of cranberries, and a cup and a half of
sugar ; roll it over and over into a roll,
and put loosely into a pudding bag, and
put in the steamer over a kettle of boiling
water, and steam one hour. Serve with
a rich sweet ?ance. — Aaron's Wife, in
Prairie Farmer.

printed at the steam press ESTAULISHMEKT of COPP, CLARK k CO., OOLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS

THE

VOL. v.]

MAY, 1882.

[No. 5.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

The colored plate which adorns the
present number will make our readers
acquainted with three distinct sections
of this showy flower — the Japanese,
Pomiwn, and the Chinese. Figures
seven and nine indicate the Japanese
variety, nine being the large white
flower so prominent in the upper part
of the group ; one and two are yellow
and rose-colored Pompons, and the
remainder belong to the Chinese sec-
tion.

In our climate, except in the sections
where the autumnal frosts are post-
poned quite late by the modifying in-
fluences of large bodies of water, the
Chrysanthemum needs to be brought
into the conservatory or cool greenhouse
in order to enjoy their bloom. Their
season of flowering is late in the autumn,
and on that account an almost indis-
pensable plant, making the conservatory
gay with its crimson and gold, when
there is scarcely any other plant in
bloom.

It is of easy culture, growing readily
from cuttings, or suckers, or divisions
of the roots, yet it has seemed to the
writer that the best results are obtained
by growing them from cuttings. These

may be taken off" in the spring, and as
soon as they are rooted put into small
pots, from which they should be shifted
to larger when their growth requires it.
A six inch pot is large enough for the
last shift, in which they can remain
until they have bloomed. They should
never be allowed to flag for want of
water, but be plentifully supplied all
the time they are growing and blooming.
Nor do they thrive as well in great heat
as when kept in a cool place where
they can have plenty of air.

After the young plant has got well
established in the small pot and has
attained a height of five or six inches,
the terminal bud or top of the plant
should be pinched off*, so as to make the
plant throw out branches, and as these
branches extend they will also require
to be pinched in, so that a bushy and
symmetrical form may be secured. By
the middle of August this pinching
must be relinquisheil, so that the plant
may form its flowering buds in season
for its autumnal display.

The soil in which the plants are
grown should be well enriched with old
and thoroughly rotted manure; that
from the cow-stable is usually preferred,

98

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

and used in the proportion of one half,
the other half being good loam. An
addition of finely ground bone, if con-
venient, will not be amiss, nor would
an occasional watering, say once a week,
with manure water, be unacceptable to
the plants. They will bear liberal treat-
ment, and abundantly repay your care
in the profusion and wealth of bloom.

It is not worth while to take the
pains necessary to grow them from seed.
They are comparatively inexpensive, and
can be had of the florists of such colors
and forms as may be preferred. Besides,
new varieties are being constantly
produced, which crowd out the older
sorts, and one always wants the newest,
even though they may not be any
better than their predecessors.

One who has seen a well ordered
exhibition of Chrysanthemums, when
the hall is filled with well grown plants,
each one a mass of bloom, so that the
room is ablaze with the gorgeous dis-
play ; one who has seen such a show
does not wonder that the Japanese have
their Chrysanthemum festival. In
that mild climate and with their garden-
ing skill, these showy flowers are
produced in great perfection and in most
lavish profusion, so that in their season
the whole Island is bright with their
beauty. It must be worth a voyage to
Japan to have the pleasure of enjoying
the floral display which is presented to
the lover of flowers in that equable
climate, where the Japanese Iris, Japa-
nese Lilies and Japanese Chrysan-
themums in acres of beauty delight
the eye.

OPINIONS OF MEMBERS.

We are very much pleased with the

improved appearance and size of the

Horticulturist, and the Annual Report

IS exceedingly interesting and very

valuable. Henry Wightman.

Marnock.

The Horticulturist becomes more
interesting every number. Since the
introduction of flowers, I find it becomes
more so to wife and daughters, and
others interested in that line of study.

Wm. Gillett.
Marchmount.

I am glad to see the improvement
in the Horticulturist this year, and I
think the Directors deserve a hearty
support for their enterprise in giving
the III mbers so much for tlieir money*

H. C. Finch.
Mecunoma. Muskoka.

I am well satisfied with the Hor-
ticulturist; every one who cultivates
fruit should have it. In it I find a
great deal of useful information. The
Brighton grape you sent me was
received in good condition and grew.

J. B. BURK.
Brougham.

Enclosed I send you my subscription
to the Fruit Growers' Association of
Ontario. I consider that the best spent
dollar I lay out in the year. The
Canadian Horticulturist has very much
improved of late. I take two American
agricultural papers, but they do not
seem half so practical as your paper.
Your list of grapes that would suit
Ontario was a timely article, and your
plates showing how they should be

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

99

trimmed are worth their weight in

gol^l- R. Lewis.

Maitland.

I am not surprised to see so many
expressing their satisfaction at the
improved size and appearance of the
Iforticulturist, and I, in common with
all (I hope) of your readers, consider
so valuable a book well worth pre-
serving for future reference, and here
propose to give some practical instruc-
tions of the manner of keeping the
year's numbers in compact form. First,
if the paper is folded when received, it
should be placed against a warm stove
pipe, or something warm, and rubbed
with the hand till the crease disappears,
then it will be in better shape to read
and lay away. When all the numbers
are received at the end of the year,
strip off all the outside covers, placing
the illustrations, index and title page
in their proper places, and the backs
all true, then take stove pipe wire, or
any soft wire, make two or three staples
about half- inch wide, and long enoujjh
to go through the book and clinch ;
make holes as near the back of the
book as possible with a brad-awl to suit
the width of staples, which put through
and clinch with the handle of the awl,
using pressure only; but, of course,
cutting away any surplus wire before
the clinches are closed down. Now
prepare and glue a double fly sheet to
each side over the staples, being careful
not to put on a strip of glue more than
just sufficient to cover the staples.
Any strong manilla paper is preferable
to white tea or printing paper. Be
sure to have the fold on a straight line
with the back, as this is to form the
inside of the hinge to the back. Cut
some card-board just the size for the
covers, which glue to the fly sheet, but
keeping the edge of the card-board back
a quarter of an inch to form a hinge at

the back, and press all firmly between
two boards in the vice of work-bench.
As soon as the glue will hold, cut a
strip of binders' cloth, green or buff
window hoi land, the length of the book»
and wide enough to cover the back and
catch the sides a half- inch or more,,
which glue fast to the back, bringing
over the edges to catch the card-board
on each side. JNIake this tight and
smooth, press again and smooth down
the back, and press the cloth in to form
hinges. While standing for a few
minutes select two of the cleanest out-
sides that had been stripped from the
monthly parts, cut the edges true and
glue on to the covers of the book,,
leaving a small strip of the cloth at the
back exposed. On my last year's I
used the cover that contained the
officers for 1882 for back. The month,
can be erased from the title page with
a common ink eraser, or fine emery
cloth. After it is dry cut all down
true with a sharp chisel, first having
the leaves firmly compressed between
two boards. The edge of the chisel'
should be a little rough, and, of coui*se, ,
drawn lengthwise. If all has been
done with any taste, you will be proud
enough of your book to show it to your
neighbour, and likely get him to become
a member. In this way I bind my
Catalogues, American Agriculturist,.
Rural New Yorker^ &c., which I find
more convenient than to have them
lying about my room.

I have invariably found my best
bunches of gnijies nearest the ground.
Last year I trained very low, and
found that on our warm, dry soil,
grapes ripen more regularly, earlier,
and give finer bunches, than if trained
against a wall to bake in the sun, as.
some of mine did last year All this
suggests low trellis and low training.

J. P. COCKBURN.
Gravenhurst, Muskoka.

100

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0ULTUKI8T.

REPORTS ON TREES RECEIVED.

I'm overwhelm'd with grateful feeling,
Until my mind is past concealing j
This saying surely you believe,
•* To give is better than receive."
That book itself, with such a store
Of information, is worth more
Than all we give besides the rest —
Trees, plants and horticulturist.
And then the trees have done so well,
Their value I can hardly tell,
Except the golden grimes by name
AVas dead and dry before it came.
Then grapes and rasps and seedling glas
My expectation did surpass.
If every person did but know
The gain and pleasure they forego,
They would come all with such a rush
Your institution they would crush,
For it would be in vain to try
So many thousands to supply ;
Then just keep quiet, or I fear
You may endanger your career.

William Brown.

With respect to my eight years'
experience as amateur fruit grower in
the Town and City of St. Thomas, East,
Pears for general culture for profit I
strongly endorse the ( 1 ) Flemish Beauty,
(2) Bartlett, (3) Clapp's Favorite, it has
blighted some with me. Duchesse as
dwarf succeeds well. The Sheldon is a
fine flavored pear. The Vicar blighted
badly, I had to cut it down. The
Clapp's Favorite I received some years
since is now a fine tree, has borne
sparingly three years. The flavor is
exquisite when picked early and ripened
in the house. Great care must be taken
not to allow them to ripen on the tree,
as they rot from the core and lose all
flavor. Grapes — I have met with the
best success here with Concord and
Agawam. I have also fruited the
Barry, Merrimac and Salem. The
above Rogers Grapes were badly killed
on the trellis through the severe frosts
of last winter. I also lost many Plums
from the same cause. I cannot write
•well of the Eumelan. I think it a
poor, insipid grape. The Burnet is

with me a very slow gi-ower, has not
fruited yet. The best point I see in it
yet is a very pretty leaf The Down-
ing Gooseberry throve well with me
until cut off by frost last winter. I do
not think it is to be compared with the
Houghton for cultivation, though the
Downing berry is larger, I think it
lacks the flavor of the Houghton. Lee's
Prolific Currants I do not find, after
two years' gi-owth, to exceed, if equal,
Black Naples. In Crab Apples the
Hyslop and Soulard are by far the
finest fruiters and growers. The Sen-
asqua Grape of last year did not start.
The Ontario Apple has done well in
growth, but not fruited yet. In shrubs
I can especially recommend Hydrangea
Grandiflora for hardiness, length of
blooming season and beautiful appear-
ance. I am pleased to write that I
received Eight First and Second Prizes
at the Southern Counties Fair, 1880,
for fruit grown by myself (not col-
lected). My stock of knowledge was
gained, to a large extent, from yearly
reports and monthly papei-s of IJorti-
culturist. I find the Dominion Straw-
berry a useful variety, the cro{> coming
in when the Wilson is failing. I
believe the Sharpless a good acquisition
to our list of good croppers. Excuse
lengthiness, from yours truly,

Henry N. Reading,
St, Thomas. Machinist.

A TIMELY HINT.

A very creditable appearance our
little journal makes now. And it is a
token for good to see more of our mem-
bers giving us the benefit of their
experience.

" In the multitude of counsellors there is
safety. "

Some keen observers of cause and
effect may be, as wee Scotch bodies say,
a wee hit blate (don't think the Editor

THE CANADIAN IIORTICULTURISJ.

101

himself understands that), or they may
not be blessed with the pen of the ready
writer; but let me assure them our
Editor is, even if he does not under-
stand the Scotch dialect. Let us have
the results of your experiments, your
failures and successes ; he'll bring them
all out in shape becoming his sheet.

John Croil.
Aultsville.

KIND WORDS.

It is gratifying to observe how very
much the Horticulturist has improved.
The Association is deserving of high
credit. No florist or horticulturist
should be without it, for it contains a
very large amount of valuable informa-
tion.

Thomas Briggs.

Kingston.

I received the Annual Report for
1881, and am very much pleased with
it, and think its outside appearance is
much improved.

FRUIT IN THE ALGOMA DISTRICT.

My home is here, on St. Joseph's
Island, in the District of Algoma. We
expect to have a fine country here for
fruit growing. I planted some small
fruits last fall, such as grapes, berries,
ike. ; my neighbors have also planted
more or less. We settlers have only
been here three or four years, so not
much fruit has come into bearing yet ;
but we have as good land for fruit-
raising as there is in Canada — rolling
land, mellow soil, slightly mixed with
limestone gravel, easily cultivated when
rid of stumps. Of course we have a
great variety of soil, some good and
some inferior. It is my humble opinion
that time will bring us to the front as
a fruit-i*aising sectio i.

Yours truly,

Stephen OADHAy.

GLADIOLUS BULBLETS.

Dear Sir, — In your January num-
ber, in treating upon Gladiolus culture,
you state that the small bulbs which
are found adhering to the large bulb
should be kept out of the ground one
whole season. Please give the reason
for this in your next. W.

An old Latin maxim, learned in
boyhood, seems to be the best answer
to our friend's inquiry : Experantia
docet — Experience teaches. It has been
found by trial to be a fact, that these
bulblets do grow much better when
kept out of the ground and allowed to
dry for one whole season ; but why
this should be, what reason is to be
assigned for this fact, is probably not
known. It is very natural to ask the
reason why, and the inquisitiveness
that prompts the question, and will not
be satisfied until it is answered, has led
to the discovery of most important
natural laws, which have been as keys
to unlock vast treasures of knowledge.
Will *' W." please undertake the solu-
tion of his own question ; it may open
up the way to results of great prac-
tical value.

EVAPORATION OF FRUIT.

BY J. M. M'aINSH, KI8S0URI, ONT.

The question of evaporating fruit,
especially a[)ples, is now pressing itself
very forcibly upon the attention of
fruit growers. I n by-gone years, while
good fruit was scarce, even summer and
fall apples could be readily sold at
remunerative prices. But now, while
good winter apples find a ready sale to
ship to distant markets, summer and
fall apples are a drug. In this locality
it is not uncommon for ])artip^ to sell
good sunnner and fall a]>ples at twenty
cents a bag, and i)eddle them from
house to house at that. The old pro-
cess of drying them on stnngs is a
very slow an<l imperfect one, but bj;

102

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the improved process of evaporation a
really good article can be made either
for home use or for sale.

As we well know that the E|litor of
the Horticulturht keeps himself in-
formed on all points relating to the
fruit growers' interest, I ho})e he will
give some information about how to get
a fruit drying apparatus. Could any
good tinsmith make one, or are they
manufactured anywhere in (Janada ?
Information on these queries would
probably be acceptable to others as
well as myself.

REPLY.

An evaporator was exhibited at the
Toronto Industrial Exhibition in Se})-
tember last, which is said to have
received the First Prize and Diploma,
and is known as the Pacific Fire-Proof
Fruit and Vegetable Evaporator. Mr.
William Schram, of Waterford, Nor-
folk County, Ontario, has one of these,
we are told, and that he says that after
testing it and comparing its capacity
with other evaporators, and taki)ig into
consideration the saving of fuel and
insurance, he considers it the cheapest,
safest and most satisfactory in the mar-
ket. He dried eighty busliels of apples
in ten hours, producing four hundred
and eighty pounds of dried fruit. We
believe that Mr. Abraham Eyckman,
of Mill Grove, in Wentworth County,
Ontario, also has one.

There is also a smaller evaporator,
known as the Household Fruit and
Vegetable Evaporator, which is designed
for household purposes, for evaporating
and preserving fruits, vegetables, ikc.
This is perhaps what our correspondent
wants. It is claimed for it that it can
be used on any cook-stove. Messrs. J.
A. and H. Bartholomew, Vanessa, Nor-
folk County, Ontario, are tlie manufac-
turers. We do not knovv of any other
♦evaporator that is made in Canada.

TREE PLANTING.

BY MR. WALLBRIDGE, BELLEVILLE.

Almost every one does, or ought to,
set out some trees every year. The
fall of the year is generally recom-
mended as the best time ; it may be,
however, well done in the spiing. As
this communication is intended for bee-
keepers, it is well to consider what kind
of trees to plant.

Basswood is certainly king, coming
into blossom generally just as White
Clover goes out, it fills an imj)ortant
place in the bee-keeper's profits. If the
Bee-keeper fails to do well when the
Basswood is in bloom he may count
upon a poor return for that year. The
Linden and Lime are other names in
England for another variety of the same
tree. Its honey-producing quality is
its great recommendation to the bee-
keeper— but to others it has advantages.
For beauty, there is no tree that has so
large and deep-colored a leaf, and when
it attains its growth it is valuable for
timber. It is used for door-i>annelling
and in many parts of carriages and
sleighs, and its timber always commands
a good price. It is thus useful during
its growth, and at its maturity brings
a nice sum of money for the ))urposes
indicated. Compare it with the Maple
tree, so genendly planted — what is that
worth, either during its growth or at
maturity, except for firewood. The
Basswood has a luxuriant Southern
foliage, and for beauty at least is equal
to the Ma)>le. Another tree of great
value to the }>ee-keeper is the Honey
Locust. This tree comes in bloom quite
early, and is valuable on this account.
The bees visit it almost in swarms, and
the lioney and pollen then brought in
gets up the excitement in the hive, and
bi-eeding goes on at a rapid pace. Now
this is the very thing bee-keepers want.
They want strong stocks, ready to
gather honey when White Clover comes

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Ip3

in, and I know of no tree or plant
which does so much to strengthen the
stock early as this Locust tree. Have
your stock strong early ; this is the
secret of bee-keeping. Almost any
stock will become strong in the White
Clover season ; but then the clover
honey is used up in breeding, and you
don't get it as surplus. If you have no
Locust trees in your neighborhood, you
should feed your bees, or abrade combs
filled with honey already in the hive,
changing combs to the centre of the
brood nest, thus spreading the brood
nest and giving the queen an oppor-
tunity of laying, which she will be sure
to do if you give her a fair chance.

Mr. W. C. Wells, of Phillipston, the
largest bee-keeper in this part of the
country, attributes the good success of
city bee-keepers to tlie Locust trees, as,
by the good start from them, we get
early brood, and are thus ready with
strong stocks for the Clover and Bass-
A^ood bloom. Besides the timber of
the Locust tree is very valuable ; it is
exceedingly heavy, a cubic foot of it
weighs about 100 pounds. It is valu-
able for waggon hubs, cogs for mill
wheels, and other things requiring great
strength ; if used for gate posts it is
exceedingly durable. Messrs. George
Leslie <fe Son, of Leslie ville. Out.,
furnish, amongst other valuable trees,
the Locust tree, of different varieties.
They are all valuable, both for honey
and timber, [t certainly is the wiser
to plant a tree which, on attaining
maturity, is valuable as timber, than
to plant one which, in the end, is not
even valuable as a fence post, and only
valuable as firewood.

I am indebted to the Cana/Jian
HorticuHuritt for valuable sugges-
tions on tree planting. The article ap-
pears in the February number, and is
by Mr. N. Robertson, Government
It is too long to

Grounds, Ottawa.

copy into this communication, but a
few points may not be amiss. " Take
the trees up so as to destroy as few of
of the roots as possible ; cut the tops
into what is called poles, eight or ten
feet long, have a good root, a stem with-
out blemish, and thus a rapid growing
tree. Do not take a scraggy, stunted
tree ; and do not mind having the tree
to stand as it did before removed, but
place the side having most roots on the
side where the wind will be strongest.
Let the hole in which you plant be
much larger than the roots, and draw
the roots out to their full length. Be-
fore you put in the soil, do not let the
roots get dry, but give them a heavy
mulch of sawdust, manure or straw.
This can be kept in place by a few
spadesfull of earth, and pass the mulch
a foot on the hole where the roots ai*e.

THE BKST TIME TO PRUNE FRUIT
TRKES.

BT J. M. m'aINSH, NISSOURI, ONT.

The correct principles which under-
lie the pruning of fruit trees are pro-
bably as imperfectly understood as any
other point in fruit-growing. Most
peo[)le prune in the spring, some through
the wintei*, others in the summer.
Now, after carefully observing the
effects of pruning done at different sea-
sons, I have come to the conclusion that
the best time to prune is in early sum-
mer, after the fii*st rush of sap is past,
and l)efore the trees have made much
growth of new wood.

When trees are pruned in winter, a
consiilerable time must elapse before
the wounds made begin to heal over.
During this time the combined action
of the frost and sun are itijuriousto the
newly-cut and exposed wood and bark,
and it will take a longer time to heal
over than if the wound was made at
the time when the tree was beginning
to m:ike new growth.

104

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

When trees are pruned in early
spring, the sap is then in a thin watery
state ; it oozes out of the cut, causing
premature decay and permanent injury
to the tree.

When trees are pruned in early sum-
mer, after the rush of thin watery sap
is past and the tree has fairly com-
menced to make a new growth, the
wounds will commence at once to heal
over. The exposed wood will remain
sound for a longer period than if cut
in early spring.

Another very important point in
early summer pruning is, it does not
check the growth of the tree, as when
it is done later in the season.

Some advocate pruning in July and
August, but I would only prune then
in cases where the tree was making too
much wood growth, which I wanted to
check and throw the tree into a bear-
ing state.

Another very important point in
pruning, and yet one which is very
much neglpcted, is to cover the cuts
with some substance to protect them
from the influence of the weather.
Common grafting wax, or a mixture of
clay and cow manure, is beneficial ;
but perhaps the best thing, when it can
be got pui-e and good, is gum shellac
dissolved in alcohol to the consistence
of paint. A protection of this kind is
always beneficial to newly-pruned trees;
it neutralizes to a great extent the in-
jurious effects arising from pruning
trees at an improper season.

Wash for Fruit Trees, — Keep the
trunks and larger limbs of all fruit trees
clean and healthy by a wash composed of
one part sulphur fine as a powder, two
parts soft soap, one part salt, all reduced
by water to the consistency of whitewash,
and to every bucket or three gallons, add
a half pint of coal oil. The latter is con-
sidered to be an effectual remedy against
the borer, curculio, and a preventive for
all insects. Apply with a whitewash brush
or mop of rags or sheepskins.

PRUNING.

ITS NATURE AND ITS EFFECT.

The practice of pruning is defined by
Webster to be, " To lop or cut off the
superfluous branches of trees, to make
them bear better fruit or grew higher
or to give them a more handsome and
regular appearance." The implements
used in this woik may be of several
kinds, to suit the convenience of the
operator, as knife or axe or saw or
chisel, but all with a view to the same
ultimate results. "This," as Shake-
speare said of horticulture generally,
" is an art that does mend nature." In
practice it requires skill and much ob-
servation, but the results are usually
marked and very positive, sometimes
so much as to change the entire future
life of the plants. By means of this
we have the power not only to mould
and form the plant and direct it how it
shall grow to ^erve our purjjoses, but
to regulate tlie amount and quality
of the fruit. By the judicious exercise
of this art the tree is made to be our
servant, to please and to bless us.
Pruning is mainly of two kinds, viz.,
root pruning and branch pruning, with
respect to parts ; or winter and summer
pruning, with respect to time. It is,
however, quite evident that the great
burden of pruning, both as to root and
branch, must be done in a time quite
free from frost. To prune in the winter
for wood, and in the summer for fruit,
is an old saying that has j^ainod cur-
rency, and generally there is much prac-
tical truth in it. According to the
division of our subject we have first,

ROOT PRUNIXG.

Tliis mode of pruning consists theo-
retically in contracting or circum-
scribing the ai-ea of root growth in the
soil. The philosophy of the operation
is, that whatever threatens to endanger
the lile of th" plaid will promote fruit-
fidness. Practically, this is done in

THE CANADIAN H0RTICDLTDRI8T.

105

two ways, but the resulting effects of
both ways are the same. First, by
digging to a certain depth around the
tree and at a certain diameter, having
the tree for the centre. The practical
effect of this is to cut off the fine fibrous
or feeding roots and deprive the tree of
a very large part of its accustomed
nourishment, and this threatens to en-
danger its life and the result will be
fniitfulness. Second, by taking the
tree up and removing it to another
place the result will be the same. The
only material difficulty with these op-
erations is that they must, in many
cases, be repeated ; yet in many cases,
the habit of fruitfulness being com-
menced, it may in all probability con-
tinue. These kinds of pruiiino:, how-
ever, are seldom resorted to ejccept in
extreme cases, and then only for once or
twice. But we are to notice, secondly,

BRANCH PRUNING.

This is by far the most common
method of pruning. Theoretically, it
consists in lopping off many of the buds
and some of the branches, in order to
throw greater force of vegetable life into
those that are left, and the implements
used Jire those that have already been
mentioned. The operation rests u|x>n
the philosophy that each tree is fur-
nisheil with a certain amount of life force
to be distributed over its entire suffice,
and the less the surface th» greater the
manifestation, and vice versa. I think,
however, the true philosophy undoubt-
edly is that the extended leaf surface
of the tree during the previous }ear,
has enabled it to store up within itself
a very large amount of life force, or
food if you please, and that by contract-
ing the demands by means of pruning,
the exhibitions are more demonstrative.
However this may be, it is most certain
that pruning has this effect upon the
plant. Branch pruning may result dif-
ferently, according as it is done when

the leaves are on or when they are off,
or, in other words, in summer or winter,
as the one is said to be used for increased
fruitfulness and the other for increased
wood growth.

SUMMER PRUNING

consists in going over the trees or the
vines (this is very much used in grape
vines), and with the thumb and fore-
finger pinching out the tip of the young
growth. This pruning is sometimes
called "pinching," from this circum-
stance. By this means, trees mav be
modelled and the growth directed in a
most surprising manner. Pruning in
winter is much more laborious and
complicated, as we have to do with
matured buds and branches. It con-
sists in cutting off or out such buds or
branches as are deemed unnecessary.
For this kind of pruning, it is a good
and very safe rule to examine the trees
annually and properly direct the growth,
so that we may never have to cut out
very large branches at any one time.
The disastrous effect on the tree is thus
reduced to a minimum, and is not so
marked as by cutting off large heavy
branches at once. The minutice of the
business must be learned by practice,
under the direction of a good master.

THE OBJECT

of pruning may be said to be twofold :
1st, To regulate or balance the growth ;
that is by checking luxuriant branches
and encouraging weak ones to push for-
ward, and also by encouraging the
growth on the sides of the tree that are
deficient. 2nd. To form and matui-e
fruit spurs and buds ; that is, by check-
ing luxurious wood growth and direct-
ing the energies of the tree or vine to
the formation of fruit spurs and fruit
buds to be developed in other seasons.
But the objects of pruning may be, 1st,
To change the size and outward form
of the tree or vine. To cut into less
prescribed limits will have the effect to

106

THE CANA.DIAN HORTICULTURIST.

render more dense and to sensibly alter
the shape. By this means trees and
vines can be totally changed from their
natural habits, and towering trees be
made low and open, spreading trees
dense, and the reo^ardless claniberine:
vine be made obedient and domestic.
2nd. To render more enduring of
severity in cold climates : This is done
only in the summer, and the effect is to
more perfectly ripen the wood growth,
and render it hard and endurins; against
severe cold. By this means less hardy
trees can be brought through success-
fully and safely. 3rd. To change the
bearing year : This pruning must be
very st^vere, and done only in the sum-
mer time. By taking off all the pro-
spective fruit and severely pruning or
checking the wood growth, the bearing
year may be changed to suit our con-
venience or profit. 4th. To render
fruitful : This is best done in the sum-
mer, and is performed, as previously
described, by diverting the energies of
the tree to the formation of fi-uit spurs
and fruit buds. Root pruning is chiefly
used for producing this much-desired
object. ]3ut 5th, and lastly, the object
may be to develop and perfect higher
standards of fruit. The philosophy of
this proposition is very easily shown,
for, granting the tree to have a certain
amount of energy to develop samples of
fruit, the less the samples the higher
the development. This is demonstrated
in practice. The results are, increased
siz'% or increased beauty of appearance,
or iucreased flavor, or each and all of
these ; the prices also are better and
the rewards greater.

We have very hurriedly and very
imperfectly gone over the most im-
portant points connected with the art
and practice of pruning. Our object is
that it may in some slight degree further
the interest of our Canadian Horti-
culture, a great national interest that
we are so intensely concerned about. We

are most heartily glad of the gigantic
strides already made in this benevolent
art whose object is rto beautify and
adorn, to elevate and enrich.

B. GOTT,
Arkona Nurseries, Jan. 2nd, 1882.

ROTTING OF TOMATOES.

I have been interested in the corres-
pondence on the rotting of Tomatoes.
The extract from the Gardeners' Chron-
icle given in your December number, if
carefully looked at, will be found to be
no answer to the enquiry made. It is
established that as soon as the vitality
of organized matter is affected, decay
sets in and fungoid growth finds its
habitat there. It has been my ambition
to be early in Tomatoes, and I have
found much disappointment in finding
the young fruit withering and spoiled
by spotting, with all the appearance of
what is called " sun-scalds," though, as
the writer asserts, they cannot be that,
as the crown of the fruit hangs down-
wards ; nevertheless I opine that the
sun has a great deal to do with the
spotting, and that the stunted fruit is
caused by the drying up of the plant
from a want of moisture. Last season,
as usual, my vines, while pushing well,
and ahead of my fellow-amateur friends,
made no sensible progress, as fruit after
fruit spotted, dwindled and died ; but
adjoining my cucumber-frame, which I
kept well watered, f noticed that those
Tomatoe plants which came in for a
share from the garden-hose were en-
tirely free from any blemish, and the
plants, moreover, looked healthier.
Taking a hint thereby, I regularly
watered the lot, and was troubled no
more with spotty Tomatoes, the fruit
large and handsome and in great abun-
dance.

Having had only one season for ex-
perimenting, I do not assert that water

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

'107

is a cure for si)ottiness, but the results
in my case are somewhat suggestive.

Has anybody else anything to say on
the matter which will give light and be
of practical service in growing tomatoes.

Richard Baigent.

THE JEFFERSON GRAPE.
Charles Downing says : — This new,
handsome and excellent grape is a cross
of the Concord and lona ; it is healthy,
very vigorous ; wood rather short-
jointed ; leaves large, thick and downy ;
very productive ; bunch large, shoul-
dered, often double shouldered ; com-
pact, berry medium to large, roundish
oval ; skin rather thick, light red, with
a thin, lilac bloom ; flesh melting, yet
tender, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous,
aromatic and rich ; the berries adhere
strongly to the pannicle, and the fruit
maintains its freshness for a long time
after being gathered. It is of fine
quality, and very promising either for
market or home use. It ripens about
the time of Concord.

J. J. H. Gregory says : — A rare good
grape, the Jeffei-son. Among the score
or moj-o of new grapes before the ])ub-
lic, this seedling of Mr. Ricketts stands
out so excef)tionally good that I ^^ve
purchased several for my own groSPds,
and can recommend it to my patrons.

The judges at the Lynchburg, V;i.,
Agricultural Fair in 1880, say :— The
Jefff^'son was one of the very best on
exhibition, and for fine eating qualities
could not be excelled.

The Editor of the American Wine
and Grape Grower says : — The Jeffer-
son is one of our best red grai)es for
table, fully equal to lona, and more
vigorous and very productive, often
giving bunches weighing one pound or
more.

THE CRESCENT SEEDLING STRAW-
BERRY.

This is beyond qXiestion a wonderful
strawberry ; its productiveness is as-
tonishing. In size it is medium to
large; in color, brilliant scarlet, and
does not get dull when in market ; in
quality, rich, having the peculiar wild
flavor. The fruit colors on all sides at
once, so that all red berries may be
gathered, a quality appreciated by mar-
ket growers ; all berries perfect in form
and merchantable. It bears immense
crops even in weeds and grass. It is
the " iron clad " of the new sorts.

The above is what A. M. Purdy says
of this new strawberry, and he has
every op^xjrtunity for forming a correct
opinion.

A correspondent of the Fruit Re-
corder, who resides at Burlington, in
the State of Vermont, says of it :

" I fruited some Crescents this year,
they are simply immense. Although
I had many kinds, none equalled the
Crescent. I let them all run together
on very rich, moist land (a loam), and
they producetl more lar*go berries than
I ever saw on the same amount of land.
I did not get any of the very large
berries that some of my neighbors did
from the Sharpless. I do not care for
a few very large berries, but my Cres-
cents were all large ; I might almost
say very large — except for some of those
rare specimens that are now being pro-
duced, they were certainly as large as
are required for the table or market,
and the quantity was astonishing, and
the quality very fine."

J. A. Benedict, in Chautauqua
Farmer, says :

" In regard to strawberries, I find the
Crescent Seedling ahead of anything I
have ever grown. Its yield is from a
quarter to a thinl bettor than the
Wilson. Have the Sharpless, but shall

10^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

discard it, although its quality is very
fine. Find that reports from berries iu
Michigan give the Crescent Seedling as
the equal of the Wilson. The Crescent
Seedling when properly picked and
packaged can be shipped anywhere. In
yield it is superior, and in size it is
equal to any. The red raspberry is the
one that takes the lead with me."

ENGLISH SPARKOWS.

A premium of ()d. per dozen has
been placed upon sparrows* heads by
the Government of South Australia,
acting on the advice of a Commission
specially appointed to enquire into the
" sparrow question," while the some-
what dispropoi-tionate sum of 2s. 6d.
per hundred is offered for the tiny pale
blue eggs of the bird. The bird, which
only a few years ago such efforts were
made to acclimatize in Australia, and
whose first arrival was hailed with
greater enthusiasm than would now be
displayed on the landing of a Bend Or,
a Duchess, or a prize merino, is now
doomed to extermination if that can
possibly be achieved. So rapidly have
the few pairs which were introduced a
few years ago multiplied under the
congenial skies and amid the luxuriant
vegetation of the Australian Colonies,
where there are few or none of the
checks on their increase which exist in
the Old Country, that the agriculturists
complain of the serious injury done by
them to their wheat and fruit crops,
and have called upon the Government
to devise some means of insuring their
destruction. The evidence given before
the Commission appointed to inquire
into the matter affords eloquent exam-
ples of the destructiveness of these
hard-billed birds. One witness says
that in the short space of ten days the
sparrows took a ton and a half of
grapes ; they stripped all the figs off
five trees, and kept low 15 acres of

lucerne during summer. Another com-
plains that in the season they took £30
worth of fruit ; while a third declares
that he sowed peas three times, and
each time they were destroyed by spar-
rows. The fecundity of the sparrow in
South Australia is described as astonish-
ing. A few to-day are thousands next
sea^on. Its work is done on a scale
disheartening to the cultivator, and
under conditions he cannot control, for
the seed is taken out of the ground, the
fruit-bud off the tree, the sprouting
vegetable as fast as it grows, and the
fruit before it is ripe, and therefore
before it can be housed and saved.
Neither apricots, cherries, figs, apples,
grapes, peaches, pi urns, peai's, nectarines,
loquats, olives, wheat, barley, peas, Ciib-
bages, cauliflowers, nor seeds nor fruit
of any kind are spared by its omnivor-
ous bill ; and all means of defence tried
against its depredations, whether scare-
crows, traps, netting, shooting, or
})oisoning, are declared to be insuffi-
cient to cope with the enemy.

ORANGE CROP OF CALIFORNIA.

The Press and Horticulturist^ of Cali-
fornia, has the following on the coming
orange crop in that State : "So far as
this State is concerned, the crop will be
abo\^ as lai-ge as last year. The San
Ga#el Valley will produce but 35,000
boxes, in place of 60,000 boxes last year,
and there will be a similar falling in the
old orchards of Los Angelos ; but the
new orchards of Passadena, Orange,
Tustin City, Anaheim and Riverside,
will nearly or quite make up the loss
of the older orchards. The crop this
year will be of a much better quality
than last. In 1880-81 the orchards
were overloaded, and much of the fruit
was consequently inferior. This year
the old orchards have a light crop, and
thei-efoi'e the fruit is of a better quality.
Again the increase of the crop this year

THE CANADIAN HORTI0ULTDKI8T.

109

is in localities where the scale and black
fungus have not clone 80 niucJi damage
as in the older orchards. A much
larger proportion of the fi'uit will this
year come from young trees than it did
last yeai\"

NATIVE FRUITS.

A Paprr read be/ore (he IVestern New York Horticul-
tural Society at Rochester, January 25th, 18SS, by
W. C. Barry, Sec. Native Fruit Conmittee.

APPLES.

The list of valuable apples is now so
large that few attempts are made to
acquire anything better. Chance seed-
lings of apparent merit are frequently
brought to notice, but when placed
beside the older sorts and compared
carefully, few are found worthy of in-
troduction. We have several seedlings
grafted upon bearing trees, and hoped
to obtain fruit of them the past sum-
mer, but did not ; hence we must
defer mention of them till the next
annual report. At the West strenuous
efforts are being made to obtain sorts
which will endiu\^ extreme cold. The
Russian as well as other hardy sorts
are being carefully tested, and ere long
we may expect some important devel-
opments relative to this class of fruit.
The introduction of the Wealthy is an
important step in tliat direction. Hardi-
ness and tine quality are combined in
this variety, and the new ap]>le has
come to be regarded as an acquisition
of much value. The Whitneij Crab
fruited with us for the first time the
past season, and as regards its quality
was an agreeable surprise. The fruit
is of medium size, large for a Crab,
flesh tine, melting, juicy, and pleasant
flavored. It matures in August.

Occuient, the new California apple,
resembling Yellow Bellflower, and re-
ferred to in former reports, is now being
di.sseminated, and we hope it may suc-
ceed so well as to nierit a permanent
position on the select lists.

Sutton Beauty continues to grow in
favor, and should it succeed as well
generally as it has in New York and
Massachusetts, it may with all justice
be accorded a high position among our
best apples.

Stump, frequently mentioned in the
reports of this society, is a beautiful
and valuable table apple. It has been
on trial long enough to enable us to
award it a place among the most desir-
able fruits.

Magog Red Streak is a hardy variety,
of which Dr. Hoskins says : " If it
were not for the Wealthy, this would
stand at the head of our winter apples ;"
and of

Scott's Winter^ another variety, he
adds : " This is the apple which well
replaces for us the Roxbury Russet of
a milder clime."

In our anxiety for novelties, we fre-
quently place too low an estimate upon
the older fruits, and tiie committee
feels that a brief reference occasionally
to some of these sorts will not b® out
of place. Some fruits require peculiar
care and culture to develop their best
qualities, and when a variety of acknow-
ledged merit fails to succeed with us,
we should endeavor to tind out the
cause, and if possible apply a remeily.
Soil and climate often exert such a
powerful influence over the fruit, that
particular sorts cannot be grown in
certain localities, even with the l>est of
care. But several sorts fail from utter
neglect, or from a lack of the requisite
care wliich such sorts demand. The
Fameuse apple, than which there is no
finer dessert fruit, is very small and
scabby in some localities, and in others
remarkably tine. During the past
summer Mr. J. J. Thomas, chairman
of our committee, compared specimens
of the new Kieffer pear which were
grown in Rochester with those from
New Jersey, and found the former too

iio

TTTE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

poor to eat, while the latter were of
tine quality. Mr. Thomas also cites
the case of the Winter jYelis pear, which
in this vicinity is unquestionably our
most valuable winter pear, and in
Westchester county it is said to be
hardly worth cultivating. Mr. Thomas
therefore suggests that it is worth
while to try and find out the influences
which produce these great differences.
The causes of failure of such valuable
fruits as the Winter Kelis pear and
Fameuse apple are worth looking into.
Intelligent cultivators, such as as-
semble at our meetings, should give the
results of their experience on these
points ; and if they are aware of any
peculiar methods of culture for certain
fruits they would do the public a great
service by making them known. I am
pleased to note that the valuable quali-
ties of the Fameuse are becoming appre-
ciated. When in New York a short
time ago, I noticed an abundance of
fruit upon the stands, and dealers now
advertise it as the delicious Snow-
Apple,

The Jonathan is another white-fleshed
apple which is destined to rank high as
a table fruit. It ripens immediately
after the Fameuse, and is very desirable
to succeed it.

Ladies' Sweet is one of those delicate-
fleshed apples which deserve the highest
esteem. Its flesh is white, tender, rich,
and being entirely free from acidity it
is easily digested, and as an article of
food for dyspeptics would be highly
prized if better known.

The Mother is a choice winter apple
of fine quality, which deserves a higher
place than is usually awarded it.

The Northern Spy has valuable quali-
fications as a dessert fruit, which do
not seem to be fully appreciated. Suc-
ceeding the Jonathan, it is in prime
condition for eating in mid-winter, and
in point of delicacy and delicious flavor

is hardly equalled. Too much praise
cannot be bestowed upon this noble
fruit. I trust the time is not far dis-
tant when consumers will readily pay
three times the price for it that they do
for Baldwin and the like.

Jeffnris, from Pennsylvania, is worthy
of attention. It is of medium size, skin
yellow, splashed with crimson ] flesh
white, tender, juicy and mild sub-acid.
It ripens in September, and is a variety
which will always rank high on account
of its admirable qualities.

PEARS.

It requires so much time to deter-
mine the value ot a new fruit, that
although several novelties have been on
trial for some time, it is not possible
yet to give much accurate information
concerning their importance for general
cultivation. In the localities where
they originated they may be very de-
sirable, but when tried elsewhere they
are often found to be of little value.
At the present time the most prominent
aspirants for public favor are floosie,
Frederick Clapp and Kieffer's Hybrid.
The two first are unquestionably of the
highest quality, and bid fair to prove
acquisitions. The last named has ac-
quired considerable popularity in New
Jersey as a market sort. We had fruit
of it from our own tree the past sum-
mer, and found it too poor to eat. Mr.
Thomas compared our specimens with
some from New Jersey, and found the
latter of good quality. The tree is re-
markably vigorous, and has handsome
glossy foliage, which readily distin-
guishes it from all other sorts.

P. Barry, Fox's Seedling, is a re-
markable new variety, and particularly
valuable, as it extends the season of
fine pears into April. The flesh is very
juicy, buttery, fine grained, sprightly
and rich. It resembles Buene d'Anjou
in texture of flesh, and Winter Nelis in
color of skin and juiciness. Its keep-

THE CANADIAN HORTlCULTUniST.

Ill

ing qualities are really wonderful.
Unlike other late winter pears, the
flesh retains its freshness, delicacy and
juiciness even under unfavorable cir-
cumstances, and in April it is just as
agreeable to the palate as a fine Winter
Nelis in December or January. Now
that the Beurre Easter can not be
ripened successfully, this variety will
supplant it.

The Secretary suggests that cultiva-
tors should give Clapp's Favorite more
attention than they have hitherto done.
This splendid pear, one of the hand-
somest of American fruits, is rarely
seen, and from all we can learn has
never been tested as it ought to have
been.

CHERRIES.

The Windsor, a new cherry originated
with James Dougall, Windsor, Ont., is
very promising. It is black, or liver-
colored, flesh very firm and of fine
quality. It ripens a few days after
Tradescant's. On account of its late-
ness and firmness it will undoubtedly
be found valuable. We have fruited
it upon our grounds several seasons,
and esteem it highly. Mr. Dougall
says : '* The Windsor is enormously
productive, very hardy, being the only
Bigarreau or Heart clierry, the fniit
buds of which were not winter killed
last winter on my grounds : even Dukes
were killed."

PLUMS.

The Wild Goose is a pleasant flavored
early plum, and is justly entitled to a
place among worthy fruits. Miner,
similar in character, ripens late in Sep-
tember, when plums are scarce, but in
quality it is not equal to Wild Goose,
nevertheless it may have value.

PEACHES.

Tliis is a subject which still possesses
more than ordinary interest. The large
number of new sorts introduced within
the last ten yeara has drawn i)eculiar

attention to this fruit. Special interest
is taken in the very early sorts, which
are now so numerous and so similar as
to render it diflicult to determine which
to keep and which to reject. We have
many of the early sorts growing side
by side, and though we watched them
closely from day to day we have often
been puzzled to determine the values
of each. It would be tedious to give
the results of these tests in detail, so
we will at once state the conclusions
we reached after careful examinations :

Alexander or Anisden are not sur-
passed in size or earliness ; Alexander
averages larger, but Amsden is better
flavored. Waterloo is higher flavored
than either. It may not be any earlier,
but its fine quality will render it valu-
able. jEarlt/ Canada is a close com-
petitor in this class. It ripens with
Alexander, is not so large, but very
handsome, and may part from the stone
a little more freely. Brigg's Red May
is not so large as Alexander, and three
or four days later. Governor Garland,
we are informed, ripens several days
after Alexander and Amsden.

The lengthy list of new sorts is be-
coming gradually reduced, and though
the results prove that much labor has
been in vain, we have the satisfaction
of knowing that the claimants have had
a fair trial. We earnestly hope that
future introductions may possess quali-
fications not yet realized. We want
early sorts that are free at the stone,
and that are less liable to decay than
those now known. The following are
the latest introductions :

Galand June, May Beauty and Wil-
liams' Early Freestone, said to be two
weeks later than Anisden, and of better
quality.

The following well-known varieties
ripen nearly at the same time, but when
compared and tested, they show a
marked difierence in quality.

112

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Conkling is superior to all in flavor.
Foster comes next, then Surpasse Melo-
coton, Crawford*s Early and Richmond
ranking in quality in the order named.

Ward^s Late Free is the most deFLci-
ous late peach in this district.

GRAPES.

Grapes are receiving marked atten-
tion from cultivators at the present
time. Particular interest is manifested
in the new sorts, and all growers are
waiting anxiously for the experience of
those who have the novelties on trial.
"We regret that it is not in our power
to offer any information about them.
It will probably require two or three
years more to determine their value.
I had the pleasure of testing a new
grape which is remarkable for its
fine flavor, equalling, if not surpassing,
in this respect any variety I know of.
The grape I refer to is the A tuber
Queen, raised in Massachusetts. It is
of medium size, purple when perfectly
rif)e, and has a rich, sprightly flavor
which is remarkable. The vines which
produced the fruit being young, it was
not possible to judge fairly of tlie habit
of the plant, or size of cluster. This
variety may be regarded as promising.

Burnet, a hybrid between Hartford
Prolific and Black Hamburg, and
raised by Mr. Deuipsey in Canada, de-
serves notice on account of its fine
quality.

Early Victor, a black grape origin-
ated by John Burr, of Leavenworth,
Kansas, the same gentleman who orig-
inated Burr's Seedling Strawberry, is
said to be the earliest variety known,
and is expected to displace Champion
and Hartford Prolific. Reliable grape
culturists give us this assurance, so we
may look toward this grape with con-
siderable interest. The Secretart/ Grape,
one of Mr. Rickett's seedlings, referred
to in a former report by the writer of
this as a grape of poor quality, pro-

duced some fine flavored fmit the past
summer. It ripens very unevenly,
however, and the vine is such a poor
grower that it cannot become popular.
Highland, another of Mr. Rickett's
grapes, appears to be very late.

Lady Washington we did not see
under favorable circumstances, and
cannot speak of it intelligently.

Miner^s Seedlings fruited with us for
the first time, and were quite a disap-
pointment. They all partake of the
character of Concord, and are said to
have been selected from 1,500 seed-
lings. One trial is not sufiicient to
estimate their value, but I fear they
are not destined to become popular.
The seven white varieties bear a strong
resemblance to each other, though of
course there are points of difference.
Victoria is the best. There are two
Black ones. Linden and Rockingham,
neither of which show any points of
excellence. All resemble Concord in
habit of growth and productiveness,
and some of the white varieties would
have been considered acquisitions had
they been disseminated a few years ago
before the new White Grapes we now
have in the Market,

Lady Charlotte, one of Pringle's
hybrid grapes, gives promise of excel-
lence. It is remarkable for its fine
flavor. Vermont Giant, another of his
hybrids, is to all appearances of no
value. It is black, very pulpy, and
the flavor poor.

I should not fail to refer to three
varieties of Rogers' Grapes, the im-
portance of which has been overlooked.
They are LiwUey, Herbert and Gaertner.
Herbert is a magnificent black grape,
superior in quality to Wilder or Barry,
and the bunch is nearly as large.
Gaertner is a very large red grape, and
so attractive that when exhibited in a
collection it is the first to receive
notice. Lindley we have spoken of

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

iia:

before. It is one of the best red grapes,
and deserves to be so regarded. It is
singular that these varieties liave not
attained the distinction which they
merit. It shows plainly that we are
liable to overlook some important
fruits.

Rocklind Favorite from Massachu-
setts resembles the Concord, but does
not surpass it in any respect so far as
we can see. The White Jnn Arbor,
raised from seed of the Concord, is
represented to be of much value. The
bunch and berry are described as being
large fruit of first quality, and the vine
vigorous and free from mildew. Feem-
tter Favorite from Indiana is said to
excel the Concord in hardiness, and if
so, is probably of some value at the
west. The bunch is said to be of
medium to large size; berry large,
green in the shade, and in the sun
slightly shaded with salmon.

Wyoming Red or Wilmington Red,
which originated on the Hudson, being
described as a variety which was likely
to supersede the Delaware, was watched
closely. We may have a spurious sort,
for the plant which we have under the
name produced a dark red or purple
grape ; very pulpy, foxy and of inferior
quality.

Mr. A. M. Smith, of St. Catharines,
writes that several promising seedlings
have been raised and are on trial in
Canada.

One, an improved Delaware, raised
by C. H. Biggar, Drummondville.
Another being a fine White Grape,
seedling of the Concord, and better
flavored.

Our own seedlings, the Rochester and
Monroe, continue to be very satisfac-
tory. Last season when many grapes
failed to set their fruit well, owing to
unfavorable weather at the blossoming
time, these proved remarkable excep-
tions and produced such an amount of

fruit that we took off fully one-half"
from the vines when in a green state.
The Rochester, with its large, shouldered,
compact clusters, is a remarka)>ly hand-
some grape ; and the bunches are borne
in such abundance that they are very
showy and attractive. The vine is
vigorous and the foliage very healthy.
It has some defects, but where is the
grape that has not ] The R<xhester is
not destined to be spread broadcast, for
it cannot be propagated except with
some difficulty. Monroe is very early,
pleasant flavored, vine very vigorous,
hardy, prolific, and the foliage is healthy.

RASPBERRIES.

Public attentioji seems to be concen-
trated in the Cuthbert. I have not
seen enough of it to form an opinion.
It is evidently the best flavored of the
so-called hardy sorts, and as such is
calculated to displace a number of
varieties which have been valued for
hardiness and shipping qualities. In
18771 fruited side by side nearly all the
raspberries then known, new and old.
Clarke and Brinckles Orange seemed
to be the cream of the collection, so far
as the quality of the fruit Wiis concerned.
I have fruited the assortment since, and
have not changed my opinion. Objec-
tions are raised occasionally to the
Clarke, but for the amateur I think it
is unequalled. Tiirner is one of the
hardiest sorts, and withal of good flavor.
Caroline, the new yellow Cap, is hardy
and very productive, but its quality,
we must admit, does not equal our ex-
pectations. We were promised a lusci-
ous fruit, but with us it proved to be
only of fair quality.

Niagara is the name of a raspberry
originated and introduced by A. M.
Smith, of St. Catharines, Ont. It is
said to be a cross between the Clarke
and Philadelphia, and sui)erior to either
as a market fruit. Berry large, dark
red, shape of Clarke, but firmer and"

114

THE CANAPIAN HORTICULTURIST.

more productive, and fully a week
later.

The Superb, which originated in New
Jersey, was sent out for the first time
last autumn. Tt is described as large,
handsome, bright crimson, and having
a sprightly sub-acid flavor.

Shaff'ers Colossal is a new Cap berry,
which originated with George Shaffer,
in the town of Wheatland, Monroe
county, N. Y., in 1869, and is now
being disseminated by Mr. Charles A.
Green, of Clifton, N. Y. It is said to
be the largest raspberry in the world,
and the most vigorous in gi-owth of
cane, and exceedingly productive.

Mr. Green is also sending out Lost
Rubies, a red raspberry, described as
large, bright red, with considerable
bloom, firm and of fine flavor. The
plant is said to be very hardy.

Souhegan, a new Black Cap, is des-
cribed as being early and of fine quality.
Well known authorities give it the
highest commendation. Hopkins is
another which originated at the West,
and is said to be hardier than the Gregg.
Centennial Black, from the West, is
still another which Mr. E. P. Roe
recommends highly.

The Black Cap family has been con-
siderably augmented by these acces-
sions, and it will be interesting to com-
"pare them.

STRAWBERRIES.

The list of new strawberries is being
constantly enlarged, so »that our in-
terest in this fruit is not allowed to flag
in the least. The Bid well leads the
newcomers, and is introduced to notice
with the most flattering recommenda-
tions. On the Hudson it has done
admirably, and from all accounts pos-
sesses so many valuable characteristics
that we may reasonably expect a great
deal from it. The Manchester, which
originated in New Jersey, follows,

fairly loaded down with commenda-
tions from prominent fruit growers.
Jersey Queen, one of Mr. Du rand's
seedlings, is also regarded as promising.
Mr. Green mentions the Moonstone as
a variety which ripens late in the
season. New Dominion, raised by J.
H. Biggar, of Drummondville, Canada,
is said to resemble Cumberland Tri-
umph. Mr. Beadle says it possesses
all the good qualities of that variety,
and is at the same time more produc-
tive, of somewhat firmer flesh and
better flavor. The fruit which we
tested the past season was not as good
as Cumberland Triumph. Early Can-
ada was originated by A. M. Smith, of
St Catharines, and is said to resemble
•Wilson strongly, but it ripens a week
earlier.

We tested fifteen or eighteen new
sorts last summer, but were not favor-
ably impressed with any of them. Pos-
sibly another season's trial will enable
us to form a better opinion of them.

I compared Glendale carefully with
Kentucky, and came to the conclusion
that the latter was the more valuable.

CURRANTS.

Fay^s Prolific is now in the market,
and we hope to give it a trial soon.
Mr. Smith says Lee's Prolific does not
show any points of superiority over the
Black Naples.

We have endeavored in this report
to refer to all the most prominent
novelties now under cultivation. You
will, I am sure, agree with me that we
are making progress ; and if the same
interest and energy be evinced in the
future as in the past, we may look for
great advances in fruit culture. By
hybridization and crossing the most
wonderful results may be accomplished.
There is in fact no limit to the novel-
ties we may produce. But let our efforts
be directed in such a way as to produce
the most useful results.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

115

FARMERS THAT DISLIKE FRUIT
GROWING.

The Chicago Herald thus speaks to
those farmers who neglect fruit plant-
ing :

" While all parts of our country are
adapted to the cultivation of excellent
fruits of various sorts, and while all
locations will produce a fair variety, it
is a singular fact that many farmers
never undertake to produce even the
very moderate amount which would be
used by their own families. The writer
of this went to his farm some ten years
ago. About the first serious work that
engaged his attention was the planting
of fruit, of the sorts that would bring a
return — as currants, gooseberries, rasp-
berries, strawberries and apples — of the
latter several hardy standard sorts, as
well as several varieties of crabs. It
really seems now that it was but a very
short time until we not only had a large
supply for our own use, but a surplus
began to come along, which in our own
section commanded a ready sale and
good prices. Our raspberries and cur-
rants are a regular mine of luxuiy
during the summer heat, when one so
appreciates such cooling and healthful
and nutritious articles of diet. The
currants are specially craved during
haying and harvesting, and it would be
a deprivation indeed to go without
them !

" But our nearest neighbor, though
he had ten years the start of us, has
never yet raised an apple, and not a
single berry or currant ! He has once
in awhile set a few apple trees, but he
has left the pruning to his cattle and
colts, and they have done the work far
too well ! He is very glad about these
days to send * the children ' over to our
orchard to pick up the fruit which drops
off, from which 'the oM lady' elaborates
a little ' applesass !' But such a thing
as a dish of berries and choice ripe

currants is very seldom, if ever, seen
on his table. He has never set so much
as a pie-plant, and if even this coarse
substitute for fruit is ever used in his
house, it has been begged from some
more thoughtful and thrifty neighbor.

" Such neglect as this is without any
excuse whatever. What motive, or
lack of motive, it originates from one
can hardly guess. Whether these pro-
crastinating people are too stingy to
make the small outlay required at the
start, or are afflicted with downright
laziness, or a combination of both these
ailments, would be a difficult matter to
establish. But the fact exists, that
such utterly shiftless people do abound
in every community, and that they are
content to live year after year upon
* hog and hominy,' when the soil at
their very doors would supply them
with the choicest fruits that can bo
grown in the temperate zone ! Every
variety — grapes, strawberries, ras[)ber-
ries, blackberries, currants and goose-
berries— can be produced in any quan-
tities. Once established, their after
care is very easy and simple, and they
will load the farmer's table with choice,
delicious and healthful food all the year
round.

** Our advice to every farmer is simply
this — make it a point to produce fruit
enough to supply your own table all the
year round. If you are going to open
a new farm, do less of the hard work
which brings only a small return, and
plant fruit. If you cannot do all in
one season, do a little each year, until
you are quite sure that you have suffi-
cient for a home supply. Not only
will it pay you as we have set forth
above, but the thought, investigation
and study which its culture require^s is a
most excellent discipline for the mind —
almost * a liberal education.' There is
no reason wliy every farmer should not
be, in a moderate and modest way, a

^16

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

horticulturist, capable of not only sup-
plying a choice variety of fruit tor his
own table, but skilled in adorning his
home in a way to make it a pleasant
abiding place for all who are sheltered
•iinder its roof."

THE QUINCE.

Since the canning of fruit has become
■ so simple, cheap, and easy, the question
naturally arises, what shall we use for a
family supply 1 In answer, we reply
that in our own family the Peach and
Quince hold important places, and are
regarded as indispensable. We feel
very much in regard to the Quince as
the old farmer did about his boiled In-
^dian, pudding — " wanted three hundred
; and sixty-five in a year." Few will
<ever tire of good canned Quince; hence
its culture is of importance.

Varieties. — The Apple of Orange
'Quince is the best in texture and qua-
lity, but the Fear is a healthier grower
and more productive, ripening also later.
The new variety. Champion, is more
vigorous and productive than either,
and is also an excellent keeper. A good
plantation of Quinces should embrace
all three varieties.

Soil and Location. — Almost any good
soil will produce Quinces ; a dry, sandy
soil is the least favorable, a strong,
moist loam, well drained, the best.

A peaty soil, on the margin of a free-
running stream, almost always produces
good Quinces in abundance.

Culture. — Shallow culture only should
be given, as the Quince throws its roots
near the surface. The best Quince
orchard I have seen is where the owner
resorts to mulching rather than culture.
Sufficent manure should be applied an-
nually.

Enemies. — The borer, the same which
.Attacks the Apple trees, is the worst
,eneiny of the Quince. The best remedy

is a pint of soft soap mixed with one
gallon of lime wash (common white-
wash), which, when thoroughly applied
from the base of the tree up eighteen
inches, early in May each year, will
save your trees from subsequent attacks
of the borer.

Continual intelligent care will be fol-
lowed by success in nine cases out of
ten. — American Garden.

ROOT PRUNING.
The experiments were made on the
apple and pear. A vigorous apple tree?
eight or ten years old, which had scarce-
ly made any fruit buds, has done best
when about half the roots were cut in
one season, and half three years later, by
going halfway around on opposite sides
in one year and finishing at the next
pruning — working two feet underneath
to sever downward roots. It has al-
ways answered well, also, to cut from
such trees all the larger and longer
roots about two and a half feet from the
stem, leaving the smaller and weaker
ones longer, and going half way around,
as already stated. The operation was
repeated three or four years later by ex-
tending the cut circle a foot or two
further away from the tree. By this
operation unproductive fruit trees be-
came thickly studded with fruit spurs,
and afterwards bore profusely. This
shortening of the roots has been conti-
nued in these experiments for twenty
years with much success, the circle of
roots remaining greatly circumscribed.
The best time for the work has been
found to be in the latter part of Au-
gust and beginning of September, when
growth has nearly ceased, and while
the leaves are yet on the trees, causing
greater increase of bloom buds the
following year than when performed
after the leaves have fallen. — London
Garden.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

m

THE ONION SMUT.

The Onion is one of the leading crops
in many localitlies in the eastern states,
and in some of them the culture of
this vegetable has, within the last ten
years, greatly diminished, and has even
been abandoned because of the destruc-
tive prevalence of the Onion Smut.
This pest is closely related to the Corn
Smut, and makes its appearance upon
the Onions while they are quite small.
The smut plant in its early stages of
growth consists of a multitude of small
filaments or threads collected in knobby
masses within the tissue of the Onion
bulb and narrow parts of the leaves just
above the bulb. A little later the ej>i-
dermis or skin of the leaves bursts open
and a vast number of dark brown par-
ticles of dust are found, which are the
spores of the fungus. The Onion is still
small when the spores are produced,
and it seldom continues to grow.

It is thought by those who have in-
vestigated the trouble that the smut has
come from the wild Onion or Garlic,
and this suggests as a precaution that
all of the wild Onions should be destroy-
ed. When the smut plant has per-
fected itself and ripened its myriads of
spores, the soil becomes more or less
charged with these aeeJs, and spores
are seeds as far as their functions are
concerned, of a destructive pest, and
give truth to the expression often heard
among afflicted Onion growers, that
" the disease is in the ground." A re-
medy is always the desired thing when
there is any disorder. If the spores
have already infested the ground they
must be destroyed. The best way to do
this is to cease growing Onions on that
land for a term of yeara sufficient to
exhaust the vitality of the dormant
smut spores. Put other crops on the
land, and after aV)out six years it will
be safe to try Onions again.

The Onion smut is still somewhat

limited in its range and every precau-
tion should be taken to keep the pest
from getting widespread. Great care
should be exercised in not taking seed
from a smutty locality. The spores
being very small they may cling to the
rough surface of the Onion seed and be
sown with it. As a precaution soak
the seed, that the water may remove,
as it will, many of the adhering spores.
Onions grown from sets are not so much
troubled with the smut as those from
the seed. It is probable that the tender
substance of the young seedling offers
much more favoralde conditions for a
successful growth. It is a fact of general
application that the stronger (and it
would seem as if even young Onions
were strong enough) the plant, the more
vigorous its growth the less liable is it
to attacks from fungi. — Dr. Bykon D.
Halsted, in American Gardener.

WASH FOR FRUIT TREES.

The object in applying a wash to
trees is not so much to remove the
rough and scaly outer bark as to destroy
the parasitic plants and insects which
adhere to the surface of the bark and
sap the vitality of the trees by a con-
stant drain upon the circulating current.
One form of wash is made by adding
one pound of whale oil soap to three
gallons of warm water, stirring well
and applying with a stiff* broom brush.
The trunk should be rubbed thoroughly
and-hard to remove as much as possible
of loose bark, that the liqiiid may reach
every part of the surface. Another
good wash is a weak lye from wood
ashes. A third wash is made by adding
two quarts of soft water to one gallon
of common soft soap. Place these in a
vessel over the fire, and when warm the
soap and water are retidily combined by
stirring, and should be applied in the
same manner as the whale oil applica-
tion. The best results are obtained bj

118

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTUEIST.

washing the trees about three times
daring the season, applying the first in
March or April, the second in June and
the last in August. The insects as well
as moss will be effectually removed,
leaving the bark in a fine healthy con-
dition.— Western Farmer.

CAHBOLIC SOAP FOR INSECTS.

I am experimenting with Buchan's
Carbolic Soap, as a preventive for inj u-
rious insects, and am so well pleased
with the result thus far, that I wish to
stimulate other horticulturists to try
some experiment with the article.

For cut worms, I made the soap suds
pretty strong — two gallons of water to
half a pound of soap, and with it satu-
rated a bushel of sawdust ; then placed
a little around the stem of each cabbao-e
and tomato plant, — using a handful to
eight or ten plants — adding a little more
after two or three days when the odor
seemed gone. This was completely suc-
cessful in ground where the worms were
quite plenty, and where pi mts not pro-
tected were speedily cut off by them. It
is the cheape.^t and most easily applied
remedy that I have yet seen.

For striped bugs on melons and cu-
cumber vines, I find the same method
of using the soap effective, if the saw-
dust is sprinkled on the plants every
■day, — which is very little trouble, — but
I am now trying wetting the plants
directly with weak suds made of ten
gallons of water to half a pound of the
Boap, and I think this will prove the
best.

For aphis or plant lice on cherry trees
or the like, a sprinkling or two with
the suds, by means of a sponge, or bend-
ing the shoots so as to dip them into a
pail or basin, is speedy death to them.
Care must be had not to have the suds
too strong when applied to tender plants

or young shoots of trees ; experiments
are needed for this point.— i^rmi Re-
corder.

PALESTINE OF TO-DAY.

Nothing can well exceed the desolate-
ness of much of the country. Treeless
it is for twenty or thii-ty miles together.
Forests which did exist thirty years ago
— for instance, on Mount Carmel and
Mount Tabor — fast disappearing ; rich
plains of the finest garden soil asking
to be cultivated, at best but scratched
up a few inches deep in patches, with
no hedges or boundaries ; mountain
terraces, naturally or artificially form-
ed, ready to be planted with vines as
the German colony is doing at the foot
of Mount Carmel, the villages nothing
but mud huts, dust, dirt and squalor,
the inhabitants with scarce clothes
enough for decency, their houses ovens;
large tracts without a horse or cow,
sheep or dog ; no pretence at roads,
except from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and
this like a cart road over a plowed field.

Everything is taxed; every fruit tree,
so none now are planted ; every cow or
horse, etc. ; every vegetable sold out of
a private garden. Every eighth egg is
not taxed, but taken by the government.
In some places the taxes of the district
are sold to the highest bidder. Nothing
like a small farm-house is to be found
far or near. If there were, the owner
is liable to have soldiers or revenue
officers quartered upon him, to be
boarded and lodged at his expense.
The towns are filthy in the extreme,
none more so than Jerusalem itself

This is a picture. I believe, in no way
over drawn of that land which was once
"flowing with milk and honey." What
might it not become again with fair
usage and good government ? But there
is no hope for Palestine while it re-
mains in the hands of its present rulers.
— Cor. Lotidon Times.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

119

BOOK NOTICES.

We have received from the publish-
ers a copy of a new book on Roses, by
H. B. EUwanger, of Mount Hope Nur-
series, Rocliester, N. Y.

It contains 300 pages of most useful
information necessary to the successful
cultivation of the Rose, the results of
the experience and observation of many
years of one who is himself an enthu-
siastic and most successful cultivator.
It treats in a full and most compre-
hensive manner of soil, planting, pru-
ning, manure, insects, diseases, and the
varieties best adapted for particular
purposes, as bedding and forcing, and
those for bleak and very cold situa-
tions, with an exhaustive catalogue of
varieties now in general cultivation.

Much pains has been taken with the
classification, so that valuable distinc-
tive features may be preserved and yet
simplicity maintained, so as not to
confuse and perplex.

The book is issued in very handsome
style, by Dodd, Mead & Co., New
York, 16 mo. cloth, $1.25.

Hubbard's Newspaper and Bank
Directory of the World.

This most comprehensive work of
2,591 pages is issued in two Volumes,
Vol. I. being devoted to America, Vol.
II. to Foreign Countries.

It contains lists of all the American
newspapers and of the British Pro-
vinces, maps of the World, a line map
of North America, much interesting
and instructive reading matter, fac-
iimiles of English, French, Spanish,.
Egyptian, South American and Aus-
ti-alian newspapers, articles descriptive
of the several States and Territories of
the United States; also a sf^ries of
Gazetteer articles, descriptive of all
foreign countries, and maps of all
foreign nations. There is also a list of
the responsible Banks of the World, em-
bracing about twenty thousand Banks.

The whole work is a most astonish-
ing compendium of valuable informa-
tion, which should be in the hand of
every business man.

Published by H. P. Hubbard, New
Haven, Conn. Price $10.

GRAFTING THE GRAPE.

Though I have practiced grape-graft-
ing for thirty years, and was one of the
first to make it practicable, I am study-
ing and experimenting with the subject
yet. After testing with the utmost
care, at various seasons, with apparent-
ly good wood, upon good stock, my
success has been diverse, and I can fix
on no particular season as positively
better than another, yet my choice now
is just before the buds begin to swell.
If the stump at the cut bleeds, it will
do no harm. On young vines, with a
smooth place to operate, there need be
but little failure ; but with old stocks,
the rough knotty butt is a serious draw-
back ; but if the vine is laid down, say
a foot deep, three feet or more distant
from the stock, and then grafted on a
smooth place, held in position with a
peg, the earth pressed firmly around
both stock and graft, with one bud of
graft only above the surface, the chances
of success are much better than when
worked at the root of the vine ; but in
this case the shoots must be rubbed off
as fast as they shoot up around the base
of the stock. If the graft takes, the
vine laid down will, by taking loot,
greatly help its growth, and after the
second season the young plant can
thrive on its own roots, and the old
stock may be grubbed out.

The grafting of the grape on pieces
of gra|)e roots, in the house, in winter,
with those that will not succeed from
cuttings, is a simple and successful me-
thod, of which I will send you an illus-
tration if desirable. — Samuel Miller,
in the Fruit Grower.

120

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE BRIGHT FLOWERS.

Oh, they look upward in every place,

Througli this beautiful world of ours,
And dear as a smile on an old friend's face

Is the smile of tiie bright sweet flowers.
They till us of wanderings by woods and streams,

They tell us of lanes and trees ;
But the cliildren of showers and sunny beams

Have lovelier tales than these —

These sweet bright flowers.

They tell of a season when men were not,

When eartli was by angels trod,
And leaves and flowers in every spot

Burst forth at the call of God ;
When spirits, singing their songs at even.

Wandered by wood and glade,
And the Lord looked down from the highest heaven,

And blessed what he had made —

These bright, bright flowers

That blessing remaineth upon them still,

Though often the storm-cloud lowers,
And frequent tempests may soil and chill

The gayest of earth's fair flowers.
When Sin nnd Death, with their sister Grief,

Made a home in the hearts of men,
The blessing of God in each tender leaf

Preserved in their beauty then

These sweet bright flowers.

The lily is lovely as when it slept

On the waters of Eden's lake,
The woodbine breathes sweetly as when it crept

In Eden from brake to brake :
They were left as a proof of the loveliness

Of Adam and Eve's first home ;
They are here as types of the joys that bless

The just in the world to come—

These bright, bright flowers.

DOMESTIC RECIPES.

Nut Cake. — Ingredients : Sugar, two
cups ; butter, one cup ; flour, three cups ;
water, one cup ; eggs, four ; soda, one
teaspoonful ; cream tartar, two teaspoons-
ful ; hickory nut kernels, two cups. Mix
the ingredients, adding the nut kernels
last.

Lemon Dumplings — Ingredients : Suet,
four ounces ; moist sugar, four ounces ;
bread crumbs, one-half pound ; lemon,
one. Grate the rind of the lemon, squeeze
out the juice, mix all the ingredients.
Put in buttered tea cups and boil three
quarters of an hour.

Apple F hitters. — Pare and slice in
large round slices some fine tart apples ;
sprinkle the slices with sugar, and squeeze
over them the juice of a lemon, and let
stand a few hours. Make a batter of
three eggs and two tablespoonsf ul of sweet
milk, with flour enough for a thin batter,
in which dip the slices of apple, and fry

separately in butter or lard. When done
sprinkle with powdered sugar. — Aaron's
Wife in Prairie Farmer.

To Pickle Sweet Corn. — Cut the com
rows from the cob ; to every heaping four
quarts you mix a small teacup of fine salt;
pack in jars and set in cool place. It will
soon form a thick, leathery skin over the
top ; let that be until wanted for use ; when
you take out to soak, wash it, and then
soak in cold water for a few hours ; it will
retain its flavor far better than either dried
or canned, and is far less trouble to care
for than to dry, and is sure to keep well
until spring.

To Pickle Peaches, Plums and Pears.
— Take of ripe peaches, plums, pears, or
apples; seven pounds of sugar, one quart
of vinegar, and one ounce of mixed spices ;
put the sugar and vinegar together, and
pour over the fruit, allowing it to stand un-
til the next morning, when repeat this pro-
cess, straining the juice of the fruit, letting
it come to the boil, and continue to do so
for four mornings; then add spices, and
put all over the fire and cook very slowly
until they look rich and clear. Pears
should be boiled in water until you can
run a broom whisk through them. Quinces
are also delicious when preserved in this
manner.

The Schizanthus. — The Schizanthus
is a genus of beautiful flowers, adapted
either for the open ground or conservatory.
The name signifies cut-flower. All the
species of this genus we believe, are natives
of Chili, and were introduced into Europe
between 1822 and 1831, seeds of S. pinnci-
tus having been carried to England in the
former year, and the more beautiful spe-
cies, S. retusus, at the latter date. If seeds
are sown in a hot-bed or cold-frame, and
plants are put out in a warm, light soil,
they will sometimes grow three or four feet
in height, and will give abundance of flow-
ers during the middle of the summer and
autumn. We have also succeeded very well
by sowing the seeds in the open ground
in May, but the soil must be mellow and
warm. The branches are slender and re-
quire the support of a light trellis, and
they are broken very easily by the wind,
so that a sheltered position is desirable.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT or COPP, CLARK ft CO., COLBORME STRBRT, TORONTO.

.ii(rft^iKi<' A Chroma < o-of HovhiBlfi N Y

I. Standard Royal

Tu LI PS

, c,

A K/l C /^ KI

3.YELL0W Prince.
4. Crown of Roses I

THE

VOL. v.]

JUNE, 1882.

[No. 6.

TULIPS

These beautiful flowering bulbs can
be purchased at such moderate prices,
and be grown so easily, that it is a
wonder that every lover of flowers does
not have a large bed of them. Their
colors are so varied and brilliant that
they make a most gorgeous display
when planted in masses ; and they are
so hardy and grow so readily in any
good garden soil that there is not the
slightest dijS&culty in their cultivation.

The earliest varieties will usually be
in bloom in the last days of April, and
by planting the sorts that come later, a
succession of bloom can be kept up until
the first of June. The Due Van Thol
tulips (Fig. 1), are the first to bloom.

Fto. 1.— Dvo Vaw Thoi. Tulip.
These are both single and double ; the
double are all red with a yellow border.

the single are of various colors — scarlet,
crimson, yellow, white, &c. These all
grow about six inches in height, and
are very showy. After these come the
variety known as the Tournesol (Fig. 2),

Fio. 2.— DoPBLK Tulip or TocRNK8i)L.

with very large double flowers, yellow
or orange and i-ed, which continue for a
long tinio without fading. These are
followed by Single Eariy Tulii)s (Fig. 3),
of many colors, as red, crimson, violet,
purple, yellow ; also many of them
very beautifully striped, and others
edged with white or yellow or red.

122

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Flowering as they do so early in the
season, they continue longer than the

Fig. 3.— Single Early Tclip.

late flowering and make a splendid
display.

The later Tulips (Fig. 4), grow taller
than the earlier sorts, and are great

Fio. 4.— Late Show Tulip.

favorites with all lovers of this showy
flower. They have been divided in sec-
tions known as Bizarres, Byblooms and
Roses. The Bizarres have a yellow

ground color, which is broken with
any other color, as purple or red ; the
Byblooms have the ground color white,
broken with purple; and the Roses
have also a white ground color, broken
with cherry, crimson, or pmk. Numer-
ous rules are laid down for judging
these tulips, and the " points " of the
flower defined with most minute exact-
ness ; but as it is not probable that
the readers of the Horticulturist will
be growing them for exhibition pur-
poses, we shall not weary them with
these rules.

In planting tulips it is necessary to
choose well-drained soil, as standing
water is very injurious to them. Au-
tumn is the proper season for planting
them, say the month of October. They
should be covered to the depth of about
three inches, in soil that is sufficiently
rich to yield a good crop of potatoes.
An occasional stirring of the surface
and eradication of weeds is all the
further cultivation required. Most
writei-s on tulips insist upon the neces-
sity of taking up the bulbs as soon as
the leaves have withered, and keeping
them in a cool, dry place until the
planting season. It is true that if this
is not done the more delicate varieties
will die out after a while, and the
stronger will loose their variegation
and revert to the old red color. But
after all, one gets tired of the same
thing year after year, and when the
tulip bed begins to run out, there is a
pleasure in procuring a new lot to sup-
ply their places, and enjoyment in mark-
ing the changes that further cultivation
by those who devote themselves to the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

125

raising of new tulips may have pro-
duced.

There is also a variety known as the
Parrot Tulip (Fig. 5), having long, loose,

Fio. 5.— Parhot Tulip.

fringed petals, the most of them having
three or four colors, yellow, ciimson,
orange and green intermingled, the yel-
low color, however, usually predominat-
ing. They, are very brilliant and
showy, and will be particularly in-
teresting to those who are not familiar
with their peculiar form.

The Tulip holds a conspicuous posi-
tion in the history of commercial specu-
lations. It hardly seems possible that
men, business men. shrewd and calcu-
lating, should have been so beside them-
selves m to value a single tulip bulb at
one and two thousand dollara. A
Harlaem merchant paid half his fortune
for a tulip that he might keep it in his
garden for the admiration of his visi-
tors. In 1635 the tulip mania had
seized upon all classes, and speculation
in tulip bulbs took the place of ordinary

business. Upwards of $46,500 was
paid for forty bulbs, and a sailor is said
to have eaten a tulip bulb, mistaking it
for an onion, the value of which would
have furnished a princely dinner party.

DRIED FOODS.

At present we export to Europe
about 6,000,000 pounds of evaporated
apples. The process is extremely
simple. The fruit is " cored " and sliced
into pieces one-sixteenth of an inch in
thickness ; it is then exposed to sulphur
fumes, which arrest all fermentation,
and then to a dry hot blast of air, which
reduces it to about half its original
weight. The sulphur fumigation pre-
vents the fruit from becoming dark,
and after drying it is almost as white
as when first cut. Simple as is this
process, it costs about twice as much as
drying the fruit in the sun, but such is
the saving in weight and flavor that it
is preferred, and evaporated apples sell
to day in the European markets for fif-
teen cents a pound.

An old produce dealer interested in
the European export trade told an
Evening Post reporter that in view of
the astounding magnitude of the export
trade in food products, it would not be
surprising to hear of attempts at com-
pressing or drying every product of the
country. The same process as that
applied to apples has been used with
sonpe success with peaches, and some
berries that can be grown cheaply, and
as the export of dried food products
increases, the import is constantly de-
creasing. The raisins from California
promis<^ to drive all foreign raisins out
of our markets. There are vineyards
of hundreds of acres in Placer, El
Dorado, Los Angelos, San Diego, and
other counties, given up to growing and
drying grapes, partly by evaporation
and partly by sun heat.

124

THE CA.NADIAN H0RTICULTDRI8T,

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE GOOSEBERRY.

The Gooseberry is a fruit which
seems rather at a disadvantasfe in
Ontario, as the standard English sorts
do not succeed, both from their liability
to mildew and because their mode of
growth is unsuited to the climate.

Only two kinds are considered reli-
able— the Downing and the Houghton,
and these in quality, growth and size of
fruit are but middling. From their
appearance I should suppose these to
be hybrids, and that the small, smooth,
swamp berry is the female parent.

If this be correct, it is quite possible
and probable that we may yet have a
considerable number of new sorts, and
of a much better quality ; but the mat-
ter must be taken up without loss of
time, or it may be too late.

It has often been said that this was
a land of wild grapes, but when first
settled it was even more a country of
wild gooseberries, and the varieties
were endless ; red, green, rusty-purple,
and even blue; small, middling and
large; prickly, spiny, hairy and smooth.

Some of the two last are, or were, of
very fine flavour, almost equalling the
finest English kind, which is also hairy.

In many old settled and improved
districts the native gooseberry is prac-
tically extinct, and ere the march of
civilization completely annihilates it,
we need men of observation, practical
and scientific knowledge, who have
taste and leisure, to experiment and
improve this fruit. Seedlings with the
native habit of growth, and the fruit
more like the English in size, would
make a name and a profit for the suc-
cessful originator. But even if good
hybrids cannot be produced, we need
not confine ourselves to two sorts, nor
to twenty.

When this district was new, I was
struck with the superior habit of growth
and the efficient mode of renewal of the
native bushes in the woods.

On trying the fruit I found the
quality not only bad and indifferent,
but also good, and used to mark plants
of superior flavour when ripe that I
might transplant in the fall.

In this way I selected and removed
three or four dozen bushes, which filled
a considerable plot of ground when
placed at a due distance from each
other, intending to prune, mulch and
manure them, but owing to various un-
toward circumstances they were quite
neglected.

Notwithstanding want of care they
have borne for more than twenty-five
years, and for pies, preserves and ripe
use, we think them better, and cer-
tainly more reliable, than the two
standard sorts.

Several years ago I saved and sowed
seed from the best and largest, but did
not find the fruit of the seedlings equal
to the parents. Cultivation will not
improve them.

They differ from the English sorts
in having a disinclination to take root
from cuttings, but any sucker or off-
shoot with the least portion of root
will grow.

Partial shade is desirable, as in some
kinds the fruit drops considerably in
arid situations.

C. Orillia.

RKPORT OF FKlJIT TREEvS.

To THK Editor of the Canadian Horticclturist.

Dear Sir, — I am a little late with
my report for 1881. The winter of
1 880 and *81 was a very hard one here.
My Ontario apple tree was winter killed
dead to the snow line. I had a graft
of the same variety, which was grafted
into a seedling stalk ; it was also killed.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

125

This is sufficient proof that this variety
will be too tender for Eastern Ontario.
T had two trees Beauty of Kent, one
Fall Pippin, one Sweet Bough, bearing
trees, all winter killed ; also a row of
young trees of Gravenstein, eveiy one
killed. My Glass Seedling plum sur-
vived ; the fruit buds were all killed,
but the tree was not injured. I had a
fine McLaughlin plum tree killed. My
Flemish Beauty and Clapp's Favorite
pear trees came through the winter un-
injured, only the fruit buds were killed.
All the other varieties of pear trees
that I liad were winter killed. The
Swayzie Pommie Grise and Grime's
Golden apple trees are growing fine ;
they are hardy. Grime's Golden has
borne some fruit for three years. My
Burnet grape made a large growth last
year, but bore no fruit, which disap-
pointed me very much. I think I
over-manured it ; it came into blossom
the latter part of July, and the blos-
soms all fell off. Do you think that
over-manuring would make it act in
this way ] All my other varieties of
grapes bore heavy, but none got any
manure. I removed the surface earth
from my Burnet, and put a heavy coat
of rotten manure over the roots : then
put the earth back again over the
manure. I have heard that grapes
•will stand any amount of fertilizing,
but I think that I overdid it. I find
the Burnet needs but very little winter
protection.

The cold days for the Winter are as
follows : November, 4 days thermo-
meter below zero, the lowest being 11
degrees; December, 1 day 10 below
zero ; January, 1 7 days thermometer
below zero, the lowest being 24 — it
went to this tigiire three times ; Feb-
ruary, 10 days below zero, the lowest
25 degree-s. The average cold for 11
days, taking the last four days of Jan-
uary and til© first seven days of Feb-
ruary, was 12 J degrees below zero.

The ground was well covered wiih snow
the whole winter. Yours respectfully,
A. Bridge.
West Brook, near Kingston, March, 1882.

FRUITS IN ALGOMA.

Mr. Editor, — I have been on the
point of writing to you for some time,
but have not, as I have been trying to
promote the interest of our Association;
but as this is a newly settled part of
the country, and some have not enough
land under cultivation to allow them
to set apart an orchard, so they say
they would rather wait a while longer,
and see how the trees and vines giow
and stand the winters before purchasing
for themselves. We have quite a
variety of wild fruits, such as straw-
ben-ies, raspberries, gooseben-ies, cran-
berries, and • I have heard of a few
wild grapes, but as I have not seen
any, T cannot speak about them. There
are also some very old apple trees on
this island which bear fruit most sea-
sons, but seldom have a chance to ripen,
as the Indian and half-breed pick them
before they ripen. One of my neigh-
bours ripened a few bunches of Concord
grapes last season. I have four Con-
cord and four Isabella vines, but they
are not bearing yet. I expect they
will have some fruit this summer. All
small fruits will do well here, and I
think that if we can get the most hardy
that will ripen early, that we can grow
apples. I don't see why we should
not, as our climate is no worse than
that of CoUingwood or Goderich, and
they grow fruit in these townshipg.
Also at Sault St. Mary's, I am told,
they have fine orchards, and ripen their
fruit. Most of the tops of my apple,
pear, plum and cherry trees got killed
last winter, but sprouted out of the
stems or roots. I will still protect
them, and see if I can make anything
out of them. I intend trying some

126

THE CANADIAN IiaRTIOULTURIST.

Black Walnut and Chestnut trees this |
next spring, unless you think we arc '
too far north to admit of their growing.
If you think they would not do well
here, I wish you would make a note of
it in next number. I read the articles
in one of the back numbers, and don't
understand if that is the only distance
north that such trees will grow. Of
course we have no such trees here, and
I would like to plant a few to test them
for a winter or two. I cannot think
of any more at present to mention, so
hoping you will excuse this from one
who is not accustomed to write long
letters,

I remain, yours respectfully,

Jas. C. Cooper.
Note. — It is not probable that the
Sweet Chestnut would endure the
climate. The Black Walnut might.

ENGLISH SPARROWS.

To THE EDITOK or THE CANADIAN HORTICULTORIST.

Sir, — In your March number there
was a communication from Mr. New-
hall, referring to an article from an
Australian paper respecting the des-
tructiveness of the English sparrow,
which article I had previously read.

As Mr. Newhall gave no particulars
of his own observation, I doubted the
facts as stated, as my garden and small
plum orchard is constantly filled with
sparrows, they having made it a roost-
ing place all winter, and I had never
noticed any harm they had done to
fruit or fruit buds.

I wrote a short article to send you
to that eflfect, but before sending it I
happened to notice a pear tree in my
garden with a dozen of sparrows on it
busy pecking at the fruit buds which
were then just beginning to expand,
and going to examine them closely I
found they were nibbling at the in-
cipient stalks of the blossoms. Think-

ing they might be after insects, I con-
cluded to watch them more carefully
before writing you ; but on going into
my plum yard adjoining, I found there
was hardly a fruit bud left on several
hundred bearing plum trees, the places
where the fruit buds had been picked
out being quite distinct all over the
trees. They had not then touched any
cherry or peach buds, but on Saturday
last I discovered dozens of sparrows
on my specimen tree of the new
"Windsor cherry" seedling, which
stands at my kitchen door, and which
was, as usual, perfectly covered with
an enormous show of blossoms. On
examining closely, standing under the
tree and looking up, I saw they were
all busy eating the unopened fruit blos-
soms, and looking under the tree found
the ground covered with the debris of
the buds dropped in eating them. Since
then they have been busy on all my
cherry trees, more than half of the
unopened blossoms being already gone.
To-day I found them eating the peach
blossoms for the first time, and doubt
not but all will be destroyed before the
week is over, as there are hundreds of
them busy at work all the time.

It is evident that strong measures
must be taken to prevent the spread of
the sparrow, and to destroy them wliere'
they are already a nuisance, as they
are here. As long as they were few in
numbers they did apparently little or
no injury to the trees or fruit, li-ving
on what they could pick up out of the
horse droppings on the streets and any
spilt grain about the railway depot and
elsewhere. But this spring there has
been little or no movement of grain by
rail, and the birds have increased so
much that they can't make a living oflT
the horse droppings, and have been
supplimenting it with fruit buds.

The benefit they were to do in des-
truction of insects has been greatly

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTITRIST.

127'

exaggerated. It is only -when they
have young that they hunt for them.
I saw a fern lie to-day busy catching
spiders from a vine trained against a
wall, while several hundred others were
eating fruit buds. One chipping spar-
row is worth twenty English for dee-
troying insects, while the English drives
them away.

Law or no law, I will try and des-
troy as many sparrows as I can in the
most wholesale manner possible.
Yours truly,

James Dougall.
Windsor Nurseries, April, 1882.

♦♦ LOST RUBIES."
To THB Editor or the Canadian Horticulturist.

Dear Sir, — Allow me to call the
attention of your correspondent, Mr.
J. C. Robinson, of Owen Sound, to an
unfortunate slip in his note on page 95
of your April number.

Mr. Robinson says, " No one can
convince me that ' Lost Rubies ' is
akin to foreign sorts ; the leaf and cane
art as plainly native as our Canada
thistle."

Mr. Robinson will be perhaps mor-
tified to learn that Canada cannot claim
the honour of being the mother coun-
try of this prolific thistle. Had he
seen as many acres of it as I have seen
in the old country, he would know that,
like many others of our plant and in-
sect pests, it has been introduced —
like the white man himself. The
simile was unfortunate for his argu-
ment.

While I am writing, T should like
to mention that the name of the manu-
facturer of Buhach, on page 76, should
be Mr. Milco, not Miles. This correc-
tion may prevent the miscarriage of
letters. g ^ Clatpol..

New Bloomfield, Perry Co., Pa.

GRAPE VINES AT BALTIMORE.

I am well pleased with the Canadian
Horticulturist. It was a well-spent
dollar. The repoi-t is well worth the
amount. I have over nine hundred
Grape Vines set out at present ; and
I am ex|)erimenting and trying to im-
prove or invent new or better systems
of training, that will harmonize better
with the natural growth of the vine,
and that can be successfully and econ-
omically laid down and covered for
winter, which is a necessity in this
country. T. A. Chapman.

CANADIAN APPLES IN THE
ENGLISH MARKET.

The arrivals of Canadian apples at
the port of Liverpool last year were
something over 200,000 barrels, but ow-
ing to the shortness of the crop in both
the United States and Canada these
numbers will certainly not be reached by
the imports from the two countries dur-
ing the present { 1 88 1 ) season. In fact, the
shipments to Liverpool within the last
three months, as compared with those in
the corresponding period of last year,
show a decrease of nearly 30,000 bar-
rels. W ith the view of giving the trade
an opportunity of judging for them-
selves as to the most valuable class of
apples to be imported to this country,
Mr. Smythe, the Canadian Government
Agent at London, Ontario, has forward-
ed a consignment of some hundred dif-
ferent varieties of Canadian apples,
properly classified, which were supplied
by the leading growers in his district.
These are on exhibition at Liverpool.
It is expected that the next Allan
steamship will bring from Canada a
further supply, which will be exhibited
at the letuling pomocultural shows in
Great Britain. By this means it is in-
tended to promote the interests of this
important branch of the Canadian ex-
port trade. — The Grocer.

123

TIIK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE UTILITY AND BEAUTY OF
TREES.

Address 0/ *he Iton. George B. Loring, United Staies
Commissioner of Agricid'ure, delivered hefore the
American Forestry Congress, at their recertt meeting
in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Gentlemen,— I have accepted your
invitation to be present on this occasion
and to preside over your deliberations,
not because I Feel competent to instruct
in the art of forestry, but in order that
I might assure you of the sympathy of
the Agricultural Department of the
Government, and of my own high esti-
mate of the value of your work. The
question of forestry is one of the most
intricate and difficult of all the agricul-
tural problems which come before us.

That our forests are wasted by reck-
less extravagance and by uncontrollable
conflagrations ; that they are diminish-
ing before the immense demands upon
their products, we all know. Their
importance as a climatic influence is
conceded. The profit of tree-growing
on wisely selected lands is acknow-
ledged. But the methods by which
our forests can be restored and pre-
served still puzzle the statesman and
the cultivator alike. The nature of
property in timber lands as adjusted
for the State and the individual, in all
those countries where the forests have
attracted the special attention of the
Government, particularly in the Old
"World, has so much of exclusiveness
and reservation for the gratification of
personal desires, that we can derive
but little benefit from its study. The
rights and powers and duties of State
and Federal legislation, as regards our
forests, require the most careful and
ingenious consideration. We learn
from the statistical returns the vast
value of forest products to our com-
merce, to our domestic manufactures,
to our internal trade. And by con-
stant investigation we are ascertaining
the best systems of tree-planting, and
of cultivating specific wood crops in

favorable localities. You will pardon
me, therefore, while I leave all these
difficult, practical problems for the con-
sideration of those who have brought
here the results of long study and ex-
perience, and turn my attention to the
value and

IMPORTANCE OP TREE CULTURE

as one of those arts by which man
beautifies his abode, and manifests that
taste which especially distinguishes
him in the scale of animate being, and
which he labors to gratify as soon as
he has laid the hard and substantial
foundations of State and Society. Men
build first, and then plant. The pri-
mary work of erecting an empire, in
which all the sturdy virtues are called
into operation, and where courage fixes
the national power, and wisdom es-
tablishes the national education, is not
a field for the exercise of man's love of
beauty. With the wars and the fell-
ing of the forests, and the log cabin
and primitive school-house of a newly-
settled country and a newly-founded
empire, taste has but little to do. But
when safety and property are made
secure, and the highways are well worn,
and the skill and strength of the culti-
vator have stripped the landscape of its
natural beauty, and the foot of man
has trampled out the graceful lines in
which Nature always works, then there
uprises man's demand for the beautiful,
and he endeavors to restore by art
what he was obliged to destroy for his
subsistence. For whatever may be his
outward circumstance, however harden-
ing and depressing may be the inci-
dents of his life, man has an instinctive
love of beauty, which insists on being
gratified. He knows that this is his
distinguishing characteristic which se-
parates him from the beasts that perish
— an element of his mind and heart
which leads him "from nature up to
nature's God." To him the sunrise

THE CANADIAN HORTlCULTtrRlST,

129

means gloiy as well as daylight. The
lone and lofty mountains elevate him
to the contemplation of the Almighty
power, even while they are " a shelter
to the wild goats ;" and the dewy pas-
tures where the cattle graze and recline
in the long shadows, lull him to the
sweets of evening repose ; the spark-
iiiig stream, "where the wild asses
•quench their thirst," will soothe and
sing him to happiness and rest. The
majestic and commanding tree, whose
widespread branches shelter the pant-
ing animals from the blaze of the noon-
tide sun, is a picture of power and
strength and varying loveliness, which
is to him a source of never-ending de-
light. When his eye surveys the swell-
ing landscape, the emotions which be-
long to him as a child of the Creator
of all, inspire and elevate him above
the earth on which he treads, and dis-
tinguish him from that other order of
animal existence, to which all scenery
is alike, whose sensibilities no ugliness
of nature or art offends, which no staiTy
heavens delight, and no homely sur-
roundings disturb ; whose vision is
blind both to the graces and deformi-
ties of even its own kind, which nibbles
the daisy and the June gi'ass with
-equal satisfaction, and whose soul " can
not rejoice with those who rejoice, nor
weep with those who weep." It is
man alone who knows that " a thing of
beauty is a joy forever."

TASTE IN TREE PLANTING.

It is in accordance with this senti-
ment that man has applied his skill
and taste to the creation of all the
charming scenery of groves and bowers
and gardens, and to the enhancement
of natural beauties themselves. Great
gardens of antiquity, the monstrous
towering pleasure grounds of Rome and
Babylon, set an example which ad-
vancing civilieatien has not failed to
follow. The cultivation of parks and

gardens constitutes one of the most
interesting and important duties of
modem art — a duty in the faithful per-
formance of which England has set an
admirable example. Leaving, in the
early part of the eighteenth century,
the formal and heavy style then in
vogue, through the influence of some
of her most illustrious poets — Addison
at Bilton, and Pope at Twickenham —
the English people revolutionized that
whole system, and established that
classical style of planting which has
since been so much admired and imi-
tated throughout the most refined parts
of Europe.

This science of landscape gardening,
which advanced so slowly in the Old
World, and the proper system of con-
structing a city with light and water,
and parks and sliaded streets, which
was so shamefully neglected until a
comparatively recent period there, have
until within a few yeai-s been entirely
overlooked ia our own country.

When more than seventy years ago,
the city of Cincinnati was founded and
the spot was chosen on which has been
erected such a splendid aiTay of public
buildings, private dwellings, music
halls, art galleries, churches and lib-
raries, the application of art to the
arrangement of gardens, parks, streets
and highways, was hardly thought of.
It was enough to clear the land and till
it without converting it into a pleasing
picture. It was all the early settlers
in our country could do to blaze a path
through the forest without considering
how best to crown and drain a highway,
and it was not until after the Revolu-
tionary war that the planting of trees
and shrubs was made a necessary part
of the laying out of gardens and grounds.
I remember well the only garden in the
State of Massachusetts, laid out early in
this century by an English gardener,
and kept in good order until within a

130

THE CANADIA.N HORTlOtTLTUEIST.

dozen years, an object of delight to all
who were allowed to enter its sacred
inclosure and perambulate its well-
visited walks. Such a scene as this
was rare. Public-spirited citizens plant
ed avenues of trees in highways, and
were considered benefactors. Here and
there a " door-yard " was ornamented
with clumps of lilacs and syringas, but
nowhere, that I am aware of, were
there associations of enterprising and
tasteful citizens organized for the pur-
pose of adorning their towns and of
providing for the health and comfort of
themselves and of the community of
which they formed a part. It remained
for our own generation to unite for so
important and laudable a purpose ; and
I congratulate this beautiful city that
its natural comeliness has been en-
hanced and its suburbs made delightful
by the combined efforts of those who
believe that a love of beauty is a hu-
man attribute, and that we are under
a sacred obligation to preserve that
health which is given us for a high and
useful purpose. The practical service
of an association like this, as I have
said, it is not necessary for me to dis-
cuss here, in the presence of those who
know by experience how trees and
shrubs should be grouped ; who have
learned that an evergreen should be
transplanted in August, and that a lit-
tle lime and muck applied to the roots
when it is planted will give it a won-
derful stimulus j who understand that
a plantation of trees should be made to
suit the building it is to surround and
the landscape it is to occupy; that
trees should not be planted too near a
building, or too near each other ; that
the plants nearest the house should be
low in stature and of a beautiful sort ;
that the shades of green should be pro-
perly blended, and the foliage selected
accordingly ; that trees should be pro-
tected by each other against those
winds which are obnoxious to them;

that the Norway will not bear the
rough gales from the sea, and that the
Scotch pine rejoices in them; that
trees and plants should not be " mar-
shalled in regular order and at equal
distances," like beaux and belles stand-
ing up for a quadrille or country dance;
" that it is easier," as Downing says,
" to make a tasteful park by planting
new trees than by thinning out an old
forest, and that nature herself is full
of hints and suggestions," an observ-
ance of which constitutes the highest
art of which man is capable in all that
work of which earth, sea and sky form
a part. With all this you have long
been familiar, as the practicable part
of a most agreeable labor ; but for the
trees themselves, these living monu-
ments of nature's bounty, or of man's
skill ; those landmarks which we love
to contemplate ; those sentinels and
armies along the landscape ; those silent
friends who somehow connect them-
selves with so many of the dearest
scenes and events of our lives, and
watch over the graves of the departed
day and night, and through all the
changing seasons — for the trees them-
selves let us say a word.

BEAUTIFUL TREES.

Now I know not how it is, but next
to the face of an old friend returned
from a long absence, the sight of a
landscape or a tree, once familiar and
connected with the early event of our
lives, long lost and now bursting upon
our vision, fills us with the tenderesb
emotion. Who that has suddenly come
upon a flower by the wayside in a
foreign land, which grew beside some
well known path in the country of his
home, has not been filled with sweet
recollections and transported to that
spot which will forever outshine the
glory of all others 1

How often have we turned our eyes
unexpectedly upon a solitary tree keep-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

131

ing watch and ward over a hillside
pasture, and at once, as it" the heavens
had been opened, there came a vision
as dear to us as the memory of that
sacred band of the loved and lost !
How often has a footpath, winding
through the woods, opened suddenly
upon us, and in a moment a long past,
and perhaps long-forgotten hour of
joy, shone around about us 1 The trees
are indeed our companions, clothed by
us with the most delightful associations,
appealing and responding at once to
our sense of beauty, and preserving, as
it were, with tender care our choicest
memories. Their story is all told and
well told by the young Indian who, in
the midst of the splendor of Paris, re-
gretting the simple beauty of his native
island, sprang forward at the unex-
pected sight of a banana tree in the
Jardin des Plantes, embraced it while
his eyes were bathed in tears, and ex-
claiming with a voice of joy, *' Ah,
tree of my country," seemed by a de-
lightful illusion of sensibility to imagine
himself for a moment transpoi"ted to
the land which gave him birth.

TREES OF HISTORY.

And then what a living and vital
interest gathers about those trees which
either by accident or by design have
become monumental and representative.
To know them well is to be intimate
with the great deeds and the great men
of history. Into what classic associa-
tions and deeds of daring, and raging
and majestic conflicts by land and by
sea, and profound mysteries and rites
are we borne by the long and interest-
ing story of the

OAK,

the tree which Pliny says held " Hotws
apnd Romanoa perpetuus" — the highest
honor and repute with the Romans.
We recall the solemn ceremonies of the
Druids among the oak groves which
*Btood strong and solemn on English

soil, during the morning twilight of
English civilization. The scarred and
sturdy tree near " White Lady's," in
which the defeated monarch hid him-
self after his almost miraculous escape
at the battle of Worcester — how like a
guardian angel it stands in the history
of royalty in England.

The contemporary of this tree, the
wide-spreading oak of Hartford, spared
from the primeval forests of America,
as imposing and perhaps as ancient
as the Pyramids, decayed and bro-
ken, concealing in its stout heart
the Charter of Colonial Privileges — •
what a cherished and commanding
figure it is in the record of freedom on
this Continent ! What a tale of valor
and proud endeavor, and the heroism
which triumphs where " the battle
rages long and loud," could that pas-
ture oak tell, which was borne from
the fair hillside of Andover, Massa-
chusetts, to become the sternpost of
the immortal frigate Constitution 1

THE ELM.

Call to mind now the story of the elm
tree, and what a mingling of fable and
fiction and interesting fact gathers
around it. When Orpheus returned
to earth from his melodious mission for
Eurydice to the dominions of Pluto,
and sat him down upon the verdant
hill, it was the elm which first re-
sponded to his plaintive airs, and
offered him his refreshing shade. It
gave its name to the imi>erial city of
Ulm, in Germany, and as Elm wood it
designates the home of one of the most
brilliant of modern American poets.

The elm planted by Henry IV., of
France, in the Luxembourg gardens of
Paris ; the elm which Queen Eliztibeth
planted with her own hands at Chelsea,
while waiting for the crown ; the elms
planted by Sir Francis Bacon in Gray's
Inn walks, will not be forgotten so long
as the memory of these remarkable

132

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTIJRI8T.

persons shall endure. And when we
turn to the pages of Cohimella to learn
the food most used for cattle in his
day ; and to the plays of Plautus to
read with what twigs the Roman rogues
were beaten ; and to Evelyn to find out
what timber made the best pipes,
pumps, poles, ship-planks, beneath the
water line ; and to Galen and Pliny
for a sovereign remedy for all the ills
that flesh is heir to — we find that the
elm reigns supreme, and is nutritive,
corrective, medicinal, and imperishable,
alike. To my mind there gather around
this tree, also, historic associations at
once romantic and tender. One hun-
dred and fifty years ago. Captain John
Love well, of Dunstable, Mass., with a
little band of forty-six followers, started
in early spring to drive Pangus and his
tribe of Piqnackets from the fertile
lands which they occupied near Frye-
burg, Maine, and from which they
made their murderous assaults on the
white settlements. The march was
through pathless woods, and the expedi-
tion was one which required all the
strength and courage which man can
possibly command. Chaplain Frye,
who accompanied the little army, was
a young man, born in Andover, a
graduate of Harvard, an exemplary
youth, an accomplished scholar, and a
devoted servant of Christ, the profession
which he had chosen. On that beauti-
ful May morning, when Captain Love-
well's men were ambushed by the Indian
warriors of Pangus, on the shore of the
Piquacket Pond, Chaplain Frye was
one of the first to fall mortally wounded.
When he left his home to join the
expedition he planted an elm tree, in
that early spring time, on a command-
ing eminence in his native town, in
order, as he said, that he might be
remembered should he fall in battle ;
and there it stands at this day, a lofty
fiHX^ noble monument to the devoted
jpxmg Chaplain, putting on its green

robe each year on the annivei-sary of
his death, and taking on its sad yellow
hue in the autumn as if in mourning
for him whose name it bears. And to
every son and daughter of America,
what a representative tree this is !
Would you learn its significance 1 Go
with me, then, to that ancient farm-
house, standing as it has stood for more
than a century on that sunny slope
which our fathers loved so well. That
ancient dwelling, with its broad and
open front, receiving on its ample brow
the sweet south wind, and with its long
sloping, defiant roof in the rear, closed
firm against the invading north, the
type of our ancestral architecture. It
stands there still, as it has stood for
generations, gathered around and sup-
ported by the massive chimney, which
has so long sustained and warmed its
hospitable heart. It is a bright June
morning, and the sun is pouring in its
flood of light upon the narrow entry,
with its homespun carpet, and its steep
and winding stairway, leading to the
cheerful chambers, fragrant with sweet
herbs and the sweeter air of heaven.
From the sunken door-stone, trod into
earth by the footsteps of many a hardy
and honest generation, to the humble
roadside, the green and grassy slope
extends, telling its story of the joy and
happiness which have gathered on its
sod, and the sad tale also of sorrow and
woe, how young and old have been
borne out of that threshold, the child
and the mother, the youth and the gray-
haired father, amidst teai^s and sobs,
down to the silence of the grave. And
over all that scene the drooping elm
looks down from its towering height, a
witness of the domestic drama which
has been acted there for years, and now
the recognized type of those virtues
which adorned our ancestors, those pro-
tests and assertions which made them
great, the courage and defiance which
made us free. Do you think there ia

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUR18T.

133

in all the world another tree like this
American elm — the accepted ornament
of our ancient rural homes, the grand
and solitary sentinel, seen from afar,
and telling this story of American life
with which you are all so familiar, and
of which you are all so proud ? In this
centennial period of our history, too,
how this tree is woven into the heroic
events of our annals ! There are many
incidents of that great time when our
fathers rose up to assert their independ-
ence ; the amazing stand at Lexington
and Concord ; the calm and steady
courage at Bunker Hill ; the solemn
assembling of the Continental Congress;
the generous devotion of the colonies
to each other ; the impressive patience
of our own great revolutionary exist-
ence ; but not one stands out in grander
proportions than that scene at Cam-
bridge, when Washington, in the calm
majesty of his manly strength, assumed
the command of a disorganized body of
militia, named it the Continental army,
and waged war against the most power-
ful Empire fend the best disciplined
troops in the world, and founded an
independent nationality of freemen.
The canopy beneath which this sublime
event occurred has become immortal as
the Washington Elm.

Who that is familiar with sacred his-
tory can fail to be reminded of the most
stirring scenes in the career of God's
chosen people, as he contemplates the

CEDAR,

the tree which crowned Lebanon, and
wiis associated with the highest and
most sacred art and architecture of
the Jews. Never was tree dedicated
to more illustrious architecture than
when Solomon sent his four score
thotisand hewers into Lebanon and
covered his Temi)le " with beams and
boards of cedar." And the great king
immortalized the tree when he se-
lected it as the type of one of his no-

blest conceptions : " His countenance
is as Lebanon, excellent as the cedars."
The temple of Diana, at Ephesus,
which was 220 years in building, was
constructed in its frame and boarding
entirely of cedar. It is of this tree that
Madame de Genlis says : " The rose
will be in all countries the queen of
flowers ; but amongst trees the honor
of being king belongs only to the
ancient and majestic cedar." And so
high a place has this tree secured in
history, that " the few cedars still re-
maining on Mount Libanus are pre-
served with a religious strictness ; and
on the day of the transfiguration the
Patriarch repairs in procession to them,
and celebrates a festival called the feast
of cedai-s."

TREES FOR INSPIRATION.

The intimate i^elations which trees
bear to remarkable events and illus-
trious persons in history are almost
innumerable, as you may infer from
the few and striking illustrations to
which t have called your attention.
But these insensible though living com-
panions of man do not stop here. They
afford shelter and encouragement to his
loftiest aspirations, and offer him pro-
tection and sympathy in those hours
when his min<l is filled with fervor and
inspiration. Evelyn says : " Innumer-
able are the testimonies I might pro-
duce concerning the inspiring and
sacred influence of groves from the
ancient poets and historians. Here the
noblest rapturfcs have been conceivt^d ;
and in the walks and shades of trees
poets liavH com])Osed vei^ses whicli have
animated men to glorious and heroic
actions. Here oratoi-s have made their
panegyrics, historians their grave n^la-
tions, and here profound philosophers
have loved to pass their lives in repose
and contemplation." Would you find
instances of this in your own day 1
Attend Hawthorne, then, in his wooded

134

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST.

walk at Concord, and learn the height
which man's contemplation may reach
amidst the whispering gilence of the
groves ; join Thoreau in his forest
seclusion, and know the inspiration
which belongs to those solemn arches
and to the leafy chapels which Nature
prepares for her worshippers.

TREES FOR PROFIT.

And now, to him who, in a spirit of
thrift and economy worthy of that peo-
ple to whom as an American he be-
longs, would ask what is all this worth ?
let me say that the judicious selection
and planting of trees may be made one
of the most protitable branches of agri-
culture. Not for the beauty of the
town alone, but for a thrifty use of
remote and deserted acres also may the
culture of trees be made a part of the
business of life. A venerable clergy-
man in Massachusetts, the father of
one of the most distinguished bankers
in Boston, left at his death a large ter-
ritory of woodland in the town which
was blessed with his ministry for more
than fifty years, and the profits on this
land, which he had purchased at a very
low rate at the beginning of his profes-
sional service, and which had been de-
voted to the growth of wood, prin-
cipally pine, were greater than those
realized on lands purchased and sold at
the same periods in the most prosper-
ous parts of Boston. " We have heard
of a gentleman," says the author of
Practical Economy, " wliose lands were
more extensive than fertile, whose prac-
tice was to plant fifteen hundred trees,
on the birth of every daughter, upon
his waste grounds, which were on an
average worth one pound each on her
becoming of age, thus enabling him to
give her a fortune of £1,500 without
any extraordinary economy on his
part, the regular thinning of the trees
at proper seasons, with barking, &c.,
paying off all the current expenses, be-

sides yielding him a small rent for the
land." The profits derived from the
growing of the pine, the locust, and
the birch, all capable of flourishing
greatly in light and somewhat worth-
less lands, have been in many instances
very remarkable. Perhaps I would
not recommend the cultivation of wood
and timber as a universal branch of
agriculture in these days when the
secret of the business lies in quick re-
turns and devotion to local markets ;
but I can find in the experience of
those who have tried it an encourage-
ment to those who, by the possession
of large tracts of waste lands, may be
compelled to follow their example in
the business of tree-planting; and I
read with profound interest the state-
ment addressed to Governor Foster by
an enterprising citizen of this State,
with regard to his success in tree
planting, and the groves of walnuts,
maples and chesnuts which he is cul-
tivating with pleasure and profit.

But more than all this, to the poetic
and practical alike I would present the
advantage of

ORNAMENTAL GARDENING,

both in our towns and around our
rural homes, and its kindly effect uj^on
the character of those who are subject
to its influences. It is an old story, I
know — this of the refinement and in-
vigoration which attend pursuits iipon
the soil — but it is so true and so charm-
ing and, I am sorry to say, so little
heeded, that it may, if properly told,
be repeated a thousand times, and heard
with pleasure and profit. The devotion
of mankind in all ages to the land is a
feature of social and civil history which
can not be lost sight of by him who
would trace the steps which man has
taken in his progress and development.
" To dress the garden and to keep it,"
was the first duty imposed on man
when he entered upon his career on

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

136

earth, and "to dress the garden and
to keep it " has been the desire of every
man who, after long wanderings, has
learned the point from whence all his
impulses sprang. The poor man seeks
the soil ; the rich and the powerful be-
lieve in its refreshing influences and
its repose. The industrious and frugal
mechanics and labourers of our country
all toil for a home and a spot which
they can cultivate. The merchant of
our day, like his ancestor in the early
periods of our commercial history,
when every man bought a farm, believe
now in the delights of rural and subur-
ban life. The law and tlie custom of
our fathers was a land-holding clergy,
established for life in their ministra-
tions. From the farms and plantations
of the colonies sprang brave and hardy
and wise men, who gave us our free-
dom and our nationality.

I trust, therefore, that to this and to
all other associations dedicated to the
work of preserving and restoring our
vast forest wealth, and of beautifying
the earth upon which we tread, the
people of this continent will extend a
grateful heart and a helping hand.

In conclusion, let me urge upon this
Association the most careful considera-
tion of the topics before it — the use of
forests ; the conservation of forests ; the
influences, injurious and beneficial of
forests; the educational means by which
we may become acquainted with For-
estry work. To what extent can the
land-owner enter profitably upon the
business of tree-planting and forest
culture] What legislation can the
States best adopt for the increase and
preservation of their forests] How
shall the General Government provide
for the planting of forests on its public
lands ; *What is the precise extent of
forest waste ; What is the comparative
value of various timber trees ] How
shall we secure wind-breaks on the
prairies ? By what chemical processes

can we preserve our timber used in
building and fencing? What forest
trees are best adapted to various locali-
ties 1 — these are questions which should
be answered as definitely as possible.
They are questions which the American
people are anxious to have answered,
and before which all discussion of
foreign legislation, all consideration of
the value of wood products, all statistics
of trade, all study of land tenure, sink
into insignificance. I trust the deli-
berations of this convention will point
the way by which these problems can
be solved, and by which our vast forest
wealth can be economically preserved
and profitably used.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA FLOWERS
AND FRUITS.

The habitat of our favorite flowers is
always a source of interest to the flower-
lover, as well as to the botanist, — but
a climate, which will by adoption give
home and nurture to the more delicate
forms of plant-life, and give results
nearly, if not quite, equal to the finest
conservatory conditions, is one deserving
the attention of amateurs. Below the
35th parallel, these results in multitudes
of instances are daily witnessed. This is
true of the valleys at the foot of the
Santa Ynez mountains, and the valleys
for twenty or thirty miles below sliel-
tered by the trend of the coast from cold
north winds and the hot winds of the
desert beyond the mountains ; especially
in the belt of country known as the
Santa Barbara valley, a strip of land
lying on the sea-coast, protectod by the
outlying islands from ocean win Is and
storms, rendering the harbor a natu rally
fine one, where steamers land at all
seasons. Then, with the protection on
the north and west before noted, a cli-
matic condition may be found embracing
the needs of temperate, semi-tropical
and many tropical plants. The Steph-
anotis will climb amicably beside the

136

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKI8T.

fragrant Honeysuckle. Tecoma Jasmi-
noides will intermingle its lovely leaves
and flowers, shielding in winter the leaf-
less Wistaria and rejoicing in the spring
over its clusters of royal bloom. Rhus
Cotinus will produce its wreaths of deli-
cate fringe in the shadow of the Mag-
nolia and Pomegranate. Fuchsias will
lift their tall heads from circles of Gla-
diolus and Tuberoses, none feeling an
alien presence of a stinted growth. But
over all these will reign a crowned
queen — the Tea Rose, and royally she
tills the throne. No garden is complete
without a hundred varieties of Roses,
and with intelligent culture nothing
finer in results can be imagined, and all
the year aix)und. April and May are,
jxirhaps, the most royal months of
bloom, but no season is without Roses,
andamorninghour is required for taking
off the old Roses, making room for the
on-coming bud and bloom. A circle of
these around a Dicksonia antarctica in
carefully combined colors, with a border
of Diosma alba, is a thing of beauty.
You cannot cure the once possessor of
such a garden ; the gravitation toward
it is as certain as the laws of any other
gravitation. And the Eastern florist,
after a winter among such gardens, will
pack many a sigh and regret away in the
recessesof trunksand portmanteaus, and
with infinite disgust will tight Jack
Frost another winter, until discretion
becomes the better part of valor, and
sooner or later the dream of a sunny
home and a semi-tropical garden be-
comes a reality. A commingling of
fruits from all zones becomes also a
possibility. Citrus fruits grow side by
side witli the Apple and Pear, Figs
and Bananas with Plums and Peaches.
Perhaps nothing financially is of more
importance to this valley than the fol-
lowing list of fruits: Apricot, Prune,
English Walnut, Raisin Grape, Bartlett
Pears, Olives, Egg Plums and Necta-
rines. The Peach does well ordinarily,

having off-years, and some varieties a
curled leaf. These fruits are mostly
purchased by the cannery in large quan-
tities, as also immense quantities of
Tomatoes. I have seen Tomato vines
seven years of age, but young plants
produce better. Eternal vigilance is
the price of orchards here, as to in-
sects, as elsewhere. But with it the
finest results are realized. Olive cul-
ture is becoming prominent, and in
another letter will be described. Lima
Beans have brought, with their present
high prices, a bonanza to farmers in this
valley, in many cases realizing from
$75 to $125 per acre, this season ; the
land is of course very rich and of many
descriptions. Fruits of the leading
varieties are proved, fi'om the cash-
books of producers, to vary from $200
to $500 per acre, and some instances of
Apricots run higher, at six and seven
yemrs of age. Most fruits, deciduous
ones, bear at three years from planting
in considerable quantities.

As a home, with its thoroughly
equable climate, neither hot nor cold,
nothing can be more desirable than this
portion of Southern California. — Mrs.
N. W. Winter, in American Gardener,

HARDY RASPBERRIES.

The hardiness of Raspberries is a
somewhat mooted question, but so much
seems well established, that the amount
of cold which the canes can withstand
depends mainly upon the degree of ripe-
ness of the wood. While a fully ripen-
ed cajie may survive almost any possible
degree of cold, an immature one may be
killed by a few degrees below freezing
point. Many varieties which we are in
the habit of calling " perfectly hardy"
were killed last winter by the unusual
earliness — befoi-e the plants had rii>en-
ed their wood — not by the intensity of
cold. "Turner," " Brandy wine," and
even wild kinds, were killed down to

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

137

within a few inches of the ground, while
the same degree of cold, if it had occurred
a few weeks later, would not have in-
jured them in the least. — American
Garden.

CELERY CULTURE AT KALAMAZOO.

Celery culture is becoming a local
industry of no small importance at
Kalamazoo, the marsh land in the
vicinity having been found to be
admirably adapted to its growth. From
the Kalamazoo Gazette we extract the
following account of the mode of cul-
ture as there practiced :

" Not alone from the increased area
will there be ajarger quantity of celery
in after years, but there is being more
raised from the same land each year, as
the gardeners become proficient in rais-
ing it, for it is comparatively a new in-
dustry for Kalamazoo. Instead of rows
being five and six feet apart, as the
books advise, they are raising it success-
fully three feet apart, and instead of
five and six inches apart in the rows, it
is raised half that distance, and as close
as one's fingers for the last or winter
crop, so double the crop is raised from
the same land.

" Gardeners who have read books on
celery raising say Kalamazoo men can
teach the authors their A. B. C's in
that business. Peter Henderson, the
great New York gardener, advises to
store it for winter by packing in shallow
trenches, covering with lumber, mai-sh
hay, etc. J. W. Wilson estimates that
it would cost him $300 for lumber
to secure his crop in that manner.
The Kalamazoo way is to dig about two
feet below the surface; then board up
about two feet above ; then on a frame
six feet high, 12 foot boards meet and
slant down the sides, with windows, all
of which is banked and covered with
manure. They are usually built 24 feet
wide, and 40, 75 or 100 feet long. If

the building is 50 feet long it will hold
50,000 celery; 100 feet long, 100,000
etc. It is built or^ upland, if possible, for
marsh is too damp and cold. When
first put in the houses it is green, but
bleaches in a few weeks. They pack
as close as it will stand, putting boards
every few feet to prevent heating and
rotting. People can keep their own
celery as well as apples or potatoes, by
putting some marsh soil in the bottom
of a barrel, packing the celery, root
down, not sideways, and keeping where
it will not freeze. It is desirable to keep
it growing. The sprouts may run over
the top of the barrel, but will be no
disadvantage. Put in green, and it
will bleach, and you can wash, trim, as
you wish for the table. One of the
most annoying jobs in the business is
the tying in half-dozen bunches. The
long-felt want is for some Yankee to
invent a self-binder."

CURRANTS.

If there is any living thing that pos-
sesses the Christian virtue of returning
good for evil in a higher degree than
the Currant-bush, we should like to
know its name. Neglected and des-
pised in an out-of-the-way corner, half-
smothered under a tumbled-down gar-
den-wall, or on a rubbish heap where
nothing else could grow, a few Curmnt-
bushes are frequently tolerated, and
never thought of until the scorching
July sun makes our system long for
cooling and refreshing fruit acids. It
is then that we call to mind our patient
Currant-bushes, and become eager to
gather — without blushing — their bright,
glossy clusters, as interest for the worth-
less spot we have suffered them to occu-
py. Perhaps the advent of the Cui*-
rant-worm is only a blessing in disguise,
sent to teach us more charity and wis-
dom, and to compel us to give better
treatment to our much misused bushes.

138

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Try it for once to give the Currants a
respectable place in the garden, and cul-
tivate them like any other shrub or
plant which you expect to bear fruit,
and you will soon become convinced that
" it pays" to give fair play even to a
Currant-bush. — American Garden.

A CHANCE FOR BOYS.

Boys on farms want spending money,
and are often sorely troubled to obtain
it. Their best chance appears to be in
cultivating some crop at home that re-
quires small capital and a small
amount of land for its production.
The small fruits are excellent in these
respects. They can generally be dis-
posed of to greater advantage in coun-
try villages, or even among neighboring
farmers, than in large cities, as there
is no expense for packages, transporta-
tion, or for selling. The country boy
can take his own fruit to his custom-
ers, sell it by measure, and pocket the
proceeds. Probably the most profit-
able fruits to raise are strawberries
and grapes, although blackberries and
raspberries sell well in their season.
Strawberries offer many advantages
over other small fruits. It costs little
to get a start with them. A hundred
plants set out in a rich place after the
bearing season will produce a thousand
plants by fall. They will produce a
good crop the year after they are trans-
planted. No implements are required
for their cultivation except those found
on every farm.

It takes but a small patch of land to
produce 50 quarts of strawberries per
day during the bearing season, and there
are few places where they will not
bring at least six cents a quart. By
having late and early varieties, the
strawberry season may be extended
several weeks. There are few persons
who will deny themselves strawberries.
Grapes have some advantages over

strawberries. They are riot as perish-
able, and may be transported long dis-
tances without injury. Mature grape
vines are almost sure to produce a crop
every year. There is little trouble in
keeping grapes till Thanksgiving and
Christmas, when there is always a
demand for them at good prices. With
grapes and strawberries to dispose of,
any farmer boy can keep himself sup-
plied with money and have some to lay
up for a rainy day. — Fruit-Grower.

DO BEES INJURE GRAPES ?

The above question has so often been
asked, and so often been answered in
the ajfirmative by persons who never
took the pains to ascertain the truth of
their assertions, that I now venture a
few words.

I wish to relate a series of experi-
ments made at the residence of one of
the Western lUinios Bee Keepers' So-
ciety.

This gentleman was showing to a friend
a bunch of grapes which, having been
purposely placed in one of his hives of
bees, had been left untouched, though it
had remained there several days.

" Well," said the friend, " it might be
that in a hive they don't work on the
grapes ; but, out-doors, where they
generally get their honey, they will
certainly cut the berries open."

" We can try," said the bee keeper.

All his grapes were being gathered
that day, and as bees were thick among
the vines just then, everything was suit-
able for the experiment. The two friends,
therefore, took all the damaged berries
from quite a number of bunches in the
same spot and left them ungathered.
A few hours after all the crop of grapes
had been gathered except these particu-
lar bunches, they again went to the vine-
yard and found the grapes as they had
left them. The bees were almost all gone.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

130

" I do not think that only a few like
this could do much harm," said the
friend, "but you can't make me believe
tliat if a large number of hungry bees
had tried to get the juice of a bunch of
grapes they could not do it."

Just as they were coming near the
house, they noticed that a number of
bees, having gone home a while before
with a load of grape juice, were greedily
coming back to the place where barrels
of grapes had been left a few minutes,
before being taken to the cellar.

" Now," said the friend, " is our
chance."

They carefully took away everything
in which the bees could find grape juice,
picked up all the bruised berries scat-
tered here and there, and left nothing to
eat for the bees but one bunch of
perfectly whole grapes.

The bees at once clustered upon it,
and so many were there, that they hid
the bunch completely. The friend
looked at them with a smile of triumph.
Aft«r a while they examined the bunch
again ; it was as shiny as a freshly-
blackened stove. The bees had rubbed
oflf all the bloom, but not one berry
was opened.

The bee keeper then, with a needle,
made a small puncture in one of the
berries, the bunch was left in the same
place, and when examined on the fol-
lowing day it was found that the bees
had drank the juice as far as their
tongues could go, but they hcul not torn
the skin open any further.

I could further say that the bee
keepers' society of Bordeaux (France),
thinking that bee culture in that local-
ity might interfere with the wine in-
terests, made continued experiments the
whole summer long, with all possible
kinds of fruit, with results like the
above. I^et me add that the juice of
grapes there is much sweeter, and conse-
quently more tempting for bees tlian it

is here. — American Wine and Grape
Grower.

THE BIDWELL STRAWBERRY.

The Arnerican Agriculturist says :
" After a careful inspection of the Bid-
well strawberry, on various soils, and
in different conditions, we feel like con-
gratulating those who have received
the plants as premiums. The produc-
tiveness of the plant is simply wonder-
ful, and that is one great point in the
strawberry, while it runs of unusually
uniform size. With our present know-
ledge, if asked to name a strawberry
which we would prefer to the Bidwell
to send out as premiums, we could not
do it, as we do not know of any one
berry that we can so confidently recom-
mend for general cultivation. The lead-
ing strawberry of the hist two years
has been the " Sharpless," and an
admirable fruit it has proved to be. The
markets are an excellent test of the
value of a fruit, and the Sharpless has
appeared in great abundance. As
compared to the Bidwell, we should
say that it did not equal that in pro-
ductiveness, and was not so firm for
shipping — still the Sharpless will long
hold a prominent place in the list of
first-class strawberries." Purdy^s Fruit
Recorder says : " We obtained from
three different parties in Michigan, all
of whom had their plants direct from
Bidwell, fifteen thousand plants. Then
to make sure that our plants were the
same as Mr. Roe's, (who is properly
and carefully cautioning the public
against spurious plants), a friend order-
ed from him a few plants, which were
set on our grounds. The three lots
from Micliigan and those from Mr. Roe
have all proved the same, so we do not
question the purity and genuineness of
our plants, and further the shape of the
fruit is of that peculiar cast shown in
the drawing given by us, which was
copied from the American Agriculturist,

140

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

describing this sort in an article written
by Mr. Roe. Tlie fruit is of the
meaty, luscious character of the Sharp-
less, but more sprightly, and for us
better, in sugar and cream ; and judging
from these late spring set plants, the
large size and uniformity of the berries,
the fine clusters show to us it is a
variety of a high order of excellence.
Right alongside of our plantation of
this sort we have a bed of Sharpless,
set two weeks earlier, the first spring,
and having a much better start. Yet
tlie show of fruit in the Bidwell is as
fine as those on the Sharpless.

THE PANSY.

We wish all the lovers of flowers
among our readers to understand that
no flower we cultivate in our gardens
is more worthy of attention than the
Pansy. The Pansy has long been a
favorite with the florists of England,
but the English varieties, though very
large and perfect flowers, are of a loose,
straggling habit of growth, and under
ordinary culture seem unsuited to our
warm and dry seasons. The Germans
have produced varieties much better
suited to our wants. The flowers give a
great variety of colors, mottled, striped,
crimson, and other colors, bordered with
white, looking so nearly like the fancy
geraniums that a single flower would be
taken for a pelargonium, sky-blue, and
almost black. The plants have a very
compact habit, and flower very freely,
from fifty to a hundred blossoms being
often seen on a single plant at one time.
The flowers are borne on a short, strong
stem, and stand erect, above the leaves,
producing a most charming effect.

The German varieties are very hardy,
and if seed be sown in a hot-bed or
cold frame in April, or even in the open
ground in May, a good show of flowers
will be had during the latter part of
summer and until they are covered with

snow. They are the first flowers seen
in the spring, and even a mild spell in
mid-winter is improved to produce a
few blossoms. From early spring until
the middle of June every plant is almost
a bouquet of flowers. If the weather is
dry and hot after this time, and the bed
exposed, the flowers after this will
be small until the cool nights, and dews,
and rains of autumn. From this, until
heavy frost and snow, the pansy bed
will not be surpassed by any in the

Late in the spring an examination of
the bed will show many young plants
produced from the fallen seeds of the
past summer. These can be trans-
planted to a new bed, and if they pro-
duce superior flowers this course may be
continued ; but if the flowers exhibit
deterioration in size, form or coloring,
obtain fresh imported seed, and start a
new bed. We cultivate flowers for
the pleasure they afford us, and there
can be no pleasui*^ to any person of taste
or intelligence in half doing any work,
or in producing inferior flowers. All
will therefore like to learn how to grow
the pansy well. Select a place for the
bed, if possible, where the soil is cool
and shaded a little from the noon-day
sun, — the north side of a fence, or build-
ing, or where trees will afford a shade,
at noon, though not too much, or the
plants will become "drawn," that is
long, slender, and weak. Give a
heavy dressing of cow manure and dig
the soil very deep — eighteen inches at
least.

Make it fine and mellow, and do this
work in a dry time, when the soil can be
well pulverized. When prepared, set
out the plants, and water until they are
established. In such a bed you will
have abundance of flowers during the
whole season, though in very dry
weather it is best to give a good water-
ing— a thorough soaking — occasionally.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

141

THE CARDINAL FLOWER.

f Lobelia cardiTuiiisJ

This beautiful native we find adver-
tised in some seed catalogues, among
the novelties of the season. This is a
move in the right direction, and this
brilliant and gorgeous flower which has
been growing wild in our meadows and
along our brooks ever since man first
set foot on our soil, and no one knows
^how many millions of years before, is
probably a novelty to many who have
lived a life-time within a short walk of
its native habitat. We search the
wide world over for " novelties," while
here they are growing around us in
splendor and brilliancy. Nothing more
dazzlingly beautiful can be imagined
than a bed of Cardinal Flowers in au-
tumn, when in full bloom, grouped in
a shady spot on a smooth, velvety lawn
with a group of Cannas or Rhododen-
dron as a back-ground.

THE CARNATION AND PICOTEE.

PROPAGATION BY LAYERS.

The proper season for layering is
June or July. When the time arrives
for performing the opei-ation, procure a
quantity of small hooked pegs ; then
take a trowel and remove the earth to
the depth of an inch or so directly un-
der the shoot to be layered. Take the
shoot in one hand, and with the finger
and thumb of the other hand remove
the leaves from the body of the shoot,
and shoi*ten those at the top an inch
or so. With a thin, sharp knife, cut
through the strongest joint on the
body of the shoot, cutting upward until
within a short distance of the next
joint, and if the joints are close it may
be necessary to cut through more than
one. The slit may be from one to two
inches in length. Then press the cen-
tre of the shoot down to the earth, be-
ing at the same time careful to keep
the slit open and the top in an upright
position; take one of the pegs and

secure it in this situation. A little
clean sand placed around the cuf'will
aid in the formation of roots. In Sep-
tember or October the shoots thus lay-
ered will be rooted sufficiently to sepa-
rate from the parent plant, when they
may be cut away and removed to win-
ter quarters.

PROPAGATION BY PIPINGS.

This is a simple operation, yet re-
quiring great care and attention to in-
sure success. Prepare a small bed in
some partially shaded part of the gar-
den, composed of the same materials as
that recommended for the seed bed,
but with a larger portion of sand. Se-
lect the strongest short-jointed shoots,
and cut them oflf immediately below
the second or third joint from the to[>
of the shoot.

As fast as prepared in this manner,
place them in a pan of rain water to
prevent flagging. Plant these shoots,
or pipings, as they are called, as soon
as a sufficient quantity is prepared in
the bed, an inch and a half asunder ;
water slightly through a fine rose, and
after the leaves are thoroughly dry,
cover with a hand glass and shade from
the mid-day sun. Pipings may be pre-
pared in July or August, and if closely
covered with a hand or bell glass, and
shaded from the sun, will scarcely re-
quire any water until rooted. If they
should need water, it will be found, in
most cases, sufficient to pour a little on
the outside of the glass. This will
moisten the earth inside, and prevent
the cuttings or pipings from drying.

POT CULTURE FOR EARLY FLOWEttlNG.

In September or October, provide a
sufficient number of pots, six or eight
inches in diameter at the top. Make
a compost of two parts turfy loam, one
pai-t of thoroughly rotten hot-bed
manure, and one part of clean lake or
river sand ; place on the bottom of the
pots a layer of broken crocks, and on

142

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0IJLTUEI8T.

this place a small quantity of the pre-
pared compost. Take the plant in one
hand by gathering the leaves together
so that the roots may be all clear ; hold
the plant in the pot in such a way that
the roots may lie lightly on the mould ;
then with a trowel in the other hand
eommence filling up the pot with the
compost all around the roots of the
plant. When this is accomplished,
release your hold of the plant and take
the pot in both hands, holding on by
tho rim, and give it a few sharp raps
on some solid substance. This will
settle the earth better than by pressing
it with the hand. Give a slight water-
ing from a water can with a fine rose,
and the operation of potting is com-
plete. In November place a hot-bed
frame in a sunny and sheltered situa-
tion, and place on the inside of this six
or eight inches of tan bark; plunge
the pots in this up to the rims, put on
the glasses, water moderately, and
during mild weather give plenty of air.
In very severe weather cover the frame
with straw or mats to protect the plants
from frosts, but in mild weather the
covering must be removed, otherwise
the plants will become weak. In spring
the plants may be removed to the
garden or other suitable quarters.

THE PINK

is hardier than either the Carnation
or Picotee, and will thrive in any
good garden soil with even ordi-
nary care, but to grow and flower
it in perfection, beds similar in form to
those recommended for the Carnation
must be prepared for them. The com-
ponent parts of these beds should be
three-quarters good loamy turf and one-
quarter two years old well rotted cow
dung. These materials must be trench-
ed to the depth of eighteen inches or
two feet deep, well mixed, and the
surface raked smooth. Introduce the
plants to the beds thus prepared, in

September, and plant them in the same
manner as Carnations. In the following
spring the plants will begin to show
their flower stems. The largest and
strongest of the plants will throw up
numerous stems ; these should be nearly
all cut away at least a month before
their time of bloom, leaving only the
strongest stems, and removing from
them the weakest buds. No plant,
however strong, should be permitted to
mature more than ten or twelve good
full flowers.

TREE PLANTING.

The following extracts from an appeal
to the people of Manitoba by Mr. H.
P. Bonney, now of Hamilton, Ont., are
well worthy of attention by the farmers
of Ontario. We are fast making our
country a treeless prairie, and already
need to take up the subject of tree-plan-
ting in good earnest :

It is now over two years since I first
devoted my attention to the subject of
tree planting, and the more I learn of it
the more I become convinced of the ne-
cessity of some means being taken to get
our farmers to take a like interest in
arboriculture, and I am sure that as
soon as we all lay the matter to heart it
will not be long before quite a change
for the better in the appearance and
climate of our country will take place,
and our prairies will be more beautiful
both to the eye and feelings than they
are at present. Our timber, in fact all
the timber of the North American con-
tinent, is rapidly being used up. It is
not 400 years yet since Columbus first
landed at San Salvador ; yet in that
comparatively short space of time the
forests of America have dwindled down
to one-fourth their original size, and as
our population increases the consump-
tion becomes more rapid, and unless we
set to work energetically, and at once,
to plant trees, it will not be many years

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

143

before our forests will be things of the
past, and how shall we manage then ?
We want shelter from such storms as
the one that caused such loss of life in
the Northwestern States in January,
1873. (Remember that storm passed
over Manitoba, too). We want to see
our grain stand up instead of lying
down, as it only too often does now-a-
days. We want to get rid of our hail
storms and check the progress of the
insatiable "hopper," and tree planting
is the only remedy for all these evils.
To surround ourselves with trees will
make us happier, richer and better —
for man generally feels a better man
when living in the midst of beauty than
he does when living in a dull, monoto-
nous plain.

BOOK NOTICES.

The Agricultural Review and Journal
of the American Agricultural Associa-
tion for May, contains an exhaustive
article on the Cattle Industries of the
United States, by Hon. J. B. Grinnell
of Iowa, giving a complete history of
cattle breeding, the development of the
industry, and a detailed description of
cattle raising on the Plains in theWest-
em States and Territories ; showing the
lands best adapted to the business, and
describing the methods of herdsmen
owning from 500 to 20,000 head each.

The number also contains articles by
Hon. Cassius M. Clay, Dr. Peter Col-
lier, Prof. J. P. Stelle, Hon. T. Bowick
of England, Col. Robert W. Scott of
Kentucky, Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant,
and other practical and scientific writers.

The January number and Supple-
ment contained the proceedings in full
of the Great National Agi-icultural con-
vention recently held in New York,
including addresses and papers by Hon.
J. F. Kinney, Francis D. Moulton, Dr.
John A. Warder, Rear-Admiral Am-
men, Gen. H. E. Tremain, Hon. N. T.

Sprague, X. A. Willard, Seth Greene,
and other leading writers and speakers.

The thii-teen papers on Ensilage,
giving full directions for growing the
crop, building silos, and preserving the
fodder, by the ablest practical experi-
menters in the United States, com-
prising the fullest, most reliable and
most valuable information on this
subject yet published.

The Agricultural Review is published
quarterly with supplements, and is
pronounced by the highest authorities
the most valuable publication of its
class issued.

Terms. — $3.00 per year. Edited and
Published by Jos. H Reall, Secretary
of the American Agiicultural Associa-
tion, 26 University Place, New York.

The American Exposition of Products
and Manufactures, being inaugurated
by the Association, gives unmeasurable
value to the Agricultural Review.

The American Encyclopedia of
Agriculture.

This work, as the name indicates,
is, in point of fact, an Encyclopaedia of
Agricultural Knowledge. It is a truth-
ful record of agricultural progress, and
not of methods that have gone out of
date. It is a handsomely bound volume
of 1,100 pages, of which 38 pages are
devoted exclusively to the household
department. The important subjects
of economic entomology, forestry, agri-
cultural geology, the grasses, farm laws,
manures,, ornithology, horticulture and
veterinary science, and in fact all other
subjects of special interest in a volume
of this kind, are concisely considered.
A needed work has been supplied, and
it is one every progressive farmer should
have in his library. It is a library of
itself. Edited by the Hon. Jonathan
Periam, and published by Rand, Mo-
Nally k Co., Chicago.

144

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

WITHERED FLOWERS.

Twas on a bitter winter's day,

I saw a strange, pathetic sight ;
The streets were gloomy, cold, and gray.

The air with falling snow was white.

A little ragged beggar child

Went running through the cold and storm ;
He looked as if ho never smiled,

As if he never had been warm.

Sudden, he spied beneath his feet

A faded button-hole bouquet ;
Trampled and wet with rain and sleet,

Withered and worthless, there it lay.

He bounded, seized it with delight,
Stood still and shook it free from snow,

Into his coat he pinned it tight, —
His eyes lit uj) with sudden glow.

He sauntered on, all pleased and proud,
His face transformed in every line ;

And lingered that the hurrying crowd
Might chance to see that he was fine.

The man who threw the flowers away
Never one-half such pletisure had ;

The flowers' best work was done that day
In cheering up that beggar lad.

Ah, me 1 too often we forget,
Happy in these good homes of ours,

How many in this world are yet
Glad even of the withered flowers 1

St. Nicholas.

The Sharpless Strawberry. — I will
give my experience. Have only raised one
crop of berries, the plants being set a year
ago last spring. They were extra strong,
vigorous plants, were set in common clay
garden soil. The berries were the largest
I ever saw. They astonished every one
that saw them. I weighed several that
weighed an ounce each. Their shape is
irregular, but their flavor is delicious, as
all will testify who tasted them. 'They
stand up well from the ground as
any berry possibly could, as heavily load-
ed with fruit as my plants were. I filled
a pint cup rounding full, one day, from
some I had been picking, to let my neigh-
bours, who were present, see how many
berries it would take to do it ; poured
them out and counted them. There were
thirteen berries. I may say with truth,
there were no small berries on the vines,
the smallest beingl about like a medium
sized Wilson's Albany Seedling. I have
had considerable experience in the culture
of strawberries, but never saw anything
to equal the Sharpless. — Mrs. J. McRae,
in Frairie Farmer.

MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.

A remarkable wood, known as
" mountain mahogany," is said to grow
in Nevada. A local paper thus describes
it : " The trees do not grow large. A
free with a trunk a foot in diameter is
much above the average. When dry
the wood is about as hard as box-wood,
and being of very fine grain might, no
doubt, be used for the same purposes.
It is of a rich red color and very heavy.
When well seasoned it would be a fine
material for the wood-carver. In the
early days it was used for making boxes
for shafting, and in a few instances for
shoes and dies in a quartz battery.
Used as a fuel it creates an intense
heat. It burns with a blaze as long as
ordinary wood w^ould last, and is then
found (almost unchanged in form) con-
verted to a charcoal that lasts about
twice as long as ordinary wood. For
fuel it sells much higher than any kind
of wood; indeed a cord of it always
brings the same price as a ton of coal.
The only objection to it is that it creates
such an intense heat as to burn out
stoves more rapidly than any kind
of coal, however bad." — Journal of
Science.

JAMES YICK.

As we go to press the telegraph
brings the sad intelligence that James
Vick, the well known and everywhere
esteemed horticulturist, is dead. Ameri-
can horticulture has lost a most de-
voted and enthusiastic promoter; and
every lover of flowers in all this broad
continent will feel that a much-honored
friend and counsellor has fallen.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABUSHMENT OF COPP, CLARK k 00., COLBORNE BTRKET, TORONTO.

THE TimiMPH OF CUMBERLAND CHERTOT

FINE

-ikirii

ORIGINATED IN CUMBERLAND CO. PA

t^04^-

DELICIOUS FLAVOR,A PROLIFIC BEARER, AN D RAN KS WITH THE BEST
'"PRINTED FOR THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST."

THE

VOL. v.]

JULY, 1882.

[No. 7.

CHER

In our climate the Duke and Morello
varieties of cherries are the most valu-
able, and although these are for the
most part more acid than the more
tender Heart and Biggareau chemes,
jet when we consider their superior
culinaiy qualities they soem on the
whole to be the best, as well as the
most hardy. Many years ago the
Kentish cherry was very largely planted
in the Old Niagara District, and rows
of them formed the boundary of the
apple orchard, or a lane from the high-
way to the house. These have grown
old and decayed, and mostly disap-
peared, without having their places
supplied by more recent planting.
Hence the supply of cherries, in pro-
portion to the population, is much less
than it was five and twenty years ago ;
and we presume this is, in the main,
true of the whole of the Province of
Ontario. Taking all things into con-
sideration, we esteem this old Kentish
cherry the most valuable variety that
is grown in Canada. It is the most
hardy of all, capable of enduring a very
severe degree of cold, and of accommo-
dating itself to a great variety of soils.
It is an exceedingly abundant cropper,

RIES.

coming into bearing early and continu-
ing to bear to extreme old age. When
about half ripe, that is when the fruit
is of a bright red, it may be used for
pies, tarts, and all cooking purposes ;
and when fully ripe, at which time it
will be of a dark mahogany color, it is
a very agreeable dessert fruit. If any
cherry tree can be planted with profit
for market purposes, this variety will
yield the most sure returns of any that
have yet been fully tested.

New varieties have been brought to
our notice within a few years. Pro-
minent among them is one raised by
James Dougall, of Windsor, Ontario,
which he has found to be one of the
most hardy sorts in his collection. It
is to be hoped that it will soon be
widely disseminated over the Province,
and its ability to endure the cold fully
tested.

The Leib is also a promising variety,
of larger size than Early Richmond,
less acid, and of better quality. It
gives promise of being very hardy.

Trial is being made of some of
Weir*8 new cherries, in the hope that
some of them wUl be found to be well

146

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTTJEiaT.

adapted to our climate. Of these his
Flagg, Galusha, and North-west seem
to give promise of being extremely
hardy, excellent in quality, and enor-
mously productive.

The colored plate which is given in
this number is a representation of a
new variety lately introduced under
the name of " Cumberland." It origi-
nated in Pennsylvania, and is highly
commended by prominent horticultur-
ists in that State.

AMERICAN FORESTRY.

It is both interesting and gratifying
to see that there are representative
men, occupying positions of influence
and power, who are alive to the im-
portance of preserving, and in some
places of restoring, the wood-lands of
America. It is so natural and easy for
men to become absorbed in the study
of what seem to them, and are, great
questions of state policy, questions
affecting the great interests of com-
merce, manufactures and national pros-
perity which have engaged the attention
of statesmen in all civilized countries,
and will necessarily engage it to the
end of time, that when an effort is
made to interest them in a subject such
as this of forestry, they are slow to be
convinced that it is a matter that should
engage their attention, and are disposed
to look upon those who have studied
the subject as enthusiasts. But men
who can take broad views of national
interests soon find that this is a subject
which touches the national prosperity
at many points. That it has most vital
connections with commerce, with manu-
factures, with the supplies of food, with
the health and the life of a people.
Among such men stands prominently
the Hon. Mark H. Bunnell, of Minne-
sota, whose speech in the House of

Representatives of the United States is
replete with earnest words, most valu-
able information, and an evident appre-
ciation of the importance of the subject.
From his speech we learn that in Feb-
ruary, 1874, a committee of the Ameri-
can Association for the advancement of
science brought a memorial from that
body to the President of the United
States, urging the duty of Government
concerning the cultivation and the pre-
servation of forests, and recommending
that a commission should be ordered to
mature plans calculated to meet the
requirements of the subj ect. The Presi-
dent laid this memorial before Congress,
which resulted, in 1876, in the appoint-
ment of Dr. Franklin B. Hough, of
Lowville, New York, to the duty of
ascertaining the annual amount of con-
sumption, importation and exportation
of forest products, the probable supply
for future wants, and the best means
for the preservation and renewal of
forests; the influence of forests upon
climate, and the measures applicable in
this country for the planting of forests.

In pursuance of this appointment.
Dr. Hough made two reports to Con-
gress, one in 1877, the other in 1878-9.
Of the first of these an officer of the
Wurtemberg forest service says : "It
awakens our surprise that a man, not
a specialist, should have so mastered
the whole body of American and Euro-
pean forestry literature and legislation."

From this speech we also learn that
the quantity of pine lumber produced
in the State of Maine has steadily
declined from an average of 100,000,000
of feet per annum in 1851 to 1855 to
an average of 11,800,000 per annum in
1876 to 1881 ; that the timber supply
of the upper peninsula of Michigan, at
the rate of production in 1879, will
last eighteen years; that of the lower
peninsula will last seven years ; that of
the State of Wisconsin scarce tweniy

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUEI8T.

147

years ; and that of Minnesota about
eleven years ; and that at the rates of
present consumption in th© North-west,
the whole supply of the timber of the
United States would last about seven-
teen years. Hence he concludes that
it is the duty of Government to inquire
how far it can withdraw remaining tim-
ber lands from market and place them
under regulations that shall secure the
greatest present benefit from the use of
timber now fully mature, having regard
to the requirements of the future, and
to ascertain how to impress upon private
owners the importance of planting, and
how far and in what manner it may
encourage this object. To this end he
advises the establishment of experi-
mental stations for the careful study of
the requirements and capabilities of
soils, and of the several kinds of trees,
and publish the results in a form par-
ticularly calculated to impress their
importance, and to teach the simplest
rules for securing success. He con-
cludes his very interesting and instruc-
tive speech by saying :

" We are using up the capital which
nature had for centuries been providing
for us in the growth of forests, and we
are doing nothing to restore them.
Under skillful management the supply
might be so arranged that in twenty-
five or thirty years for some kinds, and
in fifty or sixty years for others, a new
crop would be furnished by growth ;
and if only a twenty-fifth or thirtieth
part of the former, or a fiftieth or six-
tieth part of the latter, were taken
yearly, the supply would be perpetual.
But, instead of this, we are taking a
tenth or a twentieth part every year,
while the growth from our neglect is
not a fourth part of what it should be
where any growth is allowed.

" We shall only too soon be reminded
of the consequences of this improvidence
in the growing pricea of lumber, which

in some kinds have already doubled'
within a very few yeare, and which are
advancing every day. These advances
may be ascribed by some to speculation,
and doubtless to some extent they are,
for the speculator never loses a chance
to turn a penny in his own favor, it
matters not who suffers; but when
these advances are steadily going oni
from month to month, and year to year, .
at an accelerating rate, it means that
the intrinsic value of the commodity
they represent is becoming greater
under the combined effects of diminish-
ing supply and increasing demand. It
will inevitably lead to the realizing
conviction that there is profit in grow-
ing timber, and the sooner this is under-
stood and acted upon the better will it
be for the country and for the future."

The large gathering of influential and
representative men which recently took
place in Cincinnati, embracing not only
scientists, whose special studies have
led them to understand the importance
of this subject, but also members of
state and national legislatures, leading
agricultuiists, and the chief of the
National Agricultural Bureau, this
gathering is a cheering evidence that
our neighbors across the border are
becoming aroused to the importance of
this subject, and that steps will be
taken to prevent the needless destruc-
tion of their forests, and to secure the
planting of woodlands as a branch of
economic industry.

It is also very gratifying to us as
Canadians to know that the Honorable
the Commissioner of Agriculture for
Ontario is fully alive to the great im-
portance of this matter to us, and that
he is using every means at his command
to procure and diffuse information on
this subject, and to encourage the plant-
ing of forest trees for timber, shelter
and fuel, wherever it can be done with
advantage.

us

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Doubtless our own forests are dis-
appearing as rapidly as those of our
neighbors under the united ravages of
the woodman's axe and the devastating
forest fires. Already some parts of
Ontario are beginning to suffer for want
of a due proportion of woodland in the
diminishing volume of her springs and
streams in protracted summer drouths,
and in the unbroken sweep of frost-
laden winter winds. It is time, full
time, that public attention be turned
to this matter ; that something be done
to limit the annual cutting of lumber,
so that it shall bear a proper relation
to our present supply and present needs;
that measures be taken to prevent whole-
sale destruction by forest fires, and that
planting be commenced without delay
on lands suitable for the purpose, with
a view to keeping up the supply per-
petually, and of preserving the proper
proportion of woodland, so as to save
us from tTiose climatic changjes which
are sure to follow the denudation of the
country, bringing in their train drouths,
excessive floods, sterility, famine and
pestilence.

Ripening Grapes. — ^^JosiahHoopes says
in the M. Y, THbune :—'''!^o surer evi-
dence ©f Ihe impropriety of defoliation to
admi± the -sun's rays can be cited than the
results of recent experiments in bagging
grapes. We see that the covered clusters
ripen more thoroughly, color more beau-
tifully and assume that charming bloom
which, without artificial aid, in many sec-
tions, they rarely attain. The foliage in
a great measure acts as the lungs do in the
animal creation, and every perfect healthy
leaf taken off a plant destroys a portion
at least of its power of subsistence, for
vegetation extracts from the air a wonder-
ful amount of nutriment, which enters
into its organism through the myriads of
minute apertures which nature has jbo
wisely ordained for this express pui^pose.
Then why partially cut off its means of
supply to gratify the whimithat fruit must
receive the direct xays of the sun ?''

HORTICULTURAL GOSSIP XIV.

BY L. WOOLVERTON, GRIMSBY.

The Horticulturist. — Our magazine
is making rapid strides in advance.
The beautiful plates which embellish
the volume for 1882, will make it an
attractive table book, and the large
number of practical hints cannot fail to
make it popular with fruit growers in
general. I have shown some numbera
to several growers here, who had become
apathetic toward our Association, and
I have succeeded in demonstrating that
a horticulturist cannot spend a dollar
to better advantage than by subscribing
for the Canadian Horticulturist, a
magazine which is entirely devoted to
his interests ; for in addition to this
he also gets the Report of the meetings
of the Association, nicely bound for
preservation, an excellent plant, and
the benefit of some very interesting
discussions.

Altogether, I am quite sure that the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association has
entered upon a new era of prosperity,
when the labors of its Directors will be
more than ever appreciated by the
public.

Keeping a Calendar. — For some years
I have been in the habit of keeping a
calendar in connection with the orchard,
and would recommend it to others, as
forming in time a useful book of refer-
ence. A book of twenty-four pages,
foolscap size, is convenient for the pur-
pose. Two pages may be devoted to
each month, and will answer for six
years by dividing each page into three
perpendicular columns, one for each
year. The number of horizontal lines
ruled upon the sheets will correspond
with the number of days in each month.
This will afford room for a brief note
for each day of the month, and will
present before one, at a single glance,
the same day of the same month for
six different years. Comparisons can

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

149

thus be easily drawn, and will often be
of practical benefit in planning work.
For example, here are a few extracts
for the month of May for six years,
without, of course, showing the form,
which would require too much space :

1874.— 18th, Peach blossoms. 25th, Apple
bloom.

1875.— Ist, Snow. 7th to nth, Wet. 22nd,
Cherry and plum bloom. 26th,
Killing tent-caterpillars. 27th,
Apple bloom,

1876.— 18th, Peach and cherry bloom. 20th,
Transplanting tomatoes. 25th, Kill-
ing tent-caterpillars. 26th, Apple
bloom.

1877. — 3rd, Sowing early com, planting pear,
quince and peach trees. 8th, Started
cultivator among currant, straw-
berry and blackberry plants. 15th,
Peach bloom. 18th, Hot. Corn
up. 20th, Apple bloom. 22nd,
Kain. 23rd, Transplanting from
hot beds. 24th, Killing tent-cater-
pillars. 25th, 10 acres ready for
corn. 30th, Killing cankerworms
with garden syringe and Paris green.

1878.— 3rd, Apple bloom. 5th to 8th, Too
wet for working soil. 9th, Trans-
planting from hot beds. 10th, Cold
and chilly. 13th, White frost cut-
ting off beans, tomatoes, straw-
berries, cherries, potatoes, &;c. 21st,
Com all planted. 24th, Hot. 25th,
Killing tent-caterpillars. 30th, Dig-
ging out peach borer.

1879. — Great drouth through the whole
month. 17th, Peach bloom. 23rd,
Apple bloom. 26th, Killing tent-
caterpillars.

1880.— 5th, Peach and cherry bloom. 11th,
Apple bloom. 18th to 30th, Very
dry.

Bearing qualities of various kinds of
Apple trees. — This would be a very
pmctical subject for discussion on some
occasion, and a great deal of interesting
data might be gathered. According to
my own experience the leading apple
in this respect is the Rhode Island
Greening. One old tree of huge dimen-
sions, about seventy years of age, pro-
duces enormous crops, almost beyond
credulity. One season the huge yield

of twenty baiTels was taken from it,
and from fifteen to seventeen barrels is
by no means an unusual quantity each
alternate year.

I do not think any other kind will
equal this one for productiveness. The
Baldwin, at maturity, will yield eight
or ten barrels, the Snow or Faraense
about six, while the Fall Pippin and
the Early Harvest yield about four
barrels each every alternate year.

Now, if we could obtain from various
sections of the country information as
to the productiveness of the various
kinds of apples, it would be a very use-
ful aid to those wishing to select varie-
ties for orchard planting, because it
would help them to determine what
varieties would give the highest net
returns per acre.

FRUITS OF MANCHURIA.

An interesting letter has been re-
ceived by Mr. Thomas Beall, Lindsay,
one of the Directoi-s of the Fruit Growers'
Association of Ontario, brought out by
inquiries made by him concerning the
fruits of Northern China, or properly
Manchuria, with a view to ascertain
whether there might not be some found
there which, on account of their ability
to endure extreme cold, might be worthy
of introduction for planting in the more
northern parts of this Province. The
letter is dated at Newchwang, 23rd
February, 1882, and is as follows :

''My Dear Doctor Watson, — I
fear the fruit trees of this Province are
valueless for the purposes of the Ontario
Association. The gooseberry does not
exist here, and the raspberry is only
known in a wild state (in the south of
the Province). I have not seen the
cherry here, the fruit we eat being
imported from Chihli or Shantung — in
which latter Province I have seen fair
specimens, but none which would repay
transportation. The native plum I

150

THE CANADIAN H0ETI0ULTURT8T.

have seen in our own garden. We
value it for its spring flowers, and it
must be confessed it blossoms magnifi-
cently. Last year we had two trees in
fruit — a five and a four-year old. They
bore remarkably well, and to our sur-
prise the fruit was palatable. It is a
small russet brown plum, not unlike
some of our common varieties at home ;
but one could not say of it that it is
equal to our inferior sorts, or that it is
a fruit one would care to eat if one had
any choice. The pear is abundant all
over the Province, and during my last
journey down south, I saw some fine
large growers of some fifteen to twenty
years' standing. Those I have myself
grown are from Kuang-Ning, in the
west of the Province, where the Chinese
seem to take some pains with the culti-
vation. I was supposed to have quite
a large assortment, but I can only count
four varieties, and of these, I say con-
fidently, there is not one which would
be tolerated in the west. * It might be
worth while to enquire whether the
variety we commonly speak of as the
'Peking' pear (native of Chihli Pro-
vince), would not bear removal to
America, but I should fancy we only
think it luscious in comparison with
the turnip taste of the others. I con-
fess T have eaten it as a great delicacy
in mid-winter, but then it was in the
north of China, and after I had for-
gotten the taste of home fruit.

" The peach is also a poor thing in
this Province, nor did I ever think much
of it in Shantung. Some good judges,
however, declare it to have a flavor of
its own, and I have heard one friend
say, that neither the English nor Ameri-
can varieties which he has tasted have
the rich, fruity flavor of our native peach
(such as we have here in our own gar-
den). Of this you are yourself com-
petent to judge, as you have frequently
tasted them. It is noteworthy, how-
ever, that the very palatable peaches

you ate last year in Mrs. C.'s garden
were from wild plants sown only three
or four years ago. We had no such
good eatable peaches ever from trees
we consider to be grafts.

" As to the grape, I should not fancy
we have anything to off'er to the west.
I differ from most in their enthusiasm
for the grape of this Province. All I
know is that I could not refrain from
eating grapes in Shantung, even when
I suffered a severe penalty, whereas
here I am simply beyond temptation.
I have eaten grapes in Germany, where
they were as common as gooseberries
with us, and I am meanwhile awaiting
the advent of a grape which will dimly
remind me of these. But the Chinese
seem to me very backward in the matter
of grape culture, and therefore we don't
know as yet what the native varieties
are capable of. For the quince you
must enquire further south. I used to
see it used largely in condiments in
the south of Shantung Province.

"We have, of course, no currants.
As you know, a year or two hence we
shall have some notion of how American
fruit trees do in our Manchurian climate.
Excuse poverty.

" Yours sincerely,

"J. Macintyre.

" P.S. — Mr. Macintyre refers to some
fruit trees whcih he and I got last year
from the States. We can say nothing
of them yet. J. W."

This letter was accompanied by one
from Dr. Watson himself, dated at
Newchwang. 2nd March, 1882, in
which he says :

" I very much fear there are no fruit
trees' worth sending to Canada from
this portion of China. There are two
pears however — a large and a small
kind — grown in and near Peking, which
to my mind are simply delicious. I
differ from Mr. Macintyre in his esti-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

161

mate of the grape. It certainly is not
so sweet as the hot-house gi-apes we get
in England, but it is beautifully grown,
and the fruit ripens in immense and
splendid bunches from three to ten
pounds in weight."

ORNAMENTAL TREES AND PLANTS.

BY OEORQE ELLWANQEK, ROCHESTER.

THE HAWTHORN.— (CrotoflTtts.)

This distinct and interesting genus
is deserving of far more attention than
it has generally received. If nature
be taken as a guide in the effects pro-
duced by the employment of different
varieties of trees in adorning and in-
dividualizing sylvan scenery, the Haw-
thorn will stand among the best types
of arboreal picturesqueness and a cer-
tain boldness of beauty. Among orna-
mental trees it should be accorded a
high rank ; as an English enthusiavst
observes, " it brings the fragrant breath
of summer — the purity, freshness and
perfume of a real June day." No less
on account of its beauty of bloom, how-
ever, than for its other many valuable
characteristics, should it receive acknow-
ledgement as an important factor in
landscape adornment. All of its many
varieties are perfectly hardy, thriving
in almost any dry soil. In general they
produce fine shaped, low trees, occupy-
ing comparatively little space, and wljose
wealth of green foliage and compact
heads form most pleasing objects, the
tree being scarcely less attractive dur-
ing winter in its rugged picturesqueness
of naked lines. The flowers are con-
spicuous, of varied colors, from white
to crimson, the single varieties espe-
cially possessing a fine aromatic per-
fume.

During autumn and early winter,
when the beauty of most deciduous
trees remains only as a memory, most
of the species stand out in brilliant
array, covered with bright red and yel-
low fruits. Many garden birds remain

as long as the berries are plentiful, and
on the fruit of trees skirting woodland,
the grouse and other birds are in the
habit of feeding in the fall. In addi-
tion to its other qualities, the thorn is
of much value for its wood, which is
almost equal to that of the much prized
box, and which is even finer in color.
No more advantages can be enumerated
for any other genus of ornamental trees.
The blooms of the double flowering
varieties, together with the single scar-
let and pink, are very desiraVjle for
decorative purposes. They are also
fine objects for conservatories, forcing
well and flowering finely. For this
purpose the Hawthorn has also been
unjustly neglected ; and by utilizing it
florists might add largely to their store
and variety of valuable flowers.

Among native varieties the scarlet
fruited is in particular worthy the atten-
tion of the landscape gardener. On our
own grounds we have a large tree of
this charming variety upon which, per-
haps, a hundred summer suns have
shone, which nature kindly planted in
a corner of a line fence. No tree in
our arboretum is more admired when
in bloom or in fruit. The flower is
large, of a pure white, the berries flash-
ing a deep scarlet, and being quite
pleasant to the taste.

The double varieties I have refeired
to — Paul's Double Scarlet, the Double
White and the Double Pink — are all
European sorts of the cratcegus oxya-
cantha type, and are specially recom-
mended for small town gardens, as well
as for large lawns and parks. These
are all profuse bloomei-s, coveiing the
trees with miniature roses. The Eng-
lish, appreciating the beauties of the
Hawthorn, employ it for hedges more
than any other material ; and any one
who has travelled through English lanes
in the flowering season will remember
with after-delight the pleasing im-

162

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTURIST.

pressions to sight and smell. Most of
the American species are of more robust
growth than the European, and there-
fore better adapted in our climate for
hedge purposes.

The Cockspur Thorn, which is widely-
distributed over the Northern and
Middle States, is one of the most vigor-
ous growers, and, if planted in good
soil and well taken care of for the first
few years, will make an impenetrable
barrier for animals.

It does not take up as much room as
the Osage Orange and Honej Locust,
and can be kept under control with the
shears. The Thorn is also more lasting
than either of these commonly employed
hedge plants, besides being easier cared
for, and more ornamental on account
of its beauty of flower and berry.

Some of the most distinct varieties
in the very large list that have come
under my observation, are herewith pre-
sented, without adding any particular
description, which may be found in the
Ornamental Catalogues. It may be
stated that the most ornamental are
the double varieties previously referred
to, and which I place at the head of the
list, as deserving the very highest com-
mendation :

Double Varieties. — Paul's Double
Scarlet, Double Red, or Superb, Double
White, Double Scarlet.

Single Varieties. — Gumpper's Varie-
gated Scarlet-flowering, Pink-flowering,
Common White, Variegated-leaved,
Scarlet-fruited, Douglass, Azarole,
Glossy-leaved, Hybrid Smooth-leaved,
Black-fruited, Tomentosa, Oriental,
Parsley-leaved, Cockspur, Tansey-
leaved. Pyramidal, Maple-leaved, Med-
lar-leaved, Apple-leaved.

While the double-flowering varieties
may, perhaps, be chosen in preference
for single specimens where space is
limited, the various single varieties are
almost equally deserving a place in

larger collections where the space will
admit. As to choice among the many
excellent sorts, this may best be left to
individual taste.

NEW VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES.

Manchester. — This is certainly a re-
markable strawberry. It is a new
variety to the world at large, and yet it
has been carefully tested for seven years
on a private fruit farm, and each year
has been growing in favor with those
who have had an opportunity for in-
specting the fruit. The Manchester
will, I think, prove a decided favorite
with those who have sandy soils, as it
gives fine crops on such soils that are
so light that weeds do not thrive well
upon them. Another very valuable
point is that the berries are very firm,
and stand shipment finely, and usually
keep their color so well that they can
be kept on sale a day or two longer after
being picked than can most strawberries.
The fruit is of good size, and ripens from
medium to late in the season.

Mt. Vernon. — Though this variety is
not sufficiently firm to ship long dis-
tances, yet the fruit is so luscious, and
of such a brilliant scarlet color as to
make it a great favorite for home use
or near markets. The berries are of
large size, and average large. Their
uniform size and brilliant color makes
them sell well in market — one-third of
an acre yielding over $600 worth of
berries. The fruit ripens moderately
late, making it possible to extend the
season a week or two longer than would
be the case if only early varieties ai-e
planted.

Bidwell. — This is proving very popu-
lar. The plants are exceedingly pro-
ductive, the fruit at times averaging as
large as the Sharpless, and sometimes
being produced to the extent of as many
bushels to the acre as the far-famed
Crescent. It is a fine eating berry, and

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

153

also a good shipping berry. The plants
are very vigorous growers, and, what
should be carefully noted, have stood
the drouth here better than almost any
other strawberry, scarcely a leaf having
wilted or burned. It is well worthy of
trial.

Orient should succeed in places where
the Monarch of the West does well, as
it has veiy similar habits of growth.
Finche^s Prolific is also a vigorous
growing variety, and a promising mar-
ket sort. Sharpless, Miner's Great
Prolific, Chas. Downing and Capt. Jcich
are other excellent varieties that succeed
finely in many places.

Of the one or two hundred varieties
that I have been growing at different
times, the above, including the Wilson's
Albany, appear to be among the most
desirable.- -R. H. Haines, in Southern
Cultivator.

HANGING BASKETS.

For hanging baskets the Partridge
vine is invaluable, as its brilliant scarlet
berries enliven and relieve the sober
green. Take up large vines of it with
as many berries as possible. If they
are green when found they will turn red
shortly. Always place the vines around
the edge of the basket, put in some
Maurandia vines to climb the wires.
For the centre a Happy-Thought Gera-
nium, or what is prettier, a Myosotis —
Forget-me-not.

The popular tradition, which tells how
the name of Forget-me-not came to be
applied to the plant which now bears it
throughout Europe, is not generally
known. It is said that a knight and a
lady were walking by the side of the
Danube, interchanging vows of devotion
and affection, when the lady saw on the
other side of the stream the bright blue
flowers of the myosotis, and expressed a
desire for them. The knight, eager to
gratify her, plunged into the river, and,

reaching the opposite bank, gathered a
bunch of flowers. On his return the
current proved to strong for him, and
after many efforts to reach the land he
was bonie away. With a last effort he
flung the fatal blossoms upon the land,
exclaiming as he did so, " Forget-me-
not !"

"And the lady fair of the knight so true

Still remembered his hapless lot,

And she cherished the flowers of brilliant hue.

And she braided her hair with the blossoms

blue,

And she called it Forget-me-not."

— Floral Monthlj/.

OLD AND NEW PLUMS.

A New Jei*sey plum grower writes to
the Chicago Inter Ocean the following
in reference to plum culture :

"There is somnthing peculiarly
fascinating in this fruit — a certain
charm connected with it, that makes
the person who is presented with a
basket of plums generally feel that he
is receiving an unusual treat. It may
be that it is partly owing to the widely
prevalent theory, " That the sweetest
roses have the most thorns," that this
is so, and that consequently as it is
usually thought that the plum is a veiy
difficult fruit to grow, it is more highly
prized on that account. It certainly is
a decided favorite, otherwise persons
living in large cities, like New York
and Boston, could not be found paying
for plums at the rate of a cent a plum
at the retail fruit stands or of $2 to $3
for a half bushel of the fruit in the
wholesale markets. On some accounts
the plum is a difficult fruit to grow, not
so much from its requiring any special
training or cultivation, as su[)erb large
plums are often grown on ground that
is not touched by plow or hoe oftener
than once in five or ten yeara, but the
difficulty arises from the fact of the
liability of the plum to be stung aud

154

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

injured by a little insect called the
curculio, causing the fruit to decay or
fall to the ground before ripening. The
curculio is a small grayish brown insect,
about one-sixth of an inch long, and with
wings that appear like two little humps
on its back. Owing to the crescent-
shaped mark that it makes when biting
into the young fruit and laying its eggs,
it has also been given the name of the
" little Turk." However, fine crops
can easily be obtained in most sections
of the country, notwithstanding this
insect. One of the simplest or surest
methods is to plant the plum trees in a
chicken yard, or to turn the plum orch-
ard, if not large, into a poultry yard
when the trees become of bearing age.
If pigs are allowed to run in the orchard
and eat up all the injured fruit as it
falls, then they will prove almost
equally as serviceable as chickens.
Another method is to plant the trees
on the edges of brooks or ponds, so that
the branches shall hang over the water.
Still another is to have the ground
closely paved with large flat stones or
shells around the trees. As plums are
always picked from the trees, and not
from the ground, none of the above
plans will interfere very much in
gathering the fruit. I could give many
other successful plans for preventing
the fruit from being injured by the
curculio, but must now turn my atten-
tion to giving descriptions of some of
the finer varieties of plums.

The General Hand is a handsome,
very large, golden-yellow plum that is
supposed to have originated near Lan-
caster, Pa. The fruit is of a roundish
oval shape, and frequently marbled
with greenish-yellow. It is a showy,
attractive looking plum, sweet and
moderately juicy, and of fair quality ;
ripens in September. It succeeds better
in New York, Pennsylvania, and in
some of the Gulf States than it does at
the West or North.

Wild Goose — This is proving quite
a favorite in many localities, but espe-
cially in places where it has been
considered difficult to grow the ordinary
varieties of pi ums. It has been heralded
throughout the length and breadth of
the country as being a " curculio-proof "
plum. Though this is not strictly the
case, yet it appears in many places to
be less attractive to that little insect,
either on account of its thicker skin of
something distasteful in the fruit. The
wild goose is of small or medium size,
round, of a yellowish red color, and
ripens moderately early. Though it is
excelled in quality by some other plums,
yet, as it succeeds so generally through-
out the United States, and even in
Wisconsin and Minnesota, it will pro-
bably continue to be a favorite.

The Richland is a plum that is not very
widely known. The fruit is of medium
size, of a purplish red color, tinged with
blue, of oval form, and of quite good
quality. It ripens in August, at about
the middle of the plum season. It is
grown for either market or table use,
and thus far mostly within the Middle
States.

Pond's Seedling is one of the largest
and most beautiful of plums. The fruit
is of oval form, skin of a yellow color,
profusely dotted with red, and with a
white bloom. It ripens in September,
and is of moderately good quality. It
is of English origin, and has not yet
been very generally tested, but thus far
has proved quite promising where
grown.

Coe's Golden Drop, Imperial Gage,
Washington, and Yellow Egg are some
of the largest, best, and most delicious
of yellow plums, and are very general
favorites. The first is quite a late
variety, and the second moderately early.
Lombard, a reddish purple plum, is
popular on account of its great hardines.'
at the far North.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

155

STRAWBERRIES.

The following account of the opinions
given at the last meeting of the Ameri-
can Pomological Society was given to
the Prairie Farmer by the horticultural
Editor, Mr. T. T. Lyon.

P. T. Quinn, of Newark, N.J., com-
menced by saying that his views, as to
the proper method of growing straw-
berries had undergone a change within
the last dozen years. He is now of the
opinion that the best of soil and culti-
vation is requisite for the production of
fine berries and profitable crops.

Until recently he had planted in
summer, but now thinks spring plant-
ing more profitable. He gives clean
culture till the middle of September,
and then mulches for the winter, raking
off the covering in spring. He omits
the use of horse power in cultivation
during the year of fruiting, for the rea-
son that the feeding roots come too
near the surftice, and would hence be
too much disturbed by the cultivator.

He stated that he had produced over
170 bushels from a single acre. It is
his practice to test the promising, new
varieties. All things considered, the
Charles Downing is his favorite, though
Boyden's No. 30 (Seth Boyden), is
popular with dealei-s. His last crop
netted him fourteen cents per quart.

Dr. Hexamer, of N.Y., dwelt largely
upon the value and importance of irri-
gation. He concurred with Mr. Quinn
in a preference for sjjring planting, but
thought Wilson one of the best ship-
ping berries. For amateur planters he
recommended the use of potted plants.
In response to a question by a member,
he remarked that the Triom[)he de
Gand was one of the finest of shipping
strawberries.

The consideration of the several
varieties served to bring out promi-
nently the fact that nearly or quite all
varieties are more or less local, so far

as successful cultivation is concerned;
a very few only proving satisfactory
over an extended range of territory.

Agriculturist was not generally
thought worthy of a place in the cata-
logue.

Black Defiance was commended as
" best " for those who want a first-class
large berry.

Captain Jack, one of the best market
beri'ies. Quite prolific.

Charles Downing, one of the best of
all berries for general use. Said to be
liable to blight in some places.

Col. Cheney, good, if well fertilized.

Crystal City, a valuable early berry.
Commended in Georgia, but not as good
for shipping. Said to be poor and small
on clay.

Crescent is very well able to take
care of itself, has great vitality, is pro-
fitable for a near market.

Cumberland Triumph, one of the
best, popular everywhere. A good
shipping berry in Ohio ; holds its size
till last picking.

Downer's Prolific is being replaced
by more recent and better varieties.

Duchess, an early berry ; does well
grown in hills.

Duncan, early and of very fine
quality.

Forest Rose, under ordinary culture
has not realized the antici})ations of
growers. Its foliage fails and the blos-
soms are tender.

General Sherman, poor in quality.

Glendale, generally regarded as
worthless.

Glossy Cone, fails under the influence
of sun. and drought.

Golden Defiance, a fine, late variety,
for home use.

Great American, variable and uncer-
tain, usually unpixKiuctive ; very dis-
appointing.

156

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Green Prolific, very sure, prolific and
profitable for a near market. Some
members suggested that it is no longer
needed since we have the Crescent.

Henry Davis, a good amateur berry,
does not bear heavy crops, but is of
good quality.

Hovey's Seedling, originated fifty
years ago, was the first hybrid straw-
berry of American origin ; still retains
its quality.

Jenny Lind, little grown outside of
Boston and its vicinity.

Jucunda, once so popular, has ceased
to be satisfactory.

Kentucky, one of the best market
berries in Arkansas, the late market
berry of Ohio. It takes care of itself.

Long worth's Prolific, is the great
berry of California.

Matilda, generally unsatisfactory.
Miner's Great Prolific, one of the
finest and largest of all the strawberries.

Monarch of the West, uncertain,
liable to be injured by spring frosts.

Newman's Prolific, the popular berry
of Charleston, South Carolina, quality
often poor elsewhere.

Nicanor, very early and hardy, some
say earlier than Duchess and Wilson.

Pioneer, an early variety and a strong
grower.

President Wilder, of the finest qual-
ity, under high cultivation, handsome
and unsurpassed. It has stood for
twenty years as one of the best in form,
color and quality.

Prouty, superseded.

Rocky Hill Triumph, same as Cum-
berland Triumph.

Russell's Prolific, superseded.

Russell's Advance, of good quality;
stands the sun well, hardy, soft.

Seneca Chief, little known; of no
value.

Seneca Queen, of good quality, pro-
ductive, uniform in size and shape, a
little later than Duchess.

Boyden's No. 30 (Seth Boyden),
sweet, valuable in some places, especi-
ally with abundant moisture.

Sharpless, fruit not good in a wet
season; large and prolific under good
treatment; quality usually good, mis-
shapen only when overgrown. The
Massachusetts Horticultural Society
gave it the first premium this year.
It is less prolific the first season.

Springdale is very fine for home use.

Triomphe de Gand, the type of high
quality, and on suitable soil will give
the best results ; keeps well.

Triple Crown, of very high flavor.

Victoria (Golden Queen), unsatisfac-
tory.

Windsor Chief, a fine berry.

Manchester, a very promising berry,
uniform in size, prolific, as large as
Cumberland Triumph ; said to thrive
on poor soil.

Kirk wood, a vigorous plant, profit-
able for a near market, precisely like
Mount Yernon.

Longfellow, said to be very valuable.

Warren, of good quality, but very
uncertain, resembles Seth Boyden.

Cetewayo, one of the strongest
growers.

Gypsey, hardy, good quality.

PINCHING MELON, OUCUMBER AND
SQUASH VINES.

A practical gardener makes the fol-
lowing important statement : " Last
year, as a test of a frequent practice
among growers of melons and squashes,
I pinched the ends of the long main
shoots of the melons, squashes and
cucumbers, and left some to run at their
own will. The squash plant sent out
a single stem, reaching more than forty

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

157

feet, but did not bear any fruit. An-
other plant was pinched until it formed
a compact mass of intermingling side
shoots eight feet square, and it bore
sixteen squashes. The present year, a
muskmelon plant thus pinched in covers
the space allotted to it, and it has set
twenty-three specimens of fruit, the
most of which have been pinched off.
The pinching causes many lateral
branches, which latter produce the
female or fertile blossoms, while the
main vines only produce the male blos-
soms. The difference in favor of the
yield of an acre of melons, treated by
this pinching process, may easily
amount to 100 barrels."

HOW TO SECURE HARDINESS IN
OUR TREES.

(From Address of President Barry, before the Western
New York Horticultural Society).

Hardiness, or the power to resist
extreme cold, is generally recognized
as a quality of the first importance.
When a new variety of fruit or a new
ornamental tree or plant is introduced,
the firet enquiry made is about its
hardiness. In such climates as ours,
it is the one indispensable quality.
What, then, can the cultivator do to
promote hardiness ? He can do much ;
first, and above all, our land must be
dry, that is, absolutely free from stag-
nant moisture, either naturally, or
made so by underdraining. We all
know that plants grown on low, rich,
moist lands are filled with watery
fluids, which render them peculiarly
susceptible to injury from frost. We
often see plants on low, moist gi'ounds
killed by an early frost, when on adja-
cent dry ground, only a few feet dis-
tant, they escaped. Vegetable physio-
logists have adopted the axiom, '* That
the power of plants to resist cold is in
the inverse ratio of the rapidity with
which the fluids circulate," and '* that
the liability of the fluids of plants to

freeze is greater in proportion to the
size of the cells." That is, the less
water there is in the fluids of plants,
and the smaller the cells, the greater is
their power to resist cold. This is in
hannony with all our experience. This
is the reason why such destruction has
fallen upon Western plantations. I
have seen orchards at the West, on low,
rich lands, frozen while in full leaf, so
that they looked perfectly black and
dead. They were full of watery fluids
when overtaken by the frost. The
Chairman of the Wisconsin State Fruit
Committee reports that " the exposed
crowns of many of the highest lime-
stone bluffs in that State, from 100 to
400 feet above the adjacent valley, pro-
duce as perfect orchards as can be de-
sired, up to latitude 44J°, where a large
variety of our

EASTERN APPLES AND PEARS

are permanently successful ; while in
the valley below nothing but the Sibe-
rians or Duchess of Oldenburg will
stand. This is the experience all over
the West, and it is ours only that in
our milder climate it is not so marked.
In the second place soil must possess
sufficient fertility to produce a moderate
healthy growth. Trees or plants that
are underfed become stunted, and are
neither useful nor beautiful. The sooner
they die the better. Those that are
overfed make a rank, watery gi-owth,
which does not ripen, and is not in a
condition to resist cold. These ex-
tremes are by no means uncommon in
the treatment of trees. As a general
thing, the starvation process is more
common, but it is also very common to
apply manure to excess. To maintain
trees in a state of health and vigor,
yielding their maximum of utility or
beauty, requires both care and skill in
the application of fertilizei-s and the
treatment of the soil. In the manage-
ment of fruit trees, over-cropping is a

158

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST.

great and very general evil. A tree
overloaded with fruit can neither per-
fect the fruit nor ripen its wood pro-
perly, and in a severe climate is quite
likely to succumb to a degree of cold,
which, under proper treatment, it could
have resisted perfectly. It is safe to
say that millions of trees are annually
ruined in this country by over-crops.
The grape is very sensitive in this re-
spect ; if overloaded, the fruit will not
color, nor will the wood ripen. It is
not uncommon to hear people complain
of their grapes not ripening and their
vines being killed, and ascribing the
trouble to every cause but the right
one, over-cropping. This is an error
committed not by novices only. A
great many trees and plants are killed
by kindness, too. New plants, costing
a high price, are very apt to be stimu-
lated by manure and water, so that,
instead of making a moderate, well
ripened growth, they are forced, as it
were, and come out dead in the spring.
I have seen many such cases. I will
only refer to one on our own grounds
as

A FAIR EXAMPLE.

There was a large bed of the new
Hydrangea paniculata on the lawn ;
the plants were set close, and it was
thought that a surface dressing of
manure and plenty of water would
assist their flowering, which takes place
late in the season, and generally when
it is dry. This treatment was well
enough, but they got too much of both
manure and water. They did not ripen
either roots or tops, and nearly all were
dead the following spring, while those
in other parts of the ground left to
themselves were not injured in the
slightest degree. I will mention aiv-
other instance which has frequently
arrested my attention, . as showing the
importance of well-ripened wood. The
varieties of Gk)lden Arbor Vitse have
proved so liable to be injured in winter,

that their culture with us has been al-
most abandoned. Four years ago a
couple of them were planted on a piece
of rock work, and these have escaped
the slightest injury, even during the
last severe winter. They make a
moderate growth, but it is healthy ;
the color is perfect, and they seem quite
at home. In every other situation they
have failed. It is because the roots
running among the rocks, free from
stagnant moisture, acquire perfect ripe-
ness, as do the whole plants. I believe
that by special means of this sort we
may do much to increase the hardiness
of many beautiful trees and plants only
half-hardy. Much injury is done in
city gardens by the excessive use of
water, not only to the lawns, but to
trees and plants, and to health as well.
Ripeness, then, is essential to hardi-
ness, is

THE SOURCE OP HARDINESS,

and the cultivator should never lose
sight of this. Thanks to our climate,
it is not so difficult to secure ripeness
here as it is in some parts of our
country. In readiog a report from
Minnesota, a few days ago, the writer
stated that they had scarcely any
autumn, but passed at once from the
season of growth to severe frosts. Here
our autumns are splendid, with rarely
frost enough to kill flowers until about
the 1st of November. The early frost
is the exception, and it is generally so
light as to do little harm, so that gener-
ally it is our own fault if our trees and
plants are not well ripened. The gen-
erally acknowledged superiority of nur-
sery trees grown in Western New York
is due mainly to the perfect ripeness
they acquire. The means to be em-
ployed to secure ripeness and hardiness
may be very briefly summed up as fol-
lows : —

First — A dry soil, absolutely free
from stagnant moisture.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

159

Second — Sufficient fertility only to
produce a moderate and healthy growth.

Third — Such treatment of the soil as
will encourage growth early in the
autumn. In the case of tender plants
these precautions will be all the more
necessary.

Fourth — In the case of fruit-bearing
trees and plants, avoid over-cropping.

NOTES ON NEW VARIETIES OF
POTATOES.

Lyman Wall, of Webster, N. Y.,
writes to the Rural Home an account
of the observations he has made upon
the quality and productiveness of some
of the new varieties of potatoes. In
his report, Mr. Wall makes quality and
productiveness the two main consid-
erations, the next thing being hardi-
ness, shape, size, color, etc. He says :

** Several years ago I discarded the
Early Rose, and grew the Early Ver-
mont, for an early potato. I think the
Vermont far preferable to the Rose.
It is more productive, less liable to
scab, full as early, and of better quality.
Beauty of Hebron, not quite as early
as the Vermont. Quality slightly
inferior. Have raised the Early Ohio
two years and shall discard it. Am
satisfied that in some sections it is a
first-class early potato, but with me it
is inclined to scab, and yields about half
as many merchantable potatoes as the
Vermont.

" The Ontario, a new seedling origin-
ated by H. H. Doolittle, is the best
early variety I am acquainted with.
In size, shape, quality and productive-
ness, it is as near perfection as anything
yet introduced.

" The Belle, a new seedling of the
Early Rose, is one of the best medium
early varieties. Ripens about three
weeks after the Vermont, is productive,
and one of the best table potatoes I hare
ever eaten.

" The Mammoth Pearl, a large white
potato of good quality and very produc-
tive. With ordinary field culture it
produced this season, at the rate of 210
bushels per acre of large fine potatoes.

** The Magnum Bonum is one of the
best very large potatoes I ever saw.
Season about the same as the Belle.
It is a seedling of the White Peach-
blow, which it resembles very much in
shape and color. The only objection is
deep eyes in the seed end, the other
eyes are few and of ordinary depth.
For poor land I think it preferable to
any other variety. Potatoes invariably
large. On the poorest soil capable of
producing only one in a hill, that one
will be large.

" Have raised Burbank Seedling for
two years, and shall discard it. During
four days' attendance at the Western
New York Fair, I talked with several
hundred farmers about the different
varieties of potatoes, and nine-tenths of
them condemned the Burbank. But I
find no potato so poor but some one
will praise it, and none so good but
some will condemn it.

" For a late potato I know of nothing
equal to the White Whipple, originated
from the Whipple. No potato has
given such universal satisfaction to
customers as the Whipple. In spite of
its objectionable color it has won favor,
and no potato is more sought after in
the Rochester market.

*'The White Whipple is equal in
every respect, and has the advantage of
being white, very much resembling the
old White Pinkeye. When on exhibi-
tion at the fair this fall, many old
farmers declared it to be their old
favoiite, the White Pinkeye.

" We commence eating it at digging
time, and eat nothing else till potatoes
grow again. It is not as late as the
Peachblow, but ripens before frost. I
planted half an acre this season, the

160

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

17th of June, and they were ripe and
ready for digging the 1st of October,
making a very good crop of fine large
potatoes.

"Wall's Orange is another new
potato originated by me from the Whip-
ple. It is of a reddish orange color ; in
shape, size, and productiveness it resem-
bles the White Whipple ; when cooked,
not quite so firm as the Whipple, but
dry and mealy, and of the very best
quality. From 25 lbs. of seed, I this
year, with ordinary culture, raised 35
bushels of first-class potatoes. For
quality and productiveness I know of
no varieties equalling the White Whip-
ple and Wall's Orange. They are about
the strongest growers I ever saw, vines
completely covering the ground, and as
nearly bug-proof as possible. Growing
in my experimental field beside othei*
varieties which were bugged several
times, they took care of themselves, and
were the last to succumb to the drouth.

" I have a quantity of selected seed-
lings, one, two, and three years old, that
1 shall thoroughly test before putting
en the market. My seedlings are from
seed balls of Whipple and White Whip-
ple. Among all the varieties grown
by me for several years, the Whipple
-and their seedlings are the only ones
producing seed balls. Other varieties
blossom freely, but fail to produce seed.
I have been investigating the subject
this summer, and will give the result
for what it is worth, hoping that others
better qualified than I am will give us
the truth in the matter.

"I noticed the bumble-bees were
very busy apparently collecting honey
from the blossoms of the Whipple, and
paying no attention to the blossoms of
other varieties growing near them. I
came to the conclusion that the blossoms
of the Whipple contained honey, and
the other varieties did not, and that the
bees carried the pollen from flower to

flower, thus fertilizing them and pro-
ducing a large amount of seed. I think
I could have gathei-ed a bushel of balls
from an acre."

FASHION VERSUS TASTE.

Single buds of Gen. Jacqueminot
Roses were sold on New Fear's Day
in New York for from two to four dol-
lars, and even at these extravagant
prices the supply fell short of the
demand, so that one wealthy young
gentleman considered himself fortunate
to be able to procure the last four Roses
of New Year's Day for fifty dollars,
rather than appear before his bride
without a gift of Rose-buds.

Is this an indication of an increasing
taste for flowers ? We think not, and
if it were, it would be but a doubtful
compliment to the aesthetics of our
fashionable society if it had required
all this time to discover the beauties of
the Rose.

Pleasant as is the custom of sending
one's New Year's compliments to his
lady friends in the shape of fresh flowers,
the fact that this year it cannot be done
in any other form than Gen. Jacque-
minot Roses is no more a sign of refined
taste or individual preference than is
the wearing of one-button gloves or the
crinoline so soon as fashion dictates.

Yiolets and Lilies of the Yalley are
also admissible, and, strange to say, a
bunch of Daisies — particularly when
they are called " Paris Daisies " — may
find an honored place in the most
fashionable parlors, while a few years
ago the offering of a bunch of Daisies
to a lady would have been considered
an insult. Is it taste that rules the
queenly Camellia and sweet Orange
blossoms out, and Daisies and Tulips
into fashion 1 Even the graceful
Smilax, decreed fashionable by the
whim of an opera prima donna, is losing
caste in society, to be supplanted by

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTUEIST.

161

Fern leaves, which should never have
been ruled out.

These various freaks in floral fashions
may atid something to the stock of bo-
tahical knowledge of our city belles, but
taste — a clear perception and apprecia-
tion of beauty and excellence — is rarely
developed by fashion, which often takes
retrograde steps and brings faulty
modes and ill-shaped forms into com-
mon use, which, by their frequent con-
tact, rather dull the taste for real art
and beauty. A fine taste is not created
by a freak of fashion ; it is either born
with us or is the result of careful study
and high culture. — American Garden.

THE FARMER'S FRUIT GARDEN.

I contend that every prosperous
farmer owes it to himself and to his
family to supply his table with all the
desirable and wholesome luxuries which
his farm, under ordinary cultivation, is
capable of producing, and to supply it
bountifully, and failing to do so he fails
in his duty to his family, and can not
reasonably expect his sons and daughters
to gi*ow up contented with their lot.
Children brought up on a farm are
deprived of many privileges enjoyed by
those brought up in the city, and should
be provided as compensation with those
which the farm is capable of producing.
The farmer's boy or girl, visiting town,
sees upon the green-grocer's stand
almost every species of fruits and vege-
tables, and know that these desirable
luxuries are grown on soil similar to
their father's, and if they are continually
deprived of such luxuries, what wonder
that they are discontented.

None of the products of the soil are
more enjoyed by children than fruit,
and there is no portion of the homestead
farm that are longer remembered or
more fondly cherished, than the fruit
garden. I remember, when a mere
infant, visiting an uncle at Red-Hook,
2

Duchess county, and the only thing
about the place that made a lasting im-
pression on my mind was a garden of
plum trees, loaded with luscious blue,
red, and yellow plums. I pity the
farmer's son who grows to manhood's
estate with no such cherished spot to
chain him to the parental home.

Having said so much to prove the
value of the fruit-garden to the farmer's
family, I will say but little about its
character. In the first place, it should
be ample. No farmer is so pinched for
room that he can not afford space for a
liberal fruit garden. A large garden
can be cultivated in less time than a
small one, as it affords room for using a
team to advantage.

Then plant liberally of every desirable
species, so liberally that there will be an
abundant supply for the family without
using defective fruit. A well-to-do,
independent farmer should put no.
second-class products of the field, orchard
or garden upon his own table. Throw
wormy or rotten fruit to the pigs, but
never offer it to your children

Plant enough of the hardy, vigorous,
productive varieties of the various
species to insure a supply in unfavorable
seasons, and then plant some of th»
higher-flavored, that require more nurs-
ing, so that you may have some of the
best. I would say, plant none but those
of highest quality, but should that be
done, unless the farmer is an expert,
there would be seasons when there
would be no fruit, or at leiist an insufli-
cient supply.

Plant in tJhe fruit garden, peare,
peaches, plums, apricots, cherries,,
quinces, grapes, gooseberries, currants^
black-berries, raspberries, and straw-
beri'ies. Cultivate the surface well
until the trees are well in bearing, and
thou you may cease ploughing the treesj.
if you choose, but never cease to manure
them. The small fruits, of course, must

162

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

always be cultivated. A bearing fruit-
garden would afford a more delightful
promenade for the family, if kept in
grass, closely cut, but it would soon
cease to be a pleasant resort if allowed
to decline in fertility, and consequently
in the quality of its fruit. — American
Rural Home.

HARDY SHRUBS.

BY AXTOINE WINTZER, WEST GROVE, PA.

Persons who have places in the coun-
try sometimes desire to plant a few
shrubs that will thrive and bloom with-
out too much nursing. To assist them
in their efforts, I will give a list and
description of about a dozen of the most
desirable varieties for general culture.

In the first place a few suggestions
about the planting and treatment of
hardy shrubs may not be amiss. They
can be planted at any time from October
to May, when the gi'ound is not frozen
or is not too wet.

Now allow me to say a few words
about the pruning of shrubs. This is
a very simple affair. All shrubs that
bloom in spring, or early summer,
should not be pruned in winter or spring
unless they have been newly planted ;
in this case they should have their tops
shortened. When shrubs grow too
many shoots, a number of them should
be cut out entirely in February or
March. If they grow too tall the
tops can be clipped in summer, after
the plants are through blooming for the
season. But Altheas and Hydrangea
Grandijlora should always be cut back
in winter or early spring, because they
bloom in late summer on the young
shoots, while the Spireas, JDeutzias,
Weigelas, and all shrubs that bloom in
May or June, must have shoots of the
5past season's growth to produce their
flowers.

Weigela Rosea. — This beautiful Chi-
nese shnib is one of the most effective

plants in the lawn. It produces its
beautiful rose-colored flowers in June
in the greatest abundance. The plant
grows to the height of six or eight feet,
and will thrive in any soil.

Weigela Nana Variegata. — This is
another fine plant. It is desirable both
for its flowers and its beautiful foliage,
which is green in the centre and white
on the outside of the leaf, and retains
its distinct color all summer. The
flowers are a beautiful blush in color,
and it would be hard to find a more
charming looking plant than this when
in full bloom.

Hydrangea Grandijlora. — This fine
shrub was introduced into this country
from Japan. It is as hardy as an oak.
It begins to bloom in this section (lati-
tude of Philadelphia) about the latter
part of July, and the flowers remain on
the plant until frost. When the flowers
first open they are pure white ; after a
few weeks they become rose-tinted.
They are produced on the ends of the
young shoots in large panicles, which
are a foot or more in length, and good
bushes will grow from 50 to 150 of
these immense heads. This plant should
be trimmed every year, at any time
from November to April. If you want
large flowers, prune sharp ; if smaller
bloom is preferred, prune light. Plant
it on the lawn in a sunny place (for
this variety does not require shade),
keep the sod from growing around the
roots, and give it a surface dressing of
stable manure in the fall, and you will
have a plant of which you will be
proud. It will flourish for a lifetime
with decent treatment. It will grow
from seven to eight feet high.

Viburnum Plicatum. — This is a beau-
tiful shrub of the Snowball family. It
produces its flowers in pure white
bunches like the old variety, but the
plant has firmer and thicker foliage and
a more erect habit of growth. It blooms

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

163

in spring, and requires but little prun-
ing at any time.

Spirea Reevesii. — A fine plant for the
lawn. The bush, when in bloom, is
charming in the spring of the year,
when it is one mass of white. The
leaves are small, and the plant has a
half-drooping habit, which gives it a
graceful appearance.

Spirea Thunbergia. — One of the most
graceful hardy plants we have. Pro-
duces small white flowera early in the
spring. The foliage is very small, and
the bush remains green until late in the
fall.

Cydonia Japonica (Japan Quince).
— This is a very showy bush early in
the spring, when it is covered with its
bright scarlet blossoms. It bears clip-
ping, and can be kept in any desired
form ; it also makes a very nice hedge.
There is also a light colored variety,
which is fine when planted in contrast
with this.

Deutzia Crenata. — This is one of the
best Deutzias. Flowers double, rose-
colored, and produced in great num-
bers. It blooms in June. The bush
grows four to six feet high, and will do
well in any soil.

Deutzia Gracilis. — This is a more
dwarf-growing variety than the pre-
ceding. Flowers pure white, single.
A nice plant to force for winter flowers.

Hibiscus Purpurea Pleno (Purple
Althea). — This well-known shrub
blooms in August. Altheas are fine
plants when well kept, and all that is
necessary to keep them in good condi-
tion is to clip them back every fall or
winter. This will not affect their bloom,
as they flower on the young wood.
There are several good varieties beside
the above, such as Double Rose, Car-
nation Striped, Double White, Varie-
gated Leaved, and several others. They
can be used as hedge plants or for ornar
menta.

Syringa Vulgaris (the common pur-
ple Lilac). — A list of hardy shrubs
would hardly be complete without this
old favorite. There are several newer
varieties, but the old purple is as good
as any. It thrives in any soil, and the
plant requires no pruning — only an
occasional thinning out of surplus
shoots.

Philadelphus Coronarius Nana
(Dwarf Mock Orange). — This is worthy
of a place in any lawn. The plant
blooms in late spring. The flowers are
pure waxy white and delightfully fra-
grant. The bush grows nice and com-
pact.

Berberis Purpurea (Purple Barberry).
— This is a good plant for the lawn, and
it will also make a fine hedge. Its
flowers are yellow, produced in spring,
but its beauty is in the rich purple
foliage, which remains on the plant
until late in the fall. It should be
clipped every year in fall or winter.

The above make a small collection of
hardy shrubs that will do well in any
soil that will grow grass, and can be
bought at a reasonable figure from any
good nurseryman. — Farm and Garden.

Celery. — Celery is a vegetable which
apparently receives but little attention
from the public, and still the trade in this
article amounts annually to many thou-
sands of dollars. While many use it for
its medicinal qualities, its well-known
effect on the nervous system causing it to
be highly prized, others and by far the
majority of consumers consider it a luxury,
fit only for the wealthy. Few are aware
that fully one-third of the celery of com-
merce is thrown away as useless. All the
coarser parts — the outside stalks and the
greener portion of the stock — all, in fact,
that is unfit for the celery glass, can be
utilized by cutting into short pieces, cook-
ing and serving in precisely the same
manner as asparagus. All housekeepers
vho try it never alter waste any of their
celery.

164:

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

PERSIAN CHAMOMILE OR INSECT
POWDER.

" How is the Persian insect powder
used to destroy flies, mosquitoes, bed
bugs, etc. ? I have tried burning some
but the fumes did not kill flies."

A teaspoonfiil oipure " Persian Cha-
momile " heaped in a little cone and
burned in a medium sized room, that is
not ventilated during the burning, will
kill every fly in it. If it fails to do
this the powder is not genuine. To
test its purity, put a little in a bottle
with a dozen flies ; when the bottle is
closed they will go into spasms and die
almost instantly if the drug is what it
should be. " Persian Insect Powder,"
like other things, is sometimes adulter-
ated ; it will also lose its strength if kept
loose too long. Druggists mix it with
other ingredients for various purposes.
Borax is a valuable addition when
cockroaches are to be disposed of, but
for flies, mosquitoes, and bed bugs, the
pure powder must be used. It costs
from seventy to eighty cents a pound,
has a bright, buff color, is light, bums
readily, and gives a rather pleasant tea-
like fragrance. It is the powdered leaf
of a harmless flower growing in Cau-
casian Asia, where for centuries it has
been used to keep the insect world in
subjection. It acts on their breathing
apparatus, evidently producing vertigo,
respiratory spasms and paralysis, but is
p irfectly harmless and not particularly
disagreeable to human beings. Of
course a little curl of blue smoke can't
be expected to kill the flies over all
creation or even in a large airy space.
It will weaken the ambition of all those
which come within its influence, but to
produce death the effect must be concen-
trated.

In rooms where windows and doors
are opened the burning powder will
keep out unwelcome insect intruders.
In a house protected by screens, the

flies already in may be most convenient-
ly disposed of by using the dry powder
with an insect gun, which costs about
twenty-five cents. Puff the powder
into a close, warm room, until the air
is filled with it, then shut the door and
return in half an hour. If every fly in
it is not either dead or dying, throw
away your powder and send to a reliable
dealer for that which is good. Pure
" Persian Insect Powder " never fails
in its effect.

For bed bugs puff the powder with
the insect gun into all the cracks and
crevices where such vermin harbor ;
leave the room undisturbed for a few
hours, closely shut meanwhile, they
will walk out and surrender at dis-
cretion ; a semi-annual application will
prevent all further trouble.

Dust your house plants, your pet dog
and your poultry with insect powder,
but don't undertake to kill spiders or
you will be disappointed. — Prairie
Farmer.'

CATCHING CURCULIOS.
It is now over fifty years since I first
learned when a boy to catch curculios
by jarring on the spread sheet, and since
that I have tried several modifications.
Although I have published the mode
which answers best, I find some of our
best and most intelligent fruit growers
still pursue old and inefficient means.
Stout muslin about 6 by 7 feet is stiff-
ened with light rods along the opposite
edges, and these are kept apart with a
cross-rod at the middle. This cross-rod
is a little shorter than the width of the
muslin, so as to leave the muslin a little
slack and concave to hold the insects.
Iron plugs are set in the trees, if small,
or in the larger limbs if large, on which
a single blow with an axe brings down
every beetle. This is incomparably
better than any padded mallet, or any
other imperfect pounding. The operator

)IAN HORTICULTURIST.

165

carries the sheet on his left arm, first to
one side of the treeand then to the other ;
never has to stop, works rapidly and it
costs almost nothing to keep the trees
clear. — John J. Thomas, in Green's
Fruit Grower.

NEW VARIETIES OF GRAPES.

Several persons deserve much praise
for their success in the production of
new varieties of grapes. Years ago I
fully published my observations on the
thirty-nine varieties produced by Mr.
Rogers, of Salem, Mass. And what I
said of them has been fully sustained.
They are such rampant growers, so
hardy, that the continent over they are
known and valued. I would as soon
part with my fruit-yard as let go
Rogers' No. 3, that feasts me every
year ; or No. 13, like No. 3, but a little
later ; or No. 15, that honored num-
ber. Another successful man has come
on the field with newer varieties that
will satisfy those who dislike the
stronger flavors of the Rogers. It is
James H. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N.
Y., who presents us with Lady Wash-
ington, Jefferson, Naomi and Bacchus.
These are probably valuable in about
the order I have placed them.

The Lady Washington, when grown
for agricultural fairs, is a grape three-
quartere of an inch in diameter, white,
with a rusty cheek, somewhat trans-
parent, with a golden greenish tint ;
bunch two-shouldered, six or seven
inches long by five inches through the
shoulder. As ordinarily grown it
should be a third less in size, and
yet be one of the most magnificent
American varieties, equalling European
grapes in size and appearance. So far
its flavor is unexceptionable. The
Jefferson is a red grape, claimed to be
a cross of Concord and lona, having the
form of lona, and the hardiness of the
Concord. A full-grown typical bunch

is six inches long by six inches through
its two shoulders ; berries about five-
eighths of an inch in diameter. As
ordinarily gi'own it should be half an
inch in diameter, and five inches long
and wide in the bunch, or about equal
to bunch and berry of the Isabella. In
flavor it is much like lona. Those who
like the somewhat indefinite sweetness
of Delaware and lona, as compared
with the higher flavored American
grapes, ought to be satisfied with this,
for it is the popular taste to eat such
grapes.

Next I name the Naomi, because I
believe it is a gi-ape that will fully
please me. I do not completely fancy
a mere sweet bag of a grape, and as
this is a hybrid of the Muscats and
Clinton, it has shape and flavor enough.
Mr. Vick says : " I have fruited it
about ten years, and pronounce it one
of the most magnificent grapes for the
table that ever grew." It is a white
grape, berry medium, oval, greenish
yellow, ruby cheek, in a large shouldered
bunch. I have not eaten it, and hence
can only say that it is much praised by
those who have seen and tasted it.
The Bacchus is a seedling of the
Clinton. The Clinton is not a favorite
of mine, though it is of most people,
but it is hardy and productive. The
Bacchus is a peculiar shaped grape in
its bunch, reminding me of an English
grape called the Eldred ; that is, the
bunch is long, and nearly as large at
the bottom as at its slightly shouldered
top, measuring, when not overgrown,
five or five and a half inches long by
two and a half inches at top and two
inches at the bottom. This is a small-
ish bunch. The Eldred is similar in
shape, and nine to eleven inches long.
The flavor of the Bacchus is acid and
Clinton-like. I am now no believer in
the use of wine or other alcoholic
liquors, and I repent of all I ever wrote
and said or did for wine making.

166

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUBI6T.

Hence I have nothing to say of its wine
qualities, but Bacchus is a fair table
grape.

As I close this article, I can but
invite the grape-lover to the new feast
of grapes so amply provided for him.
Certainly they claim a fair trial, and if
they have won their high esteem, in
the face of a taste educated by so many
years of excellent kinds, they are a step
in the onward, creditable to their
originator, and one that no grape-grower
can neglect. — S. J. Parker, M.D., in
the Country Gentleman.

THE ONTARIO POTATOE.

This potato originated with H. H.
Doolittle, the originator of the Doolittle
raspberry. We have tested it thorough-
ly, and find it all he claims below. He
says : " The smoothness or shallowness
of eyes is the first striking peculiarity.
Its shape is flat and oblong. Never
grows together or knots up or deforms.
Its skin and flesh are white, cooks dry,
but avoids the fault of all shelling off
and falling to pieces when boiled, and
its quality such that the usual expres-
sion is, "The best I ever ate." In
size, it reaches to IJ pounds, but the
largest are never deformed.

As to earliness, one testifies to plant-
ing " 17th day of May, and commenced
eating dry ripe potatoes from them the
3rd of July and a good yield." One
calls them two weeks and another ten
days earlier than the Rose. One's
enthusiasm may lead him to mistake
the effects of blight or some local cause
in ripening a hill or a rod square sev-
eral days in advance But my own
testimony is that having planted this
seedling for four years alongside of the
Early Rose and Extra Early Vermont,
the whole plat of the Ontario shows a
general earlier deadening of the tops,
so as to be noticed from a distance.

"With this earliness it combines the

best keeping qualities for summer use.
Many think that this heaviness and
solidity as an old potato is sufficient to
commend its universal growth.

Yield. — From the tiny seed five years
ago it has grown yearly in size and
yield till this year on one-fourth of an
acre of ordinary soil, without manure
this year or last, or fertilizei'S of any
kind, there were ninety-five bushels,
taking about thirteen hills to make a
bushel — showing a native vigor and
capacity of yield unsurpassed in late
years. — Green's Fruit Grower.

TREES IN CITIES.

An interesting paper has been recently
read by Dr. Phene at Edinburgh on the
benefits to be derived from planting
trees in cities. Among the beneficial
results to be attained are, he stated, the
relief to the optic nerve through the eye
resting on objects of a green color. Just
that which is efiected by the use of green
or blue glasses in strengthening and
sustaining the power of sight is attained,
or, at any rate much aided, by the
presence of green in nature ; and in
streets the only method to produce this
result is by planting trees. It was
pointed out by the author that wherever
opportunity exists nature provides green
and blue (the latter being the same color
minus the presence of the yellow) and
that the absence of color produces snow
blindness, and in tropical calms, where
the ocean presents only a white reflected
light from a uniform glassy surface,
reduced optical power soon follows a
long continuance of the absence of blue
color, which becomes immediately appa-
rent on motion of the waves. So in the
streets, to the occupants of houses
having a northern aspect, the glare of
the reflected light is injurious ; but the
effect would be much modified by the
coolness to the eye, produced by the
green trees. In ancient surgery, persons

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

167

of weak or declining sight were advised
to look at the emerald. In the old style
of building, the streets being narrow,
were both cooler, from the sun not being
able to penetrate them with direct rays,
and less subject to noxious exhalations
from the purifying effect of the search-
ing air to which the narrow streets were
subjected, so that while there was no
space for trees, there was also less
necessity. Wide streets, on the con-
trary, are hotter, and require the shade
of trees to cool them ; and, as is the case
in London, which has so far done without
trees in its streets, it was pointed out
that not only the compulsory width of
modern streets, but also the enormous
increase in metropolitan buildings render
every sanitary question one of impor-
tance ; and the chemical properties of
trees, as shown by experiment, give an
important standing, irrespective of
ornament or the pleasure they j)roduce.
Some of Dr. Phene's experiments on
this subject have extended over a period
of 30 years, and he it was who first tried
the planting of trees in the streets of
London. Since the reading of a former
paper by him at Manchester, where the
importance of the subject was pointed
out, a number of streets in wealthy
localities have been planted, and even
Trafalgar Square, in the heart of the
metropolis. — Michigan Farmer.

WHITEWASHING TREES.

Do not be afraid to whitewasli fruit
trees of all kinds. It looks neat, fresh
and nice ; and it not only destroys in-
sects and their eggs, but the white coat
on the body of the tree reflects the heat
and keeps the inner bark and sap vessels
from being scalded and blighted by the
rays of the sun. Eveiy fruit grower
knows by experience how injurious the
blaze of the sun is to the limbs and
trunk of a tree.

A thick coat of whitewash will be

much better protection than straw,
boards or other materials, under which
mice and bugs and worms can harbor.
These destructive pests can be completely
kept away by using sulphur in the
whitewash. The way to mix it is to
take for each peck of lime four pounds
of flour of sulphur. Mix the lime and
sulphur together in a barrel and pour
in a bucketful of hot water. Cover the
top of barrel while the lime is slacking,
so as to retain all the fumes of the sul-
phur. "When slacked add sufficient
water to make a thin whitewash. Put
this wash on the trees with a broom or
a brush, taking care to keep the sulphur
well stirred up, as it will be found to
float like a scum of oil on the surface
of the water.

This lime and sulphur wash is good
for grape vines and posts and stakes in
the vineyard. When properly made
and put on a strong smell of sulphur
will be detected several leet from the
trees and vines during the whole sum-
mer. These fumes are caused by the
slow combustion or oxidation of the
sulphur when sulphurous acid gas is
formed, which is certain death to all
the low order of animal and vegetable
life. This oxidizing action of sulphur
is the reason why it is used to dust
grape berries and leaves to check the
spread of oidium, mildew, grape rot
and other fungoid diseases, because as
soon as the sulphurous oxide gas is
formed and pervades the surrounding
atmosphere, all these fungus giowths
are instantly killed. So, too, would be
all insect life, and on a large scale, so,
too, would be all animal life.

The use of sulphur as herein recom-
mended, in combination with lime, in
a whitewash, has been found eflicient
and valuable by several who have tried
it ; it is hoped it will be more generally
adopted by all orchardists and grape
growers. — Farmers' Home Journal.

168

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE PLANTING OF THE APPLE
TREE.

WM. CULLEN BRYANT.

Come, let us plant the apple-tree,
Cleave the tough green sward with the spade :
Wide let its hollow bed be made ;
There gently lay the roots, and there
Sift the dark mold with kindly care,

And press it o'er them tenderly ;
As 'round the sleeping infant's feet
We softly fold the cradle-sheet,

So plant we the apple-tree.

What plant we in this apple-tree ?
Buds, which the breath of summer days
Shall lengthen into leafy sprays ;
Boughs, where the thrush, with crimson breast,
Shall haunt and sing, and hide her nest ;

We plant upon the sunny lea
A shadow for the noontide hour,
A shelter from the summer shower.

When we plant the apple-tree.

What plant we in this apple-tree ?
Sweets for a hundred flowery springs
To load the May-wind's restless wings,
When, from the orchard row, he pours
Its fragrance through our open doors ;

A world of blossoms for the bee,
Flowers for the sick girl's silent room.
For the glad infant sprigs of bloom.

We plant with the apple-tree.

What plant we in this apple-tree ?
Fruits that shall swell in sunny June,
And redden in the August noon.
And drop, when gentle airs come by,
That tan the blue Se|ttember sky ;

While children come with cries of glee.
And seek them where the fragrant grass
Betrays their bed to those who pass,

At the foot of the apple-tree.

And, when above this apple-tree,
The winter stars are glittering bright.
And winds go howling through the night,
Girls whose young eyes o'erflow with mirth
Shall peal its fruit by cottage-hearth.

And guests in prouder homes shall see,
Heaped with the grape of Cintra's vine.
And golden orange of the line,

The fruit of the apple-tree.

Floricultural. — Every garden should
have a clump of lilies. They are easily
cultivated, and require but little atten-
tion. The bulbs should be planted five
or six inches deep. In fall, cover them
with coarse manure. The following are
desirable varieties : Auratum, the famous
gold-banded lily from Japan, which only
a few years ago sold at $5 each ; Candi-
dum, the old, common white, but still
one of the best ; Brownii, trumpet-shaped,
rich purple on the outside, cream-white
within ; Lancifolium album, white ; Ru-
hrum, white and red ; and Eximium, large
wliite flower of exquisite shape. — Libby's
Flower Garden.

Horticultural Notes. — A vineyard of
50 acres in New Jersey, in 1880, market-
ed 80 tons of grapes, and in 1881 a larger
amount. Estimating the grapes to be
worth three cents per pound at the vine-
yard, the income from the 150,000 pounds
would be $4,500, or $96 per acre, with
less than half the labor required to grow
an acre of wheat or com.

Proportion of Farmers. — The last
report of the Commissioner of Agriculture
shows that 7,600,000 persons in the United
States are engaged in agricultural pur-
suits. The total value of farms and farm
implements is $13,461,200,438, or two-
thirds of the productive wealth of the
nation. The value of farm products and
live stock for 1878 was $3,000,000,000
against $2,800,000,000 of mining and
manufacturing products. Thus it appears
that only a majority of the adult popula-
tion of the United States is engaged in
agriculture, but more than one-half the
wealth of the Union is invested in that
industry.

Paper Bags for Grapes. — Having
read with considerable interest the writ-
ings of horticulturists in reference to
protecting grapes with bags while young,
I tried the experiment. Having less than
two dozen young vines, I shall say no-
thing of the cost or trouble of bagging
grapes. My vines are rather close to the
hen-yard, and I have always had trouble
in this direction. The hens have inva-
riably destroyed all the grapes before
they were quite ripe, and thus caused me
some annoyance. I saved all the paper
bags that came into the house, and after
the grapes were formed I commenced bag-
ging them, and kept at it until they were
almost full grown. Bagging may not be
an effectual remedy for all the other ills
which grape flesh is heir to, but I have
found it a perfect remedy for all inter-
ference on the part of poultry. I believe
that grapes will ripen just as well, if not
better, in strong paper bags as otherwise.
They will ripen as evenly, and if care-
fully handled will retain the same beauti-
ful bloom, which is the greatest charm of
a table grape. I have grapes growing in
bags, and not bagged at all, upon the
same vine. I am satisfied that it is a good
thing. — F. K. M., in Country Gentleman.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PRESS E8TAUUSBMENT OF COPP, CLARK k CO., COLBORȣ STREET, TORONTO.

BRETT LITHO. CC. N Y

THE

VOL. v.]

AUGUST, 1882.

[No. 8.

THE BALSAM.

The beautiful colored plate which
adonis this August number will illus-
trate much better than any description
the improvement that has been made
in the form and coloring of this beau-
tiful flower.

It is a tender annual ; hence in our
climate it is desirable to get the plants
well started in the house or in a frame,
so that they can be planted in the open
border when all danger from late
frosts is over, and come into bloom
early enough to enable us to enjoy
their flowers before the autumn frosts
come and ruin their beauty. As soon
as the plants are up and nicely started,
they should be transplanted either into
small pots or into the frame, and as soon
as the roots fill the pots be shifted into
larger pots, or, if set out in the frame,
moved as often as they begin to become
crowded. The soil should be made
light and rich, kept free from weeds,
and frequently stirred, to secure a
strong, healthy growth and abundant
bloom. They may be flowered in pots
if desired, and grown in this way they
make handsome window plants or or-
naments for the verandah. Our hot

summer weather is much better suited
to the cultivation of Uiis popular flower
than the cool, moist climate of Eng-
land, so that with suitable soil and
little care we can grow them in the
greatest perfection.

The plants can be pruned to any de-
sired form, either to a single, straight
stalk, or with three or four branches.
Sometimes they incline to throw out
so many branches that if all are al-
lowed to grow the flowers would be
hidden. It is better to cut away the
suj)erfluous branches as they start into
growth, and leave only enough to dis-
play the flowei*s to the best advantage.
Thus grown, the plant, when in full
bloom, is in itself a beautiful bouquet.
The cut blooms show to best advantage
when arranged in a saucer of water, or
of moistened sand, and in this way
make an attractive table ornament.
Florists find these double flowei-s, and
especially the double white, very use-
ful in the formation of crosses, wreaths
and other floral designs. The^e double
flowers have attained to such perfection
of form that seedsmen have named
them rose-flowered and camellia-flow-

170

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

ered, intending thereby to set forth
that they are so double that they re-
semble these flowers.

There is an opinion current among
gardeners that old balsam seed is more
likely to prcfduce double flowers than
the seed of last season's growth. But
we do not know of any experiments
that have been recorded which establish
this as a fact. Perhaps some of our
readers may have made experiments in
this direction ; if so, they would be in-
teresting as tending to throw light
upon this point.

ENGLISH SPARROWS.
Our attention has been called to the
article under this title in the May num-
ber, page 108, where the eggs are
spoken of as being of a paL blue. This
is not the color of the eggs of this bird
as they appear here. The young gen-
tleman, who laughed at the description
given, brought us some of the eggs,
which are so nearly covered with rusty
brown spots as to be almost brown in
• color, without any perceptible blue
whatever.

COMMUNICATIOKS.

THE BLACK WALNUT,

/To THE EOITOR OF THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTrSl8T.

Sib, — ^It is very gratifying to find so
>many " anxious enquiries " for infor-
mation respecting the Black Walnut
tree, but at this time of the year it
becomes too great a task to reply to all
letters on this subject, and, as many
persons ask nearly the same questions,
the constant writing of answers be-
. comes somewhat monotonous. Will
you, therefore, permit me to reply to a

few of the most pertinent questions
through the columns of the Canadian
Borticulturist ? By doing which, I think
you will oblige many of your readers,
as nearly all of my correspondents are
members of the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation.

1. Can the cultivation of the Black
Walnut tree be profitably pursued as a
commercial enterprise 1

2. Are the Canadian walnuts as good
a desert nut as the English 1

3. What is the style of growth of
the Black Walnut 1 and have the trees
long or short trunks 1

4. What kind of soil is most suitable
to produce a healthy and vigorous
growth 1

5. What extremes of temperature
will it survive ]

6. Is it a rapid or a slow growing
tree 1

7. What time do the nuts ripen I

8. Can the trees be easily trans-
planted 1

9. I intend planting several acres of
Walnut trees. Would you recommend
the nuts or the young trees ? When —
in the spring or fall 1

10. W^here can young Walnut trees
be obtained, and at what price 1

1 1 . Where can the nuts be obtained
suitable for planting 1

12. How far apart should Walnut
trees be planted 1

13. What preparation of the soil is
needed, and what is the best manure
for that purpose, if any is required ?

REPLY.

1st. There can be no doubt respeclr
ing the profitableness of an investment
in the cultivation of the Canadian
Walnut tree, j)rovided an average
amount of intelligence is brought into
play in the planting and culture of the

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

171

same during the first fifteen or twenty
yeare. It can easily be shown that
the pLmting of a given quantity of
land with this species of tree will give,
in from fifty to one hundred years, a
larger profit on the investment than
would any other legitimate investment
in Ontario.

2nd. The Canadian Walnut is not
the same as the nut of commerce, com-
monly called the English Walnut.
The Canadian Walnut tree is the Black
Walnut, Juglans Ki<jra. The desert
nut known as the English Walnut is
the product of the Juglans Regin, an-
other branch of the Juglandacea family.

3rd. Much depends on the proximity
of its neighbours. If the trees are
grown near together they will be tall
and slender ; but if allowed plenty of
room, 45he diameter of the top will
about equal its total altitude. The
general form of the head will be round,
loose and open.

4th. A rich clay soil, worked as
deeply as possible.

5th. At this place the thermometer
often registei'S above 90 in summer,
and below 35 in winter, and Walnut
trees are perfectly healthy.

Gth. I have several trees measuring
over 24 inches in circumference, 12
yeai*s old.

7th. From the middle to the end of
October.

8th. The Walnut tree, like most of
the nut-bearing tree^s, are more difficult
to transplant than seed-bearing trees.

9th. You will probably be more suc-
cessful by planting the nuts than with
the young trees. Perhaps it would l>e
better in your case to plant both nuts
and trees. The nuts must be planted
in the foil of the year, and as soon
after the nuts can be obtained as pos-
sible. liCt them be in the ground by
the 1st of November. The ti-ees mav

be transplanted either in the spring or
fall.

10th. I cannot answer this question.
Nurserymen having Walnut trees for
sale should advertize the fact in the
Canadian Horticulturist.

11th. Same reply as above.

12th. If you want them simply for
shade trees, I should say from 40 to 50
feet apart ; but if for planting for tim-
ber, I would recommend planting the
nuts in rows four feet apart, and two
feet apart in the row. Each alternate
tree in the row can be removed for
transplanting purposes in two or three
years, leaving the standing trees four
feet apart. In from five to ten years
each alternate tree can again be taken
out, and also all the trees in each alter-
nate row. What is left will then be
eight feet apart. In 15 or 20 years,
the thinning can again be done, as last
mentioned, thus leaving the standing
timber 16 feet apart. This will be ail
the thinning out required.

13th. Let the land be thoroughly
subsoiled to a depth of 20 inches. If
the land is then in proper condition to
grow an ordinary grain crop, no manure
will be required. T. B.

Lindsay.

PEACHES AND OTHER FRUIT AT
AYLMER.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Hokticlltikist.

Dear Siu, — Can you tell mftwh«atis
the matter with my peach trees ; see
enclosed leaf. I have only to look from
where I am writing, and see that all
peach trees look yellow, and on closer
inspection all the leaves are like the
enclosed. One of my neighbour's trees
are the same, and not only his peaches,
itut his pears. In his instance not only
the leaves, but the young peal's are just
the same. It is worse on a splendid,
tlirifty young Clapp's Favorite. My
l)eai"S are all right. Can it be the

172

THE CANADIA.K HORTICULTURIST.

yellows, of which I have read a great
deal lately 1 Is that big white grub,
with the watery end, injurious] He
is very frequently met with this year.
All the harm that I can see he does is
to eat into potatoes and eat strawberry
plants off.

Fruit looks around this section on
the main very good, so far. Apples,
pears, and cherries, splendid ; in fact,
never saw such a show.

Currants — 25 per cent, blasted by
east wind.

Gooseberries — Frozen on the top
branches. May 23.

Grapes — Badly frozen in exposed
positions same night ; coming on again
now.

Raspberries and Blackberries — Show
is good.

Strawberries — -Somewhat frozen on
May 23, Sharpless worst of all. Ju-
cunda and Wilson only open blows,
but Sharpless is so tender that un^
opened buds froze, added to which it is
not nearly as nice a berry to eat as the
so-called third-rate berry Jucunda.
These are two faults which even its
large size and beautiful color of fruit
will not compensate. For size and color
they are simply magnificent, with me ;
but a neighbor got some plants from
Ohio, and the shape of their fruit is
like a man's closed hand ; almost in
every one can the fingers be traced,
with a green seam between, which
renders them worthless.

Peaches — None ; and if the rain was
a little more like the peach crop, we
would like it considerably better.

Yours, Ac, A. G. E.

The leaves found enclosed with this
interesting letter had the appearance
of having been injured by the frost.
Do not think it to be the yellows.

Editor.

PROTECTING GRAPES FROM BIRDS.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist'.

Sir, — I have been much amused and
instructed by reading the various sub-
jects discussed in the Horticulturist, as
also the report of the Entomological
Society. I cannot help thinking what
a labour it must be to tie paper bags
on the bunches of grapes in a large
vinery. Would not a sheet, made so
as to go over and round tinder the
whole vine, and fastened to the trellis,
made of course gauze, be much cheaper
in the end, and much handier, than to
tie a bag on every bunch, although it
would cost more at first 'i It could be
taken down, laid by, and used again
for many years; it would allow the
passage of air through, and keep out
bees or birds, and would save much
labour in putting it on, as well as in
taking otf, as compared with paper bags.
Yours respectfully,

James Milligan.

Orillia, 26th June, 1882,

FRUITS IN MUSKOKA
Nine or ten years ago, I planted
quite a few trees — apples, [)ear8, plums,
cherries, etc. — but all with the excep-
tion of two crabs, Transcendant and
Montreal Beauty, died. Last spring I
planted several apple trees, with the
following result : — Duchess of Olden-
burg, two out of eight were winter-
killed ; Red Astrachan all alive ; St.
Lawrence all dead ; Snow-apple half
killed, and Golden Kusset a fourth
killed. Last winter was an excep-
tionally severe one here on trees, and I
congratulate myself I have so many
alive. 1 bought my first lot through
an agent, and did not then know what
sorts were suitable for this district. I
believe the sorts I have now can be
successfully grown here.

• I am, yours respectfully,

Wm. Gregory.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

173

BLACK APHIS ON CHERRY TREES.
To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

Dear Sir, — I have a fine cherry
tree, the growing shoots of which are
full of small black lice. Will you
kindly, through your columns, inform
me the most effectual method of des-
troying them, and oblige,

Yours, Subscriber.

REPLY.

Tobacco water will kill the black
aphis. This is made by steeping to-
bacco stems in water until the liquid is
of a dark brown color. The stems can
be procured of any cigar maker.

If the tree be small the twigs can
be bent down and dipped in the water ;
but if large, it will be necessary to
throw the tobacco- water on the young
shoots with a garden syringe.

If tobacco stems cannot be con-
veniently procured, common plug to-
bacco will do just as well.

To THE Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist.

Sir, — If convenient, will you please
in July number mention how to grow
Tuberose, and at what time of the
year, and you will greatly oblige,

Yours, A Subscriber.

Please read the article on page 93 in
April number for this year. — Editor.

RICE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR
POPATOES.

When the excellence of rice as a
diet is fully understood, its use will be
more frequent and of daily occurrence
in every household. At this season of
the year especially, it may properly be
classed as superior to any of the cereals
which are in such general use for the
morning and mid-day meals. No other
food is so easy of dige.stion, and at its
present cost it is cheaper tlian potatoes,
oat-meal, or grain-grits of any kind.

CAP RASPBERRIES.

The improved methods of drying
fruits, and the ready market for dried
berries, have given a new impetus to
the culture of Cap Raspberries, or
Thimble-berries, as properly they ought
to be called. This classifying two so
distinct sp^ies under one name has
always been productive of considerable
confusion, yet, as they were so denomi-
nated by our forefathei-s, Thimble-
berries will no doubt be called Black-
cap Haspberries to the end of time.

In the early history of small-fruit
culture. Cap Raspberries figured pro-
minently, and many varieties, all chance
seedlingt were introduced and culti-
vated ; Ov ':> from disease and other
causes most of them have become de-
teriorated and unreliable, creating a
demand for good reliable new varieties,
which seems in a fair way of becoming
satisfied. The following varieties are
among the most promising recent in-
troductions :

Iloosier Mammoth is evidently a
seedling of the old Mammoth Cluster,
and is in no way superior to it, unless
it be that it is less subject to the casu-
alties which impair the value of the
latter.

Florence. — This is a large yellow or
buff variety, and were it not that the
so-called yellow varieties are not popu-
lar, and not in demand in the markets,
would be eagerly sought after. It is
almost as large as the Gregg, of strong
growth, excessively prolific, and en-
tirely hardy. It ripens from mid-seiison
to late, and is of sweet and j)lea3ant
flavor. A dish of this and the Gregg,
nicely mixed, is a most appetizing signt
to all who are fond of Cap Raspberries.

Hopkiits originated in Missouri, and
promises to be of great value. Ac-
cording to an excellent authority from
the State of its origin, it is as large as

174

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the Grregg, decidedly hardier, and even
more productive.

Gregg. — In congenial soil, and under
proper treatment, this is, perhaps, the
largest Raspberry of its class that has
as yet been pi'oduced. Much disap-
pointment has been encountered with
this variety by planting it* upon thin,
light soil, where most Cap varieties
succeed. The Gregg Raspberry, like
the Strawberry, delights in a deep,
rich, cool soil, and is so critical in this
respect that it frequently refuses to
respond in the least to any amount of
coaxing on almost any other, and proves
an utter failure upon sand. It is extra
large, jet black, with a decided bloom,
and, although quite good, yet not of the
highest quality, being somewhat dry
and meaty. In time of ripening it is a
little later than the well-known Mam-
moth Cluster, hence late to very late.
Very productive (when grown on con-
genial soil, and with thorough culture),
and although exempt from the diseases
that attack the Mammoth, and free
from its weaknesses, it is not quite as
hardy as that fine old kind. However,
taken all in all, it is a variety of great
value, and worthy of a place in all gar-
dens suited to its culture.

Souhegan is just what every one in-
terested in Cap Raspberries has long
been looking for : to wit, a good early
variety. It has steadily, and entirely
upon its own merits, made itself known,
and really leaves but little to be de-
sired as an early Black-cap, either for
market or the home garden. Of first
importance is, that it succeeds on both
light and heavy soils, and in produc-
tiveness it is simply wonderful, being,
without exception, the most prolific
variety of the productive Cap Rasp-
berries that has yet come under my
notice. In hardiness it appears to be
" iron-clad, "havingstood twenty degrees
below zero without injury, when all

others in the same plantation were
killed to the ground, and is very early,
ripening about a week earlier than
Doolittle. It is of fair size, juicy,
sweet, and rich, and, what adds much
to its value as a market berry, shining
jet black, without bloom. — J. T. Lov-
ETT, in American Garden.

GRAPES.

In answer to frequent inquiries as to
the relative value, quality and charac-
ter of the more common and newer
varieties of the grape, we place a num-
ber of sorts under the following heads :

Early grapes — Moore's Early, Lady,
Worden, Massasoit, Hartford Prolific.

Hardy half-bloods — Burnet, Salem,
Wilder, and the other Rogers' hybrids.

High quality and character, with a
slight intermixture of exotic blood —
Lady Washington, Brighton.

Of fine quality, but poor growth —
Eumelan, Rebecca, Walter, Adiron-
dack,

Hardy and high flavor, but poor
bunch — Creveling.

Nearly perfect, but not quite good
enough — Concord.

Prominent and promising white grapes
— Prentiss, Pocklington. Red or darker
— Jefferson, Yergennes.

Half-blood, tender, high quality —
Allen's Hybrid.

Faultless, but rather small — Dela-
ware.

Hardy and productive, but not good
enough — Hartford, Martha.

Good winter keepers — the late-ripen-
ing Rogers' hybrids.

Grapes of high value or of high pro-
mise — Lady Washington, Niagara,
I>>u chess, Brighton, Rochester, Prentiss,
Jefferson.

Of little value - Blood's Black, Janes-
ville. Champion, Charter Oak, Dracut

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

175

Amber. Israella, Northern Muscadine,
Union Village. — Altered from Country
Gentleman.

A NEW PRINCIPLE IN PROTECTION
FROM INSECT ATTACK.

BY J. A- LINTNEH.

{Read htfore the Western New York Horticultural
Society.)

Our more accurate writers in Econ-
omic Entomology, in the recommenda-
tions which they present for the arrest
of insect depredations, have, of late,
made a very proper distinction between
j/reventive and remedial measures. If
we construe an " insect attack " in its
broadest sense, as a habit pertaining to
a epecies of insect, of regularly attack-
ing a plant or an animal, then its arrest
at any time or in any manner, may
properly be regarded as a remedy of
the evil, and remedial measures would
thus comprise preventive ones. But if
we limit the " attack " to each separate
periodical recurrence of the same, then
it is possible by the interposition of
preventives to preclude the attack and
to render remedies unnecessary, and,
indeed, impossible. In this latter sense,
" remedies " imply that an attack has
commenced : " preventives " that means
are resorted to prior to the commence-
ment of attack.

Of the latter, are such measures as
change in crops, early or late planting,
that may preclude the period of egg
deposit, vigorous cultivation, selection
of varieties which may be nearly or
wholly exempt from attack, washes and
coatings or other coverings, or the
application of highly odorous substances
to the object to be protected, or to the
soil afljacent if it be a vegetable growth,
to prevent the deposit of eggs.

While the preventives that have
been i»roposed are comparatively few,
the remedies could be enumerated by
hundreds. Merely to specify a few,

we have the popular applications of
Paris Green, London purple, hellebore
and pyrethrum, in powder or in liquid
form; carbolic acid, kerosene and other
oils ; soft soap and otheralkaline washes,
lime, ashes, soot, dust, salt, hot water,
hand-picking, tree-jarring, burning in-
fested twigs, attracting to tires, to lights,
or to adhesive sweets — all tending to
the destruction of insect life in one or
more of its several stages.

It will readily be conceded that the
use of preventives, wherever practicable,
is more economical, more effective, and
often more convenient than a resort to
remedies.

We propose, at this time, to limit
our attention to those means now in
great favor, which consist of such appli-
cations to the soil or to the plant di-
rectly that promise a safeguard against
Hie deposit of insect eggs.

The great benefit of commencing our
efforts at this point is so obvious as to
need no words to commend it. It
would not be " nipping in the bud "
or "crushing in the egg.'' It is prior to
and beyond these. If no egg be
deposited, we have no artfully concealed
e%g to search for, no larva, whose rapa-
city and destructiveness we must arrest ;
no pupa, whose retreat is to be discover-
ed, and no imago, whose egg-distended
abdomen is as fraught with evil as was
that of the Trojan horse of old, to be
cai)tured or entraj)ped — in short, we
have dispensed with the four insect
stages that requii^ such unwearied and
unending investigation in order to
ascertain the most vulnerable point of
attack of insect life, and the best nif'nn^
with which to assail it.

Can the deposit of eggs be preveiited i
It can be, and has been done with
perfect success in many instances.
Please accept my simple assunmce of
this, instead of occupying your time by
citing instances in proof thereof.

176

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

How tnwy it he 'prevented ? It may
be prevented by applying to the plant
or to the soil, certain odorous sub-
stances which are popularly believed to
be disagreeable to the insect, and there-
fore, to drive it away.

Among these substances may be
mentioned kerosene oil, coal-tar, naph-
thaline, carbolic acid, gas-lime, and
bisulphide of carbon. That these and
similar substances have been success-
fully used in preventing insect attack,
is undeniable, resting as the claim does,
on authoritative testimony, which T
would be glad to present to you if there
•were the time.

How do they prevent the deposit %
The answer to this question is the object
of the present paper. The views that
I shall present are my own — original,
so far as I know. They have been but
recently conceived, without the time or
opportunity of maturing them. They,
as yet, may only claim theoretic value,
but believing as I do, not only in their
correctness, but that they are destined
to be of eminent service to economic
entomology, I esteem it a privilege to
offer them first to this Society. I do
so from the deep interest which you
feel in entomological investigations, as
shown in the admirable papers that
have been presented at former meetings,
in the jjrominent place you have given
to entomological topics in your discus-
sions, and in the invitation extended
to your State Entomologist, to ad-
dress you at this time. And beyond
these considerations, there is the fact
that your membership offers all needed
opportunity for testing these views,
and I am sure that there is the willing-
ness to take the pains requisite for their
proper test.

In answering the question, how do
these odorous substances, in their appli-
cation, prevent the deposit of eggs, I
must first premise, that much the larger

proportion of the insect world are
guided in the deposit of their eggs, not
by the sense of sight, but by the sense
of smell. Allow me a consideration of
this view, before proceeding to its
practical application. The idea is a
popular one, that most of the moths and
beetles and many of the insects that
attack vegetation, select by means of
sight the particular plant upon which
to place their eggs. Their marvellous
compound eyes, consisting of hundreds
and even thousands of separate lenses,
even to the number of 34,000, as in the
eye of the butterfly, have been cited as
a wonderful provision in nature, to
afford that acuteness of vision which
was needed in their selection of the
proper plant on which to oviposit.
While sharing, in this belief, I had
often wondered at the incomprehensible
acuteness shown by an insect in the dis-
covery of the particular species of yjlant
upon which alone the young caterpillars
proceeding from its eggs, could feed, —
in the discovery of a single individual
of a rare species occurring in a certain
locality, and growing in such a manner
as effectually to hide it from human
observation. When its range of food
plants extends beyond a species to all
the members of a genus, how could it
detect all of the often greatly different
forms? When a still broader range
embraces the several genera of an ex-
tended order, a still greater variety 'of
forms are presented, which the rude
ins€>ct brain must group and classify,
and claim within its province. How
amazing such knowledge without pre-
vious instruction. It had no parents
living, as in the class of vertebrates,
which might teach it by example. It
had no ancestors a whit wiser than itself
fi"om which to learn. The deposit of
the eg^ in ita proper place may have
been but the second voluntai-y act of its
imago life, regarding that of flight for
the purpose as the fii-st. Perhaps a

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

177

plant from some distant shore, of which
not one of its ever so remote ancestry
could have had any knowledge, is
brought within its range of wing ; its
flight is unhesitatingly directed to it,
and its precious burden of eggs, without
a shadow of mistrust, is at once com-
mitted to its leaves. Such knowledge
has never been attained by our most
distinguished botanists, and it is beyond
the scope of human intellect. We
have called its displays instinct — a
word conveniently framed to cover
manifestations in other classes of ani-
mated beings, which we are utterly
unable to explain. As a partial ex-
planation of these wonders, it has been
suggested that to the insect world may
have been given senses differing in
number and in kind from those which
we possess. But all the wonderful
phenomena attendant upon insect ovi-
position by selection is readily explain-
ed under the supposition that it is
guided and controlled by the sense of
smell. We know the value of this
important sense to us, how greatly it
may minister to our pleasure, and what
service it may render in guarding us
from deleterious exhalations and from
improper food. It is capable of culti-
vation to the extent of rendering us
still greater service. I have been told
of a chemist in one of our colleges who
can make quite a correct qualitative
analysis of a patent nostrum hy apply-
ing it to his nose, and picking out one
after another of the ingredients, first
naming those which are simply added
as covers. It is related of a blind per-
son that he acquired the faculty of re-
cognizing his acquaintances by the
sense of smell. There are negroes in
Africa who will follow their mastei-s
by scent. A fish dealer in Albany
claims the ability of naining each spe-
cies of tish offered in the market, when
presented to him blindfolded, by the
odor peculiar to each. The illustra-

tions given us of the acuteness of this
sense, in some of our domestic animals,
are so numerous as not to need cita-
tion. We will quote a single instance
of this almost miraculous acuteness,
related upon undoubted authority : —
" A person, to make trial whetlier a
young blood-hound was well tniined,
caused one of his servants to walk to a
town four miles distant, and then to a
market-town three miles further. The
dog, without having seen the man he
was to pursue, followed him by the
scent to the above mentioned places,
notwithstanding the multitude of mar-
ket people that went along the same
way, and of travellers that had occa-
sion to cross it ; and when the blood-
hound came to the chief market-town,
he passed through the streets without
taking any notice of any of the people
there, and left not till he had gone to
the house where the man he sought
rested himself, and found him in an
upper room, to the wonder of those
that followed him."

That insects are controlled by this
same sense may seem a bold supposi-
tion to those of you who may happen
to know, or who may leara now Irom
the confession that I am compelled to
make, that notwithstanding the labo-
rious investigations in insect structure,
conducted through a century by some
of our most distiuguished scientists, we
are utterly unable to point out with
positive certainty the precise location
and nature of the organs of smell. Na-
turalists have differed, and still differ,
in their views in regard to their loca-
tion. Cuvier, Audouin, Dumeril and
Burmeister, have regarded the spiracles
or breathing pores as discharging this
office. Reaumer, Lyonnet, Luitreille,
and others, have referred it to the an-
tennie. Others have believed that the
palpi were th(^ true smelling organs,
and others that the sense belonged to
certain cavities in the front part of the

178

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

head, and to the mucous linii^ of the
mouth ; while Kirby and Spence have
thought that they have discovered a
nose in the fore part of the head,
which they call the rhinarium or nos-
tril-piece, connected with which is a
beautifully striated structure, which
they have described as the veritable
organs of smell.

I am indebted to Dr. Hagan, of
Cambridge. Mass., for the following
information as to the location of these
organs, drawn from Hauser : Zeitschrift
f. wisenschaft Zoologie, 1880. The
Record has just been received, and it
gives the latest observations of the
best investigators.

Strong smelling substance, as tur-
pentine, carbolic acid, and decayed
meats, proved that the organs of smell
were situated in the antennae in very
many insects. Nevertheless, not all
the insects employed in the experi-
ments were deprived of the sense after
the amputation of the antennae, among
which were Carabus, Pyrrhocoris, &c.
After the antennae were cut the males
rarely mated.

Sensitive bristles are present in Or-
thoptera {(Edipoda and Caloptenus) on
every joint of the antennae after the
eighth or ninth, and fifty sensitive pits
or furrows, which are probably closed
by a fine membrane and have interiorly
one smelling-rod. Stenohothrus and
Gryllotalpa are similarly provided.
Diptera (flies) have in the third joint
100 to 200 furrows, with as many as
200 sensitive bristles. Vanessa has on
each joint of the knob of the antennae
fifty furrows. Of the Coleoptera, the
Carabids, Cerambycids and Ourculion-
ides, possess no antennal furrows, while
they are present in the Silphides, Sta-
phylinides, and Tenebrionides. The
Lamellicornes have on the under side
an immense number of very small fur-
rows, viz., in the female, 17,500, and
in the male 39,000.

All insects which have to rely upon-
the sense of smell for discovering their
food or placing their eggs possess many
sensitive furrows or pits in the an-
tennae, as bees, wasps, ichneumons,
Diptera and Lepidoptera.

Dr. Hagen suggests that probably in
many insects the organs of smell and
taste are united. Such may be the
organs which are found in the honey-
bee in the epipharynx (on underside of
the labrum), consisting of numerous
sensorial furrows, and which have just
been discovered in the same position
in Aphis and Cicada, by Mr. H. Os-
born, of the Iowa State Agricultural
College.

THE NEW WHITE GRAPES.

A young inquirer wishes to know
the comparative quality and value of
four new white grapes which he names,
namely, the Duchess, Pocklington,
Prentiss and Niagara. Without having
had an opportunity of examining them
critically side by side, we should place
the Duchess first in quality, a draw-
back being its one-fourth foreign blood,
and the fear that this intermixture may
possibly injure the foliage in future.
Next in flavor would be the Prentiss,
a strictly native sort, of excellent qual-
ity, but not equal in this respect to the
Duchess. The Niagara, although one
notch lower in flavor, is larger, finer in
appearance, a prodigious grower and
bearer, and on the whole has an un-
usual number of excellent points not
found combined in any other variety.
The Pocklington is still larger, and
perhaps more showy than the Niagara,
but a notch farther down in quality at
the usual time of ripening. We are
informed, however, that if allowed to
hang sevei'al weeks it becomes excel-
lent. These four sorts all stand high,
and are all eminently worthy of trial. —
From the Country Gentleman.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

179

CALLA iETHIOPICA, OR "TRUMPET
LILY."

A correspondent of the London Gar-
dener'8 Magazine says :

"The Trumpet Lily has become so
much in demand of late years for fur-
nishins: cut flowers for church decora-
tion at Easter and for indoor decorations
generally, that a hint or two on its
cultivation will perhaps be of service to

some readers of the Magazine. First of
all I would say that I have tried many
ways of growing it. For example, I
have tried drying off the plants through
the summer at one time, and keeping
them growing in pots and feeding them
highly at another. But the plan which
causes the least trouble, and gives the
best results, is planting them out. If
you have a few examples to start with,
as soon as danger of frost is over, in the
spring, turn them out in rich soil in the
kitchen garden, and water liberally to
settle the soil about the roots. They
will soon become established and take
care of themselves, unless the weather
is very dry indeed, when an occasional
soaking with clear water or liquid
manure will be of service to them.
They will not seem to make much pro-
gress until the nights become rather
cool, when they will grow most sturdily.
They must remain in the border until
there is danger of frost, and then be
taken up and potted. If an increase
of stock is desired take off the offsets
when the stock is lifted, and put them
several together round the sides of five
or six inch pots. These can be put out
as advised above in the spring following.

If it is desired to put them in small
pots carefully remove all the soil from
the roots, and put them in pots of the
desired size. The massive plants which
already contain the flowers will not
show the least sign of distress if after
potting they are well watered and kept
well shaded for a few days. I have
taken up thousands and treated them
thus without losing a leaf. If wanted
for Christmas, those which show flower
(and many of them will bloom earlier
than Christmas if forced on at once)
should be selected for putting into heat.
The othei-s will come on in succession,
and many of them, if kept cool, will
not start until Easter, when the flowers
are again in great demand."

THE SECRET OF GOOD LUCK.

It is very common to hear people say
that it is no use for them to plant fruit
trees. They have no luck with them.
But in truth luck never did anything
of any importance. We don't trust
our farm or general garden crops to
this pei-son. Luck ; but the sensible
farmer and grower employs good, care-
ful hands, and directs their work by
long experience, and the teeming har-
vest field and luxuriant vegetable gar-
den attest to their wisdom and industry.
There is no luck about it, but a careful
measuring to the end to be accomplished
with the means at hand to gain it.
Whenever the same means have been
adopted with fruit trees good results
have followed. In our own district
there are " loads " of people who have
wonderful success with certain things
that they set their hearts on, and the
growing of fruit is among these suc-
cesses. But these men, we i-ei>eat, do
not trust to luck. The trees are pruned
as they ought to be and manured with
what they need ; precautions are taken
against injury from curculio and borers,
and thus industry, and not luck, meets

180

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

with its due reward. Try it as fruit
raising and every other crop raising
ought to be tried, and see how easy it
is to get good fruit and plenty of it by
going about it in the right way. —
Germantown Telegraph.

NUT-BEARING TREES.

{From the Witness).

BY JAMES DOUGA.LL, WINDSOR, ONTARIO.

As you have advocated, from time to
time, the planting of nut-bearing trees
in places where the land is not suitable
or not intended for cultivation, and as
there has been some inquiry through
your columns regarding the proper
time and way to plant and cultivate
them, I give you my experience on the
subject.

The Black Walnut (Jw^Ws Nigra),
owing to its gigantic size, its beautiful
and graceful appearance when at ma-
turity, its quick growth and the great
value of its wood in a commercial point
of view, besides its value as a nut-bear-
ing tree, is first of its class. It is in
every way suitable for road, lawn, or
grove planting where the soil is suitable,
but I doubt if it could be grown to
advantage on rocky or barren lands
unfit for cultivation, as it requires a
rich, deep soil. It grows naturally to
an immense size on the rich lands of
the western peninsula of Ontario, in
Ohio and other States. In 1853 I
planted a row of one-year-old black
walnuts. No after care was taken of
them. The greater part, including the
largest, were cut down to make room
for buildings. On examination I find
only four of them left, the largest of
which measures four feet in circumfer-
ence at the butt, three feet six inches at
six feet high, and three feet at fifteen
feet from the ground, and upwards of
forty feet high ; the other three trees
are about an eighth less in size. Had
the nuts been planted where the trees
were to stand, and had they not been

injured by buildings so near them,
they would probably have been much
larger.

The Butternut {Juglan8Cinerea),ia
not so large or so valuable a tree as the
black walnut, but it will grow in places
where the other will not thrive, and
grows naturally much farther North.
I have seen it growing to a good size
on the stony sides of the Montreal
Mountain, and it would no doubt do
well in places unfit for general cultiva-
tion. The wood is not so valuable, but
the nuts are preferred for eating to the
black walnut, though both are rather
strong and cathartic. Both are nearly
as good for pickling when gathered,
green, as the European walnut.

The European Walnut or Madeira
Nut [Juglans regia), where the climate
and soil are suitable, would be a valuable
tree to plant, but it is too tender for
this section of the country. I have
tried it largely, but it is invariably
Winter-killed to within a foot or so of
the ground, sending up strong shoots
from the base the following season, to
be again killed down the following
Winter. My soil is a strong clay loam.
If planted on a light soil, with gravelly
sub soil, it would perhaps stand the
Winter here, and farther South it
would no doubt succeed well and prove
profitable for the nuts as well as for
the wood.

The Hickory, shell bark {Carya
Alba), is only second in value to the
black walnut, if it is not i-eally first.
The wood is very valuable, being much
used in carriage building and for other
purposes, while as a wood for fuel it
stands first. The nut, with perhaps
the exception of the sweet chestnut, is
the most prized of any of the nut-bear-
ing trees of this country, and always
commands a steady sale and high price,
which will continue to increase as the
trees in the forests get scarcer, large

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTTIRI8T.

181

numbers being cut down for firewood
everywhere.

In clearing a farm for pasturage some
years ago I left all the hickoiy-trees, of
which tliere were a great many, some of
them of very large size. I found great
differences in the size and quality of the
nuts. Some were very large, with veiy
thick shells and but little meat in them,
others nearly as large with compara-
tively thin shells full of meat of a finer
flavor, while others bore small or me-
dium-sized nuts of inferior value.

The hickory, from its upright, grace-
ful habit, its quick growth and valuable
qualities, is one particularly suited for
roadside, lawn, or grove planting. It
requires a similar rich soil to the black
walnut, or rocky hillocks with good soil
among the stones, on which it will
attain a large size, bearing early, and
will prove very profitable to those who
plant it largely. The nut must be
planted where the tree is to stand, as
owing to its large tap-root it will not
stand ti-ans{)lanting from a seed-bed, as
I have found by experience.

The Pecan (carya olivceformis ) is a
variety of the hickory, with oblong-
shaped nuts, a thin shell and more deli-
cate flavor. I have not heard of its
being grown to any extent in the North-
ern States, its natural habitation being
further South ; but I have no doubt it
would grow well wherever the hickory
grows. It is equally hardy here, and
grows fully as fast and strong as the
hickory. Some yeai-s ago I planted
some of the nuts in my garden in the
Fall. They grew the following Spring,
but being too close together I removed
all but one and planted elsewhere.
Like the hickory they did not stand
transplanting, and dwindled away. The
one left grew very fast till it attained
two feet in circumference, when it sud-
denly blighted just as it wivs coming
into bearing and died back. Supposing

it had been injured by the Winter, or
unsuitable to the climate, I thought it
would not succeed so far North, but I
afterwards found that my neighbor had
placed a number of baiTels of coal oil
against my fence, which had leaked so
much that two years after in digging
I found the subsoil perfectly saturated
with the oil. This had killed the roots
of the tree on that side. On cutting
back the tree to a shoot on the sound
side it has since grown fifteen feet, and
bids fair to become a good-sized tree.
The pecan is well adapted for a shade
tree or for planting for profit.

The Sweet Chestnut (Castanea
Vesca), is one of our largest and hand-
somest trees, and is very profitable whwi
grown on suitable soil. It is very pro-
lific— the nuts, which are easily gath-
ered, falling to the ground when ripe,
and selling at high prices in any
quantity. It will only grow on light,
sandy soils, with gravelly subsoil, where
it attains an immense size. A friend
made as much from a tine grove of
gigantic trees near his house as he did
from the rest of his farm of fifty acres.
His trees were near enough to over-
shadow the ground so that grass would
not grow, and he kept it clean and
smooth, so that the nuts could be gath-
ered once or twice a day, as they fell.
The timber is also valuable and veiy
lasting.

The European or Spanish Chestnut
is said to be the same as the American,
but larger fruited. It has been greatly
improved by cultivation, and is now
nearly as large as a small hoi-se-chestnut,
but is not BO sweet or fine-flavored as the
common American variety. In Spain,
the southern parts of France, Italy, and
the adjacent countries, sweet chesnuts,
either raw, boiled or roasted, or ground
into flour, form a common article of
diet. It is not, however, the wild
chesnut which furnishes the nuts that

182

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

are consumed in the south of Europe
and exported to more northern coun-
tries, but a number of cultivated vari-
ieties, the nuts of which aie larger and
sweeter.

I formerly imported a large number
of trees of the best of these varieties
from France, but they were too tender
for this climate, and died off in a few
years. This may, however, be attri-
buted to unsuitable soil, and I presume
that, planted on soil in which the
common chestnut thrives, they would
stand our Winters. Farther south, on
land as previously described, they
would no doubt do well and prove
highly profitable ; while in the light,
sandy soil best suitable for it other
crops do not prove profitable.

The Almond {amygdalus communis),
will do well in many parts of the
United States, wherever the peach
grows and the seasons are long enough
to bring its fruit to maturity. I have
grown the hard-shell variety in per-
fection here, but I have not heard of
orchards being planted with it, though
it would prove highly profitable in the
Southern States or California ; and it
could be grown in place of peaches
where the latter would be too far from
a market. Its cultivation is the same
as the peach, to which it is nearly al-
lied. In France the peach is commonly
budded on the common almond, being
considered more hardy. There are
several varieties, the common the hard-
shell sweet, the soft-shell sweet and the
hitter almond. The soft-shell sweet
ripens much earlier than the other
varieties, but is rather tender north of
Philadelphia. As the nuts imported
from Europe are often stale and musty
there is no reason why all that are re-
quired in this country should not be
grown in it, so as to have them always
fresh and sweet.

The cultivation of nut-bearing trees

is very simple when understood. As a
general thing they will succeed much
better if the nuts are planted as soon
as ripe in the Fall where they are to
stand. The greater part of them have
very large tap-roots which have to be
cut off short in removing them, so that
they do not thrive or even grow, as
before mentioned, when transplanted.

Two or three nuts should be planted
in a hill, the best only being allowed
to grow. The great difiiculty in plant-
ing in this manner on waste lands which
are usually used as pasturage will be to
keep the cattle from browsing them till
they are high enough and large enough
to be out of danger. A few stakes
driven in around them and wattled
with thorn branches is an excellent
protection, and a space round each tree
wherein grass should be hoed for some
years.

When planted as orchard or groves
it would be advisable to keep the land
planted with corn or hoed crops. Thick
planting is advisable, to be thinned out
by degrees to the proper distance. The
thinnings of the hickories more especi-
ally would sell well and pay for the
cultivation till the trees begin to bear.

After procuring the nuts in the Fall
they should not be allowed to dry or
shrivel in the least. If not convenient
to plant at once where they are to stand
they should be mixed with sand or
light mould in a box or barrel and ex-
posed to the freezing and thawing of
Winter, to be planted out the first
thing in Spring, as is usually done with
peach-stones.

Windsor Nurseries, Ont., Canada.

Mulching Strawberby Plants. — A
correspondent of the Rural World advises ■
fruit growers to use old straw for a mulch
for strawberries when applied in the spring
to keep down weeds, as in a dry time the
straw does not settle down to the ground.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

183

THINNING OF FRUIT.

A. fruit tree cannot bear a very
heavy crop oftener than once in two
years, and in order to obtain an even-
bearing tree, the fruit should be thinned
very freely every year. This would
secure not only very even crops every
year, but finer and superior fruit.
Thinning is easily done if we obtain a
slender pole with a hook-like knife at-
tached, or even a codfish hook, by which
the extra fruit could be easily cut out.
- — Michigan Farmer.

We fear that there will be little occa-
sion to urge upon our readers the prac-
tice of thinning out the fruit this season,
unless it be in the matter of grapes,
for the cold easterly storm that pre-
vailed when the trees were in blossom
in the Niagara District has thinned the
fruit quite too severely in that great
fruit-growing region.

SALT FOR ASPARAGUS.

Chas. Hovey, in the Massachusetts
Ploughman, takes exception to the gen-
eral im})ressions that salt is essential,
or even beneficial, to asparagus, saying
thousands of plants are annually killed
or injured by its application. He also
says that our ''mammoth" specimens
do not compare with some grown by
the ancients, and quotes Pliny as say-
ing " there was a vaiiety which grew
near Ravenna, a deep, sandy country,
three shoots of which would weigh a
pound."

It may be that enough salt has been
applied to injure aspai'agus, but we
have never seen an instance. It is a
maritime plant, growing naturally in
salt marshes, hence not likely to be in-
jured by any reasonable application of
salt.

TO GET RID OF MELON BUGS.

A. Virginia farmer, as soon as bugs
appear upon his melon vines, puts
about half to a whole gallon of shaq7
sand immediately around them, and
with melons, cucumbers and squashes
found it a sudden and sure cure. It
is supposed the heat and the inability
of the bugs to shelter themselves from
the hot sun by going into the ground,
constitute its virtue ', at any rate, in
this instance, it succeeded perfectly and
gave great satisfaction. Just spread
the sand as if putting ashes around
grape vines or fruit trees.

Will some of our readers please give
the above remedy a trial, and report
results to the Canadian Horticulturist ?
It is a new expedient to us, and we
have grave doubts as to its success with
our Canadian melon bugs, and yet it is
so easy of trial and inexpensive, that it
would be interesting to know whether
it will succeed.

ROOT PRUNING FOR TOMATOES.
Root pruning of tomato plants is
recommended to induce early maturity
of the fruit. While the plants are
young tliey are ti"ansplanted several
times, which of course destroys some
of the roots ; and after they are put
into their final resting place, a spade is
once in a while thrust down into the
ground a foot or so from the main stalk.
In this, of course, size, and |)erhaps
quality, are sacrificed to a few weeks
earliness ; but many are willing to pay
this penalty for the sake of the early
dish. Those wishing to secure an early
lipening of fruit will do well to pi-ac-
tice this system of root pruning upon a
portion of their plants. Tomato plants
produce better and more evenly rii>ened
fruit when afforded some support, as by
stakes or trellises, to keep vines from
the ground. — iVew York Herald.

184:

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE CANKER WORM.

This destructive pest is making sad
havock in some of the apple orchards
of Western New York. It is there-
fore quite possible that some of our
readers will find the enemy at work in
their own orchard, and will be glad to
read the following which we clip from
the Michigan Farmer on fighting the
Canker Worm.

The New England Farmer recom-
mends the following method of reducing
the numbers of the Canker Worm :

" It is very common for writers on
Canker Worms to recommend that the
trees to be protected be treated with
printer's ink quite frequently, beginning
in October or November, and continuing
the practice till the trees are leaved out
in spring. It is not improbable that
the moths may occasionally mature
sufficiently in their pupa skins to burst
them and come forth, during unusually
mild weather in autumn, but in average
years the number that come out of the
ground before spring will probably be
found to be very small. Mr. O. A.
Hillman, whose apple orchard is one of
the best in the vicinity, has made the
habits of the canker worm a study,
and has found that the female moths,
which are wingless, very seldom crawl
up the trees till the first really warm
day in spring. His method of protec-
tion is printer's ink, spread upon strips
of paper some six inches wide, which
are wound round the trunks of the
trees and fastened by two or more car-
pet tacks it each end of the band, the
paper receiving one application of the
ink early in the spring, and then the
trees are examined every warm day till
the moth begins to move, when the ink
is again applied. His observations lead
him to believe that the moths move
almost solely by night, and that the |

greater portion leave the ground the
same night and immediately following
the first warm day. By watching
closely, and by having the papers all
in place and covered by one application
of ink, he is able to know by the few
scattering moths caught, just about the
right time to give them a sticky path
to travel in. Last spring a very warm
day in April gave promise of starting
out the moths in full numbers, and by
painting the bands of the entire orchard
one afternoon, he was enabled the next
morning to see nearly the whole previ-
ous year's crop of moths imprisoned in
the sticky mass. The number which
crawled up late was too insignificant
to be worth paying much attention to,
unless utter extermination of the species
be aimed at, which would be an under-
taking of no small moment where an
orchard is surrounded by trees belong-
ing to careless neighbors.

"At the close of the pairing season,
the tacks are drawn out from one end
of the paper bands, and they are allowed
to hang loosely during the growth of
the tree in summer. Before winter the
papei-s are replaced, and if the trees are
now too large to be encircled by the
bands, the ink is brushed over the in-
tervening space on the bark itself."

SALSIFY.

Salsify, or Vegetable Oyster, is one
of the easiest crops to raise, and every
garden should have a row or so. Salsify
is excellent, fried or boiled. If boiled,
it should be scraped, cut in half-inch
pieces, and thrown in water (made acid
with a little vinegar) immediately, or
the pieces will turn a dark color. Boil
for half an hour, and add milk, salt,
pepper and butter. Our readers should
try this really delicious vegetable,
cooked as above. The culture is much
the same as that for parsnips or car-
rots. Sow earli/ in drills 10 inches

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

185

apart, and thin out to four inches apart
in the drill. It may remain in the
ground all winter, and will not be the
worse for freezing.

FERNS AS HOUSE-PLANTS.

Ferns for window-plants should be
such good-growing common sorts as
cannot fail to give satisfaction ; the
finer and more delicate kinds, and those
requiring special treatment, should not
be attempted, unless we are prepared
to give them the care they demand.
A well-grown, thrifty Fern is always
pretty,- -a scraggy, sickly thing is a
miserable-looking plant indeed. You
can grow your Geraniums, Fuchsias,
Mahernias, Pinks, Mignonette, Petu-
nias, and Oxalis, in your sunny win-
dows ; Ferns do not like such quarters,
but prefer the very quarters those
flowering plants don't like— namely,
sunless windows. Ferns like lots of
light, and to be grown near the glass,
but they dislike direct sunshine. Ferns
may be grown separately in pots, or
baskets, or in the same pots as Calla
Lilies and other window-plants.

Soil for Ferns. — Ordinary observa-
tion will teach us that different Ferns
require different soils : for instance, we
go into the woods and find the little
Spleenworts growing in the chinks of
, rocks, the Virginian Chain-fern in wet
swamps, the Hart's-tOngue under lime-
stone cliffs, the i^ensitive Fern in wet
meadows, and evergreen Acrostichums
on the hill-sides. Then, again, in Cali-
fornia and Colorado we find little fari-
nose and crispy-leaved Ferns growing
in open rocky and gravelly places, and
so on. For ordinary Ferns I should
advise a compost of turfy loam with
the finest stuff sifted out of it, old-leaf
soil and i)eat (that is, if you have up-
land peat ; but if you have not, do not
use any), in equal parts, and some sharp
sand. Gross-growing Ferns like a little
2

manure. Some pounded charcoal is a
good addition to the soil.

Watering Ferns.^—Qf'xvQ Ferns lots of
water at all times. The soil should be
of such a porous nature that superfluous
water will run off as fast as received,
but care should be taken not to over-
water the plants. Ferns like to be
dewed overhead ) gold and silver and
some Maiden Hair Ferns, when they
become old plants, had better not be
watered overhead, but young ones of
them are assisted by dewing. In mild,
showery weather in spring put out your
plants to get the shower ; it will do
them good ; but take them in again. —
Wm. Falconer, in American Garden.

CHINESE PEONIES.
The Chinese Pseonies are so valuable
on account of their large size, beautiful
coloring and delightful fragrance, and
so entirely hardy and vigorous, that all
should have at least a White and a
Pink PsBony. Fragrans is one of the
best Pink varieties, but there are few
exhibitions that present such a wonder-
ful combination of colors as a bed of
Pseonies. The Paeonies are perfectly
hardy, never suffering injury by cold,
and will succeed in any ground, unless
so wet that the water will lie on the
surface in the winter and spring. They
may be planted either in the autumn
or spring, and are transported with
greater safety than almost any plant — .
not one in a hundred failing. They are.
also easily increased by division of the.
roots. A little extra attention i^ the>
way of manure will induce a vigorous,
and raj)id growth. We do not know
of anything that injures tie Pceony,.
except starving in a poor soil and stand-
ing water dunng the cold season. For
large floral decorations few of our flowers
can surpass the Pa?onies. They seem
designed for a grand display, without
anything cheap or gaudy in their appear-
ance.— Yields Floral €uid^.

186

THE CA.NADIAN H0RTICULTTTRI8T.

THE WATERMELON.
Hon. C. M. Clay, of all fruits, most
esteems the watermelon, believing them
when fully matured exceedingly health-
ful, and keeping down tendencies to
fever. He says the meat should be red,
clear, fine grained, tender and sweet,
that but one variety should be planted
at a time, but if more are planted they
should be set very far apart, as they
hybridize very easily, and even at great
distance, the wind and the bees convey
the pollen of one variety to the flowers
of another. He has never succeeded in
getting two first-class crops from the
same ground in succession, and has
found blue grass sod the best for them,
and second in desirability newly cleared
land. He recommends as fertilizer sand
mixed with the vegetable debris of
forests, or well rotted sods from fence
corners or highways. He manages the
striped bug and takes care of the vines
in the following manner. "As soon as
the seed are planted and struck with
the shovel to compact the surface, in
order to prevent the escape of moisture,
I place shingles upon each hill to trap
the striped bug, the great enemy of the
vines. They seek the shelter of the
shingles in the cool nights, when each
evening and early morning they must
be turned over and the bugs killed with
a paddle. Many persons fail to raise
melons because of these bugs, which
conceal themselves in the ground and
suck the juices of the young plants, and
may never be seen till the whole crop
is destroyed. An old melon raiser told
me that he was in the habit of making
blazing fires in his melon grounds at
night, and that bugs would fall into the
flames and be killed ; I never tried it,
finding the shingle trap sufficient. As
soon as the plants are well up you may
begin the thinning, till, as they get
past the chances of destruction by the
bugs and their leaves are well formed,
they must be thinned to two plants in a

hill. As the plants advance, the weeds
must be kept well under before the
vines, but never touch behind them, as
the vine will not admit of being handled
or moved. I think nearly the same
weight of fruit will be produced with-
out topping or shortening the vines,
but if large specimens are wanted, after
the fruit is set, the ends of the side
shoots and the main runner may be
pinched oflf, so as to force all the sap
into the few melons left for maturity.
It is best to cultivate the vines late in
the afternoon, so that the roots injured
by the cultvator, plow or hoe, can have
the whole night to recover before the
sun comes upon them. When ripe they
should be gathered early in the morning
when cool, for the sun gives them the
dull sound which maturity produces.
They should be thumped lightly with
the finger nail, when, if they sound with
a metallic ring, seeming to pass through
the whole melon, they are yet green ;
but if the sound is dull and seemingly
confined to the rind, the melon is ripe.
When the belly next the gi'ound is
white, or the curl of green fresh vines
dead, these are also indications of
ripeness. As the frequent walking to
the hills to kill the bugs solidifies the
surface, it ought to be lightly hoed
towards the end of this operation. No
careless persons should be allowed to
enter the melon grounds, as a vine trod
upon ceases to be useful ; and the one
who gathers the fruit should have a
long stick to steady himself, and to
displace the leaves to find a place for
his feet. It also often happens that
the vines on clean surfaces find nothing
to lay hold of with their tendrils, and
are blown over by the winds and se-
verely injured. In such case they should
be set upright, and clods placed on the
leaves to steady them, or small sticks
set near the vines for the tendrils to lay
hold of. Avoid walking on the ground
when quite wet, and never hill up or

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

187

reduce the height of the soil about the
stems of the vines."

PRUNING THE GRAPE-VINE.

BY GEO. W. CAMPBELL.

The objects in pruning the vine are
mainly to keep it within reasonable
space and control ; to induce a new
growth of healthy and strong bearing
wood ; and to regulate the quantity and
improve the quality of the fruit. The
best time to do the principal pruning
is in the Autumn, as soon as practicable
after the falling of the leaves, and when
the energies of the vine are dormant.
If the little Summer pruning and pinch-
ing that are necessary have been pro-
perly attended to, there will be only
required in the Fall to cut out the old
bearing wood of the current year and
to shorten the new canes which have
been gi-own for the next year's bearing,
in order to occupy their appointed
spaces upon the trellis, the wall, the
stake or the arbor upon which they are
to be trained. And for all partially
tender varieties, and for all localities
subject to excessive cold in winter, it is
better to lay down the canes upon the
ground after pruning. Where the
ground is covered with snow during the
severest weather, simply pegging or
fastening the canes upon the surface of
the ground is all that is needed ; but in
other places a light covering of earth or
of leaves is necessary in addition for
perfect protection. It is the testimony
of some old, practical vineyardists that
vines so treated make a healthier and
stronger growth and bear much finer
and more abundant fruit. A very suc-
cessful grape-grower in Southern Ohio
recently declared that vines pruned
early in Autumn and slightly protected
during the suceeding winter bore twenty-
five per cent, more and better fruit than
vines that were left unpnmed upon the
trellis until Spnng. All methods of
pruning the vine are based upon the

fact that the fruit buds for the next
year's bearing are formed upon the wood
grown the present year ; hence as much
as practicable of the old and past-bear-
ing wood should be be taken out at the
annual pruning.

In my own practice, I prefer what is
called the " annual renewal system,"
which allows a young vine in its first
fruiting to bear no more than it can
bring to maturity, and at the same
time grow one or more strong and
healthy canes from as near the ground
as practicable for next year's bearing.
The bearing wood of the present year
is cut away and the new wood takes its
place. This practice, with slight modi-
fications, is continued during the life of
the vine, is readily understood and ap-
plied, and a little observation and ex-
perience render it quite simple and easily
performed.

A cultivated vine is in an artificial
condition, and all its energies are
directed toward the production of the
greatest quantity of fruit within its
allotted space; and some vines respond
so readily to this artificial treatment
that they are disposed to overbear, and
set more fruit than they can mature.
Attempting to grow too much fruit
may so overtax the powers of the vine
that it can neither ripen its grapes nor
mature its wood perfectly for next
year's bearing. Vines so treated are
unhealthy and short-lived. It is better,
however, to avoid the evil of over-
bearing by thinning out the fruit,
especially all the small and imperfect
bunches, than by too close prunirg;
for an abundance of healthy foliage
is necessary for the ripening i)rocess.

The Summer treatment consists in
thinning out the fruit upon vines dis-
posed to overbear ; early pinching off
the ends of fruit-bearing shoots two or
three joints beyond the last cluster,
and then removing all superfluous

188

THE CANADIAN H0KTICULTXJEI8T.

shoots except what are started from
below and are needed for next year's
bearing. This, with an occasional
pinching of the end of a too rampant
shoot will be all that is required. And
when one has learned so to gauge the
capacities of his vines as to bring each
year his crop of fruit to perfect ma-
turity, and at the same time have a
sufficiency of sound wood for the next
year's crop, he has learned all that is
necesssry for successful grape culture.
— Rural New-Yorker.

SPINACH.

For winter and spring " Greens,"
Spinach takes a front rank in every
well-managed kitchen-garden, and, in
the vicinity of large cities, it is also a
profitable crop for market.

Spinach needs a deep, rich soil to
produce maximum crops, for it can only
be grown with profit on land that is
well drained and highly manured. For
a succession, the seed may be sown early
in April and again in May — for the
principal crop from the first to the
middle of September, or late enough to
become about half-grown before cold
weather sets in.

A piece of land from which a summer
crop has been taken is most suitable.
Before sowing, the ground should be
well manured, thoroughly pulverized,
and the surface leveled. The rows are
then marked out, twelve to fifteen
inches apart, with a garden '* marker,"
or by stretching a line, and making
drills with a hoe. The seed may be
sown in the garden by hand, and in the
field with a seed-drill, using five or six
pounds to the acre. A quarter of a
pound of seed will sow enough for
home use. With this, as with most
other seeds, it is important to firm the
soil, after covering, with a roller, or by
packing with a spade or board. A&
soon as the plants are large enough,

they should be hoed and thinned out
where too thick. What is wanted for
home use in midwinter should be
mulched lightly with salt hay, forest
leaves, or straw, to a depth of two or
three inches; this is sufficient to pro-
tect the leaves from injury by frost.
Or if the Spinach has grown to full
size in the fall, it may be kept very
well by cutting it, then placing it three
or four inches thick in a frame, and
covering it with a sash and a little rub-
bish. The covering of the 0])en beds
should not be removed before the leaves
commence to grow.

The main crop is cut during April
and May. When the soil is rich, and
proper care has been given, a barrel of
Spinach can be cut from a square rod
of ground.

The Round-leaved is the most popular
variety for home use as well as for mar-
ket. It is perfectly hardy, standing our
severest winters with but little injury,
and is of the best quality.

The Prickly or Fall variety is said to
be more hardy than the round, although
there is but little difference in this
respect. It is used principally for fall
sowing, but does equally well when
sown in spring.

Savoy-leaved has a large curled or
crumpled leaf like Savoy Cabbage, is
very hardy, and produces a heavier crop
than the other sorts. It is especially
adapted for late fall sowing. — The
Artier ican Garden.

THE TUNISIAN'S PASSION FOR
FLOWERS.

The Tunisian Arabs have a passion
for flowers, and as soon as their spring
commences even the poorest and rag-
gedest may be seen with a delicately
scented blossom stuck above his ear,
the stalk resting amid the folds of his
turban, and the flower projecting for-
ward over his dark cheek. I have been

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUBI8T.

189

told by those who have had thirty
years' knowledge of these people that
they will almost go without bread to
buy flowers. And there is something
in the sight of a gaunt, toil-worn Arab,
whose sole garments may consist of a
piece of coarse sacking and a ragged
old turban, with a bunch of delicate
spring blossoms drooi)ing their cool
freshness against his swarthy cheek,
which stirs a strange mingling of sym-
pathy and pity and admiration. — All
the Year Bound.

THE RUSSIAN MULBERRY TREE.

This tree was introduced into the
United States by the Mennonites,-a sect
which formerly lived in Germany, but
who emigrated because the German gov-
ernment insisted upon their serving in
the army, which their religious scruples
forbade their doing. The Czar of Rus-
sia ofiered them a tract of land for
settlement in 1800, and agreed to ex-
empt them from military duty. From
Russia a goodly number have emigrated
to this country and settled in Kansas,
Dakota and Nebraska. The mulberry
tree was introduced into the colonies in
Russia by the Czar, for the purpose of
silk culture. He compelled the Men-
nonitesto buy these trees of government.
Each land holder must plant a certain
number. After cultivating them until
they learned their value they voluntarily
propagated these trees very extensively,
and learned that silk culture was not
the only consideration in raising them.
They found the timber very desirable
fuel. It also furnished the finest ma-
terial for cabinet work, and fence posts
made from it would outlast those made
from any other timber. The tree soon
became tlie most highly prized of any
Russian timber tree. It also bore edible
fruit which was marketable in Russia.
When the Mennonites came to this
country they brought the seed of this

mulberry with them. They brought
the seed of several other trees, but
planted these more extensively than all
others combined. They grew quite
rapidly. Trees, the seed of which was
planted six years ago, are now twenty
feet high and large enough for fence
posts. The tree resembles the apple
tree in its habits of growth. The Rus-
sians say that they grow quite large,
often reaching the height of forty feet,
and from three to five feet in diameter.
They bear fruit very young, frequently
commencing when two years old, and
bear every year. It varies in flavor
from sub acid to sweet, color jet black
and reddish white, ninety per cent,
being black. The bark is grayish white,
and branches drooping. The Mennon-
ites also use it as a hedge plant, and it
makes a beautiful hedge and stands
shearing as well as any tree.

SHAFFER'S COLOSSAL RASPBERRY.

President T. T. Lyon, of the Michi-
gan Pomological Society, thus speaks
of this newest novelty in raspberries :

"Last spring I received for trial,
plants of the Shafier Raspberry. Its
growth from last spring ' tips ' would
seem to justify the title Colossal some-
times imposed upon it. Judging from
its habit, as well as from the color, tex-
ture, and flavor of the fruit, I am led
to consider it a hybrid between our
two natives, Occidentalis and Strigosus.
It ripened a few berries, on canes of
the current year, about the middle of
August, 1881. It seems to possess
much more than the usual vigor of
Occidentalis ; and, so far, roots from
tips only. The foliage, as well as the
wood growth, is very vigorous and
healthy. Fruit large, dark purplish-
red, with a very slight bloom. Tex-
ture rather firm, moderately juicy, with
a rich, acid, sprightly flavor." — Rural
New-Yorker.

190

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE SUCCESSFUL EXHIBITION OF
CANADIAN FRUIT IN GERMANY.

Yesterday afternoon, in connection
with the anticipated increase in immi-
gration from Germany, reference was
made to a letter received by the secre-
tary of the Horticultural Society. Mr.
Evans to-day sends us the letter : —

Sir, — The directors of this Society
will be glad to have you give publicity to
the following letter relative to the collec-
tion of apples sent to Germany lately
by the Association. As Mr. Munder-
loh observed, the Germans being a
thoughtful people will speedily decide
that a country producing such fruit
cannot be the barren, inhospitable re-
gion that interested parties have sought
to make out. This Society would be
able to make collections of fruit from
time to time as it arrived at maturity
the coming season at very trifling cost
to the conntry.

I may state that the last shipment of
fruit was made in the patent cases fur-
nished by Mr. George A. Cochrane for
the purpose. The safe arrival of this
fruit at its destination goes far to show
that our delicate fruits can be trans-
ported to distant markets in prime con-
ditioti if properly packed and picked.
Yours respectfully,

Henry S. Evans,

Sec^y and Treaa.
Montreal, Dec. 15, 1881.

Reutbiegen, Wurtemburg, Germany,
November 21st, 1881.

Sir, — I received with a letter of
Mr. Munderloh a collection of apples
which you had the kindness to hand to
him for me. It arrived at the moment
as I was opening the exhibition of the
objects brought over by the Geneva
delegates from their journey through
Canada. It received the highest ap-
probation from all judges, especially
from Dr. Lucas, the principal of the
Pomological Institute at this place, to
which gentleman I presented the ex-

ports of your society. I presented them
also to our Department of Agriculture.
As agent of the Dominion of Canada
in this country, I think of continuing
a permanent exhibition of Canadian
products for stimulating and encourag-
ing emigration to Canada, and I will
be very grateful to you if you will
assist me for the coming year by send-
ing such excellent fruits. It is the
best way to direct attention to Canada.
The reports of our newspapers about
the exhibition of Canadian products
have expressed themselves in very com-
plimentary words.

I am, yours obediently,

(Signed) Dr. Otto Hahn.
— Montreal Witness.

FRUIT-TREE CULTURE.

1. Instead of " trimming up " trees,
according to the old fashion, to make
them long-legged and long-armed, trim
them down, so as to make them even,
snug and symmetrical.

2. Instead of manuring heavily in a
small circle at the foot of the tree,
spread the manure, if needed at all,
broadcast over the whole surface, especi-
ally where the ends of the roots can get
it.

3. Instead of spading a small circle
about the stem, cultivate the whole sur-
face broadcast.

4. Prefer a well pulverized, clean sur-
iiice, in an orchard with a moderately
rich soil, to heavy manuring and a
surface covered with a hard crust and
weeds or grass.

5. Remember that it is better to set
out ten trees with all the necessary care
to make them live and flourish, than to
set out a hundred trees and have them
all die from carelessness.

6. Remember that tobacco is a poison,
and will kill insects rapidly, if properly
applied to them, and is one of the best
drugs for freeing fruit trees rapidly of
small vermin — and is better used in

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTUKI8T.

191

this way than to make men repulsive
and diseased.

CONTINUOUS DAYLIGHT AND
VEGETATION.

Dr. Schubeler, of Christiana, who
has been studying the effect of continu-
ous daylight on vegetation, finds that
flowers growing within and about the
Arctic circle are larger and deeper in
color than corresponding species grow-
ing further south. This is the case
with garden flowers and such plants as
field peas, beans, etc. Not only have
the size and colors of flowers thus de-
veloped by the continuous sunlight,
but their aroma is also intensified.
This applies to all parts of the plant.
The intensification of the flavor of
savory garden plants renders some of
them almost uneatable in Scandinavia.
All the wild and cultivated fruits that
can be ripened at all in Norway have
more aroma and characteristic flavor
than those which are grown further
south. The strawberries, chen'ies, bil-
berries, and other wild marsh and wood
berries, all exemplify this.

Yet the increase of aroma and height-
ening of flavor are accompanied with
diminished sweetness in going north.
The golden-drop plum and greengage of
Christiana or Trondhjem, although
large, well colored and rich in aroma,
are deficient in sweetness. In like
manner, the Rheinish, and other north-
ern vineyards produce wines of finer
aroma and flavor than those of Spain
and Portugal, but they are less alcoholic,
on account of the smaller quantity of
sugar which, by its fermentation, pro-
duces the alcohol. Therefore, it is
inferred that the light produces aroma,
and heat produces sweetness. Another
theory is that the difference is all due
to time ; that in the north the con-
tinuous daylight, and the day-heat also,
develop the fruit so i-apidly that there
is not sufficient time for the convei*sion

of the starch and woody fibre into sugar
to be fully effected. The same fact is
seen in the ripening of pears. Many
of these when gathered in the autumn
are hard and sour, but become lusci-
ously sweet by merely storing them
away until December or January, or
even later. Oranges and other fruits
sweeten in like manner after they are
gathered, without the help of any no-
table amount of either light or heat.
The summer in Norway begins so late
and ends so early that the snow often
falls upon the cherries before they are
gathered. — Florida Dispatch.

HOUSE PLANTS.

A correspondent writes : — I will give
you the benefit of my experience in
keeping house plants just received from
the greenhouse. It may be of benefit
to some one who is not able to have a
glass case for their plants.

I had a frame made of lath, three
feet long, two feet high, with a shallow
tray in which the frame just fitted. I
set out my plants in pots, placed them
in the tray, then watered my plants,
but not so that the water leaked into the
saucers. I then paste newspapers on
the frame and place it over the plants,
and they need no more attention for a
week, except sprinkling the plants once
a day. After I have kept them covered
for a week, I remove the frame for an
hour each day, extending the time until
they get used to the temperature of the
room ; and the frame is very serviceable
to place over them at night, or when we
are sweei)ing, or when the room gets
too hot or too cold, — the best way I
have ever known to preserve even tem*
perature. I placed them in the sun at
the south window ; they never wilted.
I had twenty-five plants — Daphnes,
Geraniums, Pelargoniums, Fuchsias,
Heliotroj^es, Lantanas, Bouvardias,
Abutilons. I have not lost one. —
Western Horticulturist.

192

tSE CANADIAN SORTICULTUElST.

DEACON DAY AND THE HIGHWAY
COW.

The best o' bein's will hev their cares —
There's alwus somethin' to cross our way,
To worry and fret us in our affairs —
An' sech wus the lot o* old Deacon Day ;
He had his trials — I'll tell you how
He was tempted an' tried by a highway coW.

The hue o' her hide wus a dusky brown :
Her body was lean, an' her neck was slim;
One horn turned up, and the other down ;
She wus sharp o' sight, and wus long o* limb,
With a peaked nose, and a short stump tail,
And ribs like the hoops on a home-made pail.

Many a day hed she passed in pounds

Ji*ur meanly helpin' herself to corn.

Many a cowardly cur and hound

Had been transfixed by her crumpled horn,

Many a tea-pot and old tin pail

Had the farm boys tied to her stumpy tail.

Old Deacon Day was a pious man,

A frugal farmer, upright and plain ;

And many a weary mile he ran

To drive her out o' his growin' grain.

Sharp were the pranks that she used to play

To git her fill and to git away.

He used to sit on the Sabbath day
With his open Bible upon his knee,
Thinkin' o' loved ones far away,
In the better land that he longed to see-
When a distant beller, borne thro* the air,
Would bring him back to this world o' care.

When the Deacon went to his church in town,

She watched and waited till he went by,

He never passed her without a frown,

And an evil gleam in each angry eye.

He would crack his whip and would holler " Whay"

Ez he drove along in his " one-hoss shay."

Then at the homestead she loved to call,
Liftin' his bars with her crumpled horn,
Nimbly seal in' his garden wall,
Helpin' herself to his standin' com,
Eatin' his cabbages one by one—
Scamperin' h(»me when her meal was done

Off'en the Deacon homeward came,
Hummin' a hymn from the house of prayer.
His kindly heart in a tranquil frame.
His soul ez calm ez the evenin' air,
His forehead smooth ez a well worn plough-
To find in his garden that highway cow.

Over his garden, round and round,
Breakin' his pear and apple trees,
Trampin' his melons into the ground,
Tippin' over his hives of bees.
Levin' him angry and badly stung,
Wishin' the old cow's neck was wrung.

The mosses grew on the garden wall ;
The years went by, with their work and play ;
The boys of the village grew strong and tall.
And the gray-haired farmers dropped away.
One by one ez the red leaves fall-
But the liighway cow outlived them all.

The things we hate are the last to fade.

Some cares are lengthened through many years ;

The death of the wicked seems long delayed,

But there is a climax to all careers.

And the highway cow at last was slain

In runnin' a race with a railway train.

All to pieces at once she went,
Just like a savin's bank when they fail ;
Out of the world she was swiftly sent,
Leetle was left but her own stump tail.
The farmers' gardens and corn fields now
Are haunted no more by the highway cow.

Eugenie J. Hall.

Lemon Ice. — Soak half of one box of
gelatine in a pint of cold water, put it in
a porcelain kettle, pour on nearly one pint
of boiling water ; when the gelatine is
dissolved, put in two-thirds of a coffee-cup
of white sugar and a half a coffee-cup
lemon sugar boiling long enough to make
jelly ; remove from the fire, then pour in,
slowly, three beaten yolks of eggs, the
whites of the eggs beaten to a froth ;
flavor with two teaspoonfuls extract lemon ;
pour into a mold and set to cool. This
IS a delicious desert, nourishing and relish-
able for the convalescing siok.

Fences. — According to the Prairie
Farmer, 40 rods of rail fence, in con-
struction and repairs, costs in 11 years
(after which it is supposed to be worn
out), together with 5 per cent, interest,
$110. Board fence, 40 rods as above,
costs $80. Hedge fence, 40 rods as above,
$164. Steel wire netting, 40 rods as
above, $73 85. In our opinion, 100 acres
will require about 500 rods of fence, cost-
ing here nearly $1,000, besides occupying
considerable soil. The interest on the
$1,000, the annual cost of repairs, the use
of the waste land, and the excess of feed
secured by mowing one's pasturing, will
much more than pay the wages of help to
care for stock kept in stables and yards.
We consider farm fences a relic of bar-
barism, and confidently look forward to
the time when our farms will be made
conspicuously attractive by their absence.
A fenced yard or field cannot be made so
attractive as one unfenced, though mil-
lions are invested. They are ruinously
expensive to farmers, are perpetual abomi-
nation, and should be converted to ashes,
in which form they can accomplish some
good. Of all fences, the stone wall is the
most vexatious. Every passing hunter sets
it crumbling as he scrambles over, and
when in ruins what shall be done ? If you
don't want the fence again it is worse than
the old man of the sea who clung so per-
sistently to the back of Sinbad, the Sailor.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF COFP, CLARK ft CO., COLBORNE 8TREF.T, TORONTO.

9iK€ML FEAR AND ORIGINAL TttEE

A PENNSYLVANIA SEEDLING ♦V^S-i-

THE

VOL. v.]

SEPTEMBER, 1882.

[No. 9.

THE SECKEL PEAE.

Our readers are presented this month
with an accurate colored picture of the
venerable original pear tree from which
the thousands and tens of thousands of
Seckel Pear trees now growing in
Canada and the United States have
sprung. It is a tree to be held in re-
membrance, one to which the lovers of
pears of high quality might well make
a pilgrimage, and standing with bared
heads in the presence of this ancient
tree, reverently look up upon its tim^
scarred branches, and count the genera-
tions that have gathered its luscious
fruit for mayhap two centuries gone.
This picture is copied from a photo-
graph taken in 1880, and published in
the Gardener's MontJdy for September
of that year. At that time the trunk
was a mere shell, one-half of it entirely
gone, but Mr. Bastian, the owner, who
first knew it forty years ago, said it
was much the same when he first knew
the tree as now. It measured at three
feet six inches from the ground, five
feet four and a half inches in girth
around the half trunk and across the
exposed diameter, and was twenty six
feet high. No one knows who planted
this old pear tree. Perhaps it was

never planted, but Topsy-like, it
*' growed ;" and the imaginative reader
may draw such portrait as fancy pleases
of the one who dropped the seed in the
fertile soil, in the long time ago, whence
sprang this tree. Downing says that
the late venerable Bishop White used
to say that when he was but a lad, a
well-known cattle dealer of Philadel-
phia, known as " Dutch Jacob," used
in the early autumn to present his
neighbors with pears of an unusually
delicious flavor, but would never divulge
the place where they were procured.
In coui-se of time " Dutch Jacob " pur-
chased from the Holland Land Com-
pany the parcel of ground on which
stood his favorite pear tree ; but as time
rolled on it came at length into the
hands of Mr. Seckel, who introduced
the pear to public notice, and after
whom it was named. The farm now
belongs to Mr. Bastian, who has owned
it for more than forty yeai-s, and was
told when he moved there that the
Seckel family had known the tree for
eighty years before.

In 1 81 9 this pear was sent to Europe,
and the fruit pronounced by the Lon-
don Horticultural Society to exceed in

194

TIIR CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

flavor the richest of their autumn pears.
Downing, who is esteemed to be the
highest authority in regard to American
fruits, thus speaks of this pear :—

" We do not hesitate to pronounce this
American Pear tlie richest and most ex-
quisitely flavored variety known. In its
highly concentrated, spicy and honeyed
flavor it is not surpassed, nor indeed
equalled, by any European variety. When
we add to this that the tree is the healthiest
and hardiest of all pear trees, forming a
fine, compact, symmetrical head, and bear-
ing regular and abundant crops in clusters
at the ends of the branches, it is easy to
see that we consider no garden complete
without it. Indeed, we think it indis-
pensable in the smallest garden. The
stout, short-jointed, olive-brown colored
wood distinguishes this variety, as well as
the peculiar reddish-brown color of the
fruit. The soil should receive a top-
dressing of manure frequently when the
size of the pear is an object."

We have found this tree to be quite
hardy in our Canadian climate, and
remarkably free from the disease known
as pear-blight. Once or twice in the
course of twenty years have we seen
some of the twigs on the Seckel suflTer-
ing from the blight; but while other
varieties have perished and passed out of
sight, this has continued to flourish and
yield its annual crop of delicious fruit.

The Manchester Strawberry. — It
can but be described in a single word —
"wonderful." So fine, so beautiful, so
firm, so highly flavored and highly per-
fumed, and so enormously productive.
Plants planted but last August forming
stools as large as a half -bushel measure,
producing fruit in such quantities as to be
literally piled about the plants. — Farm
and Garden.

A MARKET FOR ONTARIO APPLES.
The following letter is from a life
member of the Fruit Growers' Associ-
ation of Ontario, who has for some
time been endeavoring to open a trade
with the Fruit Growers of this Pro-
vince. He wants only first-class fruit,
free from blemish, codlin moth, &c.,
and is willing to pay for such fruit
whatever it is worth. But it must be
strictly first-class throughout; no infe-
rior apples in the middle of the barrel,
but each apple fit to be placed on the
table of any gentleman. Whoever will
supply him with such fruit, securely
packed and shipped in good season,
will find him a constant and increasing
customer.

Y.^RMouTH, Nova Scotia,

81.st July, 1882.
To THE Fruit Growers and Shippers of Ontario,

Gentlemen, — As a member of the On-
tario Fruit Growers' Association, I have
for some years (since 1875) taken an in-
terest in the introduction of Ontario Ap-
ples into this market, from the persuasion
that when once well-known, reliable ship-
ments will meet a ready and extensive
sale, as well as from the more personal
motive of supplying my own family and
my friends with choice fruit.

I have paid $1,020 in first cost of the
several lots shipped, and ^87 15 in
charges of transit, and have lost in all
about $300 in the price received for sur-
plus sold, owing to inferior quality of
shipments, and to damage by frost and
by decay. Last fall a party in Ontario
shipped 25 bbls. , ordered by telegram in
October, so late in November that they
were all frozen on the way, and did not
even reply to my letter advising him of
the fact.

I cannot afford to persevere in experi-
ments with such expensive results. At
the same time I am desirous of continuing
to import Ontario Apples, either in 20-bbl.
lots for my own use, or in car loads for sale.

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

195

I would like to hear from any grower
or shipi)er who will agree to supply me
with strictly first-class fruit, so that I can
sell without opening the barrels to ex-
amine, at what price he will ship me in
October, say 15th to 25th, 20 bbls. or a
car load ; also what varieties, and cost of
freight through to St. John, N.B., by
20 bbls. and by car load. Payment to be
made through Bank draft at sight.

In a 20-bbl. lot I would prefer one
barrel each —

1 Amer'n Goldeu Russet.

2 Baldwin.

S Esopi.s Spitzenburg.

4 Fall Pippin.

5 Fameiise.

6 Grime's Golden Pippin.

7 Hubbardstou Nonsuch.

8 Melon

9 Northern Spy.

10 Newtown Spitzenburg.

11 Peck's Pleasant.

12 Pomiue Grise,

13 Ribston Pippin.

14 R. I. Greening.

15 Seek No Further.

16 hwaar.

17 Swayzie Pomme Grise.

18 Talman Sweet.

19 Wageuer.

20 Yellow Bellefleur.

For any of these varieties not to be had
substitute additional barrels of Nos. 1, 2,
3, 6, 9, 13, 15, or 17.

For a car load say —

Nos. 1 2 8 6 9 13 15 17

Bbls. 20 20 20 15 30 15 20 10 = 150 bbls.
Charles E. Brown.

MOORE'S ARCTIC PLUM.

Having formed a favorable opinion
of this plum, I have made extensive
enquiry regarding it, and have thought
it advisable to place the facts gathered
prominently before this Association.
For much valuable information I am
indebted to the kindness of F. P.
Sharp, Esq., of Woodstock, N. B., a
Pomologist of mature experience, and
the originator of a system of fruit cul-
ture for cold climates that bids fair to
be highly successful and largely adopted
when more generally known. I hope
in another paper io be able to give full
details of this system to the Association.

The origin of the tree is traced to
the grounds of Mr. A. J. Moore, of
Ashland, Maine, about sixty or seventy
miles north-west of Woodstock, N.B.,
where tmprotected and exposed to
arctic cold, the mercury freezes, it has
for many years borne enormous crops.

It is a chance seedling, but close obser-
vation of its characteristics, particularly
in the foliage and wood, lead to th&
belief that it is a cross between the
Imperial Gage and Damson.

In growth it is one of the handsomest
of trees, being very erect when young,
afterwards forming stout trunks with
large heads, extremely vigorous, and
forming a wonderful number of fruit
spurs on the previous year's growth,
down to the very base of the most
vigorous shoots, even when not headed
back. Carries a large quantity of
foliage, healthy, of good color, and sub-
stance which never " sun scald," or, as
far as my experience goes, become in-
fested with aphis or other insects, when
other varieties growing beside them are
completely covered and., the growth
much interfered with.

In productiveness this variety is all
that can be desired — in fact, the crops
produced are something enormous, and
it has the extremely valuable character-
istic of bearing eveiy year, some seasons,
of course, less, than others, but every
year a good crop of fruit Mr. Sharp
says : " Nothing I could say to you
would convey any idea of its real quali-
ties in this i-espect, but if you will do
me the pleasure of a visit to Woodstock,
I will show you a nursery of thousands
of trees blue with fruit" T have 30
ti-ees planted in a permanent row now
in the fourth year from bud, and where
they have not been cut hard back for
scions are loaded with fruit.

I would not go so far as to say that
it is Curculio proof but it is so to a
limited extent, as I find that in many
of the specimens on the trees that have
been severely ** stung " by the Curculio,
the eggs have faihxl to produce the
young, and the fruit will come to per-
fection. Why this should be the case
I am at a loss now to say, but hope
to be able to define another season.

196

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Added to this its enormous productive-
ness, and we have in it a plum on
which we can depend for a crop after
the Curculio has taken its share,
where jarring the tree is not practiced.
I believe thinning the fruit in most
seasons will have to be resorted to.

In early hearing it is without a rival,
as it will, in many cases, bear fruic in
the nursery rows the second year from
bud.

In color it is a deep blue, with a fine
heavy bloom, that gives it a handsome
appearance which will make it sell in
any market at sight.

Its keeping qualities are remarkable,
beating Coe's Golden Drop in this res-
pect. Last year I had about a peck of
the fruit sent to me by express from
New Brunswick, and after this long
carriage, at the expiration of one month
from the time of taking from the tree
they were in a perfect state of preser-
vation.

In quality I would class it as at least
good. On this point Mr. Sharp says :
"If I were to express the popular
opinion here, I should say it is first-
class, as nearly all prefer to eat it in
preference to all the finest plums;
and perhaps I grow as fine plums as
are grown in the world by a method of
my own, bending them down in Fall
80 that the snow covers them, and by
fair training and close pruning, get very
large and high colored fruit. But I
cannot say that it equals the Mc-
Laughlin or some other fine plums,
although I frequently eat it in prefer-
ence where they grow side by side."

For hardiness there is nothing in the
list of good plums at all approaching it.
On our grounds this spring the terminal
buds were in every instance in perfect
condition, when the Bradshaw, within
a few feet of them, was killed to the
ground, and the Lombard badly injured.

I have learned that an orchard of one
thousand trees has been planted at
Dominion City, Manitoba, and the trees
have stood the last two winters there per-
fectly. I again quote Mr. Sharp where
he says : " In hardiness they are un-
rivalled, as it originated 50 or 60 miles
north of Woodstock, where I found it
bearing great crops unprotected. This
is the more remarkable when I tell you
that we are at Woodstock north of the
isothermal line upon which any culti-
vated plum will stand up and bear
fruit. It will, with fair treatment, be
the means of furnishing all sections
and soils where civilized man resides
in the north with an abundance of fine
])lums that the best judges would eat."
He further adds : ** I stake my char-
acter as a skilled Pomologist in recom-
mending this plum."

And I would say in conclusion, that
I believe this variety to be worthy of
very extended trial, not only in the
colder parts of our country, but where
the very best and tenderest varieties
succeed.

Geo. Leslie, jun.

MOST PROFITABLE STRAWBERRIES
FOR MARKET.

BY A. M. SMITH, ST. CATHARINES, ONT.

The most profitable varieties of
strawberries for market depend greatly
on the markets to be supplied and the
distance the cultivator is from market.
Formerly the Wilson was considered
by most growers the only strawberry
fit for market, and many cling to the
idea still; and perhaps, taking all
parts of the country, and considering
all of its good qualities — its hardiness,
productiveness, shipping qualities, <fec.
— there is no other variety that will
excel it in its season. But, for local
markets, and markets where size and
quality are taken into consideration,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

197

there are many varieties which will
pay better. Some varieties are much
earlier, some later, some larger and
more attractive in appearance and bet-
ter flavored ; and I think it just as
absurd to claim the Wilson as the
only market berry as it would be to
claim the Baldwin as the only market
apple, because it is the best shipper.
Besides, when we can have as good a
berry a week earlier and another a week
later, it is a great advantage, not only
to the producer but to the consumer,
to have a succession of varieties, and
thus prolong the season. In growing
berries for profit, some people forget
that it is not always the variety that
produces the most fruit, or even sells
for the most money per acre, that is
the most profitable. For instance, if
an acre of Wilson's produces say 3,000
quarts, and sell for 10 cents per quart,
that is $300, and it costs a cent a
quart to pick them, $30, and $20 for
crates and baskets, there would be
more profit in an acre of Dominions,
yielding 2,000 quarts and selling at
15 cents per quart, $300, because then^
would be a saving in picking of 1,000
quarts, besides baskets and crates, trans-
portation, (fee, which would amount to
about $20. My experience with these
two varieties would be in just about
that ratio; and I think there would
be a greater difference still with the
Sharpless in some of our large towns
and cities, where people are willing to
pay fancy prices for extra fruit. In
regard to -early varieties, we all know
that the first fruit of the season, par-
ticularly strawberries, brings the best
price ; and when you can get a berry
that will produce as much fruit as the
Wilson, aud get it into market four or
five days ahead of that variety, you
certainly have a more profitable one.
And I am quite sure we have at least
one or two varieties that will do this :
the Early Canada for one, and one of

Arnold's Seedlings for another, though
the latter is not quite firm enough
perhaps for shipping long distances.
Again, if we can get a berry that will
produce as much fruit, and sell for as
much money at a much less cost of pro-
duction and cultivation, we can make
a profit in that direction ; and I think
we have this in the Crescent Seedling,
which, I believe, will produce more
fruit at less expense than any other
variety yet tested. It should be called
the Lazy Man's Berry, for when once
started it will almost take care of itself.
I have fruited several new varieties
the present season, which, I think, will
take a front rank as profitable for mar-
ket where they will not have to be
shipped too far. Among these are two
or thi-ee sent out by our veteran hy-
bridizer, Charles Arnold. One has
already been mentioned as an eai'ly
kind. There are two or three more,
which, for productiveness, I think, are
fully up to Wilson, while for size and
beauty of appearance they are head
and shoulders above it ; but, like most
large berries, they are not firm enough
for long shipment. In regard to their
flavor, that dej)ends upon tastes : those
who admire a tart, sprightly berry
would not be satisfied with them per-
haps, while those who like bannanas
would. But flavor in strawberries, in
a money point of view, is of but little
consequence ; it is size and color that
tells. But if flavor is desired in con-
nection with the other good points, I
think we shall get it in the Bidwell,
which I regard as a very promising;^
variety. There is another new oi:^
clamoi-ing for public favor, called ^e •
Manchester, said to be enormously pro-,
ductive and of excellent quali^. . I .
have ouly fruited it enough to jjiwilge of
the quality, which is good. If asked
which of all the strawberries. X have
grown combine in the greatest degree
the exeellenciep, of size, ctO^tjor^ flavor,^

1%

THE CANA.DIAN HOKTrCULTUBIST.

firmne^, and pfoductiveneas, I should
say tlie Bell. I have only fruited it
one year, however, and may be obliged
to change my mind another year, as
we often do with new kinds. For a
late berry to ship long distances, I
know of nothing better than the Glen-
dale. I might mention the Windsor
Chief and Miner's Great Prolific as
very fair market berries, the latter
perhaps a little soft for long shipments,
but both productive and showy berries.
But, without taking more of your
time, I will enumerate what I consider
the most profitable, hoping to hear the
experience of others with them. For
distant markets, I would take Early
Canada, Wilson, Sharpless, Bidwell,
and Glendale ; and with these, for
near markets, I would take Arnold's
Seedlings, Miner's Prolific, Crescent
Seedling, and Dominion.

GOOSEBERRIES AND OTHEIl FRUITS
AT OAMPBELLFORD, ONT.

To THE Editor op the Oavadun Horticultueist.

Dea.r Sir,— I forward you by express
to-day a sample of two varieties of goose-
berries. I got the cuttings originally from
the garden of the late Rey, Dp. Buohan,
of Stirling, some eight or ten years ago,
They were said to be English varieties
that did not mildew. T felt interested in
them and tried then^. So far they have
never shown any signs of mildew, and I
hq,ve had them bearing for about eight
year^. They yield muoli heavier than
Houghton or Downing ; in fdct, I do not
consider the two latter worth growing as
compared to the forn:ier. They f^verbear
with n^e ev^ry year ; you will see from
the bri^jucjies sept that they are overbear-
ing this year, also, and consequently there
is but Uttle growth of new wot>d, the
bushes yielding eight to ten quarts ea,ch,
and they sell for one half mor« th^
Houghtons.

On young wd cultivated plants, not
allowed to overbear, I have had them
more than duuble the size of those sent,
which are am^le? than usuailj owing tQ

inferior cultivation, &o., and no manuring
the past three years.

The heaviest crops of strawberries I
ever raised never paid anything like as
well as these gooseberries.

I intended to exhibit them at Trenton
at the late meeting of the F. G. A. ; but
it was raining that morning, and conse-
quently too good a day to lose, as I set
out 3,000 cabbage and cauliflower suc-
cessfully.

Apples in Northumberland Co. are a
failure, and will be very scarce. The fruit
did not set properly. There was any
amount of blossoms.

Pears are also a poor crop. Cherries
none. Plums none. Currants and goose-
berries good. Strawberries a partial
failure. Raspberries, tame and wild a
failure. Yours truly,

J. W. J.

P. aS^. — The gooseberries sent are not
yet quite ripe.

Tlie sample of gooseberries came
safely to hand. The fruit was not
sufficiently ripened to enable one to
form an opinion of their quality, but
the fruit and leaves exhibited no sign
of mildew, and the branches were in-
deed heavily laden. There is no ques-
tion but that the plants are exceedingly
productive. One of the varieties bears
some resemblance in form to the well
known Whitesmith ; the other is more
decidedly oval in shape, and the color
more of a yellow tint.

We require gooseberries of larger
size and better in flavor than either the
Houghton, Smith's Improved, or Down-
ing, and which will thrive in all soils
and locations. Tlie Euirlish varieties
are subject to mildew in our climate,
and cannot be successfully grown here,
except in a few favored localities, where
there isi more tlxan usual humidity of
the atmosphere. The Downing goose-
berry is tlie largest of the American
varieties that has been disseminated.
The Fruit Growers' Association gave
a pUnt. of this variety, some years ago.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

199

to each of its members, and the general
testimony has been that although in-
ferior in size and quality to the English
varieties, it was not as subject to mil-
dew ; indeed, with rare exceptions, it
was exempt from that destroyer. But
we want something better, and every-
thing that gives indication of being a
step in this direction should be thor-
oughly tested. It may be that these
two which we have received from
Campbellford will be found to suffer
from mildew when gi'own in other
localities ; but if they do not, they cer-
tainly are worthy of wide dissemina-
tion.

REPORT FROM MUSKOKA FALLS.

I have received three numbers of the
Canadian Horticulturist, also Annual
Report for 1880, and must say they
are worth the money spent ; they are
read with much interest as well as
profit. The grape vine, Moore's Early,
I received has made very little gi'owth,
owing to the weather being cool. I
have two Moore's Early, one Pockling-
ton and one Champion ; none of them
have done well so far. They are all
planted in a sunny exposure, and the
soil is tolerably rich. I don't care to
make it too rich, as I like well ripened
wood to stand our cold climate. The
Flemish Beauty Pear,which was planted
this last spring, has made very little
growth. The Plum has done fairly ;
how it will do I shall report again.
My father has several apple trees bear-
ing this season — five years from plant-
ing ; they are the Haas, St. Lawrence,
Peach Apple, Hawthornden, Alexan-
der, Golden Russett. He has several
grape vines, the Clinton, Agawam and
the Concord ; two others, names not
known.

I shall report again.

Yours respectfully,

Harry Clifford.
Muskoka Falls, July 31, 1882.

SUMMER MEETING OF THE FRUIT
GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ON-
TARIO.

This meeting, which was held at
Trenton, was exceedingly well attend-
ed, and the discussions were deeply
interesting and animated throughout.
Our short-hand reporter was present,
and took down the various items of in-
formation, and will have them fully
written out so that they will be given
in their completeness to all our mem-
bers in the Annual Report for 1882.
The programme as published was nearly
all gone over, and many valuable papers
on most of the subjects were presented,
which will also appear in lull in the
Report.

The citizens of Trenton and vicinity
attended the meetings in large num-
bers, and through their Mayor invited
the members to dine with them on the
evening of the first day. This social
re-union was a most enjoyable occasion,
enlivened with sentiment and song
and many earnest and telling speeches.
The second day they arranged an ex-
cursion for the members to Picton and
the famous Sand-banks, thus enabling
them to have an opportunity of inspect-
ing the fruit-producing capabilities of
Prince Edward County. After return-
ing from the excursion, the evening
was spent in the discussion of shrubs
and ornamental plants suited to the
climate of that section, and desirable
to be planted for the adornment of our
country homes.

The Association adjourned at the
close, to meet in Kingston on Tuesday,
the 1 9th day of September next, much
gratified with the kind attentions they
had received, and feeling that it had
been a very instructive and enjoyable
occtiaion.

200

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

CAULIFLOWERS.

Among the unsolved problems which
still puzzle the minds of the intelligent
American market gardeners, stands
prominently the one how to succeed
every year in raising maximum crops
of well-developed Cauliflowers. The
practical and trained gardener gives
himself no trouble of mind about grow-
ing paying crops of early Cabbages,
Lettuce, Beets, or Onions, with the
present well-established practices now
in common use. But with Cauliflowers
the matter is different. They are ca-
pricious, becoming very responsive to
good treatment one year, while the
next year the crop, gi-own with the
same care, results in failure. Very
often, not more than fifty per cent, of
the number planted will make large,
compact heads. This uncertainty is not
in consequence of any neglect or over-
sight in preparing the ground, nor in
the methods of cultivation, for I have
known dozens of instances of failure
where the ground was rich and the cul-
ture thorough, from planting-time to
the close of the growing season. This
serious and expensive obstacle has been
partially overcome, of late years, by the
introduction of some newer varieties,
which are surer to head than the older
kinds under the same treatment.

In growing Cabbages, one may get a
fair crop with light manuring and in-
diflferent cultivation. But it is a waste
of time and money to risk this plan
with Cauliflowers, no matter whether
the old or newer varieties are planted.
To start right, the soil must be deep,
mellow, and rich. This will be the
first step toward insuring success in
raising a crop of full-sized Cauliflowers.

For the fall crop, the seed is sown,
in the latitude of New York, from the
first to the fifteenth of May, in a seed-
bed in the open ground. The rows
are usually a foot ai^)artj and the seed

sown thickly and covered lightly.
When the young plants come through
the surface they are very frequently
attacked by the '' black fly," and, un-
less these are checked, they will destroy
every plant. My plan is, and has
been for years, to soak some tobacco
stems in water, and add to this some
soft-soap and urine. With this mix-
ture, diluted with water, the plants
are syringed early in the morning, and
then dusted with air-slacked lime. One
or two applications of this mixture, in
the way described, never fail to save
the plants. It is simple, and not ex-
pensive.

In former years, the varieties which
were generally grown included the
Half-Early Paris, Early Paris, Early
London, and Walcheren. Of late years,
the Erfurt Early Dwarf, Early Snow-
ball, and the Algiers, have taken the
place of those named first, and, on my
own farm, and wherever I have seen
them growing, I have become thorough-
ly satisfied that they are more reliable
for a crop. While they attain an equal
size, they are fully up to the standard
in quality. In a lot of 3,000 plants of
the Algiers planted on my farm last
year, over eighty-five per cent, grew to
full size, and made large, firm, com-
pact heads, many of them measuring
eighteen inches in diameter.

As mentioned before, to grow Cauli-
flowers to full size, the soil must be
rich and mellow. We usually plant
them on ground after early Potatoes.
The ground receives a liberal dressing
of manure in the spring, at the time of
planting the Potatoes. The Potatoes
are dug and marketed early in July,
after which the ground is again man-
ured, ploughed, and harrowed. The
plants ai-e then set out in rows two
and a half feet apart, and two feet
apart in the rows. They are planted
with the ordinary dibble, in precisely

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

201

the same way that Cabbage plants are
set. From this time on, the surface of
the gi'ound is kept loose and free from
weeds and grass — in the open field by
horse-tools, and in the garden with the
common hand-hoe.

The time of planting Cauliflowers
for fall and early winter use, in the
Middle and Northern States, may be
extended from the end of June to the
la,tter part of July, and even up to the
first of August. As a matter of course,
common sense would dictate that the
plants should be set out when the
weather is cloudy and moist, and the
soil damp. Cauliflower plants are not
so hardy as Cabbage plants, and \\ill
need a trifle more care when set out in
the garden or open field. Once started,
they will grow rank and thrifty. When
grown solely for home consumption, it
is the best plan to set part of the plants
on or before the first of July, and the
balance a couple or three weeks later.

In the latter part of September,
when the heads are forming, they need
some protection from the hot sun. If
left exposed, many of them will " but-
ton," as gardeners term it. A simple,
effective, and cheap method of avoiding
this is to go through the growing
Cauliflowers, and, when there is a head
forming, turn a few of the long out-
side leaves over the centre or head.
By doing this they will grow compact,
and become more sightly and valuable,
either for home use or market purposes.
— American Garden.

A Good Way of Cooking Onions. — It
i3 a good plan to boil onions in milk and
water ; it diminishes the strong t iste of
that vegetable. It is an excellent way of
serving up onions to choi) them up after
they are boiled, and put them in a stewpan
with a little milk, butter, salt and pepper,
and let them stew about fifteen minutes.
This gives them a fine flavor, and they can
be served up very hot.

THE LIXDLEY GRAPE.

This superior variety must have been
a great favorite with its originator, for
he christened it after one of England's
greatest botanists and horticulturists,
the illustrious author and editor, John
Lindley. Had Mr. Rogers given us
only the Lindley grape, his name would
have been famous ; yet this, the best of
all his valuable seedlings, is scarcely
known to the masses. It has been
crowded aside and overlooked, while
those inferior were applauded. Mr.
Barry says it is the best red grape we
have. Mr. G. W. Campbell gives it
preference over the Wilder, Salem,
Merrimack or Agawam. Mr. T. S.
Hubbard thus describes the Lindley : —
" Bunch medium long, sometimes shoul-
dered ; berries large, red or Catawba
color. Flesh tender, sweet, with high
aromatic flavor. Very healthy, vigor-
ous and hardy. Bipens with Delaware.
Best quality for table or wine. It is
a very good keeper, with firm, tenacious
skin. Resembles Catawba in some
respects. Is here regarded as one of
the best, if not the best, of Rogers'
Hybrids. Should be more extensively
planted." President T. T. Lyon says
the Lindley is a vigorous and product-
ive grape, of good quality, but little
grown in Michigan. Of coui*se it is
but little grown. Probably not one
fruit grower in one hundred there ever
saw it.

Since writing the above, I notice
the following in the Rural New
Yorker from Marshall P. Wilder: —
From the first introduction of Rogers'
grapes I have considered the Lindley
one of the most reliable varieties. Its
quality is but little below that of the
Delaware with me ; while in size, beauty,
vigor and hardiness it is superior. As
a proof of its excellence, I selected sam-
ples of both, taking small berries of the
Lindley, so as to have them in appear-
ance as much alike as possible, and had

202

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

them tested by coimoisseurs. Nine out
of eleven persons preferred the Lindley.
— Prairie Farmer.

THE RELATIONS OF FORESTRY TO
AGRICULTURE.

BY JOHN A. WARDER, M.D.

[Journal of American Agricultural Association.]

The plodding farmer of our country
will ask what possible relation can exist
between the wild, unbroken forest and
the smiling, fruitful farm. Nor is such
a question at all surprising, especially
from any of that large class of American
farmers who have spent their lives and
bestowed their strength in the laborious
efforts connected with the clearing of
our broad tracts of arable land. Most
naturally, and in all simplicity, may
one of the pioneers of our country ask
such a question 1 These forests have
been an obstruction to his progress ;
he has been taught to consider them
hindrances to agriculture that must be
removed at any cost, before he can
bring into play the very first appliances
of his art ! Yes, truly, they are so ;
and yet it is equally clear to those who
can look beyond the limits of the corn
field, that most important relations do
exist between the so very different con-
ditions of the earth's surface, as are
seen in the forest and field. Their re-
lations are manifold and most intimate,
and the dependence of the latter upon
the former becomes more and more
important, and is more and more mani-
fest, as we advance in our study of the
scope of the broad field of agriculture,
and we appreciate that forestry is in-
deed, but a province of agronomony —
and that the one is embraced by the
other — of which it is a most important
component part. Thus we may learn
the relations of forestry to agriculture.

Let us reply to the query by asking :
What were agriculture without for-
estry ? * * * Simply, an impossi-

bility ; or, at the best, a constantly
increasing struggle against difficulties
and hindrances whenever in any exten-
sive region the transformation of the
natural woodlands into open tillage
fields passes beyond a certain limit.
To that point, be the ratio greater or
less, according to the natural formation
and surroundings, as well as the breadth
of the territory in question, forests are
a stern necessity, and they are an abso-
lute requisite to our permanent success
in any well regulated system of agri-
culture.

And why so ! is it asked ? * * *
Because forests modify the climate ;
because they are the great regulators
of the temperature and of the moisture
of the atmosphere about us, and these
are elements of necessity to our success
in the management of vegetable life,
for which agriculture exists.

Forests are the reservoirs and the
conservators of moisture, and the source
of continued supply to the springs and
streams and rivers of the continent.
Without their presence, in due ratio,
these essential and life-giving currents
would soon suffer in their continuous
flow, and would eventually disappear,
leaving desolation in their track.

Mahomet was right when he uttered
that forcible apothegm — "The tree is
father to the rain," by which he meant,
of course, trees in the aggregate. * * *
Trees in forest masses attract, receive,
and retain, and then gradually diffuse,
moisture. The precipitated water is
thus husbanded instead of being wasted
by rapidly escaping, as it must do, from
a bare slope, and carrying with it the
accumulations of a soil that has re-
quired ages in its preparation for our
use.

The true and proper forestal condi-
tions of the surface of all well-regulated
woodlands, render mountain forests the
especial guardians and reservoirs of

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

203

moisture, to supply the springs and
streams and rivei-s of the world.

Locally, woods of greater or less
extent exercise a most happy influence
by breaking the force of the winds, and
thus, in a marked degree, they modify
the climate ; they provide a kindly
shelter to our crops and to our cattle
from the rude blast, and from its chill-
ing influence produced by the increased
evaporation.

In this respect it is surprising how
great benefit may be derived from single
lines of trees. This is still more mani-
fest when wider strips are planted, as
shelter-belts around the farms in the
broad expanses of an open country, like
that of our Western prairies.

Intelligent nations who have learned
to appreciate the value of forests, and
who have acquired the knowledge that
enables them to build up and to main-
tain a well-regulated system of wood-
lands, endeavour to keep from one-fifth
to one-fourth of their superficial area
covered with trees. These are best and
most effective in their climatic influ-
ences when they are properly distri-
buted, but it often happens that exten-
sive tracts are devoted to tillage, while
the forests are clustered in large masses
on the crests of hills and on mountain
ranges which are not adapted to farm
crops.

In the brief period of our occupation,
the energy of our people and the de-
mands of our civilization have accom-
plished a most terrible and wasteful
destruction of the beautiful forests be-
stowed on our land by the bountiful
hand of the Creator. Counting upon
what we have considered an inex-
haustible supply of woods, we have
wasted them sadly — and now we have
reached a point where it becomes us to
halt. Moreover, it is important for us
to recognize that, while clearing the
land for our farms, we have also culled

out the best of the trees from the re-
maining forest which is thus greatly
diminished in value ; and already, in
many places, the shrunken streams give
us warning that we have approached
the point of danger to the climate.
Meanwhile, there has been no repara-
tion to the woods, the destruction of
the young trees caused by the browsing
and tramping of cattle, and the intro-
duction of grasses in place of the natural
undergrowth, have not only destroyed
all hopes of natural reproduction, but
have so changed the physical conditions
of the soil and atmosphere that even the
trees, which have escaped our cupidity
and remain in possession, are themselves
suffering from the change — they are
dying in large numbers, and compel us
to extend our inroads upon the forest
areas by their removal.

Now is the time to begin at least the
conservation of our woodlands, and to
aid them in the process of self-renewal.
In this work natural forces most happily
come to our assistance — the bountiful
provision of nuts, acorns, and other
seeds, is sown with a liberal hand, and
we may count upon a full supply of
young trees to maintain the succession,
if we but furnish them the needful pro-
tection. Where they do not come in
sufficient numbers, it is an easy matter
to sow or plant such as may be most
desired and most profitable; and we
may also have to remove some of
Nature's planting which are of unde-
sirable kinds ; but we must carefully
exchule all animals from the woodland,
which should never be used as a pasture-
field. This is the first great axiom of
Forestry.

In our beginnings of the future sys-
tematic forestry of America, we must
all soon realize our ignorance of the
subject ; and with many of us this need
of information extends even to a want
of knowledge in regard to our own
native trees themselves.

204

THE CANADIAN H0RTICFLTURI8T.

PICKLES.

Thrifty housekeepers are pleased to
have an abundance of pickles, as they
are convenient to help make out a
variety when one is obliged (as is often
the case) to get up a meal unexpectedly.
They are delicious, and wholesome too,
if properly prepared. It is a mistaken
notion that fruit which is too poor for
canning or for other uses, will do well
enough for pickles. A good quality of
fruit should always be chosen, large and
well ripened, but not mellow. Perhaps
the most generally used of all fruits for
pickles are peaches and pears. A thin
peeling should be taken from the latter
with a sharp knife, and, if large, cut in
halves and the core removed. If small
they may be pickled whole and the
stems left on if desired. The peaches
must also be pared or rubbed very
thoroughly with a flannel cloth to re-
move the fuzz or down which is very
unpleasant to the mouth.

A very good receipt for a plain, sweet
pickle, is this : To every quart of good
cider vinegar — and nothing except good
vinegar should ever be used — add two
heaping teaspoonfuls of white or best
brown sugar, with two level tablespoon-
fuls of ground cinnamon, and one of
cloves. Tie the spices up loosely in a
thin piece of muslin and put them along
with the sugar into the vinegar, and
heat all together. Add some of the
fruit and cook till tender, then remove
to a fruit jar ; add more of the fruit,
and so continue till all has been cooked
and removed to the jar, then turn the
boiling vinegar over. After three days
turn off the vinegar and boil it for half
or three-quarters of an hour, turn again
over the fruit, then tie a cloth over the
top and set awoy in a dry, cool place.
There must always be vinegar enough
to fully cover the fruit.

Cauliflowers and sweet apples also
make delicate and wholesome pickles.

The cauliflower should have the leaves
stripped oflf and the heads broken in
pieces, steamed till partially tender, and
then served as above. Sweet apples,
unless a very tender kind and mellow,
should also be steamed a few moments
before putting into the vinegar. For
the latter, a vinegar not quite so sweet
is preferable. About one coffee- 3upful
of sugar to every quart of vinegar will
be found to make a very delicate and
toothsome sauce. Green tomatoes make
an excellent pickle if properly and care-
fully put up, but quite worthless other-
wise. They are more difficult to keep
than most other fruits, but in country
households, where cider vinegar is
abundant and cheap, this difficulty is
easily obviated. Gather large, well-
grown tomatoes that have turned white,
but none that are beginning to soften
or turn red ; slice through the middle,
and put into a weak brine. Let them
lie in this over night ; then take out,
rinse in cold water, and steam a few
moments ; then put into clear, cold
vinegar and cook till tender, or till a
straw will pierce them easily ; then
drain and put into a pickle jar. Throw
out the vinegar in which the tomatoes
have been cooked ; take enough fresh
to cover them ; add sugar and spices
about as for peaches and pears, boil and
turn hot over the fruit. Pickled in
this way tomatoes will keep for any
length of time desired.

Ripe cucumbers make a very good,
sweet pickle also. They must be pared,
cut in quarters and the inside scraped
out, then treated much the same as
tomatoes. To make graen cucumber
pickles, cut — not break — the cucum-
bers from the vines ; wash them care-
fully and put into a jar ; pour boiling
water over them for three or four days
in succession, then put into the jar in
which they are to be kept, and pour
boiling vinegar over them. Let them
stand for a week, then turn off* the old

THE CANADIAN IlOR'ncULTUKIST.

205

vinegar and add new, boiling hot.
Cover with horse-radish leaves, and if
the vinegar be good they will keep for
a year. Or they may be laid down in
salt ; then when wanted for the table
freshened with boiling water turned
over them several successive days ; then
put into cold vinegar with a very little
sugar, and in a couple of days they will
be i-eady for the table.

The following is a mixed pickle, or
piccalilli, of which many are very fond :
Chop one peck of green tomatoes, add
one pint of salt, cover with water and
let stand twenty-four hours. Squeeze
out this juice, put in fresh water and
drain oflf. Chop one firm head of cab-
bage, then chop all together fine. Put
into a kettle, cover with equal quantities
of water and vinegar, bring to boiling
heat, and drain off. Add the skins of
ten peppers, one tablespoonf ul of cloves,
one of allspice, half a pint of mustard
seed, six onions, one pint of molasses,
and half a pint of grated horse-radish.
Put into a jar and cover with cold
vinegar. — Country Gentleman.

PACKING APPLES.

I have before made allusion to the
discreditable manner in which some
parties pack apples for the English mar-
ket. Since then the complaints have
grown louder and more frequent, and
always coupled with the statement that
our Canadian neighbors thus far pack
fairly. Investigation, I am sorry to say,
shows these complaints to be, in many
cases, well founded. All, of course
do not resort to this reprehensible
method, but all should feel an interest
in exj)08ing and correcting the evil
as far as may be, for the sake of our
common reputation. It will only result
in hurting the trnde, and this trade is
already of such dimensions as to be
worth preserving, apples now forming
an important item among our exports.

It is officially stated that 1,203,670
barrels of apples were received in Eng-
land from the United States duiing the
year 1880. These figures will surprise
many, but thei-e can be no doubt that
they may be gi-eatly increased if some
regard be paid to the much neglected
" golden rule," which is just as good in
trade as anywhere else. — Rural New
Yorker.

HOW TO COOK SALSIFY.

Some of our correspondents say that
they have followed our advice to grow
Salsify — or Oyster Plant, as it is often
called — and that we should now tell
them what to do with it. To those
unacquainted with the plant we may
say that it is perfectly hardy, and if
any has been left in the ground, it will
be just as good in the spring, or if dug
during a thaw. The roots, whether of
Salsify, or of Scorzonera, often called
Black Salsify — have a milky juice,
which, when exposed to the air, soon
becomes brown. In preparing them
they should be quickly scraped, to re-
move the skin, and at once dropped
into water to prevent discoloration.
In the following recipes it is presumed
that the root has been thus prepared.

Stewed Salsify. — Cut the root into
convenient bits, and throw them at
once into water enough to cover them.
Add salt and stew gently until quite
tender, pour off the water, add suffi-
cient milk to cover, a good lump of
butter, into which enough flour to
thicken has been rubbed, season with
pepper. When the butter is melted,
and the milk boils, and is sufficiently
thickened, serve.

Saldfy Soup is essentially the same
as the foregoing, only adding a large
quantity of milk to form a soup, and
omitting the thickening. To increase
the resemblance to oyster soup some
add a little salt codfish picked fine.

206

TflK CVNADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Fried Salsify. — The root cut cross-
wise in halves or shorter, is boiled
until quite tender; remove from the
water and allow to drain. Dip each
piece in batter, and fry quickly in
plenty of hot lard to an even light
brown.

Salsify Fritters. — Boil tender and
mash fine. Mix with beaten eggs and
flour, thin enough to drop from a spoon,
and fry as other fritters. Some prefer
to mix hard enough to make into balls,
and fry on a griddle, with very little
fat, browning one side at a time. —
American Agriculturist,

PRESERVING GRAPES FOR WINTER.

As autumn approaches, we receive a
number of inquiries as to the method
of preserving grapes for winter use.
It is not generally understood that
there is as much difference in grapes,
with respect to their keeping, as there
is with other fruits. No one would
expect to keep Early Harvest apples
or Bartlett pears for the holidays, and
it is so with the most generally culti-
vated grape, the Concord; it can not
be made to keep in good condition
long after it is fairly ripe. With other
varieties it is different. There are
some localities where that grand old
grape, the Catawba, can still be culti-
vated with success, and, where this is
the case, one need hardly to look for
a better variety. The Isabella still
succeeds in some places, and is a fair
keeper. Better than either, if not the
best of all grapes, the lona gives good
crops in some places, as does the Diana.
Where either of these, the Isabella,
Catawba, lona, or Diana, can be grown,
there is no difficulty in keeping them
until the first of the New Year, or later.
The grapes are allowed to ripen fully ;
they are picked, and placed in shallow
trays, in which they remain in an airy
room to " cure." The operation of cur-

ing consists merely in a sort of wilting,
by which the skin becomes toughened,
and will not break when the fruit is
packed. The clusters, when properly
" cured," are packed in boxes, usually
of three or five pounds each. The
bottom of the box is opened, the larger >
clusters laid in carefully, and smaller
bunches packed in upon them in such
a manner that it will requii-e a mod-
erate pressure to bring the cover (or,
properly, the bottom), of the box to
its place, where it is nailed down. The
pressure used is such that when the
top of the box is opened, the grapes
next to it are found to be somewhat
flattened. The fruit must be pressed
in such a manner that it can not shake
in travel, and this can only be done
with grapes the skin of which has been
toughened by being properly cured.
If clusters were placed in the box as
they come from the vines, and subjected
to the needed pressure, the skin would
crack around the stems, liberating the
juice, and the whole would soon pass
into decay. Towards Christmas and
New Year's, many tons of the varieties
we have named come to the New York
market in excellent condition. New
varieties of grapes, of great excellence,
have recently been introduced, but
we have yet to learn as to their keeping
qualities. With the Concord and rel-
ated varieties, the skin is too tender
to allow of long keeping, and it does
not seem to toughen in the curing
process. Still, with these, the season
for home use may be considerably
prolonged. The late Mr. Knox found
that he could keep the Concord for
some time by placing the thoroughly
ripened clusters in baskets or boxes,
with the leaves of the vine below and
between them. We do not know
how long this will keep these grapes,
but we saw some in excellent condition
several weeks after the harvest was over.
Those who set grape-vines should be

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

207

aware tliat no one variety will meet
every requirement, and that the earlier
the variety, the less likely it will be to
keep. — Ai7ierican Agriculturist.

WHAT TREES TO PLANT FOR FUEL
AND TIMBER.

The attention of ou» people in the
older States is being very properly
turned to planting rocky ridges and
worn out pastures with forest trees.
This work is done by those who have
no expectation of cutting the timber
themselves, but with a view to improve
their property for future sale, or for
their heirs. These old pastures now
are worth $10, or less, per acre.
Forty or fifty years hence, covered
with heavy timber, they would be
worth $300, or more, per acre. Two
elements may safely enter into this
calculation of the profit of tree plant-
ing : the steady growth of the trees
and the constant increase in the price
of fuel and timber. There is great
difference in the price of the varieties
of wood, but still more in the rapidity
of their growth. Hickory grows more
rapidly than White Oak, and in most
markets is worth a quarter more for
fuel. Chestnut grows about three times
as fast as the White Oak, and for many
purpose makes quite as good timber.
It is in great demand by ship-builders,
and cabinet-makers. The Chestnut, the
Tulip Tree, and the Hickory, attain a
good size for timber in 20 to 25 years,
and the Spruce and Pine want about
50 years. The Maples grow quite
rapibly, and are highly prized, both
for fuel and for cabinet purposes. On
light sandy land, the White Pine will
grow rapidly, and cannot fail to be a
good investment for the next gener-
ation. As arule the more rapid growing
trees, if the wood is valuable, will pay
better than the Oaks. — Arnericcm A<jri-
culturist.

NARCISSUS.

The Narcissus is a veiy fine class of
early blooming flo Wei's including the
well known Daffodil and Jonquil. Most
of the varieties are hardy, and should he
planted in the autumn, like the Hya-
cinth, but may remain in the ground a
number of years, after which they will
become so matted together as to make
a division of the roots necessary.

The Single Narcissus is extremely
hardy and popular as a border flower,
and the central cup being of a different
color from the six petals, makes the
flower exceedingly attractive. Some
have the petals of a light yellow and
the cup orange ; others have the petals
white and the cup yellow ; while the
Poet's Narcissus (Narcissus poeticus,)
sometimes called Pheasant's Eye, is
snowy white, the cup cream color ; with
a delicate fringed edge of red, which
gives its latter name. The Double »^ar-
ieties are very desirable. The common
Daffodil is well known under that name,
though not so well by its true one. Van
Sion.

The most beautiful class of the Nar-
cissus family, however, is the Poly-
anthus Narcissus. The flowers are
produced in clusters or trusses of from
half a dozen to three times this number.
Like the othera, they show every shade
of color, from the purest imaginable
white to deep orange.

The Polyanthus Narcissusis not quite
hardy in this climate, unless planted
in a sandy soil, and well covered before
winter, and then often fails ; further
South it does well. For flowering in
pots in the house the Polyanthus Nar-
cissus is unsurpassed, and nothing can
be more satisfactory for this purpose.
The Jonquils are also desirable for win-
ter flowering. Three or four may be
grown in a small pot. Try them in the
house next winter ; you will find noth-
ing sweeter. The Poii/anthtts Narcissus

208

THE CANADIAN HORTICCLTmiST.

will also flower well in glasses of water,
like the Hyacinth, and it is desirable
to grow a few in this wav, yet nothin»
looks so natural and nice as a good
healthy plant in a neat pot of earth, and
no other method leaves the bulb in a
sound, healthy condition for the next
season. The Polyanthus Narcissus suc-
ceeds admirably in gardens where win-
ters are not very severe, and is prized
for house culture everywhere. The
Chinese, of California, brought over
bulbs, and they created a great wonder
on the Pacific coast and elsetv^here,
and were called the Chinese National
Flower, though the same could be had
at any respectable seed-house in Ame-
rica.— Vick's Floral Guide.

MELON OULTITRE.
An Ohio farmer says : — "During the
Winter and Spring I gather together
all the fine manure I can, such as hog
manure, with the cobs raked out, hen
manure, bai-nyard scrapings, etc. After
the melons are planted I load this mix-
ture on the waggon, and if not wet
enough I throw a few pails of water on it,
drive into the field and straddle one row,
and with another hand take two rows
one on each side of the waggon and put
a small shovelful of this mixture on each
hill. By soaking the seed overnight
before planting, it will be necessary
then to examine a few hills in the
course of five days, to see if they are
making their way through the inch of
dirt that was first covered over the seed ;
if so, then the manure should be shoved
to one side with the back of a rake.
After the melons are beginning to get
the third leaf, I take a mixture of two-
thirds of slaked lime, one-third plaster,
and dose each hill with about half a
Spoonful, getting the greater part on
the dirt around the plants. With this
method I get 1,000 melons per acre,
and always get a premium at our
county fairs."

THK CULTURE OF STRAWBERRIES.

Messrs. Ellwanger and Barry of the
Mount Hope Nurseries, at Rochester,
give the following directions in their
Strawberry Catalogue :

Tke Soil and Its Preparation. — ^The
strawberry may be successfully grown
in any soil adapted to the growth of
ordinary field or garden crops. The
ground should be well prepared, by
trenching or plowing at least eighteen
to twenty inches deep, and be properly
enriched as for any garden crop. It is
unnecessary to say that if the land ia
wet, it must be thoroughly drained.

Season for Transplanting. — In the
Northern States, the season for planting
in the spring is during the months of ^
April and May. It may then be done
with safety from the time the plants
begin to grow until they are in blossom.
This is the time we prefer for setting
out large plantations.

During the months of August and
September, when the weather is usually
hot and dry, pot-grown plants may be
planted to the best advantage. With
the ball of earth attached to the roots,
they can be transplanted without any
failures, and the trouble and annoyance
of watering, shading, <kc., which are
indispensable to the succees of layer
plants, are thus in a great measure
avoided.

GARDEN CULTURE.

To Cidtivate the Strawberry. — For
family use, we recommend planting in
beds four feet wide, with an alley two
feet wide between. These beds will
accommodate three rows of plants,
which may stand fifteen inches apart
each way, and the outside row nine
inches from the alley. These beds can
be kept clean, and the fruit can be
gathered from them without setting the
feet upon them.

Culture in Hills. — This is the best
mode that can be adopted for the garden.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

209

If you desire fine, large, high-flavored
fruit, })iiich off the runners as fast as
they appear, repeating the o[)eration as
)ften as may be necessary during the
mniner. Every runner thus removed
produces a new crown at the centre of
tliPt plant, and in the fall the plants
vill liave formed large bushes or stools.
Ml which the finest strawberries may
•♦' expected the following season. In
the meantime, the ground among the
plants should be be kept clear of weeds,
a nd frequently stirred with a hoe or fork.
Covering in Winter. — Where the win-
tei's are severe, with little snow for pro-
tection, a slight covering of leaves or lit-
ter or the branches of evergreens, will be
of great service. This covering should
not be placed over the plants till after
the ground is frozen, usually from the
middle of November till the first of
December in this locality. Fatal errors
are often made by putting on too much
and too early. Care must also be taken
to remove the covering in spring just
as soon as the plants begin to grow.

Mulching to Keep the Fruit Clean. —
Before the fruit begins to ripen, mulch
the ground among the [)lants with short
hay or straw, or grass mowings from
the lawn, or anything of that sort.
This will not only keep the fruit clean,
but will prevent the ground from drying
and baking, and thus lengthen the
fruiting season. Tan-bark can also be
used as a mulch.

A bed managed in this way will give
two full crops, and should then be
spaded or jjloughed down, a new one
having been in the meantime prepared
to take its place.

FIELD CULTURE.

The same directions with regard to
soil, time of planting, protection and
mulching as given above, are applicable
when planting on a large scale.

The Matted lioio System — the mode
of growing usually pursued — has its
2

advantages for field culture, but cannot
be recommended for the garden. In
the field we usually plant in rows threes
to four feet apart, and the plants a foot
to a foot and a half apart in the row.
In this case much of the labor is per-
formed with the hoi-se and cultivator.
How to Ascertain the Number of
Plants Required for an Acre. — The
number of plants required for an acre,
at any given distance apart, may be
ascertained by dividing the number of
square feet in an acre (43,560) by the
number of square feet given to each
plant, which is obtained by multiplying
the distance between rows by the dis-
tance between the plants. Thus straw-
berries planted three feet by one foot
give each plant three square feet, or
14,520 plants to the acre.

THE ^LIUM AURATUM AT HOME.

The " Queen of Lilies " is thus de-
scribed by a correspondent of the Gar .
deners Chronicle :

" Coming from the south of Japan [
saw for the first time the Lilium Aura
tum, a little after passing the gate of
Hakoni, three days before arriving at
Yokohama. They were grown in fields,
as our Onions are, and quite as close to .
each other. As the flowei-s were begin-
ning to expand the sight was magnifi-
cent, and the scent overi)owering. It
was much later, and far north of Tokio,
that I saw them wild, coming out of
the margin of the natural shrubberies,
generally with a single huge blossom,
sometimes two, rarely three. It is no ■
wonder we got at first notice such
quantities of them, as the bulbs are a
common article of diet with the natives,
and are sold everywhere as a vegetal)le-
in the markets. I have eaten them,
pretty often, and rather relished them,
as they are, when cooked, sweet, mucila-
ginous, and without any taste to make
them objectionable to a new comer."

210

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

BLACKBERRY CULTURE.
The home of the blackberry is in a
deep sandy soil, not over-rich, the
climate cool and moist rather than hot
and dry. In such a soil the roots are
safe from V»e influences of the weather,
as they penetrate deep, the water in a
wet season passing olf readily, and the
heat and drouth not reaching them to
seriously affect them./ unless unusually
severe, then only checking the growth
and shrinking the berries. Thickly
mulching the ground in such case is
a great help, using some vegeiabie
material, like muck or leaf mold, which,
worked afterward into the soil, is of
great benefit. Partial shade from
shrubs, or occasional trees, or other
means of preventing the direct heat of
the sun, is an advantage in our drouthy
climate.^' Better still is a northern in-
clination of the ground, as it favors
moisture arid secures a more uniform
temperature, having also the whole
TDenefit of the soil. The only danger
would be from a great growth of stalk
in a moist, growing season, the wood
not sufficiently maturing to withstand
the cold of winter, especially if severe.
This is readily avoided by pinching off
with thumb and finger, the tips of the
canes, which is best done when a height
of three feet or more has been reached,
depending upon the thickness of the
stalk, as stockiness is required to sus-
tain the weight of the fruit, thus dis-
I)ensing with stakes for support. This
diverts the growth into the side shoots
or arms, which in like manner must be
stopped when the proper length has
been reached, which may vary from
fifteen to eighteen inches. These late-
rals make an unequal growth, some
reaching the proper length for stopping
sooner than others ; hence frequent at-
tention is required, so that no unneces-
sary loss of wood results from excess of
growth. If any are tardy and threaten
to make too late a growth to stand the

winter, pinch them back whatever their
length to give the wood a chance to
harden. In this way the whole plant
becomes fortified against the cold, and
is the better able from its increased
stockiness and shortening of length to
bear its fruit, the size and quality of
which will also be improved. In this
operation there is nothing rash, the
plant receives no shock from severe
pruning ; only the direction of growth
is somewhat changed, favoring the parts
that most need it — the laterals, which
bear the fruit.

One of the faults in blackberry cul-
ture is an excess of growth or too high
manuring, favoring a tendency to pro-
duce stalk and leaf growth at the ex-
pense of fruit. But while less push is
required for the canes, more is demanded
to round out the growing crop of fruit,
the two principles, unfortunately, being
in antagonism. The only course is the
medium, which produces a good cane
and a fair to good crop of fruit, the
lack to be made up by planting closer,
which the lesser growth will allov/.
Rank manure should be discarded, stir-
ring lightly the surface of the ground
and mulching with fine vegetable ma-
terial to be finally worked into the soil,
is better treatment — well-rotted stable
manure, if needed, preceding the mulch.
The time for applying the manure is
after the fruit is set, or at the blossom-
ing period, or, if the soil is quite poor,
earlier still, which will push the canes,
that can then bear it, and improve the
fruit. The manure mostly exhausted,
the canes will grow more leisurely and
slowly, thus getting a chance to ripen
their wood and favor the formation of
fruit buds. Treated in this way the
largest and finest berries and greatest
and most profitable crops are grown.
Otherwise, with the too general treat-
ment, the berry will be small and seedy,
and lacking in flavor. The excellence
of the blackberry, as of other berries^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

211

is obtained by growing it well. To
develop the flavor requires a certain
amount of sun. Excess of heat, how-
ever, must be avoided. It is best there-
fore to have the berry favored with the
forenoon sun, and somewhat protected
against the increased heat of the after-
noon, especially the first few hours,
when I have known exposed berries to
get scalded. With a little attention to
locality and treatment much can be
done to favor this fruit. — Country
Gentleman.

THE NEWER RASPBERRIES.

In answer to frequent inquiries, we
give in condensed form some of the
results of the experiments which have
been made with most of the newer
varieties of the rasi)berry, with the
opinions which have been given by dif-
ferent cultivators as to their character
and general value. Raspberry culture
generally, and the production of new-
sorts in particular, have received much
attention of late years, and deserve
still more. Every owner of a garden
may have a sufficient plantation of this
wholesome and delicious fruit to supply
his family, with no more expense and
labor than he bestows on his onions
and cucumbers, provided he makes a
good selection of varieties and gives
them as intelligent culture. He wants
hardy sorts which will not be winter-
killed ; they must be so productive as
to furnish good crops ; the quality must
be good, and if they are of large size
they may be more rapidly picked.
Another important requisite, good
bearing, would be more frequently
reached if cultivatore would bear in
mind that suckers are as detrimental to
productiveness as a heavy mass of weeds
is to a crop of potatoes or corn. The
trouble Ls, they do not cut out the
suckers at the right time, but they are
Allowed to grow till they have choked

the crop before they are thinned out.
Select in spring the few shoots which
are to grow, not over four or five to'
the hill at most, and cut out with a
sharp hoe every other plant before it is
three inclies high, and keep all cut the
season through. Again, the hardiness
will be increased by planting on a well-
drained soil with dry bottom.

There are nearly a hundred old sorts
which have been described in books
and tested in this country, some of
which are perhaps as good as anything
we have that is new ; but the i\q\v ones
may afford among their large number
some better adapted to our wants. We
furnish the following brief notes, with
the hope that our readers may give
additional information from their own
experience. Among the red or sucker-
ing varieties are the

Herstine, not a new sort, but im-
perfectly known to cultivators, and for
quality hardly equalled by any other.
It is quite productive, and the berries
are of large size. It is too soft for
conveyance to distant markets, but ex-
cellent for home use. The chief draw-
back is its want of hardiness in many
localities. But we find by selecting a
soil, and giving it cultivation which
will prevent late growing and favor
early ripening of the wood, that it is
scarcely ever injured beyond the tips
of the shoots, and in any case laying
down for winter would be a sufficient
remedy.

Clarke is another sort which has
been known for a number of yeai-s, but
is now passing out of cultivation, oa
account of its moderate productiveness
and the frequent imperfections of the
berries. It suckers very freely, and
requires the prompt removal of the
suckers on their first appearance. With
this care, and with pinching back the
canes when half grown, it bears well.
In some localities it has proved par-
tially tender.

212

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Cuthbert is newer, and is becoming
one of the most popular of all varieties.
It is regarded by prominent cultivators
as the most valuable raspberry culti-
vated. The fruit is large, roundish-
conical, red, firm, and of fair quality.
It is generally supposed to be identical
with Queen of the Market, or scarcely
differs from it.

Turner, raised by Prof. Turner, of
Illinois, is very hardy, the fruit me-
dium or large, of fine quality, but too
soft for long conveyance to market,
and it appears to be remarkably adapt-
ed to many localities. It ripens early.
E. P. Roe says he does not know a
single good raspberry that is perfectly
hardy except the Turner, which is,
however, not equal in quality to the
Cuthbert.

B|-andy wine has been a very popular
market sort in Central and Southern
New Jersey, and in Delaware and
Maryland. Although the quality is
poor and the size is not large, its bright
color and firm flesh and bushy growth
have been much in its favor, but its
popularity is waning. It suckers en-
ormously, and needs prompt anvl early
thinning.

Thwack is like Brandywine, but
larger, and is also poor in quality : its
value is for market, for which purpose
some western cultivators prefer it to
all others. It suckers badly. Ellwan-
ger & Barry describe its quality briefly
in the words, " large, red, insipid."

Reliance is a seedling of the Phila-
delphia, and much better — hardy, vigor-
ous and productive, quite large, firm,
not high in flavor.

Montclair — raised by E. Williams of
Montclair, N. J. — a strong grower,
hardy, productive, berries red, firm, of
fair quality. It suckers quite moder-
ately, which is much in its favor.

Highland Hardy, valuable only for
its extreme earliness ; although small it

has a handsome appearance, and it is
quite productive. It is rather poor in
quality. Roe says "it has had its
day," but it will still be cultivated
moderately.

Pride of the Hudson, when in per-
fection, is large and very fine, but this
so rarely occurs that it will be gener-
ally discarded.

Caroline appears to be between the
suckering and tip-rooting sorts, sucker-
ing freely and rooting sparingly at the
tips of the shoots. The fruit is orange
yellow, resembling Brinckle's Orange,
but not equal to it in quality. It is
hardy and productive, and is much
valued by some cultivators.

Marlboro is a new sort, raised by A.
J. Caywood of Ulster County. It ap-
pears to be quite large, is bright, and
of good quality. The canes are strong
growers. It has been proved in only
one locality, and needs further testing.

Lost Rubies is a temporary name for
a large, fine and productive sort culti-
vated by Charles A. Greene of Monroe
County, N. Y., the origin of which and
its identity with any other sort he has
not been able to ascertain. It is hand-
some in appearance, firm in texture,
and excellent in quality. It does not
resemble Cuthbert, and, although about
the size of Franconia, is unlike it in
character.

Among the newer Black Caps are
the following :

Gregg (from Indiana), one of the
largest of its class, the berries roundish
oblate, black, with a slight bloom, firm,
of good but not of the highest quality.
A strong grower and very productive.
Although not new, it is newly intro-
duced in some places.

New Rochelle, a seedling of the Ca-
tawissa, very productive ; the berries
medium or large, dark dull red, firm,
acid — excellent for canning. It is in-
termediate between the suckering and

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

213

tip-rooting sorts, the latter quality pre-
dominating.

There are some other cap varieties
requiring further testing, such as the
Surprise and Elsie, which are large
and of bright color, Duncan's Black-
cap, reputed quite large, and Hamilton
Blackcap, also said to be very large
and tine.

The Ontario, which originated many
years ago at Fair})ort, N. Y., and which
is a good and productive variety, failed
to become popular on account of its
dull color, and is now little cultivated.
Nearly the same remark will apply to
the Ganargua. — Country Gentleman.

SOME NOTES OX A FARMER'S
EDUCATION.

At the Farmers' State Convention,
held at New Britain, Conn,, the leading
topic was : " What the Farmer Ought
to Know, and How he may Learn It."
The following remarks are extracts from
our notes taken upon the lectures and
discussions :

The old view that anybody could be
a farmer is passing away. Farmers are
" looking over the fence " more than
ever before ; they observe, and imitate
when it seems desirable. This awaken-
ing of thought has developed into the
establishment of various agricultural
schools, many of which have been un-
successful, and for various reasons.
Too much was expected of them ; the
teachers were not trained to their work,
and the pupils, in many cases, have
been educated away from the farm.
The love for farming and farm life
must be developed in the child. The
home teachings mainly shape the farmer
boy's future. Object lessons, instead
of book lessons, most interest and in-
struct the young — and the farm with
all its plants and animals oflfei-s the
very best opportunities for this training
of the powers of observation. Study

nature and refer to books, and not
study books and afterwards refer to
nature.

The great lack in the farmer's educa-
tion is system and balance. In no
occupation is there greater demand for
independent thought and accurate judg-
ment. To obtain these he must read
the best agricultural papers, establish
and attend farmers' clubs, take part in
the annual exhibitions, and in every
way possible meet his fellow farmers,
that by so doing he may increase his
knowledge.

There is much work for agriculture
to be done in the common school. The
apparatus required is simple and cheap,
and plants, etc., are always at hand.
A text-book of the rudiments of farm-
ing could be put into every common
school with great advantage to every
child, and as Professor Johnson re-
marked, we should then have " more
broth and less dish-water in our schools."
Scientitic methods should be cultivated
in youth ; the method is as valuable as
the facts. The only reason for this
lack of agricultural instruction is the
indifference of the people. Boards of
Education and Boards of Agriculture
should put their heads together and
help to bring in this new dispensation.
The village and city school should share
in this work ; the whole system leading
up to the Agricultural College, where
the highest and most thorough educa-
tion can be obtained. As a stimulus
and an aid in bringing about this system
in agricultural education, schools of a
few months' duration, in the winter
season it may be, might be held at
various points. The nation is safest
only when the youth are educated
thoroughly — and agriculture is on a
sound and permanent basis only when
the boys, and girls too, are instructed
in the elements of farming. — Amerkan
AgricidturUL

214

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

\

THE BLACK KNOT.

As the leaves fall away from the
Plum and Cherry trees, conspicuous
excrescences are frequently seen upon
the branches, which, from their shape
and color, have appropriately received
the name of Black Knot. This is an
old enemy of the fruit garden, and its
ravages have been so severe in some
parts of the country, especially the
older sections, that the raising of Plums
has been given up. Though known as
a very destructive growth upon the
trees for a long time, it is but within
the last few years that its nature has
become known beyond a doubt, through
the careful and prolonged study of scien-
tific men.

The history of the investigations into
the nature of the Black Knot would
make a volume of no small size, and of
interest in more ways than one. The
insect theory prevailed for a long time ;
and there seemed to be v^ery strong
indications that the Knot was similar
in origin to the galls of the Oak, Willow,
etc. The fact that the excrescences,
especially the old ones, contained living
insects, their eggs, and remains of the
dead, was taken as positive evidence
that the " house " they occupied was
built by the indwelling insects. The
Knot is now known to be of fungus
origin, and therefore is related to the
Peach curl. Potato rot, Wheat rust,
and a long list of other microscopic
plants too small to be seen, except by
their destructive effects, as they pi'ey
upon the higher forms of vegetation.
The fungus, or parasitic plant, was first
described in 1838, but it remained for
Dr. Farlow, of Harvard University, to
publish a full account of the minute
plant, and its methods of propagation
and growth. I can do no better than
to give the argument against the insect
theory, or for the fungus nature of the
Knot, as briefly presented by Dr. Far-
low : *' First, the Knots do not resem-

ble the galls made by any known insects.
Secondly, although insects, or remains
of insects, are generally found in old
Knots, in most cases no insects at all are
found in them when young. Thirdly,
the insects that have been found by
entomologists in the Knots are not all
of one species, but of several different
species, which a»-e also found on trees
that are never affected by the Knot.
On the other hand, we never have the
Black Knot without the Sphceria mor-
bosa [the scientific name of the fungus],
and the mycelium of that fungus is
found in the slightly swollen stem, long
before anything that could be called a
Knot has made its appearance on the
branch ; and, furthermore, is not known
to occur anywhere except in connection
with the Knots."

The Knots range in size from an inch
to a foot in length, usually growing
upon one side of the branch, causing it
to bend away from that side, or twist
irregularly. The parasite first makes
its appearance in the spring, when the
affected branch increases rapidly in
size, and becomes soft in texture. The
bark is soon ruptured in various places,
and the soft interior comes to the sur-
face, expands rapidly, and soon turns
green. Multitudes of minute spores
are formed on this exposed green sur-
face, which fall away and are carried
by the winds, etc., to other twigs, thus
propagating the disease. These spores
continue to be formed until late autumn,
when the surface of the Knot takes on
a dry and black surface ; in the mean-
time, insects may have taken possession
of the soft tissue within, and so eaten
and destroyed it that at the end of the
season only a thick, hard crust, or shell,
remains. Another kind of spore is
found in small pits and sacks of the
crust, and as they form late in autumn,
they are the winter spores of the.fungus,
and the form in which the pest is carried
through tlie winter. These spores ger-

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

215

minate in the spring, and thus continue
the Black Knot. The same Knot lasts
for several years, or until the branch is
killed, it spreading from the old growth
up and down the branch.

The only remedy is the knife. A
branch once affected is beyond recovery,
and as long as it remains is a seat of
propagation of the spores of the fungus.
The Knots should be cut off some inches
below the main part, because the wood
for some distance is filled with the
threads of the fungus. I have seen
cases where the Knot was thought to
be entirely removed by the knife, and
a new one would form at the cut end
of the stump, thus showing that the
work was not properly done. The
removed branches should all be burned,
as the Knots contain spores which will
otherwise become detached and spiead
the disease. The best time to cut the
Knots is in late autumn, because, the
leaves having fallen, the excrescences
can be more easily seen. — Byron D.
Halsted, in the American Garden.

AMERICAN APPLES IN ENGLAND.

The New York Commercial Bulletin
lately published the following state-
ment from Mr. W. N. White, Covent
(jrarden, London, as to the relative
qualities and desii'ableness of American
apples for exporting to the English
market :

Baldwins — Free seller ; bright color
preferred.

Cranberry Pippins — Sells fairly well;
bright color preferred.

Fall Pippins — Bad keeper.

Fal la water — Free seller, and com-
mands good prices in the spring.

Golden Pippins — Soft, dangerous
apple ; no use here tliis season.

Golden Russets — Free seller, and
when clear makes pood prices.

Gmvenstein — Soft api)le ; dangerous.

Greenings — Free seller ; well known.

Gilliflowers — Poor; should not be
sent to England.

Holland Pippins — Good apple, but
soft.

Jennetings — See remark against
Gilliflowers.

Jonathans — When of good color,
command fair prices.

Kings — Good seller, but should not
be sent ripe.

Lady Apples— Sell well at high
prices.

Maiden's Blush — Good apple ; pro-
perly colored commands high prices.

Montreal Fameuse — Highly colored,
sells fairly ; green, bad seller.

Newtown Pippins — Large, selected
fruit commands high prices ; small,
speckled fruit, bad to sell, even at low
prices.

Nonpareils — Nova Scotia and Cana-
dian always command fair prices.

Nonsuch — Soft, dangerous.

Phoenix — When clear, sells fairly ;
very liable to turn black on one side,
which spoils the appearance.

Pomme Grise — Sells well, particu-
larly when clear.

Pound Sweet — Dangerous.

Eambo — Medium only in price and
quality.

Pvibston Pippins — Good seller, but
must never be sent ripe ; loses its crisp-
ness, which is essential.

Roxbury Russets — Useful apple ;
medium price.

Spitzenburgh — Good apple, but
quickly decays when ripe.

Spys — Must be large to sell well.

Swaars — Must be large to sell well.

Talman Sweet — Medium apple ; fair
seller when large size.

Twenty Ounce — Good medium apple.

Yandeveres — Fair seller.

VYageners — Good color, fair prices.

Woodstock Pippins — Good color,
good prices.

216

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Muslin Sashes. — Rufus Mason, of
Nebraska, says : Three years' experience
with muslin sashes where the thermometer
ranges from 20 degrees below zero to 70
degrees above, satisfies me of their supe-
riority. I make a square frame of Ij inch
stuff, with a single bar of the same size
down the middle, cover it with common,
heavy, unbleached muslin, paint it over
with two coats of boiled linseed oil, and
find it far better than glass. Have had
no freezing or scalding, but better colored
plants, more stocky, and better able to
withstand early transplanting. After the
hotbed is filled with manure, lay in the
soil so as to come within three inches of
the muslin, sloping exactly as it does. As
the season advances, the bed will settle
about as fast as the growth of the plants
require it. This plan prevents the plants
from becoming long-legged, which is the
main cause of the slow after-growth, and
in the cabbage family of so many plants
failing to make solid heads. — Michigan
Farmer.

A Potato Experiment. — A writer in
the Rural New Yorker says as follows :
Last spring when planting my Beauty of
Hebron potatoes, I planted one row
through the piece as follows : I took
potatoes below medium size, cut off the
seed and stem ends, cut out all the eyes
but two ; planted them and gave them the
same care as the rest of the piece. The
" seed " for the rest was of the same sized
J)otatocs cut in two, and planted one piece
in a hill about eighteen inches apart in
the row. Now for the result : The first
row, containing seventy hills, gave one
hundred and ninety-five pounds ; one row
by the side of it with eighty-six hills gave
one hundred and forty- three pounds, a
difference in yield per hill of over fifty
per cent, in favor of the whole potatoes
with two eyes. This row could be dis-
tinguished from the rest as far as the
piece could be seen, until the dry weather
dried up the vines. The whole piece
yielded a splendid crop, as did a piece of
8nowflake in another part of the field.

Queer Farming. — The latest novelty
in the "live stock" business is leech
farming, as carried out on a thirteen acre
tract near New York city. The tract is

devoted to small ponds having clay bot-
toms, and are margined with peat. The
leeches form their gelatinous cocoons in
these peat margins, crawl into them at the
open end, and deposit their eggs during
the month of June. By September the
warmth of the sun hatches out the young,
varying in number from thirteen to
twenty-seven from each cocoon. During
the svimmer months the water in the pond
is kept at about three feet ; in winter the
depth is increased to prevent freezing the
leeches. Leeches are not expensive feed-
ers, a meal of fresh blood once in six
months being their only diet. The blood
is put in linen bags and suspended in the
water. The leeches attach themselves to
the bag and remain until gorged with the
blood, when they drop into the water.
The owner reports that his sales amount
to about 1,000 leeches per day, the most
of them going to the West and South.
He makes this new branch of farming
quite profitable.

Keeping Grapes on the Vines. — I
have disco veered that by the use of strong
manilla paper bags, grapes may be kept
on the vines in splendid condition long
after the season for grapes out of doors
has gone by. Passing through the vines,
Oct. 31, three weeks after the frosts com-
pelled me to gather the crop, and after
the leaves had all fallen, I found a few
clusters protected by bags that had been
overlooked, beneath the leaves. Clusters
of the Lady grape were slightly faded, and
the quality not improved. The Brighton
appeared as fresh, bright and beautiful as
I ever saw it, with bloom undisturbed,
the color a dark rich maroon. I have
never eaten such rare specimens of this
fine grape, and yet the freezing had been
severe. They were the nearest approach
to a raisin I ever saw on vines. The
juices near the skin had condensed, and
there was a temptation to chew the skin
to secure the fine flavor. It would seem
that by the use of such stout paper bags
we may keep grapes on the vines several
weeks later than otherwise would be pos-
sible, and that we may enjoy ripe speci-
mens in this way, from varieties not
usually fully matured in this latitude. —
C. A. Green.

PRINTKD AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABfclSHMENI OF COPP, CLARK ft CO., COLBORNE STREET, TORONTO.

SWEET PEAS

THE

VOL. v.]

OCTOBER, 1882.

[No. 10.

FLOWERmG PEAS.

It is surprising that one does not
oftener see these beautiful, sweet-scent-
ed climbers growing about the dwell-
ings of our flower-loving people. They
are much more beautiful than the scar-
let runner which is so generally grown,
and besides are deliciously sweet-scent-
ed, so that they are known as Sweet
Peas. Our plate shows their beauti-
fully-varied coloring, but can convey
no idea to those unacquainted with the
flowers of the delightful perfume they
exhale.

They should be sown early in the
spring, just as soon as the frosfc is out
and the ground has become settled,

without any reference to the weather.
It is desirable that the soil should be
in good heart, and the seed be sown
four or five inches deep, and about an
inch apart. As soon as the plants are
up they should be provided with sup-
ports upon which to climb, which they
will do like any pea by means of their
tendrils clasping the support.

In some of the larger cities of Ame-
rica the flowers have been in great de
mand of late for decorative purposes,
especially where it is desired to fill the
air with perfume, as well as to please
the eye with variety and brilliancy of
color.

FRUIT AT THE TORONTO EXHIBITION.

Notwithstanding this unfavourable
season the display of fruit this autumn
was very fine. The varieties of Apples
that were exhibited consisted chiefly
of the well-known and long-tried sorts.
The Baldwin, Northern Spy, Golden
Russet, Roxbury Russet, King of
Tompkins, Talman Sweet, <fec., were
present in full force, being known now
the world over as among our most de-
sirable commercial Api)les.

In Pears, the old favorites, such as
Bai-tlett, Flemish Beauty, Clapp's Fa-

vorite, Seckel, and Sheldon, were well
represented ; and in some collections
we noticed that new variety that chal-
lenges attention by its peculiar form
and great size, the Souvenir du Congres.
The display of Plums was unusually
good and varied. For some reason the
crop of this fruit in the old Niagara
District was much more abundant than
it has been for several years before ;
while at Goderich, Guelph, Owen Sound,
and in Northumberland and Prince
Edward Counties, where Plums are

218

THE CANADIAN H0RTI0TJLTUEI8T.

usually abundant, there is scarcely
any.

There was also a goodly number of
varieties of Peaches exhibited. This
fruit has been receiving much more
attention of late than has been hereto-
fore given, and it is taking its place as
one of our important commercial pro-
ducts. It is a fruit that deserves more
attention from those who are interested
in the production of new varieties than
Canadians have given it ; and if proper
care were bestowed upon this labor,
the range of profitable Peach-culture
.could be greatly extended.

The lateness of the advent of warm
weather and the coolness of the sum-
mer have not been favorable to the
display of ripe Grapes grown in the
open air. The samples shown were
many of them very fine in form and
size of bunch, giving promise of lusci-
ous fruit if the frosts come not too
soon. The Niagara Grape was shown,
^very handsome in appearance, but not
quite ripe. A new white Grape of ex-
quisite flavor was exhibited, fully ripe,
called Jessica. This delicious Grape
was pronounced by many to be the best
out-door Grape that has yet been seen.

Moss FOii Plants. — We have been re-
markably successful in restoring sickly
plants that have been pining away in pots
by shaking them out and planting them in
a shallow box, filled with common mots,
kept constantly moist. Almost anything
seems to grow luxuriantly in this, and our
own experience enaourages us to advise
others to try it. A little soil mixed with
the moss could not possibly do any harm.
Seeds also germinate freely in it. Coleus
and Geraniums root quicker in it with us
than in sand. We wonder how we did so
l<aag without it. — FcMrm and Garden.

CORRESPONDENCE.
NEW SEEDLING GOOSEBERRIES.

To THE Editor of The Canadian Horticulturist.

Dear Sir, — In compliance with your
request I sent you last week specimens
of my new seedling gooseberries, which
I hope reached you safely. The de-
scriptions, habit of growth, &c., were
on the bags containing each variety to
enable you to compare them without
delay.

The hybrid seedlings were raised
some years ago, their origin was from
a seed of an English gooseberry, fer-
tilized evidently by the pollen from the
wild prickly fruited gooseberry, which
grew quite plentifully in a ravine near
my garden.

It grew amongst seeds of the English
planted to try and raise varieties free
from milu vv, and its growth was so
very strong, reaching six feet high the
second year from the seed, that I
planted it out amongst my English
gooseberries. When it fruited, instead
of being prickly, it had strong hairs,
almost spines, similar to specimens of
No. 8 now sent you, and was evidently
a hybrid between the two.

From its seeds sowed again were
raised Nos. 1, 2, 7 and 8, specimens
of which I send you. All have very
strong upright growth, with the excep-
tion of No. 9 hybrid, the best of them
all, but its blossoms were destroyed by
frost, so that I could not send you
specimens, there being only one berry
left on two bushes. No. 1 hybrid is
also different from the others. When
its strong young shoots are topped at
four to five feet high it sends out slen-
der side shoots from the top which
weep down to the ground, covered with
fruit, maJcing a very graceful pandulous
tree. All the others send out erect
side shoots when topped.

I am raising other seedlings from
seeds of these, and think they will pro-

THE CANADIAN H0BTICULTUEI8T.

219

bably be better suited to this climate
than any other variety as they never
mildew.

The crosses between English and
Houghton, of which I sent you two
specimens, are Nos. 3 and 10. No. 3
is from a seed of the English crossed
by the Houghton. It takes rather
more after the former in its habit of
growth, and in the texture and flavor
of the fruit, but it has a strong strain
of the native as it never mildews.

No. 10 is a cross between the
Houghton and the English, raised from
a seed of the former, and will prove, I
think, the best market berry yet raised,
owing to the solidity of its flesh, large
size and good flavor. It never mildews.

I got some preserves (jam) made from
it, as also from each of the others.
Owing to its meatiness it makes the
best I ever tasted, better than either
of the others, though all are good.

The bushes are planted close together,
about fifteen inches apart, in my garden,
near my residence, so as to save them
from the birds which destroy all in my
nursery grounds, and have not been
pruned, as I wanted all the wood for
propagating. They are also partially
under the shade of fruit trees, whose
roots occupy the whole ground, so that
their fruit is not so large as they would
otherwise be under proper culture, as
you will see from the specimens of
Houghton grown close beside a bush of
No. 10, which bore the largest fruit of
any.

Downing and Smith's seedlings grown
beside these for comparison did not bear
a single fruit this year, their buds being
destroyed by a severe frost when in full
blossom, while the others being later in
blooming escaped.

Yours truly,

James Dougall,
Windsor Nurseriee, 14th Aug., 1882.

The specimens referred to in the
foregoing letter were duly received.

No. 1 — Is a cross between the wild
prickly gooseberry and the English,
two removes from the wild. Bush
grows with strong upright shoots five
to six feet high. When topped at four
feet it makes a handsome pendulous
tree with slender branches weeping
down to the ground. We found the
fruit round, larger than Houghton, feut
smaller than Downing, color reddish-
yellow, skin hairy, quality good.

No. 2 — A cross between wild prickly
gooseberry and English, and also two
removes from the wild. Is also a strong
upright grower, with shoots four to five
feet high, but the side branches are
upright in growth. The berries are
red and hairy, much like number one
in size and quality.

No. 3 — Is a cross between the Eng-
lish and Houghton from seed of the
English. The habit of growth is more
like that of the native tha.i of the Eng-
lish. The fruit is of a green color,
round, about the size of Downing, of
excellent quality. Mr. Dougall says
that it never mildews. Plant very
productive.

No. 7 — A cross between the wild
prickly gooseberry and the English,
being two removes from the wild. The
plant is a strong upright grower, with
shoots about four feet high, the side
branches are upright in growth. It is
a great and constant bearer. The fruit
is round, hairy, of a reddish color, very
much like number one.

No. 8 — Also a cross between the
wild prickly and English, second re-
move from the wild. The plant shews
more of the traits of the wild than any
of the others. It is the strongest grower
of them all, the shoots being fully six
feet high and the side shoots upright.
The berries are red, somewhat prickly,

220

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTUEIST.

also bearing close resemblance to num-
ber one.

No. 10 — This is another cross be-
tween the Houghton and English, but
from seed of the Houghton. The style
of growth is more like the English than
like the Houghton. It is a great and
constant Vjearer, and never has mil-
dewed. The berries are pale-green in
color, roundish-oval in form, consider-
ably larger than those of the Downing,
more meaty than any of the others, of
very good flavor, and apparently the
most promising of all these seedlings.

We trust that Mr. Dougall will con-
tinue his experiments in this direction
until he has obtained a race of goose-
berries that never mildew, and which
rival in size and excel in quality the
English varieties. These seedlings are
very interesting as illustrative of what
may be expected by persistent efibrt in
the raising of new sorts. There is a
growing demand for larger gooseberries.
Downing, the best we have that has
been widely disseminated, is too small
to meet the demands of buyers of fruit,
and will be dropped as soon as larger
fruit can be abundantly supplied.

THE BURNET GRAPE.

Grave fears were entertained by the
growers of this magnificent grape res-
pecting its inclination during the season
of 1881 to produce a number of small
seedless berries in the bunch, thereby
marring its very fine appearance. It
is the cause of much satisfaction to its
growers and admirers that no trace of
this blemish is visible this year. It is
hoped that a report will be sent to the
Horticulturist as to how the Burnet is
prospering from various localities. In
this section it is fruiting heavily and
producing some of the finest bunches
that have been witnessed on any vine,
having set its fruit remarkably well, in
spite of the cold weather at the time it

was in bloom. It is, of course, too
early at this time of writing — 22nd
August — to say whether it will ripen
thoroughly this backward season, but
the promise is exceedingly fine. The
vine is very vigorous, without the
slightest sign of mildew. It is doubt-
ful if any grape, with the exception of
Arnold's Othello, Hartford or Concord,
will give as heavy a crop as that shown
by the Burnet, and everyone knows
that has ripened it, that for flavor and
quality of fruit, it is the Queen of out-
door Black Grapes.

P. E. EUCKE.
Ottawa.

MARKETING APPLES.

Dear Sir, — I see nothing in my
June number of the Horticulturist
(July not received), concerning a mat-
ter I have often wished to see, viz.,
the best mode of handling, and best
and surest way of marketing fruit, so
as to realize the most for it.

We have great care and concern to
get the very best of stock, with the
object of supplying home demands, and
balance to place on the market. Now,
concerning the whole operation of pick-
ing, packing, and handling apples so as
to realize the most, is a matter I wish
to be informed upon.

Formerly, I have, with my neigh-
bors, gathered and piled them in heaps
at the foot of the trees, and then waited
the time and pleasure of the man who
gets his commission on the job, and has
no concern whether our fruit lies there
until the frost ruins it or not. I think
this is a very poor way for us to make
the best out of our crop, which should
be next to wheat.

Don't you think our Association (for
I am only a new member), could aflford
to employ a competent man to see to
the packing, and then have some firm,
say in Montreal; to see after the selling.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

221

We have a number of bearing apple
trees, about fifteen hundred, consisting
of N. Spy, Baldwin, R. I. Greening,
G. A. Russet, and Seek-no- Further,
and I set out about one hundred Fallo-
water a year ago last spring, besides
other sorts, nearly all of which are
fruiting.

By giving me full particulars con-
cerning mode of operation, you will
much oblige Yours very truly,
D. E Hopkins.

REPLY.

BY L, WOOLVERTON.

A correspondent asks for some in-
formation concerning the best mode of
handling and marketing apples.

1st. HaTidling. — There is probably
no better way than the old method of
placing apples in piles on the grass, or
on bunches of straw, in the orchard.
Our own practice has been to bring the
apples into the packing house and
empty them there in bins, the floor of
which is first covered with straw. We
find it a good mode, but it is not prac-
ticable without plenty of house room,
and it is rather more expensive. In a
rainy season, however, it is very advan-
tageous, giving an opportunity for pack-
ing on days when the workmen cannot
go on with the picking. Apples need
to be handled with great care, and as
few times as possible. Careless pickers
must be dismissed, or taught to handle
fruit properly. Thumb marks may
prove the beginning of decay. The
picking basket may be lined with cloth ;
it should be round, and have a swing
handle, and also be provided with a
wire hook, by which it may hang from
the ladder.

2nd. Packing. — In packing, all
wormy and defective fruit must be
thrown out and sold as second-class.
Fair specimens should be used to face
the head end of the barrel, and the
quality should correspond throughout.

The fruit should be closely packed, and
the barrel should be filled to the height
of about an inch above the chine, or
even more if for a foreign market, and
the tail end pressed into place by means
of an iron lever press. The barrels
must be carefully headlined, and the
hoops safely nailed in place, or they
may come to grief on the road to
market. The name of both shipper
and buyer, or consignee, should be
plainly stamped on the head end of the
barrel with a stencil ; also the name of
the contents.

3rd. Marketing. — I fear I can give
no rule for this that will suit every
case. In many instances, where lots
are small, it is best to ship on consign-
ment to a good reliable house, in such
an apple mart as the city of Montreal.
Some seasons, also, good success may
be obtained by shipping large lots on
consignment to some established Com-
mission House in Liverpool or Glasgow.
But in most instances it is best to
accept a good offer, and sell one's crop
for cash, rather than wait for the
slower, and not always better, returns
from a Commission merchant. But
whether one sells outright, or ships his
fruit on consignment, it is best to make
connection with some well-established
Commission House, with whom one can
correspond to get quotations of prices
current, and through whom one can
make sales, without waiting the plea-
sure of travelling buyers, many of
whom speculate out of the seller for
the benefit of their own pockets ; and
some of whom are quite irresponsible.

ONTARIO APPLE.
Mr. J. W. Gumming, writing from
St. Hilaire, Province of Quebec, says
the Ontario apple tree was winter
killed, and I cut it down to two feet
of the ground, and five new shoots
grew this summer. It seems too ten-
der for this locality.

222

THE CANADIAN HORTIOULTUBIST.

KIEFFER'S HYBRID PEAR.

Since staying here I have been to visit
the orchards in New Jersey and Penn-
sylvania planted to Kieffer Pear, and
can only say, they must be seen to be
appreciated. No one can tell the story.
The oldest, largest and most experienced
pear growers that have been growing
pears for Philadelphia market during
all their lives, are the men who are
going into it strongest, and grafting
their orchards all over to it. One man
will have 200 bushels of fruit this year.
Now understand this is no wild notion,
but after testing and selling the fruit
several seasons in the market. It is
said further to be just what the canning
factories want, they claiming there is
nothing equal to it.

Such wonderful productions I have
never seen in a pear. It is surely a
splendid thing, and I am glad that I
have worked over 100 trees in my
orchard to it.

S. D. WiLLARD.

SORGHUM SUGAR.

COUT OF ITS MANUFACTURE BY GOVERNMENT.

The Hon. Geo. B. Loring, Commis-
sioner of Agriculture for the United
States, reports as follows :

On assuming the duties of my office
in 1881, I found 135 acres of sorghum
containing 52 varieties which had been
planted in Washington for the use of the
Department. On being informed that
the time had arrived for manufacturing
syrup and sugar, I engaged the services
of an expert in sugar-making who had
been highly recommended for the position
of superintendent, and operations were
commenced on September 26 at the mill,
erected by my predecessor, on the
grounds. These operations were con-
tinued with slight interruptions until
the latter part of October, at which
time the supply of cane became exhaus-
ted. Forty-two acres of the crop were

overtaken by frost before being sufficient-
ly ripe for use, and this portion of thfe
crop was so badly damaged as to be unfit
for manufacture. The yield of cane per
acre, on the 93 acres gathered, was two
and a half tons; the number of gal-
lons of syrup obtained was 2,977 ; and
the number of pounds of sugar was
165. The expense of raising the cane
was $6,589 45; and the expense of
converting the cane into syrup and
sugar was $1,667 59 — an aggregrate of
$8,557 04.

, STRAWBERRIES.

The Country Gentleman addressed an
inquiry to several fruit-growers, for the
best market sort, the best three market
sorts, and the best six for general use.

The following opinions are the re-
sult : —

S. D. Willardof Geneva, N. Y., says:
The best market sort with me is the New
Dominion; best three, as the matter
stands to-day, New Dominion, Cumber-
land and Sharpless. The best six for
home use, Crescent, Bidwell, New Do-
minion, Cumberland, Sharpless and Pro-
lific. The New Dominion is a Canada
berry, a fine producer, attractive in ap-
pearance, splendid foliage, fruit very
uniform in size, ships well, and, above
all, sells well."

Charles A. Green (editor of Green's
Fruit-Grower) says : "The best market
sort, as it appears to me and othei*s about
Rochester, is the James Vick, not yet
disseminated. Next I think is Man-
chester. Best three for general purposes
of those well known: Sharpless, Down-
ing, Cumberland. Best three for qual-
ity, Jersey Queen, Black Defiance, Len-
nig's White. Best six well known, for
all purposes : Sharpless, Downing, Cum-
berland, Bidwell, Duchess, Wilson.
Manchester is vigorous, productive,
medium to large, roundish, light crim-
son, good to very good, moderately firm.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

223

I have not tested far enough to compare
it with the older varieties but consider
it very promising."

T. T. Lyon (president of Michigan
Horticultural Society) writes : "For all
soils and under all kinds of culture, good,
bad and indifferent, including ability to
bear transportation, I must say Wilson
still : and omitting transportation, Cres-
cent. Under good culture and intelli-
gent management, BidweU, or for near
market, Longfellow. Best three sorts
for market, with thorough culture:
Miner's Prolific, Bidwell, Longfellow.
Best six, with thorough culture: Mi-
ner's Prolific. Bidwell, Longfellow,
Champion (or Oliver Groldsmith), Cum-
berland, Seneca Queen, (or Marion,)
where it will bear the sun as it
does with me). About an even
thing between the Seneca Queen and
Sharpless, the former more productive.
From a single season's trial, I think
Arnold's /*Hc/e, a new seedling of Charles
Arnold of Ontario, likely to exceed all
others except in firmness."

Wm. C. Barry (late president of Am-
erican Nurserymen's Association), says :
" I would name Sharpless as the best
market berry. During the season it sold
here at retail for 15 to 20 cents per
quart, while other varieties were selling
at 8 to 10 cents. Best three sorts in
the order of ripening: Duchess, Cum-
berland, Sharpless. Best six for all
purposes, in the order of ripening:
Duchess, Bidwell, Cumberland, Wilson,
Sharpless, Golden Defiance. Charles
Downing merits a place among the six,
and by some persons would be preferred
to Cumberland. The best flavored sorts
for the table are Duncan, Black Defiance,
Seth Boyden, President Lincoln, Sharp-
less, and the Alpine varieties, Montreuil
and Royal Hautbois. Manchester I
have not tested yet. Jersey Queen is
larger and high flavored, and the plant is
vigorous."

E. B. Underhill of Poughkeepsie
makes the following remarks: " I regard
the Orescent as the best strawderry for
local market. No well-tried sort dis-
places the "Wilson yet as the best ship-
ping berry. While Sharpless, during
its season (late only) is unrivalled for
profit, as it is certainly the largest berry
of value we have. Crescent or Cumber-
land will pick nearly as late and a week
or more earlier, and as single varieties
are invaluable and preferable to any I
think of. It is very difficult to say
which are the three best sorte; however,
I will venture to say Crescent, Miner,
and Sharpless, — not without a misgiving
at leaving out Mt Vernon, Champion
and Cumberland, and even our old
friends, Kenlsucky and Charlas Down-
ing. As a promising variety, Bidwell
stands high, but the trouble with my
beds of that variety is that promise and
performance are not equal. Its foliage
is rather slender, except with highest
culture ; the berry is of medium size a^
value. At Mr. Roe's it appeared to
lead the van. With me I cannot place
it above Seth Boyden. For very early,
Crystal City will pay here, and Mt.
Yernon I picked for market when Ken-
tucky, Miner and Sharpless were gone.
In company with Charles Downing I
looked over Mr. Roe's beds, and we
were then all enthusiastic with Bidwell.
Since then my beds have not accom
plished half they seemed ready for."

G. H. & J. H. Hale of South Glaa
tonbury, Ct., sent the following notes.

Another year's experience with th«
strawberry, testing one hundred or mort
sorts, and marketing hundreds of bush-
els from our own grounds, as well as
visiting fruit-growers in fifteen States
and the Canadas during fruiting season,
have not materially changed our opinion
of last year, except in regard to one or
two of the newer varieties.

Manchester f for market, is by far the

224

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

best of all ; the plant vigorous ; very
prolific ; fruit medium to large, the last
picking almost as large as ttie first ; no
iriegular or coxcomb berries; bright
scarlet colour ; good but not high qual-
ity; shipping and keeping qualities only
equalled by the Wilson and Finch's Pro-
lific. Its only fault is that of having a
pistillate or imperfect blossom, requir-
ing it to be planted with or near some
perfect flowering sort.

Crescent Seedling, the most profitable
early market berry ; its one great fault
is that of the fruit running very small
at the latter end of the season.

Wilson and Charles Downing, our
most profitable sorts six years ago, are
now of very little value, as they are more
easily affected by the strawberry rust
or leaf blight than any of our other
varieties.

Miner' s Prolific is very valuable either
for market or home use ; with us, it
fully takes the place of the Charles
Downing.

Sharpless produces only a moderate
crop on one-year beds, while those two
years old give an abundant crop of ber-
ries of the largest average size of any
variety we have ever grown. Its first
and largest berries are very irregular in
shape, and have the fault of not ripening
all over at once — therefore requiring to
be picked with unusual care. Owing to
its large size, it sells for the highest price
in market, and is very profitable on
strong, rich soil.

Windsor Chief is a most valuable late
market variety, producing enormous
crops of rich, dark-colored berries, very
acid, yet of good flavor.

Mt. Vernon, very late and prolific ;
better in quality than the Windsor but
not as firm.

Finch's Prolific, vigorous and pro-
ductive, fruit medium to large, perfect
in form, bright color, fair quality, and
very firm. This and the Manchester we

think destined to take the place of the
Wilson for shipping purposes.

Bidwell, which did so well vnih. us
last season, has greatly disappointed us
this, not only on our own grounds but
everywhere that we have seen it. The
trouble is that it " sets " more fruit than
the plant can carry out, and the result
is almost a total failure — one or two fair
pickings, and that is all ; and we doubt
if it Avill ever prove profitable for mar-
ket, unless possibly on very strong, rich
soil where ii'rigation can be practised ;
we say this with much regret as we have
several acres planted for next year's
fruiting, and had hoped for great things
from the Bidwell.

We might mention many others, but
the ones named are the best among more
than one hundred sorts; and if we were
to plant one variety for market it would
be the Manchester, first, last, and every
time. If three sorts, Manchester, Wind-
sor and Miner's Prolific ; if six sorts,
Manchester, Windsor, Miner's, Finch,
Crescent and Mt. Yernon.
■ Best one for family use, Miner's Pro-
lific ; best three. Miner's, Manchester
and Mt. Yernon ; best six. Miner's,
Manchester, Mt. Yernon, Crystal City,
Sharpless and Cumberland Triumph.

GKAPE LEAVES FOR PICKLES.

I wonder if housewives generally use
fresh, green grape leaves to put on top
of their pickles to keep them sharp and
free from mold. I used to cover them
with a flannel cloth, and rinse it out
every other day. Two years ago a
friend told me that grape leaves were
much nicer, so I tried them, and I shall
never try cloth again. Grape leaves
keep pickles the best of anything I
have ever found. I change them once
a week, and the vinegar keeps sharp
and clear, and it imparts a nice flavor
to the pickles. I rinse the leaves in
pure water, and let them drain quite

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

225

dry, then lay them over every place in
the jar. They exclude the air perfectly,
and are better, and cause less work than
anything else. — Country Gentleman.

ASPARAGUS.

The most essential requisite for suc-
cessful Asparagus culture is suflScient
space, and yet not one bed in ten is
planted with a view to supply this need.
The old system of paving the bottom
and crowding the roots into narrow
beds, so that they could not extend in
either direction, must have been bor-
rowed from the Chinese, with whom
the dwarfing and distorting of forest
trees and women's feet has reached the
highest perfection, and ranks among
the fine arts. But, as even the Celes-
tials are commencing to shake off old

Asparagus Crown.
su[>erstitious notions, we shall, perhaps,
also participate in the march of pro-
gress, and plant Asparagus according
to the natural laws governing the
plant.

The best and easiest way to raise
Asparagus in the garden is to plant it
two feet apart in a single row, and let
the roots reach out, for their nourish-
ment, as far as they may. If it is not
feasible to lengthen the row sufiiciently
to produce all the Asparagus desired,
a second row may be planted not
nearer than four feet to the first, and
when more space can be given a dis-
tance of six feet is preferable. — Ameri-
can Garden.

PROLONGING THE SEASON OF PEAS.

How to prolong the bearing season
of Peas, as much as possible, has always
been a problem, the solution of which is
of great importance to every one who
cultivates a garden, and the experience
of Mr. H. J. Seymour, Madison Co.,
New-York, in this regard, deserves con-
sideration.

Mr. Seymour writes : " While hoeing,
last summer, my Little Gem Peas, grow-
ing on rich, mucky land, between straw -
berry rows four feet apart, I noticed that
some of the plants had more than one
bearing stalk. The question occurred
to me why all could not have several
stalks, and, of course, more pods, pro-
vided the land was rich enough and there
was room enough between them for air
and sunshine. Then came the thought
of what I had heard and read about
shortening-in-plants to make them more
stocky and fruitful, and of the practica-
bility of a similar treatment for peas.
It was already late in the season, the
fii-st blossoms just showing themselves
in most cases, yet the experiment was
worth trying, and as I had an acre of
these peas it could not amount to much
if I did injure a few plants. So I coun-
ted off just six hundred plants on one
row, stuck a stake firmly in the ground
and pinched remorselessly an inch or
more, blossoms and all, from the top of
every one of these plants. Then I coun-
ted six hundred plants on the row next
to this, and drove a stake, without dis-
turbing the plants.

"I watched the decapitated vines with
much interest, and sure enough new
branches came out abundantly near the
ground and from the axils of the leaves.
They finally budded, blossomed, and
fruited more abundantly than their
neighbors, although about a week later.
None of the peas were picked, the entire
crop being saved for seed. They were
threshed, winnowed, and carefully mea-

226

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST.

sured separately on the 22nd of August,
with the following result : The six hun-
dred headed-off plants yielded Jive plump
quarts, while the six hundred unpruned
ones in the adjoining row, yielded/owr
scant quarts."

The practical value of thisshortening-
in of pea- vines, as appears from this sin-
gle experiment, consists, therefore, not
only in an increased productiveness of
twenty-five per cent., but also in the
prolonging of the period of picking from
a single planting. By pruning a part
of the vines, the harvest of these becomes
delayed a week, and thus all the advan-
tages may be secured that would other-
wise require two plantings. — The Ame-
rican Garden.

EGG-PLANTS— HOW TO KEEP THEM.

Those who have a good stock of egg
plants on hand, most certainly have an
excellent and very conveinent article.
They can easily be kept till Christmas
by storing away in a cool cellar, not
too dry, on shelves. Though they may
wilt and shrivel away, this does not in-
jure them in the least. They form a
most agreeable and excellent dish at
dinner.

The usual way of cooking by cutting
in slices, sprinkling on salt an hour be-
fore frying, and allowing the vegetable
juice to dmin out, when they are rolled
in batter, or dry bread or cracker
crumbs and fried, is of course well
known. But a much better way is to
cut the egg plant in half, longitudi-
nally, like a water melon, scrape out the
interior contents as close to the rind as
possible, mixing the pulped mass with
stale bread or cracker crumbs, a beaten
egg, and seasoned with salt and pepper,
then returning the whole into the shell
and baking, makes a most savory dish
that would be very popular if it were
better known. — Prairie Farmer.

FRUIT ON THE TABLE.

"Quite a large number of farmers
have come to feel that they were not do-
ing their family justice without placing
upon their table, a bountiful dish of
fruits, such as the various seasons of the
year afibrd, beginning with Straw-
berries, and following with Cherries,
Currants, Raspberries, Blackberries,
Grapes, Apples, Peaches, Plums, and
Pears. Farmers of this class are not so
numerous as they should be, nor as they
will be in our opinion, ten or twenty
years hence." — American Rural Home.

" While there has been a marked im-
provement at the tables of many of our
farmers within the last few years there is
yet much to learn. One of the greatest
faults in this direction, and one of which
is the cause of very much illness, is the
comparatively small quantity of fruit
they use. It is a mistake to consider
that fruit, like confectionery, is to be
taken only between meals, and not to be
connected in the work of sustaining life."
— Farmers Advocate.

Such are some of the profound utter-
ances of the late Agricultural Press vipon
the subject of fruit, as food upon the
tables of our farmers. It is unquestion-
ably a subject of great importance and
influence in the economy and hygiene of
our people. Fruit on the table is not
merely a question of fruit for show, not
merely to beautify or decorate, or to
please our fancy, but more substantially
for food, for the sustenance and support
of our exhausted physical forces, for
medication and health, for pure animal
enjoyments, as well as to defend us
against the many dangerous and hurtful
influences to which " flesh is heir."
Fruit in this connection is one of those
many merciful provisions of nature, de-
signed for the highest and purest enjoy-
ments of the needy creature man, one of
those safeguards that the Creator of all
has thrown around frail human life. In

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

227

itB very nature it is health-giving and
pleasurable. It is mainly composed of
diluted sugars and acids in delightful ad-
mixture held together by fine vegetable
tissues, and in this diluted form is found
not only pleasurable, but essentially
necessary for the well being of the ani-
mal economy, It will be well for us to
understand here that whenever fruit is
mentioned in this connection, matured
and well ripened fruit must be under-
stood. Fruit in that beautiful tempting
condition, when the internal acids are
largely changed to sugars, and the whole
mass is of that inviting toothsome color
that engages at once the sense of sight,
and is in that yielding, state of softness
to the touch, that gives assurance to the
eater.

The influences of such food upon the
human constitution is doubtless very
great and definitely marked. This to
us is the embrosia and nectar that v/cre
formerly thought becoming for the Die-
ties only to use as food and never for
ordinary mortals. The keen observer
of human nature can almost readily
descern at a glance the difierence be-
tween the man who is in the habitual
use of fruits and vegetables largely in
his diet and the man who has a large
dose only of animal ingredients in his
constitution. In the first case the food
being select, congenial and mild, the
nature manifests the benign influence
of such congeniality. How different is
this beautiful influence to that of the
mere animal or flesh eater. By this we
would not be undei-stood to discard in
to to, animal diet, on the contrary we
practice and most devotedly believe in
a mixed diet as best and most suitable
to the urgent necessities of our present
economy. What we do mean is simply
this, that we most firaily believe that
we, as a people use too much animal
diet, and if fruit more and more entered
into our daily diet, it would, in our
humble opinion be better for us intel-

lectually, physically and morally. Fur-
ther, we believe and would teach the
use of fruit at all seasons, and at all
times. We believe in fresh fruit, in
canned fruit, in evaporated fruit, and in
preserved fruit, in jellies, in marmalades,
in beverages, in cider and in wine. We
believe in its use further, in the autumn
and in the spring, in the summer and
in the winter and on all days and oc-
casions in company and out of company.
In short, we firmly believe in the wis-
dom of its use thoroughly, wholly and
completely. We believe furthermore
in all fruits that are by our experience
known to be good for food, and pleasant
to the eye, and to be desired to make
us better. In this connection we believe
in stiTiwberries of all sorts although
connoisseurs would fain have us believe
that some varieties are better than
others. But to us they are all good and
equally to be taken with equal amounts
of rich and well prepared fixings. We
believe also in raspberries and black-
berries and can take them in equal
doses. With our present facilities for
preserving and canning these fine sum-
mer fruits we believe it is our duty to
have them at all seasons of the year,
and in greatest abundance. We believe
also in currants and gooseberries and in
all varieties but not so firmly as we do
those of strawberries. Our reasons for
this are private, but nevertheless we
believe in them. However, we most
firmly believe in the free and untram-
melled use of the whole of the following
list of superb native fruits, viz. : Apples
and gi'apes, and these in all their endless
variety of sorts and kinds. In* these
fine fruits is an almost endless divei-sity
of quality, as hard and soft, as sour and
sweet, as woody and melting, as strong
flavored and insipid, as buttery and as
sugary, but still we believe in tjbem.
We believe they all have an appointed
place to fill, a work to do and a use to
exert and a character to sustain.

228

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

We believe also in tropical as well as
temperate fruits, and those of all sorts,
whether they may be called oranges or
lemons from the torrid and tro{)ical
regions of California or Florida, or
whether dates or figs from the more
tropical clime of the East India Islands,
or whether they may be limes or ba-
nannas, we could still use them and
relish them and be thankful for them.
But in our endless and varied wealth of
rich and tempting fruits suitable to our
condition and clime, we are most happy
to say, we need never covet the tropical
fruit of the southern zone. Our basket
of fruit is so rich, so varied, so tempting,
so seasonable, so lucious and delightful.
Our earnest and best advice then to the
people of this whole country from what-
ever part of the Globe you may have
come, to the high, and to the low, to the
rich and to the poor, to th^ male and to
the female, to the young and to the old,
whatsoever you may be or whatsoever
may be your name, use fruit. Give it
constantly and plentifully to yourself,
to your wife, to your son and to your
daughter. Give it without stint to your
manservant and to your maidservant, to
your ox and to your horse and to the
stranger within your gates. We have
thus attemjjted to show the value of our
native staple-fruits as well as all fruits
and some of the reasons why they should
be more generally placed upon our tables,
upon our dining tables and upon our
tea tables and upon our festive boards,
for our use and comfort. While we are
very anxious to produce good fruits for
export, fruits well fitted for the English
market, we see at the same time rery lit-
tle good fruit placed upon the tables of
our peasantry, as though it was perfectly
fit and proper for the Englishman to use,
hut not good for us. We emphatically
teach the contrary. Place it upon your
tables in a natural state, in a prepared
state, for the meal, for dessert for use
and our humble word for it, the public

health and the public purse would be the
gainer. — B. Gott.

MARKETING CURRANTS.
The consumption of Currants, both as
a table fruit and for preserving increases
every year. Thousands of gallons of
juice are pressed out annually by the
large preserving houses in New York
city. This juice is so prepared that it
keeps for many months, and large quan-
tities are sold to persons who cannot
procure the fruit in season, or do not
find it convenient to press it out them-
selves. In addition to this, tons upon
tons are manuftictured into jelly, which
finds ready sale for fancy-cake bakers
and confectioners.

For preserving purposes the old Red
Dutch Currant is preferred, and many
preservers will buy no other kinds, while
other manufacturers are less particular,
and buy whatever is cheapest. There
is but little demand from grocers and
fruit-dealers for this small variety, as for
table use only the large " Cherry " and
"Versailles" find sale. Dealers in fancy
fruits take much pains to procure extra
large, selected Currants, and good prices
are realized by those marketing a first-
class grade.

The best packages for shipping are
baskets containing from eight to ten
pounds, packed in berry crates. Persons
shipping from a considerable distance
find it more advantageous to make cheap
temporary crates for these baskets than
to send berry crates which have to be
returned. The ordinary quart berry-
basket answers the purpose very well,
and, in fact, is preferable to the peach-
basket or any other of that size.

For White Currants there is but a
very limited demand in the New York
market. Black Currants, although not
in great demand, sell fairly. These,
being more solid than the red and white,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

229

may be shipped in any ordinary box or
basket without injury.

In j)acking Currants for shipping, the
baskets should be well filled, that the
fruit cannot shake and become dam-
aged during transportation. All Cur-
rants are sold by the pound ; the net
weight of the baskets or boxes they are
shipped in should therefore be plainly
marked on the outside of every pack-
age.— Amei-ican Garden.

NOTES ON HYBRID TEA ROSES.

This family of roses is of recent origin .
Nearly all the varieties in this family
were raised and introduced by Mr.
Henry Bennett, of England, from seed
of Tea Hoses fertilized with Hybrid
Perpetuals. The result is we have a
race of roses, giving us the free blooming
qualities of the former, with some of
the hardiness of the latter class. This
new race of roses will probably take an
important position in American rose-
culture, as they give us early bloom,
beginning in early summer, and give a
succession until frost, I will give a
description of some of the best for gen-
eral culture.

Beauty ofStapleford. — Flowers large,
sometimes very large, color, bright
pink ; centre rosy carmine ; buds very
fine ; free bloomer and nice grower.

Pierre Guillot. — Flowers very large
and double ; color, clear red veined
with white, and highly fragrant; a good
bloomer, and one of the finest roses in
cultivation.

La France. — Flowers very large and
full ; color, a lovely peach ; very fra-
grant ; a good bloomer, and the finest
rose of its color grown.

Antoin^ Verdier. — Flowers large and
double ; color, bright pink ; blooms in
clusters ; a very free bloomer.

Viscountess Falmouth. — Flowers very
large, very double ; color, delicate pink ;

delightfully fragrant ; a choice rose in
a collection.

Nancy Lee. — Flowers medium; color,
bright pink ; fragrant ; a good, free
bloomer,

Michael Saunders. — Flowers large
and very double ; color, a rich crimson ;
the plant is a good grower and free
bloomer ; a very good rose.

Jean Sisley. — Flowers very large and
double ; color, rosy lilac, edges of petals
silvery ; opens finely, and is a good
bloomer.

Pearl. — Flowers medium size, quite
double ; color, pale flesh ; a finely
formed rose and very good bloomer.

L>uke of Connaught. — Flowers large,
buds very tine ; a very free bloomer ;
color, deep, velvety crimson ; growth
moderate ; requires rich soil to do well.

Madame Alexander Bernaix. — Flow-
ers large and full ; color, clear rose ;
flowers finely formed ; a good bloomer,
and fragrant.

Madame Julie Weidman. — Flowers
large and well formed ; color, clear
salmon pink ; a good bloomer. — An-
TOINE WiNTZER, in Farm and Garden.

CUCUMBER PICKLES.

I never plant cucumbers for pickles
before June 15th, as the striped bug
seldom troubles them after this date,
and I have grown excellent crops plan-
ted the first of July. I prefer the Early
Cluster for pickles, as this sort does not
run to vine so much as the Long Green.
It will bear closer planting, and the
pickles are easier picked. There are
certain strains of this variety which are
earlier and more prolific than others,
and I have found that sold under the
name of Boston Pickling, and Perfec-
tion Pickling, far superior to the ordin-
ary Cluster. With these varieties one
may plant 5 by 5 feet, which will
give over 1,700 hills to the acre. No

230

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST.

matter how rich the land is, I find it
pays to manure in the hill ; cover the
manure about four inches with mellow
earth, and drop the seed on the hill and
step on it. This presses it down firmly
into the soil, and prevents its drying out,
while the loose earth, with which I
cover, keeps it from baking. The seed
will come up sooner and much more uni-
formly for this pressing into the soil.
If the weather is favorable the vines will
run in five weeks so that one cannot
cultivate with a horse and up to that
time the more they are cultivated the
better.

As soon as fairly in the rough leaf,
thin to four in a hill. With good
weather you can begin picking in six
weeks from planting, and to get a nice,
uniform-sized pickle, they must be gone
ov< every day. The vines should never
be moved in picking them, for a vine
that is disturbed never does so well after-
wards. The best-sized pickles are those
from three to four inches in length. If
any are missed until they are too large
for pickles, they must be taken off" the
next day, for the vine on which a cu-
cumber is going to seed will not continue
to bear pickles. A forty-gallon barrel
will hold about 4,000 of the small-sized
pickles, after they are salted, and I have
kept them three or four years. I do not
use brine for salting, but put in a layer
of salt, and one of pickles, and let them
make their own brine. It will take
about a half bushel of salt for a barrel
of pickles, and the barrel will need to
be filled up two or three times as they
settla A board that will fit into the
i^sad of the barrel should be placed on
them, and a weight sufficient to keep
them under the brine. I would rather
sell the pickles as gathered for $1.50 per
1,000 than to salt them, although I have
never sold at less than $2.50. It is
difficult to state with accuracy the yield
of an acre of pickles, but under favorable
circumstances they will yield a large

profit at the lowest price named. I
have often grown my best turnip crops
among the pickles, and I have adopted
the rule of always sowing turnips at the
last hoeing of the pickles. The shade of
the vines seems to be favorable, and
there is plenty of time after the pickles
are done bearing for the turnip crop to
mature. — <W. F. Brown, in the Country
Gentleman.

THE CULTIVATION OF THE
SUMAC.

There are thousands of people who
wander through the woods in AutumjD,
picking the beautiful scarlet and yel-
low leaves of the sumac bush to deco-
rate their rooms, without knowing that
there is any other use for the plant.
Yet the importation of the sumac into
the United States this year, will
amount to about 11,000 tons, costing
about $1,000,000. The leaves of the
sumac, dried and ground, are largely
used in tanning and dyeing, and in
Sicily and other parts of Italy the plant
is carefully cultivated and treated. In
view of the fact that the American
sumac contains from six to eight per
cent, more tannic acid than the Italian,
and rem.embering that the plant grows
in wild profusion throughout the coun-
try, it seems reasonable to believe that
it might be a very profitable crop. At
the present time the amount of native
sumac brought into market does not
exceed 8,000 tons yearly, and its mar-
ket price is only $50 per ton, just half
the price of the Italian product. This
large difierence in the market value of
the foreign and domestic article is due
to the fact that the American sumac, as
at present prepared, is not suitable for
making the finer white leather so much
used for gloves and fancy shoes, owing
to its giving a disagreeable yellow or
dirty color.
The many attempts that have been

THE CANADIAN H0ETICULTURI8T.

231

made to avoid this difficulty by care in
collecting and grinding the leaves have
not resulted in success, and it has long
been supposed that this objectionable
quality was inherent in the American
plant ; but Mr. William McMurtrie, in
a report to the United States Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, shows that this
difficulty can be surmounted and the
American product made even superior
to the foreign. Mr. McMurtrie made
a number of tests to learn the relative
amounts of tannic acid found in the
leaves at different periods of their de-
velopment, and whiie the amount was
found to be greatest in the leaves
gathered in July, he found that those
gathered in full development in June
were even then more than equal to the
best foreign leaves in this respect. But,
further, he found that the deleterious
coloring matter (due to the presence of
quercitrin) was not yet developed, and
that therefore the American leaves
gathered in June were superior to the
Italian for all purposes.

The importance of this discovery may
be seen by the fact that the cultivation
of the plant may be carried on most
profitably in this country as soon as
manufacturers and dealers recognize the
improvement thus obtained in the do-
mestic article, and by classifying it ac-
cording to its percentage of tannic acid,
and its relative freedom from coloring
matter, advance the price of that which
is early picked and carefully treated.
In Italy the sumac is planted in shoots
in the Spring, in rows, and is cultivated
in the same way and about to the sam^
extent as corn. It gives a crop the
second year after setting out and reg-
ularly thereafter. The sumac gathered
in this country is taken mostly from
wild plants growing on waste land, but
there is no reason why it should not be
utilized and cultivated on land not
valuable for other purpoBes. — Scientific
American.

THE SOUHEGAN RASPBERRY.

This very valuable, early, and prolific
blackcap is a chance seedling, origin-
ating in the garden of a Mr. Carleton, of
Hillsboro' county. New Hampshire,
about 1870, and for the past five or six
years he has had two or three acres of
it growing for market. I visited the
original plantation several years ago,
and was so very favorably impressed
with its great value as an early market
berry, that I at once made arrangements
with the originator for his stock of
plants. For three years now we have
had it in fruiting at Elm Fruit Farm,
and have received far better returns
from it than from any other Raspberry
we have ever grown.

It surpasses all other sorts in three
very important points, viz : hardiness,
earliness, and great productiveness.

The canes are very vigorous, branch-
ing quite freely, with many strong,
sharp spines. In hardiness and vigor
of plant it has no equal among black-
caps, and I doubt if even the hardy
Turner, which is called the "iron-clad"
among red sorts, is any more hardy.
From last year's experience I am led
to think that Souhegan is the more
hardy of the two, as Turner was badly
damaged in one of our fields, while
Souhegan was uninjured ; and among
the hills of New Hampshire, and along
the banks of the Souhegan River, near
where it originated, it has always passed
through the winters sound to the tip.
In my travels the past month, in fifteen
States and the Canadag, wherever I
found the Soubegan growing, almost
the first thing said of it was, "It is
the most hardy plant we havL."

The originator claims that it is four
times as productive as any other black-
cap, and while I cannot fully agree
with him, must admit that it is far
more prolific than anything I know.
Quarts upon quarts of delicious berries,

232

THE CAJSlDIAN HORTICUL'TURIST.

jet black in color and approaching the
Gregg in size, are piled upon the bushes.
It is about one week earlier than the
Doolittle (which in years past has been
the early market black-cap}, and herein
lies its chief value, ripening as it does
along with the late varieties of Straw-
berries, when fruit is scarce, it just tills
in the gap before the red Raspberries,
and sells for double the price of Mam-
moth Cluster or Gregg, which are ten
days or two weeks later. — J. H. Hale,
in Farm and Garden.

ZINC LABELS.
Sheet zinc, from its indestructibility,
and the ease with which it may be cut
and managed, is a favorite material for
tree and shrub labels. If cut in the
form of a very long tapering wedge, the
smaller portion may be coiled around a
twig, or small branch, and thus avoid
the use of a wire, and where the small
end of the label is coiled around a small
branch, it will yield to the increase of
that in size, and not cause strangulation.
The old method with zinc labels was to
write upon them with an ink made of
some salt of copper, and several have
asked for the formula for preparing it.
The original ink was made of Verdigris
and Sal-ammoniac, of each 2 drams,
Lamp-black 1 dram. Water 4 oz. As
these need to be well rubbed together,
it will be as well to let the apothecary
mix them in a mortar. This is to be
used with a quill pen upon the surface
of zinc that has been made clean and
bright by the use of emery paper. We
have been informed by our correspon-
dent " Horticola " that a strong solu-
tion of Sulphate of Copper — " Blue
Vitriol," or *' Blue-stone," will answer
the same purpose, adding a little gum
water to the solution, if need be, to
prevent the ink from spreading. The
use of the lamp-black in the ink first
mentioned, is only to make the ink
visible while writing with it. In both

these cases, the copper is, by chemical
action, deposited upon the zinc, and,
becoming oxidized, makes a permanent
and conspicious writing. Another and
much simpler method is simply to write
upon a clean zinc surface with a common
lead pencil. By the action of the air
the zinc becomes tarnished and grayish,
while the black lead prevents any such
change where the writing is, and though
not so conspicious as that written with
the ink, is quite as permanent, and
being much less trouble is preferable. —
American Agriculturist.

PRUNING ROSES.
Roses are better for a little pruning, if
it has been previously neglected. This
must of course be done with a definite
object in view. First, a well shaped
bush on top, and also to promote growth
to a desired end, as for instance, whether
the plant is to be a standard trained on
a pillar, or a trellis, a wall, etc. Again
some varieties require more pruning
than others, but in all pruning the cut
should be made so that the terminal
bud will be left in position for the most
favorable growth, whether right, left or
upwards. If a great quantity of bloom
is wanted irrespective of size, prune
only so as to have the plant in good
shape and well furnished. If large
bloom is required, after taking out all
weak wood, cut the balance back to not
more thanthreeorfourbudseach. Some
roses as a rule require less cutting in
the West than in the East, and for the
farm yard all that will be necessary will
be to thin each season as may be indi-
cated by the previous summer's growth.
So-called Hybrid perpetuals (Remont-
ants) that bloom in the spring and again
in the late summer, may be cut back
after the first bloom is over, when they
will generally make growth for the au-
tumn bloom.

The Remontants require little pruning
in summer. They, however, must have

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUEI8T.

233

plenty of manure and water, especially
in the drouth of summer, if autumn
blooming is expected.

The ever blooming class comprises
four principal sub-classes, Noisette, Tea,
Bengal and Bourbon. The Noisette
are strong in growth, usually bearing
their bloom in clusters. The Bourbons
come nearer to the Remontants and
the Teas and Bengals are of more deli-
cate growth and generally liked in the
North for pot growth. None of this
class require excessive pruning, only
occasionally cutting back in out-door
culture. For pot cultivation plants
started the previous season are pre-
ferred.— Prairie Farmer.

MANCHESTER STRAWBERRY.

The Manchester, regarding which we
have hitherto restrained any positive
expression of opinion, is one of the most
desirable strawberries we have ever
raised, and we have tested not less than
250 different kinds. The only thing
that can be said against it is that it is a
pistillate, and must be grown near per-
fect-flowering sorts, which for many
farmers is attended with trouble or per-
haps inconvenience. Our plants are
exceedingly vigorous and productive.
We have just examined them and find
that each plant, on an average bears
16 peduncles or flowering stems, and
each flowering stem bears, on an aver-
age, 10 berries — giving 160 berries to a
plant. We beg to emphasize that we
are speaking of average plants. On one
plant we counted 22 peduncles and 220
berries in the various stages from ripe to
just set. This berry is firm, very uni-
form as to shape, which is roundish coni-
cal ; — it ripens in every part and aver-
ages above medium as long as it remains
in fruit. The quality when ripe is good,
though, like the Wilson, it is sour when
it first colors — a characteristic, it seems,
of all excellent market bemee. It

npens with the Sharpless and after the
Bid well. On the grounds of the plain,
hard-working farmer, Mr. Jesse Beatty,
with whom it originated, it thrives in a
light, dry, sandy soil. With us it
thrives in a moist soil inclining to clay.
Several years ago, from our own tests,
we spoke highly of the Sharpless, and
soon after its introduction, of the Cum-
berland Triumph. We have never had
occasion to regret this, and we have now
little fear that we shall regret commend-
ing the Manchester to our readers as the
best market berry at present known.
It is now in the hands of all nurserymen
and will be offered at reasonaole prices
next Spring, if not this Fall. — Rural
New Yoi'ker.

AN EXPERIMENT WITH PEAR
BLIGHT.

Arba Campbell, of Oswego, N. Y., re-
ports to the Elmira Farmers' Club the
following experiment which we take
from the Husbandman :

" I have a beautiful Bartlett pear tree
standing in the front yard by my
residence that is a good bearer, beautiful
in form, and affords a fine shade to my
sitting-room window. It is growing in
what we consider a rich, deep, gilluvial
soil, on the river bottom, within a few
rods of the river. In the heat of the
summer nearly four years ago when the
weather was very dry I discovered that
this tree was struck with what we call
' pear blight,' and as 1 had lost two fine
trees at the side of the house the year
before from the blight, I thought all that
could be done was to put up with the
loss. A week or two later as I stood in
the street looking at the tree I saw that
the top boughs were dead down at least
four feet, and every limb on the tree
seemed more or less affected, then the
words of Scripture came to my mind :
* Dig about it and dung it one more
year before you cut it down.' I went

234:

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

into the house and examined Emil
Wolff's tables of analysis to see what
the mineral supply to the pear was
composed of, for I thought the land rich
with barn manure, and found it to be
54 per cent, of potash, 9 of soda, 5 of
magnesia, 8 of lime, 15 of phosphoric
acid, and 6 of sulphuric acid.

" I called my man and dug away the
soil for six or eight feet around the tree
and down until the top roots were all
uncovered, and then took 100 pounds of
German salts (containing 15 pounds of
pure potash) mixed it with four or five
times its weight of earth and spread it
over the roots. I next took seventy-five
pounds superphosphate and mixed it
with earth and spread it on top of the
mixture with potash salts. Then I took
fifty pounds of lime mixed with earth
and spread on top of the potash and phos-
phate (these contain all the above min-
erals.) We then drew from the well
twenty or thirty pails of water and gave
the whole a thorough wetting, and in
one week's time I could see that the tree
was reviving and the blight apparently
never extended an inch beyond what it
was at the time of making the experi-
ment. The tree bore a small crop of
good pears in the centre of the top that
summer, but at the extremities of the
limbs they fell off". The next year it bore
a large and fine crop of pears. None fell
off" and no insects seemed to touch them.
The third year was the same, the crop
large, fine, and smooth ; and this, the
fourth year, the crop promises to be as
good as the two previous years. Now
this proves to my mind (so far as one ex-
periment can prove anything,) that what
we call 'pear blight' is simply starvation;
that the mineral supplies in the soil had
become exhausted and the tree was
dying for want of food. I fed it, and it
got well, and returned me many times
four-fold. And it proves a little more,
for what had been a semi-annual bearer
became an annual bearer, and I doubt

much if most trees, if properly fed, would
not produce yearly crops of good fruit."

PLANTS BY MAIL.

The following directions are for the
guidance of those who receive plants by
mail : Unfold the packages carefully,
and put the moss-bound roots into a pan
of water quite warm to the hand, and let
the roots drink to their fill of it. It
will not hurt them to soak an hour in
the water, or until it becomes quite cold,
and if the leaves still look a little crisp
turn off" the cold water and add warm
water. Then take off" the moss carefully
and dip the roots into fine sand ; if you
only have white sea sand for scouring
purposes, wash it through two or three
waters, in a colander or sieve, and dry
it in the oven partly, then roll the roots
in it until they are coated with it. Plant
in good, rich compost, of one-third de-
composed manure, and two-thirds gar-
den soil, good and rich, and well mixed
together. Take small pots for small
plants. Three-inch pots are large enough
for all plants sent by mail. Put a small
bit of charcoal or broken pottery at the
bottom, and fill one-third with soil.
Press in the roots and fill up tightly
with the soil. Close planting — i. e.,
settling the earth closely around the
roots — is needful for success in planting
in pots, as well as in the open border.
Set the plants in the shade for two or
three days, or into a well-prepared hot-
bed, and cover them with newspapers.
Water freely with a watering-pot — but
if kept in the house do not give
enough to sodden and decay them — and
in a week they will have taken root in
their new home and begun to grow,
and when they have entirely recovered
from a long journey they can be trans-
planted into the border. If they have
only come a short distance, however,
after a bath and a roll in the sand they
can be planted directly into the border,

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

235

and should then be well watered and
shaded from the hot sun for several days.
— ATnerncan Cultivator.

THE RADISH AND CABBAGE FLY.

Every gardener has been sufficiently
annoyed by the larvse of these flies, in
the form of little white maggots, eat-
ing his radishes or burrowing in the
stalks of his young cabbage plants, to
hail with delight any remedy that will
rid him of these pests. Prof. A. J.
Cook, Michigan Agricultural College,
writes to the American Agriculturist
as follows :

" For the past two years I have been
experimenting with Bisulphide of Car-
bon to destroy subterranean insects.
This substance has proved effectual,
but in case of the insects in question,
especially the Radish Fly, its expense
is an objection to its use. The past
season I have tried a new remedy with
gratifying success. This consists of a
preparation of Carbolic Acid. The
material which I used was prepared as
follows : Two quarts of common soft
soap were added to one gallon of water,
and all heated until it commenced to
boil, when it was removed from the
stove, and while yet hot one pint of
crude Carbolic Acid was added, and all
thoroughly mixed. This was then set
away in a close vessel, and was ready
for use as occasion might require. To
repel the insects in question, one part
of this mixture was added to from 50
to 100 parts of water, and the new
mixture was sprinkled on the plants as
soon as they were up, and after that
once every week. This same prepara-
tion will serve to repel the Cabbage
Fly {AntJiomyia brassicce). But for
the latter, my experiments go to show
that Bisulphide of Carbon is cheap,
efficient, and does not simply drive the
fly away, but destroys the maggot. As
" he that fights and runs away, m^y

live to fight another day," the Bisul-
phide of Carbon remedy is, T think, to
be preferred to the Carbolic Acid mix-
ture for use against the cabbage mag-
got. We sprinkled the Carbolic Acid
preparation directly upon the radish
plants, without injury to the latter ;
but if it is found to injure the plants
from too great strength, it will serve as
well to turn it in a trench made close
along beside the rows of plants. The
peculiar odor of the acid which repels
the flies as they come to deposit their
eggs so far escapes that it is necessary
to apply the liquid as often as once a
week to insure perfect success. Cau-
tion is required also that the prepara-
tion be not so strong as to injure the
plants when placed immediately upon
them. From one season's trial I can
strongly recommend the above appli-
cation."

WHITE GRAPES FOR THE MILLION.

Josiah Slater, well and favorably
known to pomologists, has a spicy article
in the Gardener' s Monthly on the new
white grapes, from which we glean the
following points regarding the Pock-
lington, which is attracting general at-
tention :

I have been familiar with the Pock-
lington for five years. The first two
years of my acquaintance with it the
original vine was so over-cropped as to
retard its ripening and spoil its quality.
It has, however, improved in quality
every season since. This la.st year, 1880,
the Pocklington was fit for market in
Monroe Co., N.Y., about September
6th, but it is much better, with little or
no pulp and with a honeyed sweetness
by 15th or 20th of September, and fully
ten days Oiirlier than the Concord on the
same grounds. It hangs well on the vines
till destroyed by frost. The Pocklington
is a seedling of the Coucord, just as
strong and vigorous a grower, fully as

236

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

hardy to withstand the winter's cold and
summer's fluctuations in temperature, to
resist mild-dew as its parent, the Con-
cord. Last fall I kept a bunch each of
Lady Washington, Niagara, and Pock-
lington till near the mid die of December,
on a plate in a close room. To my sur-
prise, the Lady Washington, although
the thinnest skin, was apparently the
best keeper. I have no doubt, with a
little care, either of these graj^s may be
kept to January 1 5th in good condition.
To my taste the l^ady Washington is
the best as to quality. The Pocklington
is the next best, and while we are in
doubt as to whether we can grow the
Lady Washington successfully, it being
a hybrid, I think there is no doubt
whatever that the Pocklington will
thrive and do well over a wider extent
of country than any other good grape,
not excepting the Concord ; for where
the Concord will do well, I believe the
Pocklington will do better because of
its earliness.

While I cannot agree with my friends
who think the Pocklington grape better
in quality than the best hothouse grapes,
I do think it will prove the best and
most valuable purely American Grape
we may have for years. And on purely
American and of the Labrusca species,
I think we shall have to rely for our
crops of market and wine grapes in most
localities of this latitude east of the
Rocky Mountains.

I consider the Pocklington grape, the
white " grape for the million." We
have had scores of white grapes intro-
duced, tested, proved wanting, and dis-
carded within the last thirty years but
the Pocklington has come to stay. It
is of the largest size both in bunch and
berry and the most successful white
grape in taking premiums at fairs. It
is seen above all others, it attracts more
attention, and recommends itself — the
grape men cannot let it alone.

THE CHERRY TREE APHIS.
This insect, a plant louse, infests the
under side of the leaves and the tender
twigs of the cherry and plum. And I
have this season found it attacking the
green fruit of the plum. It appears
with the earliest leaves in the spring,
in countless numbers, causing them to
curl or wrinkle into fantastic shapes,
lose their color and fall prematurely.

It appears in both the winged and
wingless forms, the earlier broods con-
taining fewer of the winged forms than
the later. The winged females mea-
suring about one-tenth of an inch to
the tips of the closed wings ; color
black or brownish-black ; abdomen
broader than the thorax, having an
ovoid or egg shape which is more mark-
ed in the wingless female.

The wingless female measured about
five-hundredths to six-hundredths of an
inch in length ; antennae whitish with
the two basal joints and the apical half
black ; legs whitish except the feet,
tips of tibiae and femurs which are
black. The abdomen has a prominent
raised ridge along the lateral margins.
General color black or brownish-black.

There are several broods^in one sea-
son (from five to eight) and they are so
prolific that were it not for their natural
enemies they would soon over-run and
kill the whole tree.

One of its most persistent enemies
is the larva of a two- winged fly of the
genus Syr.phus. The larva is of a pale
greenish color, translucent, spindle
shaped, attenuated anteriorly, and about
one-half an inch in length. And it is
a refreshing sight to the fruit grower
to see with what avidity this sluggish
looking worm sucks the juice from
these tiny pests and casts their empty
skins aside.

The larva of a small beetle (Cocdnel-
la) and of a neuropterous fly (Ohrysopa)

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

237

have also been found feeding on this
aphis.

Some of the more common remedies
for this pest are strong soap-suds or a
mixture of kerosene and water with
which the trees should be given a tho-
rough drenching. The latter mixture,
however, if too strong may slightly in-
jure the foliage, but will do no perma-
nent damage. Suffocation with tobacco
smoke has also been highly recom-
mended.— Prairie Farmer.

SMILAX.

Smilax makes a beautiful plant for
the window, if a strong young plant is
secured in the fall, placed in an eight to
ten inch pot, set in such a position that
a string on which to train it can be run
up one side of the window and across the
top. As soon as the young shoot is long
enough, twine it around the string to
give it a start, as it were, after which it
will rapidly grow and reach the top,
when it will have to be directed 4n its
course across the top of the window. Be
sure to get a young plant, as they do
much better than old ones, and when
growing vigorously, give plenty of
water ; keep the leaves free from dust,
and it will soon form one of the most
beautiful window ornaments which can
be imagined, After it has reached as
far as wanted, pinch off the end of the
shoot, which will induce fresh shoots to
start from the different joints, and at the
same time induce it into tiower sooner
than when allowed to grow at random.
During the time it is in flower the room
is filled with the sweetest odor, after
which comes the beautiful fruit, hanging
in clusters and remaining for weeks in
perfection.

Many fail with smilax in windows,
but if they would attend to getting a
one-year old plant, then, good, porous
soil, and a string — not a wire, to run on,

there is not much danger but it will
grow if attended with water sufficient
to keep the soil moist all the time, but
not in such quantities to produce satura-
tion of the soil. — The Prairie Farmer.

THE CAROLINE RASPBERRY.

In regard to the Caroline Raspberry,
I have tried it so thoroughly that I do
not hesitate to recommend it as one of
the best of raspberries. When the berry
begins to color it is a pale yellow which
turns to a pretty salmon color when ripe.
Among berries of its colour it is equalled
by none except the Brinckle, and it is
but little inferior to that old standard
when ripe. It is thoroughly hardy, a
very strong grower, and immensely pro-
ductiA^e. Its ability to bear long car-
riage has yet to be proved, but for a near
market its value is already established.
The amateur, at least, should accept the
Caroline as a 'boon — " Horticola " in
Rural New Yorker.

[We have not found it to be high
flavored. — Ed.]

A NATIVE AMERICAN PLUM.

Golden Beauty. — Here we have a
most remarkable and valuable acquisi-
tion. It Is one of Onderdonk's seedlings,
and seems to be, from leaf and bloom, a
hybrid, between some large late Chick-
asaw of Wild Goose type and some fine
variety of Prunus Americana, as the leaf,
bloom, method, and time of fruiting re-
mind one of the Weaver Plum, but Chick-
asiiw blood is visible j ust as well. Young
twigs are yellow when mature, green
before ; the leaves are very large, of a
rich, light gi-een, with the glossy surface
of the Wild Goose, and hang on very
late. The growth is as free and smooth
as the Peach, with twigs as large ; the
fruitiige is astonishingly great ; Plums
are deep golden yellow, of size of best
Wild Groose, but orange-shaped, very

238

THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST.

solid, rich, small seed, nearly free; ripens
with Heath Cling Peach, blooms with
the Weaver Plum, about a week later
than Wild Goose. Free from all dis-
eases and insect depredations as any
known variety. — Farm and Garden.

THE TUBEROSE.

Because many farmers' wives cherish
the belief that some wonderful skill at-
tends the cultivation of this planet, they
deny themselves the pleasure of its
possession. The bulbs must be lifted
before there is any danger from frost and
spread in a warm sunny place to tho-
roughly dry. If they become chilled in
any way, either before being lifted or
during the winter, their value is des-
troyed. But if kept in a warm closet
they will repay for all the trouble by
their spikes of beautifully pure and fra-
grant blossoms.

Tuberoses are reproduced very rapid-
ly. Therefore after a start has once been
made with a collection of bulbs of one,
two and three years' growth, the owner
can continue to set the same and there
will be no trouble in having all that are
desired. »,

There is no difficulty about the plan-
ting and cultivation. They will do well
on any soil that will produce a good crop
of corn. The soil should be made mel-
low, so as to be easily worked, and the
bulbs set at such distance apart as the
extent of surface will allow, and covered
with the soil. All the cultivation that
is necessary is to keep the soil mellow
and free from weeds.

If desired for early blooming the
bulbs may be set in boxes the latter part
of the winter and kept watered and in a
warm room. They will then come to
flowering earlier than if not set in the
ground until all danger from frost is
-Farm and Garden.

PIONEER BEET-SUGAR COMPANY.
Through most worthy efforts of the
directors, etc., of the beet-sugar com.-
pany at Coaticook, P. Q., Canada, the
Canadian Government has granted to
it a subsidy of $35,000. This amount
added to the money elsewhere obtained
will permit, it is thought, the manufac-
ture of beet-sugar under more favoring
circumstances than last year. The
planting season has been considerably
retarded, owing to late frosts, etc. In
the early part of June there remained
yet considerable sowing to be done.
The greater number of contracts for
beets have been made on the Island of
Montreal. The seeds appeared above
ground with a satisfactory regularity ;
and the weather is said to have been
favorable, as regards amount of rain,
heat, etc.

The seeds sown were of the Imperial
and Electoral varieties. The fertilizer
used was mainly superphosphate manu-
factured from the bone waste, and resi-
dues from defecation ; this, it is con-
sidered, makes a most excellent plant
food.

About 10 tons of seed were used to
the acre, distributed with an ordinary
seed-drill. — The Sugar Beet.

Apple Jelly. — Pare, core and quarter
two dozen large, tart, juicy apples. (If the
apples are red and you desire the jelly to be
colored, leave the skins on, only being care-
ful to remove imperfect spots. ) Boil them
until thoroughly soft, in enough water to
cover them, being careful not to mix to a
pulp by stirring. Strain the juice by letting
it drip slowly through a flannel jelly-bag
made into a cone. Do not press it, or the
juice will not be clear. To each pint of
juice allow three-fourths of a pound of
sugar. Boil the juice until "clear," add
the sugar and boil fifteen or twenty min-
utes longer. To one pint of the jeUy add
the juice of one lemon — not the grated rind,
unless you wish your jelly to have the
lemon instead of the apple flavor.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

239

Honey PuDDma.— Ingredients : Honey,
one-half pound ; butter, six ounces ; bread
crumbs, one-fourth ounce ; eggs, eight.
Beat the h(mey and butter to a cream,
and add the bread crumbs ; beat all toge-
ther for ten minutes with the yolks of the
^gs. Put into mould and boil for an
hour and a half. Serve with any nice
pudding sauce.

Strawberries. — The Crescent straw-
berry proves to be the earliest here, mar-
velously productive, and meets with ready
sale at good prices when sold at home
markets. It is not firm enough for ship-
ment. It will thrive on ordinary soil
with ordinary culture. It is more pro-
fitable for near market than Wilson.
Sharpless is the largest strawberry of all ;
vigorous, and of good quality when at its
best. When over-ripe it loses character.
It ripens slowly and unevenly ; these are
its defects. It is not firm enough for ship-
ment. While it does not yield as many
quarts as Wilson or Crescent, it will be
profitable to have a portion of the market
plantation of this variety, as it brings a
fancy price anywhere. It is well to have
some firm berries like Wilson or Manches-
ter, as when a hurry comes these can be
neglected a few days without loss, while
the soft berries must be gathered and sold
without delay. — Charles A. Green, m
Country Gentleman.

Arsenic for Canker Worms. — We
gave an account a few years since of the
successful use of Paris green by the late
Mr. Chapin, in his great apple orchard in
East Bloomfield, N. Y. , for the destruction
of the canker worm. A wagon tank, such
as threshers employ, was filled with the
usual mixture of Paris green and water,
and from it the infested trees were show-
ered by means of a forcing pump. We
observe by some late journals that the
aame method is employed by A. R. Whit-
ney, of Illinois, who has an orchard as
large as Mr. Chapin's. A visitor stated
that he found the foliage of the trees
clean, entire and healthy, while the apple
orchards around were desolated with the
canker worm. Mr. Chapin destroyed the
codlin moth by the grazing of sheep, and
we had occasion to observe the contrast
between the smooth fruit of this orchard
and the badly infested apples of a neigh-

bor who took no care. — Gowntry Gentle-
man.

Glucose Honey. — The Boston Journal
of Chemistry makes these queer revela-
tions about glucose honey and other con-
fections : — " Millions of pounds of glucose
are made every month. It is used mostly
as an adulterant in the manufacture of
table syrups, and in adulterating the dark,
moist sugars used largely by the poor. Its
next largest use is in the manufacture of
candies. All soft candies, waxes, taiOfies,
caramels, chocolates, etc., are made of
glucose. Children are, therefore, large
consumers of this substance ; the honey
bees also are fond of it, and wiU carry it
away by the ton if it is placed within
their reach. The honey made from it is
no better than the pure glucose, as it is
stowed away in the cells without change.
Human ingenuity, it is stated, has reached
the point of making honey and storing it
in the comb without the intervention of
the bee. By appropriate machinery a
nice-looking comb is made out of parafline,
and after the cells are filled with glucose
syrup, this fictitious ' honey ' is warranted
true white clover honey from Vermont.

Bacteria and the Yellows. — Prof.
Burrill says that very recent examinations
of specimens of diseased peach trees sent
him from Michigan, where tliis malady
has prevailed, confirm his opinion that
the disease known as the yellows is caused
by bacteria. He finds the same disap-
pearance of stored starch in the peach
shoots as occurs in blighted apple and
pear trees, and at the same time numerous
bacteria. These minute organisms in the
pear are rounded oblong, and commonly
double-jointed ; but sometimes they are
single, and occasionally several joints are
found. Those found in the diseased peach
are long and slender, and consist of
several joints. Both may, however, be
mere modifications of the same organisms.
The pear bacteria are about one-thirty-
thonsandth of an inch cross diameter,
and one-half more in length. Those in
the peach are about twice as long. To
examine their shape, a microscope magni-
fying the diameter one thousand times is
requisite, and so small are they that a
thousand millions would be required to
fonn a solid mass as large as a pin's
head.

240

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

SAVING MOTHER.

The farmer sat in his easy chair.

Between the fire and the lamp-light's glare ; i

His face was ruddy and full and fair,

His three small boys in the chimney nook

Gonned the lines of a pictftre book ;

His wife the pride of his hoine and heart,

Baked the biscuits and made the tart ;

Laid the table and steeped the tea.

Deftly, swiftly, silently.

Tired and weary, and worn and faint,

She bore her trials without complaint,

Like many another houseliold saint —

Content, all selfish bliss above

In the patient ministry of love.

At last, betweeu the clouds of smoke

That wreathed his lips the husband spoke.

*' There's taxes to raise, an' interest to pay,

And ef there should come a rainy day,

'Twould be mighty handy, I'm bound to say

T'have sumthin' put by, For folks must die,

An' there's funeral bills, an' gravestuns to buy —

Enough to swamp a man, purty nigh ;

Besides, there's Edward and Dick and Joe

To be provided-for when we go.

So 'f I was you, I'll tell you what I'd do,

I'd be saving of wood as ever I could—

Extra fire don't do any good —

I'd be savin' of soap, an' savin' of ile.

And run up some candles once in a while ;

I'd be rather sparin' of coffee an' tea,

For sugar is high,

And all to buy,
And cider is good enough for me.
I'd be kind o' careful about my clo'es,
And look out sharp how the money goes-
Gewgaws is careless ; natur' knows ;

Extra trimmin'

'8 the bane of women.
" I'd sell the best of the cheese and honey.
And eggs is as good, nigh about's the money ;
And as to the carpet you wanted new—
I guess we can make the old one do ;
And as for the washer and sewing machine
Them smooth-tongued agents so pesky mean,
You'd better get rid of 'em slick and clean.
What do they know about woman's work?
Do they calkilate women were made to shirk ?"
Dick and Edward and little Joe
Sat in a corner in a row.
They saw the patient mother go
On ceaseless errands to and fro ;
They saw that her form was bent and thin,
Her temples gray, her cheeks sunk in,
They saw the quiver of her lip and chin—
And then with a warmth he could not smother,
Outspoke the youngest, frailest brother :
" You talk of savin' wood and ile,
An' tea and sugar all the while,
But you never talk of savin' mother ?"

Delicate Apple Sauce — Pare, halve and
c^uarter a sufl&cient quantity of nice stewing
apples ; put them into a baking dish, and
cover thickly with sugar — bits of lemon peel
may be added if liked. Put a plate over
the dish, and set it into a pan having a little
hot water in the bottom, and place in a hot
oven. Bake until the pieces are clear and
tender.

Coal Ashes. — Common coal ashes, if
well distributed about the roots of cur-
rant bushes, is one of their best pro-
moters. This should be done by loosen-
ing the soil about their roots, and placing
the ashes near them ; cover firmly with
earth above, and the bushes will bear
such clusters as will speak the beneficial
effects of this application of material too
commonly thrown aside as of no use.
Cherry trees also gratefully accept this
renovator, and if carefully bedded about
the roots with coal ashes in the fall, the
yield of fruit the following year will sur-
prise the cultivator. Especially is this
effect produced in the black loam of Illi-
nois. We have in our mind one fruit
garden there where all the small fruit
was treated in this way, and have never
seen their yield excelled. — Natiorud
Farmer.

The Fruit Garden. — There should be
a Fruit Garden on every farm for the profit,
health, and enjoyment that it brings, where
well cared for — yielding a succession of
fruits from early strawberry time until the
latest grapes are gone. It is our desire
that all who liave no garden for small fruits
may resolve to prepare the ground and
plant one the coming spring The soil for
a Fruit Garden should be rich, deep, and
mellow, and above all thoroughly drained
should it be naturally wet. There is
nothing better than well rotted stable
manure for enriching a garden soil. The
list of Strawberries that may be planted is
a long one and has been added to from year
to year. Charles Downing, Seth Boyden,
Monarch of the West, and Sharpless are
all reliable. The Bidwell has proved ex-
cellent, and the Manchester is a promising
new sort. On heavy soils the Jucunda
and Triomphe de Gand do well. Among
Raspberries are the Cuthbert, Patrician,
and Herstine. The Mammoth Cluster
and Gregg are among the best Black-caps
for general use. For Blackberries the
Kittatinny and Snyder are the best. The
Versailles, Red Dutch, and White Grape
lead in the Currants. It is difficult to
select from the long list of excellent grapes,
Concord, Wilder, Brighton, Eumelan, De-
laware, and Pocklington give a good
variety. — American Agriculturist.

PRIKTJfiD AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABLiSBHEMT Of COPP, CLARK k CO., COLBORME STREET, TORONTO,

¥

.f

r\J<yl

^^^W

^^

%'ll

1!

ASTERS

-tUTBRETT LITHOCOJOr.

THE

VOL. v.]

NOVEMBER, 1882.

[No. 11.

AST

These are late summer blooming an-
nuals, without which the flower gar-
den in September seems bare of bloom.
The coloured illustration in this num-
ber will give our readers a good repre-
sentation of the general form and
colouring. There is a great variety of
these beautiful flowers, diflfering in
size of plant and form of flower, but
each having a beauty peculiar to it-
self. Some of them grow quite tall,
upwards of two feet in height ; others
are very dwarf, scarcely attaining to
more than six inches. The variety
known as new rose is a great favourite,
and may be had in fifteen separate
colours. The new Crown or Cocar-
deau Asters have all a white centre
surrounded with a broad border of
carmine, or blue, or scarlet, or violet,
(fee, and are very attractive. One of
this class will be found in the coloured

ERS.

plate. The New Victoria variety hjis
a fine {>yramidal habit with large
flowers. The largest flowered is the
Washington Aster, sometimes attain-
ing to five inches in diameter. The
dwarf Chysanthemum-flowered grows
to about one foot in height, and
flowers later than most of the others.

Astei-s require a rich soil, worked to
a good depth, in order to their full
development. The seed may be sown
in a cold frame or in a seed bed in the
garden. After the plants have become
strong they should be transplanted in.
damp or cloudy weather into beds pre-
pared for them. The plants may be
set about a foot apart each way in the
beds, except the dwarf growing sorts,
which may be planted about four inches
apart. The dwarf varieties make a
very pretty border planted in single
rows along the edge of the garden walk.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST FOR 1883.

The next number will close the cur-
rent volume, and the term of subscrip-
tion of most of our readers will expire
at the same time ; of all, indeed, save a
few names which have already sent their
dollar for 1883. Many encouraging
letters have be«n received during the

year expressive of kindly appreciation
of the efforts made to improve this
monthly, and many have given practical
expression to their appreciation by
shewing the magazine to their friends
and inducing them to subscribe. To
all who have in any way encouraged

242

THK CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

the efforts of the Directors to maintain
a monthly periodical devoted to the
dissemination in Canada of information
concerning horticultural matters, most
sincere and hearty thanks are hereby
given. It is believed by them that
such a monthly periodical is essential
to the horticultural progress and pros-
perity of the country, and that any
effort made to extend its circulation
deserves the thanks of everyone who
desires to see this country take the po-
sition it is capable of maintaining in all
fruit-o^rowinff and horticultural matters.
It is the intention of the Directors
to cojitinue the Canadian Horticulturist
during the year 1883, and to make it
as attractive and interesting as it has
beer; during the past year, and as much
more so as the means at their disposal
will permit. If the circulation could
be increased to four thousand, the addi-
tional means deriye4 therefrom would
be expended ii^ still further enlarging
and embellishing the magazine. Will
not oiir readers make an effort to accom-
plish this desirable object by sending
one new subscriber with their own
renewal before the close of this year,
so that the Directors may feel enabled
to begin the year witii an additional
number of pages of reading matter, and
make arrangements for increased illus-
tration. If each subscriber would pro-
cure but one new name the circulation
would then be about four thousand,
and such improvements could then be
made as the Directors have not yet
been able to secure for want of means.
Every subscriber becomes entitled
to receive not only the Canadian Hor-

ticulturist every month, but also a copy
of the Annual Report of the Fruit
Growers' Association for 1882, and
bound with it, the Annual Report of
the Entomological Society for the same
year. In addition to these, each sub-
scriber will have sent to him by mail,
post-paid, whichever of the following
articles he may prefer, namely :

A Rose Busb, or

A Peonia, or

A Vine of the Worden G-rape, or

A Plant of the Niagara Raspberry.

In order that a sufficient number of
these reports and plants may be secured
to meet the requirements of subscribers,
it is essential that subscriptions should
be sent in before the first of January
next. The Directors cannot promise
that those whose subscriptions are
received after that day will be supplied
as they might wish. The edition of
the Reports was exhausted this year,
so that those who sent in their names
at a late day may have failed to receive
a bound copy. And the same was true
of some of the plants distributed last
spring. That all disappointment from
these causes may be avoided, the Direc-
tors wish it to be clearly understood that
subscribers whose names are received
after the first of January next, must
not depend upon receiving the reports
or plants. The Directors will do all
in their power to meet the wishes of
any who subscribe after that date, but
cannot promise anything more tbAn the
current numbers of the magazmo.

Those who may desire to make an
effort to increafift th« circulation of the

THE CANADIAN H0RTICULTUUI8T.

243

Horticulturist will be furnished with a
sample copy and receipt book, on appli-
cation to the Editor at St. Catharines,
or to any of the Directors, whose names
and address will be found on the third
page of the cover. As some remunera-
tion for their labor they will be allowed
rt commission of twenty per cent, on all
new subscribers, and ten per cent, on
all renewals of present subscribers,
whose names and subscriptions are sent
in to the Editor before the first day of
January, 1883.

The subscription price is only one
dollar a year. Will it be possible for
anyone who has any desire to be in-
formed upon any of the subjects dis-
cussed in the pages of the Horticulturist,
or treated of in the Reports, to obtain
so much valuable and practical infor-
mation elsewhere for that sum 1 The
twelve colored illustrations alone are
well w^orth the whole subscription.
The information given is drawn largely
from the practical experience of Cana-
dian cultivators, and is just such as
Canadians need to guide them in their
operations. It is the only work of the
kind published in Canada, and as such
has claims upon the support of Cana-
dians, if it be suited to their needs.
And the publication of it is not under-
taken for any private ends, but all the
funds received are expended in the
interests of its readers. The Director's,
therefore, look confidently for the hearty
co-operation of every one who feels any
interest in developing the resources of
our oountiy in this direction, and expect
through your efforts in this behalf that
the subscription list of this magazine

will be at least doubled before the
advent of the new year.

FRUIT AT THE PROVINCIAL EXHI-
BITION.

Notwithstanding the almost entire
failure of the leading fruits in many
parts of the province, the show of fruit
at Kingston was not only large but of
excellent quality. The display of ap-
ples and pears was hardly as large as
it was last year, but the samjjles shown
were generally very fine. In plumvS
there was a marked increase, some
very fine collections having been
shown from sections that hei-etofore
have not made much of an exhibit of
this fruit. The Owen Sound collec-
tion carried off the first prize, notwith-
standing that the crop was reported to
have been a failure this season.

The progress made in the cultivatioa.
of grapes is very marked. The extent,
of the exhibit of this fruit, as well as*
the beauty and perfection of the sam-
ples shown, is very creditable to our
grape growers. Each year brings out.
a greater variety, and more perfect
specimens. It is a wonder that every
farmer does not devote some space to a.
choice collection of grape vines. In
two years from planting he will begin
to gather grapes, and can have a con-
tinuous supply of this most delicious,
fruit all through the autumn. We
now have varieties ripening in this,
climate in August, followed by others,
that keep wp a succession until winter,
and in fact, some of them can be kept,
until after the holidays, such as.tha*
Salem, Vergennes, and lona.

2M

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

Thei-e is one bad practice that seems
to be adopted by some exhibitoi-s,
namely, that of ringing the bearing
branches in order to increase the size of
the berries. As this practice greatly
im])airs the flavour of the fruit, pro-
ducing watery; dropsical berries, it
should not be encouraged, and exhi.
bitors should be restricted to naturally
grown fruit. Skilled judges will at
once detect these abnormal fruits, and
societies should instruct them to dis-
card all such in making their awards.

There was also a very creditable dis-
play of peaches. The crop was almost
cut off by the cold easterly storm that
visited us when the trees were in
blossom. The early Crawford seems
to have escaped, somehow, in many
places, and those who have been thus
favoured will reap golden harvests.
We now have varieties ripening in
July, followed by other sorts which
keep up a supply until almost winter.

It is gratifying to note how from
year to year fruit culture is developing
:and extending over the province, as
appears from the exhibits which are
made at our autumnal shows. We
believe, however, that far greater
things are yet in store, and that Onta-
rio will be the great fruit growing
country of this continent.

The Sharplbss Strawberry did as
well as ever, being the largest of all as
usual, and more productive. It is not
particularly heavy soil this variety requires
to do well, but exceedingly high culture.
The soil must be rich, and well manured
also ; to have it do its best a good sandy
loam is apparently the soil best suited to
its wants. — Farm and Garden.

JOTTINGS BY THE WAY IX THE
EASTERN DISTRICT.

In a somewhat busy season, (and tell
me the time to the tiller of the soil that
is'nt busy), I stole a day in the inter-
ests of the Fruit Growers' Association,
and submit the following, which may
interest some : —

Ajjp^es. — They sliould be last on our
list. Our report of them must be un-
satisfactory. In quantity they are a fair
crop, but in most cases diseased, the
Fameuse so much so as to be almost
unsaleable. We try to pare as many
as we can, and so used, they are as
good as the best, but the process is a
slow one.

Heartily we will thank the man who
will give us the cause of this black
spot or fungus, and more him who will
give us a cure.

In the Horticulturist, March, 1882,
is a paper from J. B. Merrill, from
which we had^ W&pek that sulphur ap-
plied as theii©i^iggested would effect a
cure. ,_iWp tried the experiment on
100. trees, and found it a failure. It
has been suggested to me by one well
versed in these matters, that I drove
the plug so far into the tree as to pre-
vent the sulphur fumes passing up with
the sap ^ that may be, we will repeat
tj^, experiment, using grafting wax to
cover the orifice.

Potatoes. — The Early Rose is still
the favorite, and buyers ask for it in
preference to all other kinds, simply
because they know it to be a first-class
table potato. So it is, but the Beauty
of Hebron is earlier and of better
flavor.

The Dempsey is in every respect
good, prolific, and good to use the year
round. The Peerless I have found
among the best for spring use. With
fair play it yields abundantly. Al-
though of very large size, I have always

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

245

found them sound to the heart. Many
of my neighbors last year pronounced
it to be the best potato they ever ate.

White Elephant — I planted a peck,
the return was 4 bushels. As to their
quality I can't speak. Late Rose and
Snowflake are both good. I can tell
you, however, a big story about the
White Star. I had one potato, cut it
into 9 eyes, planted in ordinary ground,
and had from it 38 lbs. Satis bene I
say. I boiled one and found the qual-
ity good.

I'll weary you and your readers, in-
dulge me with a closing word on grapes.
I intended visiting the Beaconsfield
vineyard, but the day's time did'nt
permit. We know their grapes to be
early, quite a consideration in these
parts ; as to quality, the less said the
better.

The only man who has been brave
enough to go into the business in our
section is Mr. William Rice, of Mill-
roche. Among many discouragements
— his neiglibors kindly hinting he was
spending the time of many men for
nought, his own besides — he has made
a very successful start. Tell me, read-
ers, what is worth having without
labor and discouragements many. Mr.
R. has about three acres planted with
Concord, Moore's Early, Brighton, and
Champion grapes. They were planted
three years ago, trained on trellis six
feet apart, seven feet between rows.
He finds Brighton and Moore's Early
the most profitable. I recommend to
him another acre of Beadle's Jessica.

Good luck to our enterprising neigh-
bor. He seems to go on the principle,
that whatever is worth doing is worth
doing well. That he has done.

If readers have had patience to read
80 far, we'll forgive them till next timd.

John Cuoil.

Aultsville. Oct., 1882.

REPORT ON PLANTS RECEIVED FROM
THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIA-
TION.

Dear Sir, — I send you report on
plants received from the Association
up to date.

Burnet Grape. — Is growing slowly
and steadily. Has sixteen bunches of
grapes on it this year, which should be
ripe next week.

Moore s Early Grape. — Growing
well, strong and he^ilthy looking. Has
every appearance of succeeding in this
locality.

Saunders' Hybrid Raspberry. — I re-
moved the plant to a sandy soil and
manured it well, which has caused it
to grow rapidly and bear some fruit.
It promises well for next year. Plant-
ed it along with 100 Lost Rubies, a
fine variety, bore fruit on old stocks
same year as planted.

Hydrangea Paniculata. — Does not
grow well. It is about the same size
as the first year, and will have flowers
soon. I planted it in a small keg with
rich earth, but it grows no better than
at first. It is not a success with me.

I mentioned last year that the Onta-
rio Apple died. It is far too tender a
kind for this locality, something like
King of Tompkins, which was also
winter killed.

I expected to have seen some reports
of the Wealthy Apple you distributed
and how it stood the winter, but have
seen none in the Canada HorticuHiirist
as yet. I planted a one year old last
fall, and it was winter killed, but fall
planting is not suitable here, so I do
not consider this a criterion. I have
planted this spring 150 one to three
year old Wealthys, and expect most of
them to come through the winter. I
have not lost any trees from the tap
root entering the clav .soil, as the habi-
tans hereabouts said I would ; ani

246

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

have about 200 Fameuse bearing for
the first time. I have altogether
1,000 apple trees in good condition.
Yours truly,

J. H. Gumming.
F. S. — T would suggest your distri-
buting the Arctic plum next season.
St. Hilaire, P. Q., Sept. 12, 1882.

THE GREEN CABBAGE WORM.
Deak Sir, — For some yeai^ past the
gi'owing of cauliflower and cabbage has
been rendered very difficult and un-
satisfactory, owing to the large green
grub that feeds on the leaves. About
a month ago my cauliflowers were
rapidly being destroyed, when I made
some strong brine, using common salt,
and watered the plants lightly, suffi-
ciently to wet the leaves, but not to
soak into the ground and scorch the
roots. The next day I found every
grub dead, and have not seen a living
one since. Hoping that this informa-
tion may be of much value to cabbage
growei-s, I have thought it worth plac-
ing in the hands of the public.

Frank Evans.
Orillia, Oct. 3, 1882.

LETTER FROM HON. M. P. WILDER.
My Dear Sir, — I have just receiv-
ed the report of the Ontario Fruit
Growers Association for 1881. I am
happy to state that no better appix)-
priation of the Government's funds
could be made than to encourage the
development of the fruit resources of
the Dominion, whose extent of terri-
tory is equal to our own, and much of
which is yet to be filled with an en-
lightened and industrious population.
I like the whole book, embracing as it
does the " entomological," so closely
connected as it is with the successful
cultivation of fruits. It is a gi*and
volume, honourable to your society and
to the Government.

Yours as ever,

Marshall P. Wilder.

THE CABBAGE MAGGOT.

Dear Sir, — On page 235 of the
current number of the Horticulturist I
see a communication from Prof Cook,
of the Michigan Agricultural College,
to the AmeHcan Agriadturist on the
destruction of the Cabl)age and Radish
Maggot.

I would like to know (and no doubt
many others would ba equally obliged
if you can inform the readers of the
Horticulturist) how the bisulphide of
carbon is prei)ared and how applied to
the young plants ; as the Professor,
while giving the formula for the car-
bolic acid preparation, does not give
the formula for the bisulphide of car-
bon, although he appears to consider it
the most efficient for the cabbage fly,
as it " destroys the maggot." If it
does this it is undoubtedly the best
}>reparation.

I may add that during last spring I
tried the carbolic acid, preparing it and
sjjrinkling the plants according to
Prof. Cook's directions, with the single
exception that I applied it twice a
week instead of once ; but found that,
although it did not injure the young
plants in the least, it utterly failed to
keep the flies from depositing their
eggs, or to destroy the maggots ; conse-
quently my i-adishes were totjilly
ruined ; and my cabbages only partial-
ly saved by my gardener going over
the patch ewery three or four days and
carefully removing the soil where the
eggs had been depositetl from around
the young plants, and putting fresh
soil in the place ; a slow remedy, and
as the fly season this year was a very
long one, an expensive one ; and, worst
of all, not by any means a certain one,
for it is almost impossible not to miss
some of the wee w hite specks, which
are consequently left at the stalk of
the cabbage and destroy it.

I would therefore like to try the

TUB CANADIAN H0RTICULTCKI6T.

247

bisulphide of carbon remedy, and,
with the rest of tlie cabbage firrowing
world, would hail it with rejoicing, if
successful in destroying the pests with-
out injuring the plants.

Thos. G. Bright.
Meaford, Oct. 4, 1882.

REPLY BY W. SAUNDERS.

Bisulphide of carbon is made by
passing the va]X)r of sulphur over red
hot charcoal in suitable vessels, and
consists of one part of carbon united
to two parts of sulphur. It is a
colourless liquid, with a very offensive
odor and very volatile character. It
is inflammable, and its vapor mixed
with atmospheric air explodes with
violence if lighted. It is a powerful
solvent, and one of the chief uses it
serves in the arts is as a solvent for
India rubber and gutta percha. It is
usually kept in drug stores. When
poured into a hole in the soil, and the
orifice closed, the vapour gradually
permeates through the spongy earth
and destroys insect life. It is, I fear,
too expensive to be used as a general
remedy for insects, and its inflam-
mability, and the liability of its vapor
to explode when mixed with air would
deter many from using it.
London, Oct. 10.

THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

Mr. Editor, — I would respectfully
suggest that you have for discussion at
the next winter meeting the following
subject : " Is the English sparrow a
friend or enemy of the fruit grower] "

I would suggest that you announce
the subject early and ask for papers on
the subject from all who are in a posi-
tion to give light on the subject, to be
sent to the Secretary in time for the
winter meeting.

My own opinion is that this question
is an importiint one or will soon become
so as these little Britons increase, and

I think discussion would bring out a
good many points for and against the
sparrow. Yours truly,

Wm. E. Wellington.

Toronto, Aug. 7, 1882.

EXF»LORATIONS IN RUSSIA.

Mr. Editor, — It will perhaps inter-
est some of your readers to know that
there are at present in Europe two
enterprising and enthusiastic lovers of
fruit from America who are exploring
the northern portions of Europe and
particularly of Russia, for the purpose
of ascertaining what varieties of fruit
are successfully cultivated in these ex-
tremely cold climates, hoping by this
means to find new sorts which will be
hardy enough to withstand the rigours
of the colder portions of the Northern
and North- Western United States and
Canada, and thus lay under further
tribute the countries which have given
to us the well-known apples. Red
Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenburgh,
Alexander, and Tetofsky. The ex-
ploring party consists of Prof. Budd,
of the State Agricultural College in
Iowa, and Mr. Chas. Gibb, of Mont-
real. The following post cards have
been received from Mr. Gibb : —

"Vienna, July 22, 1882.— Work inter-
eating, though we have not yet reached the
severer climates. Many new apples in Eng-
land and (iermany are in leaf semi-Astra-
chanic, and some Russian full bloods. Pears
in Jardin des Plantes crossed in many Ciwes
with northern or southern Chinese forms,
cider and cooking pears of Keutlingen, &C.
We saw a few thick leaved v. vinifera, two
of them as thick as Lindley and one as
thick as Concord, from Jura,"

"On THK Volga, Aug. 30, 1882.— Here
we are in a little boat going down the Volga
from Kasan visiting the orchanls with a
kind Russian friend. 'I ho apples now in
the market are ahead of our August apples,
a tine assortment in size an<l colour, and
some of them fine in quality. The Vladimer
Cherry is grown in enormous quantities in
that cold climate. Entire trains latlen with
these clKrries leave here for different parts

24S

THE CANADIAN HORIICULTURIST.

of Russia. A new dwarf race of hardy
plums here of fair quality. Nomenclature
very confused here. At Petersburg we find
trees and shrubs of country east to the
Amoor valuable for our climate, especially
the thick-leaved poplars. There are pears
of medium quality here hardy enough to
grow as far north as the city of Quebec,
that is one sort at least. We have had
some curious little fruit meetings among the
Tartar dealers.''

I sincerely hope that the explora-
tions of these enterprising horticultur-
ists will result in the introduction to
this country of some new and good
varieties of hardy fruits, especially
adapted to the more northern sections
of our province, and capable as well of
being cultivated over the greater por-
tion of the Northern and North- West-
ern parts of the Dominion.

Wm. Saunders.
London, Oct. 6, 1882.

THE OTHEJR SIDE.

Dear Sir, — I have just.read in your
valuable paper a letter from an Ottawa
gentleman praising very highly his
success with the Burnet Grape. I was
I^articularly pleased to hear that the
Burnet would really bear fruit outside
of Mr. Dempsey's grounds, where it
originated. About six years ago I
visited Mr. Dempsey in the county of
Prince Edward, determined to see this
new grape as it appeared on the orig-
inal vine. I was amply repaid for my
trouble, first, by the very pleasant
visit with Mr. Dempsey and his ami-
able family ; secondly, by seeing the
vine, the fruit of which I then regard-
ed as the best I had ever eaten
amongst the outdoor grapes, and I am
not sure that I have up to the present
time had any reason to change my
opinion as to the quality of fruit.
The vine with Mr. Dempsey seemed to
be a good grower and bearer. It was
well loaded with fine fruit, which was
ripening a little ahead of the Delaware.

I at once determined to have this
vine in my garden. The grapes so
much resembled its parent on the
European side, the Black Hamburg,
while it showed none of the objection-
able qualities of the Hartford Prolific,
the parent on the American side.

The following spring I procured
two vines from Mr. Leslie, and two
years later procured five more vines.
But I am very sorry that I have had
no such pleasant experience as the
gentleman who writes from Ottawa.
While I fully agree with him as to the
great superiority of the quality of
fruit, I am sorry to say that the quan-
tity has been very deficient. Although
this is the fifth year for two vines, and
the third year for five others, I have
not yet had a single full cluster of
fruit. All I have this year from
seven vines are two strao:£:lin2r half
bunches, while Rogers 44 planted at
the same time, and in the row with the
last lot of Burnets has several bunches
of fine fruit now fully ripe; and the
Rochester, a new grai>e, planted the
same time, from Elwanger & Barry, is
loaded with fruit, which has already
ripened. The Rochester came tlirough
the winter as bright as a cun-ant bush,
flowered early and set its fruit well,
and is now quite ripe. It is only fair
to state that none of my vines had any
protection last winter, and while the
Rochester and Rogers 44 came
through unhurt, the Burnets were
either killed to the ground or so badly
injured that the late starting shoots
gave no fruit, but have made a very
good season's growth of wood. I shall
this season provide the most ample
protection for the Burnet by laying it
down and covering it with earth.
Should it then bear well I shall not
consider the trouble too great if I can
only obtain the excellent crops of fruit
such as I saw grow upon the original
vine. But should my efforts fail I

THE CANADIAN H0RTTCULTDEI8T.

249

must either discard the vine or learn
some other remedy that may prove
more efficacious.

In regard to the Rochester it is
very hardy and very early ; evidently
a good bearer. Bunch and berry simi-
lar in appearance, but larger and more
compact than the Delaware. Ripens
well, with very little pulp and sweet
to the centre, with some of the peculiar
flavour of the Diana. A very good
grape, but not equal in quality to some
other new varieties that appear equally
early and equally hardy.

Rogers 44 I find every way very
satisfactory. A rampant grower, har-
dy, a good bearer, very early ripening,
and of excellent quality. I now give
my present impression, subject to any
modification that longer experience
may produce. I have the Lady Wash-
ington, the Jeffei-son, the Bacchus, the
Early Victor, and the Yergennes, all
growing well, but not yet bearing.
Hope to report further at a future
time. D. Reesor.

P. S. — The Creveling bears so little
that I think I shall root it out alto-
gether. I am trying also the White
Ann Arbor, but it is not bearing yet.

Rosedale, Toronto, Oct. 5, 1882.

PAPER BAGS ON GRAPES AND BEES.

Mr. Editor, — I was victimized last
summer to such an extent by the bees
and flies that I had not a single bunch
of perfect grapes in my vineyard, and
without any exaggeration the air was
positively tainted by the off*ensive
smell from the grapes rotting on the
bunches. I never saw such wholesale
destruction.

Expecting another onslaught this
season I thought I would prepare my-
self for the vermin, and jnirchased
3,000 paper bags made on purpose for
preserving grapes from these and other
pests.

I noticed several very favourable
comments about the bags in Greens
Fruit Grower, published in Rochester,
N. Y., and I also wrote to Messrs.
Ellwanger & Barry, of the same place,
the celebrated nui-serymen, whose re-
ply was also favourable, so I concluded
to purchase, but I am sorry to say
that the result was not so decisive as I
expected ; and I found on removing
many of the bags lately that the gmpes
were perfectly green, without any
colour or flavour. I would certainly
not advise my friends to go into it so
thoroughly as I did, as I am satisfied
it will result in disappointment, still I
shall (D. Y.) use some to preserve a
part of the crop from the action of
frost, by which means the bunches so
protected can remain on the vines for
several weeks after the main crop has
been picked.

This brings up the subject of the
power of bees to commit the destruc-
tion complained of. If, as contended
by interested parties, they are not
capable of doing so, how does it happen
that this year there are no bees, with a
remarkahhj fine and 'perfect crop of
(J rapes ? I have not noticed a single
bt>e around mine, and yet plenty of
flios. I have been informed that last
winter was very destructive to bees,
and this certainly looks like it. So far
as their power to sting and suck the
berries without any other insect mak-
ing an incision for them, I can only
say that I have repeatedly watched
them doing so. I am borne out in
this by my friend, J. C. Rykert, Esq.,
M.P., and others of my horticultural
friends, to whom I could refer if neces-
sary. And now, my dear sir, excuse
my taking up so much of your valuable
time, and allow me on behalf of myself
and the horticultural world generally,
to thank you for your unwearied exer-
tions and the talent you have displayed
in conducting the Canadian llorticuU

250

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

turiftt for so many years, a magazine
that has been of the greatest service in
developing the horticultural taste of its
readers. May you be spared for many
years to give us our monthly treat,
and may your readers learn to appre-
ciate the sacrifice of your time and
talents for their benefit.
Very truly yours,

James Taylor.
Yates Street, Oct. 5, 1882.

GRAPES FOR PROFIT.
Inquiry is being made for those
varieties of grape which vv^ill give the
best cash returns to the planter. The
writer has been at some pains to make
inquiry of fruit dealers concerning the
prices paid by consumers and the
varieties most in demand, and learns
from them that the early grapes are
always readily sold at good prices.
In confirmation of this a gentleman
mentioned that he had twenty-two
vines of the Champion ; and that he
took the fruit from them to Toronto
and realized for it forty dollars. Fruit
dealers in St. Catharines are selling
Delaware and such of the Rogers'
varieties as are to be had, at from
eight to ten cents per pound, retail ;
and Concords at five cents. Jessica,
an early white variety, was sold at ten
dollars per hundred pounds to Toronto
and Cobourg fruiterer's. The white
and red varieties seem to be the most
popular, commanding a ready sale at
the best prices. The red varieties of
the Rogers grapes, known as Agawam,
and Lindley, seem to be the best of
this colour ; while Wilder and Merri-
mack take the lead among the black
varieties. There is not as yet enough
of Moore's Early grown in Canada to
enable one to ascertain the estimation
in Avhich it is held here, but Sands,
Furber & Co., of Boston, write that
they sold several tons of it at twelve
to thirteen cents per pound wholesale

previous to the 19th of September.
The Brighton is a very fine red grape,
of excellent quality and prolific, but
has not yet been placed upon our mar-
ket in sufficient quantity to be gener-
ally known.

These facts may be of some value to
those desiring to plant for market, who
will have to take into consideration
not only the price to be obtained, but
the health, vigour, hardiness, and pro-
ductiveness of the vine in their several
localities.

RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES
FOR PROFIT.

Reliance. — A large, purple red, moder-
ately productive berry. It is of good
flavor, looks well in the box, and the
cane is quite hardy and a good grower.

Earljj Prolific. — This is a very good
berry, but it is less prolific than the
Reliance, and so offers but few induce-
ments for planting.

Highland Hardy is a hardy, very
early berry, of good color and quality,
but only moderately productive. Still
it is considered worthy of culture
because of its earliness. It ripens
earliest of all, and the canes may be
cleaned in a few days, and all the
berries sold at a high price ; hence it is
about as profitable as much more pro-
lific varieties which ripen later.

Turner. — They are very hardy, but
in productiveness fall considerably be-
low two or three other sorts. The
berry is a handsome bright red, of ex-
cellent quality, but not of the greatest
firmness.

Brandy wine. — The canes are hardy,
vigorous and very productive. The
fruit is of good size, good color, fair
quality and firm.

Cuthbert. — It is probably the latest
variety of good red raspberries we have
in cultivation. The canes are large,
and the foliafje luxuriant. The fruit

THE CANADIAN HORTICULT CRIST.

251

is of the largest size, conical in form,
quite firm, of excellent flavor ; a light
brilliant" crimson when fii-st ripe, be-
coming a darker crimson, or cherry
color, when over-ripe. We consider
this a slight demerit, for in a lar^
plantation a portion of the fruit will
necessarily be over ripe when gathered,
and a box with a portion of the fruit
cherry-colored, will not look so attrac-
tive as if all were of a light crim-
son, or bright scarlet. With this de-
mei'it, however, we think the Ciithbert
now stands at the head of the list of
profitable red raspberries. If any
variety can successfully dispute its pre-
eminence, it is the Brandywine, which
can not be dispensed with, on account
of its earlier season. As it presents
itself to us. Highland Hardy, Brandy-
wine, and Cuthbert, are the three |
desirable varieties of red raspberries
for a succession through the season.

BLACK -CAPS.

Gregg. — The Gregg as is now gener-
ally well known, is a firm dry berry,
yielding the largest percentage of dried
fruit in the evaporator. As a table
fruit we should prefer the Mammoth
Cluster.

BLACKBERRIES.

Agawam. — This is in some respects
the best market blackberry cultivated.
While it is a hardy, vigorous grower,
and very productive, the fruit is large
and sweet all the way through. It is
a little inferior in size to Ijawton and
Kittatinny, and perhaps not as high
flavored as those varieties, when at
their best, but, as picked for market, it
is wholly exempt from that sour core
so well known in the Ijawton, and is
soft and sweet all the way through.

The Ancient Briton is a very vigor-
ous, hardy, prolific cano, and the fruit
is nearly the size of A^wam. We
think there is a little more of the wild
blackberry flavor in it than in any
other of the cultivated sorts.

Siiyier is now pretty well known.
In productiveness, it really excelled any
other, the loads of fruit on the canes
were just marvellous, and worth walk-
ing a gieat way to behold. — American
Rural Home.

THE "JAMES VICK" STRAWBERRY.

A few Rochester horticulturists were
invited to see the new strawberry James
Vick in bearing. W. C. Barry, late
President of the Nurseryman's Asso-
ciation ; P. C. Reynolds, long Secretary
of Western New York Horticultural
Society, and horticultural editor of the
American Rural Home ; the Vick Bro-
thers, representing the firm of James
Vick ; John Charlton and Josiah Salter.

They were first shown rows of the
new strawberry from plants set late the
previous fall, growing in the same bed
with Manchester and Bidwell. The
new berry showed twice the fruit of
either Bidwell or Manchester, and more
vigor of plant. The party wei-e next
shown a plat of about one-fourth acre,
not manured for many years, common
farm soil in the midst of a field of
twenty acres of fruit, on which the new
strawberry had been permitted to form
wide and thick matted rows for the
purpose of multiplying plants, from the
whole of which plants had been dug a
few months previous, tearing and loosen-
ing the roots of those remaining. The
soil was packed hard and very weedy,
showing evidence of neglect, yet under
such adverse circumstances, which would
lead one to expect no fruit worth gather-
ing, the ])lants were thickly studded,
an<l the rows fairly ablaze with large,
beautifully and evenly colored, firm and
shajK^ly berries of 8ui)erior quality.
From this bed was subsequently picked
the largest yield of fruit ever gathered
from any variety on this fruit farm.
Mr. W. C. Barry said that of all the
new strawberries he had tested, this

252

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

was the most promising. He described
the color as bright scarlet turning to
crimson, surface glazed, seeds on sur-
face, season medium, quality good. All
the party expressed themselves highly
pleased with the display of fruit, and
ate it with a good relish. The plant is
vigorous, with large glossy dark green
foliage, the blossoms hermaphrodite (or
perfect), the fruit handsome, large, lus-
cious, firm, and in great abundance.

The party returned to Rochester, and
were invited to visit a small plantation
there of the James Vick fruiting under
hill culture, the rows lying between
bearing grape vines, not the most desir-
able position as the grape roots must
have occupied the entire soil. Here a
sight met their eyes that they could
not have anticipated, and such a dis-
play as probably was never before made
by any strawberry. The stools were
large and vigorous, and around each
was a pyramid of ripe berries piled one
on another like a walled fort, and so
thick together that a bug could hardly
have crawled into the enclosure made
by the fruit without climbing the barri-
cade. Berries on every plant were
" uniformly of good size," as was re-
marked by Secretary P. C. Reynolds,
The fruit stems were long and stout,
but could not sustain the great burden
imposed upon them (often 12 to 18 ripe
berries on one fruit stem), thus the
fruit rested one berry on another in a
circle about the plant.

The news soon spread among the
lovers of fruit of the city, and early
next morning our leading pomologists
came to inspect the newest wonder.
After these came the younger enthu-
siasts, the foremen, and others who
desired to see for themselves if half
were true that had been told them.

Mr. Charlton said that as soon as the
Norfolk (Va.), and other large straw-
berry planters learned of the value of

the James Vick for market, and ship-
ment, the demand would be something
wonderful.

The following is from the Geo. A.
Stone nursery, Rochester, N.Y. : —
" Dear Sir : I saw the James Vick to-
day at Rochester. It would certainly
seem to possess all desirable qualities.
It is very prolific, firm of texture, and
of fine flavor."

Geo. S. Wales, the Bannockburn
nurseryman, said he had seen nothing
equal to the James Vick.

Secretary P.'C. Reynolds, of Roches-
ter, N.Y., considers the quality of
James Vick very good, and well suited
to his taste, which is exceedingly critical.
With possibly one exception he has not
seen anything to equal it in productive-
ness. He considers it more productive,
larger and of better quality than the
Manchester.

We sent fruit of the James Vick to
Mr. J. T. Lovett, over 300 miles dis-
tant, and he reports that it came in fine
condition. As a shipping variety it is
particularly desirable.

THE POINTS OF MERIT

of the James Vick are briefly :

( 1 ) Fine quality, unusual vigor, and
hermaphrodite (or perfect) blossoms.

(2) Color, form and firmness of berry,
which approach the ideal. No white
tips, no coxcombs.

(3) Ability to stand on the vines a
week after ripening, without becoming
soft, or rotting, or losing quality or
much lustre. Instead of softening it
shrinks a trifle, and becomes firmer
than when first ripe.

(4) Uniformly large size, and pro-
ductiveness unequalled by any other
variety. Two hundred and eighty ber-
ries were counted on one average plant,
and from one row about 100 feet long
nearly two bushels of berries were
gathered. — Greens Fruit Grower.

25+

TIIK CANADIAN H0RTlCULTrttI8T.

THE MANCHESTER STRAWBERRY.

We have had a favorable opinion of
this new variety from the first, believing
it to be well adapted to general field or
garden culture, but particularly for mar-
ket, or wherever firmness and produc-
tiveness are desirable. No one can tell
positively how it will do in various soils,
but reports have been given from men
like Peter. B. Mead, President Collins,
E. P. Roe, Wm. Parry, J. G. Burrow,
J. H. Hale, and others entirely disin-
terested, proclaiming the Manchester,
grown on light sea sand, on which the
weeds can scarcely survive, as compared
with Wilson's Albany, thus far supe
rior. It averages one and a half times
the size. It is of much better flavor.
It is far more attractive with its bright
scarlet color, and finer in appearance.
The plant is double the size and far more
vigorous. It carries the fruit higher
from the ground. The yield, as it
appears, is one-half more. In firmness
it fully equals the Wilson.

The commission men who have han-
dled the Manchester for three years, re-
port that from its large size, bright color,
tine appearance and firmness, it invari-
ably commands high prices. Further, it
keeps its color the best of any berry, and
*' stands up " well. They do not hesi-
tate to " keep it over," and have at
different times, when there was a glut
in the market, kept it until the second
day, when it would present a fine
appearance and sell readily at better
prices than could possibly have been
obtained when it came into market.

Mr Peter B. Mead, the venerable
horticulturist and co-worker with Chas.
Downing, says ; " In this I think the
strawberry has been discovered that
has long been sought for. I have never
seen a strawberry that in all respects
impressed me so favorably."

The Strawberry is one of the most
enticing and beautiful of all the gifts of

the great Creator, thus the efforts to
improve it are never ceasing. Wonder-
ful progress has been made within the
past few years, but the end has not yet
come ; the work has only fairly begun.
We have strawberries large and vigor-
ous enough — we now want firmness and
quality, and those fruiting much earlier
and later. We give the Manchester a
hearty welcome. — Fruit Grower.

BLACK RASPBERRIES AND BLACK-
BERRIES. .

There is room for extension in the
culture of these two species of small
fruits. Black raspberries are easy of culti-
vation— -nearly as easy as potatoes — as,
if planted in rows each way, six feet by
three, nearly all the culture can be done
by horse and cultivator or horse-hoe.
They are not only easy of culture, but
it looks as if there would be a large de-
mand for them, both in the green and
dried condition, and at rates that will
leave the grower some profit. Dried
raspberries are a favorite dried fruit and
when the market is extended over the
world, the demand must be enormous,
and the price of the dried fruit must be
considerably lower than it has ever yet
been not to compensate for the cost of
growing.

As for profitable varieties, we have
been favorably impressed with the Tyler
for an early one. We saw a large plan-
tation on the grounds of Robert John-
ston, near Shortsville, Ontario county,
and the canes were remarkably vigor-
ous. He informed us that the canes are
very hardy, passing through the winters
without injury, that they ripen the ear-
liest with the exception of Davison's
Thornless ; that they are very produc-
tive, and of a dead black color, no bloom.
They are also of excellent quality, with
fewer seeds than most other black-caps.

The Gregg, is a vigorous grower, with
a very strong cane, and a marvel in

THE CANADIAN noRTICULTUtnST.

255

production. Mr. Weeks, of West Web-
ster, informed us that he j)lanted 304
plants in the spring of 1881. That at
the tirst picking this season he picked
96 quarts, and that at the second pick-
ing he picked twice that amount, or 288
quarts in the first two pickings from
only 304 plants. Mr. Johnston had
found them very prolific, and like ac-
counts come from every direction.

With these two varieties the season
of black-caps may be extended over
several weeks, and the evaporators kept
running upon them until blackberries
are ripe.

Blackberries — We are not certain
that this fruit can be grown so as to
evaporate witli profit, yet we are not
certain that they may not, if such pro-
lific varieties are planted as we have seen
in bearing this year. We have men-
tioned the Snyder, Ancient Briton and
Agawam, as growing on the grounds of
Mr. 0. M. Hooker, near Rochester.
We certainly think they could be grown
at pretty low rates if in demand for
eVai)orating.

On Mr. Johnston's grounds we saw
the Western Triumph, on much weaker
soil than Mr. Hooker's, but scarcely less
productive. ' It is much hardier, even,
than the Snyder, having stood the win-
ter where the latter froze down. The
canes are perfectly loaded down with
fruit, which is of good size, nearly round,
and sweet all the way through. It is
not only sweet, but the seeds are small
and not at all prominent. While the
Lawton, Kittatiny and Early Wilson
are larger, and when dead ripe of ex-
quisite flavor, they are very liable to be
v/inter-killed, and when picked \as they
usually are for market) as soon as black,
are hard and so\ir, and have done much
to bring the blackberry into dLsrepute
OS a market berry.

Mr. Johnston also grows the Knox,
which is quite hardy, and very produc-

tive. It is later than Western Triumph
and was unripe. We found growing in
the Knox plantation, occasional hills of
a blackberry unknown to us, that was
very delicious. It was of good size,
longer than Western Triumph, soft, and
of very high flavor. — Rural Borne.

HANDLING APPLES.

J. S. Woodward, a large fruit-grower
of Niagara county, N.Y., furnishes the
following to the JVew York Tribune : —

" Apples always, whether in barrels
or piles, when the temperature is rising
so that the surrounding air is warmer
than the apples, condense moisture on
the surface and become quite moist
and sometimes dripping wet, and this
has given the common impression that
they * sweat,' which is not true. As
they come from the tree they are
plump and solid, full of juice ; by keep-
ing, they gradually part with a ])or-
tion of this moisture, the quantity
varying with the temperature and the
circulation of air about them, being
much more rapid when first picked
than after a short time, and by parting
with this moisture ihey become springy
or yielding, and in a better condition
to pack closely in 'barrels ; but this
moisture never shows on the surface in
the form of sweat. Keeping apples
very much depends on the surround-
ings ; every variation in temperature
causes a change in the fruit, and has-
tens maturity and decay, and wo should
strive to have as little change as possi-
ble, and also have the temperature as
low as possible so the apples do not
freeze. Some varieties keep much bet-
ter in open bins than others ; for in-
stance, the Greening is one of the best
to store in bins. A very good way for
storing apples is to have a fruit- room
that can be made and kept from 32
deg. to 28 deg., and the air close and
pure ; put the apples in slatted boxes.

256

THE CANAniAN H0RTICTTLTtTRI8T.

not bins, each box holding about one
barrel, and pile them in tiers so that
one box above rests on two below, and
only barrel when ready to market ; but
this is an expensive way, and can only
be practiced by those with limited
crops of apples, and it is not at all
practicable for long keeping, because
in this way they lose moisture much
more rapidly that when headed close
in barrels, and become badly shrivelled.
" All things considered, there is no
way of keeping apples quite so good
and practicable as packing in tight
barrels and storing in cool cellars ; the
barrel forms a room within a room and
prevents circulation of air and conse-
quent drying and shrinking of the
fruit, and also lessens the changes of
temperature, and besides more fruit
can be packed and stored in a given
space. The poorest of all ways is the
large open bin, and the objections are :
too much fruit in contact ; too much
weight upon the lower fruit ; and too
much trouble to handle and sort when
desirable to market. It was formerly
the almost universal custom in western
Kew York to sort and barrel the
apples as fast as picked from the trees,
heading up at once and drawing to
market or piling in some cool place till
the approach of cold weather, and then
putting in cellars. By this method it
was impossible to prevent leaves, twigs
and other dirt from getting in, and it
was difficult to properly sort the fruit,
and if well sorted, occasionally an ap-
ple, with no visible cause, will entirely
and wholly rot soon after picking.
Some varieties are more liable to do
this than others, but all will to some
extent ; this occurs within a week or
ten days after picking, and when
barrelled these decayed apples are of
course in the barrels, and help to decay
others. Although packed ever so well
and pressed ever so tight, the shrink-
ing of the fresh picked fruit soon

makes them loose, and nothing is so
bad in handling apples as this. Alto-
gether this was a very untidy method
of handling apples, and has been en-
tirely abandoned for a better.

" The very best method depends a
good deal upon the quantity to be
handled ; if only a few hundred barrels
they can be put in open barrels and
stored on the barn floor. Place empty
barrels on a log-boat or old sled ; take
out the upper head and place it in the
bottom of the barrel ; on picking the
apples put them without sorting direct-
ly into these barrels, and when a load
is filled draw to the barn and place in
tiers on end along one side of the floor ;
when one tier is full lay some strips of
board on top and on these place
another tier of barrels ; then more
boards and another tier ; two men can
easily pi ice them three tiers high, and
an ordinary barn floor will in this way
store a good many barrels of apples.
Where many hundreds or thousands of
barrels are grown, it is a good plan to
build houses or sheds in convenient
places in the orchards for holding the
apples as picked ; these are built on
posts or stones about one foot from the
ground. The floors, sides, and ends
should be made of stri])S about four
inches wide and placed one inch apart,
and the roof should project well on
every side. The apples, as picked, are
drawn to these in boxes or barrels and
piled carefully on the floors about
three feet deep. Where these houses
are not provided, the next best way is
to pile the apples, as picked, on clean
straw under the trees in the deepest
shade to be found.

" After lying in any one of these
positions about ten days, they should
be carefully sorted and packed in clean
barrels, placing at least two layers on
the bottom of the barrels, with stems
down ; after this fill full, shaking mod-
erately two or three times as the filling

THE CANADIAN HORTI0ULTUHI8T.

257

goes on, and with some sort of press,
press the head down so that the apples
shall remain firm and full under all
kinds of handling. Apples may be
))ressed too much as well as too little.
If pressed so that many ai-e broken,
and badly broken, they will soon get
loose and rattle in the barrels, and
nothing spoils them sooner than this.
What we want is to have them just so
they shall be sure to remain firm.
Careful shaking so as to have them
well settled together, has as much to
do with their remaining firm, as the
pressing down of the head. After the
barrels are filled and headed they
vshould at once be placed on their sides
in a barn or shed, or in piles covered
with boards from sun and rain, or if a
fruit house or cellar is handy they may
at once be placed therein ; the object
should be to keep them as cool and at
as even a temperature as possible. In
all the operations of handling apples,
from picking to market, remember that
carelessness and harshness alw.iys
bruise the fruit, and that every bruisi
detracts much from its keeping and
market value ; and always remember
that ' honesty is the best policy.' "

THINNING FRUIT.
It is the tendency of every well cul-
tivated, healthy fruit tree, to set more
fruit than it can jjerfect or bring to a
good size. This is especially true of
pears, and if large, well ripened fruit
of this kind is desired, the fruit must
be thinned out well, commencing when
the fi'uit is the size of hazel nuts, again
when they are about half grown, and
again a couple of weeks before maturity.
The latter "thinning" is frequently
marketed, furnishing the " small boy "
with cramps and cholera, and the doc-
tors with business. In thinning out
the fruit, do the work carefully, re-
moving the smallest and imperfect ones
'•nly, and not like an Irishman we once
2

had who commenced with the largest
ones, "to give the little ones a chance."
The thinning should be done only by
hand, for jarring the trees, especially
the pear, is apt to work injury in many
ways, and too often brings down the
best and heaviest fruit, which should
remain. — Farm and Garden.

GREEN PEAS.

TESTS WITH THE LATEST ENGLISH NOVELTIE<.

Several years ago the Rural Ne\c
jror/<;er tested 27 different kinds of p3as
— most of them well-known — and now
reports upon tests made the past season
with 1 \ different kinds. The seeds of
most of them were procured from the
originators or introducers in England,
the older kinds being raised beside
them for purposes of comparison as to
yield, productiveness, habit, etc.

The soil, a clay loam, was well fitted
by spading and raking, and manured
with chemical fertilizer at tlie rate of
400 pounds to the acre and a light
dressing of hen manure and muck.
The peas were planted two inches deep,
two inches apart, in drills three feet
apart.

The object in planting the Old Phila-
del})hia beside Landreth's Ex. Early,.
was to determine how much improve-
ment the latter, which is now one of
the most popular of the easiest class,,
showed over the former from which
many of the earliest peas of to-day
have sprung.

The object in planting the Little
Gem beside the American Wonder, was
to note differences which had previous-
ly seemed a little obscure.

The object in planting both the Tele-
phone and Telegraph wius to ascertain
by more careful observation than had .
been made in tests of three years ago,
whether there were any marked differ-
ences between them. AU were plant-
ed (by h»nd) April 3rd.

258

THE CANADIAN HOKTICULTURTST.

Landretlis Extra Early.— 3'\ni% 18th
there were more peas upon this variety
tit to be picked than upon any other.
The first mess was gathered June 21st,
when a few were also picked from
Laxton's Earliest of All. The vines
fijrew a little over three feeb in height.
They branch very little, are rather
slender and average seven to eight pods
to the vine. This strain is evidently
carefully selected — the vines growing
to a uniform height and maturing the
fruit as nearly all at once as it seems
}>ossible for any variety to do.

On June 26th, 200 pods were pick-
ed which weighed 33 ounces — contain-
ed 1,202 seeds which weighed 13 oz.

The Old Philadelphia Extra Early. —
This proved to be, with Laxton's
Earliest of All, the second early. In
point of earliness we could note no dif-
ference between the two. The first
picking was made June 23rd, and at
the same time a few were ready to be
picked upon the American Wonder and
Wood's Ex. Early. The vines are
strong, not much inclined to branch
and grow 3| feet in height.

June 26th — 200 pods weighed 32
ounces, which contained 970 seeds
which weighed 10 ounces.

Laxtoris Earliest of All. — ^This pea
was extensively advertised in England
last year as the earliest pea known. It
was no earlier than the Old Phila-
delphia. Tlie vines grow a little over
three feet and are notably slender and
never branching, and bear seven pods
to a vine. The variety has been care-
fully selected. All the vines grew to
the same height, were uniformly pro-
ductive, maturing to the tops nearly at
the same time, so that the entire crop
may be taken ofi" before wrinkled peas
are ready and the ground be prepared
for later crops. The same, however,
may be said as to the Philadelphia,
Lindreth's, American Wonder, etc.

On June 26th, 200 pods weighed
32J ounces — contained 1,300 seeds
which weighed 12 ounces.

Wood's Extra Early. — An excellent
variety maturing with Philadelphia,
from which it is distinguishable by a
more vigorous growth of vine. It also
grows one foot taller.

June 27 th, picked 200 pods which
contained 1.020 seeds weighing 14
ounces. The pods (fruit entire) were
not weighed.

America7i Baxter. — The vines grew to-
the height of five feet. The pods which
formed near the ground were ready to
pick June 25 th, though those immedi-
ately above were quite immature. Still
higher up the blossoms had not yet set,
while at the tops of the vines the
flowers were not even in bloom. July
2nd, were picking them from within
a foot of the top. The tips of the vines
were then in bloom while j.ust beneath
were many young pods. The last
picking was made July 10th, which
was 16 days after the American Won-
der was in bearing, and other wrinkled
peas, such as the Telephone, Edinburgh
Beauty, etc., were in use. As to quality^
there is very little choice between the
smooth kinds ; provided they are in the
same stage of maturity and cooked just
alike it is hard to detect any differences.
It is very evident that nobody wants
a smooth pea when he can get a
wrinkled j)ea. The peculiarity of the
Racer, that it is in use a long time, is
therefore no great merit. On the one
hand, we have earlier peas — as Daniel
O'Rourke, First and Best, Phila-
delphia, Landreth's Extra Early, etc.,
and, on the other, peas very much bet-
ter in quality.

The Racer bears an average of 14
pods to a vine, each pod having from
five to seven peas, never over eight.
The pods are well filled.

June 27th, picked 200 pods which

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

259

contained 1,090 seeds weighing 14
ounces.

American Wonder. — ^The vines grow
from six to eighteen inches high, de-
pending upon the soil and situation.
The stems are strong, needing no sup-
port and generally branch near the sur-
face of the soil, the branch bearing
from two to four pods — the entire
plant from ten to fifteen.

On June 2Gth, picked 200 pods,
which contained 954 seeds which weigh-
ed 10 ounces.

The Wonder, besides being of the first
quality, is within two or three days
as early as any of the smooth kinds.
This, to the vigilant gardener is of the
fii-st importance, and may determine a
loss or profit upon his main crop. But
for home use, sow sparingly of the
smooth kinds and trust to the Wonder
for the bulk of earliest peas. There
is all the difierence in sweetness be-
tween smooth and wrinkled peas that
there is between sweet and field corn.

McLean's Little Gem. — This is scarce
ly less prolific than the Wonder, and
the quality is much the same. But
the vines grow taller under the same
conditions and it seems to be about one
week later. The pods average fewer
seeds, while the seeds average larger.

July 1st, picked 200 pods which con-
tained 720 seeds, weighing 10 J ounces.

Telephone. — Vines very strong, grow-
ing four feet high, averaging 18 to 20
pods to a plant. It branches consider-
ably, the branches bearing from three
to five pods. The pods average six to
seven large wrinkled seeds of the fii-st
quality. First picking July 4th.

July 9th, picked 200 pods which
weighed 66 ounces, contained 1,320
seeds weighing 28J ounces.

Telegraph. — Vines very strong,gi*ow-
ing four feet high, averaging 16 to 18
pods to a vine. The vines branch,
each branch bearing three to five pods.

The pods average six to seven large,
wrinkled seeds of the first quality.
First picking July 4.

July 9th, 200 pods weighed 65 ounces,
contained 1,332 seeds which weighed
28 ounces.

Edinburgh Beauty. — Vines strong,
two to two and a half feet high. Each
seed usually sends up two main stalks,
each of which branches freely. There
are often 50 pods from a single s.eed.
Almost invariably two pods to every
fruit stem — i.e., the pods are borne in
pairs. Peas (seeds) of large size. They
are darker when cooked and not quite
as sweet as the next — inferior to the
Telephone or Telegraph in quality.

July 10th, 200 pods weighed 30^
ounces, contained 870 seeds which
weighed 18 J ounces. Considering the
height of the vines, their wonderful
fruitfulness, and the large size of the
peas, (seeds), this is a remarkable
variety.

Dean's Dwarf Marrow. — Vines very
strong, two to two and a half feet high
— 15 to 20 pods to a vine. Small pods
for marrows, though lar^'er than those
of the Edinburgh Beauty. Much
branching ; uniformly large seed ; often
two pods to each peduncle. When
cooked they are of a very light green
color, sweet, but not quite so tender as
Telephone.

July 10th, 200 pods weighed 40
ounces, contained 1,108 seeds which
weighed 24 ounces.

Carter's Stratagem. — A remarkable
variety. Vines very strong and need-
ing but a little support. Twenty pods
to a vine. The vine branches just
under the surface of the soil, two stems
generally of equal vigor growing to a
height of 2 to 2J feet. The pods are
generally borne singly.

July 11th, 200 pods weighed 80
ounces, contained 1,420 seeds which
weighed 42 ounces. The quality is

260

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

excellent. It will be seen that this
gives the greatest number and weight
of seeds to a pod as well as the largest
pods. Still, it must not be overlooked
that whereas this averages but 20 pods
to a vine, the Edinburgh Beauty, for
instance, bears 50.

Pride of the Market. — Vigorous vines
two feet high, branching laterally only.
Notes as to quality missing.

July 12th, 200 pods weighed 64
ounces, contained 1,388 seeds which
weighed 32 ounces.

REMARKS.

What is gained either to the market
or home gardener by raising varieties
of peas that grow five feet high, when
other kinds growing from two to three
feet high will yield more peas of as good
a quality % Compare, for example, the
old and favorite Champion of England
with Carter's Stratagem.

Why should we sow smooth peas,
which are always of inferior quality,
when varieties of wrinkled peas may
be sown, which are of the first quality
and will yield just as well?

Upon the south half of the pea test-
plot, salt at the rate of nine bushels to
the acre was sown broadcast. There
was no difierence in germination,
growth or yield that could be dis-
covered!

SHOULD CONCENTRATED FERTIL-
IZERS BE DRILLED IN OR SOWN
BROADCAST ?

If the most rapid growth from seed is
desired the manures and seed should be
drilled together; in this case, however,
the manure should be confined to super-
phosphate alone, as almost all other ar-
tificial manures are injurious to very
young plants. Our turnip crops suffer
greatly from a small fly, which eats off
the leaves as they start from the ground.
We mix the seed and superphosphate

together, and push the plant through its
early stages with great rapidity; This
is, therefore, a special case for a special
object; and for all other cases I should
recommend sowing manures broadcast
as evenly as possible over the whole
surface of the soil. Roots follow the
food. If you place the food in one place,
the roots will concentrate there, conse-
quently they will not have as much
command of the moisture of the soil as
they would have if spread all over the
soil. Except, therefore, in the case of
superphosphate with turnips the whole
of our manure was sown broadcast, and
plowed or harrowed into the land before
the seed is sown. With Autumn-sown
wheat we apply salts of ammonia and
nitrate in the Spring. — J. B. Lawes, in
Rural New Yorker.

AMONG THE RASPBERRIES

It has been my good fortune during
the present week to enjoy a run through
two of the leading small fruit nurseries
and gardens in the region near New
York City — those of J. T. Lovett, at
Little Silver, N. J., and Rev. E. P.
Roe, at Cornwall-on-the-Hudson.

The raspberries, both the red varie-
ties and blackcaps, were in the height
of perfection, and it afforded an excel-
lent opportunity to consider the merits
of the various sorts that were growing
both in the nursery rows, and in the
fields in which the pickers were at
work. I was particularly pleased with
the "exhibition plats" which were
found at Mr. Roe's place. Here the
different varieties, old and new, were
brought together side by side in short
rows, and under the same circumstances
of soil and culture they offered an accu-
rate and rapid means of comparing and
contrasting the varieties At a glance,
the comparative vigor of the canes can
be seen, and the relative production of
the kinds, size of berries, color, &c., as

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

261

they stand side by side are very evident.
This method of testing the varieties
cannot be too highly recommended, and
each grower of small fruit stock sliould
have a portion of his ground devoted
to this experimental work.

Among the blackcaps that looked the
most promi^in^ was the Centennial
Black, an early variety and one of the
best, the quality being fine and well
suited for marketing. The Seehauken
is one of the new comers, and has the
important point of being early, in
quality it is not far from the old F)oo-
httle. The Mammoth Cluster was in
its prime with its full clusters of large
plump berries. This variety comes
very close to the Gregg, which is quite
generally accepted as leading in the
race of the blackcaps. The Gregg is
somewhat larger than the Mammoth
Cluster, has more bloom upon the
berries, but in productiveness, quality,
and fitness for marketing — that is firm-
ness— there is no great difierence. One
could not go amiss by selecting the
Centennial Black for the early sort, and
the Gregg for later fruiting.

At Mr. Lovett's I found the pickers
doing a profitable business among the
Turners — one of the vigoro\is varieties
of the red sorts, bearing an abundance
of fruit of good flavor, though lacking
in firmness, and therefore needing care
in marketing. The Reliance is also a
vigorous grower, very productive, and
the dark berries are of more than aver-
age quality. Its growing near the
Belle de Fontenay (or Henrietta) made
a comparison between the two easy,
and the differences are far from strik-
ing. The Herstine is one of the earliest
of the reds, and being quite soft is unfit
for marketing, but one of the best
varieties for family use, to be eaten as
soon as picked. Mr. Roe had the Chris-
tine, a new sort which is very late, a
few of the most forward berries being

ripe. It was not a fair trial, but the
tiavor of those tasted was not equal to
some of the others.

The berry, of all the varieties of red
raspberries, is undoubtedly the Cuth-
bert, it having so many of the import-
ant qualities of this small fruit. The
vines are wonderfully vigorous, stand-
ing far above all its competitors in the
" experimental plat," and very produc-
tive. The berries are large, and what
is of most value in a money point of
view, they are firm, making it suitable
for shipping to a considerable distance.
The quality of the berry is high, and
withal, the Cuthbert must stand at the
head, purely on its merits. The Pat-
rican is a larger berry than the Cuth-
bert— in fact it is the largest of the
" reds." It being something quite new,
more time must be given it before its
place can be assigned. From the ^dgor
of the vines, the large size of the berries,
its productiveness — to judge from the
few canes which were seen — and fine-
ness and flavor of the fruit, this variety
will stand high. Its origin is not
known.

Of the light-coloured varieties, tlie
Brinckle's Orange is still the type of
excellence among all raspberries. . Next
to it, among those of the same shade of
color, comes the Florence, it being a
profuse bearer, and the fruit rich in
flavor and fair to look upon. — Country
Gentleman.

Fertilizers for House Plants. —
When plants are in a growing state they
may be stimulated by the use of guano
water. A small teacupful of Peruvian
guano dissolved in a pailful of rain water
is strong enough ; water the soil with this
once, or at most twice a week. The Water
of Ammonia (Hartshorn) of the shops is
about as good, and can be had everywhere.
If of ordinary strength add a fourth of an
ounce (two teaspoonfuls) to a gallon of
water, and use as above stated. — American
Agricvlturist.

262

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

TREE PLANTING.

This is a good, old-fashioned ex-
pression that all may understand, but
is it high-toned enough to suit the
advance of to-day 1 No ! not by a
great deal. It must be called Forestry,
to coincide with modern taste and
fashion. So let it be, say all the truly
interested, for though the mere planting
of a tree, or even of a row of trees, or
of an avenue along the public highway,
be but a small beginning of the art of
forestry, still it is a beginning, and so
are the institution of an Arbor-Day by
State authority, and the planting of
memorial trees upon that or upon any
other suitable day.

The setting-out of a little tree by
every child connected with our glorious
common schools, either upon the school
lot, at their homes, in the parks, or on
the public highway, cannot fail to exert
a most happy influence upon the indivi-
dual and upon the community where it
is practiced. The child (who is father
to the man) thus learns to love and
respect these noble .representatives of
the vegetable kingdom. Those who
have witnessed the planting of, or after-
ward enjoyed the comfort and pleasure
afforded by, these shade-trees, though
never before appreciating these objects
either in their financial, economic, sani-
tary, or aesthetic aspects, are now obliged
at least to pause in their career of indif-
ference, or perhaps even of destructive
feelings toward trees. The establish-
ment of tree planting societies and
village improvement associations can-
not fail to benefit all those who are
engaged in them, and the general public
reaps the benefit of their efforts to
embellish and improve the country.

Many thousands of people in the
State of Ohio were induced to plant
roadside trees in consequence of the
Governor's proclamation making Arbor-
Day a public holiday, and this was

suggested by those who were making
arrangements for the first meeting of the
Forestry Congress at Cincinnati, which
instituted the extensive planting of
Presidential, Pioneer, Heroic, Authors',
Teachers', and other groves on the
beautiful hilltops of Eden Park — within
the city limits. Every child who par-
ticipated upon that occasion, or who
aided, and witnessed the tree planting in
the school-house lots scattered through
the country, and along many of the
thoroughfares, may thus have been made
an incipient forester, and will at least
have learned to look upon a tree with
increased respect. In many of the
country school lots the trees bear the
names of the pupils who planted them.

Though not forestry, all these efforts
have their use, and they exert a most
happy influence upon the people by
directing their attention to the subject.
They help to familiarize us with trees ;
they direct our attention to the great
subject of true forestr}^, and thus become
valuable means of making the people
better acquainted with the possibilities
of the forestal wealth which should
exist in our country.

In a large portion of our land nature
has already provided us a most noble
heritage of trees, many of them of great
value, and only after these had been
removed, and the native woodlands were
robbed of their most valuable numbers,
do we, the immediate descendants of
the wood-chopping, timber-destroying
pioneers — only then do we begin to
realize our loss and to think of the
absolute necessity for restoring the
forests.

There are so many solid and substan-
tial reasons for the conservation and,
where necessary, the replanting of areas
of woodlands, it is surprising that so
intelligent a people as we proudly boast
ourselves to be, should have allowed
the country to reach the very verge of

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

263

destitution before attempting to restore
the woodlands. — Dr. John A. Warder,
in Rural New Yorker.

SMALL FRUITS FOR THE FARMER'S
TABLE.

The established fact that the cultiva-
tion of small fruits is neglected to so
great an extent by farmers as a class,
seems the more difficult to understand
when, with so little effort oar tables can
be supplied with an abundance of the
choicest and the best. But instead,
many, if not a majority of farmers, in
possession of hundreds of acres, seem
content with a few of the native sorts
that can be gleaned from the fence
comers, by-ways &c., when a few plants
of some of the tried and popular varie-
ties planted near at hand would furnish
an ample supply for a large family
during the entire season. My unpre-
tentious one hundred Gregg ras})berry
plants, ordered from a reliable and
trustworthy nurseryman, and planted
one year ago last spring, have afforded
us a liberal allowance for the table^
canning purposes, tkc, besides supplying
the wants of many of our neighbors.
The bushes, when heavily laden with
rich and luscious berries, were greatly
admired by all, the ladies particularly
being enthusiastic in their praise, all
expressing their determination to en-
deavor to have plants set the coming
spring. And when we consider that
it is but little more trouble to plant
and cultivate a row of berry })ushes,
than one of corn or potatoes, it seems
all the more unaccountable that so
many farmers are loth to engage in the
cultivation of these smaller fruits that
afford so many luxuries and conduce to
so great an extent to the happiness and
health of the family.

One of our largest and most success-

ful farmers, after having driven nearly
three miles, expressed great disappoint-
ment at my not being able to furnish
him with the three or four quarts re-
quired for the tea-table, while threshing,
when a row of Gregg's skirting one side
of his garden, would have furnished an
abundance that the ladies could have
picked at their leisure, while with a
liberal sandwiching of the red Cuth-
berts, they could have been made even
more palatable. Let us then plant
liberally of these smaller fruits that
will tend so much to lessen the care
and anxiety of those who aie expected
to furnish a variety for the table three
times each of the three hundred and
sixty-five days of the year. — Irving D.
Clark, in Rural Home.

LITERARY NOTES.

The Ladies Floral Cabinet, New
York ($1.25 per annum), in its October
issue presents some choice reading for
lovers of flowers. It opens with a
timely editorial on '* Annuals," followed
by another on " Soils," both of which
must command attention. The full
page illustration of that singular plant,
the " Stenotaphron," will attract atten-
tion from those who enjoy rare thin^^s
in the plant world. The recent success
with out-of-door blooming of the " Vic-
toria Regia," gives fresh interest to the
article on that wonderful Water Lily
and numerous minor ai-ticles amply
repay those who seek imfonnation re-
garding the progress being made in
floriculture. The literaiy and house-
hold departments are not by any means
neglected, and have fresh and bright, as
well as useful articles. Several illus-
trations brighten the beautifully printed
pages. The new management certainly
are " pushing " things in the interests
of their readei-s, giving more matter
and better than ever, in tho long career
of this popular " Home Companion."

264

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

MORNING GLORIES.

BY FRANCIS D. GAGE.

They said, " don't plant them, mother, they're so

common and so poor,"
But of seeds I had no other, so I dropped them by

the door ;
And they soon were brightly growing in the rich and

teeming soil.
Stretching upward, upward, upward, to reward me

for my toil.

They grew all o'er the casement, and they wreathed

around the door,
All about the chamber windows, upward, upward,

evermore ;
And each dawn, in glowing beauty, glistening; in the

early dew,
Is the house all wreathed in splendor, every morning

bright and new.

What if they close at midday, 'tis because their work

is done.
And they shut their crimson petals from the kisses of

the sun,
Teaching every day their lesson to my weary, panting

soul,
To be faithful in well-doing, stretching upward for

the goal.

Sending out the climbing tendrils, trusting God for

strength and power.
To support, and aid and comfort, in the trying day

and hour.
Never spurn the thing that's common, nor call these

home flowers poor.
For each hath a holy mission, like my Glory o'er the

door.— Selected.

DOMESTIC RECIPES.

Fly Poison.— Boil one-quarter of an
ounce of small chips of quassia in one
pint of water ; add four ounces of mo-
lasses. Flies like it, and it will destroy
them.

Bretrogt Pickles — Simmer the root,
till about one-third cooked (from one and
a half to two and a half hours) ; take out
and peel, and cut in thin slices. Place
in again, and pour on sufficient cold spiced
vinegar, made as above, to cover them.

Chloride of Limb, when used as a dis-
infectant aboTit the rooms of a house,
should be dissolved in water— one pound
to three gallons of water. Sprinkle on
the floor or bed-clothes, as it will not
color. Infected clothing should be dip-
ped in it.

Pickled Onions.— Let the onions lie in
strong salt and water for two weeks, take
out and peel ; put in a fresh batch of salt
and water for two weeks longer ; then
wash clean and let lie in fresh water over

night. Next day drain them well, put in
a jar and pour over the lot spiced vinegar.
White vinegar gives them the nicest
color.

Bean Pickles. — One of the most deli-
cious pickles one can have at this time of
year may be made in this way, and they
will be ready for immediate use : String
the beans as for table use, and place them
in boiling Avater, salting to taste. Let
them remain until well scalded, not cook-
ed, drain them off and place in cold vine-
gar. Add spices if you like. Let the
beans remain in the vinegar till well cool-
ed, when, if the vinegar be good and
strong, they are ready for use. They are
tender and delicious.

Spiced Vinegar for Pickles. — The
following is an old and good receipt :
Bruise in a mortar two ounces of black
pepper, one ounce of ginger, one-half
ounce of allspice, and one ounce of salt.
If a hotter pickle is desired, add half a
drachm of cayenne, or a few capsicums.
Put these in a stone jar, with a quart of
vinegar, and cover with a bladder wetted
with the pickle, and over this a piece of
leather. Of course any way of covering
equally tight will answer. Set the jar
near the fire for three days, shaking it
three times a day. To save time it is
usual to simmer the vinegar gently with
the spices, which is best done in an enam-
eled saucepan.

A Fruit House. — An Illinois horticul-
turist has constructed a fruit house which
is to be a protection alike from Summer's
heat and Winter's cold. Two rows of
posts are set in the ground, two and a
half feet apart, boarded up inside and
out, and the intervening space filled with
straw, packed in as closely as possible.
Two sets of rafters ai'e then put on, th^
upper set three feet above the lower,
which are boarded on the under side and
the space closely packed witli straw, after
which a cheap board roof is put on. On
the 11th of last August, with the tem-
perature 98 in the sliade, it was as cold
as an ice-house, and contained a quantity
of apples as sound as when taken from
the trees 10 months before.

PRINTKD AT THE STEAM PRE88 RSTABMSHMENT OF CtltT, CLARK k CO., COLBORNE STRKKT. TORONTO.

THE

I^ttlttt!

VOL. v.]

DECEMBER, 1882.

[No. 12.

K O S E S

It will be remembered that the
Directors have offered a rose plant to
those who prefer to receive it as one
of the articles to be sent to our sub-
scribers in tJie Spring ; and so, by way
of reminder, this number brings to its
readers a beautiful colored plate of
this beautiful flower.

Fortunately there is no need that
we tell of the beauty of the rose.
Every one treasures bright visions of
them, mingled with memories, and
intertwined with associations that give
a lustre or a mellowness to their
beauty, awakening at the very thought
of them emotions of pleasure. Every
one admii-es the rose ; every one would
grow the rose. But it is not every
one who grows the rose that grows
roses. Success in this, as in all else,
is the outcome of a love that ever
burns but never consumes. Down,
deep down in the innermost depths of
the heart, it is ever glowing. The
snows of winter may wrap the rose
trees with their fro.'Jty mantle, but no
chill reaches that love ; nothing can
ever damp its ardor. Tenderly the
true lover waits on his Queen with un-
tiring constancy ; none the less when
come the autumn days, with the sere

and yellow leaf, than when she is just
budding into beauty, or glowing in all
the splendor of queenly majesty. To
those who can thus care for her, anti-
cif)ate her needs and guard her from
danger, she comes forth in all her love-
liness. As an eminent English culti-
vator has tersely expressed it, " he
who would have beautiful roses in his
garden must have beautiful roses in
his heart."

Much has been written on the culti-
vation of roses that needs to be modi-
lied somewhat to meet the peculiarities
of our Canadian climate ; hence a few
hints are here given that it is hoped
may be of some value to our readers,
inasmuch as they are the results of
some years of experience in growing
the rose.

Select for the rose garden a spot
that is sheltered from the sweep of
the winds, yet not too near to grow-
ing tiees, lest their roots rob the roses.
If it be practicable, let groups of ever-
gi'(>pns break the force of the winds,
and temper their fury.

Mulch the gi*ound with a liberal
hand both summer and winter ; thus
will the roots be protected from mid-

266

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

summer heat and winter's frosts, and
the ground be enriched and kept moist.

A clayey loam that is well drained
and well enriched is most congenial to
the rose. Keep the bed well enriched
by a liberal supply of fertilizers, in
which ground bone may play a con-
spicuous part. Sods gathered from an
old pasture, and composted with man-
ure from the cow-stable, make an ex-
cellent top dressing.

The ground should be kept loose
and friable and entirely free from
weeds. Frequent stirring during the
growing season is very important,
whether weeds have made their ap-
pearance or not, unless the ground is
kept moist and friable by an abundant
mulch.

In winter protect the plants with
evergreen boughs thrust into the ground
around them. This will prevent the
sun from injuring them by its strong
shining after severe freezing.

THE BURNET GRAPE.

I think there need be no fears as to
the success of the Burnet grape in this
section of country. My vine has
fruited two seasons. This fall I counted
66 well developed bunches, some of
them weighed over 12 ozs. each. All
ripened evenly and not a sign of
mildew, vine vigorous and healthy.
Last year I kept the fruit till the
middle of January without the least
difficulty. T consider the Burnet and
Lindley the two finest flavored grapes
in my varied collection. Some varieties
mildewed badly this season. The Onta-
rio is doing well, also the Gladioli
you sent out flowered finely. The
raspberry never grew.

The Walte7% Brighton, Salem, Wilder,
Agawam, and many other fine kinds of
grapes, do well around Brockville.

D. V. Beacock.

Brockville, Oct. 27, 1882.

THE WORDEN GRAPE.

This is another very hardy, vigorous
and productive black grape, ripening a
few days before the Concord, and by
very many good judges esteemed to be
of better quality than that very popular
and well-known variety. It does not
ripen so early as the grape sent to our
subscribers last spring, Moore's Early,
but will come in a few days after, and
ripen in localities where the (Joncord
hardly makes out to get ripe. It is
said to be a seedling of the Concord,
which it very much resembles in form
and size of both bunch and berry.

The opportunity is given to sub-
scribers to the Canadian Horticulturist,
who would like to plant a good, hardy
and early-ripening grape, to make trial
of the Worden without cost, and from
our own acquaintance with it we would
certainly expect that those who plant it
will find it a very valuable variety.

Every year is giving us some new
varieties of grapes, many of them of
superior quality, and some of them
ripening so early as to be specially
valuable in our climate. Not very long
ago the only gra})e we had was the
Isabella, now we liave so many that
one is embarrassed by the very great-
ness of the variety from which to choose,
each having some peculiar quality of its
own which commends it to the planter.
Even the Champion or Beaconsfield,
poor as it is in quality, has a constitu-
tion so hardy, healthy and vigorous
that it will be planted by many in our
rigorous latitudes as much better than
none.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

2(57

WORDEN GRAPE.

268

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE NIAGARA RASPBERRY.
This new raspberry, which is offered
to the subscribers to the Canadian
Horticulturist, if they prefer to give it
a trial, is one that was raised by one of
the Directors of the Fruit-growers'
Association, Mr. A. M. Smith, of St.
Catharines. The plant is a strong
grower, and apparently hardy. It
endured unharmed the severe winter of
1880-81 ; but was somewhat injured
durinc: the much milder winter of
1881-82. The berry is large, consid-
erably larger than the Philadelphia;
dark red in color, in this respect much
resembling that berry, though not
quite as dark. It is a much firmer
berry than the Clarke, and ripens a
week later than that variety. In pro-
ductiveness it a|)proaches very closely
to the Philadelphia. It does not ripen
up its crop all at one time, but continues
to yield rijje fruit for a consideral)]o
length of time, thus making it a valua-
ble variety for domestic use. The
flavor of this variety is excellent, being
considerably in advance of the Phila-
delphia in this respect. It is only b}^
actual experiment of planting it in
different sections of the country that
its adaptability to our climate can be
fully ascertained.

THE PEONIA.
Few persons seem to be aware how
great a variety of color and form there
is in these most showy flowers — at least
this conclusion is forced upon us from
the fact that one so seldom sees them
growing in the gardens of our flower-
loving peoi)le. Yet, of all our herba-
ceous flowering plants none are more
hardy, none better suited to our climate,
none cultivated with more ease, and
none make a more brilliant display
when in bloom. The 'Peonia adapts
itself most readily to all soils, and will
bear neglect and abuse as uncomplain-
ingly as a Pie-plant root.

After having been planted they will
thrive and bloom best if allowed to re-
main undisturbed for several years,
receiving in autumn a good top-dress-
ing of well rotted manure to encourage
their growth and improve the size and
beauty of their blooms. The flowers
are for the most part pleasantly scented,
many of them having a very decided
rose-like odor. The colors vary from a
very dark purplish crimson to pure
white ; some are white marked with
occasional streaks of carmine, some are
of a deep, rich rose, others white with
a light cream -colored centre, or a light
pui-plish rose, or having the outer petals
of one color and the inner petals of
another color. The flowers are all
double, and very beautiful.

The subscribers to the Canadian
Ilortumlturist have the privilege of
receiving a Peonia root next spring if
they wish as the premium plant, which
will give them an opportunity of giving
ic a trial.

THE FRUIT SEASON OF 1882.

P E. BVJCKE, OTTAWA.

The past season has been anything
but a successful one for fruit-growlers.
In the eastern part of the Province the
sti'awberry plants were badly heaved
out by the wet spring, and were conse-
quently much damaged by frost. Nei-
ther the currants nor the raspberries
gave their accustomed yield. Even the
gra})e vines did not produce their aver-
age clusters of rich fruit ; and what
tliey did bear were late in ripening, or
did not i-ipt^n ;it all. The apple crop
was a good avnagc for this section;
any trees growing gave good resvilts.
Mr. John Conn, of Kemptville, is go-
ing largely into ironclad fruit trees,
and has a fine young orchard coming
into bearing. He is thus enabled to
show purchasers what they may expect
by pui-chasing trees at his nurseries.
Appearances would indicate that the

THE CANADIA.V IloRTICULTUinST.

2C9

Ottawa will eventually become a fruit-
producing region. Some fine orchards
are also being set out at Como, forty
miles down the Ottawa River from the
Canadian capital ; and more trees are
heiw^ planted about Ottawa itself. In-
dications shov\' that the area planted
with apples during next spring will be
(^uite large. The despised Champion
Grape came in handy and early ; one
grower sold his first cutting of this va-
riety at 25 cents per ]>ound 1 Vine-
yards on all hands are on the increase.
Many are cultivating vines who never
gi*ew them before, and those who have
them are planting more ; so that our
cold, backward season does not appear
to have entirely damped the ardor of
vineyardists. It is time, earlier vari-
eties are being sought after. I noticed
a new candidate at the Kingston Exhi-
bition for public favor, in the shape of
the Jessica, and purchased some vines.
It is a white grape, or rather a dull
shade of green ; not large, but bigger
than the Delaware, and said to ripen
in the open air early in September. Its
earliness is its great attraction. It is
for sale by the esteemed Secretary of
the Fruit Growers' Association, B. W".
Beadle, who, I understand controls the
market in this variety. One small
orchard exclusively of Alexanders, a
mile and a half from the city, was a
beautiful sight during the end of Sep-
tember ; their fine size and bright red
color quite took the eye of the be-
holder. Mr. Johnson Brown was the
grower of this fine fruit, and no doubt
made large profits on his venture.

Also, that Ch((rh)tUntJuder, which lu^
has lately fruited, is only another name
for the same fruit.

TWO RUSSIAN APPLES PROVE TO
BE ONE.

Doctor Hoskins, of Vermont, writes
to the Rural New Yorker^ that after
testing Grand Sultan and Yellow
Transparent for a number of years,
he has come to the conclusion that
there is no difference between them.

TRANSPLANTING RASPBEKPvIES.

p. E. BUCKE, OTTAWA.

A couple of years ago the trans-
plantation of raspberries was recom-
mended in August, when the young
plants were in full leaf This para-
graph was copied into a large number
of papers, and was eventually sent me
by a friend all the way from California.
Further experiments this year in the
direction of early planting revealed the
fact that July is a better month than
August ; and in future the writer will
make his plantations in June if the
plants are to be had from tJiree to four
inches high. Every one knows who
has tried it that late autumn or spring
planting, cutting the canes to four or
six inches long, does not result in a
good plant the first bearing year : the
canes are branchy, and as a rule not
very strong. But by the early system
of moving plants, a good cane is ob-
tained the first year, and the following
one a good supply of fruit, thus gain-
ing almost two years on the old sys-
tem. Try it.

Aging of Wine by Electricity.— If
an electric current is passed through new
wine the same is said to acquire the pro-
perties and characteristics of old wine in
a few days. — Journal Vinicole.

Striped Bugs. — A strong solution of
tobacco water will drive the striped bug
away from melon vines and the small flea
from young cabbage plants. I have found
it an unfailing remedy the past four or
five years. I apply it while the sun is
shining, through a sprinkler several times
a day, until the plants are coated with
the yellow solution, and rarely find it ne-
cessary to repeat unless washed ofi" by
rain ; the tobocco water is also an excel-
lent fertilizer, and is worth using for that
purpose if no other. — J. K. S , in Fruit
Becorder.

270

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

OAK^LEAVED MOUNTAIN
ASH.

The growing taste for
ornamental trees is a very
gratifying indication of
the desire of our people
to make their homes at-
tractive. The time and
money expended in plant-
ing beautiful trees and
shrubs around our rural
dwellings, is repaid four-
fold in the increased value
of the property if one
should ever wish to sell
it, and a hundredfold in
the added pleasure, and
comfort too, of those who
occupy them.

In our climate it is of
the first importance that
the trees we plant should
be of a hardy character,
that they may be able to
endure the extremes of
both heat and cold to -.^f;w
which they must be sub- ^^0^'^
jected. The Mountain 'y''^i,„
Ash is of such a charac- ''^f[!^^£
ter, not only the Ameri-
can but also the Euro-
pean species ; indeed, so
far as we are acquainted
with them, all the varie-
ties of the Mountain Ash
are exceedingly hardy, and
well adapted for planting
in all parts of Ontario.

The Oak-leaved variety
makes a very pretty, com-
pact, medium-sized tree,
quite suitable for places of moderate
dimensions. The accompanying en-
graving shows its usual style of
growth. It presents at all times a
pleasing appearance, but especially in
autumn, in common with both the
American and European species, when
laden with its clusters of bright scarlet

OAK-LEAVED MOUNTAIN ASH.

berries. It is usually propagated by
budding on the European or American
Mountain Ash, but can also be suc-
cessfully worked by grafting upon the
apple.

There is also a dwarf and a weeping
Mountain Ash, both of which make
handsome lawn trees.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

271

LAWNS

AS PREPARED AND KEPT ON THE GOVERNMRNT
GROUNDS, OTTAWA.

Much has been written on tlie sub-
ject of the best methods of preparing
for lawns and keeping them ; mine is
nothing new. Having proved so suc-
cessful, many inquiries are made what
has constituted my success, under so
unfavorable circumstances, and as they
are always a very noticeable feature by
visitors, 1 give you my treatment.

The position and material on which
they are could hardly be worse, stand-
ing high above all other surroundings,
exposed to every gale, without any
shelter, mostly excavated from the
rock, no fresh soil having been drawn
to them ; what was found on them was
so mixed up with the refuse from the
buildings in their construction, such as
sandstone cuttings and other material,
as to be almost unfit for such a purpose.

In the excavation, great care had to
be taken of the soil found on them j
of it I made three sorts, putting the
first and second qualities into separate
piles, and the worse carted away. A
large portion of this excavation was
from the solid rock over six feet deep,
taking nearly two years to do it in,
which gave ample time for sod and
such like material as I had in my first
quality of soil to be well rotted.

In putting on the soil I laid first a
foot of second quality, finishing with
another foot of best. In carting it on
I took care that the carts passed all
over, not allowing them to make roads,
so that it would be equally pressed
down, so that at the present time, six
years since, there is not the slightest
sag in any part of it. When perfectly
level I put on a heavy coat of well
rotted manure (I prefer cow manure,
with no straw) ; 1 then gave it two
good plowiugs, cross harrowed it, and
raked it; then I was ready for the

grass- seed. Much diversity of opinion
here exists as to when is the best time
to sow it J portions were done four
different years, always with the same
success. I sow in the fall as late as I
possibly can, so that the seed will not
germinate till the spring. In sowing,
I have it sowed first one way and
then crossed, being sure that it is all
covered, using plenty of seed with a
good share of white clover. I make a
harrow of inch boards driving in five-
inch nails ; this is drawn by a man and
again cross-harrowed, and if any small
stones should turn up pick them up,
and give a good roll with a heavy
hand-roller.

When spring comes, before the frost
is out of the ground, you will see it
green, and will soon be fit for the lawn
mower. Now, as soon as the mower
will catch it, continue this all the sea-
son, and by the fall of the first year
you will have a lawn as close as it is
possible to make it, provided you use
plenty of water during the warm
months ; never wait till it begins to
show signs of burning before you water
and once get it stunted ; water when
the appearance of dry weather sets in ;
it is much easier to keep it wet than
wet it after it gets dry.

I give a good top-dressing of well
rotted cow manure, with no straw only
what is well rotted, taking care that
no fresh is used, for you will get weeds
fast enough into a lawn without that.
In the fall I put on the manure roughly,
so as that it will help to catch the first
snow. In stopping mowing be sure to
leave a fair fleece of grass ; if too
much your fii-st mowing in the spring
will be difficult, if too close you expose
the roots of the gniss. In the spring,
whilst the manure is wet, break it all
as fine as you cim, then rake ; this
manuie will not rake off* if properly
managed, only the dead grass ; after

272

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

this pa5?s a heavy roller drawn by a Ijorse
with boots on, or a heavy hand one.

These lawns are just as green in the
middle of summer as in the early
spring. They have been during that
time, six years, mowed once a week all
summer, and when vegetation is rapid
twice. Never, if possible, allow your
grass to get so long as to requii-e raking
oif ; cut as short as it will drop unseen,
as it will do much to mulch and retain
moisture.

In winter beware of allowing roads
to be formed by foot'passers, or other-
wise, for if you do, your grass is sure
to be killed by the formation of ice, or
leave an unsightly track for a portion
of the summer. If ice has formed on
any part of it, cover it up with snow or
something else, for as sure as the
sun strikes through this ice so sure
will your grass be scalded out. Dry
frosts early kills grass unless there is
an over-abundance of moisture. I
generally have snow taken from about
doors and put on to such places.

K. Robertson,
Su'p't. Gov't Orounds, OUav)a.

A SURE PREVENTIVE OF CHICKEN
CHOLERA.

Several experiments have been made
during the last five years by different
parties for the purpose of preventing
the spread of chicken cholera, by in-
oculation or vaccination. We have
during the pa^t two years vaccinated
the fowls in nineteen different yards
where the cholera was prevailing badly,
and in each yard we left some common
fowls not vaccinated, and they all died.
Out of the 2,000 vaccinated only eleven
died, although they were in the same
yard with those not vaccinated that were
dying daily by the scores. We have
every reason to believe that this chicken
vaccination is as effective in preventing
cholera among fowls as vaccination is

in preventing smallpox among the
human family. Vaccinate a hen and
in eight days its system will be thor-
oughly inoculated, then cut off her
head, and catch all the blood in some
vessel, then pour the blood out on
paper to dry ; a half drop of this blood
is sufficient to vaccinate a hen, and the
blood of one hen will vaccinate a whole
flock. Catch the fowl you wish to
vaccinate, and with a pin or knife
make a little scratch on the thigh (just
enough to draw blood), then moisten a
little piece of the paper with the dried
blood on and stick it on the chicken's
leg where you scratched it, then let the
fowl run, and yon need have no fear
of chicken cholera. As the result of
many experiments, I have now dried
blood enough, I suppose, to vaccinate
ten thousand fowls, for which I have
no use, as I do not sell patent medicines.
If any of your readers are enough inter-
ested in poultry to try this preventive,
by writing to me I wdll send you free
of any charge enough dried blood to
start with. All I ask is that they send
immediately, before the blood loses its
strength, and re})ort the result of their
experiment to your many readers.

W. H. Griffith.
Zanesv^ille, Ohio.

Chickens so often have to do with
our gardens, our readers will not con-
sider this paper unsuited to a horticul-
tural magazine.

PRIMO STRAWBERRY.

This has not been a favorable season
for the strawberry, so cold and back-
ward that the general crop is consid-
ered light. I have experimented with
all the now leading varieties for the
last ten years, and have grown straw-
berries for the New York market, and
I have not found a strawberry to fill
the bill so well as the Primo. This is
the second year that I have fruited it.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

273

I find it hardy and very prolific, a sure
cropper, very attractive in color, being
a bright scarlet. But the leading fea-
ture of this new berry is its exquisite
flavor, possessed by no other variety I
know of. This berry I believe origi-
nated in Newburgh, N. Y., and is now
in the hands of a Mr. J. G. Buitow,
Fishkill, N. Y., of whom I bought my
stock. I shall plant it extensively
another season.— -P. A. M. Van Wyck,
«Vi Farm aiid Garden.

CULTURE OF THE CAULIFLOWER.

One of the most greatly prized, by
epicures, of all our vegetables is the
cauliflower, and by many amateur cul-
tivators it is one of the most ditiS.cult to
raise in perfection, particularly by those
who have not learned its special needs
by actual experience. Many a gardener,
who cannot tell why, grows this excel-
lent vegetable successfully ; and by
watching his manipulations, we are
enabled to study out a system which,
when followed, generally proves suc-
cessful. Every variety of plant has its
peculiar needs, and when those needs
are known, provided for and complied
with, it becomes a comparatively easy
task to gi*ow the plant successfully. I
am told that "in Erfurt cauliflowei-s
are grown in low muck lands, with
intervening ditches of water, and even
then, during dry weather, water from
the ditches is thrown over the plants."
Water, therefore, is one of the pecu-
liar needs of this plant ; but I have
known excellent cauliflowers grown in
this country on comparatively dry
sandy loams, and better ones on loams
of a more heavy and retentive charac-
ter. Water, and manure water, were
freely given the plants when once
established, and the soil was freely
stirred.

This sort of culture, however well it
may serve for amateur and small gar-

deners, is impracticable for market
gardeners, as a rule. In all cases we
must have plants that have good roots,
and plenty of them, and for this, time
must be given for them to grow. A
slow growth of top must therefore be
eiicoui-aged by starting the plants early
in a hot-bed, and transplanting, when
small, into other beds partly spent of
heat, and later into cold frames, wherp>
they may stand till time to trans]jlant
into the field. If properly hardened
off", they will stand as much frost as a
C'lbbage without injury, and we know
that by setting cabbages to the depth:
of most of the stems' length, they will
endure quite a degree of fi-ost. It is
important that the plants get estab-
lished, for an early crop, in the field or
permanent beds as soon in the spring
as possible, that they may have the
benefits of spring rains and cool
weather to mature before early summer
drouths and heat come on. All the
cabbage tribe requii-e a good degree of
moisture and cool weather to induce
them to head well. If the crop is
properly treated, the plants will mature
ready for market in mid- June, leaving
plenty of time to clear and pi^epare
the ground for second crops.

Cauliflower should never be grown
on the same ground oftener than once
in a course of five or six crops, and.
less frequently where two or three crops>
are annually grown on the same soil.
An indispensable essential in the grow-
ing of good cauliflower is that manure
be liberally applied and the land thor-
oughly prepared. Thorough culture
must be the rule. Lime, superphos-
phate and guano, in conjunction with
farmyard manure, should be applieil
freely in proportion to the amount of
manure available. By pui-suing some
such course, splendid crops of this
most delicious of the cabbage family
may be gi'own annually. The catalogues
enumerate and describe a dozen or moie

274

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

of varieties, but for practical purposes,
for the early crop, Early Dwarf Erfurt,
Early Paris, and Lenormand's will be
found quite as satifactory as any. —
W. H. White, in Country Gentleman.

THE CLEMATIS.
The wonderful improvement in these
beavitiful plants, combined with their
easy culture, and the many uses to
which they may be employed, has
created a popularity and demand for
them unequaled by any other clinxbers.

In answer to several readers about
the hardiness and culture of the Cle-
matis, we may safely state that5 all the
best and most beautiful varieties are
perfectly hardy in the Northern States,
and of the easiest culture. Yet, as
with most plants, to obtain best results,
a certain amount of care and attention
has to be given. Even throughout
Canada they are now grown extensively
and satisfactorily. Mr. Wellington,
who has given much attention to their
culture, stated before the Fruit-growers'
Association of Ontario that he consid-
ered them thoroughly hardy in Canada,
capable of the finest results, and that
there is scarcely any place where they
are inappropriate. '' They are excel-
lent upon the lawn as pillar or stake
plants, or growing upon stumps of
trees ; in beds or borders, in the garden,
they cover the surface with the richest
carpet of brilliance and beauty ; for
trailing upon verandas, or trellises and
arbors, there is nothing so effective and
pleasing ; over mounds of rock-work,
with an intermingling of varieties of
different colors, they present an appear-
ance of marvelous beauty, and as pot-
plants, trained upon w ire frames of any
desired shape, they have few equals."

In the Middle and Southern States,
Clematises will grow in almost any

situation if the soil is of moderate fer-
tility, and if the roots of other plants
do not rob them of their proper share
of nutriment. To insure success in
northern latitudes, more care is re-
quired, however, Mr. Wellington says
in this regard : *' Our own experience
would lead us to say success depends
upon high culture. It transplants well,
but is a gross feeder ; you can scarcely
overfeed it. Select a good, rich soil,
in the first place, and then annually or
oftener supply heavy dressings of rich,
well-rotted manure, thoroughly incorpo-
rating with the soil. Frequent appli-
cations of liquid manure will be found
very beneficial, and amply repay time
and trouble. The perpetual qualities
of the plant are not fully brought out
unless kept constantly growing, and to
do this it is necessary to supply unfail-
ing nourishment. In the fall, before
freezing weather sets in, mulch heavily,
from four to six inches deep, with well-
rotted compost, spading into the soil in
the spring before the plants begin to
start. We do not know of any better
system of culture than this. It has
never failed to produce the most satis-
factory results with us. Should the
soil become heavy, we would loosen it
with an application of sand or sandy
loam."

They carry and transplant easily, and
with any fair usage the plant is sure to
grow. If liberally fed, the plant each
year increases in strength and number
of its shoots, and consequently the
number and size of its brilliant blos-
soms. They generally flower the first
season, and it is not uncommon for
them to give grand results when well
cared for, growing vigorously and pro-
ducing a profuse mass of flowers. The
introduction of the C. coccinea, with its
bright scarlet flowers, adds a new and
brilliant shade to their already unsur-
passed galaxy of colors. — The American
Gardener.

THE QANADIAN HOBTTCULTDRTST»

275

THE RAREST AMERICAN WILD
PLANT.

Shortia CaUvcifolia.

The "Tenus Fly Trap" (Dionma
musipnlaj is a plant that is found wild
only in a few spots in the United
States ; but for its peculiar structure
has been propagated so much that it ivs
ceasing to be a novelty. There is
another species of plant that is more
rare than this, and a brief account of
its history and a description of the
plant itself may not come amiss.

In the year 1839, in examining the
dried specimens of a noted English
botanist, Dr. Asa Gray came across a
plant that had been collected in the
mountains of North Carolina over a
hundred yeai-s ago. It was unlike any
other American plant that he had seen,
and the species was given the generic
name of Shortia, in honor of Dr. C. W.
Short an accomplished botanist, as well
as physician, of Louisville, Ky.

Dr. (-Jray and other botanists made
an extended tour through North Caro-
lina in the year 1841, mainly for the
purpose of re-discovering the new plant,
but without success. At frequent
intervals since that date other botanists
have followed the trail of the original
discoverers, but in all cases failed to
find Shortia. It was believed by many
that the species must have become
extinct.

In 1877 Mr. G. M. Haynes had the
good fortune and honor of rediscovering
the long sought plant. He found it in
MacDowell County, N. C. ; and in 1879
Dr. Gray witli others made a pilgrimage
to the home of the rarest of American
wild plants. The locality where it was
growing was a space of about ten by
thirty feet and contained not over one
hundred plants. It is certainly quite
remarkable that this plant should be so
limited in its range of growth, and also
as wonderful that it should be I'e-dis-

covered so long after it was first found
by a wandering botanist.

How quickly a case like this calls to
mind the struggle for existence this plant
has had I and one is inclined to turn in
thought to the unfitness which this
plant must have for the battle of life.
Had it not been re discovered it might
have become extinct before many yeai^.
It would seem as if Shoi-tia was, in the
evening twilight of its obscureexistence,
but rescued from death by tlu; saving
hand of man.

A few words of description aie in
order. Shortia belongs to the small
Diapensia Family, so that it is closely
allied to the heaths on one side and the
primroses on the other. The plant is
a low herb with a creeping root stock
from which arise evergreen leaves in
shining tufts. The specific name gal-
acifolia is given it because its leaves
have a strong resemblance to those of
a species of !/alax, a related genus. The
flower stalks arise from among the
leaves, each bearing a single flower,
which is pure white and about an inch
across. The petals are scolloped and
somewhat fringed at the margin, and
marked with semi-transparent veins.
Shortia is a pretty little plant, and its
gi'eat rarity makes it an object of great
interest to all lovers of plants. — Byron
D. Halstead, in Ladies Floral Cabinet.

A Kansas paper asserts that the people
of that State have planted, under the
State forestry laws, 93,000 acres in trees.
The cotton wood, on account of its rapid
growth, has been planted most abund-
antly. Some G,000 acres of black walnut
have been put out. These 93,000 acres
of trees, if well cared for, will in a few-
years not only add greatly to the beauty
of Kansas scenery, but will materially
modify the clijuato of tlie State. If the
good work goes on, the day will come
when Kansas will be as free from drouths
as are any of the Western States. The
constant winds will also be done away
with, to a great degree. — Prairie Farmer.

276

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

LIMA BEANS.

The great value of the Lima Bean,
for summer as well as for winter use, is
everywhere gaining for it increasing
popularity. The principal difficulty in
its culture is to produce it early enough,
as the plant is very tender and cannnot
be planted before permanently warm
weather sets in.

Mr. B. G. Smith, who has been very
successful in the cultivation of this
vegetable, communicated to the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society his me-
thod, which consists in sowing the seed
about the middle of April (being careful
to place the eye down), in what are
known as " cucumber boxes," filled with
loam, five seeds in each. The boxes are
without bottoms, six inches in height,
seven inches square at the top and eight
inches square at the lower part, and are
made of half-inch stuff. They cost six
dollars and a half per hundred, and his
have already been in use ten years. He
was the tii-st to use them to forward
Lima Beans, and finds them invaluable
for this purpose. When the Beans are
planted the boxes are placed in the cold
grapery. When the plants are about
two feet high, the ground is prepared
and the poles are set out, and a hole
large enough to receive the box is made
at the foot of each. A box is then lifted
on a shovel, placed in the hole and the
shovel withdrawn. The box is then re-
moved by lifting up; the object of
making the top an inch smaller than the
bottom being to permit this.

It is not advisable to set out the young
plants before the first of June, but this
is as early as the seed can be planted
out-doors, and by forwarding in this way
five weeks can be gained, and the beans
can be had fresh from the garden from
the middle of August to the middle of
October.

The Lima Bean is a tropical plant and
requires a long season. Any surplus
can be dried for winter use, and when

soaked can hardly be distinguished from
fresh beans. In saving seed the earliest
beans should be carefully selected. —
American Garden.

STONE'S HARDY BLACKBERRY

Is a chance seedling which origi-
nated near Rockford, Illinois. In the
spring of 1874, I obtained a few roor.s
of a friend who had been cultivating
them in his garden four years with ex-
cellent success. I bought some genu-
ine Snyder roots the same spring, and
set them both h^re in Wisconsin, side
by side, and have given them the same
cultivation, every year since, without
any winter protection to either. Have
set some of each variety every year
since 1874, and after growing this new
variety eight years, by the side of the
Snyder, I can better describe it by
comparing it with the Snyder, which
is conceded to be the hardiest variety
under general cultivation. During the
eight years I have had them side by
side, the Hardy has always passed
through the winter in better condition
than the Snyder, which was twice
killed to the ground, while the Hardy
was injured only on the end of the
branches. The crop of the Snyder for
those two years was a failure, but that
of the Hardy was good.

It is the universal opinion of the
many who visit my grounds and see
the two varieties side by side in their
prime that the Hardy is the most pro-
ductive and better in quality than the
Snyder,

It is an upright and vigorous grower ;
the wood is stocky, short jointed, ripens
early, turns dark red, and is very hardy.
The berry is black and glossy when
ripe, and has a delicious flavor. It
commences to ripen its fruit about five
days later than the Snyder, and con-
tinues bearing ten days longer; the
fruit is well protected by the thick,
healthy foliage. — I. N. S.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

277

FLOWERS FOR INVALIDS.
A lady writing about the pleasure
that flowers give to invalids, tells the
following anecdote to illustrate her
words :

'' Several years ago, when I was a young
housekeeper, I was startled one Sunday
morning by the request, from a working
blacksmith, for some grapes for his sick
wife. We had no greenhouse or vinery.
Our little bit of garden was most unas-
suming, and I could not tliink what made
the man come to me.

'* However, I told him that I believed
a friend of ours had some early grapes,
and if I could get some, his wife should
have them in the afternoon. My husband
walked out with me to our friend's house.
Some grapes were most willingly given
for the invalid, and some flowers for our-
selves.

" I gathered two or three pretty and
sweet flowers — I remember that a carna-
tion and two sweet peas formed part —
tied them together, and we took them
with the fruit to the sick woman.

" We were taken up to her bedroom.
There she lay, pale and emaciated, with
an ominous flush on her cheeks. We
handed her the longed-for gi'apes. She
said ' much obliged. '

" But when I held out to her the few
flowers I had brought, she snatched them
so eagerly that I was startled and awed to
see the delight they gave to one who was
evidently so near the confines of the
Unknown.

" I called again in a day or two, and
saw the flowers carefully preserved and
looking bright in a doctor's medicine
bottle close by her bedside. That scene
taught me a lesson I have never forgotten,
and I hope it is not without its use also."
Floral Cabinet

The thbbe best double flowering
OERANiDMs for bedding purposes are
Bishop Wood, Summit of Perfection and
Henry Canuell. All these are of dwarf,
compact liabit, very floriferous, and pro-
duce tlieir flowers in large trusses. They
stand our liot, dry summer weather with-
out sustaining the least injury.

NOTES ON BEETS.

Having grown an assortment of Beets
for exhibition, I avail myself of the
experience gained in growing them
(added to previous experience as a gar-
dener of thirty years' service), to note
their respective characteristics and value.

The Blood Turnip Beet is the favor-
ite standard variety in nearly all private
gardens, and as a market Beet. There
are many sub-varieties, the earliest of
which, introduced about ten years ago,
is the Dark Red Egyptian. This, when
young, is of excellent quality, but needs
successive planting if relied upon for
all-summer supply, and is of little value
under any circumstances for winter use.
Previous to the advent of the Egyptian
Beet, the Early Bassano was the favor-
ite, and a very fine Beet it is. But
even had not the Egyptian come to
supplant it, Bastians Early lUood Tur-
nip Beet would have done so, I think.
Bastian's Beet is rather obscured by the
Egyptian, and is not widely grown, but
is nevertheless a valuable variety, and
has the merit of keeping its tenderness
through the summer, not needing suc-
cessive plantings. Ilatclis Early Tur-
nip Beet is a variety po[)ular around
Boston, while Simon's Early Turnip
Beet is in use near Philadeljdiia. But,
undoubtedly, the best of this class for
general use is Dewing s^ which is very
thoroughbred, with small neck, smooth
root, and symmetrical form. I do not
know how it could be bettered.

The half-long varieties are quite ex-
tensively grown, and are in no particu-
lar inferior to any others, though more
popular, so far as my experience extends,
in private gardens than among market-
men, They, as well as the long-rooted
sorts, are rather better keej)ei's through
the winter than any of the Turnip-
shaped ; yet all kinds need to be kept
j)acked in sand to retain their plumpness
and flavor, and when so packed I find

278

THE CA.NADIAN HORTICULTUKIST.

De wing's Tiimip Beet to keep well until !
the new crop is ready. The longer
sorts, however, are more productive,
and a small bed will therefore give a
larger supply, which is often very desi-
rable to those whose garden is small.
Among the half-long kinds none are
better than the Common Half-long and
Bastian's Half-long. The latter is quite
distinct, and of a fine, dank color. The
Deep Red Castelnandary and Rough-
skinned belong to the half-long class,
but do not seem to have become popular.
Pine-ftqyple is also a half-long of great
merit, with very dark red foliage and
roots.

The long-rooted Beets have i-ather
gone out of fashion, except with old-
fashioned gardeners ; yet we never had
a better Beet than the old Long Smooth
Dark Blood Beet. It is still a favorite
with many, and, if the strain of this
Beet has been kept pure and well
selected, it is especially to be recom-
m3nded to those who grow for exhibi-
tion. And, by the way, nothing looks
nicer at a fair than a well grown and
well displayed show of Beets. It al-
ways attracts attention, and deserves it.

It will not do, in an article like this,
to omit the Field Beets ; but the list, if
I were to choose it, would not be long.
Lane's Improved Sugar Beet and the
Yellom Ovoid Mangold seem to me the
best, though for shallow soils the Red
or Yellow Globes may be preferred. The
Long Red Mangold is a nuis<ince, in my
opinion, both in the field and in the
cellar, sprawling aix)und, " all over
everything," and as crooked as the old
lady's fire-wood, which she said was
" so cix>oked that it could not lie still."
Yet many grow it without complaint.

The Chard Beets do not seem to be
very popular, and some seedsmen do
not offer them at all. But since the
Beet Anthomijia fly, with its nasty,
white little grubi feeding upon the

leaves, have put an end to Beet Greens,
I cannot but advise the planting of
Chards, the thick mid-ribs, or char;]s,
of which are an excellent summer sub-
stitute for Asparagus, and are, when
well grown, as tender and as rapidly
reproduced as Spinach. A good variety
is the Swiss CJmrd ; but, on the author-
ity of that most excellent authority, my
own and the ])ublic's friend, Mr. C. G.
Pringle, I recommend, as still better,
Beck's Improved Sea-kale Bi et, wliich is
quite a curiosity among Beets, the leaf
stalks being very broad and thick, and
about a foot long, exceedingly tender
and fine flavored. I do not think our
gardening frio ds can afford to neglect
these varieties if they mean to have
" all the delicacies of the season." — Dr.
T. H. HoSKlxNS, in American Garden.

DO NOT WASTE BONES.

The bones of fish, bones of fowls, the
large and small pieces of bones which
are purchased with beef steak and
mutton, constitute the very best food
for fruit trees and grape vines, if the
fragments are only placed where the
roots can lay hold of them. Instead of
allowing pieces of bones to be cast into
the backyard, as food for stray dogs and
strange cats, domestics should be dir-
ected to deposit every thing of the sort
in a small tub provided with a lid. As-
soon as only a few {)ounds have accum-
ulated, we take the tub to some grape
vine or fruit tree, dig a hole three or
more feet long, a foot or two wide, and
not less than a foot deep, into which
the bones are dumjxid, spread over the
bottom of the excavation, and covered
with the soil. The more the fragments
can be spread around, the better. But
they should be burie<l so deep that a
plow or spade will not reach them. The
iX)ots of growing vines or fruit trees will
soon find the valuable mine of rich
fertility, and will feed on tlie elements

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

279

that will greatly promote the growth
of healthy wood, and the development
of fair and luscious fruit.

Many horticulturists and farmers
purchase bone-dust costing not less than
two cents a pound, simply to enrich the
soil around and beneath their trees and
vines. Fragments of bones are just as
valuable as ground bone, although their
elements of fertility will not be found
available in so short a time as if the
large pieces were reduced to small atoms
Nevertheless, if large bones be buried
three or four feet from a grapevine, the
countless numbers of mouths at the end
of roots will soon dissolve, take up, and
appropriate every particle. When cast
out of the kitchen door, bones are like
a nuisance ; whereas, if properly buried,
they become a source of valuable fertil-
ity. Let every person who owns a
grapevine or fruit tree save all the bones
that pass through the kitchen, and bury
them where such worthless material
will be turned to some profit. — Western
Farmer.

CLEMATIS COOCINEA.
Among the new and beautiful plants
of recent introduction, we know of none
of more value, as a climbing plant, than
the Clematis Coccinea. Its flowers are
from 1 to 1^ inches long, bell-shaped,
and of the most intense coral scarlet,
shining as if polished, and are produced
from tlie axil of each leaf, on strong,
wiry foot-stalks 3 to 4 inches long,
standing out boldly from the foliage.
The leaves are of a rich, deep, shining
green, deeply lobed and of a thick
texture. The plant is like the old and
well-known species Criapa, herbaceous,
dying down to the ground each year.
Its tii-st flowers appear in July, and are
produced in great abundance until the
plant is cut down by frost. It is very
desiraV)le as a pot plant, [larticularly in
localities subject to early frosts. —
Ladies Floral Cabinet.

THE UTILITY OF HIGHWAY TREE
PLANTING.

[A paper read at the summer meeting of the State

Horti(;iiltnral Society at Benton Harbor, by
Henry G. Reynolds, of Old Mission.]

Not the least valuable among the
labors of the Michigan Legislature is a
modification of our highway laws, which
will within a few years go far toward
making every country road throughout
the State, a delight to the eyes, a plea-
sure to the weary ti'aveller, a source of
pride to every citizen. This modifica-
tion of the laws is of two parts, by the
first of which our former law relative
to cattle at large, has been made an
active reality, so that henceforth our
lands are to be condemned for public
use as common highways, not as com-
mon pig yard or cattle pen, unless we
locally decide to make them such. This
measure, by which our highway will
be cleared of all animals not under con-
trol, prepares the way for the second
step, viz., the gradual planting on each
side of every highway a row of trees,
to be from eight to ten feet from the
fence, and, as near as may be, sixty
feet from tree to tree. This will,
within a score of years, line every pub-
lic road in the State with handsome
trees, and make Michigan well worth
travelling far to see.

There was some opposition to the
passage of this law, based upon the
idea that large trees along the roadside
exerted an unfavoral)le influence upon
the road bed by preventing the drying
effect of sun and wind, and thus keej>
ing the road muddy and ensuring deep
ruts. If such were to be the result of
the law, it certainly was a blunder ;
and as pictures of mud and deep I'uts
rise before the imagination, it is true
that with them aie generally associated
the deep shade of the forest. Is this
then what we are coming 1o] No,
cmphaticjilly not. Who of us in this
part of the State cannot call to mind
lon<r stretches of road buried in the

280

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

deepest forest, where the track is
always good? Between Lansing and
Owosso, a distance of about 25 miles,
the only uniformly good stretch of road
is a distance of two miles through a
dense forest. On the light soils of a
large part of our State, nothing assists
more to keep the track in good condi-
tion than moisture, and on all such
thei'e is no danger from too heavy road-
side planting.

But how about our heavier soils 1
On them certainly, the clearing away
of the forests improves the track by
making it drier. But, proving that a
forest is bad, no more proves a single
line of trees to be so, than the drown-
ing of a man in the ocean proves that
a foot bath is dangerous.

Let us reflect a little on the process
of drying or evaporation ; this is an
absorption by the air of the moisture
contained in those substances with
which it comes in contact, and its
rapidity varies according to the degree
of saturation of this air. Without
■wind this soon reaches a point that
produces equilibrium and so checks
evaporation entirely, except as upper
strata may gradually absorb part of the
moisture of the lower.

A wind however soon changes all
this, and by commingling the different
strata of air, constantly brings new
portions of unsaturated air into con-
tact with the moist surface, and so dries
it much more rapidly than still air can.
It is an error to say that the sun
"drinks up water;" except through
heating the air and thereby increasing
its capacity for holding the vapor of
water, it does not help at all in the
process of evaporation. It is the air
that is thus made thirsty by the action
of the sun, and it is the air which
drinks up the water from the surface
of the earth or of the ocean. Thus we
see tnat it is of comparatively little

moment whether or not we shade our
road bed, if we do not at the same time
shut off the winds from blowing upon
it. There is no danger of our doing
this to an injurious degree if we take
care to trim so as to have no branches
within eight or ten feet of the ground.
Such trees, standing 60 feet apart, will
serve to modify the violence of heavy
winds, but they will produce none of
the effects of a dense thicket, which,
by shutting off all wind, almost pre-
vents evaporation, and so keeps the
ground beneath it moist at all times.
Many muddy roads are inexcusably so,
because nothing has been done toward
shaping them so as to shed water from
their surface. A road on heavy soil, to
be good at all times, should be rounded
off from the sides toward the centre
witli a good open ditch at the sides.
Where this has been thorougly done
there will be very little cause to com-
plain of the effect of roadside tree
planting. No farmer need be reminded
of the influence of isolated trees in his
fields, which is rather to dry up than to
keep moist the soil about them, and by
thus drying out to stunt the growth of
smaller vegetation near them.

The practice of perfect road-making
is wholly unknown in this country as
compared with England, Germany,
France and Switzerland, and yet in
those countries nothing is more com-
mon than to see long lines of trees on
each side of roads, the surface of which
is as smooth and free fix)m luts or stand-
ing water as a parlor floor.

Profit in Grape Growing. — The
average yield of Concords is 15 to 20
pounds to the vine, or say about 12,000
pounds to the acre, which, at four cents
per pound, about the average price,
brings $4:S0 per acre, deducting for pick-
ing, packages, &c, , even at this low price
there is a net yearly profit of at least
$250 to ^300 per acre. Who says grapes
don't pay l — Fruit Recorder.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

281

PROFITABLE GROWING OF QUINCES,

W. J. Fowler, in the Rural New
Yorker, writes to that paper as follows :

" Having just received returns from
a small plantation of quinces, I am
satisfied that no portion of ray land,
whether in grain or other fruit crops,
pays so well, either for the land occu-
pied or the time and money expended.
I have comparatively few trees in full
bearing, but from those which fully
occupied the ground I sold fruit at the
rate of fully $500 per acre, and this,
too, though quinces have, the past fall,
sold lower, proportionately, than other
fruit. I am satisfied that this is not
likely to happen again, and that the
price of quinces, profitable as quince
growing proves in the right localities
and properly conducted, is likely to
rule high for years to come. The quince
is a more difficult fruit to grow than
the pear, despite the blight which
affects the latter. There are large
areas where pears thrive well where
the quince entirely fails. The last
winter killed or rendered nearly worth-
less thousands of trees in this section.
The drouth has also seriously affected
many young orchards, causing the
leaves to fall long before frost, and the
few specimens that the trees bore were
in consequence small and poor. It will
be impossible for such trees to mature
buds for next year's fruiting, so that
whatever the season the crop is sure to
be a small one.

" My success with quinces I attri-
bute to the accident that most of my
trees and all those now in bearing were
set in low, mucky ground, and with
such shelter that their own fallen leaves
and those of an adjoining apple orchard
made a good annual mulch. The trouble
in growing quinces has been lack of
hardiness in our severe winters. It is
not the trunk and top that are tender,
but the root. I have always noticed
2

that trees in exposed situations were
killed in years when the frost pene-
trated deeply. In a mucky, rather
wet soil, covered with a mulch of leaves,
the frost has rarely penetrated to the
roots of my older quince trees. Since
I have learned this requirement of the
quince I have taken some pains to
gather leaves and put them under my
quince trees, doing this easily, as they
are on the bank of a small brook, which
is full of leaves every fall. This winter
I shall add a little well-rotted stable
manure, as there is no crop to which I
can apply it where it will do more
good. I am not afraid of making the
soil too rich for quinces, as the heavier
manuring I give, within reasonable
limits, the larger and fairer will be
the fruit, I am not sure that a vigor-
ous growth will not also prevent to
some extent the evils of twig blight
and the red rust on the fruit, which
was less prevalent on my trees the
past summer than on many that I
have seen.

" Another help to success is a libei-al
application of salt every spring, and
occasionally during the growing season.
It is not good policy to empty brine
from old pork barrels under the quince
tree. Too much is liable to be thus
given, and the tree may be killed. The
salt is not a manure for the tree, but
valuable mainly in keeping the soil
cool and moist. About one quart to a
tree, sown as far around, at least as
the branches extend, is sufficient at one
time. The salt also has an effect in
making the fertility of the soil more
available. The mulch should be kept
up all summer, and occasionally re-
newed to keep out grass and weeds.
Salt will help this result, and will also
hasten the decomposition of the mulch
into fine manure. No cultivation is
needed or should be allowed save with
the hoe, and that on the surface, lest
the roots be injured. Plowing among

282

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

quince trees, breaking the tender roots
and leaving the soil harder than before,
is a frequent cause of faihire. Mulch-
ing and salt will keep the soil in just

the right condition.'

CULTURE OF THE TUBEROSE.

BY E. W. BPSWELL, BOSTON, MASS.

As the time is upon us for starting
in growth taberose bulbs, for bloom in
the holidays, it is thought a few hints,
prompted by practical experience, may
be acceptable to your readers. This
flower, the Polianthes Tuherosa, of the
botanists, may be, and is cultivated
with passable success by being planted
out with gladiolus, and other similar
roots ; but as it is susceptible of being
forced so as to give from thirty to forty
flowers, why should we content our-
selves with half our bulbs blossoming,
and they producing only half a dozen
small flowers each"?

To bring it to its highest condition,
a few general principles are to be kept
in view. First, the bulbs should be
well grown and strong, having nursed
but few offsets in their previous growth.
Second, they should never feel a colder
temperature than forty five degrees
Fahrenheit (even in their quiet state),
otherwise the bulbs are weakened, which
will be shown by the blighting of the
flower-buds. Third, (and this applies
with more or less force to all vegetation),
never allow them to make growth of
foliage without having well-established
roots. To this end, keep the bulbs,
while in a quiet state, in a uniformly
dry and warm atmosphere. Fourth,
they are gross feeders, and being natives
of a warm climate, can hardly be pushed
too hard after they have begun their
growth. This may be considered funda-
mentally essential to success.

The plan of culture given below I
have adopted as best calculated to
govern the supply of heat and food, but

it may be varied to suit other circum-
stances, keeping in view the foregoing
general principles.

Divest the bulb of its scales, and
with a knife remove all embryo iDulbs.
Follow this up, during the growth, by
splitting them off" as soon as they ap-
pear above ground. Prepare seven-inch
pots by filling one- third with old cow
manure gathered in tiie pasture, broken
fine, or its equivalent, and fill up with
good, rich compost of equal parts of
loam, sand, and well-rotted manure, in
which plunge the bulbs nearly to their
tips. Of coui-se a space is to be left
for watering when growth has com-
menced. If a hot-bed or other bottom
heat is at command, plunge the pots to
the rim and cover the plants from the
light, for by this, root growth is induced
in advance of foliage, thus securing
strength. Give only sufficient water to
preserve moisture until foliage appears,
then remove the shade and gradually
increase the watering until the blossom
stalk begins to spin up, when a full
supply should be given. Liquid man-
ure twice a week will not be too high
feed for them. But little further care
is necessary, except to divest them of
offsets, as before directed, until the
approach of cold nights, when they
should be removed to the conservatory,
or other warm quarters. By shading
from the sunlight when in full bloom,
they, like all other delicate flowers,
may be prolonged in their season of
beauty. Bloom may be expected in
about four months from the time of
potting, and such bloom as will well
repay all extra care or trouble.

Abutilon Boulb de Niege is as yet the
best white-flowering abutilon in cultiva-
tion. It is of dwarf, compact growth,
and an abundant bloomer, thus rendering
it one of the most desirable of the whole
tribe for the decoration of the greenhouse
or window garden.

THE CANADIAN HOETI0ULTDRI8T.

PROTECTING FRUIT TREES FROM
MICE.

Please tell me the best means for
preserving fruit trees from the ravages
of mice. I have suffered from this
annoyance more or less every winter,
without being able to check their oper-
ations, and if you could iraform me of
a good preventive, I would feel grateful.

Answer. — Men' are very apt to smile
at the studies of the naturalist, as
though it were beneath man's dignity
to busy himself with noting the habits
of such very insignificant things as mice
or insects ; forgetting that it is in this
way we are enabled successfully to
protect ourselves from their depred-
ations. Every farmer needs in some
sense to be a naturalist, for he is con-
tinually exposed to losses from numer-
ous tiny creatures that find their way
to his fields, barns and orchard. It is
just in this way we find a perfect
method of preventing the ravages of
mice among young trees. A little study
of their habits shows that they will not
live where they have nothing with
which to protect themselves or in or
uncjer which they can build their nests.
If then we remove from the orchard
everything that can afford them a shel-
ter, we will get rid of the mice. If
the orchard be thoroughly and cleanly
tilled no grass or weeds allowed to grow
in it, no old stumps, logs or the like
left for mice to hide under, the links of
the fence well cleaned of sods, &c., for
the compost heap, there will not a
mouse stay in the orchard, not a ti'ee
shew the scratch of a tooth. Nor is
this all — the trees will be healthier and
grow more vigorously, and the cleanings
from the fence links, when well rotted,
will be an excellent dressing for the
trees. We have known of various
expedients being resorted to, such as
painting the butt of the trees with coal
tar, placing a sheet iron hoop around
them, or a heap of tan bark.

VALUE OF FRUIT.

It is a fact that fruit is a great regu-
lator of the human system. It will
keep the blood in order, the bowels reg-
ular, tone up the stomach, and is posi-
tively a specific in many diseases. It
is said of a doctor who became largely
interested in peach growing, that he re-
commended peaches to his patients on
all occasions. The story was told t^
illustrate the man's meanness ; but if he
was mean it was a meanness that bene-
fited his patients. If men were wise
they would spend two days in a vine-
yard or orchard to every five minutes
in a drug-store when anything is the
matter with them. If you have dys-
pepsia, eat fruit. Did you ever think
what a doctor gives for dyspepsia]
He gives an acid. Fruit will furnish a
better acid than the drug-store will.
Do you know what the doctors dose you
with when your liver is out of order /
With acids. Then why not supply the
remedy yourself from your own garden/
Why continue to have your medicine
done up in such a repulsive mixture
when nature furnishes it in so palatable-
a shape. Every home should have at
least one grape vine. Once in possession
it would be almost above price. — West-
ern Farmer.

WASTE OF LAND IN' FENCES.

If a farm of 160 acres is divided by
fences into fields of ten acres each, there
are five miles of fence. If each fence-
row is one rod wide, no less than ten
acres of land are occupied by thorn.
This is equal to 6 J per cent, of the farm,,
and the loss of use of the land is exactly
equal to a charge of 6^ per cent, on the
whole value of the farm. But nearly
every fence row in tlie country is made
a nursery for weeds which stock the
whole farm, and make an immense^
amount of labor necessary to keep them
from smothering the crops. Much

284

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

damage always results to the crops from
these weeds, and if these expenses are
added to the first one, the whole will
easily sum up to 20 per cent., or a tax
of one-fifth of the value of the farm.
To remedy this we would have fewer
fences, or we would clean and sow down
the fence rows to grass or clover, and
mow them twice a year. Ten acres of
clover or timothy would at least supply
a farm with seed and a few tons of hay
every year. We would, in short, con-
sider the fence rows as a valuable part
of the farm and use them as such. —
Dixie Farmer.

CARE OF PLANTS IN WINTER.

All roots of ornamental and flowering
plants that are kept dry over the winter
should be thoroughly ripened during the
autumn. If frost overtakes them they
should be dug up with earth adhering
to them and placed in a light cellar, or
other place secure from frost to thor-
oughly ripen up and dry. Then keep
in a cool, dry place until they are wan-
ted for starting in the spring. This will
apply to cannas, caladiums, dahlias,
gladiolus, and all other plants of that
class.

Tuberoses, begonias, and that class re-
quiring ta be kept simply dormant for
a time, should have the water gradually
withheld, in the autumn, and be gradu-
ally allowed to get dry, after the close
of the flowering season. About Febru-
ary they may be again started by
shaking the soil from the roots and re-
potting.

Tender shrubs, like fuschia, oleander,
orange, tender roses, and all that class
may be successfully wintered in a light
cellar that does not absolutely freeze.
They should have but little water, only
sufticient to compensate for the actual
loss by evaporation. In fact the soil
should always be kept dry rather than
moiat, the moisture never approaching

the state of wetness during the winter
rest.

SEEDLING POTATOES

For years past nothing in the way of
novelties has met with readier sale than
new potatoes. The usual price when
first introduced is one dollar the pound,
and in one case at least as high as four
dollars per pound were paid last sea-
son. Farmers might just as well raise
their own potatoes from seeds, and thus
at very much less expense provide new
and valuable kinds for themselves.

March 15th, planted seeds of the Eng-
lish Magnum Bonum in a flower pot 10
inches in diameter. The seeds germi-
nated as readily as tomato seeds would,
so that by April 9th, they were ready
to be transplanted to little pots three
inches in diameter. On May 20th, a
small plot of soil was prepared and
enriched with concentrated potato fer-
tilizer at the rate of 500 pounds to the
acre. The plants were thumped out of
the little pots, being very careful to
preserve the ball of earth and roots in-
tact, and set a foot apart in rows — fel^e-
rows three feet apart. No check to the
growth was sustained, and, if we would
secure tubers of the largest size the
first season from seed, this is all-impor-
tant. If from becoming pot-bound or
too dry, the little tubers cease to grow,
that is the end of their enlargement.
New tubers have to form, while those
first formed become knobby or sprout
again and decay. Potato seeds may be
sown out of doors in the Spring when
settled weather has arrived. But they
make comparatively little growth of
vine, and the average of tubers will be
no larger than small marbles. Besides,
j)otato beetles have to be watched very
closely or the tender little plants will
soon be destroyed. Even a few hours
of neglect may destroy every one. —
Rural N'ew Yorker.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

285

THE PRENTISS GRAPE.

We have recently had an opportunity
of testing the quality of this white grape
more fully than ever before, and confess
that it stands the test well. In quality
it will rank among the best of hardy
out-door white grapes. It is a medium
bunch, and a medium sized berry ; in
color (like all white grapes) of a green-
ish white with a slight tinge of amber.
The bunch is very compact, nearly as
compact as the Delaware, the berries
adhere well to the stem ; the skin is
tough, the pulp soft, with a sweet,
aromatic flavor. We should think it
would keep well and ship well.

As for the hardiness, vigor, and
productiveness of the vine and the
healthiness of leaf and fruit, we know
nothing from observation, but Mr. T.
S. Hubbard publishes numerous testi-
monials from those who have grown the
vines, some of whom are well known to
the horticultural public, and they speak
highly of its qualities in those respects.
It is certainly a cause of congratulation
that, whereas a few years since we had
no white grape that we could rely on,
now we have quite a respectable list of
those that are decidely promising, if not
of established reputation. — American
Rural Home.

DAMSON DYE.

W. T. Harding, of New Jersey,
writing to the Gardeners Mmdhly from
Staffordshire, England, giving account
of a visit to a farmer, says :

" I noticed an additional orchard of
damsons, several acres in extent, that
had recently been planted, and to my
query. Why so many] was informed
that they were not intended for culinary
purposes, but to supply a new demand
of the arts, and for which they were
immensely profitable.

" Now, here was something new
under the sun, aa the sequel will pre-

sently show. As I had hitherto looked
upon the domestic damson as one of the
most useful and palatable fruits eaten,
either in a natural state, preserved, or
otherwise prepared, I felt astonished at
the assertion. As damson pudding and
pie had been one of the gustatory de-
lights of my youthful days, and for
which I sometimes feel a yearning now,
I was at a loss to know what other art,
save that of mastication, could find a
use for damons. But, good i-eader, be
not amazed when the secret is divulged,
as it was told to me, they were intended
for dyes instead of pies. ' The fact is
this,' said my friend, * I last year sold
nearly all my damson crop which real-
ized £50, or $250, to parties who, in
the season, go about the country, buy-
ing up all the ripe fruit they can find
for dyeing purposes.'" — Rural Home.

MANAGEMENT OF THE CANES AND
BUSHES OF THE SMALL FRUITS.

Two years ago I read in some paper
an article from an experienced writer,
who pretended to know all about this.
He said that only three or four canes
should be left to grow and bear fruit
from blackberries, raspberries, currants,
and gooseberries. This may do very
well in a clay or quite rich loam ; but
it does not answer at all for a poor,
sandy, or fine gravelly soil, except in
the case of blackberries, and even these
had best be left with half-a-dozen canes
to grow up together. For years I had
left from eight to twelve canes to grow
up in bushes of all the above, except
the blackberries, and they bore fruit
abundantly, and of fully medium size.
After reading what this writer had to
say on the subject, and being desirous
to increase the size of my berries, I
adopted his recommendation of only
letting three to four canes stand
together. The result is that several of
the bushes died, and not one bears as

286

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

many or as large berries in proportion
to the canes left as they did before, so
I shall go back after this unfortunate
experiment to my former method.

The canes should be pinched off at
the height of two or three feet, accord-
ing to the soil and the sort of raspberry
grown ; but blackberries may be left
three to four feet long. Let the cur-
rants and gooseberries grow as high as
they will. By keeping the canes so
short they do not require staking, and
by having so many grow together they
shade the ground, and add to its mois-
ture and coolness, which are essential
to prevent injury from a hot sun. — A.
B. Allen, in Rural New Yorker.

INSECTS AS TALKERS.

" Two ants," says Buchner, " when
they are talking together, stand with
their heads opposite to each other,
working their sensitive feelers in the
liveliest manner, and tapping each
other's head." Numerous examples
prove that they are able in this way to
make mutual communications and even
on definite subjects. " I have often,"
says the English naturalist Jesse,
" placed a small green caterpillar in
the neighborhood of an ant's nest. It
is immediately seized by an ant, which
calls in the assistance of a friend after
ineffectual efforts to drag the caterpillar
into the nest. It can be easily seen
that the little creatures hold a conver-
sation by means of their feelers, and
this being ended, they repair together
to the caterpillar in order to draw it
into the nest by their united strength.
Further, I have observed the meeting
of ants on their way to and from their
nests. They stop, touch each other
with their feelers, and appear to hold a
conversation, which, I have good reason
to suppose, refers to the best ground
for food." Hague writes a letter to
Darwin that he one day killed with

his fingers a number of ants who came
every day from a hole in the wall to
some plants standing on the chimney-
piece. He had tried the effect of brush-
ing them away, but it was of no use,
and the consequence of the slaughter
was that the ants who were on their
way immediately turned back and tried
to persuade their companions, who were
not yet aware of the danger, to turn
back also. A short conversation ensued
between the ants, which, however, did
not result in an immediate return, for
those who had just left the nest con-
vinced themselves of the truth of the
report.

THE YEAR'S RAISIN CROP.
Some weeks ago a commercial paper
of this city roughly estimated the raisin
crop of California, 1881, at 91,000
boxes. The Riverside (San Bernardi-
no) Press, of a later date, corrects this
estimate as follows :

Boxes.

Produced at Briggs' 65,000

" by Blower 9,000

" at Rocklin 12,000

" in Fresno county 8,000

*♦ at Riverside 27,000

" at Orange 10,000

** other places 20,000

Total 151,000

The Press is located in the heart of
a raisin district, and has means of ob-
taining correct information on the sub-
ject. From its figures the value of the
raisin crop of the State this year will
reach half a million dollars. The pro-
gress of this industry has been remark-
able. In the reports of 1878 the As-
sessors made no metion of it. At least
none is made in the embodiment of
their reports in the report of the State
Surveyor-General, dated 1879. It now
reaches the grand aggregate of half a
million, and this will probably be
doubled next year, if no unforeseen ac-
cident happens to the Grape crop in

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

287

the raisin districts. The one great ad-
vantage of the business is that to pro-
duce a crop worth $500,000, not more
than 1,200 to 1,500 acres of land is re-
quired. In some favored localities, as
at the Riverside, as high as $700 to
$800 per acre has been realized. To
produce the aggregate value of $500,-
000 in wheat at $1 per bushel, with
the high average of 20 bushels per acre,
25,000 acres of first-class land must be
planted and well cultivated. — San
Francisco Chronicle.

ENGLISH SPARROWS.
At the Michigan horticultural meeting
several fruit growers told us that the
English sparrows were rapidly bringing
grief to the farmers and fruit growers.
It was the old story of destructiveness
and fighting propensities. And now we
notice in an exchange that at Mt. Vernon,
111., a gentleman had twenty acres in
wheat, from which he expected a fourth
of a crop, the heads having every appear-
ance of promising such a yield. He
resolved to cut it for seed, and sent some
persons to gather it. They returned soon
after and said that there was not a grain
of wheat in the field, the sparrows having
eaten the entire crop. — Prairie Farmer.

The Hardiest Black Cap Raspberry.
— The black raspberry known as the
Seneca Black-cap, we have found, from
years of experience, to be the hardiest —
able to withstand the most cold — of any
of the named varieties we have seen in
cultivation. Its fruit is of medium size
and of excellent flavor, and the plant is
very productive and adapted to a great
range of soils. — Prairie Fai-mer.

Lyonnaise Potatoes. — One qaurt of
cold boiled potatoes cut into dice, three
tablespoonfuls of butter, one of chopped
onion, one of chopped parsley, salt, pep-
per. Season the potatoes with the salt
and pepper. Fry the onions in the but-
ter, and when they turn yellow add the
potatoes. Stir with a fork, being careful
not to break them. When hot, add the
parsley, and cook two minutes longer.
Serve immediately on a hot dish.

The Peach Borer. — The perfect insect
of the Algeria Exitiosa or peach borer,
somewhat resembling the wasp, lays its
eggs in June at the base of the tree, which
in a few days hatch, and the grub enters
the bark and lives on it till September or
later, and then enters on its chrysalis
state, preparatory to appearing again the
next spring. If your trees are already
infested, dig the pests out — make thor-
ough work. If you are not quite sure
that you have captured them all, pour
boiling water around the roots. If in
May of each year you make a mound of
earth round each tree, and in October
remove it, you will be no longer troubled
with the insect. — Rural New Yorker.

Wilder. — Another grape that is gain-
ing space in vineyards and in our markets
is the Wilder (Rogers No. 4). Mr. Mc-
Lean, a produce dealer of this city, is
receiving considerable quantities of this,
as well as of other varieties, from Mr. De
Los Tenney, of North Parma, who finds
it quite a profitable variety to grow. It
is the largest black grape grown in the
open air, and makes a fine show in mar-
ket. It has a thick skin, a soft pulp,
considerable aroma, but is a little deficient
in sugar. Still the public taste would be
very well satisfied with it, and we have
no doubt that it will pay to grow it in
most localities. Among its other merits
it is a long keeper. — Rural Home.

Raspberry Profits. — Mr. Parry, who
has long been a very successful grower of
the raspberry, gave the New Jersey Hor-
ticultural Society a statement of some of
the large profits obtained when the fruit
sold at high prices. He said the best
American varieties, with fair treatment,
will yield as many bushels per acre as
corn, and generally bring five times as
much in market, and, when once planted,
remain for several years. A neighbor of
his sent to market a one-horse waggon
load of red raspberries, and received $220
for the lot. A lady living near him rented
out her farm, reserving a portion for a
raspberry and blackberry plantation, from
which she sold one yeai' 43,000 quarts of
berries, worth, at 8 cents a quart, $3,440,
which was more than the tenant made
from all the other crops on the farm. —
Country Gentleman.

288

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

WEEDS.

I like these plants that you call weeds-
Sedge, hardback, mullein, yarrow —

That knit their roots, and sift their seeds

Wiiere any grassy wheel-track leads
Through country by-ways narrow.

They fringe the rugged hillside farms,

Grown old with cultivation,
With such wild wreath of rustic charms
As bloomed in Nature's matron arms

The first day of creation.

They show how Mother Earth loves best

To deck her tired-out places ;
By flowery lips, in hours of rest,
Against hard work she will protest

With homely airs and graces.

You plow the arbutus from her hills ;

Hew down her mauntain-laurel ;
Their place, as best she can, she Alls
With humbler blossoms ; so she wills

To close with you her quarrel.

She yielded to your axe, with pain,

Her free, primeval glory ;
She brought you crops of golden grain ;
You say, "How dull she grows ! how plain !"—

The old, mean, selfish story.

Her wildwood soil you may subdue.

Tortured by hoe and harrow ;
But leave her for a year or two,
And see— she stands and laughs at you

With hardback, mullein, yarrow.

Dear Earth, the world is hard to please !

Yet heaven's breath gently passes
Into the life of flowers like these ;
And I lie down at blessed ease

Among thy weeds and grasses.

Lucy Larcom.

DOMESTIC RECIPES.
{From the. Ladies' Floral Oabinet.)

Lemon Pie. — Yolks of three eggs beaten
well, to which add one full cup of sugar,
the juice and part of the grated rind of
one lemon, and one tablespoon of flour.
When the crust is ready, add to the other
ingredients enough sweet milk or cream
as will be necessary to fill the pie-tin, and
bake in a hot oven. As soon as the cus-
tard is fairly set and the crust done, spread
over the top the whites of the eggs, pre-
viously beaten stiff with a little sugar,
and return to the oven to brown a trifle.
—A. L. T.

Pickled Peaches. — Forpeaches enough
to fill a three-gallon crock, take two quarts
of strong cider vinegar, four pounds of
brown sugar, plenty of stick cinnamon.
Rub the peaches until all the fuzz is ofi,
stick four cloves in each peach, unless the
peaches are small, then three will be suflSi-

cient. Boil tlie vinegar, sugar and cin-
namon, and when it has been skimmed
put in half the peaclies and boil them till
they feel a little soft, then take them out
carefully, put them in the crock and boil
the rest, then put them in the crock, and
boil down the vinegar till there is just
enough to cover them. Put a plate over
them to keep them from swimming, and
when cool paste brown paper over the
crock to keep out little flies, and keep
from the air till cool weather. — G. C. F.

HiGDoM. — Not quite as many green
peppers as green tomatoes, and about
one-quarter as many white onions. Chop
the tomatoes very fine, salt them and let
them stand twelve or twenty-four hours,
then squeeze out every particle of juice ;
put them in a porcelain kettle with cold
water enough to cover them and heat
scalding hot ; when cool enough, squeeze
every particle of water out. Chop the
peppers and onions separately, and boil
separately in salted water until nearly
soft, then squeeze the juice out and mix
with the tomatoes thoroughly. Now boil
all together in vinegar and water until
soft, then they may stand a day or two,
or more if convenient, or they may be
squeezed out immediately. Put the
amount of sugar you wish to use, plenty
of white mustard seed (one-half pound
to one peck of tomatoes), a little cloves
and cinnamon in some strong vinegar,
heat it and pour it over the higdom, and
when it is all boiling hot, it is done and
ready to put away, in crocks or large-
mouthed bottles. If put into bottles
corked, and sealing wax poured over the
corks, it will keep the year round. There
should be vinegar enough to make it tho-
roughly moist and a little juicy. — A. L. T.

Dahlia Coccinea. — As single flowering
dahlias are attracting considerable atten-
tion at the present time, I would call
attention to D. coccinea, a very distinct
and profuse-flowering species ; the flowers
are freely produced from June until frost,
and are of a deep crimson color, with a
bright yellow disc. The plant grows from
two-and-a-half to three feet in height and
requires a treatment similar to that given
other dahlias. — Rural New Yorker.

PRINTED AT THE STEAM PRESS ESTABLISHMENT OF COPP, CLARK k CO., COLBORNE STRHKT, TORONTO.

INDEX

Page.

Abutilon, Boule de Niege 282

Adriondac Grape 31

Adventures of an Acorn 72

Agawam Grape 31

Agriculturist Strawberry 155

Agawam Blackberry 250

AUan's Hybrid Grape 31

Alexander Peach HI

Almond, The 182

Alvey Grape 32

Amsden Peach Ill

Amber Queen Grape 112

Among the Raspberries 2G0

Anna Grape 32

Ancient Briton Blackberry 250

Apple Marmalade 23

Apples, black spots on 54

Apple Pancakes 96

Apple Fritters 120

Apples, packing of 205

Apples, how to handle 255

Apples, American, in England 215

Apples, marketing of 220

Apple Jelly 238

Apple Sauce 240

Apple Tree, planting of 1 68

Aphis, black 173, 236

Arsenic for Canker Worms 230

Asparagus, culture of 61, 225

Asters 241

Piarry Grape 32

Baked Tomatoes 96

Balsam, The 169

Bacteria 239

Beaconsfield Grape 22

Beautiful Wood Nymph 27

Bean Pickles 264

Begonias 41

Bees vs. Grapes 138, 249

Berberis Purpurea 163

Beet-Root Pickles 264

Beets, Notes on 277

Bidwell Strawberry 20,114,139, 152

Black Raspberries .. 19, 173, 251, 254, 287

Black Spots on Apples 54

Blackberries . . 95, 210, 250, 254, 255, 276

Black Defiance Strawberry 155

Blackberry Culture 210

Blackberries for Profit 250, 254

Black Walnut 170, 180

Black Aphis 173, 236

Black Knot 214

Page.

Blood's Black Grape . . . '. 32

Bones, do not waste the 278

Book Notices .... 24, 46, 95, 119, 143, 263

Boys, a chance for 138

Boyden's No. 30 Strawberry 156

Brandy wine Raspberry 212, 250

Brighton Grape 32

Brigg's Red May Peach Ill

Bright Flowers 120

Brinckle's Orange Raspberry 2ti I

Buhach 70

Burnet Grape 15, 112, 220, 248, 266

Butternut. The 180

Cabbage Butterfly 76, 235, 246

Cabbage Fly 235, 246

Cabbage Worm 246

Cabbage Maggot 235, 246

California Flowers and Fruits 1 35

Canadian Fruits 1 DO

Canadian Horticulturist for 1883 241

Canadian Apples in the English Market 127

Canker- Worm 22, 184, 239

CaUa Lily. 41, 9.3, 179

Cap Raspberries . 19, 173

Captain Jack Strawberry 155

Carbolic Soap for Insects 118

Caroline Raspberry 1 13, 212, 237

Cardinal Flower 141

Carnation 141

Catawba Grape 32

Cauliflowers 200, 273

Cauliflower Culture 273

Cedars of Lebanon 10

Celery Growing 58, 92, 137

Celery 92, 137, 163

Cedar Trees 133

Centennial Black Raspberry 1 14, 261

Cetewayo Strawberry 15(J

Champion Grape 22, 32

Chinese Primrose 49

Chrysanthemum 97

Cherries I47

Charles Downing Strawberry 155

Chestnut, sweet 181

Chestnut, European 181

Chinese Peonias 1 85, 268

Cherry-Tree Aphis 2.36

Christine Raspberry 261

Chloride of Lime 264

Chicken Cholera 272

Cineraria 73

Clapp's Favorite Pear 26, 111

290

INDEX.

Page.

Clinton Grape 32

Climbing Plants 65

Clarke Raspberry 113, 211

Clematis, The 274

Clematis Coccinea 279

Concord Grape 32

Codlin Moth Trap 55

Conkling Peach 112

Cos's Golden Drop Plum 154

Colonel Cheney Strawberry 155

Continuous Daylight 191

Coal Ashes 240

Concentrated Fertilizers 260

Corwin's Collections 21

Crab-Apple Marmalade 19

Creveling Grape 32

Cranberry Rolls 96

Crescent Seedling Strawberry .... 107, 155

Crawford's Early Peach 112

Crystal City Strawberry 155

Curculio, The 14, 164

('arrant Jelly 18

Currant Preserves 19

Currants 137

Cucumber IMckles 229

Cuyahoga (irape 32

Cumberland Strawberry 40, 45, 48, 155

Cuthbert Raspberry 43, 46, 113,

212, 250, 261

Cydonia Japonica 163

Damson Dye 285

Dahlia Coccinea 288

Deacon Day 192

Delaware Grape 32

Dempsey Potato 15

Deutzia Crenata 163

Deutzia Gracilis 163

Diadem Raspberry 15

Diana Grape 32

Domestic Recipes . . 96, 120, 192, 238,

239, 264, 288

Downing Gooseberry 15

Downer's Prolific Strawberry 155

Dried Foods 123

Duchess Grape 33

Duchess Strawberry 155

Duncan Strawberry . . 155

Early Canada Peach Ill

Early Canada Strawberry 114

Early Dawn Grape 33

Early V'ictor Grape 33, 112

Education, Notes on Farmers' 213

Egg- Plant, how to keep 226

Eldorado Grape 33

Electro-Horticulture 60

Elm Trees 131

English Sparrow, 52, 108, 126, 170, 247, 286

Eumelan Grape 26, 33

Pa«i.

European Walnut 180

European Chestnut 181

Everlasting Flowers 25

Evergreen Hedge 45

Evaporation of Fruit 101

Exhibition at Toronto 217

Explorations in Russia 247

Fameuse Apple 110

Family Supplies of Fruit 70

Farmers and Small Fruits 17

Farmers Who Dislike Fruit Growing . . 115

Fashion vs. Taste 160

Farmers' Fruit Garden 161

Farmers' Education 213

Feemster Favorite Grape 113

Ferns 185

Fences 192

Fertilizers for House Plants 261

Finch's Prolific Strawberry 20

Flemish Beauty Pear 15

Flowers, the use of 48

Floricultural, the Lily 168

Florence Raspberry 173

Fl )wering Peas 217

Flowers for Invalids 277

Fly Poison 264

Forest-Trees, cultivation of 63

Foster Peach 112

Forest Rose Strawberry 155

Forestry, relation to Agriculture 202

Fruit-Dryers 48

Fruit in Algoma 101, 125

Fruit Trees, wash for 117

Fruits of Manchuria 149

Fruits at Aylmer 171

Fruits in Muskoka 172

Fruit-Tree Culture 190

Fruit on the Table 226

Fruit at Toronto Exhibition 217

Fruit-Garden 240

Fruit at the Provincial Exhibition 243

Fruit-house 264

Fruit Season of 1882 268

Fruit, the value of 283

Frederick Clapp Pear 1 10

Fuchsias 41

Gas-Tar Water for Insects 69

Galand June Peach Ill

Gaertner Grape 112

Geraniums 41, 277

Geraniums, best double 277

General Hand Plum 154

General Sherman Strawberry 155

Gladiolus 1, 101

Glass' Plum 15, 26

Glendale Strawberry 114, 155

Glossy Cone Strawberry 155

Glucose Honey 239

INDEX.

291

Gooseberry Jelly

Governor Garland Peach

Gooseberry, The

Golden Defiance Strawberry 7,

Good-Luck ....

Gooseberries at Campbellford

Gooseberries, new seedling

Golden Banded Lily

Golden Beauty Plum

Grape-growing 2, 11, 27,

Grapevine Flea Beetle

Grape, The

Grapes, packing

Grapevines

Grapes, ripening

Grapes, new sorts

Grapes, protecting from birds

Grapes, relative value

Grapes, new white

Grapes, preserving for winter

Grapes, keeping on vines

Grape Leaves for Pickles

Grapes, White

Grapes for Profit

Grafting the Grape

Green Grapevine Sphinx

Green Prolific Strawberry

Great American Strawberry

Gregg Raspberry . , 174, 212, 250, 254,

Green Cabbage Worm

Green Peas

Grimes Golden Pippin 14,

Gypsy Strawberry

Hanging Baskets

Handling Apples

Hartford Prolific Grape ^ . .

Hardy Shrubs

Hawthomes, The

Herbert Grape 33,

Henry Davis' Strawberry

Herstine Raspberry 21 1,

Highland Grape

Highland Hardy Raspberry 212,

Hibiscus purp. pleno

Hickory-Nut

Higdom

Hoosic Pear

Hopkins Raspberry 1 14,

Horticultural (iossip

Hovey's Seedling Strawberry

Hoosier Mammoth Raspberry

Horticultural Notes

House Plants

Honey Pudding

Hybrid Tea Roses

Hydrangea Paniculata

Imperial Gage Plum

Insects, Protection from

Page.
. 18
. Ill
. 124
155
179
198
218
209
237
187
9
15
20
127
148
165
172
174
178
206
216
224
235
251
119
27
156
155
261
246
257
26
156

153
255

33
162
151
112
156
261

33
250
163
180
288
110
173
148
156
173
168
191
239
229
162

154
176

Pa OK.

Insects . . 8, 27, 7<5, 118, 173, 183, 184, 235

236, 246, 286, 287

Insect Powder 164

lona Grape 33

Israella Grape 33

Ives Seedling Grape 33

Janesville Grape 33

James Vink Strawberry 251

James Vick 144

Jefferson Grape 34, 107

Jefferis Apple 110

Jersey Queen Strawberry 114

Jenny Lind Strawberry 156

Jonathan Apple 110

Jottings in the Eastern District 244

Jucunda Strawberry 156

Keeping Apples 72

Keeping Grapes, on the vines 216

Kentucky Strawberry 114, 156

KieflFer's Hybrid Pear 110, 222

Kirkwood Strawberry 20, 1 56

Knox Blackberry 255

Laburnum, forcing the 23

Lackawana Caulinower 23

Lady Grape 34

Lady Washington Grape 34, 1 1 2

Ladies Sweet Apple 110

Lady Charlotte Grape 112

Lawns 27 1

Lemon Jumbles 96

Lemon Diimplings 120

Lemon Ice 192

Lemon Pie 288

Lettuce 68

Letter from Hon. M. P. Wilder 246

Lindley Grape 34, 112, 201

Linden Grape 112

Lima Beans 276

Lilies 168

Liiium Auratura 168, 209

Lost Rubies Raspberry .. 94, 114, 127, 212

Lombard Plum 154

Longworth's Prolific Strawberry 156

Longfellow Strawberry 156

Lyonnaise Potatoes 287

Marvin Strawberry 20

Martha Grape 34

Mammoth Pearl Potato 48

Massasoit Grape 34

Mayflower Tomato 91

Magog Red Streak Apple 109

May Beauty Peach Ill

Manchester Strawberry 1 14, 152,

156, 194, 233, 254

Matilda Straw Ijcrry 1 56

Market for Ontario Apples 194

292

INDEX.

Page.

Marlboro' Easpberry .,.., 212

Marketing Apples 220

Marketing Currants 228

Mammoth Cluster Raspberry 261

Management of Small Fruit Canes .... 285

Merrimack Grape 34

Meteorological Register 53 j

Melon Bugs 183

Melon Culture 208 |

Mice, protecting trees from 283 ,

Miner's Great Prolific Strawberry 156

Mount Vernon Strawberry 20, 152 j

Moore's Early Grape 20, 34 ;

Mother Apple 110 I

Monroe Grape 113

Moonstone Strawberry ., 114 j

Mountain Mahogany 144 I

Monarch of the West Strawberry 156 j

Moore's Arctic Plum 195 1

Montclair Raspberry 212

Moss for Plants 218 '

Morning Glories 264 i

Mulberries 58, 75, 189

Mulching Strawberry Plants 182

Muskoka Falls, fruit at 199

Muslin for Sashes 216 i

McLaughlin Plum 14

Native Fruits 109 |

Native Wines 62

Narcissus 207 i

Newer Strawberries 20

New Garden Implement 22

New Dominion Strawberry 114 '

Newman's Prolific Strawberry 156

New Rochelle Raspberry 212 ;

Niagara Raspberry 113, 266 1

Nicanor Strawberry 156 ,

Northern Spy Apple 110 '

Nut Cake 120 '

Nut-bearing Trees 180 ;

Oak Trees 131 i

Oak-leaved Mount. Ash 270 '

Occident Apple 109 !

Ontario Apple 15, 221

Onion Smut 117

Ontario Potato 166

Onions, how to cook 201

Ontario Raspberry 212

Orange Syrup ^ 96

Orange Crop 108

Orient Strawberry 153

Ornamental Trees 151

Over-production of Fruit 72

Packing Grapes , 20

Paper Bags for Grapes 48, 168, 249

Palestine of To-day 1 18

Page.

Pansy, The 140

Passion for Flowers 188

Packing Apples 205

Patrician Raspberry 26 1

P. Barry Pear 1 10

Peach Butter 18

Peaches, hardy 19

Peach Trees, shortening in 72

Peach-growing, success in 91

Pears, early 92

Peaches Pickled 120, 288

Persian Chamomile 164

Pecan Nut 181

Peonias 185, 268

Peas, prolonging season 225

Peas, green 257

Pear blight 233

Peach Yellows 239

Peach-borer 287

Philadelphus Coronarius 163

Pickled Peaches 120, 288

Pickled Onions 264

Pickles 204

Pioneer Sugar Beet Company 238

Pioneer Strawberry 156

Picotee, The 141

Pine Forests Discovered 72

Pinching Melon Vines 156

Plants by Mail 234

Plants, care of in Winter 284

Plum Preserve . , 18

Plums, old and new .- ?53

Plum, native American 237

Poetry. ... 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168,

192, 240, 264, 288

Pocklington Grape 34, 236

Pond's Seedling Plum 154

Potato, new sorts 159

Potatoes, seedling 284

Potato Experiment 216

Prentiss Grape 40, 285

President Wilder Strawberry 156

Pride of Hudson Raspberry 212

Prim's Strawberry 272

Prouty Strawberry 156

Proportion of Farmers 168

Protection of Grapes 172

Profit of Grape (Growing 280

Profitable Quince (irowing 281

Protecting Trees from Mice 283

Provincial Exhibition 243

Pruning 104

Question Drawer 75

Quince, The 116

Quince Growing Profitable 281

Raspberries, black 19

Raspberry, hardy 80, 136

Raspberries, new 211

INDEX.

293

Page.
260
287
235
275
286
40
261

Raapberries for Profit 250,

Raspberry Profits

Radisli Fly

Rarest American Wild Plant . .

Raisin Crop of 1881

Rebecca Grape

Reliance Raspberry 46, 212, 250,

Reports on Fruit Trees . . 14, 26, 56, 57,

100, 124, 199, 245

Report on New Fruits for 1881 82

Relations of Forestry to Agriculture . . 202

Kichniond Peach 11 "2

Richlan.l Plum 15+

Rice a substitute for Potato 173

Rose Bug 8

Roadside Fences 49

Rockingham Grape 112

Rockland Favorite Grape 113

Rochester Grape 113, 247

Root Pruning 116

Rocky hill Triumph Strawberry 156

Root Pruning of Tomato 183

Roses, Hybrid Tea 229

Roses, pruning of 232

Roses 265

Roger's Hybrid Grape, No. 44 249

Russell's Prolific Strawberry 156

Russell's Advance Strawberry 156

Russian Mulberry 189

Kussian Apples 269

Salem Grape 15, 26, 40

Salt for Asparagus 183

Salsify 184

Salsify, how to cook 205

Saunders' Hybrid Raspberry . 15, 75, 80

Saving Mother . . 240

Schizanthus 120

Scott's Winter Apple 109

Senascjua Grape 40

Seeding Orchards 71

Seedling Potatoes 284

Seneca Chief Strawberry 156

Seneca Queen Strawberry 156

Secret of Good Luck ^T 179

Seckel Pear 193

Shaffer's Colossal Ra8pl>erry . . 80, 114, 189

Sharplcss Strawberry 144, 150, 244

Shec^) and Trees 23

Shelling Peas 96

Small Fruits for the Farmer 263

Small Fruit Canes 285

Smilax 237

Snyder Blackberry 251

Souhegan Raspl)erry 114, 174, 231

Sorghum Sugar 222

Spiced (irapes 19

Spiced Currants 18

Spirea Rcevesii 163

Spirea Thunbergia 163

Page.

Spinach ■» 188

Spiced Vinegar 264

Spotted Pelidnota 10

Springdale Strawberry 156

Sparrowgrass 24

Si|uashes 48

Strawberries, The newer 20

Strawberries in Iowa 48

Strawberries . . 77, 155, 208, 222, 239, 251

254

Strawberries for Market 196, 222

Strawberries, culture of 208

Stump Apple 109

Stone's Hardy Blackberry . 276

Striped Bug 269

Summer Radishes 25

Sutton Beauty Apple 109

Supasse Melocoton Peach 112

Superb Raspberry 1 14

Summer Meeting of F. G. A 199

Sumach, cultivation of . . . , 230

Sugar Beet Company 238

Sweet Chestnut 181

Sweet Peas 217

Sweet Corn Pickled 120

Swayzie Pomme Grise 15, 26

Syringa Vulgaris 163

Thinning Fruit 183, 257

Thrips, The , 27

'i hwack Raspberry 46, 212

Tolman Grape 22

Tomatoes Rotting 106

Tomatoes, root pruning of 183

Toronto Exhibition 217

Trees, how to plant 42

Tree Planting 86, 102, 142, 262

Trees, when to prune 103

Trees, pruning of 104

Trees, utility of 128, 279

Trees, importance of culture 128

Trees, how to render them hardy 157

Trees, in cities 166

Trees, whitewashing of 167

Trees, what to plant for fuel and timber 207

Transplanting the Raspberry 269

Triumph de Grand Strawberry 156

Triple Crown Strawberry 156

Tulips 121

Tuberose 93, 288, 282

Turner Raspberry . . 46, 113, 212, 250, 261

Tyler Raspberry 254

Utility of Tree Planting on the High

way 279

Value of Fruit 283

Vegetable Soup 96

Vegetable Oyster 184, 205

Vermont Giant Grape 112

294

INDSX.

Page.

Vergennes Grape 40

Viburnum Plicatum 162

Victoria Strawberry 156

Victoria Grape 112

Vick, Jaraea 144

Vick, James, strawberry 251

Walter Grape 40

Wash for Fruit Trees 104, 117

Waterloo Peach Ill

Ward's Late Peach 112

Washington Plum 154

Warren Strawberry 156

Walnut, English 180

Walnut, Black 170, 180

Watermelon, The 186

Waste of Land in Fences 283

Weigela Rosea 162

Weigela Rosea Nana Var 162

Western Triumph Blackberry 255

Weeds 288

White Ann Arbor Grape 113

Paoe.

White Grapes 235

Wilder Grape 20, 40, 287

Wilder, Hon., M.P,, letter from 55

Wild Goose Plum Ill, 154

William's Early Peach Ill

Wilmington Red Grape 113

Winter Blooming Plants 41

Winant Raspberry 46

Wines, native 62

Windsor Cherry . . . ill

Windsor Chief Strawberry 156

Wine aged by Electricity 269

W^inter care of Plants 284

Withered Flowers 144

Worden Grape 40, 266

Wyoming Red Grape 113

Yellow Egg Plum 154

Yellows and Bacteria 2!39

Zinc Labels 232

PRIKTSD AT THE 8TKAM PRKS8 KSTABLUHllENT OF COFP, GLARK * CO., COLBORME STREET, TORO^TO.

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